OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Reflectometric interference spectroscopy

Reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) is a physical method based on the interference of white light at thin films, which is used to investigate molecular interaction.

## Principle

The underlying measuring principle corresponds to that of the Michelson interferometer.

## Realization

White light is directed vertically onto a multiple-layer system of a SiO$_2$, a high-refractive Ta$_2$O$_5$ and an additional SiO$_2$ layer (this additional layer can be chemically modified). The partial beams of the white light are reflected at each phase boundary and then refracted (transmitted). These reflected partial beams superimpose which results in an interference spectrum that is detected using a diode array spectrometer. Through chemical modification the upper SiO$_2$ layer is changed in a way to allow interaction with target molecules. This interaction causes a change in the thickness of the physical layer d and the refractive index n within this layer. The product of both defines the optical thickness of the layer: n • d. A change in the optical thickness results in a modulation of the interference spectrum. Monitoring this change over time allows to observe the binding behaviour of the target molecules.

## Application

RIfS is used especially as a detection method in chemo- and biosensors.
Chemosensors are particularly suitable for measurements under difficult conditions and in the gaseous phase. As sensitive layers, mostly non-selective measuring polymers are used which sort the analytes according to size (the so-called molecular sieve effect when using microporous polymers) or according to polarity (e.g. functionalized polydimethylsiloxanes). When performing non-selective measurements, a sum signal from several analytes is measured which means that multivariate data analyses such as neural networks have to be used for quantification. However, it is also possible to use selectively measuring polymers, so-called molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) which provide artificial recognition elements.
When using biosensors, polymers such as polyethylene glycols or dextrans are applied onto the layer system, and on these recognition elements for biomolecules are immobilized. Basically, any molecule can be used as recognition element (proteins such as antibodies, DNA/RNA such as aptamers, small organic molecules such as estrone, but also lipids such as phospholipid membranes).
RIfS, like SPR is a label-free technique, which allows the time-resolved observation of interaction among the binding partners without the use of fluorescence or radioactive labels.

## Literature

* G. Gauglitz, A. Brecht, G. Kraus and W. Nahm. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem. 11, 1993
* A. Jung. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 372 1, 2002
* F. Gesellchen, B. Zimmermann, F. W. Herberg. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2005
* T. Nagel, E. Ehrentreich-Forster, M. Singh, et al. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 129 2, 2008
* P. Fechner, F. Pröll, M. Carlquist and G. Proll. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. Nov 1, 2008
# Kyokuto Symphony: The Five Stars Night @Budokan

Kyotoku Symphony ~the Five Stars Night~@ Budokan (極東シンフォニー〜the Five Stars Night〜@BUDOKAN) is Nightmare's first live album. This was their first performance at Nippon Budokan on September 23, 2007. It reached #11 in the Oricon charts.
# San Vitaliano

San Vitaliano (Italian pronunciation:) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 25 km northeast of Naples.
San Vitaliano borders the following municipalities: Marigliano, Nola, Saviano, Scisciano.
# Rheingrafenstein Castle

Rheingrafenstein Castle is a castle on a 136-metre-high (446 ft) porphyry rock formation, the Rheingrafenstein, known as Huhinstein a thousand years, on the river Nahe, opposite Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg in the district Bad Kreuznach.

## History

The rock castle was probably built in the 11th or 12th century by the Counts of Nahegau of the Emichones family. It was definitely the ancestral castle of the Lords of Stein, the later Wild- and Rhinegraves, and it remained in their possession until the French Revolution. The Lords of Stein were first mentioned in the 12th century. Their relationship to the Counts of Nahegau is unclear. Rheingrafenstein Castle itself is first unambiguously mentioned in the 13th century. The Lords of Stein acquired the Rheingau in the second half of the 12th century through marriage. In 1196, Lord Wolfram of Stein began styling himself Rhinegrave. This title was later attached to his castle.
During the Thirty Years' War, the castle was captured by French and Spanish troops. In 1688, it was destroyed by general Mélac. In 1721, a salt works was built on top of the castle's ruins. The castle's last owner, the Prince of Grumbach, moved his residence to nearby Gaugrehweiler.
The information sign at the castle reads:
   The history of Rheingrafenstein Castle
   The castle was built in the 11th century on a rock which was then called Huhinstein. Its owners were known as the Lord of Stein. Siegfried I of Stein married Lukarids, the daughter of Count Embirch of the Rheingau and their son Wolfgang inherited the Rheingau, on the right bank of the Rhine. After the battle of Sprendlingen in 1279, Siegfried II lost his possessions of the right bank to the Archbishop of Mainz. He moved his residence here and named the rock Rheingrafenstein. In the 14th and 15th century, the Rhinegraves acquired the Wildgraviate and half the County of Salm through marriage. In 1610, they formed their own line of Rhinegraves: the Rheingrafensteinische line. During the Thirty Years' War, the castle was conquered by the Spaniards and the Swedes. During the Palatinate War of Succession, the castle was destroyed by French troops under general Mélac in 1689. In 1721, the count donated the ruins to the city, so that a salt works could be built on top of the ruins. In 1835, descendants of the Wild- and Rhinegraves of Rheingrafenstein (who had been raised to princes in the meantime), bought the ruins back from the municipality of Münster.

