OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nucleon pair breaking in fission

Nucleon pair breaking in fission has been an important topic in nuclear physics for decades. "Nucleon pair" refers to nucleon pairing effects which strongly influence the nuclear properties of a nuclide.
The most measured quantities in research on nuclear fission are the charge and mass fragments yields for uranium-235 and other fissile nuclides. In this sense, experimental results on charge distribution for low-energy fission of actinides present a preference to an even Z fragment, which is called odd-even effect on charge yield.
The importance of these distributions is because they are the result of rearrangement of nucleons on the fission process due to the interplay between collective variables and individual particle levels; therefore they permit to understand several aspects of dynamics of fission process. The process from saddle (when nucleus begins its irreversible evolution to fragmentation) to scission point (when fragments are formed and nuclear interaction between fragments dispels), fissioning system shape changes but also promote nucleons to excited particle levels.
Because, for even Z (proton number) and even N (neutron number) nuclei, there is a gap from ground state to first excited particle state—which is reached by nucleon pair breaking—fragments with even Z is expected to have a higher probability to be produced than those with odd Z.
The preference even Z even N divisions is interpreted as the preservation of superfluidity during the descent from saddle to scission. The absence of odd-even effect means that process is rather viscous.
Contrary to observed for charge distributions no odd-even effect on fragments mass number (A) is observed. This result is interpreted by the hypothesis that in fission process always there will be nucleon pair breaking, which may be proton pair or neutron pair breaking in low energy fission of uranium-234, uranium-236, and plutonium-240 studied by Modesto Montoya.
# Nəcəfqulubəyli, Barda

Nəcəfqulubəyli (also, Nəcəfqulubəjli and Nadzhafkulubeyli) is a village and municipality in the Barda Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 499.
# Nude, 1925 (2)

Nude, 1925, also known as Torso, is a black and white photograph taken by American photographer Edward Weston in 1925. It is part of a series of six nude photographs of his model and lover, Miriam Lerner.

## History and description

Weston returned to California from Mexico after a three years residence, in 1925. The time spent in Mexico had a great influence on him, specially in the artistic, cultural and political fields, since he got to meet artists like Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, and had a relationship with the photographer Tina Modotti. He settled in California, and met Miriam Lerner, who soon became his model and lover. Weston admitted that after his return from Mexico, he found himself in "a new period in my approach and attitude towards photography". He took great inspiration from his relationship with Lerner, especially for a series of six nudes, the first important body of work that he made after his return to the United States. He mentioned how he was affected by "the full bloom of Miriam’s body — responsive and ever-stimulating".
His pictures are impressive and innovative because of their high degree of cropping. Weston chose to focus in the torso and hands of Lerner, unlike his previous work with a female model, Tina Modotti, also a fellow photographer, which consisted mostly of close-up portraits and often depicted her surroundings. Weston pictures of Lerner, by the contrary, focus in photographic croppings, bringing the viewer to a closer proximity with the model. In this case, the lighting and the twisted position of the nude torso gives it a sense of movement, and also a particular sculptural quality.
Weston decided to print this picture in palladium, and not in platinum, despite the fact that he used back then both mediums. By using palladium, he allowed not only for the depiction of a lustrous surface, but also for a bigger range of gray mid-tones.

## Art market

A print of this photograph, the only known to be in a private collection, was sold by $871,500 at Christie's, on April 6, 2017.

## Public collections

There are prints of this photograph at the J. Paul Getty Museum, in Los Angeles, at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and at the Special Collections at the University of California, in Santa Cruz.
# Nude, 1925

Nude, 1925 is a black and white photograph taken by Edward Weston in 1925. It holds the record for Weston's most expensive photograph after being sold for $1,609,000 ($2.28 million in 2023 dollars) at the Sotheby's New York on 8 April 2008, to Peter MacGill of the Pace-MacGill Gallery. The photograph was part of the Quillan Collection of Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Photographs, which was then auctioned.

