OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert Smith (mathematician)

Robert Smith (c. 16 October 1689 – 2 February 1768) was an English mathematician.

## Life

Smith was probably born at Lea near Gainsborough, the son of John Smith, the rector of Gate Burton, Lincolnshire and his wife Hannah Cotes. After attending Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Gainsborough (now Queen Elizabeth's High School) he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1708, and becoming minor fellow in 1714, major fellow in 1715 and senior fellow in 1739, was chosen Master in 1742, in succession to Richard Bentley. From 1716 to 1760 he was Plumian Professor of Astronomy, and he died in the Master's Lodge at Trinity.
In February 1719 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Besides editing two works by his cousin, Roger Cotes, who was his predecessor in the Plumian chair, he published A Compleat System of Opticks in 1738, which gained him the sobriquet of Old Focus, and Harmonics, or the Philosophy of Musical Sounds in 1749.
Smith never married but lived with his unmarried sister Elzimar (1683–1758) in the lodge at Trinity College. Although he is often portrayed as a rather reclusive character, John Byrom's journal shows that in the 1720s and 1730s Smith could be quite sociable. Yet ill health, particularly gout, took its toll and severely inhibited his academic work and social activities. He died at the lodge on 2 February 1768, and on 8 February he was buried in Trinity College Chapel, the funeral oration being delivered by Thomas Zouch.
According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Smith helped to spread Isaac Newton's ideas in Europe and "Newton's successes in optics and mechanics dominated Smith's scientific career".

## The Smith Fund

In his will Smith left £3500 South Sea stock to the University of Cambridge. The net income on the fund is annually divided equally between the Smith's Prize and the stipend of the Plumian Professor.

## Books

* Robert Smith, Harmonics, or, The Philosophy of Musical Sounds, Printed by J. Bentham, and sold by W. Thurlbourn, 1749.
* Robert Smith (1738). A Compleat System of Opticks. Cambridge.
* Robert Smith (1768). Cours complet d'optique traduit de l'anglois de Robert Smith.
# Polysiphonia morrowii

Polysiphonia morrowii is a species of red algae native to Northeast Asia. It has become an invasive species in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South America.
It is susceptible to infection by the parasitic oomycete Pythium porphyrae
# Polysiphonia nigra

Polysiphonia nigra is a species of marine alga in the division Rhodophyta.

## Description

Polysiphonia nigra is a relatively small red algae which grows to a height of 20 or 30 cm. It consists of tufts of branched axes. The branches are cylindrical and erect, consisting of large axial cells forming about one third of the diameter of the branch, surrounded by periaxial cells in a collar around the axis, each cell of the same length, generally 9 - 13 in number. Cortication absent. Attached by rhizoids.

## Reproduction

The plants are dioecious with spermatrangial branchlets borne near the apices of the branches. Cystocarps are globular with a small ostiole. Tetrasporangia are arranged in short lateral branches.

## Distribution

Generally to be found around the British Isles and in Europe from Norway to Portugal. In America - Newfoundland to New Jersey.
# Gamma-glutamyltransferase 1

Gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 (GGT1), also known as CD224 (Cluster of Differentiation 224), is a human gene.

## Function

Human gamma-glutamyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of the glutamyl moiety of glutathione to a variety of amino acids and dipeptide acceptors. This heteroduplex enzyme is composed of a heavy chain and a light chain, which are derived from a single precursor protein, and is present in tissues involved in absorption and secretion. This enzyme is a member of the gamma-glutamyltransferase protein family, of which many members have not yet been fully characterized. This gene encodes several transcript variants; studies suggest that many transcripts of this gene family may be non-functional or represent pseudogenes. The functional transcripts which have been fully characterized have been grouped and classified as type I gamma-glutamyltransferase. Complex splicing events may take place in a tissue-specific manner, resulting in marked dissimilarity in the 5' UTRs. Several 5' UTR transcript variants of the type I gene have been identified in different tissues and cancer cells.
# Atomaria mesomela

Atomaria mesomela is a species of silken fungus beetle native to Europe.
# Garissa Museum

The Garissa Museum is a museum located in Kenya.
# Pont de Pierre

Pont de Pierre may refer to the following bridges:
* Pont de Pierre (Aosta), a Roman bridge in Aosta, Italy
* Pont de Pierre (Bordeaux), a 19th-century bridge in Bordeaux, France
# Homeland First Party

The Homeland First Party (Partido Patria Primero) was a political party in Costa Rica. Funded by PAC’s dissident and motivational speaker Juan José Vargas, the party contested the 2006 general elections with Vargas as presidential candidate and former professional soccer player Evaristo Coronado as deputy candidate. They gain 1.6% of the legislative votes, and 1.1% of the Presidential vote unable to win any seats in the legislature. The party disbanded in March, 2010.
# Hominis

