OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ferdinand Brickwedde

Ferdinand Graft Brickwedde (26 March 1903 – 29 March 1989), a physicist at the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology), in 1931 produced the first sample of hydrogen in which the spectrum of its heavy isotope, deuterium, could be observed. This was a critical step in the discovery of deuterium, for which Brickwedde's collaborator, Harold Urey, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934.

## Biography

He was born on 26 March 1903 in Baltimore, Maryland. His parents were the photographer Ferdinand Henry (* 1878 in New York) and Virginia (Graft) Brickwedde (* 1874 in Illinois). He was married to physicist Marion Langhorne Howard Birckwedde.
Brickwedde was educated at Johns Hopkins University, B.A. 1922, M.A. 1924, and Ph.D. 1925. An endowed lectureship in his name is maintained there. In 1925 he joined the National Bureau of Standards as a postdoctoral Mansell Research Associate, was promoted to Chief of its Low Temperature Laboratory in 1926, and became Chief of its Heat and Power Division in 1946.
In 1939, Brickwedde served as president of the Philosophical Society of Washington, a scientific organization. In 1956, Brickwedde was appointed dean of the college of chemistry and physics at the Pennsylvania State University. He served in this position until 1963, and then was appointed Evan Pugh Research Professor of Physics Emeritus, in which position he served until his death on 29 March 1989 in Linwood, New Jersey.
# Order of the Sword (disambiguation)

Order of the Sword is a Swedish order of chivalry created in 1748.
Order of the Sword may also refer to:
* Order of Saint James of the Sword, a Portuguese order of chivalry (1170)
* Order of the Faith and Peace, a 13th-century military order in Gascony
* Order of the Sword (Cyprus) (1347)
* Order of the Sword (United States), an honor awarded within the U.S. Air Force
* Order of the Sword (Devil May Cry), a religious cult in the video game Devil May Cry 4
# Order of the Taegeuk

Order of the Taegeuk was an order of chivalry of the Korean Empire that was given to military or civil officials. It was divided into eight classes. It was part of the establishments of orders on 17 April 1897. From 22 April 1897, order of the taegeuk started to be awarded.

## Classes

Following were the classes and who were the recipients of it:
* 1st Class: Ministers who already got 2nd Class and worked well for 5 or more years after getting 2nd Class. After getting 1st class, officials are able to receive Order of the Plum Blossom.
* 2nd Class: Officials who already got 3rd Class and worked well for 4 or more years after getting 3rd Class.
* 3rd Class: Officials who already got 4th Class and worked well for 4 or more years after getting 4th Class.
* 4th Class: Officials who already got 5th Class and worked well for 4 or more years after getting 5th Class.
* 5th Class: Officials who already got 6th Class and worked well for 4 or more years after getting 6th Class.
* 6th Class: Officials who already got 7th Class and worked well for 3 or more years after getting 7th Class.
* 7th Class: Officials who already got 8th Class and worked well for 3 or more years after getting 8th Class.
* 8th Class: Officials who worked well for 3 or more years.
Foreigners were able to get these orders but recipients and classes were decided by the government.
Following were how the medals were worn:
1st Class of the order is either Badge (with Daesu) or Medal. Daesu was worn from the right shoulder to the left flank and medal was worn in left breast.
2nd Class of the order is either Badge (with Daesu) or Necklet. Daesu was worn from the right shoulder to the left flank and necklet was worn on neck.
3rd Class was necklet and worn on neck.
4th to 8th class were decorations and was worn in left breast.

## Form

In the middle of the medal, there was a taegeuk, symbol of the Korean Empire, in the middle. The size of the medal varied by classes. Higher classes were bigger. Perimeter of 4th class to 6th class was about 5 cm. Perimeter of 7th to 8th class was about 3 cm. 3rd class to 5th class were made of gold and 6th classes to 8th classes were made of silver.

## Trivial

1st class of Order of the Taegeuk that was presented to Horace Newton Allen became historical property of Korea.

## Notable Recipients
### 1st Class

* Min Young-hwan on 22 April 1900
* Shim Soon-taek on 4 January 1901

### 2nd Class

* Yi Ha-young on 22 April 1900
* Gwon Jae-Hyeong on 22 April 1900
* Min Ung-shik on 22 February 1901
* Shim Sang-hun on 22 February 1901
* Yi Bum-jin on 22 February 1901
* Min Young-chan on 22 February 1901
* Bak Jeongyang on 22 February 1901
* Victor Collin de Plancy on 21 February 1902
* Min Sang-ho on 23 September 1904

### 3rd Class

* Jo Byeong-shik on 22 April 1900
* Pak Chesoon on 22 April 1900
* Yi Yun-yong on 22 April 1900
* Min Sang-ho on 22 February 1901
* Yi Jae-wan on 22 February 1901
# 1978 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships

The 1978 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships is the 1st edition of the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships, which took place from 10 to 12 October 1978 in Madrid, Spain.

