OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Heat-labile enterotoxin family

In molecular biology, the heat-labile enterotoxin family includes Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (Elt or LT) and cholera toxin (Ctx) secreted by Vibrio cholerae.
lt is so named because it is inactivated at high temperatures.

## Mechanism

The A subunits are transported inside by the pentameric B subunits. It then acts by raising cAMP levels through ADP-ribosylation of the alpha-subunit of a Gs protein leading to the constitutive activation of adenylate cyclase. Elevated cAMP levels stimulate the activation of the CFTR channel thus stimulating secretion of chloride ions and water from the enterocyte into the gut lumen. This ionic imbalance causes watery diarrhea.
In addition to its effects on chloride secretion, which involve the same steps as the effects of cholera toxin, Elt binds additional substrates: lipopolysaccharide on the surface of E. coli cells and A-type blood antigens. The importance of these binding events is not yet known.

## Structure

These toxins consist of an AB5 multimer structure, in which a pentamer of B chains has a membrane-binding function and an A chain is needed for enzymatic activity. The B subunits are arranged as a doughnut-shaped pentamer, each subunit participating in ~30 hydrogen bonds and 6 salt bridges with its two neighbours.
The A subunit has a less well-defined secondary structure. It predominantly interacts with the pentamer via the C-terminal A2 fragment, which runs through the charged central pore of the B subunits. A putative catalytic residue in the A1 fragment (Glu112) lies close to a hydrophobic region, which packs two loops together. It is thought that this region might be important for catalysis and membrane translocation.
The structural arrangement of E. coli type I and type II heat-labile enterotoxins are very similar, although they are antigenically distinct.

## Origin

The cholera toxin is carried by the CTXφ bacteriophage and may be isolated from plasmids. The E. coli LT (elt) is similarly associated with mobile elements, in this case Ent plasmids that can carry LT, ST, or both. Partial insertion sequences (ISs) flanking the elt genes provide extra transmission capabilities by homologous recombination at their inverted repeats. Οβ phage-induced conversion in E. coli has been described as well.

## Applications

The B subunits of toxins in this family is relatively harmless on its own. CtxB is routinely used as a neuronal tracer. Elt-IB has been looked into as an adjuvant in transdermal vaccines.
# Richard Frewin

Richard Frewin, M.D. (c.1681–1761) was an English physician and professor of history.

## Early life and education

Frewin, the son of Ralph Frewin of London, was admitted as a King's Scholar at Westminster in 1693, and elected thence to a Westminster studentship at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1698. He took the degrees of B.A. in 1702, M.A. in 1704, M.B. in 1707, and M.D. in 1711.

## Career

In 1708, he was described at the foot of a Latin poem which he contributed to 'Exequiæ Georgio principi Danise ab Oxoniensi academia solutæ' (Oxford, 1708) as professor of chemistry; he was also, in 1711, rhetoric reader at Christ Church. As a physician he had an excellent reputation; he attended Dean Aldrich on his deathbed.
John Freind's 'Hippocrates de Morbis Popularibus' is dedicated to him, and contains a letter from him (dated Christ Church, 20 July 1710), giving an account of a case of variolæ cohærentes which he had been attending. In 1727 he was unanimously elected to the Camden professorship of ancient history, no other candidate offering himself. Hearne relates that soon after his election he bought a hundred pounds' worth of books on history and chronology, 'on purpose to qualify him the better to discharge' the duties of the office. He died on 29 May 1761, having survived his children, who died young, and three wives, Lady Tyrell (widow of Thomas Tyrrell), Elizabeth Woodward, and Mrs. Graves, daughter of Peter Cranke.
Frewin bequeathed £2,000 in trust for the king's scholars of Westminster elected to Christ Church, and another £2,000 in trust for the physicians of the Radcliffe Infirmary, and left his house in Oxford, now known as Frewin Hall, to the Regius Professor of Medicine for the time being. His library of history and literature, consisting of 2,300 volumes, he left to the Radcliffe Library. There is in that library a volume containing a collection of dried specimens of plants made by him, with his notes in manuscript on their medicinal uses. Portraits are in the hall and common room at Christ Church, and a bust, presented by Dr. Hawley in 1757, in the library there.
# 2001 World Junior Curling Championships

The 2001 World Junior Curling Championships were held at The Ice Sheet at Ogden in Ogden, Utah, United States March 15–25.

