OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Thomson (mathematician)

James Thomson (13 November 1786 – 12 January 1849) was a British Irish mathematician. He was the father of the engineer and physicist James Thomson and the physicist Lord Kelvin.

## Life

Born into an Ulster-Scots family on 13 November 1786, Thomson was the fourth son of Agnes Nesbit and James Thomson, a small farmer, at Annaghmore, near Ballynahinch, County Down (the house was later called Spamount), in Ulster. His early education was from his father. At age 11 or 12 he had found out for himself the art of dialling. His father sent him to a school at Ballykine, near Ballynahinch, kept by Samuel Edgar, father of John Edgar. Thomson soon rose to be an assistant.
Wishing to become a minister of the Presbyterian church, in 1810 he entered the University of Glasgow where he studied for several sessions, supporting himself by teaching in the Ballykine school during the summer. He graduated MA in 1812, and in 1814 he was appointed teacher of mathematics and arithmetic in the newly established Academical Institution, Belfast; and in 1815 he was also appointed as professor of mathematics in its collegiate department. He was an able teacher and was an author of a number of very popular textbooks. In 1829 the honorary degree of LLD was conferred upon him by the University of Glasgow, where in 1832 he was appointed sixth professor of mathematics. He held this post till his death on 12 January 1849.
He is buried on the northern slopes of the Glasgow Necropolis to the east of the main bridge entrance. The grave is notable because the modern memorial to Lord Kelvin is at its side.

## Family

In 1817 Thomson married Margaret Gardiner (d.1830), eldest daughter of William Gardiner of Glasgow. They had four sons and three daughters, including James (1822–1892) and William, afterwards Lord Kelvin (1824–1907), the two elder sons. He was portrayed by John Graham-Gilbert.

## Works

He was the author of the schoolbooks that passed through many editions:
* ‘Arithmetic,’ Belfast, 1819; 72nd ed. London, 1880.
* ‘Trigonometry, Plane and Spherical,’ Belfast, 1820; 4th ed. London, 1844.
* ‘Introduction to Modern Geography,’ Belfast, 1827.
* ‘The Phenomena of the Heavens,’ Belfast, 1827.
* ‘The Differential and Integral Calculus,’ 1831; 2nd ed. London, 1848.
* ‘Euclid,’ 1834.
* ‘Atlas of Modern Geography.’
* ‘Algebra,’ 1844.
A paper ‘Recollections of the Battle of Ballynahinch, by an Eye-witness,’ which appeared in the Belfast Magazine for February 1825, was from his pen.
# Ford Vega

The Ford Vega was the winning entry in a Ford-sponsored automotive design contest completed in 1953. Only one example was created.

## History

GIs returning after serving overseas in the years following World War II were bringing home MGs, Jaguars, Alfa Romeos, and similar European sports cars, a category that largely did not exist for American manufacturers. In 1951, Nash Motors began selling an expensive two-seat sports car, the Nash-Healey, that was made in partnership with the Italian designer Pininfarina and British auto engineer Donald Healey, but there were few moderate-priced models.
GM responded with the hand-built, EX-122 pre-production Corvette prototype, first shown on January 17, 1953. Production began six months later, with the fiberglass bodied Chevrolet Corvette (C1)
Ford also responded. The Ford Vega was conceived as an entry to a Ford-sponsored design contest, Henry Ford II expressed interest and provided the additional financing needed for the completion of the lightweight, two-seat roadster.
The contest rules specified a British Ford Anglia chassis mounted to a Phil Weiand-built Ford flathead V8 modified with dual carburetors, high-compression cylinder heads and tube-type exhaust headers.
The winning design was from Vince Gardner, who began his career as a clay modeler working for Gordon M. Buehrig during the design of the Cord 810. Some styling touches, such as the pop-up headlamps, were Cord-inspired details. The lightweight body was fabricated from aluminum by metalsmith Emil Deidt.

