OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hermann Flaschka

Hermann Flaschka (25 March 1945 – 18 March 2021) was an Austrian-American mathematical physicist and Professor of Mathematics at the University of Arizona, known for his important contributions in completely integrable systems (soliton equations).

## Childhood

Flaschka had lived in the USA since his family immigrated when he was a teenager. They lived in Atlanta, GA. His father Hermenegild Arved Flaschka (1915 - 1999) taught Chemistry at Georgia Tech. Hermann graduated from Druid Hills High School with the class of 1962 and received his Bachelor's degree at Georgia Tech in 1967. Among other achievements there he also received the "William Gilmer Perry Awards for Freshman English" in 1963, despite the fact that he's not a native speaker.

## Career

He received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970. His advisor was Gilbert Strang and the title of his thesis Asymptotic Expansions and Hyperbolic Equations with Multiple Characteristics. He then worked as post-doc at the Carnegie Mellon University until 1972. He was a professor at the University of Arizona until his retirement in 2017.
He lectured as visiting professor at several institutions, among them the Clarkson University (1978/79), the Kyoto RIMS (1980/81) and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (2002).
In 1995 he received the Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

## Work

He made important contributions to the theory of completely integrable systems in particular the Toda lattice and the Korteweg–de Vries equation.
In 1980 he co-founded Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena for which he also served as co-editor for many years. Publisher Elsevier now lists him as honorary editor.
# Gotham Independent Film Awards 1994

The 4th Annual Gotham Independent Film Awards, presented by the Independent Filmmaker Project, were held on September 20, 1994. At the ceremony, hosted by Eric Bogosian for the second time, Sam Cohn was honored with a Career Tribute with Joel and Ethan Coen, Sigourney Weaver, Terry Southern and Howard Shore receiving the other individual awards.

## Winners
### Breakthrough Director (Open Palm Award)

* Rose Troche – Go Fish

### Filmmaker Award

* Joel and Ethan Coen

### Actor Award

* Sigourney Weaver

### Writer Award

* Terry Southern

### Below-the-Line Award

* Howard Shore, composer

### Career Tribute

* Sam Cohn
# Search by sound

Search by sound is the retrieval of information based on audio input. There are a handful of applications, specifically for mobile devices that utilize search by sound. Shazam, Soundhound, Axwave, ACRCloud and others have seen considerable success by using a simple algorithm to match an acoustic fingerprint to a song in a library. These applications take a sample clip of a song, or a user-generated melody and check a music library/music database to see where the clip matches with the song. From there, song information will be queried and displayed to the user.
These kinds of applications are mainly used for finding a song that the user does not already know. Searching by sound is not limited to just identifying songs, but also for identifying melodies, tunes or advertisements, sound library management and video files.

## Acoustic fingerprinting

The way these apps search by sound is through generating an acoustic fingerprint; a digital summary of the sound. A microphone is used to pick up an audio sample, which is then broken down into a simple numeric signature, a code unique to each track. Using the same method of fingerprinting sounds, when Shazam picks up a sound clip, it will generate a signature for that clip. Then it’s simple pattern matching from there using an extensive audio music database.
The practice of using acoustic fingerprints is not limited to just music, however, but other areas of the entertainment business as well. Shazam also can identify television shows with the same technique of acoustic fingerprinting. Of course, this method of breaking down a sound sample into a unique signature is useless unless there is an extensive database of music with keys to match with the samples. Shazam has over 11 million songs in its database.
Other services such as Midomi and Soundhound allow users to add to that library of music in order to expand the chances to match a sound sample with its corresponding sound.

## Query by humming

Midomi and Soundhound both offer query by humming. This is a branch off of acoustic fingerprints but is still a musical retrieval system. After receiving a user-generated hummed melody, which is the input query, the system returns a ranked list of songs that are closest to the user query.
# Frank Skjellerup