## Men's

| Country | Skip | Wins | Losses |
| United States | Andy Roza | 7 | 2 |
| Canada | Brad Gushue | 7 | 2 |
| Scotland | David Edwards | 6 | 3 |
| Denmark | Casper Bossen | 6 | 3 |
| Sweden | Eric Carlsén | 5 | 4 |
| Japan | Hiroaki Kashiwagi | 4 | 5 |
| Switzerland | Mark Hauser | 4 | 5 |
| Germany | Christopher Bartsch | 3 | 6 |
| Russia | Alexander Kirikov | 3 | 6 |
| France | Richard Ducroz | 1 | 8 |

### Tie-breaker

* Denmark 9-6 Sweden

### Playoffs

| Semi-final | Semi-final | Semi-final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | United States | 4 | | | |
| 4 | Denmark | 8 | | | |
| 4 | Denmark | 8 | 4 | Denmark | 6 |
| | | | 2 | Canada | 7 |
| 2 | Canada | 7 | 2 | Canada | 7 |
| 3 | Scotland | 1 | Bronze medal | Bronze medal | Bronze medal |
| | | | 1 | United States | 7 |
| | | | 3 | Scotland | 5 |

## Women's

| Country | Skip | Wins | Losses |
| Canada | Suzanne Gaudet | 7 | 2 |
| Switzerland | Carmen Schäfer | 7 | 2 |
| Sweden | Matilda Mattsson | 6 | 3 |
| Japan | Moe Meguro | 6 | 3 |
| Scotland | Kelly Wood | 5 | 4 |
| Russia | Nina Golovtchenko | 4 | 5 |
| United States | Nicole Joraanstad | 4 | 5 |
| Norway | Linn Githmark | 2 | 7 |
| Denmark | Denise Dupont | 2 | 7 |
| Germany | Daniela Jentsch | 2 | 7 |

### Playoffs

| Semi-final | Semi-final | Semi-final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Canada | 11 | | | |
| 4 | Japan | 3 | | | |
| 4 | Japan | 3 | 1 | Canada | 6 |
| | | | 3 | Sweden | 4 |
| 2 | Switzerland | 4 | 3 | Sweden | 4 |
| 3 | Sweden | 9 | Bronze medal | Bronze medal | Bronze medal |
| | | | 4 | Japan | 4 |
| | | | 2 | Switzerland | 5 |

## Sources

* Men's results from the World Curling Federation
* Women's results from the World Curling Federation
# List of Japanese records in speed skating

The following are the national records in speed skating in Japan maintained by the Japan Skating Federation (KBSF).

## Men

| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place |
| 500 meters | 33.79 | Tatsuya Shinhama | 10 March 2019 | World Cup | Salt Lake City, United States |
| 500 meters × 2 | 68.96 | Hiroyasu Shimizu | 10 March 2001 | World Single Distance Championships | Salt Lake City, United States |
| 1000 meters | 1:06.68 | Taiyo Nonomura | 21 January 2024 | Four Continents Championships | Salt Lake City, United States |
| 1500 meters | 1:42.36 | Seitaro Ichinohe | 16 February 2020 | World Single Distances Championships | Salt Lake City, United States |
| 3000 meters | 3:39.19 | Shane Williamson | 25 November 2017 | Time Trials | Calgary, Canada |
| 5000 meters | 6:12.80 | Seitaro Ichinohe | 1 December 2017 | World Cup | Calgary, Canada |
| 10000 meters | 12:55.62 | Ryousuke Tsuchiya | 14 February 2020 | World Single Distances Championships | Salt Lake City, United States |
| Team sprint (3 laps) | 1:19.59 | Yuma Murakami Yamato Matsui Masaya Yamada | 13 February 2020 | World Single Distances Championships | Salt Lake City, United States |
| Team pursuit (8 laps) | 3:36.41 | Seitaro Ichinohe Riku Tsuchiya Shane Williamson | 15 February 2020 | World Single Distances Championships | Salt Lake City, United States |
| Sprint combination | 137.465 pts | Tatsuya Shinhama | 28–29 February 2020 | World Sprint Championships | Hamar, Norway |
| Small combination | 149.483 pts | Shingo Doi | 12–14 March 2008 | Olympic Oval Finals | Calgary, Canada |
| Big combination | 149.310 pts | Seitaro Ichinohe | 29 February – 1 March 2020 | World Allround Championships | Hamar, Norway |