## Influence

Celebrities such as Groucho Marx and Howard Hughes were offered private viewings of the Vega by invitation of Henry Ford II. Henry Ford II proudly displayed the car at the firm's 50th anniversary.
Gardner had planned on producing an inexpensive fiberglass version of the Vega to be offered in kit form, unfortunately, the rights to the vehicle's design were the property of Ford according to the rules of the original contest. While Ford did show enthusiasm the Vega was a one-off project that ultimately did not enter series production. As an exercise, however, it was a success.
The production of a stylish roadster kindled interest within Ford concerning making its own modern sporty roadster, which led directly to the creation of the highly successful 2 seat Ford Thunderbird in 1955.
The Thunderbird convertible held the same niche as the Vega would have. After the introduction of the Ford Mustang in 1964, the Thunderbird increased in size and shifted emphasis away from these performance aspirations and towards increased luxury, so as not to cannibalize sales within the Ford enterprise.

## Eventual fate

The single car was displayed for several years in the Ford Rotunda Exhibition Center in Dearborn, Michigan, remaining in the property of Ford. In the 2006 Barrett-Jackson Scottsdale Auction it was sold for $385,000 to private collector Sam Pack, in whose possession it remains.
# Shaw House (Ferndale, California)

The Shaw House, also known as the Shaw House Inn, is a historic Carpenter Gothic Victorian style house located at 703 Main Street in Ferndale, Humboldt County, California. It served historically as a courthouse, a post office, and a single-family dwelling.

## History

The Shaw House was built in 1854 by Seth Shaw, who with his brother Stephen W. Shaw had arrived by canoe in 1852 to build a cabin, clear some land, claim it and found the town of Ferndale. Despite long-standing local legend, the house was not inspired by Nathaniel Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables, but rather by the home of Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, now known as the Vallejo Estate, in Sonoma, California which had been drawn and painted by Stephen W. Shaw. In the early days, the Shaw House served as the area's first courthouse as well as post office.
The building was owned by the family, vacant for several years at the end, until sold in 1967. Fully restored by two owners, the Shaw House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 13, 1984.$^{:6}$
It remains the oldest house in Ferndale and functions as a bed and breakfast under the Shaw House Inn name. It still features the marble fireplace that Isabella Shaw, Seth's bride, chose from Gump's department store in San Francisco.
# Castro Point

Castro Point is a cape in western Richmond, California, United States.

## History

Castro Point was once the east shore landing for the Richmond-San Rafael Car and Passenger Ferry that crossed the San Pablo Bay. It was also the western terminal for the East Shore and Suburban Railway connecting trains from Downtown Richmond and Oakland. The cape is the best launching spot for viewing the seals on the Castro Rocks underneath the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge and the cape is largely located in Point Molate Beach Park in addition to a Caltrans maintenance facility owned by the state of California.
Part of the movie Magnum Force was filmed here. Scenes 31-36 were mostly filmed at and around Pier 54 in San Francisco, and scene 34 ("Not enough experience", where Dirty Harry and the rookie cop were on motorcycles jumping aircraft carriers) was filmed at Castro Point with the San Rafael Bridge in the background. Only remnants of the piers that the old carriers were docked to still remain. The carriers were the escort carriers USS Badoeng Strait and the USS Rabaul.
# Hill House School (disambiguation)

Hill House School is a preparatory day school in London, England.
Hill House School may also refer to:
* Hill House School, a school in Hampshire, England, see List of schools in Hampshire#Special and alternative schools
* Hill House School, South Yorkshire, England
* Hill House Kindergarten, Amman, Jordan
* Hillhouse High School, Connecticut, United States
# Tabaongo

Tabaongo is a village in the Bourzanga Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 641.
# Hamden, New Jersey

Hamden is an unincorporated community located within Clinton Township, in Hunterdon County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
The community is centered just east of the South Branch Raritan River and is situated 3.0 miles (4.8 km) west of the Round Valley Reservoir and 3.0 miles (4.8 km) south-southeast of the Spruce Run Reservoir.

