OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pinchas Freudiger

Pinchas Freudiger, also Fülöp Freudiger, Philip von Freudiger (born 1900 in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, died 1976 in Israel) was a Hungarian-Israeli manufacturer and Jewish community leader.

## Life

Pinchas Freudiger was the son of Abraham Freudiger (1868-1939). His grandfather, textile manufacturer Mózes Freudiger (1833-1911), helped found the Orthodox Jewish community in Budapest and was elevated to noble status. Pinchas Freudiger studied and entered the family business.
He was a member of the Orthodox Jewish council in Budapest, succeeding his father as council chairman upon his father’s death in 1939.

## Holocaust

Starting in 1938, the authoritarian Horthy regime of Hungary tightened antisemitic laws enacted to isolate Jews.
After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, thousands of Polish Jews fled to Hungary. Freudiger and others created support organizations to aid them. Meanwhile, many Hungarian Jews continued to believe in their own safety, despite deepening antisemitism in the country.
During Operation Barbarossa in 1941, the Jewish men were not recruited for the Hungarian army, but used in forced labor battalions often stationed behind or at the front.
In 1942, after intense pressure by Rabbi Chaim Michael Dov Weissmandl of the Bratislava Working Group, Hungary’s orthodox Jewish community — under Freudiger’s leadership — financially aided persecuted Jews in Slovakia, paying a ransom to the Nazis to stop transports of Slovakian Jews to Auschwitz. Those transports stopped for two years.
After the German occupation of Hungary on March 19, 1944, Freudiger and Samu Stern were appointed by the Germans as representatives of the orthodox and Neologue Jewish communities on the Jewish Council (Judenrat, Zsidó tanács) in Budapest. The Jewish Council was among recipients of the Vrba–Wetzler report, also known as the Auschwitz Protocols, the Auschwitz Report. It detailed the atrocities in Auschwitz. Much like Rezső Kasztner (aka Rudolf), members of the Jewish Council failed to publicize the atrocities or warn Hungarian Jews of their impending fate.

## In Israel

Freudiger and his family escaped to Palestine via Romania in August 1944 in coordination with high-ranking SS officers Dieter Wisliceny and Hermann Krumey [de]. They warned Freudiger that Adolf Eichmann hated him, partly because of his red beard, and intended to imminently put him on a transport.
He testified at the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem.
# Historical Publications Southern Africa

Historical Publications Southern Africa (HiPSA) is a South African text publication society which publishes or republishes primary sources relating to southern African history. It was founded in 1918 as the Van Riebeeck Society for the Publication of Southern African Historical Documents, usually abbreviated as the Van Riebeeck Society (VRS). It changed to its present name in 2017, with the first volume published under the new name appearing in 2019. Since the society's foundation, with rare exceptions, a new volume has been published annually. Fees from subscribing members finance the publications. The society sets out to make historical sources available to the average reader, but it also maintain a high academic standard and has produced valuable Africana.

## Origins

Since its inception the society has had close links with the National Library of South Africa (South African Library) in Cape Town. Two men who were instrumental in the Society's founding were A. C. G. Lloyd, librarian of the South African Public Library, and John X. Merriman, at one time prime minister of the Cape Colony and a trustee of the library.
The discovery by Lloyd in November 1911 of a large fragment of Adam Tas's diary of 1704 was to a large extent responsible for the society's creation. As leader of the free burghers opposed to the Dutch East India Company and governor of the Cape, Willem Adriaan van der Stel, Tas personified the struggle against colonialism. The trustees of the library raised the funds needed to publish the diary in 1914.
With surplus money from the publication fund, it was decided to publish Baron van Pallandt's General Remarks on the Cape of Good Hope, an 1803 pamphlet originally written in French, printed clandestinely and suppressed by Uitenhage De Mist, and consequently a rare work. This was published in 1917 and met with the disapproval of General J. B. M. Hertzog, the then prime minister, who was upset by passages describing the poor treatment meted out to the Khoikhoi by the settlers. Hertzog's denunciation of the work led to enormously increased sales.
Bolstered by this success, the trustees decided to publish certain reports on the Cape by Governor Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes, and by the commissioner at the Cape, Baron Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff. However, the library's mandate did not include publishing archival documents so that a decision was taken to found a private society to deal with the management of the project. This led on 29 August 1918 to the first meeting of the society. The initial membership was 54, many being members of parliament, and the de Chavonnes reports made up the first publication.
# Frost, West Virginia

Frost is an unincorporated community in eastern Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. Frost is also home to Mountain Quest Institute.
The highly elevated townsite experiences frequent frost conditions, hence the name.

