OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Snell envelope

The Snell envelope, used in stochastics and mathematical finance, is the smallest supermartingale dominating a stochastic process. The Snell envelope is named after James Laurie Snell.

## Definition

Given a filtered probability space $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},({\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\in [0,T]},\mathbb {P} )$ and an absolutely continuous probability measure $\mathbb {Q} \ll \mathbb {P}$ then an adapted process $U=(U_{t})_{t\in [0,T]}$ is the Snell envelope with respect to $\mathbb {Q}$ of the process $X=(X_{t})_{t\in [0,T]}$ if
* $U$ is a $\mathbb {Q}$-supermartingale
* $U$ dominates $X$, i.e. $U_{t}\geq X_{t}$ $\mathbb {Q}$-almost surely for all times $t\in [0,T]$
* If $V=(V_{t})_{t\in [0,T]}$ is a $\mathbb {Q}$-supermartingale which dominates $X$, then $V$ dominates $U$.

## Construction

Given a (discrete) filtered probability space $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},({\mathcal {F}}_{n})_{n=0}^{N},\mathbb {P} )$ and an absolutely continuous probability measure $\mathbb {Q} \ll \mathbb {P}$ then the Snell envelope $(U_{n})_{n=0}^{N}$ with respect to $\mathbb {Q}$ of the process $(X_{n})_{n=0}^{N}$ is given by the recursive scheme
    $U_{N}:=X_{N},$
    $U_{n}:=X_{n}\lor \mathbb {E} ^{\mathbb {Q} }[U_{n+1}\mid {\mathcal {F}}_{n}]$ for $n=N-1,...,0$
where $\lor$ is the join (in this case equal to the maximum of the two random variables).

## Application

* If $X$ is a discounted American option payoff with Snell envelope $U$ then $U_{t}$ is the minimal capital requirement to hedge $X$ from time $t$ to the expiration date.
# Pyrausta coactalis

Pyrausta coactalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1890. It is found in India (Darjeeling).
# Gotham Independent Film Awards 1995

The 5th Annual Gotham Independent Film Awards, presented by the Independent Filmmaker Project, were held on September 19, 1995 and were hosted by Michael Moore. At the ceremony, Robert Shaye was honored with a Career Tribute with Abel Ferrara, Christopher Walken, Pauline Kael, and Juliet Taylor receiving the other individual awards.

## Winners
### Breakthrough Director (Open Palm Award)

* Rebecca Miller – Angela

### Filmmaker Award

* Abel Ferrara

### Actor Award

* Christopher Walken

### Writer Award

* Pauline Kael

### Below-the-Line Award

* Juliet Taylor, casting director

### Career Tribute

* Robert Shaye
# Rachocin Transmitter

Radio-Television Transmitting Centre Rachocin, situated by Sierpc/Rachocin on the north-west Masovian Voivodeship. Is a 261-metre guyed steel mast.
The mast was built to the purpose of the broadcasting of a radio signal and television on the large area. Under the reach of this RTCN a north-western part Masovian Voivodeship and an eastern part Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, are including such cities as: Sierpc, Płock, Lipno, Rypin, Włocławek, Toruń, Ciechanów, Brodnica, or Działdowo, Lidzbark Warmiński and Mława. Is an owner from EmiTel company.

## Transmitted Programmes
### Digital television MPEG-4

| Multiplex Number | Programme in Multiplex | Frequency | Channel | Power ERP | Polarisation | Antenna Diagram | Modulation |
| Multiplex 1 | TVP1 Stopklatka TV TVP ABC TV Trwam Eska TV TTV Polo TV ATM Rozrywka | 506 MHz | 25 | 100 kW | Horizontal | ND | 64 QAM |
| Multiplex 2 | Polsat TVN TV4 TV Puls TVN 7 Puls 2 TV6 Super Polsat | 762 MHz | 57 | 100 kW | Horizontal | ND | 64 QAM |
| Multiplex 3 | TVP1 HD TVP2 HD TVP Warszawa TVP Kultura TVP Historia TVP Polonia TVP Rozrywka TVP Info | 618 MHz | 39 | 100 kW | Horizontal | ND | 64 QAM |

### FM Radio

| Program | Frequency | Power ERP | Polarisation | Antenna Diagram |
| Polskie Radio Program I | 92,20 MHz | 60 kW | Horizontal | ND |
| RMF FM | 94,30 MHz | 60 kW | Horizontal | ND |
| Polskie Radio Program III | 96,10 MHz | 60 kW | Horizontal | ND |
| Radio ZET | 97,30 MHz | 60 kW | Horizontal | ND |
| Polskie Radio Program II | 98,10 MHz | 2,50 kW | Horizontal | ND |
| Radio Dla Ciebie | 101,90 MHz | 60 kW | Horizontal | ND |
| Radio Maryja | 106,30 MHz | 60 kW | Horizontal | ND |
# Rafoneke v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services