## Medal winners

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Individual ||||
| All-Around | Galina Shugurova Soviet Union | Irina Deriugina Soviet Union | Susana Mendizábal Spain |
| Rope | Galina Shugurova Soviet Union | Irina Deriugina Soviet Union | Kristina Guiourova Bulgaria |
| Ball | Irina Deriugina Soviet Union | Galina Shugurova Soviet Union | Kristina Guiourova Bulgaria |
| Ribbon | Galina Shugurova Soviet Union | Irina Deriugina Soviet Union Daniela Bošanská Czechoslovakia | none awarded |
| Groups ||||
| All-Around | Bulgaria Krasimira Vasileva Maya Georgieva | Soviet Union | Czechoslovakia |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Soviet Union (URS) | 4 | 5 | 0 | 9 |
| 2 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 3 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Spain (ESP) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (4 entries) | Totals (4 entries) | 5 | 6 | 4 | 15 |
# Orlando Paladino Orlandini

Orlando Paladino Orlandini (2 January 1905 – 6 March 1986) was an Italian sculptor, born in Scansano (Grosseto). He trained in Carrara to gain experience of working with marble before going on to study in Rome at the Accademia di Belle Arti, the School of Medals (Scuola della Medaglia) and the Calcografia Nazionale. He later taught at the Scuole del Museo Artistico Industriale.
In his sculptures he specialised in sporting subjects. His work Pattinatrice was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He is chiefly notable however for his work as a medal engraver.
# 1977–78 Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball team

The 1977–78 Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball team represented the University of Cincinnati during the 1977–78 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bearcats were led by head coach Gale Catlett, as members of the Metro Conference.

## Schedule

| Date time, TV | Rank$^#$ | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record | Site city, state |
| November 26* | | Akron | W 91–81 | 1–0 | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| December 1* | | North Carolina A&T | W 58–57 | 2–0 | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| December 3* | | Biscayne | W 77–62 | 3–0 | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| December 6* | No. 7 | Miami (OH) | W 61–60 | 4–0 | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| December 12* | | Eastern Kentucky | W 73–58 | 5–0 | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| December 17* | | at North Carolina | L 59–67 | 5–1 | Greensboro Coliseum |
| December 21* | | Austin Peay | W 81–67 | 6–1 | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| December 27 | | Florida State | W 77–75 | 7–1 (1–0) | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| January 2 | | Georgia Tech | L 56–59 | 7–2 (1–1) | Alexander Memorial Coliseum Atlanta, Georgia |
| January 4 | | at Tulane | W 102–67 | 8–2 (2–1) | Avron B. Fogelman Arena New Orleans, Louisiana |
| January 7 | | Louisville | L 75–78 | 8–3 (2–2) | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| January 10 | | St. Louis | W 66–55 | 9–3 (3–2) | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| January 14 | | at Memphis State | L 63–67 | 9–4 (3–3) | Mid-South Coliseum Memphis, Tennessee |
| January 17 | | at Florida State | L 66–76 | 9–5 (3–4) | Tully Gymnasium Tallahassee, Florida |
| January 21 | | Memphis State | L 76–83 | 9–6 (3–5) | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| January 23* | | Pittsburgh | W 87–80 | 10–6 (3–5) | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| January 30 | | Tulane | W 70–63 | 11–6 (4–5) | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| February 2* | | at St. John’s | L 66–75 | 11–7 (4–5) | Madison Square Garden New York, NY |
| February 4 | | at Louisville | L 76–83 | 11–8 (4–6) | Freedom Hall Louisville, Kentucky |
| February 9 | | Georgia Tech | W 75–67 | 12–8 (5–6) | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| February 11* | | at Dayton | W 42–40 | 13–8 (5–6) | University of Dayton Arena Dayton, Ohio |
| February 13* | | Xavier | W 59–54 | 14–8 (5–6) | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| February 15 | | at St. Louis | W 80–62 | 15–8 (6–6) | Kiel Auditorium St. Louis, Missouri |
| February 18* | | at Marquette | L 45–57 | 15–9 (6–6) | MECCA Arena Milwaukee, Wisconsin |
| February 24* | | West Virginia | W 96–80 | 16–9 (6–6) | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| February 26* | | at Duquesne | W 72–64 | 17–9 (6–6) | Civic Arena Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Metro Tournament ||||||
| March 2 | | Georgia Tech | L 38–39 | 17–10 (6–6) | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. ||||||