## Women

| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place |
| 500 meters | 36.39 | Nao Kodaira | 16 March 2019 | Olympic Oval Finale | Calgary, Canada |
| 500 meters × 2 | 75.20 | Sayuri Osuga | 10 March 2007 | World Single Distance Championships | Salt Lake City, United States |
| 1000 meters | 1:11.71 | Miho Takagi | 9 March 2019 | World Cup | Salt Lake City, United States |
| 1500 meters | 1:49.83 WR | Miho Takagi | 10 March 2019 | World Cup | Salt Lake City, United States |
| 3000 meters | 3:55.45 | Miho Takagi | 10 December 2021 | World Cup | Calgary, Canada |
| 5000 meters | 6:55.07 | Eriko Ishino | 18 February 2011 | World Cup | Salt Lake City, United States |
| 10000 meters | 15:01.95 | Hiromi Yamamoto | 27 March 1994 | Olympic Oval Final | Calgary, Canada |
| Team sprint (3 laps) | 1:24.32 | Kurumi Inagawa Ayano Sato Miho Takagi | 19 January 2024 | Four Continents Championships | Salt Lake City, United States |
| Team pursuit (6 laps) | 2:50.76 WR | Nana Takagi Ayano Sato Miho Takagi | 14 February 2020 | World Single Distances Championships | Salt Lake City, United States |
| Sprint combination | 146.390 pts WR | Nao Kodaira | 25–26 February 2017 | World Sprint Championships | Calgary, Canada |
| Mini combination | 156.878 pts | Maki Tabata | 15–17 March 2001 | Olympic Oval Finals | Calgary, Canada |
| Small combination | 156.878 pts | Miho Takagi | 2–3 March 2019 | World Allround Championships | Calgary, Canada |
# Leptobryum pyriforme

Leptobryum pyriforme is a species of moss belonging to the family Bryaceae.
It has a cosmopolitan distribution.
Leptobryum pyriforme is known for its ability to utilize artificial light to grow in environments that are otherwise devoid of natural light, such as Crystal Cave in Wisconsin.
# Calochilus pulchellus

Calochilus pulchellus, commonly known as the pretty beard orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to the south coast of New South Wales. It has a single dark green leaf with a dark red base and up to five pale green to greenish yellow flowers with red striations and a labellum with a coppery red "beard". Fewer than thirty plants growing in three sites are known.

## Description

Calochilus pulchellus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single dark green, linear to lance-shaped leaf 100–180 mm (4–7 in) long and 4–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide with a dark red base. The leaf is fully developed at flowering time. Up to five pale green to greenish yellow flowers with red stripes are borne on a flowering stem 200–300 mm (8–10 in) tall. Individual flowers last for between two and four days. The dorsal sepal is broad elliptical, 13–16 mm (0.5–0.6 in) long and 8–9 mm (0.3–0.4 in) wide. The lateral sepals are a similar length but narrower and spread apart from each other. The petals are 8–9 mm (0.31–0.35 in) long, 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) wide, asymmetrically egg-shaped with a small upturned tip. The labellum is flat, 28–30 mm (1.1–1.2 in) long, 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) wide, with short red calli near its base. The central part of the labellum is covered with coppery red hairs up to 6 mm (0.2 in) long and there is a glandular tip which is 12–17 mm (0.5–0.7 in) long. The column has two blackish "eyes" without a ridge between them. Flowering occurs from October to November but each flower only last between two and four days.

## Taxonomy and naming

Calochilus pulchellus was first formally described in 2006 by David Jones from a specimen collected in the Morton National Park and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research. The specific epithet (pulchellus) is the diminutive form of the Latin word pulcher meaning "pretty", hence "pretty little", referring to the flowers of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

The pretty beard orchid grows in low heath. It is only known from three sites in the Shoalhaven district.