Rafoneke and Others v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services and Others is a 2022 decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa concerning the right of foreign citizens to be admitted and enrolled as legal practitioners in South Africa. The court dismissed a challenge to the constitutionality of section 24(2) of the Legal Practice Act, 2014, which the applicants contended was unconstitutional insofar as it restricted that right to South African citizens and permanent residents. It held unanimously that section 24(2) did not meet the test for unfair discrimination.
The matter was heard on 24 February 2022 and decided on 2 August 2022. The judgment was written by Justice Zukisa Tshiqi.

## Background

Section 24(2) of the Legal Practice Act, 2014 restricts the right to be admitted and enrolled as a legal practitioner in South Africa to South African citizens and permanent residents.
In September 2021, the Free State Division of the High Court of South Africa issued a declaratory order finding that section 24(2) was unconstitutional and invalid to the extent that it does not allow foreigners to be admitted and authorised to be enrolled as non-practising legal practitioners. With Judge President Cagney Musi writing for a unanimous bench, the High Court held that it constitutes unfair discrimination for the state to bar foreign citizens from being admitted as legal practitioners, though it is not unfair to prohibit them from practicing law in South Africa.

## Reactions

The International Commission of Jurists and Lawyers for Human Rights expressed disappointment in the judgment, and Pierre de Vos criticised it for misapplying the test for unfair discrimination and for ignoring the xenophobic overtones of the legislation and of the state's argument.
# Gore (heraldry)

In heraldry a gore is a charge formed by two inwardly curved lines starting from the dexter chief (the viewer's upper left) corner and the middle base point and meeting in the fess point (lower center).

## Background

Traditionally, the image is formed with two inwardly curved lines starting from the dexter chief corner and the middle base point and meeting in the fess point (lower center).
The same charge upon the sinister side of the shield (for the viewer, the right side) is called a gore sinister. A gore sinister tenné was considered to be an abatement of arms imposed upon the bearer for cowardice in the face of the enemy, though there is no record of its actual use.
# Bars Fight

"Bars Fight" is a ballad poem written by Lucy Terry about an attack upon two white families by Native Americans on August 21, 1746. The incident occurred in an area of Deerfield, Massachusetts called "The Bars", which was a colonial term for a meadow. The poem was preserved orally and not published until 1855, in Josiah Gilbert Holland's History of Western Massachusetts.
It is believed to be the oldest known work of literature by an African American and is the only known work by Lucy Terry.

## Text of the ballad

The text of the ballad from Holland's History of Western Massachusetts, 1855:
August 'twas the twenty-fifth,  Seventeen hundred forty-six;  The Indians did in ambush lay,  Some very valient men to slay,  The names of whom I'll not leave out.  Samuel Allen like a hero fout,  And though he was so brave and bold,  His face no more shall we behold.  Eleazer Hawks was killed outright,  Before he had time to fight,—  Before he did the Indians see,  Was shot and killed immediately.  Oliver Amsden he was slain,  Which caused his friends much grief and pain.  Simeon Amsden they found dead,  Not many rods distant from his head.  Adonijah Gillett we do hear  Did lose his life which was so dear.  John Sadler fled across the water,  And thus escaped the dreadful slaughter.  Eunice Allen see the Indians coming,  And hopes to save herself by running,  And had not her petticoats stopped her,  The awful creatures had not catched her,  Nor tommy hawked her on her head,  And left her on the ground for dead.  Young Samuel Allen, Oh lack-a-day!  Was taken and carried to Canada.
After the word "slay," an alternate oral transmission of the poem offers an accurate location and body count: "Twas nigh unto Sam Dickson's mill / The Indians there five men did kill."

## Rediscovery

After its 1855 publication the poem was undiscovered until 1942, when it was published in Lorenzo Greene's The Negro in Colonial New England, 1620–1776. This youthful occasional poem is the only surviving work by Terry, who was said to have been a prolific poet. Recent scholarship has instead drawn attention to how Terry evokes her participation in the local community by recounting the names of the men and women who fought alongside her, and how the town responded by preserving the poem and her name in their oral histories.
# Radio Sputnik (disambiguation)

Radio Sputnik is the audio element of the Russian government-owned Sputnik multimedia news service.
Radio Sputnik may also refer to:
* Radio Sputnik (Finland) – a Russian language radio station based in Finland.
* Sputnik (radio station) – German pop and rock station aimed at youth.
# Gordon Blair (politician)

