OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Karoliina Honkala

Karoliina Honkala (born 1973) is a Finnish chemist who is a professor at the University of Jyväskylä. Her research considers heterogeneous and electro-catalysis. She was awarded the 2015 Berzelius Award of the Nordic Catalysis Society and elected to the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters in 2022.

## Academic career

Honkala was born in Kuusamo. She was a doctoral student in computational chemistry at the University of Oulu. Her doctoral research involved Ab initio studies of oxygen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide on metal (Al(111) and Pd(111)) surfaces. Honkala was then made a research professor at the Technical University of Denmark. She moved to the Academy of Finland in 2005, where she worked as a postdoctoral researcher.

## Research and career

In 2006, Honkala moved to the University of Jyväskylä. That year she was made a docent in physical chemistry. She was made a professor of Computational Nanocatalysis in 2016. Her research considers surface science and catalysis. She has focused on the heterogeneous catalysis of hydrocarbonsl, catalysis on the surface of substances and electro-catalysis.
Whilst her initial research involved improving catalytic activity, she has made considerable efforts to improve selectivity for specific reactions. She has mainly considered transition metals, nanostructure surfaces and nano clusters. She has developed several computational strategies, including density functional theory and Monte Carlo methods.

## Academic service

Honkala has served as President of the Finnish Catalyst Association. She has represented Finland on the Council of the European Federation for Catalysis. She was awarded the 2015 Berzelius Award of the Nordic Catalysis Society and was elected to the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters in 2022.

## Selected publications

* Honkala K; Hellman A; Ioannis N Remediakis; Logadottir A; Anna Carlsson; Dahl S; Christensen CH; Nørskov JK (1 January 2005). "Ammonia synthesis from first-principles calculations". Science. 307 (5709): 555–558. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1106435. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15681379. Wikidata Q47622744.
* Ronnie T Vang; Karoliina Honkala; Søren Dahl; et al. (23 January 2005). "Controlling the catalytic bond-breaking selectivity of Ni surfaces by step blocking". Nature Materials. 4 (2): 160–162. doi:10.1038/NMAT1311. ISSN 1476-1122. PMID 15665835. Wikidata Q81308426.
* Hellman A; Baerends EJ; Małgorzata Biczysko; et al. (1 September 2006). "Predicting catalysis: understanding ammonia synthesis from first-principles calculations". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 110 (36): 17719–17735. doi:10.1021/JP056982H. ISSN 1520-6106. PMID 16956255. Wikidata Q40290697.
# Alexander Clunes Sheriff

Alexander Clunes Sheriff (1816 – 17 March 1878) was an English businessman and Liberal Party politician who was active in local government and sat in the House of Commons from 1865 to his death in 1878.
Sheriff was the son of A. Sherriff. He was chairman of the Worcester Royal Porcelain Co. and the Worcester Engine Works, and had directorships of the Worcester City and County Banking Co., the Patent Shaft and Axletree Co., the Metropolitan Railway, the District Railway and the Metropolitan and St John's Wood Railway. He was an Alderman of Worcester and was sheriff and twice mayor of the city. He was also J.P. for Worcester
At the 1865 general election Sheriff was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Worcester. He held the seat until his death aged 61 in 1878.
Sheriff married Martha Tattersall, daughter of Thomas Tattersall of Armley, near Leeds in 1841.
# Karina (name)

Karina (/kəˈriːnə/) is a female given name. In modern times, the country where it is most used (in absolute terms) is Russia, whereas Belarus is where it is the most popular (relating to its population).
It is a short form of Katarina – which in turn shares the same origin as its English form, Katherine. It can also be a variant spelling of Carina, which is the feminine of “loved” or “dear” in both Latin and Italian.