Hominis (genitive singular of the Latin word homō, meaning "human being") may refer to :

## Biology

* Blastocystis hominis, a human parasite
* Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, a human mite subspecies
* Staphylococcus hominis, a species of Staphylococcus found in humans

## Religion

* Redemptor hominis, the first encyclical written by Pope John Paul II
# Robert Swannell

Robert William Ashburnham Swannell CBE (born 18 November 1950) is a British businessman, public servant and former investment banker. He was the chairman of Marks & Spencer from 2011 to 2017, and chairman of the Shareholder Executive and its successor UK Government Investments from 2014 to 2021.

## Personal life

Swannell was born on 18 November 1950 in Nanyuki, Kenya. He attended Rugby School in Warwickshire where he was chairman of the governing board. Swannell is married and has two children.

## Career

Swannell qualified as a chartered accountant and was later called to the bar.
Swannell worked in investment banking for 33 years with Schroders and Citigroup. During this time he was senior non-executive director at British Land and 3i Group, and chairman of HMV Group from February 2009 to March 2011.
He was the chairman of Marks & Spencer from January 2011 until September 2017, when he was succeeded by Archie Norman.
At the Shareholder Executive, which oversees the UK government's financial interests in a range of state-owned enterprises, he was appointed as a non-executive director in late 2013 and as chair in September 2014. The body was merged into UK Government Investments in 2016, and he continued as chair of UKGI until 2021. During this time the Post Office scandal surrounding wrongful prosecutions was unfolding, and in 2014 Swannell told the public inquiry that the Post Office became UKGI's top priority in 2019, after a defeat in the High Court.

## Honours

In the 2018 New Year Honours he was appointed Commander of the British Empire (CBE) for services to the public, retail and financial sectors.
# Garra vittatula

Garra vittatula is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Garra from Myanmar.
# Robert Lyle, 1st Lord Lyle

Robert Lyle (died 1470) was the First Lord Lyle of Duchal in Renfrewshire. He became a lord around 1438. On July 18, 1452, he witnessed a charter by James II. He took his first seat in Parliament in 1454. In 1464–1465, Lord Lyle was one of the attendants on King James III. For his service, the King granted Lord Lyle a manor, as well as lands in Renfrew.
Lord Robert Lyle was married at least twice. His first marriage was to Margaret, daughter of Andrew, first Lord Gray and likely occurred prior to 1445. The second legal marriage was to Margaret Wallace, with whom he had a son, Robert, and a daughter, Elizabeth, who later married John Stewart of Blackhall.
# Robert Stewart (Morton footballer)

Robert Stewart was a Scottish footballer who played as a right back. He made 260 appearances in the Scottish Cup and Scottish Football League (all in its top division) for Morton during his decade with the Greenock club between 1902 and 1912. Stewart was selected once for the Scottish Football League XI in March 1907; he contributed to a clean sheet for the defence in a 0–0 draw with the Football League XI.
# Robert Tripe

Robert John Rostrevor "Robbie" Tripe (12 July 1973 – 2 November 2014) was a New Zealand stage, television and movie actor.

## Biography
### Background and Education

Born in Whanganui in 1973, Tripe was educated at Huntley School in Marton and Wanganui Collegiate School. He later studied acting at Toi Whakaari: NZ Drama School, from where he graduated with a Bachelor of Performing Arts (Acting) in 1999.

### Career

Tripe appeared on stage in theatrical productions at many venues across New Zealand, and was twice nominated for best supporting actor in the Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards, first for his portrayal of Peter Trofimov in The Cherry Orchard at Circa Theatre in 2005, and then for Bernard in Death of a Salesman the following year, also at Circa. He also appeared in productions of Noël & Gertie at the Tabard Theatre in London, and Te Aurarua at Théâtre des Trois Chênes in Le Quesnoy. According to Jennifer Ward-Lealand, Tripe's theatrical highlight was in the role of Daniel in the BATS Theatre production of Katydid in 2010.
Tripe's best-known television role was as lawyer Lawrence Cunningham in the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street. He also appeared in The Strip and Power Rangers. On the big screen, his credits included The Truth About Demons (2000), The Last Great Snail Chase (2007), and 3 Mile Limit (2014).

### Other

Tripe served for a time as vice-president of the actors' union, Equity New Zealand.
Tripe died in Auckland on 2 November 2014.
# 2021 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay

The women's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2021 European Athletics U23 Championships was held on Day 4 on July 11 at Kadriorg Stadium in Tallinn, Estonia.

