OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Quantum fluid

A quantum fluid refers to any system that exhibits quantum mechanical effects at the macroscopic level such as superfluids, superconductors, ultracold atoms, etc. Typically, quantum fluids arise in situations where both quantum mechanical effects and quantum statistical effects are significant.
Most matter is either solid or gaseous (at low densities) near absolute zero. However, for the cases of helium-4 and its isotope helium-3, there is a pressure range where they can remain liquid down to absolute zero because the amplitude of the quantum fluctuations experienced by the helium atoms is larger than the inter-atomic distances.
In the case of solid quantum fluids, it is only a fraction of its electrons or protons that behave like a “fluid”. One prominent example is that of superconductivity where quasi-particles made up of pairs of electrons and a phonon act as bosons which are then capable of collapsing into the ground state to establish a supercurrent with a resistivity near zero.

## Derivation

Quantum mechanical effects become significant for physics in the range of the de Broglie wavelength. For condensed matter, this is when the de Broglie wavelength of a particle is greater than the spacing between the particles in the lattice that comprises the matter. The de Broglie wavelength associated with a massive particle is
    $\lambda ={\frac {h}{p}}$
where h is the Planck constant. The momentum can be found from the kinetic theory of gases, where
    $p=mv_{p}=m{\sqrt {2{\frac {k_{B}T}{m}}}}={\sqrt {2mk_{B}T}}$
Here, the temperature can be found as
    $k_{B}T={\frac {p^{2}}{2m}}$
Of course, we can replace the momentum here with the momentum derived from the de Broglie wavelength like so:
    $k_{B}T={\frac {h^{2}}{2m\lambda ^{2}}}$
Hence, we can say that quantum fluids will manifest at approximate temperature regions where $\lambda >d$, where d is the lattice spacing (or inter-particle spacing). Mathematically, this is stated like so:
    $k_{B}T={\frac {h^{2}}{2m\lambda ^{2}}}<{\frac {h^{2}}{2md^{2}}}$
It is easy to see how the above definition relates to the particle density, n. We can write
    $k_{B}T<{\frac {h^{2}}{2m}}n^{\frac {2}{3}}$
as $n={\frac {1}{d^{3}}}$ for a three dimensional lattice
The above temperature limit $T$ has different meaning depending on the quantum statistics followed by each system, but generally refers to the point at which the system manifests quantum fluid properties. For a system of fermions, $T$ is an estimation of the Fermi energy of the system, where processes important to phenomena such as superconductivity take place. For bosons, $T$ gives an estimation of the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature.
# Hinton, South Gloucestershire

Hinton is a village in South Gloucestershire, England. It is one mile north of Dyrham and forms part of the civil parish of Dyrham and Hinton. The Bull is the local pub.

## Battle of Deorham

The Battle of Deorham (577 C.E.) was fought between West Saxons and Britons on Hinton Hill to the east of the village. It was a key moment in the isolation (on land, at least) of the Britons of the South West Peninsula from the Britons of what would become Wales.
# Hygebald

Hygebald (and variants such as Hygbald, Higbald, and Higebald) can refer to any of two or three known Anglo-Saxons:
* Hygebald, abbot and author of a prayer beginning "in primis obsecro supplex obnixis precibus" (possibly identical with 2 below)
* Hybald (seventh-century saint)
* Higbald of Lindisfarne (died 803)
# Geoffrey Mitchell (conductor)

Geoffrey Mitchell is a countertenor-voiced chorister and choral conductor.
Mitchell joined Exeter Cathedral choir at the age of eight. Ten years later, he joined the Renaissance Singers, while undertaking National Service in the Royal Navy.
Mitchell has performed with the Purcell Singers, Schütz Choir, Cantores in Ecclesia, Pro Cantione Antiqua and the John Alldis Choir and as a soloist.
He is a former Professor of Counter-Tenor at the Royal Academy of Music and former chairman and as of 2016 is vice-president of the National Federation of Cathedral Old Choristers’ Associations. Also as of 2016, he is chief guest conductor of Carillon, guest conductor of Brazil's Camerata Antiqua of Curitiba, and director of the London Festival Singers.
He conducted early recordings of Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita for Andrew Lloyd Webber. At live performances by Pink Floyd of their Atom Heart Mother suite, he conducted his own Geoffrey Mitchell Choir as well as the brass section. Filmed extracts from two of these performances are included in the Pink Floyd box set The Early Years 1965–1972.
His awards include an honorary Diploma from the Royal Academy and the licentiate of Trinity College of Music.
# Bobby Moore (motorcyclist)