## Ruins

Parts of the enceinte, a vaulted cellar, a few steps of the former tower house, and the foundations of the former tower staircase are still standing. Another staircase leads through the rocks to a viewing platform.
On the southern slope of the rock, the ruins of the bailey Affenstein can be seen.
# Group of temples at Magadi, Karnataka

The Ranganatha Swamy and the Someshwara temples are located in the historic town of Magadi, about 41 km from Bangalore, the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. These temples are protected monuments under the Karnataka state division of the Archaeological Survey of India.

## History

Magadi was first founded by the Chola dynasty around 1139 A.D. during their rule over the region. Magadi is the birthplace of Kempe Gowda, the Vijayanagara chieftain who founded Bangalore in the 16th century. Kempe Gowda and the chiefs who followed him built many architectural temples here.

### Ranganatha temple

The presiding deity of the temple is lord Vishnu in his standing posture, similar to the one in Tirupati. The name of this temple is actually Paschima Venkatachalapthi temple as the presiding deity faces west. The area in which the temple is located is called Tirumale. However nowadays it is more popular as Ranganatha temple due to the presence of a small image of Rangatha on the temple wall which is believed to be growing in size every year. According to the priest of the temple, The sanctum of the Ranganatha temple was first consecrated in early 12th century by the Chola ruler and the temple has undergone renovations and expansion since. Based on an inscription on a Garuda sthamba (Garuda pillar) in front of the temple, the tall decorative Gopurams (towers) were added by the famous Vijayanagara empire King Krishnadeva Raya in 1524 A.D. Contributions were also made by the Mysore regent Tipu Sultan; and the Maharaja of Mysore, Jayachamaraja Wodeyar. The Ranganatha temple complex consists of several shrines which includes sanctums for the Hindu deities Rama, Sita, Anjaneya, Lakshmi, Venugopala Krishna and Ranganatha (a form of the Hindu god Vishnu). Legend has it that the main deity (Ranganatha) was installed by Sage Mandavya lending the location the name "Mandavya Kshetra" (abode of Manavya). The pillars in the temple have attractive sculptures in relief. On either side of the temple entrance are two large colorful images of elephants.

### Someshwara temple

According to the noted epigraphist and historian B. Lewis Rice, the Someshwara temple was built by Kempe Gowda II after coming to power in 1569 A.D. However, there is another view that the temple was actually built by his descendant Kempavira Gowda III in 1712 A.D. Notable structures in the large temple complex include a spacious inner prakara (courtyard) with lofty towers and mantapas (halls) which are in a state of neglect. Pillar decor includes motifs of dancing girls, soldiers, birds, and animals such as lions in relief. The complex includes a small shrine for Parvati, consort of the Hindu god Shiva. A short distance from the complex is a mantapa for Nandi, the vehicle of the god Shiva.

## Gallery

* View from the rear of the Ranganatha Swamy temple, Magadi
* Nandi (bull) mantapa viewed from the Someshwara temple complex, Magadi
* Shrine of Parvati in the Someshwara temple complex, Magadi
* Yali pillars under the Someshwara temple gopura (tower), Magadi
# Alfred Arthur James

Alfred Arthur James (25 August 1887 – 12 February 1938) was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

## Biography

James was born in Warragul, Victoria, the son of Samuel Arthur James and his wife Alice (née Cleak). He was educated in Warragul and after leaving school he worked as a farmhand. He then was a journalist and editor for the Producer in Caboolture.
On 30 April 1910 he married Eliese Ebert in Prahran and together had three daughters. James died in February 1938.

