OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Port Protection Seaplane Base

Port Protection Seaplane Base (IATA: PPV, FAA LID: 19P) is a state owned, public use seaplane base located in Port Protection, a community in the Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

## Facilities and aircraft

Port Protection Seaplane Base has one seaplane landing area designated NW/SE with a water surface measuring 4,000 by 1,000 feet (1,219 x 305 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2006, the airport had 330 aircraft operations, an average of 27 per month: 91% air taxi and 9% general aviation.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Taquan Air | Ketchikan Harbor |
# Pouilloux

Pouilloux (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## Geography

The Bourbince forms part of the commune's northwestern border.
# Pouillet effect

In physics and chemical engineering, the term Pouillet effect refers to an exothermic reaction that takes place when a liquid is added to a powder. Strictly speaking, the heat generated is caused by adhesion of the liquid to the surface of the particles rather than by a chemical reaction. It was first observed in 1802 by physicist John Leslie, who noted that heat was evolved when dry sawdust was wetted with water. Claude Pouillet later described this phenomenon in 1822, and it subsequently became known as the Pouillet effect in France, and then elsewhere.

## Negative Pouillet effect

Under certain conditions, a negative Pouillet effect is possible, i.e., heat can be absorbed instead of being released. G. Schwalbe showed that in the case of water below 4 degrees Celsius, the temperature of the system decreases. Joseph Mellor argued that this is due to the negative thermal expansion coefficient of water between 0 and 4 degrees Celsius, with the temperature change $\Delta T$ given by
$\Delta T={{\alpha T} \over {C_{p}D}}\Delta P$
where $\alpha$ is the thermal expansion coefficient, $C_{P}$ is the specific heat, $D$ is the specific gravity, and $\Delta P$ is the applied pressure due to the addition of the liquid. According to this formula, any liquid with a negative thermal expansion coefficient would be expected to exhibit a drop in temperature.
# Pouillon, Marne

Pouillon (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.
# Pascual de Andagoya

Pascual de Andagoya (1495–1548) was a Spanish Basque conquistador. He was born in the village of Andagoya, in the valley of Cuartango (Álava), in Spain.
As often happened at the time, Andagoya left as an explorer of the New World at a very young age of 19, on April 11, 1514, under the command of Pedro Arias de Ávila. The expedition left carrying an army of over 2,000 in 22 ships, with the objective of colonizing Central America.
The career of Andagoya commenced in Panama, whose capital Panama City he founded in 1519 with 400 settlers. Later he moved south towards the Colombian coast, until he reached San Juan, where he took charge as governor.
This was when he learned of the existence of the Inca Empire, in the distant territory called "Birú", or "Pirú". In 1522 he attempted a conquest, but it ended in failure.
With his health deteriorating, he returned to Panama and spread word of his discoveries, in particular the existence of a land of enormous riches of gold and silver, namely, Peru. In 1524 Francisco Pizarro, in association with the soldier Diego de Almagro and the priest Hernando de Luque, mounted an expedition using Andagoya's ships.$^{:24}$
Andagoya was rewarded in 1539 by Carlos I with the post of Representative of the Indians, which he performed with brutal zeal. In 1540 he proclaimed himself governor of Popayán, which he held until 1542, when the legitimate governor Sebastián de Belalcázar relieved him under pressure. Andagoya died in Cuzco on July 18, 1548.

## Works

* Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila
# Flat Iron, Virginia

Flat Iron is an unincorporated community in Westmoreland County, in the U. S. state of Virginia.
# Flat Iron Building (Prescot)

53°25′47.19″N 2°48′7.22″W﻿ / ﻿53.4297750°N 2.8020056°W﻿ / 53.4297750; -2.8020056
Flat Iron Building, also known as 72 Ecclestone Street, is a historic building in Prescot, Merseyside. It was built in 1890 to service Prescot's extensive watchmaking industry.

## History

Up until the late 19th century, Prescot was the English centre of watchmaking. The Flat Iron building was built in 1890 and served as a specialised workshop and warehouse for the Lancashire Watch Company, who made watches in a nearby factory. When the Lancashire Watch Company closed in 1911, the building was later bought by the Prescot Clock and Mechanism Co. who reportedly produced 30,000 to 40,000 watches between 1911 and 1914. After the closure of the company in 1969, the building was used by several other companies, including a clothing retailer and eyewear retailer before becoming vacant in 2017.