## History and description

Weston did several female nudes at the time, in an attempt to unite photographic realism with a new approach, contemporary art inspired. The picture depicts a nude female body lying on the ground, of which only the torso is seen, from a lateral perspective. The undulated shapes of the body create the illusion of an abstract form, akin to a natural landscape. The model was most likely Miriam Lerner, who was Weston's lover at the time.

## Public and private collections

Four known prints of this photograph are in existence. The first was auctioned in 2000 by Sotheby's. The one that was auctioned in 2008 has the artist's signature and date. A third print is held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York. A fourth print is held at the Dennos Museum Center at Northwestern Michigan College in Traverse City, Michigan.
# Dashbulag

Dashbulag may refer to:
* Dambulaq, Azerbaijan
* Daşbulaq (disambiguation), Azerbaijan
# Francis Edward Gwyn

General Francis Edward Gwyn (1748 – 1821) was a senior British Army officer.

## Military career

Gwyn was commissioned as an ensign in the 17th Dragoons in February 1760. He served in the American War of Independence under Sir William Howe, Sir Henry Clinton and Lord Cornwallis. He was Governor of Sheerness from 1812 until his death in 1821 and also served as colonel of the 1st King's Dragoon Guards from 1820 until his death in 1821.
# O-pyrocatechuate decarboxylase

The enzyme o-pyrocatechuate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.46) catalyzes the chemical reaction
    2,3-dihydroxybenzoate $\rightleftharpoons$ catechol + CO$_2$
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase (catechol-forming). This enzyme is also called 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase. This enzyme participates in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation and carbazole degradation.
# Data descriptor

In computing, a data descriptor is a structure containing information that describes data.
Data descriptors may be used in compilers, as a software structure at run time in languages like Ada or PL/I, or as a hardware structure in some computers such as Burroughs large systems with their descriptors.
Data descriptors are typically used at run-time to pass argument information to called subroutines. OpenVMS and Multics have system-wide language-independent standards for argument descriptors. Descriptors are also used to hold information about data that is only fully known at run-time, such as a dynamically allocated array.

## Examples

The following descriptor is used by IBM Enterprise PL/I to describe a character string:
| byte offset | +0 | +1 | +2 | +3 |
| 0 | descriptor type | string type | (res) | flags |
| 4 | maximum string length | maximum string length | maximum string length | maximum string length |
* 'desc type' is 2 to indicate that this is an element descriptor rather than an array or structure descriptor.
* 'string type' indicates that this is a character or a bit string, with varying or non varying length. 2 indicates a non varying (fixed-length) character string.
* '(res)' is a reserved byte not used for character strings.
* 'flags' indicate the encoding of the string, EBCDIC or ASCII, and the encoding of the length of varying strings.
* 'maximum string length' is the actual length of the string for non varying strings, or the maximum length for varying strings.
Here is the source of an array descriptor from Multics. The definitions include a structure for the base array information and a structure for each dimension. (Multics ran on systems with 36-bit words).
# Nyd

Nyd or NYD may refer to:
* New Year's Day, first day of the new year
* New Years Day (band), an American rock band
* New York Dolls, another American rock band
* New York Dragons, American football team in the now defunct Arena Football League
* Ny Demokrati, Swedish political party (translates as New Democracy)
* Nyd (rune) (ᚾ), a rune of the Anglo-Saxon fuþorc and continuation of the Elder Fuþark naudiz
# Darwin Project

Darwin Project is a free-to-play multiplayer online battle royale game developed and published by Scavengers Studio. It was released on January 14, 2020 for Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, and PlayStation 4.

## Plot

Darwin Project takes place in a dystopian post-apocalyptic landscape in the Northern Canadian Rockies. As preparation for an impending ice age, a new project- half science experiment, half live-entertainment- is launched. Players are dropped into an arena, initially armed with only an axe and a bow, and have to gather resources and survive along with 9 others. Players must craft items such as campfires and arrows and upgrade their weapons (axe and bow) using resources in order to survive and fight until only one player remains, winning the game.