## Players selected in NBA drafts

| Round | Pick | Player | NBA Club |
| 3 | 59 | Pat Cummings | Milwaukee Bucks |
| 4 | 85 | Bob Miller | Phoenix Suns |
# Ferris Wheel of Berlin

Ferris Wheel of Berlin may refer to:
* Great Berlin Wheel, proposed for a site near Berlin Zoological Garden, but never built
* Spreepark Ferris wheel, at the now defunct Spreepark
# 1978 in Swedish football

The 1978 season in Swedish football, starting April 1978 and ending November 1978:

## Honours
### Official titles

| Title | Team | Reason |
| Swedish Champions 1978 | Östers IF | Winners of Allsvenskan |
| Swedish Cup Champions 1977–1978 | Malmö FF | Winners of Svenska Cupen |
# Émilie Guerel

Émilie Guerel (born 18 December 1983) is a French politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who served as a member of the French National Assembly from 2017 to 2022, representing the 7th constituency in the department of Var.
In parliament, Guerel served as member of the Committee on Legal Affairs. In this capacity, she was the parliament's co-rapporteur (alongside Marianne Dubois) on the introduction of the General National Service (SNU) in 2018.
# Ornithogalum lebaense

Ornithogalum lebaense is a flowering plant that grows in southwest Angola. It was discovered in January 2009 by Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld. The word "lebaense" refers to Leba Pass, where the plant lives. O. lebaense does not have a known common name, most likely because its habitat is not one that is easily accessible by local people. There are three other Ornithogalum species identified in Angola: Ornithogalum tenuifolium, O. pulchrum and O. benguellens.

## Distribution

Ornithogalum lebaense is an obligatory cremnophyte that grows on steep cliffs in the Serra de Chela escarpment, an Angolan mountain range. O. lebaense grows 1800 meters above sea level in Leba Pass.

## Habitat and ecology

Ornithogalum lebaense is often found growing with Aloe mendesii, a plant that is also an obligatory cremnophyte of the area. O. lebaense flowers in the winter and is also winter deciduous. Winters in the subtropical Serra de Chela last from June until August and are mild, without frost. While this plant grows in the wild, it also grows well if cultivated in the right conditions. The plant prefers sandy soil with low mineral content, and organic fertilizer. It does best with no water in the winter.

## Morphology

O. lebaense's bulbs, long leaves; and short, white, cone-shaped inflorescence grow pendent. This is the main characteristic which sets O. lebaense apart from other Ornithogalum species. Each plant has four or five semi-succulent leaves that curve in a spiral, and one or two inflorescences. The inflorescence is usually between 200 mm and 300 mm long, with clearly visible bracts. The flowers have a sweet scent, and both the flowers and pollen are white. The stamens are 8 mm long with white filaments. The style matures up to 5 mm long. The ovary is a yellow-green color. The seeds are black, with a shiny epidermis and an angular shape.

## Pollination and dispersion

Ornithogalum lebaense is pollinated by insects. Its flowers are usually in bloom for thirty to forty-five days, and will abort if they are not fertilized. The seeds are wind-dispersed in the spring, which starts in September. In late spring (November), the plant acquires its glaucous leaves. Beginning in August (early spring), the fruiting capsules start to ripen, until the black seeds inside are finally wind-dispersed.
# Ornithogalum libanoticum

Ornithogalum libanoticum, or Lebanon ornithogalum, is a species of Ornithogalum in the subfamily Scilloideae of family Asparagaceae.

## Description

The plant grows 50 to 80 centimetres (20 to 31 in) tall from an oval bulb. Leaves are glabrous, measuring around 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) wide; they are lanceolate and acute, and grow shorter or equal in length to the erect flower stem. The white flowers are born in April and May on simple racemes in an inflorescence of 10 to 20 flowers. Highly acuminate bracts attach to short pedicels measuring 5 to 6 millimetres (0.20 to 0.24 in) long. Bell-shaped, 2 to 2.5 centimetres (0.79 to 0.98 in) long perianth. It has linear, lanceolate, obtuse and subacute clear white tepals. The backside of the tepals is marked by a single green or brown band. The fruit is a six-side oval capsule.