## Restoration

Following the last tenant vacating the building, restoration work commenced in 2018. The work saw repairs to the outside of the building as well as the fitting of new staircases, doors and sash windows and the restoration of some of the original features such as a fireplaces. The restoration work was partially funded by the Liverpool City Region Town Centre fund, Prescot Township Heritage Initiative Fund and Knowsley Borough Council. By summer 2023, the restoration work was completed with the fitting of a historical clock, made in Prescot in the early 1800s, and with the addition of a time ball time-signalling device.
# Patelguda

Patelguda is a village in Sanga Reddy district in Telangana, India. It falls under Ameenpur mandal.
# Fit as a Fiddle (song)

"Fit as a Fiddle (And Ready for Love)" is an American popular song.
It was written by Arthur Freed, Al Hoffman, and Al Goodhart (or Goodheart) and published in 1932. It was a hit single that year for Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians.
The song became a well-known standard and has been recorded by many artists including, Roger Wolfe Kahn and His Orchestra, Annette Hanshaw, Elsie Carlisle, and Doris Day. In 1952, it achieved particular fame after being featured in the 1952 film Singin' in the Rain. Following this, it was covered by Champ Butler for Columbia Records.
# Presbyterian Church in Korea (Daeshin)

The church history dates back to 1948, the foundation of the DaeHan Seminary and with Rev. Kim Chi-sun, Pastor Kim Su-do, Rev. Yun Phil-sung started evening courses for the formation of the candidate of ministry. In 1960 the HapDong and TongHap split. Rev. Kim Chi-sun who belonged to hapDong founded the Bible Presbyterian Church in Korea. Soon tension arose between the Seminary and the Bible Presbyterian Church. In 1968 Kim withdrew from ICCC. Kim Chi-sun was running the Daeshin Seminary by himself. He tried to get his son appointed as director of the seminary. This idea was opposed by the professor of the Seminary, he was Choi Soon-jik who started with his follower the HapDongJinRi denomination, the leading figure was Huh Kwang-jae. In 1972 Kim Chi-sun and his son withdrew the denomination. The Daeshin group later revised its constitution. In 1974 the church adopted the "Declaration of the Church" and amended the new constitution in 1976. It joined the Council of Presbyterian Churches in Korea in 1980 and the World Alliance of Reformed Churches in 1992. Daeshin has experienced steady growth in recent years. It has 140,000 members in 1,170 congregations, 30 Presbyteries and a General Assembly. The church subscribes to the Apostles Creed and the Westminster Confession. Member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches.
# Saskatchewan Highway 320

Highway 320 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 2 near Domremy to Highway 20 near Crystal Springs. The highway also passes near the community of Northern Light. It is about 26 kilometres (16 mi) long.
# Saarlandstraße station

Saarlandstraße is a rapid transit station on the Hamburg U-Bahn line U3. The station was opened in May 1912 and is located in the Hamburg district of Winterhude, Germany. Winterhude is part of the borough of Hamburg-Nord.

## Service
### Trains

Saarlandstraße is served by Hamburg U-Bahn line U3; departures are every 5 minutes.
# Sholto Douglas

Sholto Douglas was the mythical progenitor of Clan Douglas, a powerful and warlike family in medieval Scotland.
A mythical battle took place: "in 767, between King Solvathius rightful king of Scotland and a pretender Donald Bane. The victory was so nearly Donald's when a certain noble man, disdaining to see so bad a cause have good successe, struck in for the king and turned the fortunes of the day. When the king inquired about the knight who had done such valuable service, somebody exclaimed 'Sholto du glasse!'...'Behold the black man!'."
In the story of Sholto Douglas, his youngest son Marius Douglas [it] is a commander of forces sent by the mythical Scottish king Achaius, to the court of Charlemagne to aid him in his wars against Desiderius, King of the Lombards. Marius Douglas is said to have settled in Piacenza where his descendants the Marescotti family [it] became powerful local magnates, and eventual leaders of the Guelf faction of that city.
# Ricka Stenger

Ricka Stenger (born 1979) is a Danish former Paralympic swimmer who competed at international swimming competitions. She is a Paralympic and World champion and has competed at the 1996 and 2000 Summer Paralympics, Stenger was first Danish Paralympic swimmer to win gold at the Summer Paralympics.
Stenger was born without her left hand.
# Arthur Herzog