John Francis Skjellerup (aka James Francis Skjellerup; 16 May 1875 – 6 January 1952) was an Australian amateur astronomer who spent two decades working as a telegraphist in South Africa.
His father Peder Jensen Skjellerup was Danish and died when he was young; his mother was Margaret Williamson, born in England. He was born in Cobden, Victoria, Australia, the tenth of thirteen children. His youngest brother, George Skellerup (who dropped the silent "j" from his surname later in life), became a successful industrialist in New Zealand.
Trained as a telegraphist, Skjellerup went to South Africa when that country needed telegraphists after the Second Boer War; 18 telegraphists left Australia on 21 February 1900 on the SS Australasian for Cape Town. Apparently, he was an excellent golfer as well as an astronomer. He married South African Mary Peterson and returned with her to Australia in 1923 where they settled in Melbourne; she died in 1950 and there were no children. He lived in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh and died in his hometown on 6 January 1952.
Skjellerup took up astronomy in South Africa. There was no family history in science, let alone astronomy, and Skjellerup was unable to establish a family connection to the Danish astronomer Hans Schjellerup (1827–1887). In 1912, he was a foundation member of the Cape Astronomical Association. He discovered or co-discovered various comets in both South Africa and Australia, including the periodic comet 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup in South Africa and the very bright Skjellerup–Maristany (C/1927 X1) (visible mostly from the Southern Hemisphere) in Australia. In addition to comets, he was also a variable star observer.
# Holberg Medal

The Holberg Medal (Danish: Holberg-Medaljen) is an award to a Danish author of fiction or writer on science. It is an appreciation of a literary or scientific work or of the award winner's authorship as a whole. The prize is often awarded on 3 December, the birthday of Ludvig Holberg. The first award was given in 1934 in connection with the 40th anniversary of the Danish association of authors.

## Prize winners

* 1934 – Vilhelm Andersen
* 1935 – Sven Clausen
* 1937 – Valdemar Rørdam
* 1938 – Th.A. Müller
* 1939 – Jacob Paludan
* 1940 – Thit Jensen
* 1941 – Henrik Pontoppidan
* 1942 – Frederik Poulsen
* 1943 – Otto Rung
* 1944 – Johannes Jørgensen
* 1945 – Tom Kristensen
* 1946 – Harry Søiberg
* 1947 – Carl Erik Soya
* 1948 – Paul la Cour
* 1949 – Karen Blixen
* 1950 – Hans Hartvig Seedorff Pedersen
* 1951 – Torben Krogh
* 1952 – Martin A. Hansen
* 1953 – Helge Topsøe-Jensen
* 1954 – H.C. Branner
* 1955 – Knuth Becker
* 1956 – Palle Lauring
* 1957 – Kjeld Abell
* 1958 – F.J. Billeskov Jansen
* 1959 – Knud Sønderby
* 1960 – William Heinesen
* 1961 – Robert Neiiendam
* 1962 – Finn Methling
* 1963 – Otto Gelsted
* 1964 – Morten Borup
* 1965 – Hans Scherfig
* 1966 – Aage Dons
* 1967 – Hakon Stangerup
* 1968 – Willy-August Linnemann
* 1969 – Steen Eiler Rasmussen
* 1970 – Rudolf Broby-Johansen
* 1971 – Leif Panduro
* 1972 – K.E. Løgstrup
* 1973 – Villy Sørensen
* 1974 – Oluf Friis
* 1975 – Aage Kragelund
* 1976 – Elsa Gress
* 1977 – Jens Kruuse
* 1978 – Erik Knudsen
* 1979 – Klaus Rifbjerg
* 1980 – Aage Hansen
* 1981 – Svend Kragh-Jacobsen
* 1982 – Heðin Brú
* 1983 – Thorkild Bjørnvig
* 1984 – Lise Sørensen
* 1985 – Jørgen Gustava Brandt
* 1986 – Halfdan Rasmussen
* 1987 – Inger Christensen
* 1988 – Svend Eegholm Pedersen
* 1989 – Ulla Ryum
* 1990 – Svend Aage Madsen
* 1991 – Sven Holm
* 1992 – Suzanne Brøgger
* 1993 – Erik A. Nielsen
* 1994 – Ole Wivel
* 1995 – Henrik Stangerup
* 1996 – Astrid Saalbach
* 1997 – Per Højholt
* 1998 – Jess Ørnsbo
* 1999 – Carsten Jensen
* 2000 – Bent Holm
* 2001 – Benny Andersen
* 2002 – Keld Zeruneith
* 2003 – Ebbe Kløvedal Reich
* 2004 – Erling Jepsen
* 2005 – Thomas Bredsdorff
* 2006 – Line Knutzon
* 2007 – Klaus Peter Mortensen
* 2008 – Anders Matthesen
* 2009 – Jørn Lund
* 2010 – Nikoline Werdelin
* 2011 – Ursula Andkjær Olsen
* 2012 - Rune Lykkeberg
* 2013 - Henning Mortensen
* 2014 - Karen Skovgaard-Petersen
* 2015 - Dorrit Willumsen
* 2016 - Ivar Gjørup
* 2017 - Kaspar Colling Nielsen
* 2018 - Peter Zeeberg
* 2019 - Helle Helle
* 2020 - Birgitte Possing
* 2021 - Dorte Karrebæk
* 2022 - Ditlev Tamm
* 2023 - Frederik Cilius
# Hiromi Endō

