OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cash-in-advance constraint

The cash-in-advance constraint, also known as the Clower constraint after American economist Robert W. Clower, is an idea used in economic theory to capture monetary phenomena. In the most basic economic models (such as the Walras model or the Arrow–Debreu model) there is no role for money, as these models are not sufficiently detailed to consider how people pay for goods, other than to say everyone has a budget constraint. To be able to say anything about the money supply, inflation, monetary policy and so on, economists must therefore introduce additional assumptions into their models. One possibility, and the more popular one, is to introduce a cash-in-advance constraint i.e. a requirement that each consumer or firm must have sufficient cash available before they can buy goods. An alternative assumption would be a 'Money-in-the-Utility-Function' assumption pioneered by Miguel Sidrauski, which states that people have a tendency to hold a certain amount of cash because they derive utility from holding it. Without these (or similar) assumptions economic theory would find it difficult to explain why people carry around a good (money) which takes up space in their wallet, can't be consumed and does not earn any interest.

## Terms

Cash in advance is a term describing terms of purchase, when full payment for a good or service is due before the merchandise is shipped. This presents the least risk to a seller while having the most risk to the buyer. It is often combined with other terms such as Free On Board, which require the buyer to take possession of the merchandise as soon as it is loaded onto transportation, meaning the buyer assumes the financial risk if the shipment is lost or damaged en route. In actual daily business these sort of terms are extremely rare unless the goods or services are of phenomenal value and high fragility.
A constraint is any operating condition that puts a limit on the ability of a business to conduct its operations.

## Examples

A company with $5000 on hand and incomes of $3000 a month has a constraint of $8000. That means, if the terms of an economic exchange (buying equipment, etc.) require terms that are cash-in-advance, then the limit that the company can actually obtain is $8000.

## Uses

It is mostly used in a theoretical sense, to provide proofs of economic efficiencies, since it does not (by definition) involve terms of credit or financing.
In these modeling theories, CIAC tends to show that up-front restrictions artificially limit the ability of companies to maintain positive inventory levels while reducing capital investment. They also inhibit real wealth in terms of cash on hand while elevating the likelihood of using junk bonds as instruments of solvency, a dangerous premise.
# Blue Light Boogie

Blue Light Boogie may refer to:
* "Blue Light Boogie" (song), a 1950 song by Louis Jordan
* Blue Light Boogie (album), a 1999 album by Taj Mahal
# 99X

99X may refer to:

## Radio station

* KKPS, a radio station (99.5 FM) licensed to Brownsville, Texas, United States, which was branded 99X under the callsign KRIX during the 1980s
* KTUX, a radio station (98.9 FM) licensed to Carthage, Texas, United States, which was branded 99X during different periods from 1993 to 2018
* KXFT, a radio station (99.7 FM) licensed to Mason, Iowa, United States, which was branded 99X from 2007 to 2009
* WEPN-FM, a radio station (98.7 FM) licensed to New York, New York, United States, which was branded 99X under the callsign WXLO during the 1970s
* WMMS-HD2 and W256BT, an HD Radio digital subchannel (100.7-2 FM) and its low-power analog translator (99.1 FM) – both licensed to Cleveland, Ohio, United States – which were branded 99X from 2012 to 2017
* WWCN, a radio station (99.3 FM) licensed to Fort Myers Beach, Florida, United States, formerly branded 99X
* WNNX, a radio station (100.5 FM) licensed to College Park, Georgia, United States, which is presently branded as winter of 2022 to present and broadcasting a classic alternative format.
* WWWQ, a radio station (99.7 FM) licensed to Atlanta, Georgia, United States, which was branded 99X under the callsign WNNX from 1992 to 2008
* WWWQ-HD2 and W255CJ, an HD Radio digital subchannel (99.7-2 FM) and its low-power analog translator (98.9 FM) – both licensed to Atlanta, Georgia, United States – which have been branded 99X since 2008
* WMJV, a radio station (99.5 FM) licensed to Grifton, North Carolina, United States, which was branded 99X during the 1990s

## Other uses

* Marion-Kay Spices 99-X, a chicken spice created by Col. Harland Sanders, which is a variant of the KFC Original Recipe
# M.R. Kukrit's House