## Gameplay

Ten prisoners are spawned into a snowy arena made up of seven tiles, each including different environments from tree houses to lava-filled zones and more. The game is run by the eleventh player, The Show Director, who is equipped with powers to make the game more interesting for the ten prisoners fighting for their lives. Each player can choose to play as a male or female prisoner. They are equipped with an axe, a bow and arrows. They can also choose three pieces of equipment from among bear traps, cage traps, snowballs, hooks, gliders, and tripwires. Players can use electronics that can be granted by the show director, or rewarded by getting the first kill of the game. The electronics are used to make powers for the prisoners to give them advantages in fighting or fleeing. Players can choose how to play throughout the arena by choosing different variations of builds. Builds include arrow type, the equipment used, electronic powers equipped (three per player), axe type, a cloak, and boots, all of which will also change the play style of each prisoner.

## Development

The development team behind Darwin Project has 18 members. The game was revealed at PAX East 2017 and officially announced at Microsoft's E3 2017 press conference. Multiple alpha and beta tests have occurred on PC.
On 24 April 2018, the game was made into an early access free-to-play title.
On 14 January 2020, the game was released on Steam, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.
On 13 May 2020, Scavengers Studio announced that they would stop any further development on the game, while keeping servers opened at least up to the end of 2020.
On 20 November 2020, the studio announced that the servers in two regions (EU-Central and US-East) would stay open. Players from around the world can still play the game in these two regions.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| Metacritic | (PC) 74/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| GameRevolution | |
| IGN | 6/10 |
Darwin Project received mixed reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
# Francis Lucy

Francis Lucy (born ca. 1600 – 1687) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1624 to 1629.
Lucy was the son of Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote Park, Warwickshire. He matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford on 5 May 1615, aged 15. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1623. In 1624, he was elected member of parliament for Warwick in the Happy Parliament. He was elected MP for Warwick again in 1625, 1626 and 1628 and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.
Lucy obtained a licence on 9 December 1630, to marry Elizabeth Molesworth, daughter of Bevill Molesworth of Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire.
# Nuria Martí Gutiérrez

Nuria Martí Gutiérrez is currently a senior research associate at the Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU). She received her bachelors in biological sciences from the University of Valencia with a specialty in reproductive science. She received her Master's degree in Clinical Biology and Reproduction from the University of Alicante and her PhD from the University of Valencia for her work studying mitochondrial replacement using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) under the direction of Shoukhrat Mitalipov. While working with Mitalipov, she helped to pioneer the technique to reprogram embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from somatic cells using SCNT.

## Career

Martí Gutiérrez graduated with a bachelors in biological sciences from the University of Valencia in 2003. In 2004 received her Master's degree in Clinical Biology and Reproduction from the University of Alicante which included an internship at the Hospital La Fe de Valencia, the university hospital at University of Valencia. She began her doctoral work at the Principe Felipe Research Center, the flagship center of Spanish biomedical research, under the supervision of Miodrag Stojković. In 2011 Martí Gutiérrez noted there were rumors of an expediente de regulación de empleo (ERE), or a massive permanent layoff. Shortly thereafter, she transferred to OHSU to work directly in Shoukhrat Mitalipov's lab. She finished her PhD in 2015 and continues to work with Shoukhrat Mitalipov studying incompatibility between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes contributes to speciation and germline gene correction
# Nuru Awadhi Bafadhili

Nuru Awadhi Bafadhili (born November 22, 1952) is a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Tanzania.
# Nuru

Nuru may refer to:

## People

* Nuru Awadhi Bafadhili (born 1952), Tanzanian politician
* Nuru Bayramov, surgeon and academic
* Nuru Kane, Senegalese singer
* Sara Nuru (born 1989), German fashion model of Ethiopian descent
* Mohammed Nuru, American former civil servant

## Places

* Nuru, Silifke, a village in Mersin Province, Turkey
* Qara Nuru, a village in Saatly District, Azerbaijan