## Climate

The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Frost has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.
Climate data for Frost 3NE, West Virginia, 1991–2020 normals: 2905ft (885m) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) | 71 (22) | 81 (27) | 85 (29) | 88 (31) | 89 (32) | 94 (34) | 93 (34) | 89 (32) | 87 (31) | 79 (26) | 73 (23) | 94 (34) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 58.8 (14.9) | 60.7 (15.9) | 70.7 (21.5) | 79.8 (26.6) | 82.4 (28.0) | 84.9 (29.4) | 86.1 (30.1) | 84.8 (29.3) | 83.9 (28.8) | 78.7 (25.9) | 70.5 (21.4) | 60.9 (16.1) | 87.5 (30.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 37.4 (3.0) | 41.5 (5.3) | 49.0 (9.4) | 60.8 (16.0) | 69.3 (20.7) | 75.0 (23.9) | 78.4 (25.8) | 78.2 (25.7) | 72.8 (22.7) | 63.3 (17.4) | 51.6 (10.9) | 41.5 (5.3) | 59.9 (15.5) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 27.2 (−2.7) | 29.9 (−1.2) | 37.4 (3.0) | 47.4 (8.6) | 56.4 (13.6) | 63.3 (17.4) | 67.1 (19.5) | 66.7 (19.3) | 60.7 (15.9) | 50.3 (10.2) | 39.6 (4.2) | 31.4 (−0.3) | 48.1 (9.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 17.0 (−8.3) | 18.4 (−7.6) | 25.8 (−3.4) | 34.0 (1.1) | 43.6 (6.4) | 51.7 (10.9) | 55.8 (13.2) | 55.1 (12.8) | 48.5 (9.2) | 37.2 (2.9) | 27.6 (−2.4) | 21.3 (−5.9) | 36.3 (2.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −4.2 (−20.1) | −1.2 (−18.4) | 8.4 (−13.1) | 20.5 (−6.4) | 28.0 (−2.2) | 40.2 (4.6) | 46.1 (7.8) | 45.6 (7.6) | 35.1 (1.7) | 24.0 (−4.4) | 13.4 (−10.3) | 4.6 (−15.2) | −5.4 (−20.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −12 (−24) | −12 (−24) | −7 (−22) | 14 (−10) | 23 (−5) | 33 (1) | 41 (5) | 40 (4) | 29 (−2) | 17 (−8) | 4 (−16) | −3 (−19) | −12 (−24) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.50 (89) | 3.04 (77) | 4.50 (114) | 4.20 (107) | 5.25 (133) | 5.07 (129) | 4.41 (112) | 3.59 (91) | 3.95 (100) | 3.11 (79) | 3.20 (81) | 3.97 (101) | 47.79 (1,213) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 11.60 (29.5) | 14.30 (36.3) | 10.00 (25.4) | 1.60 (4.1) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.40 (1.0) | 2.90 (7.4) | 10.30 (26.2) | 51.1 (129.9) |
| Source 1: NOAA ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: XMACIS (temp records & monthly max/mins) ||||||||||||||
# Richard Alpert (disambiguation)

Richard Alpert (1931–2019) was an American former psychology researcher, and later spiritual teacher and author, better known as Ram Dass.
Richard Alpert may also refer to:
* Richard Alpert (artist) (born 1947), American sculptor, abstract filmmaker, and performance artist
* Richard Alpert (Lost), a fictional character played by Nestor Carbonell in the American ABC television series Lost
# Richard Alsager

Captain Richard Alsager (died 17 January 1841) was a British politician and businessman who served as the Conservative MP for East Surrey from 1835 to 1841.
While in Parliament, Alsager made 15 contributions in the Hansard, spanning 1835 to 1839 only. He lived in Upper Tooting, then a director of Globe Insurance. He was also a director of the Imperial Gas Light and Coke Company.
Alsager died at Upper Tooting in January 1841. His will passed less than the headline bracket of £30,000, its executor was Elizabeth Beatrice, his widow.