## Public career

James, representing the Labor Party, won the seat of Logan at the 1918 Queensland state election, defeating Reginald King, the National candidate. By the time of the 1920 state election, James had switched to the Country Party but lost to his 1918 opponent, Reginald King.
# Carmen Marai

Carmen Marai is the pen name of Carmen María Bassa Rodríguez, a Chilean poet and novelist.

## Writing

The central themes in her poems are primarily sorrow, betrayal, a mother's love, the struggle for life, and anti-violence, though she has also written humorous works. Her novels, a blend of historic fact and politics with the supernatural, do not necessarily fall into the category of magical realism in that the fantastical elements are not presented as normal occurrences, but fall upon the realm of the real from identifiably unnatural sources.
Her work will at times intertwine religious and mythical motifs with unconventional interpretations.
In June 2009, after the protests and political flurry of the Iranian elections, Marai vocally supported the newly created Iranian Green Movement, writing her poem "Llamas Verdes" ("Green Flames"). She also played a significant role in the translation into Spanish of Persepolis 2.0, a 2009 online graphic novel created by Iranian-born artists Payment and Sina.

## Early life

Bassa was born in the major port of San Antonio, Chile, but spent much of her youth in the capital, Santiago. She is of Catalan and Mallorcan descent, her mother being one of the Winnipeg refugees of the Spanish Civil War. She attended the Primary schools Sara Cruchaga and Las Carmelitas.
She and both her siblings, Jaime and Montserrat, displayed precociousness in languages and the liberal arts, though she was the only one to later pursue a literary career. Her brother later became a commercial engineer and her sister became a lawyer in the Senate of Chile.

## Personal life

In the mid-sixties, she married the engineer Rafael Mercado Aced, after which the newly wed couple moved among several small cities of the Norte Chico, later settling in the capital, Santiago.
After the arrival of the Unidad Popular and the unrest of this period, they decided to emigrate with their daughter to the United States, where they lived for several years. The marriage ultimately broke up there and she returned with their child to Chile, where she began her literary pursuits in earnest, joining the Sociedad de Escritores de Chile. She currently resides in Santiago.

## Notable works

* El alba de la mandragora. Published 1985 by Isla de Pascua, Santiago, Chile. Written in Spanish. Library of Congress MLCS 86/12372 (P)
# I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Virgin Encyclopedia of R&B and Soul | |
I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing is the self-produced ninth album by American R&B singer Barry White, released in August 1979 on the 20th Century-Fox Records label.

## Overview

I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing fulfilled White's 20th Century-Fox Records contract. White was increasingly dissatisfied with that label's management when Russ Regan left the label to form Millennium Records and felt that he was being ignored in terms of promotion at the time. He then left the company and signed a custom label contract with CBS Records to release future material under his own Unlimited Gold imprint. White's first album on his new label, The Message Is Love, had been released earlier in the year. With attention and interest focused on his well-publicized CBS deal, I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing passed by largely unnoticed. It was the least successful album of his 20th Century career, only reaching number 40 on the R&B chart, which six of his eight previous albums had topped. None of the single releases made any impact either.

## Track listing

* "I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing" (Barry White, Paul Politi, Frank Wilson) – 2:50
* "Girl, What's Your Name" (White, Danny Pearson, Wilson) – 4:08
* "Once Upon a Time (You Were a Friend of Mine)" (Rahn Coleman) – 6:01
* "Oh Me, Oh My (I'm Such a Lucky Guy)" (White, Wilson, Politi, Raymond Cooksey) – 5:04
* "I Can't Leave You Alone" (White, Tony Sepe, Wilson) – 3:25
* "Call Me Baby" (Coleman) – 8:04
* "How Did You Know It Was Me?" (Coleman) – 6:47

## Personnel

* Barry White – lead vocals, arranger
* John Roberts, Ronald Coleman – orchestration
Technical
* Frank Kejmar, Paul Elmore – engineer
* Glen Christensen – art direction, design

## Charts
### Album

Chart performance for I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing :
| Chart (1979) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 132 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 40 |

### Singles

Chart performance for singles from I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing :
| Year | Single |
| Year | Single | US R&B |
| 1979 | "I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing" | 53 |
| 1979 | "How Did You Know It Was Me?" | 64 |
# Salsburg

Salsburg may refer to:

## Variant spelling of

* Salsburgh, North Lanarkshire, Scotland.
* Salzburg (disambiguation)
# Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics

The Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics (SCIPP) is an organized research unit within the University of California system focused on theoretical and experimental high-energy physics and astrophysics.