Hiromi Endō (born 22 February 1993) is a Japanese judoka.
Endō is the gold medalist of the 2013 Judo World Masters in the ‍–‍48 kg category.
# Quintanas de Gormaz

Quintanas de Gormaz is a municipality located in the province of Soria, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 192 inhabitants.
# 2005–06 Australian bushfire season

A moderately extensive bushfire season, particularly in western Victoria where fires were most prominent, occurred in mid-late January 2006 as conditions persisted across the state.

## Timeline
### January 2006

Bushfires in Victoria were prominent in mid-late January 2006 as conditions permitted across the state. With the loss of 4 lives and 57 homes. On Australia Day, a CFA volunteer died in the Victorian fires. Arsonists were charged with lighting fires that spread through western Victoria in late January. Two people died in The Grampians when their car was overcome by the Mount Lubra bushfire.
Over the month a total of 500 fires were recorded in Victoria with 359 farm buildings destroyed, stock losses of 64,000 and 1,600 square kilometres (618 sq mi) of private and public land burned out.

## Fires of note

| State | Start date | Deaths | Injuries | Houses lost | Area (ha) | Local govt. | Impacted communities & destruction | Duration |
| VIC | 31 December 2005 | | 2 | 11 | 10,000 ha (25,000 acres) | Northern Grampians | Stawell Vineyards, orchards, flower farms and 68 non-residential structures destroyed 1,600 head of livestock perish | |
| NSW | 1 January 2006 | | 1 | 10 | 25,000 ha (62,000 acres) | Junee | Bethungra, Illabo & Junee 4 shearing sheds, many other non-residential structures and vehicles destroyed 21,000 head of livestock perish | 2 days |
| NSW | 1 January 2006 | 1 | | 3 | 4,500 ha (11,000 acres) | Gosford | Woy Woy, Umina Beach & Phegans Bay A St John's Ambulance volunteer suffers a heart attack and perishes 7 vehicles, 3 non-residential structures and a RFS station destroyed | 2 days |
| VIC | 19 January 2006 | 2 | | 40 | 130,000 ha (320,000 acres) | Northern Grampians | Moyston, Pornonal, Dunkeld, Mafeking, Willaura & Halls Gap Two civilians perish 73 non-residential structures and several dozen vehicles destroyed 65,000 head of livestock perish | 32 days |
| VIC | 22 January 2006 | | | 5 | 6,700 ha (17,000 acres) | Greater Geelong | Anakie A hall, 31 non-residential structures and 13 vehicles destroyed 1,000 head of livestock perish | |
| VIC | 23 January 2006 | 1 | 2 | | | Murrindindi | near Yea A CFA volunteer perishes Several non-residential structures destroyed | |
| VIC | 17 February 2006 | 1 | | | | Indigo | Barnawartha A CFA volunteer perishes | |
| VIC | 13 March 2006 | | | 6 | 3,100 ha (7,700 acres) | Pyrenees | Snake Valley, Scarsdale & Smythesdale 20 vehicles destroyed | 8 days |
# Reegle

reegle (lower-case) was a search engine specifically covering the fields of renewable energy, efficient energy use, and climate change issues. It was developed in 2005 by REEEP and REN21, with funding from several European government agencies. At one point, it had 220,000 visitors per month.
It was launched in July 2006.
It was conceived as a public resource for governments, project developers, banks and finance institutions, NGOs, and international organisations as well as the general public. The central function of the site was a search engine, which offered a "mind map" based search refinement function. Users were able to click on a map of the world and get information on renewable energy and energy efficiency in that specific country, including relevant government ministries, private companies, country energy statistics, and a sampling of clean energy development projects in that specific area. The website offered an online glossary covering about 4,000 terms from the clean energy and climate sector, with definitions from Open Data sources. Translations of many terms into additional languages was also available. As of 2021, the portal is no longer active.
# Rhondda Urban District Council