## People with the given name

* Anna Karina (1940–2019), Danish-French actress
* Karina, or Elda Neyis Mosquera (born 1963), Colombian guerrilla commander
* Karina (Spanish singer) (born 1946)
* Karina (Venezuelan singer) (born 1968)
* Karina Adsbøl (born 1976), Danish politician
* Karina Alvariza (born 1976), Argentine footballer
* Karina Ambartsumova (born 1989), Russian chess player
* Karina Bachey (born 1974), Argentine politician
* Karina Banfi (born 1972), Argentine politician
* Karina Beteta (born 1975), Peruvian politician
* Karina Bisson (born 1966), Jersey bowler
* Karina Bryant (born 1979), British judoka
* Karina Christensen (born 1973), Danish footballer
* Karina Gauvin (born 1966), Canadian soprano
* Karina Yan Glaser (born 1979 or 1980), American author
* Karina González (born 1991), Mexican model and beauty pageant
* Karina Gould (born 1987), Canadian politician
* Karina Grömer (born 1974), Austrian archaeologist
* Karina Habšudová (born 1973), Slovak tennis player
* Karina Jäger-von Stülpnagel, German ballerina
* Karina Jelinek (born 1981), Argentine model
* Karina Jett, American poker player
* Karina Jørgensen (born 1988), Indian-born Danish badminton player
* Karina Krause (born 1989), Thai volleyball player
* Karina Lombard (born 1969), American actress
* Karina Maruyama (born 1983), Japanese football player
* Karina Masotta (born 1971), Argentine retired field hockey player
* Karina Milei (born 1972), Argentine politician
* Karina Moya (born 1973), Argentine hammer thrower
* Karina Nadila (born 1992), Indonesian actress and beauty pageant titleholder
* Karina Nose (born 1984), Japanese model and actress
* Karina Ocasio (born 1985), Puerto Rican volleyball player
* Karina Pasian (born 1991), American singer and pianist
* Karina Penetito (born 1986), New Zealand rugby union player
* Karina Pētersone (born 1954), Latvian politician
* Karina Rabolini (born 1967), Argentine businesswoman and former model
* Karina Ramos (born 1993), Costa Rican television host, model and beauty pageant titleholder
* Karina Sainz Borgo (born 1982), Venezuelan journalist and writer
* Karina Smirnoff (born 1978), Ukrainian dancer
* Karina Sørensen (born 1980), Danish badminton player
* Karina Sumner-Smith, Canadian writer
* Karina Urbina, Argentine transgender rights activist
* Karina Vetrano (1986–2016), American speech-language pathologist and murder victim
* Karina Vismara (1990–2022), Argentine musician
* Karina Vnukova (born 1985), Lithuanian high jumper
* Karina Wilvers (born 1983), Argentine rower
* Karina Winter (born 1986), German athlete
* Karina (South Korean singer) (born 2000), South Korean singer
# Zapicán

Zapicán is a village in the northwest of Lavalleja Department in Uruguay.

## Geography

The village is located on the junction of Route 14 with Route 40, about 24 kilometres (15 mi) east of José Batlle y Ordoñez, with an elevation of 231 m (758 ft). The railroad track Montevideo - Nico Pérez - Río Branco passes along the south limits of the village.

## History

It was founded by Pablo Fernández in September 1891 and on 9 June 1913, it was declared a "Pueblo" (village) by the Act of Ley Nº 4.337.

## Population

In 2011 Zapicán had a population of 553.
| Year | Population |
| 1908 | 2.751 |
| 1963 | 839 |
| 1975 | 759 |
| 1985 | 670 |
| 1996 | 602 |
| 2004 | 640 |
| 2011 | 553 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay
# Zhang Shuo

Zhang Shuo may refer to:
* Zhang Yue (Tang Dynasty) (663–730), may often be misread as Zhang Shuo, a Chinese official and chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
* Zhang Shuo (footballer) (born 1983), Chinese football player
* Zhang Shuo (gymnast) (born 1984), Chinese rhythmic gymnast
# Załuski, Warsaw

Załuski is a neighbourhood, and an area of the City Information System, in the city of Warsaw, Poland, located within the district of Włochy.