Arthur Herzog III (April 6, 1927 – May 26, 2010) was an American novelist, non-fiction writer, and journalist, well known for his works of science fiction and true crime books. He was the son of songwriter Arthur Herzog, Jr. He was married to Leslie Mandel and they did not have any children.
His novels The Swarm and Orca have been made into films.
Herzog was also the author of non-fiction books: The Church Trap is a critique of Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish church organization and institutions particularly in the US; 17 Days: The Katie Beers Story is about the kidnapping and child sexual abuse of Katie Beers.
# Racial invariance

Criminology and penology :
Theory
Anomie
Biosocial criminology
Broken windows
Collective efficacy
Crime analysis
Criminalization
Differential association
Deviance
Expressive function of law
Labeling theory
Psychopathy
Rational choice
Risk & actuarial criminology
Social control
Social learning
Strain
Subculture
Symbolic interactionism
Victimology :
Major theorists
Émile Durkheim
Hans Eysenck
Enrico Ferri
Michel Foucault
Alexandre Lacassagne
Cesare Lombroso
Archibald Reiss :
Types of crime
Against
Humanity
Person
State
Class
Blue-collar
White-collar
Cold case
Perfect
Corporate
Juvenile
International
Organized
Political
Public-order
State
State-corporate
Transnational
Victimless
War :
Methods
Comparative
Profiling
Critical theory
Ethnography
Uniform Crime Reports
Crime mapping]
Crime statistics
Positivist school
Qualitative
Quantitative
BJS
NIBRS :
Penology
Denunciation
Deterrence
Incapacitation
Trial
Prison
abolition
open
reform
Prisoner
Prisoner abuse
Prisoners' rights
Rehabilitation
Recidivism
Justice in penology
Participatory
Restorative
Transformative
Retributive
Utilitarian
Solitary confinement :
Schools
Anarchist
Chicago
Classical
Conflict
Critical
Environmental
Feminist
Integrative
Italian
Marxist
Neo-classical
Positivist
Postmodernist
Realism
Left
Right :
Subfields
American
Anthropological
Biosocial criminology
Conflict
Criminology
Critical
Culture
Cyber
Demography
Development
Environmental
Experimental
Organizational
Political
Public
Radical criminology :
Browse
Index
Journals
Organizations
People :
vte :
In criminology, racial invariance refers to a hypothesis that the effects of structural disadvantage on rates of violent crime are the same for all racial groups. This hypothesis is a major component of structural perspectives on the causes of crime, such as social disorganization theory and anomie. It can be traced back to William Julius Wilson's 1987 book The Truly Disadvantaged, which argued that racial differences in crime rates are due to differences in the communities in which American whites and blacks live. Since then, it has become a major component of the general theory of crime.
# 2007 Tro-Bro Léon

The 2007 Tro-Bro Léon was the 24th edition of the Tro-Bro Léon cycle race and was held on 22 April 2007. The race was won by Saïd Haddou.

## General classification

| Rank | Rider | Time |
| 1 | Saïd Haddou (FRA) | 4h 44' 28" |
| 2 | Sébastien Chavanel (FRA) | + 0" |
| 3 | Christophe Diguet (FRA) | + 0" |
| 4 | Stéphane Bonsergent (FRA) | + 0" |
| 5 | Lloyd Mondory (FRA) | + 0" |
| 6 | Takashi Miyazawa (JPN) | + 0" |
| 7 | Rony Martias (FRA) | + 0" |
| 8 | Pierre Rolland (FRA) | + 0" |
| 9 | Nicolas Roche (IRL) | + 0" |
| 10 | Guillaume Levarlet (FRA) | + 0" |
# Pliskov

Pliskov may refer to:
* Pliska, a small village, and the historical capital of Bulgaria
* Plyskiv, Ukraine, a village in Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine
# Galaxaura

Galaxaura is a genus of thalloid red algae.
Dichotomous branches are formed; the medulla has a filamentous construction. It may be related to the fossil Gymnocodiaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.