Bobby Moore is an American former professional motocross racer. He won the 1994 125cc Motocross World Championship. Moore was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2017.
In 1985, Moore won the A.M.A. 125cc Western Supercross title. He moved on to the F.I.M. world championships, finishing second to Donny Schmit in the 1990 125cc championship and second to Stefan Everts in the 1991 125cc championship. In 1992, he again finished second to Schmit, this time in the 250cc world championship. He moved back to the 125cc class, and in 1994, he won the world championship on a Yamaha.
# Route 70 (disambiguation)

Route 70 may refer to:
* KMB Route 70, a bus route in Hong Kong
* London Buses route 70
* Melbourne tram route 70
# Anarsia acaciae

Anarsia acaciae is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found on the Canary Islands, Algeria, Israel and south-western Arabia.
The wingspan is about 13 mm. The forewings are hoary greyish with numerous short longitudinal streaks of greyish fuscous intermixed with lighter and darker shades of the ground colour. The hindwings are shining, somewhat iridescent, bluish grey.
The larvae feed within the seedpods of Acacia edgworthii and Acacia farnesiana.
# Brian E. Carlson

Brian E. Carlson (born 1947 in Alexandria, Virginia) is a public diplomacy specialist. He served as American ambassador to Latvia in the George W. Bush administration and he currently advises international media and audience analysis firm InterMedia Research Institute on strategic communication matters.
Carlson frequently speaks before public and civic groups across the country on public diplomacy and foreign affairs. He is a contributing author to the forthcoming Georgetown University Press book Mission Creep: The Militarization of U.S. Foreign Policy and co-author with Dr. Robert Banks of a 2014 study on the evaluation of diplomacy for the U.S. Department of State. He lectures on strategic communication at the National Defense University, the Naval, Air and Army War Colleges, and the National Foreign Affairs Training Center. He is a board member of the Public Diplomacy Council, the U.S. Baltic Foundation, and the Association of Crows Information Operations Committee.
Having first taken up flying in 2006, Carlson is now an FAA-certified commercial pilot with an instrument rating. Carlson is a partner in the Reston-based Decathlon LLC company which operates aerobatic aircraft at Leesburg Executive Airport. He flies a Cirrus SR-22 out of Leesburg, Virginia as well as tailwheel aircraft and gliders. Since joining Reston Runners in 1998, Carlson has completed nine marathons in cities such as New York, San Diego, Riga, Daugavpils, and Washington, DC.
From 2006 to 2010, Ambassador Carlson was the State Department's only liaison with the Department of Defense on strategic communication and public diplomacy matters. His work on inter-agency collaboration projects under the direction of three Under Secretaries of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs – Karen Hughes, James K. Glassman and Judith McHale led to the award of the Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in May, 2010.
A 1969 graduate of Vanderbilt University, Brian Carlson served 36 years in the U.S. Foreign Service, rising to the rank of Career Minister. His foreign postings included stints in Latvia (as U.S. ambassador), Spain, England, Norway, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Venezuela. After retiring from the Foreign Service, Carlson led several inspection teams in the Middle East and Washington for the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors.
# Geoffrey Midgley

Geoffrey Charles John Midgley (Ilford, Essex, 14 June 1921 – Newcastle, 16 April 1997) was a British philosopher.

## Life, education & career

Midgley had won a classical scholarship to Oxford, but served four years as a radar engineer in the RAF during the Second World War. After the war he completed the PPE course at New College, Oxford and studied under Isaiah Berlin and Gilbert Ryle. Since 1949 he worked at the Department of Philosophy, Newcastle University, as lecturer and senior lecturer (1949-1986), and as head of department (1982-1986). In 1950 he married a fellow philosopher, Mary Scrutton, with whom he raised three sons (Tom, David and Martin).

## Philosophy

Midgley, influenced by Wittgenstein and J.L. Austin, did some groundbreaking work in the fields of deontic logic, philosophy of language and speech act theory. He published two seminal papers (in 1955 and 1959) on the concept of a linguistic rule. The concept of constitutive rules finds its origin in Wittgenstein and Rawls, and has been elaborated by Midgley, Max Black, G.H. von Wright, David Shwayder and John Searle. In their treatment of the distinction between regulative rules and constitutive rules Midgley and Searle are on the same page.
Whereas regulative rules are prescriptions that regulate a pre-existing activity (whose existence is logically independent of the rules), constitutive rules constitute an activity the existence of which is logically dependent on the rules. For example: traffic rules are regulative rules that prescribe certain behaviour in order to regulate the traffic. Without these rules however, the traffic would not cease to be. In contrast: the rules of chess are constitutive rules that constitute the game. Without these rules chess would not exist, since the game is logically dependent on the rules.