## History

The 1,000-acre (400 ha) Hamden Tract was purchased by Phillip and John Grandin in 1759. The Grandin Grist & Fulling-Mills, a blacksmith shop, and Abbott's Tavern were located here. The farmhouse of Jacob Gearhart (1735–1813), captain in the American Revolutionary War, is located nearby. The 1858 Fink-Type Truss Bridge (Hamden Bridge), listed on the National Register of Historic Places, crossed the river here, until it collapsed in 1978.
# Neora Valley National Park

Neora Valley National Park is a national park in Kalimpong district, West Bengal, India that was established in 1986. Spread over an area of 88 km$^2$ (34 sq mi), it is a rich biological zone in eastern India. It is the land of the red panda in the pristine undisturbed natural habitat with rugged inaccessible hilly terrain and rich diverse flora and fauna. It is linked to Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary of Pakyong District as well as forests of Samtse District, Bhutan via thick cover of forests.

## Geography

Neora Valley National Park covers an area of 88 km$^2$ (34 sq mi) with an elevation of 183–3,200 m (600–10,499 ft). The highest point is Rachela Danda. Much of the park is still inaccessible. It borders Pakyong District and Samtse Bhutan. The Neora River is the major water source for Kalimpong town.

## Biodiversity

Avian fauna listed from this park are of A1, A2 and A3 categories with IBA site code IN-WB-06.
The primary biomes inside Neora Vally National Park are:
* Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest of the Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests Biome 7
* Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest of the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests Biome 8
* Indo-Chinese Tropical Moist Forest of the Himalayan subtropical pine forests Biome 9

### Flora

Neora Valley sustains a unique ecosystem where tropical, sub-tropical, sub-temperate, and temperate vegetative system still harbours a wealth of flora and fauna. The forests consists of mixed species like rhododendron, bamboo, oak, ferns, sal, etc. The valley also has numerous species of orchids, some of which are endemic to the park. Common species of rhododendron that grow in the park include Rhododendron arboreum, Rhododendron falconeri, and Rhododendron dalhousiae.

### Fauna

Mammals reported from this area are Indian leopard, five viverrid species, Asiatic black bear, sloth bear, Asian golden cat, wild boar, leopard cat, goral, serow, barking deer, sambar deer, flying squirrel and tahr, red panda, clouded leopard. The semi-evergreen forests between 1,600 and 2,700 m (5,200 and 8,900 ft) host rufous-throated partridge, satyr tragopan, crimson-breasted woodpecker, Darjeeling woodpecker, bay woodpecker, golden-throated barbet, Hodgson's hawk cuckoo, lesser cuckoo, brown wood owl, ashy wood pigeon, mountain imperial pigeon, Jerdon's baza, black eagle, mountain hawk eagle, dark-throated thrush, rufous-gorgeted flycatcher, white-gorgeted flycatcher, white-browed bush robin, white-tailed robin, yellow-browed tit, striated bulbul, chestnut-headed tesia, chestnut-crowned warbler, black-faced warbler, black-faced laughingthrush, chestnut-crowned laughingthrush, streak-breasted scimitar babbler, scaly-breasted cupwing, pygmy cupwing, rufous-fronted babbler, black-headed shrike babbler, white-browed shrike-babbler, rusty-fronted barwing, rufous-winged fulvetta, brown parrotbill, fire-breasted flowerpecker, fire-tailed sunbird, maroon-backed accentor, dark-breasted rosefinch, red-headed bullfinch, gold-naped finch.
Reptilian fauna includes King cobra, common krait, green pit viper, blind snake, lizards. Insects include butterflies, moths, beetles, bees, wasps, bugs and cicadas.
# Abivirutheeswaram

Abivirutheeswaram is a village in the Kudavasal taluk of Tiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Abivirutheeswaram had a total population of 1432 with 657 males and 775 females. The sex ratio was 1180. The literacy rate was 74.8.
# Grabom

Grabom is a settlement near Brojë in the former Kelmend municipality, Shkodër County, northern Albania. Near this village a new border crossing point between Albania and Montenegro is planned.

## Gallery

* View from Broje
# Castro Marim (parish)

Castro Marim is a freguesia (parish) in Castro Marim Municipality (Algarve, Portugal). The population in 2011 was 3,267, in an area of 79.35 km².

## Main sites

* Castro Marim Castle
* São Sebastião Fort
# Second government of Guillermo Fernández Vara

The Second Fernández Vara Government was the regional government of Extremadura led by President Guillermo Fernández Vara. It was formed in July 2015 after the regional election and ended in July 2019 following the regional election.