## History

In the 16th century, the village, which was located in place of modern Załuski, was owned by the Górka family of the Łodzia coat of arms heraldic clan. After the name of the family, the village was called Górki. In 1528, the village had 2 lans of land, which was around 34 hectares (0.34 km2 or 0.13 square miles). Between 1655 and 1956, during the Deluge, an invasion of Swedish Empire on Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the village had been entirely burned down, and ceased to exist. In the second half of the 17th century, in its place had been built a folwark-type settlement, called Załuski, after the name of the new owner. In the 18th century, Arnold Anastazy Byszewski become new owner of the village, adding to his large land estate. In the 19th century, near Załuski was created another village, known as Kalinowo, and both village eventually merged, with combined settlement being called Załuski. In 1870, in the village were 13 houses.
Between 1883 and 1890, the Fort V "Włochy" had been built between Salomea and Załuski, as part of the series of fortifications of the Warsaw Fortress, build around Warsaw by the Russian Empire. In 1909, it was decided to decommission and demolish the fortifications of the Warsaw Fortress, due to the high costs of their maintenance, and as such the Fort V had been partially demolished in 1913.
By 20th century, the village had been owned by the Krzemiński family, of the Prus III coat of arms herladic clan, which sold portion of Załuski to the families of Ryszczak, Koch, and Wąsik. In the 1920s, the village begun expanding, including to the eastern side of the Krakowska Avenue. However its expansion had been restricted in 1934, due to the founding of the Warsaw-Okęcie Airport (now known as Warsaw Chopin Airport) near by. The presence of the airport, brought the height restrictions to the new buildings, forbidding constructions higher than 7 metres (23 feet). Due to the construction of the airport, portion of Załuski, located at the eastern side of the Krakowska Avenue had been bulldozed down.
On 5 May 1951, Załuski had been incorporated into the city of Warsaw.
# Zefiro

Zefiro or Zeffiro may refer to:
* Zefiro (rocket stage), a solid-fuel motor for the European Space Agency Vega rocket
* Zefiro (train), a family of high-speed passenger trains designed by Bombardier Transportation
* Carlos Zéfiro (1921–1992), Brazilian pornographic comic artist
* The Zefiro, a fictional Romani tribe in Marvel Comics' Doctor Doom comic books; see Doom 2099
* Zefiro (restaurant), a restaurant in Portland, Oregon, United States
* Zeffiro, the Italian word for "zephyr," a west wind
* Zeffiro Furiassi (1923–1974), Italian footballer
* Italian ship Zeffiro, various Italian naval ships
# Zhijun Zhang

Zhijun Zhang (Chinese: 张志军; born November 1971) is a Chinese engineer and professor from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for contributions to antenna design and propagation modeling in mobile communication devices.
# Katarraktis

Katarraktis (Greek: Καταρράκτης, meaning "waterfall") (before 1928: Lopesi, in Greek: Λόπεσι) is a mountain village in the municipal unit of Farres in the municipality of Erymanthos in Achaea, Greece. It is 5 km east of Chalandritsa and 20 km southeast of Patras. The village is situated near a 110 meters high waterfall, hence the name of the village. Relics from the Mycenean period can be found in the vicinity.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| 1981 | 144 |
| 1991 | 193 |
| 2001 | 101 |
| 2011 | 93 |
| 2021 | 73 |
# Yenimurat, Karataş

Yenimurat is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Karataş, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 112 (2022).
# Alexander Jardine (Medal of Honor)

Alexander Jardine (October 17, 1874 – February 22, 1949) was a fireman first class serving in the United States Navy during the Spanish–American War who received the Medal of Honor for bravery.