## Publications

* Book Review: Ernst Cassirer - The Problem of Knowledge, Philosophy, Science and History since Hegel in: Mind 62:266 (1953)
* W. Mays & G.C.J. Midgley: Symposium - Linguistic Rules and Language Habits in: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes - Vol. 29 (1955), p. 165-212 - Oxford University Press
* G.C.J. Midgley: Linguistic Rules in: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society - New Series, Vol. 59 (1958 - 1959), p. 271-290 - Oxford University Press
* G.C.J. Midgley & G.H. von Wright: The Logical Problem of Induction in: Philosophical Quarterly 9 (36):279 (1959)
# General Norman

General Norman may refer to:
* Charles Norman (British Army officer) (1891–1974), British Army major general
* Francis Norman (1830–1901), Bengal Army lieutenant general
* Henry Wylie Norman (1826–1904), British Indian Army general
* Marciano Norman (born 1954), Indonesian Army lieutenant general
# Gentleman Joe

Gentleman Joe, The Hansom Cabbie is a farcical musical comedy with music by Walter Slaughter and a libretto by Basil Hood.
The original production of the musical opened at the Prince of Wales's Theatre on 2 March 1895 and ran for a very successful 391 performances despite a poor notice in The Saturday Review by Bernard Shaw that dismissed the score: "The music, by Mr. Walter Slaughter, does not contain a single novel, or even passably fresh point, either in melody, harmony or orchestration." The show was written as a vehicle for the comedian Arthur Roberts. A short burlesque entitled A Trilby Triflet was introduced as part of Gentleman Joe a week after Looking for Trilby opened at the Haymarket Theatre. The Times newspaper praised Roberts for his imitation of Herbert Beerbohm Tree. The cast of Gentleman Joe also included Kitty Loftus as Emma and W. H. Denny as Pilkington Jones. A second company also presented the show in the British provinces beginning in 1895.
There was soon a Newark, New Jersey production in late 1895 at Miner's Theatre and then the production transferred to the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City in January 1896. An American production of Gentleman Joe also played at the Bijou Theatre in early 1896 featuring Louis De Lange, James T. Powers, Clara Wieland, and Flora Irwin. Songs interpolated include "He Wanted Something to Play With" (sung by Powers) and "Honey does you love yer man?" sung by Flora Irwin in blackface. A few notices of the show indicate that new songs were interpolated with frequency.
Gentleman Joe was Hood's first full-scale musical comedy, and its success prompted him to leave the military to concentrate on his writing. Hood and Slaughter went on to write several more comedies together, including The French Maid in 1896 and another successful vehicle for Roberts, Dandy Dan, the Lifeguardsman in 1897. Hood wrote several successful shows with other librettists, and his English versions of Viennese operettas, such as The Merry Widow, were very popular until World War I.
# Hongjiao

Hongjiao (Chinese: 弘晈; 17 June 1713 – 9 September 1764) was Qing dynasty imperial prince as the fourth son of Yinxiang, Prince Yixian of the First Rank and Kangxi Emperor's grandson. In 1730, he was granted a title of Prince Ning of the Second Rank. As the title was not granted iron-cap status, each successive bearer would hold diminished ranks vis-a-vis his predecessor.