## Government

| Name | Party | Office | Took office | Left office |
| Guillermo Fernández Vara | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | President | 2 July 2015 | 27 June 2019 |
| Pilar Blanco-Morales | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | Vice President | 30 October 2017 | 1 July 2019 |
| Pilar Blanco-Morales | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | Minister for Finance and Public Administration | 6 July 2015 | 1 July 2019 |
| Begoña García | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | Minister of Environment and Rural, Agrarian Policies and Territory | 15 September 2015 | 1 July 2019 |
| Olga García | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | Minister of Economy and Infrastructure | 31 July 2018 | 1 July 2019 |
| Isabel Gil | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | Government Spokesperson | 6 July 2015 | 1 July 2019 |
| Esther Gutiérrez | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | Minister of Education and Employment | 6 July 2015 | 1 July 2019 |
| Leire Iglesias | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | Minister of Culture and Equality | 30 October 2017 | 1 July 2019 |
| Santos Jorna | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | Minister of Environment and Rural, Agrarian Policies and Territory | 6 July 2015 | 14 September 2015 |
| José Luis Navarro | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | Minister of Economy and Infrastructure | 6 July 2015 | 30 July 2018 |
| José María Vergeles | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Extremadura | Minister of Health and Social Policies | 6 July 2015 | 1 July 2019 |
# Maari

Maari may refer to:
* Maari (film), a 2015 Indian Tamil-language action-comedy film by Balaji Mohan
** Maari (soundtrack), the soundtrack album for the 2015 film
** Maari 2, its 2018 sequel
* Maari (TV series), a 2022 Indian Tamil-language television series
* Määri, a village in northeastern Estonia
# Brooklyn Citizen

The Brooklyn Citizen was a newspaper serving Brooklyn in New York City from 1887 to 1947. It became influential under editor Andrew McLean (1848-1922), a Scottish immigrant from Renton, West Dunbartonshire. Its offices were located at Fulton and Adams Streets near Borough Hall in Downtown Brooklyn, in a section of buildings later demolished for the construction of Cadman Plaza.

## Distribution

By 1912, ninety percent of the Citizen's distribution went to Brooklyn homes. In 1942/1943, daily circulation totaled 31,000.

## Union conflicts

Staff were involved in a major strike in 1894, alongside staff from The Brooklyn Ties and The Brooklyn Standard Union who were all members of the Brooklyn Typographical Union No. 98; almost all 75 typesetters at the Brooklyn Citizen went on strike. As a result of this strike, circulation of the Citizen fell by one third.
In 1943, employees sought union recognition through the Newspaper Guild of New York, of the American Newspaper Guild. The Citizen refused to recognize the union, and the National Labor Relations Board ruled that an election must be held and recognized by the newspaper in September 1943.
# Kemal Atatürk Memorial, Canberra

The Kemal Atatürk Memorial is a memorial directly opposite the Australian War Memorial on Anzac Parade, the principal memorial and ceremonial parade in Canberra, the capital of Australia.
It is named after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) who, as a Lieutenant Colonel, commanded the Ottoman 19th Infantry Division when it resisted the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) at Arı Burnu on the Gallipoli peninsula in 1915 during World War I. He started the Turkish War of Independence, and went on to be the founder of the Republic of Turkey and its first president, receiving the honorific Atatürk ("Father of the Turks") by the Turkish parliament.
In 1985, seventy years after the Gallipoli Campaign, the Turkish Government recognised the name "Anzac Cove" for the place on the peninsula where the Australian and New Zealand troops landed on 25 April 1915.
In return for this gesture, the Australian Government established the memorial garden, around the Kemal Atatürk Memorial, that honours the heroism and self-sacrifice of the Turkish and Anzac soldiers who took part in that bitterly fought campaign. This is the only memorial to an enemy commander on Anzac Parade.