Rhondda Urban District Council was a local authority in Glamorgan, Wales. It was created in 1894 as a result of the 1894 Local Government of England and Wales Act and the 1894 election saw the election of the first members of the authority, initially known as the Ystradyfodwg Urban District Council. The Council existed until 1973 and replaced the Ystradyfodwg Local Board of Health which had functioned since the 1870s. . Initially, the Council had fifteen members but this was increased to twenty in 1906, as a result of the increase in population. There were five wards.
The first councillors were elected at the 1894 election. From the outset there was a strong representation on the Council of middle-class nonconformist liberals, who were typical of the new elite who rose to prominence in Wales in the late-Victorian and Edwardian periods.
Following the inaugural elections there were comparatively few contests during the next few years.
In the years leading up to the First World War, representatives of the Labour Party began to gain ground.
In 1974 the authority was abolished, and replaced by the Rhondda Borough Council which, in turn, was subsumed into the unitary authority of Rhondda Cynon Taf in 1996.

## 1896 Rhondda Urban District Council election

This was the second election to the authority, originally known as the Ystradyfodwg Urban District Council. The initial election was held in 1894 and this election was followed by the 1897 election.
All the wards were uncontested. In four wards, members returned at the previous election were unopposed, while in Ward No.3, the Labour member, Ebenezer Davies, checkweigher at the Clydach Vale Colliery did not seek re-election. The Rhondda parliamentary constituency was represented by the Lib-Lab MP, William Abraham, and there was significant tension at local level between the official Liberal Association and the trade unions, notably the miners.

### Ward Results
#### Ward No.1

Ward No.1 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | William Jones* | Unopposed | Unopposed | Unopposed |

#### Ward No.2

Ward No.2 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | William Thomas* | Unopposed | Unopposed | Unopposed |

#### Ward No.3

Ward No.3 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | David Williams | Unopposed | Unopposed | Unopposed |

#### Ward No.4

Ward No.4 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Conservative | L.P. Griffiths* | Unopposed | Unopposed | Unopposed |

#### Ward No.5

Ward No.5 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Morris Morris* | Unopposed | Unopposed | Unopposed |
# Renault Zoom

The Renault Zoom was a concept car created by Matra and Renault and was first introduced at the 1992 Paris Motor Show.
The small 2-seat car had a length of 2,650 mm (104.3 in) and a width of 1,520 mm (59.8 in). The Zoom was powered by a 45 kW (61.2 hp) electric motor. It was unique in having fold up rear wheels resulting in a shorter length 2,300 mm (90.6 in) when parked. Width remains constant at 1.52m, which means Zoom is 230 mm (9.1 in) higher in retracted wheelbase configuration. 2 scissor doors mounted on inclined axes reduce lateral bodywork clearance to a minimum and make Zoom easy to use in the tightest of spots.
The Zoom was an urban and suburban concept car born of common research by Renault and Matra into modern electric cars. The Zoom was a relatively early venture into the world of city runabouts and utilised an electric power system in addition to a variable wheelbase. The engine is 90 percent recyclable. A communication centre mounted between the two seats houses a hands-free telephone and power-up control for Carminat navigation system.
The concept for a variable wheelbase city car was revisited by the MIT CityCar and applied in the development of the Hiriko folding two-seat urban electric car. It did not go into production due to it being a concept but also not attracting serious interest going into production.
# Round Lake Township, Becker County, Minnesota

Round Lake Township is a township in Becker County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 157 as of the 2000 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 72.6 square miles (188.0 km$^2$), of which 64.1 square miles (165.9 km$^2$) is land and 8.5 square miles (22.0 km$^2$) (11.73%) is water.

### Cities, towns, villages

* Elbow Lake (southeast half)
* Pine Point (northwest edge)

### Major highway

* Minnesota State Highway 113

### Lakes

* Aspinwall Lake (northwest edge)
* Beaver Lake
* Big Rush Lake (northwest three-quarters)
* Camp Seven Lake
* Elbow Lake (southeast half)
* Green Water Lake
* Ice Cracking Lake (vast majority)
* Johnson Lake
* Juggler Lake
* Little Bemidji Lake (east edge)
* Many Point Lake (vast majority)
* Moore Lake
* Mud Lake
* Pickerel Lake
* Pike Lake
* Pine Island Lake
* Round Lake (vast majority)
* Tee Cracking Lake (northeast quarter)
* Wilson Lake

### Adjacent townships

* La Prairie Township, Clearwater County (north)
* Forest Township (east)
* Pine Point Township (east)
* Shell Lake Township (south)
* Height of Land Township (southwest)
* Eagle View Township (west)
* Sugar Bush Township (west)
* Little Elbow Township, Mahnomen County (northwest)