## Records

Prior to the competition, the records were as follows:
| European U23 record | East Germany (GDR) | 42.09 | Turin, Italy | 4 August 1979 |
| Championship U23 record | Germany (GER) | 43.29 | Tampere, Finland | 14 July 2013 |

## Results
### Round 1

Qualification rule: First 3 in each heat (Q) and the next 2 fastest (q) advance to the Final.
| Rank | Heat | Nation | Athletes | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | Germany | Lilly Kaden, Keshia Beverly Kwadwo, Sophia Junk, Talea Prepens | 43.24 | Q, CR |
| 2 | 2 | Spain | Aitana Rodrigo, Jaël Bestué, Eva Santidrián, Carmen Marco | 43.50 | Q, NU23R |
| 3 | 1 | Great Britain | Ellie Booker, Alisha Rees, Georgina Adam, Kristal Awuah | 43.62 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Italy | Aurora Berton, Giorgia Bellinazzi, Chiara Melon, Zaynab Dosso | 43.65 | Q, NU23R |
| 5 | 1 | France | Marie-Ange Rimlinger, Sacha Alessandrini, Wided Atatou, Mallory Leconte | 43.74 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | Poland | Adriana Gąsior, Paulina Guzowska, Alicja Struzik, Magdalena Stefanowicz | 44.29 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Sweden | Julia Wennersten, Wilma Rosenquist, Filippa Sivnert, Julia Henriksson | 44.51 | q |
| 8 | 1 | Ireland | Molly Scott, Aoife Lynch, Lauren Roy, Gina Akpe-Moses | 44.64 | q, NU23R |
| 9 | 2 | Switzerland | Judith Goll, Cynthia Reinle, Michelle Gloor, Nathacha Kouni | 44.77 | |
| 10 | 2 | Greece | Styliani-Alexandra Michailidou, Paraskevi-Eleni Anthi, Dimitra Tsoukala, Artemis Melina Anastasiou | 45.14 | |
| 11 | 1 | Czech Republic | Natálie Kožuškaničová, Štepánka Kolářová, Agáta Kolingerová, Johana Kaiserová | 45.14 | |
| 12 | 1 | Norway | Thale Leirfall, Kaitesi Ertzgaard, Ingvild Meinseth, Ida Eikeng | 45.24 | |
| 13 | 1 | Ukraine | Iryna Panarina, Yeva Podhorodetska, Viktoriya Ratnikova, Anastasiya Osokina | 45.33 | |
| 14 | 2 | Austria | Antonia Kaiser, Magdalena Lindner, Leonie Springer, Laura Zechner | 45.48 | |
| | 2 | Israel | Alina Drutman, Eden Finkelstein, Nitzan Levy, Ilana Dorfman | DNF | DNF |
| | 1 | Belgium | Lucie Ferauge, Justine Goossens, Rani Vincke, Rani Rosius | DQ | TR17.3.1 |

### Final

| Rank | Nation | Athletes | Time | Notes |
| | Germany | Lilly Kaden, Keshia Beverly Kwadwo, Sophia Junk, Talea Prepens | 43.05 | CR |
| | Spain | Aitana Rodrigo, Jaël Bestué, Eva Santidrián, Carmen Marco | 43.74 | |
| | France | Marie-Ange Rimlinger, Sacha Alessandrini, Wided Atatou, Mallory Leconte | 44.15 | |
| 4 | Poland | Adriana Gąsior, Paulina Guzowska, Alicja Struzik, Magdalena Stefanowicz | 44.22 | |
| | Ireland | Molly Scott, Aoife Lynch, Lauren Roy, Gina Akpe-Moses | DNF | DNF |
| | Sweden | Julia Wennersten, Wilma Rosenquist, Filippa Sivnert, Julia Henriksson | DNF | DNF |
| | Great Britain | Ellie Booker, Alisha Rees, Georgina Adam, Kristal Awuah | DNF | DNF |
| | Italy | Aurora Berton, Giorgia Bellinazzi, Chiara Melon, Zaynab Dosso | DQ | TR17.3.1 |
# Arthur Kade

Arthur Kade (né Kadyshes) is an American former financial adviser, actor, and television personality.

