OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dominicus Arumaeus

Dominicus Arumaeus (1579, Leeuwarden – February 24, 1637, Jena) was a Dutch jurist.
Born Douwe van Arum in Friesland, he studied law in Franeker (as early as 1593), Oxford, Rostock and finally Jena, where he married Anna Pingitzer on March 31, 1600. He remained there as a professor, rector and councillor at Weimar and was buried in Jena on Feb 27 1637.
In his five-volume Discursus academici de iure publico (1615–1623), Arumaeus pioneered public law as a distinct field of study. Influenced by Dutch humanism, his methodical analysis of the constitutional law of the Holy Roman Empire focused no longer on Roman law but on Imperial sources of public law, such as Imperial basic laws and electoral capitulations.

## Works

* Tractatus methodicus de mora Jena 1603, 1608.
** De mora commentarius methodicus (in Latin). Jena: Christoph Lippoldt. 1608.
* Exercitationes Iustiniani ad Institutiones juris Jena 1607.
* Decisionum et Sententiam Jena 1608, 1612.
* Disputationes ad praecipuas Pandectarum et Codicis leges, consuetudines feudales, quatuor Institionum libros Jena 1613, 1620, 1628.
* Discursus academici de iure publico Jena 1616–1623, 5 volumi. Volume 1.
* Discursus academici ad Auream Bullam Caroli Quarti Romanorum Imperatoris etc. Jena 1617, 1619, 1663.
* Commentarius Jiuridico-historico-politicus de comitiis Romano-Germanici Imperii Jena 1630, 1660.
# Algernon Graves

Algernon Graves (1845–1922) was a British art historian and art dealer, who specialised in the documentation of the exhibition and sale of works of art. He created reference sources that began the modern discipline of provenance research.

## Early life

Algernon Graves was born in Pall Mall, Westminster on 24 February 1845, the son of Henry Graves (1806–1892) a publisher of prints, and Mary Squire (d. 1871).
Graves studied German in Bonn, Germany, before working for his father's company Henry Graves & Co., researching for catalogues that the company published.

## Career

During a period of recovery following an injury, Graves had the idea of creating a catalog of art that was exhibited in London, from his extensive lists of artists and their works that he had compiled while working on other projects.
In 1884 he published the first edition of his idea, entitled A Dictionary of Artists who have Exhibited Works in the Principal London Exhibitions from 1760 to 1880. A second edition followed in 1885 and a third in 1901. In 1899, Graves and William V. Cronin issued the first volume of their work on Sir Joshua Reynolds, which they sold by subscription. In 1900, a book on Sir Thomas Lawrence by Lord Ronald Gower included a catalogue by Graves.
When his father Henry died in 1892, Algernon took over the running of Henry Graves & Company, where he worked until he retired in 1907.

## Personal life

Graves married the daughter of an art dealer, John Clowes Grundy from Manchester, England and they had a son, Herbert Seymour Graves, who later assisted Graves with later editions of the Dictionary of Artists series. His son died in 1898.
Graves remarried in 1919 to Madeline Lilian Sophia Wakeling Walker.

## Later life

Graves died in Marylebone on 5 February 1922, and is buried at Brompton Cemetery, London.

## Publications

* A Dictionary of Artists Who have Exhibited Works, in the Principal London Exhibitions of Oil Paintings from 1760 to 1880, London: George Bell and Sons, 1884, retrieved 6 November 2010Full text at Internet Archive{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
* The Royal Academy of Arts; a complete dictionary of contributors and their work from its foundation in 1769 to 1904. London: Henry Graves and Co. Ltd.; George Bell and Sons. 1905. Volume 1: Abbayne to Carrington; Vol. II Carroll to Dyer; Vol. III Eadie to Harraden; Vol. IV Harral to Lawranson; Vol. V Lawrence to Nye; Vol. VI Oakes to Rymsdyk; Vol. VII Sacco to Tofano; Vol. VIII Toft to Zwecker
* Society of Artists of Great Britain, 1760–1791 (and the) Free Society of Artists, 1761–1783, A Complete dictionary of contributors and their work from the foundation of the Societies to 1791, London: George Bell & Sons, 1907, retrieved 6 November 2010
* British Institution, 1806–1867 (1908)
* Summary of and Index to Waagen (1912)
* A Century of Loan Exhibitions, 1813–1912 (1913)
* Art Sales from Early in the Eighteenth Century to Early in the Twentieth Century (1918 to 1921)
# Enytus