## Conservation

This orchid is listed as "endangered" under the New South Wales Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016. The main threat to the species is its small population size.
# Gaspare Russo

Gaspare Russo (born 27 April 1927) is an Italian politician who served as Mayor of Salerno (1970–1974) and president of Campania (1976–1979).
# Jack Simcock

Jack Simcock (6 June 1929-13 May 2012) was a British painter. He was born to a mining family in Biddulph, Staffordshire and studied at Burslem School of Art. He is best known for "a long series of bleak, sombre oils on board" of the Mow Cop area in which he lived for much of his life. Reginald Haggar highlighted the "richness of colour that underlies the seemingly black and white effects, glints of terracotta and old gold through steely grey" in a Sentinel article of 1963.
Simcock started exhibiting at London's Piccadilly Gallery from 1957 after encouragement from Arthur Berry and went on to have more than fifty solo shows worldwide. His work is in various public collections in the UK which can be viewed through the Art UK website.
Simcock's autobiography, Simcock, Mow Cop (1975) discusses his life, his beliefs and his artistic preferences. In the same year, Simcock also published a book of poetry entitled Midnight Till Three.
He died on the eve of the opening of "The Boys", an exhibition at Keele University, of his paintings, together with those of his fellow Burslem School of Art alumni, Enos Lovatt and Arthur Berry.
# Abdoulaye Djibril Diallo

Diallo Abdoulaye Djibril (born 27 March 1983) is a Guinean former footballer who plays as a midfielder.
# Richard Warke

Richard William Warke is a billionaire businessman based in Vancouver, British Columbia. He is the chairman of the Augusta Group of Companies, including Titan Mining Corp and Solaris Resources Corp.
Warke is a partner in the PGA Tour as well as a partner in Fenway Sports Group, who own the Boston Red Sox and Liverpool in addition to other sports related assets.

## Career

Warke began his career in the mining industry over thirty years ago. One of his first large mining deals was the sale of Ventana Gold Corp. in 2011 to Eike Batista for C$1.6 billion. Ventana Gold was a gold company focused on developing its La Bodega Project covering 880 hectares in the California-Vetas district of Colombia.
Three years after the sale of Ventana Gold, in 2014, Warke sold Augusta Resource Corp., an exploration company focused on the Rosemont Copper project in Pima County, Arizona. As the company’s Executive Chairman, Warke led Augusta Resource Corp. until it was sold in a friendly takeover to HudBay Minerals Inc. for C$666 million.
In 2016, Warke turned his attention to building NewCastle Gold, a company exploring at the Castle Mountain Gold Project, a past-producing heap-leach gold mine in San Bernardino County, California. Warke and his team at NewCastle Gold began aggressively drilling at Castle Mountain, with a successful three-way merger announced one year later, resulting in the creation of Equinox Gold now valued at $4 Billion.
In one of the largest mining deals of 2018, Warke sold Arizona Mining Inc., which he founded in 2006 and led as its Executive Chairman. Developing a zinc, lead and silver mine near the U.S. and Mexico border, Arizona Mining gained recognition for its discovery of the Taylor deposit, one of the world’s largest zinc deposits, which was discovered by Don Taylor. In 2018, Arizona Mining was bought out for C$2.1 billion by Australian miner, South32.
# Rhoifolin

Rhoifolin is a chemical compound. It is first isolated from plant Rhus succedanea. The term "Rhoi" derived from generic name of plant Rhus. It is a flavone, a type of flavonoid isolated from Boehmeria nivea, China grass or ramie (leaf), from Citrus limon, Canton lemon (leaf), from Citrus x aurantium, the bigarade or bitter orange (plant), from Citrus x paradisi, the grapefruit (leaf), from Ononis campestris, the cammock (shoot) and from Sabal serratula, the serenoa or sabal fruit (plant).
# Rogersonanthus