## Biography

Jardine was born October 17, 1874, in Inverness, Scotland and after entering the navy he was sent to fight in the Spanish–American War aboard the U.S.S. Potomac as a Fireman First Class.
He died February 22, 1949, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery Arlington, Virginia.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Fireman First Class, U.S. Navy. Born: 19 March 1873, Inverness, Scotland. Accredited to: Ohio. G.O. No.: 503, 13 December 1898.
Citation:
   On board the U.S.S. Potomac during the passage of that vessel from Cat Island to Nassau, 14 November 1898. Volunteering to enter the fireroom which was filled with steam, Jardine, after repeated attempts, succeeded in reaching the auxiliary valve and opening it, thereby relieving the vessel from further danger.
# Karl Nicklas Gustavsson

Karl Nicklas Gustavsson was a Swedish composer, producer and choir conductor. He was born on April 20, 1972, and studied music theory and composition with Maurice Karkoff, Johan Jeverud, Fredrik Glans and Armand Gutheim before moving to London in 2001 to study composition at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama with Matthew King. He died on 4th March 2021 after a short illness.
His compositions include three symphonies, orchestral works, chamber music, songs, choral works and music for the stage.

## Principal works

* Poem no.1 for two pianos
* Duo for two horns
* The Lost Item, miniature opera in one act
* Birdsongs for wind quintet
* Sonatina for violin and piano
* Concertino for guitar, oboe and string orchestra
* Sonatina for horn and piano
# Alexander Robertson (rugby union)

Alexander Robertson (1 October 1848 – 13 May 1913) was a Scottish former international rugby union player who played for West of Scotland. He was a Forward.

## Rugby Union career
### Amateur career

Robertson played for West of Scotland. He was playing for the club in 1868. He captained the West of Scotland side in 1870.

### International career

He was capped only the once for Scotland. His debut came in the very first international match in 1871 playing against England at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh.

## Military career

He joined the Royal Ayrshire and Wigton Militia.
# Alexander Lozza

Alexander Lozza, OFMCap (Marmorera, 27 June 1880 - Tiefencastel, 13 February 1953) was a Swiss Catholic priest from Graubünden. He wrote poetry in Italian and Romansh language, especially in the Surmiran dialect.

## Biography

Born in a big family, he was originally christened Constantin. At age 15 he was sent to a Catholic school in Genoa; back then, he started writing poetry in Italian. At age 20 he entered the Capuchin society, where he adopted the name Alexander. Some years afterwards, already a priest, he started presiding over several Catholic parishes in his canton. People liked his preaches and encouraged him to write poetry in Romansh. He was also fond of hunting and photography.
In his theatrical play L’appariziung da Nossadonna da Ziteil, which premiered in 1933, he portrays a local legend of a Marian Apparition back in 1580. Nowadays, in the place of the apparition stands the church of Ziteil, near Salouf.
Alexander Lozza was uncle of Duri Loza (1920–2012), who was parish priest of Salouf between 1949 and 2012, and custodian of Ziteil sanctuary between 1950 and 1999. Loza devoted himself to publishing his uncle's work and to the translation of church songs into Romansh.
The work of Alexander Lozza was published in the 1950s. In 1951 appeared the collection Ziteil and, in 1954, Poesias. His poems are frequently published in Romansh-language schoolbooks.
# Alexander Barclay (disambiguation)

Alexander Barclay (c. 1476–1552) was an English/Scottish poet.
Alexander Barclay may also refer to:
* Alexander Barclay (apothecary) (died before 1608) Scottish herbalist
* Alexander Barclay (frontiersman) (1810–1855), British trader in the American West and partner of Teresita Sandoval
* Alexander Charles Barclay (1823–1893), English brewer and Liberal politician
# Kawasaki, Iwate