## Sources

* ↑ "Mr Richard Alsager (Hansard)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
* ↑ Preston Chronicle (Preston, England), Saturday, January 23, 1841; Issue 1482. British Library Newspapers, Part I: 1800-1900
* ↑ The Examiner (London, England), Sunday, January 24, 1841; Issue 1721. British Library Newspapers, Part I: 1800-1900.
* ↑ Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser (Exeter, England), Thursday, January 7, 1841; Issue 3919. British Library Newspapers, Part I: 1800-1900.
* ↑ The Morning Chronicle (London, England), Monday, April 5, 1841; Issue 22264. British Library Newspapers, Part I: 1800-1900
* ↑ Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle etc (Portsmouth, England), Monday, March 1, 1841; Issue 2160. British Library Newspapers, Part I: 1800-1900.
* This article about a Conservative Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom representing an English constituency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Fritz Erler School (Pforzheim)

Fritz Erler school is a vocational school, a Wirtschaftsgymnasium and business high school of the city of Pforzheim. It was named after the politician Fritz Erler. In 1998, it was the largest school in the administrative district of Karlsruhe and housed the largest high school in southern Germany. With almost 2000 pupils, it is the largest school in Pforzheim and the Enzkreis.

## History

The origins of the school date back to 1859, when Carl Zerrenner, the then Mayor of Pforzheim, arranged a trade course. The reason was the increasing importance of jewellery industry in the city. It became an upper secondary school in 1898, and was allowed to call itself a "commercial school". From 1899, girls were also admitted to the school. The school became independent in 1911. On July 4, 1967, the school was renamed to "Fritz Erler School".

## The Fritz Erler Prize

It is an annual prize awarded by the city of Pforzheim to the best graduates of the Fritz Erler School. The prize is a medal with the inscription: "A people needs knowledge of its history, but it must live in the present and for the future" (German: Ein Volk braucht die Erkenntnis seiner Geschichte, aber es muss in der Gegenwart und für die Zukunft leben).

## Notable alumni

* Jonas Deichmann, adventurer, extreme athlete, and holder of multiple world records
* Dieter Kosslick, former director of Berlin International Film Festival
* Stefan Mappus, Minister President of the state of Baden-Württemberg
* Götz Wörner [de], music producer
* Cornelia Petzold-Schick [de], mayor of Bruchsal
* Michael Baral [de], actor
# Pierre Lake (Washington)

Pierre Lake is a lake in the U.S. state of Washington.
Pierre Lake was named after Peter Pierre, a pioneer settler.
# Richard Barnett

Richard Barnett may refer to:
* Sir Richard Barnett (politician) (1863–1930), Irish sport shooter and MP
* Richard David Barnett (1909–1986), Keeper, Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities of the British Museum
* Dick Barnett (Richard Barnett, born 1936), American basketball player
* Sir Richard Barnett (economist) (born 1952), Vice-Chancellor of Ulster University, 2006–2015
* Richie Barnett (born 1972), New Zealand rugby league footballer
* Richard Barnett (historian) (born 1980), British medical historian
* Richie Barnett (rugby league, born 1981), English rugby league footballer
* Richard Barnett (Capitol rioter), participant in the 2021 United States Capitol attack
# Fumigaclavine

Fumigaclavine may refer to:
* Fumigaclavine A
* Fumigaclavine B
* Fumigaclavine C
# Pine Junction, Colorado

Pine Junction is a small unincorporated community in central Colorado in the United States. Pine Junction is the first intersection with a traffic light on U.S. Highway 285 in the foothills. At this traffic light, you can turn left on Colorado Rd 126 to go to the historic Town of Pine Grove and continue to State Highway 67 to Deckers and Woodland Park.
Pine Junction is situated in the foothills of the Front Range south of Mount Blue Sky, approximately 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Denver along U.S. Highway 285. The community sits astride the Park-Jefferson county line, and is situated at the crest of a hill on the highway, east of where the highway drops from Crow Hill down into the Platte Canyon near Bailey. The community consists of a strip of retail businesses along the highway, as well as nearby houses on either side of highway. It serves partially as a bedroom community for the Denver Metropolitan Area to the northeast. It is also home to a large array of other commercial ventures such as, a hardware store, and a storage rental.
Pine Junction is part of Colorado's Bustang network. It is on the Gunnison-Denver Outrider line.
39°28′29.74″N 105°22′17.72″W﻿ / ﻿39.4749278°N 105.3715889°W﻿ / 39.4749278; -105.3715889
# Pinal Mountains National Forest

Pinal Mountains National Forest was established as the Pinal Mountains Forest Reserve by the U.S. Forest Service in Arizona on March 20, 1905 with 45,760 acres (185.2 km$^2$). It became a National Forest on March 4, 1907 and encompassed the entirety of the Pinal Mountains south of Globe, Arizona and some areas surrounding the mountains. On January 13, 1908 the forest was combined with Tonto National Forest and the name was discontinued.
# Friends & Strangers

Friends & Strangers is the third album by American saxophonist Ronnie Laws, recorded in 1976-1977 and released on the Blue Note label. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales of over 500,000 copies.