## Other uses

* Nuru (massage), a type of erotic massage
* Nuru Energy, a Rwanda-based company
* Nuru International, an NGO working in Kenya and Ethiopia
* Nuru River, in Papua New Guinea
# Nuru Energy

Nuru Energy is an international social enterprise which is working to address the global problem of energy poverty and climate change in Africa and India. This is through the distribution of affordable LED lamps that are recharged using a simple to use human powered generator that is more efficient than current solar.
Nuru Energy's business model uses a unique distribution strategy to sell its products indirectly to rural customers through micro-franchise entrepreneurs who are equipped and trained by the company and financed through Kiva.

## Focus

Nuru Energy aims to eradicate the use kerosene lamp from Africa through provision of LED lamps to the bottom of the pyramid markets that cannot afford other alternative solar lighting source due to their high cost. This switch from kerosene use would lead to reduction in global carbon emissions leading to the firm earning carbon credits.
This Clean Development Mechanism project led to the firm partnering with Bank of America Merrill Lynch in 2011, in a deal that would see the investment bank purchase carbon credits from Nuru Energy for a period of 10 years.
# Dasing

Dasing is a municipality in the district of Aichach-Friedberg in Bavaria in Germany.
# Dasineura pudibunda

Dasineura pudibunda is a species of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae.
# Dasineura urticae

The nettle pouch gall develops in leaf veins, leaf petioles, flower stalks and sometimes the stem of Urtica dioica (and less commonly Urtica urens). This structure is caused by the gall midge Dasineura urticae, sometimes misspelled Dasyneura urticae. Obsolete synonyms are Perrisia urticae and Cecidomyia urticae.

## Physical appearance of the galls

The galls are irregularly shaped, smooth, often shiny, and coloured from purplish to pale green, exhibiting thickened walls, with a narrow slit-shaped opening, normally on the underside. The size is from 3–8 mm. A number of galls are often found next to each other on the same or different plant structures, and they may coalesce. The galls are mainly found around the growing apex and exhibit a wide range of forms, dependent on the organ in which they are situated.

## Life-cycle

White larvae live gregariously in each gall, feeding upon the plant cell contents. The first generation galls are seen in spring. When larvae reach maturity, they leave the gall to pupate in the soil. Two or more generations per year are common. The last generation in autumn hibernates in the soil as larvae, pupate in spring and emerge as adults to start the next spring generation.

## Predators and inquilines

Sometimes larvae of other gall midge species are found in the galls together with larvae of the gall inducer. They may be inquilines, such as the obligate associate Ametrodiplosis urticae, or they may be predators, such as Lestodiplosis urticae.

## Distribution

The nettle pouch gall has a Eurosiberian distribution. It is widely distributed in Central and Western Europe, but the distribution extends into Southern Siberia.
# Frances Burke

Frances Burke may refer to:
* Frances Burke, Countess of Clanricarde (1567–1633), English noblewoman
* Frances Marie Burke (1922–2017), Miss America 1940
* Frances Mary Burke (1904–1994) was an Australian artist
# Dashrath

Dashrath is a given name. It may refer to:
* Dashrath Chand (1903-1941) Nepalese politician, martyr of Nepalese Democratic Movement
* Dashrath Gagrai, Indian politician and member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
* Dashrath Manjhi (1934–2007), Indian laborer
* Dashrath Patel (1927–2010), Indian designer, sculptor
# Datta Gaekwad

Dattajirao Krishnarao Gaekwad pronunciation (27 October 1928 – 13 February 2024), known as Datta Gaekwad, was an Indian cricketer. He appeared in 11 Test matches, toured England in 1952 and 1959 and West Indies in 1952–53. He captained the Indian team on the 1959 tour. As a batsman Gaekwad "possessed a sure defence and delightfully crisp shots especially through the covers". He was also an occasional leg spin bowler. Until his death, he was India's oldest living Test cricketer.