## Species

As accepted by WoRMS and AlgaeBase;
* Galaxaura articulata T.Tanaka
* Galaxaura barbata R.Chou
* Galaxaura beckeri Schmitz ex Mazza
* Galaxaura contigua Kjellman
* Galaxaura dichotoma J.V.Lamouroux
* Galaxaura divaricata (Linnaeus) Huisman & R.A.Townsend
* Galaxaura elegans T.Tanaka
* Galaxaura elongata J.Agardh
* Galaxaura filamentosa R.C.Y.Chou
* Galaxaura glabriuscula Kjellman
* Galaxaura hawaiiana Butters
* Galaxaura indica Huisman, G.H.Boo & S.M.Boo
* Galaxaura infirma Kjellman
* Galaxaura kjellmanii Weber Bosse
* Galaxaura latifolia T.Tanaka
* Galaxaura magna Kjellman
* Galaxaura pacifica Tanaka
* Galaxaura paschalis Børgesen
* Galaxaura rugosa (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux
* Galaxaura scinaioides Heydrich
* Galaxaura spongiosa Kützing
* Galaxaura striata Kjellman
* Galaxaura tissotii Weber Bosse
* Galaxaura yamadae Itono
There are plenty of former Galaxaura species that are now synonyms of other genera.
# Poecilia petenensis

Poecilia petenensis, the Petén molly, is a poeciliid fish species endemic to Guatemala.

## Taxonomy

The Petén molly is a short-finned molly (part of the Poecilia sphenops complex) whose scientific name is a matter of some confusion. It was originally described by Günther (1866), who named it Poecilia petenensis. Günther (1866) also described the swordtail molly under the name Mollienesia petenensis. Regan (1913) placed both mollies in the genus Mollienesia, renaming the short-finned species Mollienesia gracilis.
When Rosen and Bailey (1963) revised the poeciliids, they placed both the swordtail and the short-finned molly in the genus Poecilia and made the short-finned species a synonym for Poecilia sphenops. Poeser (2002) revalidated Poecilia petenensis as a separate species, leading to homonymity with the swordtail species, which was duly renamed Poecilia kykesis.
Meyer et al. hold that Poeser (2002) broke nomenclature codes. They argue that the designation Poecilia petenensis should continue to refer to the swordtail molly and that the short-finned molly should instead be named Poecilia gracilis.
Naming history :
| Common name | Günther (1866) | Regan (1913) | Hubbs (1935) | Rosen & Bailey (1963) | Brett & Turner (1983) | Poeser (2002) |
| Petén molly | Poecilia petenensis | Mollienesia gracilis | Mollienesia sphenops gracilis | Poecilia sphenops | Poecilia "gracilis" | Poecilia petenensis |
| Swordtail molly | Mollienesia petenensis | unchanged | unchanged | Poecilia petenensis | unchanged | Poecilia kykesis |

## Description

The largest examined Poecilia petenensis female measured 119 mm in standard length, while the largest males attained 93 mm. The body is relatively slender, more so than in the otherwise similar species P. teresae, and somewhat higher in the males than in the females. The sides of the fish are spotted, which is more pronounced in females. Larger females exhibit a diamond pattern on their sides. The fins are mostly without pigment.

## Distribution

Poecilia petenensis is endemic to the freshwater Lake Petén Itzá in Guatemala.
# Gabriel López

Gabriel López may refer to:
* Gabriel López (footballer, born 1983), Uruguayan footballer
* Gabriel López (footballer, born 2003), Mexican footballer
* Gabriel López (actor) (born 1991), Venezuelan singer and television actor
* Gabriel López Rosado, Mexican politician
* Gabriel López Zapiain, Mexican footballer
# River morphology

The terms river morphology and its synonym stream morphology are used to describe the shapes of river channels and how they change in shape and direction over time. The morphology of a river channel is a function of a number of processes and environmental conditions, including the composition and erodibility of the bed and banks (e.g., sand, clay, bedrock); erosion comes from the power and consistency of the current, and can effect the formation of the river's path. Also, vegetation and the rate of plant growth; the availability of sediment; the size and composition of the sediment moving through the channel; the rate of sediment transport through the channel and the rate of deposition on the floodplain, banks, bars, and bed; and regional aggradation or degradation due to subsidence or uplift. River morphology can also be affected by human interaction, which is a way the river responds to a new factor in how the river can change its course. An example of human induced change in river morphology is dam construction, which alters the ebb flow of fluvial water and sediment, therefore creating or shrinking estuarine channels. A river regime is a dynamic equilibrium system, which is a way of classifying rivers into different categories. The four categories of river regimes are Sinuous canali- form rivers, Sinuous point bar rivers, Sinuous braided rivers, and Non-sinuous braided rivers.
The study of river morphology is accomplished in the field of fluvial geomorphology, the scientific term.
# Holdfast (tool)