## Life

Hongjiao was born on 17 June 1713 to lady Joogiya, primary princess consort Yixian of the First Rank. In 1730, Hongjiao was granted a title of Prince Ning of the Second Rank. He had 2 biological sisters, including Princess Hehui of the Second Rank who was adopted into the palace since young, and 2 surviving biological brothers, including Hongxiao, Prince Yixi of the First Rank. In 1739, Hongjiao formed a fraction together with Prince Li Hongxi, Hongsheng (son of Prince Heng Yunqi), Hongchang and Yunlu (prince Zhuang of the First Rank) aimed to oust Qianlong Emperor from power and set Hongxi as an emperor. The fraction failed to achieve its aim as Hongpu dispatched a messenger to report an urgent secret matter to the Emperor who stayed in Rehe at that time. Hongpu was arrested and demoted to grace defender duke after the imperial hunt. Hongxi and Hongsheng were stripped of their titles and imprisoned while Hongjiao received lighter punishment. Some sources state that he was only deprived of his allowance.
In 1749, Hongjiao was ordered to make sacrifices in the Jing'anzhuang (静安庄). In 1750 and in 1760, Hongjiao was sent to make sacrifices at the Temple of Heaven. In 1752, Hongjiao was stripped of his position in the Ministry of Revenue due to several delicts.
Hongjiao was a renowned poet. His works included "Stories of Chrysantemums" and "Series of the Prosperous Dynasty" in 13 volumes.
Hongjiao died on 9 September 1764 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Ningliang of the Second Rank (宁良郡王, meaning "tranquil and gentle"). He was succeeded by the second son, Yongfu.

## Former residence

Hongjiao's former residence was called "Little Prince Yi Manor" as one of his descendants, Zaidun, was transferred into Prince Yi of the First Rank peerage. The mansion was built in 1730 in Dongcheng District of Beijing. The residence is not preserved in the Siheyuan style due to modern-day reconstructions. After the Xinhai revolution, the opera stage, stables and outer courtyard were converted into storehouses. During the Qianlong era, the prince Ning manor was described as one of the most luxurious and beautiful princely manors in Beijing.

## Family

Hongjiao was married to lady Sirin Gioro, daughter of secretary Zhuolintai (卓林泰). Later, he married lady Ula Nara, daughter of Grand Secretary of the Wenhua hall Chalang'a. As Ula Nara clan was made extinct in 1703, official Qing dynasty records write the name of the clan as "Nara".
* Primary consort, of the Sirin Gioro clan
** Prince of the Third Rank Yongxi, first son
* Second primary consort, of the Ulanara clan
* Mistress, of the Ding clan
** Prince Gongke of the Third Rank Yongfu, Prince Yi of the First Rank
# Artin Boshgezenian

Artin Boshgezenian (1861-1923), was an Armenian deputy for Aleppo in the first (1908–1912), second (April–August 1912) and third (1914–1918) Ottoman Parliaments of the Constitutional Era.

## Life

He was a left-leaning politician who supported workers' rights and women's suffrage. He was the author of a motion to make adultery a civil offense for men, as against the traditional view which held only women punishable for adultery.

### Speech

During the brief period between the collapse of the Committee of Union and Progress regime in October 1918 and the dissolution of the parliament in December 1918, Boshgezenian made several strong speeches denouncing the outgoing government for crimes committed during the Armenian genocide. He was a judge in the War Crimes Tribunal which led to the conviction and hanging of Mehmed Kemâl Bey, the notorious district governor of Boğazlıyan, who was accused of atrocities against the deported Armenians in the central Anatolian province of Yozgat.
Boshgezenian speaking about the law on deportation,
   The matter is not finished simply by ending the law... The law is a knife, an ax, responsible for so many crimes. Let us not attempt to correct these crimes just by blunting the knife... A great deal of innocent blood has been spilled as a result... It is impossible to determine the number of burned or destroyed homes. This threeline law is a fearful thing. We must overturn it in both form and substance... But along with cancelling it, we must also move to punishment, without exception, of those who destroyed the country on the basis of this law; those who used and exploited the law by conspiring to murder must be punished. The matter is not ended just by putting away the weapons.
# Artin Penik

Artin Penik (1921 – August 15, 1982) was a Turkish-Armenian who committed suicide by self-immolation in protest of the Esenboga airport attack by the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA, also known as Third October) on August 10, 1982.
Penik, a 61-year-old, self-employed tailor, set himself on fire in Taksim plaza, the main square of Istanbul, Turkey, after leaving a suicide note in which he wrote "I can no longer bear the grief over slayings of innocent people."
In the attack which led to Penik's suicide protest, ASALA directly targeted civilians for the first time, opening fire in a crowded passenger waiting room at the Ankara airport. While in hospital, he was visited by the Armenian Patriarch Shnork Kaloustian who described him as "a symbol of Armenian discontent with these brutal murders."
Penik was interviewed for television in the hospital two days before his death, during which he called for all world governments to unite against terrorism, declaring that those countries which tolerated terror would one day find themselves facing it directed towards them and wished that God give patience to the Turkish people. He further stated that his original plan had been to self-immolate in front of the French general consulate, but he changed his mind at the last moment, and decided to die in the "presence of Atatürk" in Taksim.
Penik died in the emergency ward of the Istanbul Cerrahpaşa Hospital five days after his attempted suicide. His funeral, held at the Surp Asdvadzadzin Patriarchal Church was attended by Armenians and Turks as well as by government officials and the funeral procession filled the streets of the Kumkapı district.
# Potter–Williams House