## Reception

The AllMusic review by Ed Hogan stated that "saxophonist Ronnie Laws' Friends and Strangers LP showcases his skilled chops on up-tempo and mellow tunes".
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |

## Track listing

    All compositions by Ronnie Laws except as indicated
* "Good Time Ride" (William Jeffrey, Laws) - 5:05
* "Saturday Evening" - 4:34
* "Friends and Strangers" (Jeffrey) - 4:49
* "Nuthin' 'Bout Nuthin'" (Jeffrey, Laws) - 5:11
* "New Day" - 6:17
* "Life In Paradise" - 7:01
* "Same Old Story" - 4:41
* "Just Love" (Larry Dunn, Laws, Eloise Laws) - 3:25
   * Recorded at ABC Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California in January–March, 1977.

## Personnel

* Ronnie Laws - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, alto flute
* Bobby Lyle - piano
* Larry Dunn - synthesizer
* Roland Bautista, Melvin Robinson - guitar
* Donnie Beck, Nathaniel Phillips - electric bass
* Steve Guttierez - drums
* Vance "Mad Dog" Ternort - conga, percussion
* Saundra "Pan" Alexander, Deborah Laws, Eloise Laws - backing vocals
# Pinacate Mining District

The Pinacate Mining District is 5 to 8 miles southwest of Perris, California. It included the Good Hope Mine, Steele's Mine, Santa Rosa (Rosalia) Mine, Virginia or Shay Mine, Santa Fe Mine and many other smaller works like the Little Maggie Mine. It produced a total of about 104,000 ounces of gold through 1959, all from the lodes of various mines. The district declined until the mid-1930s, when attempts were made to rehabilitate the Good Hope and several other mines. These efforts were largely unsuccessful, the Good Hope mine closed when it was flooded with underground water. Only three ounces of gold were produced in the district between 1943 and 1959.
# Richard D. Nelson

Richard Donald Nelson (born 1945) is an American Old Testament scholar. He is W. J. A. Power Professor of Biblical Hebrew and Old Testament and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs at Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University.
Nelson studied at Capital University, Trinity Lutheran Seminary, and Union Theological Seminary in Virginia. Before coming to Perkins, he served as a pastor in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and then as Assistant Professor of Religion at Ferrum College and Kraft Professor of Biblical Studies at Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg.
Nelson has written commentaries on Deuteronomy, Joshua, and the Book of Kings. In 2010, a Festschrift was published in his honor: Raising Up a Faithful Exegete: Essays in Honor of Richard D. Nelson, which included contributions from Niels Peter Lemche, Kurt Noll, and Ralph W. Klein.
In 2014 he published Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200–63 BCE) (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature Press) in which he listed some of the most important extra-biblical sources relevant for a scholarly study of the Old Testament.
Nelson was a student of historian John Bright (1908–1995), and was influenced by him in his methodological approach to Old Testament study.
# Ponte, Cerreto di Spoleto

Ponte is a frazione of the comune of Cerreto di Spoleto in the Province of Perugia, Umbria, central Italy. It stands at an elevation of 441 metres above sea level. At the time of the Istat census of 2001 it had 125 inhabitants.
* churches and monuments
* Santa Maria Assunta, facade
* Santa Maria Assunta, apse
* San Martino
# Leuconitocris tanganjyicae

Leuconitocris tanganjyicae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1956.
# George Henry Wilson Griffith

George Henry Wilson Griffith (28 March 1891 – 15 March 1978) served as Lord Mayor of Birmingham, England, for the year 1953–4.
Griffith was born on 28 March 1891, in Leytonstone, Essex. His father was George Wilson Griffith. He married Gladys Winifred Jones in West Bromwich, Staffordshire, on 25 September 1915, when he was 24 years old. They had three children: George Wilson, Philip Richard, and Mary. Griffith served as Lord Mayor of Birmingham for the year 1953–4. He died in Birmingham on 15 March 1978.
# Bethanidine

Bethanidine (or betanidine) is a sympatholytic drug.
# Campaign to Maintain the Advanced Nature of Communist Party Members