## Biography

Raised by his grandmother in Northeast Philadelphia, Kade attended college at Temple University. Upon graduation, he began a career as a financial adviser with American Express Financial Advisers. In early 2009, he embarked on what he calls "The Journey", the pursuit of his lifelong dream of becoming an actor and model.
Kade appeared as an extra in one scene on Gossip Girl and on television, radio, in blogs and newspapers, as well as in an article in Philadelphia Magazine.
He appeared in an episode of the Showtime series La La Land in which the Borat-like host Marc Wootton, hoping for "a master class in self-confidence", interviews Kade while pretending to be a London cabbie wanting to become an actor.
Critics have argued that Kade's desire is simply to become famous at whatever cost. He has been criticized for engaging in self-promotion, which has resulted in media coverage.
Kade's behavior has led some to suspect that his life is an elaborate performance art project. Authors James Frey and Anna David met Kade to try to find out; Frey, who says Kade's website is "one of the funniest, most absurd, most ridiculous things" he's ever seen, later wrote that he and David found Kade "nice and polite" and "a real person, one that was slightly delusional about himself, but not at all resembling the buffoon on his website or in his videos". Kade later blogged that the writers were "blown away with my looks and body", called Frey "an amazing author", and rated David "a cool, classy 7.5; probably a 9 fifteen years ago".
In 2010, Kade announced he was playing a character in an attempt to create a television show in the style of comedian Sacha Baron Cohen.
In 2011, he started interviewing celebrities and currently hosts the New York City-based talk show #InTheLab with Arthur Kade.
# Port Morris Junction

Port Morris Junction is the railroad connection between NJ Transit's Montclair-Boonton Line and the Lackawanna Cut-Off. Opened in 1911 by the Lackawanna Railroad, it is in the Port Morris, New Jersey section of Roxbury Township, New Jersey, south of Lake Hopatcong.

## History

Soon after rail service began in the 1850s, the Lackawanna Railroad built a rail yard on the east side of the Morris Canal. The yard was initially used to shift coal from railcars to canal barges. By the turn of the 20th century, however, the canal was little used (it would be abandoned in 1924) and the yard was used primarily to store freight cars. As Lackawanna officials planned a route to shorten travel time from New York City to Buffalo, New York, the yard offered a compelling reason to begin the Cut-Off at Port Morris.
Port Morris Tower opened on December 23, 1911, and the first train to use the Cut-Off passed shortly after midnight the following morning. Port Morris Junction was part of the Lackawanna until October 17, 1960; the Erie Lackawanna Railroad until April 1, 1976; and Conrail until February 27, 1979, when the tower was closed. Conrail abandoned the Cut-Off in 1983 and pulled up the tracks at the junction in October 1984.
During 1983, NJ Transit (NJT) had taken over the operation of commuter rail service in New Jersey, including through the old Port Morris Junction area. Later that decade, NJT began operating a rail yard there. Initially, the bridge department began operating out of Port Morris Yard. Then, in the 1990s, a commuter rail yard was built at Port Morris, allowing commuter trainsets to begin their weekday morning eastbound runs at Hackettstown, Mount Olive, Netcong or Lake Hopatcong from the yard rather than the yard in Dover, as had previously been the case. These trains then proceed to Denville where they travel to Hoboken via the Morristown Line or the Montclair-Boonton Line. Connections along the way allow travel to New York City. Westbound travel runs this pattern in reverse. (As of 2018, there was no weekend service west of Dover.)
The junction is to be rebuilt, with tracks being relaid on the Cut-Off for commuter service to Andover, New Jersey, 7.3 miles (11.7 km) northwest of Port Morris Junction. Further reconstruction may extend service to Scranton, Pennsylvania, 88 miles (142 km) from Port Morris. In 2021, Amtrak created a map with future rail corridors on it. Included on this map was service between New York City and Scranton via the Lackawanna Cut-Off.
# Roberto Battiti

Roberto Battiti (born 1961) is an Italian computer scientist, Professor of computer science at the University of Trento, director of the LIONlab (Learning and Intelligent Optimization), and deputy director of the DISI Department (Information Engineering and Computer Science) and delegate for technology transfer.

## Biography

Battiti received the Laurea degree in physics from the University of Trento in 1985, and the Ph.D. in Computation and Neural Systems from the California Institute of Technology in 1990 under supervision of Geoffrey C. Fox.
His main research interests are heuristic algorithms for problem-solving, in particular Reactive Search Optimization, which aims at embodying solvers with internal machine learning techniques, data mining and visualization.
Battiti was elected Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2009, in recognition of his "contributions to machine learning techniques for intelligent optimization and neural networks", is author of highly cited publications.
He wrote the books The LION way. Machine Learning plus Intelligent Optimization. and Reactive Business Intelligence. From Data to Models to Insight. (with Mauro Brunato), about integrating data mining, modeling, optimization and interactive visualization, into an end-to-end discovery and continuous innovation process powered by human and automated learning. His ideas form the basis of the Grapheur and LIONsolver software.
# Robert Wardy

Robert Wardy is reader in Classics at the University of Cambridge, and Director of Studies in Philosophy and Classics at St Catharine's College, Cambridge.