## Biography

Gaekwad played his early cricket for Bombay University and the Maharaja Sayaji University in Baroda. He made his Test debut in the first Test of 1952 tour of England, in Leeds. He opened the innings for India despite never having done so before the tour. He was one among four victims dismissed for no score in the second innings of the Test. His West Indies tour in the next year was terminated during the second Test when he collided with Vijay Hazare while going for a catch and dislocated his shoulder.
In 1957–58, he captained Baroda to their first Ranji Trophy title in nine years, scoring a century in the final against Services. He scored 218 against the defending champions Bombay during the course of the season. He was recalled to the Indian team for the final Test against West Indies in 1958–59. His 52 in the second innings was the only Test fifty of his career and went some way towards India earning a draw.
India had had four captains in the series against West Indies, and with Hemu Adhikari, the captain in the Fifth Test, being unavailable, Gaekwad was appointed to lead the Indian team on the tour of England in 1959. Between his selection and the beginning of the tour, he contracted typhoid, and was never fully fit during the tour. He still played in 23 of the 33 first-class matches and was one of the team's leading scorers, with 1174 runs at an average of 34.52. He played in four of the five Tests, but scored only 128 runs at an average of 16.00. India lost all five Tests, and Gaekwad appeared in only one more Test. Wisden's summary of the tour said that he appeared not to have "the verve and personality" for the task, and that a "more active approach", especially in field placing, might have been more successful. It added: "There were times when his cover fielding was brilliant, and his innings of 176 against Yorkshire at Sheffield made many wonder why he was not more successful."
In the Ranji Trophy he scored 3,139 runs with 14 centuries and a highest of 249 against Maharashtra in 1959–60.

### Personal life and death

Gaekwad was the father of the Indian opener Anshuman Gaekwad. He was distantly related to the Baroda royal family and served as the Deputy comptroller to the Baroda state. On the death of Deepak Shodhan in May 2016 he became India's oldest living Test cricketer. He died in Baroda, Gujarat on 13 February 2024, at the age of 95.
# Giesinger

Giesinger is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ilse Giesinger [de] (born 1947), Austrian politician
* Max Giesinger (born 1988), German singer-songwriter
* Stefanie Giesinger (born 1996), German model
# Epinotia cedricida

Epinotia cedricida is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Morocco, Algeria, Lebanon and Turkey. It is an introduced species in Europe, where it has been recorded from south-eastern France, Spain and Austria.
The wingspan is 12–15 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August.
The larvae feed on Cedrus species, including Cedrus atlantica and Cedrus libani.
# Get the Weed

Get the Weed (Spanish: Misión no oficial, lit. 'Unofficial mission'; also known as Traigan el porro, lit. 'Bring the marijuana', in Argentina and Traigan la hierba, lit. 'Bring the weed', in Spain) is a 2017 mockumentary film written, directed and produced by Denny Brechner, Alfonso Guerrero and Marcos Hecht. It stars Brechnner, Talma Friedler and Gustavo Olmos. The film follows three false agents who travel to the United States with the aim of supplying marijuana to Uruguay.

## Synopsis

Three false agents belonging to the Uruguayan Chamber of Legal Marijuana travel to the United States to obtain 50 tons of cannabis with the aim of supplying the country.

## Cast

The actors participating in this film are:
* Denny Brechner as Alfredo Rodríguez
* Talma Friedler
* Gustavo Olmos
* José Mujica as Himself
* Ignacio Roqueta
* Barack Obama as Himself
* Sean Penn as Himself
* Steven Tyler as Himself

## Release

It premiered on September 7, 2017, in Uruguayan theaters. It had its premiere in the United States on February 4, 2018, at the Santa Bárbara International Film Festival, and then premiered on August 30, 2018, in Argentine theaters.

## Accolades

| Year | Award / Festival | Category | Recipient | Result | Ref. |
| 2018 | Santa Bárbara International Film Festival | Jury Special Mention – Feature Film | Get the Weed | Won | |
| 2018 | Málaga Film Festival | Best Film – Audience Award | Get the Weed | Won | |