Rogersonanthus is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gentianaceae.
Its native range is Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela in northern South America.
The genus name of Rogersonanthus is in honour of Clark Thomas Rogerson (1918–2001), an American mycologist. It was first described and published in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. Vol.51 on page 3 in 1989.
Known species, according to Kew:
* Rogersonanthus arboreus (Britton) Maguire & B.M.Boom
* Rogersonanthus quelchii (N.E.Br.) Maguire & B.M.Boom
# 2007 Pacific Women's Handball Cup

The 2007 Women's Pacific Handball Cup was held in Auckland, New Zealand from 25–26 May 2007. It featured participants New Zealand, Tahiti, Vanuatu and New Caledonia.
New Caledonia were the winners and undefeated all tournament. Next was New Zealand claiming second Tahiti third and Vanuatu fourth.

## Results

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| New Caledonia | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 52 | +26 | 6 |
| New Zealand | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 69 | 60 | +9 | 4 |
| French Polynesia | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 50 | 52 | −2 | 2 |
| Vanuatu | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 35 | 68 | −33 | 0 |
| 25 May 18:30 | Vanuatu | 0 - 10 forfeit | French Polynesia |
| 20:30 | New Caledonia | 18 - 19 | New Zealand |
| 26 May 09:30 | New Zealand | 27 - 25 | French Polynesia |
| 11:30 | New Caledonia | 34 - 19 | Vanuatu |
| 15.30 | New Caledonia | 25 - 15 | French Polynesia |
| 17:30 | Vanuatu | 24 - 16 | New Zealand |

## Rankings

Classification :
| | New Caledonia |
| | New Zealand |
| | French Polynesia |
| 4 | Vanuatu |
# 2014 Atlantic Sun men's basketball tournament

The 2014 Atlantic Sun men's basketball tournament was the 36th edition of the Atlantic Sun Conference Championship. It took place from March 4 through March 9 in several arenas. All games took place at the higher seed of the two teams competing.

## Format

The A-Sun Championship was a six-day single-elimination tournament. The top eight teams (with the exception of Northern Kentucky) competed in the championship. As part of their transition to Division I from Division II, Northern Kentucky will not be eligible for post-season play until 2017, including the A-Sun tournament. The winner of the tournament earned the A-Sun's automatic bid into the 2014 NCAA tournament.
The top seed was the defending champion Florida Gulf Coast University.

## Seeds

| Seed | School | Conference | Overall | Tiebreaker |
| 1 | Florida Gulf Coast | 14–4 | 20–11 | 2–0 vs #3 USC Upstate |
| 2 | Mercer | 14–4 | 23–8 | 1–1 vs #3 USC Upstate |
| 3 | USC Upstate | 11–7 | 18–13 | |
| 4 | East Tennessee State | 10–8 | 17–14 | 3–1 vs. Lip./NF |
| 5 | Lipscomb | 10–8 | 15–14 | 2–2 vs. ETS/NF |
| 6 | North Florida | 10–8 | 16–15 | 1–3 vs. ETS/Lip. |
| 7 | Jacksonville | 8–10 | 12–17 | |
| 8 | Stetson | 5–13 | 7–23 | |
| Overall records are as of the end of the regular season. |||||

## Bracket

| Quarterfinals March 4 ESPN3 / ASun.tv | Quarterfinals March 4 ESPN3 / ASun.tv | Quarterfinals March 4 ESPN3 / ASun.tv | Semifinals March 6 CSS / ESPN3 | Semifinals March 6 CSS / ESPN3 | Semifinals March 6 CSS / ESPN3 | Championship March 9 ESPN2 | Championship March 9 ESPN2 | Championship March 9 ESPN2 |
| 1 | Florida Gulf Coast | 77 | | | | | | |
| 8 | Stetson | 55 | | | | | | |
| 8 | Stetson | 55 | 1 | Florida Gulf Coast | 69 | | | |
| | | | 4 | East Tennessee State | 64 | | | |
| 4 | East Tennessee State | 89** | 4 | East Tennessee State | 64 | | | |
| 5 | Lipscomb | 88 | | | | | | |
| 5 | Lipscomb | 88 | | | | 1 | Florida Gulf Coast | 60 |
| | | | | | | 2 | Mercer | 68 |
| 2 | Mercer | 85 | | | | | | | 2 | Mercer | 68 |
| 7 | Jacksonville | 64 | | | | | | |
| 7 | Jacksonville | 64 | 2 | Mercer | 78** | | | |
| | | | 3 | USC Upstate | 75 | | | |
| 3 | USC Upstate | 80 | 3 | USC Upstate | 75 | | | |
| 6 | North Florida | 74 | | | | | | |
* indicates overtime period
# Cameroon at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics

Cameroon competed at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow, Russia, from 10–18 August 2013. A team of one athlete was announced to represent the country in the event.