M.R. Kukrit's House is a heritage museum on South Sathon Road in downtown Bangkok, Thailand, dedicated to the former Prime Minister of Thailand Kukrit Pramoj (1911–1995).
It consists of five teak houses. The reception hall was used for public purposes (receptions and banquets) and for religious ceremonies. A raised platform in the center was designed for performing traditional Thai Khon dance, with ornate masks for the dancers displayed on the shelves.
The homes contain artifacts, such as a Chinese altar given by Deng Xiaoping as a gift and old Buddhist scriptures.
As a traditional Thai home, the garden plays a key role in the design of Kukrit's house. Two low walls on either side of the garden connect the main hall in front to the houses in the rear of the property.
In the dining area, two vases are displayed, gifts to Kukrit from Mao Zedong of China. There are many tributes displaying the late prime minister's affection for dogs, including paintings.
Left of the reception room are the living, reading and music rooms; on the right, a room which is used as a shrine for Buddhist prayer.

## In popular culture

The House served as the fifth Pit Stop in The Amazing Race 19.
# Adipsophanes

Adipsophanes is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
# Schwantesia constanceae

Schwantesia constanceae is a species of plant in the family Aizoaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Seaton Park

Seaton Park is a public park in the Old Aberdeen area of Aberdeen, Scotland. One of the city's biggest parks, it was bought by the city for use as a public park in 1947 from Major Malcolm Vivian Hay, a cryptographer during the First World War and a historian of Catholic and Jewish history. It was formerly the grounds of Seaton House, which had been the Hay family home for centuries, but was gradually wound down as a family house due to inheritance tax, the contents were sold off in 1959 and the already dilapidated house burnt down in 1963.
The River Don passes through the edge of the park, and there are paths running along both sides of the river. There are well-maintained flower beds on the lawns that run down the centre of one of the park's main pathways, with flowers that are tended daily and planted annually. There is also a secluded set of walled gardens next to a small private housing mews called Seaton Stables. The park is low-lying and has a tendency to flood. In 2016, part of the park was turned into a wetland area to help manage the flooding while creating new wildlife habitats.
The park is often used as a path for students of the University of Aberdeen to move between the university campus and the Hillhead Halls of Residence, which lie atop a hill overlooking the park on the side opposite from St. Machar's Cathedral. The path from the residence halls to the campus leads along the flowerbeds on the main walkway and past the Cathedral via the Chanonry Road. The University authorities advise students to be cautious during dark hours due to the lack of street lighting.

## Historic features

The park is home to Mr Therm, a locomotive manufactured by Andrew Barclay in 1947 that previously operated at the Aberdeen Gas Works. The locomotive has formed part of the children's playpark since 1974. During 2017, it was refurbished and repainted.
Wallace Tower, situated at the southern edge of the park, is a 17-century building that was formerly located in the city centre but was dismantled and moved to Seaton Park in the 1960s to make room for an expansion of Marks & Spencer.
# Saint-Prosper, Quebec

There are two communities called Saint-Prosper in Quebec:
* Saint-Prosper, Chaudière-Appalaches, Quebec
* Saint-Prosper-de-Champlain, Quebec (formerly Saint-Prosper)
# Nemanja Kojić (musician)

Nemanja Kojić (born 17 December 1975, in Belgrade, Serbia), better known by his stage name Hornsman Coyote (or just Coyote), is a Serbian Reggae/Dub and Rock musician.