Duncan Gordon Blair (23 December 1919 – 14 June 2006) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, judge and a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Regina, Saskatchewan.
Blair was educated in Regina before receiving a bachelor of arts degree in 1939 and a bachelor of law degree in 1941 from the University of Saskatchewan. He was called to the Bar of Saskatchewan in 1942 and Bar of Ontario in 1952. A 1941 Rhodes Scholar, he attended Exeter College where he studied law and received a bachelor of civil law in 1947. During World War II, he served as a lieutenant with the Irish Regiment of Canada and was wounded in Italy in 1944.
After the war, he served as a foreign service officer with the Department of External Affairs from 1945 to 1947. From 1948 to 1950, he was a partner with the law firm of Francis, Woods, Gauley & Blair. From 1951 to 1952, he was executive assistant to the Minister of Justice. From 1953 to 1975, he was a partner with the law firm of Herridge, Tolmie, Gray, Coyne & Blair in Ottawa. He was created a Queen's Counsel in 1975.
He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Grenville—Carleton in the 1968 federal election. A Liberal, he was defeated in the 1972 federal election by Walter Baker of the Progressive Conservative party. In 1976, he was appointed to the Court of Appeal for Ontario where he served until 1994. From 1994 to 1998, he was the grand president of the Royal Canadian Legion.
In 1998, he was made a member of the Order of Canada.
# Saint-Jean-de-Barrou

Saint-Jean-de-Barrou (French pronunciation: ; Languedocien: Sant Joan de Barro or Sant Joan de Bàrron) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
# Bassaniana decorata

Bassaniana decorata is a species of spider in the family Thomisidae, found in Russia, China, Korea and Japan.
# Isabelle Catherine van Assche

Isabelle Catherine van Assche-Kindt (or Isabel, or Isabella; 23 November 1794 – after 1842) was a Belgian landscape painter from Brussels.
She was a pupil of her uncle, Henri Van Assche. As early as 1812 and 1813, two of her watercolors were displayed in Ghent and Brussels. She was represented in the exhibitions at Ghent in 1826, 1829 (where she took first prize) and 1835; at Brussels in 1827 and 1842; at Antwerp in 1834, 1837 and 1840; and at Liège in 1836. Her subjects were all taken from the neighborhood of Brussels. One of her paintings belongs to the royal collection in the Haarlem Canal Pavilion. In 1828, she married Charles Léon Kindt.
# Rudy Ortiz

Rudy Israel Ortiz Ruiz (6 August 1963 – 20 August 2014) was a Guatemalan senior military officer who served as the Chief of the General Staff from 13 July 2013 until his death on 20 August 2014.
Ortiz enlisted in the Armed Forces in 1983 at the age of 20.
In late August 2014, Ortiz, along with four other senior military officers took off in a helicopter that changed its flight path during bad weather. The helicopter crashed in Huehuetenango, near the capital of Guatemala and with the border of Mexico. It is unclear if the helicopter crashed naturally or was shot down due to flying over Huehuetenango which has a strong drug cartel presence. Ortiz died at the age of 51, and the President of Guatemala gave out a statement praising all of the officers in the helicopter's dedication to the military. Ortiz was planning to retire from the Guatemalan Military in 2015. One of the victims in the helicopter crash was Brigade General Braulio René Mayen García, Commander of the 5th. Brigade of Infantry, at the moment of the accident.
# Hillside Historic District

Hillside Historic District may refer to:
* Hillside Historic District (Waterbury, Connecticut), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
* Hillside Historic District (Chehalis, Washington), NRHP listing in Lewis County, Washington
# Psychoanalysis: What Is It?

Psychoanalysis: What Is It? is the debut studio album by American hip hop producer Prince Paul. Originally released by Wordsound Recordings in 1996, it was re-released by Tommy Boy Records in 1997 with a slightly different track listing and a different cover.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Entertainment Weekly | B+ |
| RapReviews | 9/10 |
| (The New) Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
| Spin | 8/10 |
| The Village Voice | A− |
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution wrote that Paul "unleashes his cynical wit and beat-making abilities to a sometimes unsettling effect." The New York Times said that Paul "unwinds and lets his somewhat puerile mind wander."
In 2012, it was listed by Complex as one of the "50 Albums That Were Unfairly Hated On". In 2015, Fact named it the 34th-best trip-hop album of all time.
# Pseudodrephalys

Pseudodrephalys is a genus of South American skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae.

## Species

* Pseudodrephalys atinas Mabille, 1888
* Pseudodrephalys hypargus Mabille, 1891
* Pseudodrephalys sohni Burns, 1998
# Pseudolaguvia jiyaensis

Pseudolaguvia jiyaensis is a species of catfish in the family Erethistidae. It is found in the Jiya stream in Arunachal Pradesh, India.