## Design

The memorial consists of a crescent shaped wall on a circular paved area. The form of the wall reflects the crescent moon and five-pointed star of the Turkish flag. In the centre of the memorial is a time capsule containing soil from the battlefields of Gallipoli. It was designed originally by architecture firm PDCM.
Centrally located in the wall is a bronze likeness of Atatürk – a gift of the Turkish government by Turkish sculptor Hüseyin Gezer. The inscription, attributed to Atatürk, pays tribute to his former foes and reflects his understanding of the cost of war:
   Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives... you are now lying in the soil of a friendly country. Therefore, rest in peace. There is no difference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets to us where they lie side by side here in this country of ours... You the mothers who sent their sons from far away countries wipe away your tears. Your sons are now lying in our bosom and are in peace. After having lost their lives on this land they have become our sons as well.
The quote honours all former enemy soldiers who have died in Turkey. There is however some doubt as to whether the words are Atatürk's. Surrounding the memorial are pine trees Pinus halepensis grown from seed collected from the Gallipoli lone pine.

## 2007 refurbishment

The memorial was refurbished in 2007 and rededicated in time for Anzac Day (25 April). The pavement was altered to incorporate a larger five pointed star motif as used in the flag of Turkey, to match the existing wall in the form of the crescent moon. At the points of the star five pink-granite columns matching the granite used for the central sculpture. The columns are lit at night. The flags were moved from the side to the front of the memorial. The memorial was designed by PDCM Pty Ltd.
# Bisoctrizole

Bisoctrizole (INN/USAN, marketed by BASF as Tinosorb M, by DSM Nutritional Products as Parsol Max , by Everlight Chemical as Eversorb M, and by MPI as Milestab 360, INCI methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol) is a phenolic benzotriazole that is added to sunscreens to absorb UV rays. It is a broad-spectrum ultraviolet radiation absorber, absorbing UVB as well as UVA rays. It also reflects and scatters UV.
Bisoctrizole is what is termed is a hybrid UV absorber, which has been described as an organic UV filter produced in microfine organic particles (< 200 nm), like microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Where other organic UV absorbers dissolved in either the oily or aqueous phases, bisoctrizole dissolves poorly in both.
Hence, bisoctrizole is formulated in sunscreen preparations as a 50% suspension, the absorber added to the water phase, and mineral micropigments usually added to the oil phase. The bisoctrizole particles are stabilized by the surfactant decyl glucoside. The compound shows very little photodegradation, and has a stabilizing effect on other UV absorbers, octyl methoxycinnamate (octinoxate) in particular.
In primary research reports, bisoctrizole has been reported to minimally penetrate skin, and has been described as lacking estrogenic effects in vitro.
Bisoctrizole has not yet been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but is approved in the EU and other parts of the world.
# Neora

Neora is a village in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. Along with Tilda its a famous red light area among nearby villages.
# Jeffrey L. Meikle

Jeffrey Lee Meikle (born July 2, 1949, in Columbus) is an American cultural historian and educator. Meikle is currently the Stiles Professor in American Studies Emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin. He has generally been credited as one of the founders of the discipline of design history since his book Twentieth Century Limited: Industrial Design in America, 1925-1939 was published in 1979. The text lays out some of the central issues confronting the field.

## Career

Born to Wendell Alvin Meikle and Arlene Martha Craner in Columbus, Meikle initially attended the Thomas Jefferson School in St. Louis. He received both his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in American Civilization from Brown University in 1971, graduating summa cum laude. Meikle wrote a thesis was titled "The Metaphysics of Technology: Entropy and Information as Metaphors of Society in Twentieth-Century America." He then continued on to the University of Texas at Austin, where he received a Doctor of Philosophy in American Studies in 1977. Meikle completed a dissertation titled "Technological Visions of American Industrial Designers, 1925-1939," under the supervision of William H. Goetzmann.
While a student in Austin, Meikle was an instructor at the school until graduating. He then moved to Colby–Sawyer College for one year to teach courses in American Studies. In 1979, Meikle returned to Texas and was hired as assistant professor of American Studies. He was promoted to associate professor in 1986, and then to full Professor in 1995. In 2011, the professorship was endowed as the Stiles Professor in American Studies. Eleven years later, Meikle retired from the post as Emeritus. Throughout his career, his research has focused on American studies and design history.

## Works

* Twentieth Century Limited: Industrial Design in America, 1925-1939. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979
* American Plastic: A Cultural History. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995
* Design in the USA. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2005
* Postcard America: Curt Teich and the Imaging of a Nation, 1931-1950. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015