## Biography

Kojić was born in 1975 in Belgrade. He is the son of Borivoje Kojić, a famous sculptor who worked in Paris. Soon after, the family moved to Paris where Nemanja would spend the first seven years. His first language was French. He returned with his mother to Belgrade, where he had hard time adapting to school and softening his French accent. By his own account, seeing the 1985 spot for "Electric Avenue" by Eddy Grant was a revelation that would point his whole life and career towards reggae. He learned the first guitar riffs from Stanimir Lukić "Staća". When he was 13, Kojić formed a teenage band Mind Rape with friends, playing death metal. Later on, he joined hardcore punk band Dead Ideas as a guitarist. At the age of 15, he was invited by Jovan Matić to play guitar in his reggae act Del Arno Band. Experiences in reggae, punk and metal would inspire Kojić to create his own fusion of those styles.
In 1994 Kojić formed his own band, Eyesburn. The band recorded 5 albums, 1 EP and 1 collaboration dub album (with Ank Steadyspear). They had a European tour in 2004, supporting and performing a song, "Moses," with Max Cavalera and his band, Soulfly. Eyesburn have officially disbanded in 2017 over the statement on their official Facebook profile , as well as on interview with Coyote. He immediately started new Hard Rock/Stoner Rock band "Remedy", stating that he will always continue with his Reggae projects.
Coyote himself worked outside Serbia on Dark Ages, another Soulfly record, where he plays the song "Innerspirit" as guest. At the same time he worked with top Serbian hip hop producer Wikluh Sky and French MC King Kyll, making one album under the name Shappa. In Serbia, as a supporting act, he and his bandmates shared stages with artists like Burning Spear, Dub Syndicate, Lee Scratch Perry, Asian Dub Foundation, etc. Coyote also appeared as a session musician and as a guest playing the trombone, guitars or singing for many Belgrade and ex-YU bands, such as Riblja Čorba, Discord, Skarps, Irie FM, Dub Rebellion, Who See, Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša, Darkwood Dub, Block Out, E-Play, Raspect, etc.
His solo album "What next?!," garnered much success. He recorded fifteen songs, which he performed on Exit Festival (Novi Sad, Serbia) and many other festivals and solo concerts .
In 2010, he released his second solo album, entitled "Self Defend You" (2010), under the Polish label Karrot Kommando.

## Personal life

Coyote resides in Belgrade.
# Heliolus

Heliolus brevicornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Heliolus, which in turn is the only genus in the tribe Heliolini. It was described by Fauvel in 1906.
# Japanese ship Tsugaru

Three ships of the Japanese Navy have been named Tsugaru:
* Japanese cruiser Tsugaru was previously the Russian cruiser Pallada launched in 1899 and renamed following capture by Japan in 1908. She was stricken in 1922 and scuttled in 1924
* Japanese minelayer Tsugaru was a minelayer launched in 1940 and sunk in 1944
* JDS Tsugaru was a minelayer launched in 1955 and converted to a cable ship 1957
# James Freeman (journalist)

James Freeman is an American journalist specializing in economics, assistant editorial page editor at The Wall Street Journal, and author.
Freeman is a graduate of Yale College. After graduation, he served as investor advocate at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Freeman is co-author with Vern McKinley of Borrowed Time: Two Centuries of Booms, Busts and Bailouts at Citi, a 2018 history of Citigroup. The Financial Times describes it as a "rollicking" tale "of hubris, over-reach and outright catastrophe" which is especially "excellent" on "the US economy in the 19th century, and the extent to which it relied on cotton, an 'economy . . . built on America’s original sin, the monstrous institution of slavery'".
He is also the co-author with Maria Bartiromo of a book titled The Cost: Trump, China, and American Renewal which was published by Simon & Schuster in October 2020.
He is the son of Neal B. Freeman.
# Brickhaven, North Carolina

Brickhaven is an unincorporated community in southeastern Chatham County, North Carolina, United States, near the Harnett County line. It is located in the panhandle of Chatham County, southeast of Moncure and is near the community of Corinth. Its name derives from the numerous brick plants and clay pits located in the community.
# 590 BC

The year 590 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 164 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 590 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events

* The Medians invade the Kingdom of Urartu, causing the fall of that kingdom.

## Deaths

* Eurycratides, Agiad king of Sparta
* Rusa III, king of Urartu (or 615 BC)
# Raikov

Raikov is a Russian surname.
* Dmitry Raikov, mathematician
* Yevgeny Tikhonovich Raikov, opera singer
* Boris Yevgenyevich Raikov, biologist
# Flat band potential

In semiconductor physics, the flat band potential of a semiconductor defines the potential at which there is no depletion layer at the junction between a semiconductor and an electrolyte or p-n-junction. This is a consequence of the condition that the redox Fermi level of the electrolyte must be equal to the Fermi level of the semiconductor and therefore preventing any band bending of the conduction and valence band. An application of the flat band potential can be found in the determining the width of the space charge region in a semiconductor-electrolyte junction. Furthermore, it is used in the Mott-Schottky equation to determine the capacitance of the semiconductor-electrolyte junction and plays a role in the photocurrent of a photoelectrochemical cell. The value of the flat band potential depends on many factors, such as the material, pH and crystal structure of the material