Kawasaki (川崎村, Kawasaki-mura) was a village located in Higashiiwai District, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The village was famous for the annual Firework Festival in August and the E-Boat Race in early September.
Kawasaki village was created on September 30, 1956 by the merger of the villages of Usuginu and Kadozaki. On September 20, 2005, Kawasaki, along with the towns of Daitō, Higashiyama and Senmaya, the village of Murone (all from Higashiiwai District), and the town of Hanaizumi (from Nishiiwai District), was merged into the expanded city of Ichinoseki, and no longer exists as an independent municipality.
As of September 2005, the village had an estimated population of 4,384 and a population density of 103.18 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 42.49 km$^2$.
# Alexander Cairncross (economist)

Sir Alexander Kirkland Cairncross KCMG FRSE FBA (11 February 1911 – 21 October 1998), known as Sir Alec Cairncross, was a British economist. He was the brother of the spy John Cairncross and father of journalist Frances Cairncross and public health engineer and epidemiologist Sandy Cairncross.

## Life

Cairncross was born in Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire, the seventh of eight children of Alexander Kirkland Cairncross, an ironmonger. He was educated at Lesmahagow Higher Grade School and Hamilton Academy, then won two scholarships to study economics at Glasgow University. From there, he attained a further research studentship to study at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1935 was awarded the second PhD in economics bestowed by the university (the first, according to Cairncross himself, was given to Ronald Walker).
Cairncross was instrumental in founding the Scottish Economic Society and was, in 1954, the first editor of its Scottish Journal of Political Economy. Cairncross served as an economic adviser to the UK government (1961–64), Head of the Government Economic Service (1964–69) and Master of St Peter's College, Oxford (1969–78), Chancellor of the University of Glasgow (1972–96), and was an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. At Guildhall, Swansea he gave the Presidential Address as President of the British Association for 1970–1971. Cairncross was made a Fellow of the British Academy in 1961. Cairncross also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1969, and in 1992 was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
In 1970 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Economic Growth".

## Recognition

The Scottish Economic Society instituted the Cairncross Prize in his memory.

## Family and death

Cairncross married Mary Frances Glynn in 1943; the couple had five children: two daughters and three sons. He died in Oxford on 21 October 1998.

## Publications

* Introduction to Economics (1944, 1st ed.; 1973, 5th ed.)
* Home and Foreign Investment, 1870-1913 (1953)
* Monetary Policy in a Mixed Economy (1960)
* Economic Development and the Atlantic Provinces (1961)
* Essays in Economic Management (1962)
* Control over Long-Term Capital Movements (1973)
* Britain's Economics Prospects Reconsidered, ed. (1971)
* Years of Recovery: British Economic Policy 1945-51 (1985)
* 'Goodbye, Great Britain': The 1976 IMF Crisis (1992) (with Kathleen Burk)
* The Heath Government and the British Economy (chapter in "The Heath Government 1970 - 74 : A Reappraisal" , editors Stuart Ball and Anthony Selsdon) (1996)
# Zlaté dno

Zlaté dno is a Czech comedy film. It was released in 1942.
# Ziegler process

In organic chemistry, the Ziegler process (also called the Ziegler-Alfol synthesis) is a method for producing fatty alcohols from ethylene using an organoaluminium compound. The reaction produces linear primary alcohols with an even numbered carbon chain. The process uses an aluminum compound to oligomerize ethylene and allow the resulting alkyl group to be oxygenated. The usually targeted products are fatty alcohols, which are otherwise derived from natural fats and oils. Fatty alcohols are used in food and chemical processing. They are useful due to their amphipathic nature. The synthesis route is named after Karl Ziegler, who described the process in 1955.