## Research

SCIPP's scientific and technical staff are and have been involved in several cutting edge research projects for more than 25 years, in both theory and experiment. The primary focus is particle physics and particle astrophysics, including the development of technologies needed to advance that research. SCIPP is also pursuing the application of those technologies to other scientific fields such as neuroscience and biomedicine. The Institute is recognized as a leader in the development of custom readout electronics and silicon micro-strip sensors for state-of-the-art particle detection systems. This department has several faculty associated with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) or the ATLAS project at CERN.
There are many experiments being performed at any time within SCIPP but many center on Silicone Strip Particle Detectors and their properties before and after radioactive exposure. Also many of the faculty work on monte carlo simulations and tracking particles within particle colliders. Their most prominent project in recent history has been the development of the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) which searches the sky for Gamma Ray Bursts.

## Members

Notable faculty include:
* Anthony Aguirre, theoretical cosmologist
* Tom Banks, c-discoverer of M(atrix) theory in string theory
* George Blumenthal, astronomer, chancellor of UCSC
* Michael Dine, high-energy theorist, recipient of Sakurai prize, physics department chair
* Howard Haber, theoretical particle physicist, recipient of Sakurai prize
* Piero Madau, recipient of Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
* Joel Primack, quantum field theorist and cosmologist, director of AstroComputing Center
* Constance Rockosi, chair of astronomy department
* Terry Schalk
# Jarut

Jarut (Serbian Cyrillic: Јарут) is a mountain in southwestern Serbia, surrounding the Pešter plateau, near the town of Tutin. Its highest peak Markov vrh has an elevation of 1,428 meters above sea level.
# RetroFret

RetroFret is an American vintage musical instrument boutique and repair shop located in Brooklyn, New York. Founded in 1983 by luthier Steven Uhrik, RetroFret's early business was primarily musical instrument repair services. In the mid-1990s, the business grew into a moderately stocked showroom that served local, international & professional musicians. By the mid-2000s, the showroom had grown vastly, displaying over 200 instruments & musical artifacts from around the world.

## History

RetroFret opened its doors in 1983 in Gowanus, Brooklyn in the defunct headquarters of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals building, which the ASPCA had occupied from 1913 to 1979. RetroFret maintained its home in the historic building until late 2018, when the business moved to Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn.

## Inventory

RetroFret's showroom is considered by many industry professionals to be one of the highest quality, museum-grade inventory displays in the United States. At one point the store had for sale country and honky-tonk musician Lefty Frizzell's 1949 Gibson Bigsby J-200, personalized with "Lefty Frizzell" on the pickguard. The guitar sold for $350,000 to country musician Merle Haggard.
# Italy men's national ball hockey team

The Italy men's national ball hockey team is the men's national ball hockey team of Canadian citizens with Italian heritage and a member of the International Street and Ball Hockey Federation (ISBHF).

## World Championships

Italy made its world championship debut in 2003, were finished fourth place. In 2005 world championship the Italy won the bronze medal, defeating Portugal 6–1 in the bronze medal final game.
| Year | Location | Result |
| 2003 | Sierra, Switzerland | 4th place |
| 2005 | Pittsburgh, USA | Bronze |
| 2007 | Ratingen, Slovakia | 4th place |
| 2009 | Plzeň, Czech Republic | 7th place |
| 2013 | St.John's, Canada | 12th place |
| 2015 | Zug, Switzerland | 10th place |
| 2017 | Pardubice, Czech Republic | 10th place |
2019 Ball Hockey World Championship 2019 Kosice , Slovakia 5th place
# St. Martins A.C.

St. Martins A.C. is a football club based on the Channel Island of Guernsey. They are affiliated to the Guernsey Football Association and play in the FNB Priaulx League.
The club is one of the few Channel Islands clubs to have competed in the FA Vase, competing in the four seasons from 1978 to 1981.
# Sergey Konov

Sergey Konov (born 28 February 1948) is an Uzbekistani former butterfly swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics for the Soviet Union.
# Carmen Madrid

Carmen Madrid is a Mexican actress and writer. She is best known for her work as Clara in Nicotina, for which she received an Ariel Award for Best Actress despite the fact that she is most recognized for her appearances in telenovela. She recently portrayed Silvia Pinal in La Guzmán, a biographical drama series about Alejandra Guzmán.