## Distribution and habitat

The plant is endemic to Lebanon and Syria, It favors rocky terrain.
# Ornithogalum pyrenaicum

Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, also called Prussian asparagus, wild asparagus, Bath asparagus, Pyrenees star of Bethlehem, or spiked star of Bethlehem, is a plant whose young flower shoots may be eaten as a vegetable, similar to asparagus.
The common name Bath asparagus comes from the fact it was once abundant near the city of the same name in England.
# Festuca vivipara

Festuca vivipara, the viviparous sheep's-fescue, is a species of grass native to northern Europe, northern Asia, and subarctic North America. The specific epithet vivipara is Latin, referring to the florets' alteration to leafy tufts. The plant can have a diploid number of 28, 49, 56, or 63, though numbers of 21, 35, and 42 have also been reported.

## Description

Festuca vivipara is a perennial grass growing 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in) tall with capillary culms. The plant grows in dense tufts. The internodes are glabrous or somewhat puberulent. Dead leaf sheaths either persist or shred into fibers, while living sheaths are tinged purple and have a prominent midvein. The auricle is occasionally marked by a distinct swelling. The erose ligule is 0.2–0.5 mm (0.0079–0.0197 in) long. The setaceous leaf blades somewhat stiff, and the flag leaf blade is about 0.5–2.5 cm (0.20–0.98 in) long. In a cross-section, the leaf blade is typically 0.5–0.9 mm (0.020–0.035 in) wide and 0.25–0.6 mm (0.0098–0.0236 in) thick. In the cross-section, sclerenchyma are arranged in three large bundles and up to four smaller bundles, with adaxial sclerenchyma either somewhat developed along the margin to a thick subepidermal band. The strongly proliferous, compact panicles are 2–10 cm (0.79–3.94 in) long, with flowers as leafy tufts. The purplish spikelets are 0.7–3.5 cm (0.28–1.38 in) long. The glumes are much shorter than the spikelets and have erose margins. The lower glume is 2.0–4.5 mm (0.079–0.177 in) long with one vein, and the upper glume is 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long with three veins. The membraneous, awnless lemmas are 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long when not modified, and are strongly inrolled. The paleas are absent or reduced. Lodicules are toothed when present and lack hairs.
The grass flowers from July into early August.

## Distribution and habitat

Festuca vivipara occurs in North America from Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, growing on calcareous rock and peat, and can occur in western Newfoundland, the Shickshock Mountains, and parts of Quebec. Elsewhere, the grass occurs in northern Europe and Russia near lakes and streams.

## Subspecies

* Festuca vivipara ssp. glabra
* Festuca vivipara ssp. hirsuta
# Éditions Le Manuscrit

Éditions Le Manuscrit is a French publishing house.

## History

Founded in 2000 by Christian Berst, an art gallery owner and specialist in outsider art, in the chapitre.com line which he had also co-founded and headed it was taken over at the end of 2001 by financier Nicolas Philippe then by éditions StoryLab in 2015.
Its catalogue now includes around 7000 books, available in all formats.
# Éditions du Centurion

The Éditions du Centurion are a French publishing house established in Paris, 3, rue Bayard, in 1945 by the Assumptionists fathers of the "Maison de la Bonne Presse" which became Bayard Presse in 1969.
It then became an autonomous department of the Bayard-Presse group. the Editions du Centurion publish the daily newspaper La Croix, the weekly Le Pèlerin, the monthlies Notre Temps, Panorama, Pomme d'Api [fr].
In the 1990s, the catalog was gradually absorbed under the Bayard brand.
At the end of 2013, the brand Le Centurion was revived to develop a new catalog of books for the youth and adult public.
# Filter binding assay

In biochemistry or chemistry, filter binding assay is a simple way to quickly study many samples. One of the ways to learn about an interaction between two molecules is to determine the binding constant, which is a number that describes the ratio of unbound and bound molecules. This information reveals the affinity between the two molecules and allows prediction of the amount bound given any set of initial conditions.
In order to measure a binding constant, one must find a way to measure the amount of complex formed over a range of starting concentrations. This can be achieved by "labeling" one of the species with a fluorescent, or in this case, a radioactive tag. The DNA is "labeled" by the addition of radioactive phosphate derived from adenosine triphosphate.