## Background semiconductor physics

In semiconductors, valence electrons are located in energy bands. According to band theory, the electrons are either located in the valence band (lower energy) or the conduction band (higher energy), which are separated by an energy gap. In general, electrons will occupy different energy levels following the Fermi-Dirac distribution; for energy levels higher than the Fermi energy Ef, the occupation will be minimal. Electrons in lower levels can be excited into the higher levels through thermal or photoelectric excitations, leaving a positively-charged hole in the band they left. Due to conservation of net charge, the concentration of electrons (n) and of protons or holes (p) in a (pure) semiconductor must always be equal. Semiconductors can be doped to increase these concentrations: n-doping increases the concentration of electrons while p-doping increases the concentration of holes. This also affects the Fermi energy of the electrons: n-doped means a higher Fermi energy, while p-doped means a lower energy. At the interface between a n-doped and p-doped region in a semiconductor, band bending will occur. Due to the different charge distributions in the regions, an electric field will be induced, creating a so-called depletion region at the interface. Similar interfaces also appear at junctions between (doped) semiconductors and other materials, such as metals/electrolytes. A way to counteract this band bending is by applying a potential to the system. This potential would have to be the flat band potential and is defined to be the applied potential at which the conduction and valence bands become flat
# Heliolonche celeris

Heliolonche celeris is a moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, and are a family of moths. It is found in the state of California, a U.S. State in Northern America.

## Subspecies

* Heliolonche celeris celeris
* Heliolonche celeris melicleptrioides
# Strike! Up the Band

Strike! Up the Band is the second album by English rock band The Scaramanga Six.

## Background

Rather than being produced as an album, the material for Strike! Up the Band was cherry-picked from Scaramanga Six sessions and recordings spanning 2000 to 2002. Approximately half of the album's material had been previously released. "Grasp the Candle" and "Ladies and Gentlemen" came from 2000's Are You One of the Family? EP, while 2001's The Continuing Saga of The Scaramanga Six EP provided its title track plus "Pressure Cage" and "Big in a Small Town".
Two tracks from the album were released separately. "You Do, You Die!" became the Scaramanga Six half of a split single with Les Flames, while "Too Cool for School" was included on the first Wrath Records compilation.
During this period, The Scaramanga Six underwent several personnel changes, resulting in this being the last band album until 2013 to feature a six-piece lineup. Guitarist Bill Bailey left the band during the sessions for Are You One of the Family? in 2000, and consequently played on only one track on the album (contributing the fuzz guitar to "Rush of Blood"). Bailey's replacement, guitarist/organist Jenny "Jet" Harris, left the band in 2002 following the completion of Strike! Up the Band, as did drummer James Agnew. Keyboard player John Gulliver departed midway through the sessions for the subsequent album Cabin Fever.

## Reception

In Kerrang!, Essi Berelian wrote " a cracking fourteen tracks of wilful weirdness peppered with retro-riffing, parping saxophones and mad-genius keyboard special effects; B-movie chic combined with real musical muscle. Best of all this is an album that surprises from start to finish; a track such as "Pressure Cage" may rip it up big style, but just around the corner you'll find the band's slightly poppier side with the glam clap-along of "Too Cool For Skool". And it's all shot through with a sly sense of humour. An album of genuine theatrical variety. Excellent."
In Rock Sound Ronnie Kerswell described the band's music as "strutting, arse-out garage-rock-with-a-twist... their tunes twist and turn with guitar eccentricities and lunatic Moog injections, and are as raw as scraping your knuckles on a cheese-grater. There’s the seemingly straightforward "Bane Of My Life" or the clap-rock of "Too Cool for Skool", but underneath there's a seething underbelly of madness! Step aside The Hives and co – this is retro-rock with panache!"