## Results

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | Preliminaries | Heats | Heats | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Idrissa Adam | 100 metres | 10.56 | 7 q | 10.70 | 52 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
# Robert Cooper (priest)

Robert Cooper (1650-1733) was a priest in England during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Cooper was born in Kidderminster and educated at Pembroke College, Oxford. He held the living at Harlington. He was Archdeacon of Dorset from 1698 until his death.
# Roberto Oliveira

Roberto Oliveira may refer to:
* Roberto Oliveira (footballer, born 1953), Brazilian football manager and former defender
* Roberto de Oliveira (soccer) (born 1955), American soccer forward
* Roberto Oliveira (footballer, born 1980), Brazilian football midfielder
# Abdul Wali Wahidzai

Abdul Wali Wahidzai is a former governor of Laghman Province. He was appointed 15 June 2021 and surrendered to the Taliban on 16 August 2021, ending his governorship. The Taliban had completed their 2021 Taliban offensive.
# Hoffmann's reflex

Hoffmann's reflex (Hoffmann's sign, sometimes simply Hoffmann's, or finger flexor reflex) is a neurological examination finding elicited by a reflex test which can help verify the presence or absence of issues arising from the corticospinal tract. It is named after neurologist Johann Hoffmann. Usually considered a pathological reflex in a clinical setting, the Hoffmann's reflex has also been used as a measure of spinal reflex processing (adaptation) in response to exercise training.

## Procedure

The Hoffmann's reflex test itself involves loosely holding the middle finger and flicking the fingernail downward, allowing the middle finger to flick upward reflexively. A positive response is seen when there is flexion and adduction of the thumb on the same hand. Eg. in hypertonia, the tips of other fingers flex and the thumb flexes and adducts.

### Interpretations

A positive Hoffmann's reflex and finger jerks suggest hypertonia, but can occur in healthy individuals, and are not useful signs in isolation. In cerebellar diseases, the reflexes may be pendular, and muscle contraction and relaxation tend to be slow, but these are not sensitive or specific to cerebellar signs.

## Comparisons to Babinski sign

Hoffmann's sign is often considered the upper limb equivalent of the Babinski sign test. Hoffmann's reflex is often erroneously confused with Babinski's. However the two reflexes are quite different, and should not be equated with each other.
A positive Babinski sign is considered a pathological sign of upper motor neuron disease except for infants, in whom it is normal, whereas a positive Hoffmann's sign can be present in an entirely normal patient. A positive Hoffmann's sign in the normal patients is more commonly found in those who are naturally hyper-reflexive (e.g. 3+ reflexes). A positive Hoffmann's sign is a worrisome finding of a disease process if its presence is asymmetrical, or has an acute onset.
Another significant difference between Hoffmann's reflex and the Babinski sign is their mechanism of reflex. Hoffmann's reflex is a deep tendon reflex (spindle fibre) with a monosynaptic reflex pathway in Rexed lamina IX of the spinal cord, normally fully inhibited by descending input. On the other hand, the plantar reflex is more complicated and not a deep tendon reflex, and its pathway is both more complicated and not fully understood. Different sorts of lesions may interrupt them. This fact has led some neurologists to reject strongly any analogies between the finger flexor reflex and the plantar response. When both lower and upper neuron damage is indicated, it leads a physician to indicate a motor neuron illness, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
# Richard Boyer

Richard Boyer may refer to:
* Richard Boyer (broadcaster) (1891–1961), Australian broadcaster
* Richard O. Boyer (1903–1973), American journalist
* Rick Boyer (1943–2021), American author
* Richard Delmer Boyer (born 1958), American convicted murderer