## Description

A filter binding assay measures affinities between two molecules (often protein and DNA) using a filter. The filter is constructed of nitrocellulose paper, which is negatively charged. Since most proteins have a net positive charge, nitrocellulose paper is ideal for immobilizing proteins. DNA is negatively charged due to the phosphate backbone and will not "stick" to the nitrocellulose on its own, however, any DNA that has been bound by protein will stick. The exact amount of DNA "stuck" to the nitrocellulose is quantified by measuring the amount of radioactivity on the filter using a scintillation counter.
Protein and DNA are mixed in a series of microfuge tubes in which the amount of DNA is kept constant, but the amount of protein is incrementally increased. These samples are allowed to equilibrate. After equilibration, an equal volume from each tube is squirted onto small, round, nitrocellulose filters which are arranged on a vacuum plate (a flat surface that has a vacuum applied from below to suck fluid downward). All of the protein will stick, but only the protein that has bound DNA will register in the scintillation counter.
Now, you will have a number that describes the amount of DNA bound for each concentration of protein used, this information can be plotted on a binding curve to determine the binding constant.
This assay is no longer used widely, but it is rapid and simple, and can give a lot of information. It would be used for relatively detailed analysis of a particular protein-DNA interaction, for example.
Measure the equilibrium constant:
* Incubate labeled DNA with protein.
* Allow enough time to allow the system to reach equilibrium.
* Filter the mixture through a filter disk made of nitrocellulose. Proteins bind to nitrocellulose, but DNA does not.
* Any DNA that is retained on the filter is there because it is interacting with the protein.
* Dry the filters and count.
Measure the off-rate:
* Take the filter with DNA-protein complex bound on it
* Wash the filter with buffer
* Quantify the amount of DNA remained on filter after it has been washed for a certain amount of time.
Another way of measuring off-rate:
* Radioactive labeled DNA and protein were pre-incubated together in high concentrations
* At time 0, the mixture was diluted
* Aliquotes were assayed at various times using nitrocellulose filters
# Oryctes (disambiguation)

Oryctes is a scientific name which may refer to:
* Oryctes, a genus of beetles
* Oryctes nevadensis, the sole species in the plant genus Oryctes
# Émile Louis

Émile Louis (21 January 1934 – 20 October 2013) was a French bus driver and the prime suspect in the disappearance of seven young women in the Yonne department, Burgundy, in the late 1970s. He confessed to their murders in 2000, but retracted this confession one month later. Louis was sentenced to life in prison by the cour d'assises of Yonne in 2004. The sentence, which was upheld on appeal in 2006, was confirmed by the Court of Cassation in 2007.

## Disappearances

Louis was a prime suspect in the disappearances in the Yonne Département of seven young women with mild mental deficiencies between 1975 and 1980. The disappearances initially did not attract much attention, as the girls had no close relatives and lived in homes for the disabled; it was assumed that they had simply run away. A local detective, Christian Jambert, looked into the possible crimes as early as 1981. However, his reports were ignored.
After a long depression following this episode, Jambert committed suicide by gunshot in 1997. Because of two different impacts on Jambert's skull, police doubted the suicide thesis at first. After investigations, it appeared that Jambert's carbine was modified to shoot in burst mode, and might have caused several skull wounds. The suicide thesis was then confirmed by Justice on several occasions.
In 1992, Pierre Charrier, the head of the Yonne APAJH association managing the home for disabled young people where the missing girls had been staying, was sentenced to six years in prison for raping a 23-year-old disabled woman.
In 2000, Louis confessed to two of the murders, and gave information as to where the bodies could be found, which police were able to use to recover the bodies from shallow graves. He later retracted his confession, but was convicted of the seven murders in November 2004, and sentenced to life in prison.

## Death

Louis died on 20 October 2013. In the newspaper it was mentioned that he died in a secure hospital aged 79.
# Orthogonius assmuthi

Orthogonius assmuthi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Wasmann in 1920.
# 1981 ATP Championship

The 1981 ATP Championship, also known as the Cincinnati Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Lindner Family Tennis Center in Mason, Ohio in the United States that was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the 80th edition of the tournament and was held from August 17 through August 23, 1981. First-seeded John McEnroe won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

John McEnroe defeated Chris Lewis 6–3, 6–4
* It was McEnroe's 8th singles title of the year and the 32nd of his career.

### Doubles

John McEnroe / Ferdi Taygan defeated Bob Lutz / Stan Smith 7–6, 6–3
# Époqu'auto

Époqu'auto is a classic auto show dealing with all the themes of vintage vehicles (vintage cars, but also those of bicycles, motorcycles, trucks and accessories). It takes place every year in Lyon on the Eurexpo site.