## Desceiption

Pseudolaguvia jiyaensis reaches a standard length of 3.1 cm (1.2 in).
# Rulingia

Rulingia is a genus of flowering plants native to Australia and Madagascar. In 2011, all species were transferred to Commersonia with the exception of Rulingia cuneata, R. loxophylla, R. luteiflora and R. procumbens which have been transferred to the new genus Androcalva.
Species formerly placed in the genus included:
* Rulingia borealis (E.Pritz.) C.F.Wilkins (now Commersonia borealis (E.Pritz.) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock)
* Rulingia corylifolia Graham (now Commersonia corylifolia (Graham) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock ) – hazel-leaved rulingia
* Rulingia craurophylla F.Muell. (now Commersonia craurophylla (F.Muell.) F. Muell.) – brittle leaved rulingia
* Rulingia cuneata Turcz. (now Androcalva cuneata (Turcz.) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock)
* Rulingia cygnorum (Steud.) C.A.Gardner (now a synonym of Commersonia corniculata (Sm.) K.A.Sheph. & C.F.Wilkins)
* Rulingia dasyphylla (Andrews) Sweet (now Commersonia dasyphylla Andrews) – kerrawang
* Rulingia densiflora (Turcz.) Benth. (now Commersonia densiflora (Turcz.) F.Muell.)
* Rulingia grandiflora Endl. (now Commersonia grandiflora (Endl.) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock)
* Rulingia hermanniifolia (J.Gay ex Kunth) Endl. (now Commersonia hermanniifolia J.Gay ex Kunth)
* Rulingia loxophylla F.Muell. (now Androcalva loxophylla (F.Muell.) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock)
* Rulingia luteiflora E.Pritz. (now Androcalva luteiflora (E. Pritz.) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock)
* Rulingia madagascariensis Baker (now Commersonia madagascariensis (Baker) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock)
* Rulingia magniflora F.Muell. (now Commersonia magniflora (F.Muell.) F. Muell.)
* Rulingia malvifolia Steetz (now a synonym of Commersonia corniculata (Sm.) K.A.Sheph. & C.F.Wilkins)
* Rulingia parviflora Endl. (now Commersonia parviflora (Endl.) F.Muell.) – small-flowered rulingia
* Rulingia platycalyx Benth. (now a synonym of Commersonia parviflora (Endl.) F.Muell.)
* Rulingia procumbens Maiden & Betche (now Androcalva procumbens (Maiden & Betche) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock)
* Rulingia prostrata Maiden & Betche (now a synonym of Commersonia prostrata (Maiden & Betche) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock) – dwarf kerrawang
* Rulingia rotundifolia Turcz. (now Commersonia rotundifolia (Turcz.) F. Muell.) – round-leaved rulingia
* Rulingia rugosa Steetz (now Commersonia rugosa (Steetz) F. Muell.)
* Rulingia salviifolia (Hook. ex Steetz) Benth. (now Commersonia salviifolia (Hook. ex Steetz) F.Muell.)
* Rulingia tratmannii C.R.P.Andrews (now a synonym of Commersonia craurophylla (F.Muell.) F. Muell.)
# Ayi (given name)

Ayi is a unisex given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Ayi Jihu (born 1984), Chinese singer
* Ayi Kwei Armah (born 1939), Ghanaian writer
* Ayi Sutarno (21st century), Indonesian tennis player
* Vissinto Ayi d'Almeida (21st century), Beninese diplomat
# Ayi

Ayi may refer to:
* Ayi (given name), a unisex given name
* Ayi language, a Sepik language spoken by approximately 400 people
* Anong people or Anong language of China (a misreading of the Chinese characters)
* A term for a domestic helper used by English speakers in China
# Ayi Mensa

Ayi Mensa is a village in the Ga East Municipal district, a district in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana.

## Village structure

The village is under the jurisdiction of the Ga East Municipal District and is in the Abokobi-Madina constituency of the Ghana parliament.
# Giovanna Borradori

Giovanna Borradori is Professor of Philosophy and Media Studies at Vassar College. Borradori is a specialist in Social and political theory, Aesthetics, and the philosophy of terrorism. A crucial focus of her work is fostering new avenues of communication between rival philosophical lineages, including the analytical and Continental traditions, liberalism and communitarianism, as well as deconstruction and Critical Theory.