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 157 people, 66 households, and 48 families residing in the township. The population density was 2.5 people per square mile (0.9/km$^2$). There were 281 housing units at an average density of 4.4/sq mi (1.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 50.96% White, 47.13% Native American, 0.64% from other races, and 1.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.91% of the population.
There were 66 households, out of which 19.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.6% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.84.
In the township the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 19.7% from 25 to 44, 30.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 122.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $23,500, and the median income for a family was $34,583. Males had a median income of $20,250 versus $14,167 for females. The per capita income for the township was $12,996. About 10.6% of families and 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under the age of eighteen and 5.4% of those 65 or over.
# Liquid Dreams

Liquid Dreams may refer to:
* Liquid Dreams (film), 1991 American film
* "Liquid Dreams" (song), 2000 O-Town song
# FreeShop

freeShop was a homebrew application for the Nintendo 3DS that allowed games to be downloaded from the Nintendo eShop's servers without being previously purchased. freeShop was first released in April 2016, before being removed from GitHub following a DMCA takedown notice sent in late December 2016.

## History

freeShop was created by Thomas Edvalson, known online as TheCruel, in 2016. freeShop used a user-submitted database of "tickets" to decrypt games downloaded from Nintendo's servers, which were available without any authentication.
The software was taken down from GitHub after Nintendo sent a DMCA takedown notice requesting its removal on December 27, 2016, claiming that "the freeShop application provided at https://github.com/Cruel/freeShop/releases infringes Nintendo's copyrights, because the application circumvents Nintendo's technological protection measures in violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act."
Following its removal from GitHub, freeShop was distributed via other means, and piracy of 3DS games directly from Nintendo's servers continued. In 2018, Nintendo began requiring authentication for downloads of 3DS games, making freeShop and similar tools non-functional.
# Quintanar de la Orden

Quintanar de la Orden is a municipality of Spain located in the province of Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha. The municipality spans across a total area of 87.87 km$^2$ and, as of 1 January 2023, the municipality has a registered population of 11,119. It is part of the Mancha Alta de Toledo comarca.

## Name

The term "Quintanar" derives from the Latin Quintana meaning 'one fifth' which may relate to the portion of the harvest of the tenants (or its monetary equivalent) which had to be paid as tax or rent at the market where they sold food. It could also be related to the distance, of five miles from a particular Roman communications center. The term "Order" is a reference to the Order of Santiago.
Before the "de la Orden" moniker, Quintanar was known as "Quintanar de la Encina".

## Geography

The municipality borders the towns of Mota del Cuervo in the Province of Cuenca and Villanueva de Alcardete, El Toboso, Miguel Esteban and La Puebla de Almoradiel in the Province of Toledo .

## History

The discovery Paleolithic may indicate the presence a prehistoric settlement. Roman coins indicate the existence of some sort of installation here at that time.
Quintanar was one of the villages of La Mancha whose repopulation was tasked to the Order of Santiago. The early settlers possibly were Mozarabs from Toledo. Quintanar was granted a chartae populationis during the reign of Ferdinand III. Some Jews installed in Quintanar following their expulsion from Andalusia in 1443.
Autochthonous crypto-Jews were found in the town between 1588 and 1592. Moriscos were also reported in the town between 1570 and 1597, accounting for 235 in 1603.
# Police Service of Northern Ireland Service Medal

The Police Service Of Northern Ireland Service Medal is a medal created to honour the service of members of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). The medal was established in January 2020 and first awarded in December 2021.

## Criteria

The Police Service Of Northern Ireland Service Medal is awarded to all officers of the PSNI who have completed 5 years' reckonable service since 25 February 2009 - the date that the threat level was raised to 'severe'. Those individuals who, as a result of injury or disability sustained in the execution of their duty in the PSNI, died or were required to leave the force are also eligible.
As the medal is only awarded to police officers, a similar award – the Police Service of Northern Ireland Service Medallion – was instituted at the same time for all police staff.

## Description

The medal is circular and made of silver coloured metal. The obverse bears the 2015 Jody Clark Crowned Effigy of Elizabeth II, surrounded by the royal titles. The reverse depicts the badge of the Police Service of Northern Ireland below the words PRO MUNERIS, surmounting emblems of shamrock and laurel The ribbon of the medal is sky blue with a central band of dark green.
Approximately 10,000 medals and medallions were issued to December 2021.