* This article is part of a series aboutHu Jintao
Hu–Wen Administration
2002 election as General Secretary
2007 reelection as General Secretary
Tuanpai
Policies and theories
China's peaceful rise
Eight Honors and Eight Shames
Harmonious Society
Scientific Outlook on Development
Key events
International trips
2002–2004 SARS outbreak
Baoxian campaign
Anti-Secession Law
2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China
2008 Tibetan unrest
2008 Summer Olympics
July 2009 Ürümqi riots :
vte :
The Campaign to Maintain the Advanced Nature of Communist Party Members (Chinese: 保持共产党员先进性教育活动; pinyin: baochi dangyuan de xianjinxing) is a political rectification campaign launched under the leadership of Hu Jintao. The campaign aims to educate Chinese Communist Party (CCP) members on Marxist ideological orthodoxy, improve "inner-party democracy," and combat corruption and other "social contradictions" that threaten the viability of continued CCP rule. The official Xinhua News Agency wrote that the campaign is "practice for the Party's efforts to promote the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics." The campaign was closely linked to Hu Jintao's Scientific Outlook on Development.
In the years following the launch of the campaign, millions of CCP members were made to attend compulsory political education and self-criticism sessions.

## Development

The Campaign to Maintain the Advanced Nature of Communist Party Members was alluded to during the Fourth Plenum of the Communist Party leadership in September 2004, and on 1 October 2004, party leadership established a central leading group to coordinate the campaign, led by CCP Organization Department chief He Guoqiang. It was formally launched in January 2005 with the publication of editorials in the People's Daily and Xinhua News Agency.
The campaign was originally intended to be carried out over three phases, spanning 1.5 years. Toward the end of the planned campaign, however, party leaders indicated the belief that the campaign should "become a long-term mechanism in the Party's work."

## Categorization

The campaign has been classified as a "rectification campaign" by observers, which would make it the third such campaign since the death of Mao Zedong (the previous two being launched in 1983 and 1998). In a 2005 press conferenced, however, the CCP's Organization Department asserted that the campaign was not a "rectification campaign," but rather an education campaign.
# Fulvia Pilat

Fulvia Pilat is an Italian-American physicist who is currently the Research Accelerator Division Director at the Spallation Neutron Source and an elected fellow of the American Physical Society (APS).

## Education and career

She earned her Ph.D from University of Trieste in 1986 before joining the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and later, in 1994, the Brookhaven National Laboratory followed by the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in 2010 as Deputy Associate Director. In Nov. 2017, she accepted a new position at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory as the director of the Research Accelerator Division in the Neutron Sciences Directorate.

## Research

Her interests are the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility, for which she was elected to the APS for, and electron-ion colliders.

## Publications

* Design study for a staged very large hadron collider. Brookhaven National Laboratory. 2001.
* First polarized proton collisions at a beam energy of 250 GeV in RHIC. Proceedings of PAC09, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 2004.
* RHIC Magnet Transfer Functions. 1996.
* SXF (Standard eXchange Format): definition, syntax. Technical Report RHIC/AP/155, BNL. 1998.
# Rieux o Machinagara

Rieux o Machinagara (リウーを待ちながら, Riū o Machinagara, lit. 'While Waiting for Rieux') is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ao Akato [ja]. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Evening from January 2017 to January 2018, with its chapters collected in three tankōbon volumes.

## Publication

Rieux o Machinagara is written and illustrated by Ao Akato [ja]. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Evening from January 10, 2017 to January 23, 2018. Kodansha collected chapters in three tankōbon volumes, released from June 23, 2017 to March 23, 2018.
In France, the manga has been licensed by Kana, which published it under the title Contamination.

### Volumes

| No. | Japanese release date | Japanese ISBN |
| 1 | June 23, 2017 | 978-4-06-354678-1 |
| 2 | October 23, 2017 | 978-4-06-354696-5 |
| 3 | March 23, 2018 | 978-4-06-511134-5 |
# Piute ground squirrel

The Piute ground squirrel (Urocitellus mollis) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is endemic to the Great Basin region of the western United States, where it is found in parts of California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.
# Piva (bagpipe)

The piva is a type of bagpipe played in Italy and in Ticino, the Italian-speaking Canton of Switzerland. The instrument has a single chanter and single drone. A different instrument with the same name is also known in Istria region of Croatia.
Illustrations and scriptural evidences tend to suggest that a similar instrument was also used in Veneto.
In Italy it was traditionally played in an ensemble with the piffero (folk oboe) until the piva was replaced by the accordion in the 1950s.
The piva appears to have died out in Switzerland in the 19th century, but was revived in 1980 by Swiss-German folk musician Urs Klauser.
# Rimaucourt

Rimaucourt (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.