## Writings

In her anthology, Recoding Metaphysics: The New Italian Philosophy, Borradori presented late 20th-century Italian thinkers, such as Gianni Vattimo, Massimo Cacciari, Mario Perniola, and Emanuele Severino, to the American audience. In The American Philosopher: Conversations with Quine, Davidson, Putnam, Nozick, Danto, Rorty, Cavell, MacIntyre, Kuhn, she pressed her interlocutors to reflect on their relation to history, the weight of tradition in philosophy, and their encounters with pragmatism and logical positivism. The American Philosopher was one of the first critical examinations of the historical and institutional context in which contemporary American philosophy operates.
After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Borradori became a strong voice in the study of terrorism from a philosophical perspective. Her latest book, Philosophy in a Time of Terror: Dialogues with Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, seeks to evaluate the full philosophical and political significance of 9/11 in conversation with two important European thinkers. Overcoming their historical enmity, Habermas and Derrida appear in her book side by side for the first time in their lives. Borradori's book opened the way for their critical collaboration on the public sphere, which continued with a declaration of support for the anti-war demonstrations of February 15, 2003. Entitled, "February 15, or, What Binds Europeans Together: Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in Core Europe," their joint statement appeared simultaneously in major European newspapers and was later published in "Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe" (Verso, 2005).
In Philosophy in a Time of Terror, Borradori asserts that militant religious fundamentalists explicitly reject secularization and modernity, which constitute the conceptual foundations of the Enlightenment. This leads Borradori to claim that an appropriate response to 9/11 must reach "as far as a critical reassessment of the validity of the Enlightenment project" (10).
Habermas and Derrida discuss their different interpretations of Kant's legacy, both agreeing, however, with the crux of his political philosophy: the legitimacy of international legal and political institutions as a condition for global justice.
# Puente Piedra

Puente Piedra is Spanish for Stone Bridge.
It may refer to:
* Puente de Piedra, a stone bridge across the Rímac River in Lima, Peru
* Puente Piedra District, one of the northern districts in Lima
# Puente Río Cuale

Puente Río Cuale is a bridge along Puerto Vallarta's Malecón, spanning the Cuale River and connecting the city's Centro and Zona Romántica neighborhoods. The bridge also provides access to Isla Cuale.
# Aylmer Hackett

Thomas Aylmer Pearson Hackett was Dean of Limerick from 1913 to 1928.
He was born on 5 December 1854 and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. After curacies at Coleraine and Newcastle he was Rector of Kilmallock from 1881 to 1910. He was Archdeacon of Limerick from then until his elevation to the Deanery.
He died on 4 December 1928.
# BA2

BA2 may refer to:
* A postcode district in the BA postcode area, England
* Brain Age 2: More Training in Minutes a Day!, a game
* BA.2, a subvariant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus
# Givi Berikashvili

Givi Berikashvili (Georgian: გივი ბერიკაშვილი, 15 May 1933 – 10 April 2017) was a Georgian film and theatre actor.
Born in the village of Kolagi, now part of the Gurjaani Municipality, Berikashvili graduated from the Georgian Institute of Theatre in 1956. Since then, he performed at the Drama Theatre of Rustavi, that of Sukhumi, and finally, at Marjanishvili Theatre in Tbilisi. His notable films include: Londre, Wine Thieves, The Wishing Tree, Data Tutashkhia, Everyone Wants to Love, The Turtledoves of Paradise, and others. Among his many accolades are the title of People's Artist of Georgia (1979) and the Shota Rustaveli Prize. He died of respiratory failure in 2017. He was buried at the Saburtalo church of the Ascension in Tbilisi.
# Givhans Ferry State Park

Givhans Ferry State Park is a state park located near the town of Ridgeville in Dorchester County, South Carolina.

## History

The property used to create Givhans Ferry State Park was donated by the city of Charleston in 1934 and was one of the original built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in South Carolina. Its namesake, Phillip Givhan, was a ferry master on the Edisto River and operated Givhan's Ferry, which allowed access between Augusta and Charleston.
A cemetery is located on the grounds of the park. The only remaining tombstone belongs to Mary E Ford, granddaughter of Phillip Givhan.
A series of copper marl limestone bluffs along the Edisto River in the park, formed by prehistoric ocean deposits, are protected as a Heritage Trust Site.

## Activities and amenities

Activities available at the park include picnicking, fishing, bird watching, geocaching and camping. A boat drop off area allows small boats access to the Edisto River. The multi-purpose River Bluff Nature Trail is available for hiking and biking.
Amenities include a playground, picnic shelters, volleyball courts and a park store. Visitors can rent fishing rods and reels from the park office.
Historic, fully furnished cabins built by the CCC are available for lodging. The Riverfront Hall is available for rental, with the ability to accommodate up to 100 people.