## Process details

The Ziegler alcohol synthesis involves oligomerization of ethylene using triethylaluminium followed by oxidation. The triethylaluminium is produced by action of aluminium, ethylene, and hydrogen gas. In the production process, two-thirds of the triethylaluminium produced is recycled back into the reactor, and only one-third is used to produce the fatty alcohols. The recycling step is used to produce triethylaluminium at a higher yield and with less time. Triethylaluminium reacts with ethylene to form higher molecular weight trialkylaluminium. The number of equivalents of ethylene n equals the total number of monomer units being grown on the initial ethylene chains, where (n = x + y + z), and x, y, and z are the number of ethylene units per chain. Trialkylaluminium is oxidized with air to form aluminum alkoxides, and finally hydrolyzed to aluminum hydroxide and the desired alcohols.
* Al+3ethylene+1.5H$_2$ → Al(C$_2$H$_5$)$_3$
* Al(C$_2$H$_5$)$_3$ n-ethylene → Al((CH$_2$CH$_2$)$_n$CH$_2$CH$_3$)$_3$
* Al((CH$_2$CH$_2$)$_n$CH$_2$CH$_3$)$_3$+ O$_2$ → Al(O(CH$_2$CH$_2$)$_n$CH$_2$CH$_3$)$_3$
* Al(O(CH$_2$CH$_2$)$_n$CH$_2$CH$_3$)$_3$+3H$_2$O → Al(OH)$_3$ + CH$_3$CH$_2$(CH$_2$CH$_2$)$_n$OH
The temperature of the reaction influences the molecular weight of alcohol growth. Temperatures in the range of 60-120°C form higher molecular weight trialkylaluminium while higher temperatures (e.g., 120-150 °C) cause thermal displacement reactions that afford α-olefin chains. Above 150 °C, dimerization of the α-olefins occurs.

## Applications

Aluminum hydroxide, the byproduct of the synthesis, can be dehydrated to give aluminium oxide, which, at high purities, has a high commercial value. One modification of the Ziegler process is called the EPAL process. In this process, chain growth is optimized to produce alcohols with narrow molecular weight distribution. Synthesis of other alcohols use Ziegler and the updated EPAL process, such as the transalkylation of styrene to form 2-phenylethanol. Diethylaluminum hydride can be employed in place of triethylaluminium.
# Alexey Stadler

Alexey Stadler (born 13 June 1991, Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a cellist.
Born into a family of musicians, Stadler began to play the cello at age 4. He began his studies with Alexey Lazko and continued his education at the Rimsky-Korsakov College of Music in St. Petersburg. Stadler studied with Wolfgang Emanuel Schmidt at the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt in Weimar and had scholarships from the Oscar und Vera Ritter-Stiftung and the Alfred Töpfer Stiftung in Hamburg. He has also participated in cello masterclasses with David Geringas, Frans Helmerson, Lynn Harrell, and Steven Isserlis.
Stadler has received several awards in Russia, including the national titles 'Young Talent' (2008, 2009 and 2010) and 'Hope of Russia' (2008, 2009). In 2012, Stadler won the grand prize of the TONALi Competition in Hamburg.
Stadler made his concerto debut in London in December 2014. He made his debut at the BBC Proms on 25 August 2016 on one half-day's notice, substituting for an indisposed Truls Mørk.
Stadler resides in Germany. He has recorded works for cello and piano, with pianist Karina Sposobina, for the Northern Flowers label.
# Alexander Ireland

Alexander Ireland may refer to:
* Alexander Ireland (boxer) (1901–1966), Scottish amateur and professional welter/middleweight boxer
* Alexander Ireland (journalist) (1810–1894) was a Scottish journalist, man of letters, and bibliophile
# Kattamuru

Kattamuru is a major panchayath village in Peddapuram Mandal of East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh in South India.

## Geography

Kattamuru is located at 17.08° N 82.13° E. It has an average elevation of 35 metres (114 feet).

## Demographics

Population Data of Kattamuru Village as per 2001 Census:
| | Total |
| Households : | 2350 |
| Total Population : | 9054 |
| Male Population : | 4587 |
| Female Population : | 4467 |
| Kids Under 6 Yrs : | 1236 |
| Boys Under 6 Yrs : | 0657 |
| Girls Under 6 Yrs : | 0579 |
| Total Literates : | 4372 |
| Total Illiterates : | 4782 |