Potter-Williams House may refer to:
* Potter–Williams House (Davenport, Iowa)
* Potter–Williams House (Huntington, New York)
# Ruby Cycle Co Ltd

The Ruby Cycle Co Ltd. was a British motorcycle manufacturer based in Ancoats Manchester. Founded in 1909 the factory produced a range of motorcycles under the Royal Ruby brand until 1932.

## History

The Ruby Cycle Co. were originally bicycle makers based in Cannel Street, Ancoats surrounded by the Manchester cotton mills and like many bicycle makers of the time turned to producing by motorcycles from 1909. The Royal Ruby motorcycles were expensive as all the cycle parts were manufactured by the company in Manchester, but engines were brought in from JAP and Villiers.
The range included 250cc 2 strokes and 4 strokes as well an unusual 'Ladies Model' with a specially lowered frame. Top of the range was a 976cc side valve V-twin. During the first world war production at the factory turned to munitions and components to support the war effort, but in 1916 a large export order for the V-twin was commissioned by the Imperial Russian Army. The motorcycles were produced but delivery of the order was disrupted by the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1919. Although a few motorcycles were delivered to Russia, it is not clear whether all payments were forthcoming. After the war ended the British motorcycle market was saturated with ex military machines, but munitions work had supported the company and, with a re-arranged board, a new factory was built on Moss Lane, Altrincham where production of motorcycles restarted in 1921, together with their own Ruby leaf sprung forks and rear suspension using the same method, but the results were very expensive, sales were extremely slow and the company went bust completely in 1922. The name was sold to Albert Horrocks of Bolton in 1927. Horrocks developed a new saddle-tank motorcycle in 1928 with Villiers and JAP engines and Albion and Sturmey-Archer gearboxes. Royal Ruby motorcycle production ended around 1931 but one-off motorcycles may have been assembled from spare parts up to 1933.

### Cyclecars

As well as motor cycles the company also made cyclecars at two separate times. There was a major boom in cyclecar production before World War I and between 1913 and 1914 one was made under the Royal Ruby name with 10hp V twin JAP engine, two speed gearbox and either shaft or belt drive to the rear wheels. Only a few are thought to have been made.
Another Royal Ruby car, this time a three wheeler was announced in 1927 with single cylinder JAP engine but only a prototype was apparently made designed by Maurice Edwards. A modified version appeared in 1928 called the MEB (Maurice Edwards Bolton) made by commercial vehicle bodybuilders Bromilow and Edwards in Bolton. A tuned version had some success at Brooklands and Montlhery driven by Gwenda Stewart and Douglas Hawkes between 1930 and 1932.
# Reni Gower

Reni Gower is an American artist and curator working in the media of painting, installation, printmaking, papermaking, collage, and papercutting.

## Recognition

Gower's art has been exhibited and collected internationally at venues including VCU's Qatar Gallery, and the International Museum of Art & Science.
She received a College Art Association Distinguished Teaching Award in 2014. and a Pollock-Krasner Foundation grant in 2020.
# Athlone Railway Bridge

The Athlone Railway Bridge, also known as the White Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Shannon at Athlone, Ireland.

## History and Technical Details

The bridge was built in 1851 and took 18 months to complete. The bridge is 542 feet (165 m) long. It was designed by G.W. Hemans, and built with a central span which can be opened to accommodate tall sailing craft. The iron-work was shipped to Limerick and then was transferred to Athlone by barge. The twelve cylindrical pillars are each 10 ft (3.0 m) in diameter. The opening central span is 120 ft (37 m) in length, but this was changed to a fixed section in 1972.
The bridge is listed in the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage under number 15004129.
# Rovio

Rovio may refer to:
* Kustaa Rovio, a Finnish politician from the first half of the 20th century
* Rovio Entertainment, a Finnish video game company best known for being the creator of Angry Birds
* Rovio Animation, an animation division of Rovio Entertainment
* Rovio (robot), a Wi-Fi enabled robot manufactured by Hong Kong company WowWee
* Rovio (Ticino), a municipality in the Swiss canton of Ticino