A holdfast or hold fast is a form of temporary clamp used to hold a workpiece firmly to the top or side of a wooden workbench or the top of an anvil.
A form of bench dog, a traditional holdfast has either a curved or flat top. Its shank is slid loosely into a “dog” hole in the bench or anvil until the tip of its hook touches the work. It is set by hitting its top with a mallet or hammer, which causes the shaft to wedge tightly against the sides of the hole. A tap of its back side near the top releases it.
Contemporary holdfasts are commonly designed to fit in 3⁄4 inch (19 mm) holes, somewhat narrower than had been traditional. Scrap pieces of wood or leather are often used between the holdfast and the workpiece to prevent marring it.
An adaptation of the holdfast is threaded, sometimes known as a “screwdown”, which is tightened rather than tapped in place.

## History

Based on a fresco discovered in the ruins of Herculaneum, holdfasts are known to have been in use since at least the 1st century AD. They are also described and illustrated in early European books on woodworking, such as Joseph Moxon's 1678 edition of Mechanick Exercises and André Jacob Roubo's 1774 L'Art du Menuisier. The term has been in use since at least the 16th Century. Use declined throughout the 20th century, but has seen a resurgence in recent years.
While "artisan" holdfasts continue to be made as castings, or forgings, modern holdfasts are made from round mild steel bar stock using highly automated cold-working machines. Gramercy Tools makes such holdfasts from bar stock which is slightly under 3/4" (19.05mm) dia., usually 19mm for use in the now customary 3/4" bench holdfast holes. The making of such a holdfast is more particularly described in Gramercy Tools' patent document (U.S. Patent 7,571,631, to Moskowitz, et. al.).

## Gallery

* Illustration from L'Art du Menuisier (1769) demonstrating how the holdfast is secured in the workbench hole
* Roman workbench with a holdfast, based on a 1st Century AD fresco from the ruins of Herculaneum
* Illustration of a screwed holdfast from Cassell's Carpentry and Joinery (1907)
* Illustration from L'Art du Menuisier (1769) showing a workbench with holdfasts in use
# 2007 amendments to the Constitution of Kazakhstan

The 2007 amendment to the Constitution of Kazakhstan modified Kazakhstan's basic law, on May 18, 2007. The changes followed the conclusion of the activities of the 'State Commission on Democratization' formed two years previously.
In a speech on 16 May 16 to the joint session of the chambers of Parliament, President Nursultan Nazarbayev summarized the development of Kazakhstan since independence in 1991, and outlined his proposed constitutional changes.
The main changes proposed by the President were as follows:
* The reduction of the presidential term from 7-years to 5-years, coming into effect after the next election in 2012
* To adopt proportional representation for the Majilis, or lower Chamber of Deputies
* To increase the number of senators selected by the President, from 7 to 15
* To give to the Senate the power of consultation on the appointment of a President of the National Bank
* To increase the number of Majilis deputies to 107 with 98 deputies elected by proportional representation and 9 deputies representing the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan. The total number of the parliamentary deputies will therefore increase by 38 and will amount to 154
* To strengthen the powers of political parties by depriving members of the Majilis of their mandate in the event that they are expelled from their party
* To make the government accountable not only to the Head of State, but to the whole Parliament; by giving the Government a vote of no-confidence. It will be sufficient for the Majilis to have a simple majority of deputies' votes compared with the previously required two thirds of votes, in order to dismiss the government
* To change, the procedure for forming the Constitutional Council and the Central Election Commission. This will occur via the introduction of a law whereby two thirds of the Constitutional Council, the Central Election Commission and Auditing Committee will be formed by Parliament
* To change the procedure of forming the Government, where the Prime Minister is appointed by the President, so that the approval of such appointments, and consequently that of the entire Government, is delegated to the Majilis
* To introduce a change whereby the composition of the Government shall be formed according to the proposals of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister will also represent the parliamentary majority party
* To abolish the constitutional prohibition of state funding of NGO's
* To develop a procedure for the partial funding of political parties from the state budget
* To abolish the death penalty in Kazakhstan
In addition to these proposals the Kazakh parliament passed an additional amendment two days later, lifting the term-limit clause on the first President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev. The constitution limits a president to two five-year terms, but this amendment allows the incumbent president--Nazarbayev--to run for an unlimited number of five year terms. Some critics argued this move paved the way for him to become de facto President for life.