## Selected filmography
### As writer

| Year | Title | Notes |
| 2008–2012 | Capadocia | 8 episodes |
| 2013 | Prohibido amar | 90 episodes |
| 2016 | El hotel de los secretos | 81 episodes |
| 2017 | La doble vida de Estela Carrillo | 72 episodes |
| 2017 | Las Malcriadas | 35 episodes |

### Film roles

| Year | Title | Roles | Notes |
| 1991 | Mujer de cabaret | Inmate 2 | |
| 1997 | Men with Guns | Ángela | |
| 2002 | The Virgin of Lust | Imelda | |
| 2003 | Lucía, Lucía | Store customer 1 | |
| 2003 | Nicotina | Clara | Nominated—Ariel Awards for Best Actress |
| 2006 | Un mundo maravilloso | Economic Reporter | |
| 2016 | Un Cuento de Circo & A Love Song | Trapeze artist | |

### Television roles

| Year | Title | Roles | Notes |
| 1990 | Hora marcada | Guest | Episode: "En el cuarto de arriba" |
| 1997 | Mirada de mujer | Marcela | |
| 1999 | Cuentos para solitarios | Claudia | Episode: "Infidelis" |
| 2000 | Todo por amor | Marlene | |
| 2002 | El país de las mujeres | Yaya | |
| 2004 | Gitanas | Ofelia | |
| 2005 | Amor en custodia | Gabriela | 25 episodes |
| 2006 | Montecristo | Mercedes Cortés | |
| 2007 | Mientras haya vida | Natalia | |
| 2009 | Eternamente tuya | Ernestina | |
| 2009 | Lo que callamos las mujeres | Catalina | Episode: "Prisionera de mi cuerpo" |
| 2011 | A corazón abierto | Miranda Carvajal | |
| 2013 | Vivir a destiempo | Karina Gómez | |
| 2014 | Sr. Ávila | Mauro's mother | Episode: "The Boss of the Bosses" |
| 2014–2015 | Señora Acero | Cornelia Ríos | Recurring role (season 1); 50 episodes |
| 2016 | La querida del Centauro | Mariela Acosta | Recurring role (season 1); 18 episodes |
| 2016 | Un día cualquiera | Paola | Episode: "Conductores De TV" |
| 2016 | La Hermandad | Virginia | |
| 2017 | Como dice el dicho | Unknown role | Episode: "A donde va Vicente, va toda la gente" |
| 2017 | Paquita la del Barrio | Rosa | |
| 2019 | La Guzmán | Silvia Pinal | |
| 2019 | Los elegidos | Rosa Domínguez | Series regular; 34 episodes |
# Provanna sculpta

Provanna sculpta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, off Louisiana.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 7.1 mm.

## Habitat

Minimum recorded depth is 576 m. Maximum recorded depth is 576 m.
# Little Orton, Leicestershire

Little Orton is a hamlet in the English county of Leicestershire.
Little Orton is part of the civil parish of Twycross (where the population is included) ; it is located southwest of the main village being divided from it by the A444 road and Twycross Zoo.
# Gumi station

Gumi station is a railway station on the Gyeongbu Line.
The train station on the Gyeongbu line is between Apo station and Sagok station. On November 1, 1916, the company started operation as a normal station. The station was renovated in 1966 and expanded in 1982. In 2006, the company built a new history of Gumi and stopped handling cargo operation in 2007. KTX, Saemaul and Mugunghwa trains are in operation, and are in charge of passenger and ticket issuance.

## History

November 1, 1916: Opening of business as a regular station (Registration 1916-253 of the Governor-General's Office of the Joseon)
Oct. 12, 1966: Construction of a new history.
Dec. 30, 1966: Completion of the construction of a new station.

## Nearby tourist spots

Nearby tourist attractions include:
* Geum-o mountain Provincial Park
* Dorisa (temple)
# Scott Watkins

Scott Allen Watkins (born May 15, 1970) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. Watkins pitched in 1995 for the Minnesota Twins, appearing in 27 games with no wins or losses.
Watkins began his college baseball career at Oral Roberts University as a freshman. He later played at Seminole State College in Oklahoma where he helped the Trojans to a National Junior College Athletic Association regional championship in 1990. He next committed to continue his college baseball career with the Oklahoma Sooners before switching his commitment to Oklahoma State.