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Paul Morricone/Steven Morricone

## Personnel
### The Scaramanga Six

* Paul Morricone – vocals, guitars, baritone saxophone
* Steven Morricone – vocals, bass guitar, tenor saxophone
* Julia Arnez – guitars, vocals
* John Gulliver – organ, piano, synthesizer
* Jenny "Jet" Harris – guitar, organ
* James Agnew – drums
* Bill Bailey – guitar ("Rush of Blood" only)

### Guest musicians

Jamie Lockhart – violin
# Rimah Governorate

Rimah Governorate (sometimes pronounced as Rumah or Romah) is one of the governorates of Riyadh Province. It is located about 120 kilometers north-east of Riyadh City, and bounded on the north-east by Eastern Province, on the South by Riyadh, and on the West by Majma'ah, Thadig, and Huraimila.

## Area

The area of Rimah Governorate is about 15900 km$^2$.

## Population

The population of Rimah is about 30000. And characterized by conservative areas spring, including:
* Rawdhat Khuraim.
* Rawdhat Altneah.

## Villages of Rumah

The following 23 administrative centers (villages) are under the governorate of Rumah:
* Asamlh Center
* Almejfliah Center
* Aljamalin Center
* Faraj Center
* Alozma Center
* Al Ghurair Center
* Shelash Center
* Albledan Center
* Ar Rumahiyah Center
* Afaihanah Center
* Hafr Alach Center
* Shuih Center
* Almazira Center
* Agheilana Center
* Alaatalah Center
* Omani Centre
* Saad Center
* Center handful
* Al Ali Center
* Aujan Center
* Beni Amer Center
* Center Albany
* Ela Center

## Government Departments in Rimah

* Police station
* Municipality
* Court
* Notaries
* Delegation of girls' education
* Office of educational supervision for girls
* Saudi Post
* Civil Status
* Office guidance for Boys
* Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)
* Division passports and follow-up entrants
* Electricity Company
* Veterinary unit
* General hospital
* Health center
* Civil defense center
* Saudi Telecom Company
* Birr Charity Society
* Association Koran
* Public market
* College of Science and Humanities
* Private School (Arabic)
* Panda, Othaim
* Forsan Private School (Arabic)
# MADT

MADT may refer to:
* Micro alloy diffused transistor, in electronics
* Multiple APIC Description Table, in computing
# Adrian Bachmann

Adrian Bachmann (born 12 July 1976) is a Swiss sprint canoer who competed in the early 2000s. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, he was eliminated in the semifinals of both the K-1 500 m and the K-1 1000 m events.
# Scolecoseps

Scolecoseps is a genus of skinks, lizards in the family Scincidae. The genus is endemic to East Africa.

## Species

Genus Scolecoseps contains four species.
* Scolecoseps acontias (F. Werner, 1913) – sandy limbless skink
* Scolecoseps boulengeri Loveridge, 1920 – Boulenger's limbless skink
* Scolecoseps broadleyi L. Verburgt, U. Verburgt & Branch, 2018
* Scolecoseps litipoensis Broadley, 1995 – Litipo sand skink
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Scolecoseps.

## Gallery

* Boulenger's Limbless Skink (Scolecoseps boulengeri)
# Biscogniauxia capnodes

Biscogniauxia capnodes is a species of fungus in the family Graphostromataceae. It is a plant pathogen.
# Gosagroprom Building

The Gosagroprom Building is a building in Ufa, the capital of the republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is the headquarters of the Committee of construction and architecture, Committee of Transport and Roads and the Ministry of Youth and Sports.
The building also houses:
* Office of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia in Bashkortostan
* Mission of the Russian Foreign Ministry in Ufa
* Mission of the Liberal Democratic Party in Bashkortostan
* Women's Union of Bashkortostan
The building is served by a state enterprise "Management office buildings."
# Flat Witch Island

Flat Witch Island, also known as Little Witch Island, is an island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. The 64-hectare (0.25 sq mi) island is part of the Maatsuyker Islands Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.
The island's highest point is 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level.

## Fauna

The island is part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding site for seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin (400 pairs), short-tailed shearwater (500,000 pairs), fairy prion (10,000 pairs), common diving-petrel (100 pairs), Pacific gull, silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. The swamp antechinus has been recorded. Australian and New Zealand fur seals use a haul-out site on the south side of the island, and the latter species has bred there in small numbers. The Tasmanian tree skink is present.