## Publications

* Aristotle in China: Language, Categories And Translation
* The Birth of Rhetoric: Gorgias, Plato and Their Successors
* The Chain of Change: A Study of Aristotle's Physics VII
* Doing Greek Philosophy
# Herman Schnetzky

Herman Paul Schnetzky (1849 – 1916) was a German American architect who is known for his works in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Schnetzky was active designing buildings in the late 19th century.

## Career

In 1867 Schnetzky emigrated to the United States. In 1869 he worked in the draft department of Milwaukee architect George Mygatt. He formed a partnership with Henry Koch which lasted until 1887. When Schnetzky left Koch's office to start his own architectural firm, Eugene R. Liebert followed to work as Schnetzky's foreman. In 1891, Liebert became a partner with Schnetzky.
Schnetzky partnered with Eugene R. Liebert in 1892, and together they designed many buildings in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Their partnership lasted until 1897. The duo's best known buildings were in the German/Roman Renaissance Revival style. Liebert left to form his own architectural office in 1897.

## Personal

He was married to Maria Louise Knab Schnetzky and together they had two children, Oscar Paul Schnetzky and Hugo Walter Schnetzky. Hugo Walter Schnetzky studied architecture at Columbia University and returned to work with his father until Herman Schnetzky's death.

## List of works

All buildings are in Milwaukee unless otherwise noted
* Greenfield School in West Allis (1887)
* St. Lucas Lutheran, 1888
* Fifth Street School 1888 (with John Moller)
* McGeoch Building (Schnetzky & Liebert), 1890
* Blatz Brewing Company Office 1890
* J. P. Kissinger Block (Schnetzky & Liebert), 1893
* Lohman Livery Stable (Schnetzky & Liebert), 1893
* Ernst Pommer House (Schnetzky & Liebert), 1895
* Germania Building (Schnetzky & Liebert), 1896
* F Mayer Boot and Shoe Company factory 1892-1899
* St. Michael’s Church (with Schnetzky)
* St. Stephen Lutheran School (with Schnetzky)
* West Division High School (with Schnetzky)
# Protriacanthus

Protriacanthus is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish. It contains a single species, P. gortanii.

## Sources

* ↑ Tyler, James C.; Sorbini, Lorenzo (1996). "New Superfamily and Three New Families of Tetraodontiform Fishes from the Upper Cretaceous: The Earliest and Most Morphologically Primitive Plectognaths" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 82 (82): 1–59. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.82.1.
* The Paleobiology Database
* This article about prehistoric Tetraodontiformes is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Human Hours

Human Hours is a 2018 collection of poetry and essays written by Catherine Barnett, published by Graywolf Press. The collection received positive reviews.

## Development

Originally, Barnett intended to call the book The Accursed Questions. Barnett first heard the term from poet Ilya Kaminsky, in reference to the "huge questions of humanity" addressed by "nineteenth-century Russian novelists".
Barnett drew inspiration from Ellen Bryant Voigt's collection Headwaters and Samuel Beckett's 1961 play Happy Days during the book's composition.

## Reception

According to literary review aggregator Book Marks, the collection received mostly "Positive" reviews. A review in Publishers Weekly referred to the book as "elegantly understated".
# KNM WT 17000

KNM-WT 17000 (also known as "The Black Skull") is a fossilized adult skull of the species Paranthropus aethiopicus. It was discovered in West Turkana, Kenya by Alan Walker in 1985. Estimated to be 2.5 million years old, the fossil is an adult with an estimated cranial capacity of 410 cc.
The fossil's characteristics include a robust build with a prominent sagittal crest. Its distinct coloration is due to the high manganese content of the material it was embedded in. This fossilized cranium's face projects far outward from the forehead, has wide flared zygomatic arches, and has a large sagittal crest. The molar and premolar roots in the jaw are indicative of this early human having massive cheek teeth; an adaptation for heavy chewing. It is the only known adult skull of the species.
While its relationship to other fossil hominin taxa was not immediately clear at the time of its discovery, further studies have suggested it is a possible ancestor of two species: Paranthropus boisei, of east Africa, and Paranthropus robustus, of South Africa.
# Roox

Roox is a village in the north-central Mudug region of Somalia. Situated in the Galdogob District just to the west-northwest of Bacadweyn, it is located about 40 km northeast of the city of Galdogob. The area is mainly occupied in small-scale farming.