Enytus is a genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Ichneumonidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and North America.
Species:
* Enytus albipes (Provancher, 1888)
* Enytus alticola (Cushman, 1922)
* Enytus apostata (Gravenhorst, 1829)
* Enytus appositor (Aubert, 1970)
* Enytus arabicus (Horstmann, 1981)
* Enytus crataegellae (Thomson, 1887)
* Enytus ericeti (Horstmann, 1980)
* Enytus eureka (Ashmead, 1890)
* Enytus homonymator (Aubert, 1960)
* Enytus huet Rousse & Villemant, 2012
* Enytus madeirae (Horstmann, 1980)
* Enytus montanus (Ashmead, 1890)
* Enytus neoapostata (Horstmann, 1969)
* Enytus nitidiventris (Horstmann, 1980)
* Enytus obliteratus (Cresson, 1864)
* Enytus oculus (Viereck, 1925)
* Enytus parvicanda (Thomson, 1887)
* Enytus rufoapicalis Horstmann, 2004
* Enytus styriacus (Horstmann, 1980)
# Monte Sant'Elia (Palmi)

Monte Sant'Elia is an Italian mountain in Palmi, Calabria. It has an elevation of 582 metres (1,909 ft) above sea level.
38°20′47″N 15°50′27″E﻿ / ﻿38.3465°N 15.8407°E﻿ / 38.3465; 15.8407
* This Calabrian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Neolasioptera boehmeriae

Neolasioptera boehmeriae is a species of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is found in the northeastern United States and Southern Canada. False nettles (genus Boehmeria) are host plants of Neolasioptera boehmeriae.
# Guorriguer

Guorriguer is a town and commune in Tébessa Province in north-eastern Algeria.
# David Howell

David Howell may refer to:
* David Howell (priest) (1831–1903), Dean of St David's Cathedral, 1897–1903
* David Howell (jurist) (1747–1824), American jurist, Continental Congressman for Rhode Island
* David Howell, Baron Howell of Guildford (born 1936), British Conservative MP, minister in Margaret Thatcher's cabinet
* David Howell (chaplain) (1929–2017), Anglican priest and writer
* David Howell (cricketer) (born 1958), South African cricketer
* David Howell (footballer) (born 1958), English footballer and manager
* David Howell (golfer) (born 1975), English professional golfer from Swindon
* David Howell (rugby league) (born 1983), Australian rugby league player currently playing for the Harlequins RL
* David Howell (chess player) (born 1990), English chess grandmaster
* David Howell (British Army officer), British barrister and officer
* The Edge, real name David Howell Evans, guitarist of U2
# Lauri Heikkilä

Lauri Juho Antti Heikkilä (24 June 1957 – 25 March 2024) was a Finnish politician, representing the Finns Party. He was elected to the Parliament of Finland in April 2011. He was a senior researcher and a lecturer of microelectronics at the University of Turku, but he also did farming.
In the 2015 parliamentary election, Heikkilä got 3,658 votes and was not re-elected.
From 1996 to 2011 Heikkilä was much involved in the making of Finns Party platforms.
Heikkilä died of a sudden illness during a conference trip in Strasbourg, on 25 March 2024, at the age of 66.
# Giovio

Giovio is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Giulio Giovio (1511–1563), Italian Roman Catholic bishop
* Paolo Giovio (1483–1552), Italian physician, historian, biographer, and prelate
* Paolo Giovio (il Giovane) (died 1585), Italian Roman Catholic bishop
# Kawahara, Tottori

Kawahara (河原町, Kawahara-chō) was a town located in Yazu District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,137 and a density of 97.31 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 83.62 km$^2$.
On November 1, 2004, Kawahara, along with the town of Kokufu, the village of Fukube (both from Iwami District), the towns of Aoya, Ketaka and Shikano (all from Ketaka District), the town of Mochigase, and the village of Saji (all from Yazu District), was merged into the expanded city of Tottori.
# Monte Santa Croce

Monte Santa Croce is a mountain in Liguria, northern Italy, part of the Ligurian Apennines.
# Donald Gillies

Donald Gillies may refer to:
* Donald B. Gillies (1928–1975), mathematician and computer scientist
* Donald A. Gillies (born 1944), historian of mathematics
* Donnie Gillies (born 1951), Scottish footballer
# David Howell (chaplain)

David Howell (31 May 1929 – 11 November 2017) was an Anglican priest and writer. The thrust of his ministry was in the area of health and healing, including posts as Director and Chaplain of the Divine Healing Mission from 1981 to 1989 and Director of the Council for Health and Healing from 1991 to 1993.

## Personal life and education

Howell was born in London, England, on 31 May 1929. He trained for ordination at Clifton Theological College and graduated in 1956. Howell had Parkinson's disease for some years before his death. He died in Wellington, Somerset on 11 November 2017.

## Ordained ministry

Howell was ordained as a deacon in 1959 and as a priest in 1960, at Lichfield Cathedral by Bishop Stretton Reeve. He began his career as a curate at St. Martin's Church, Tipton from 1959 to 1962. He was then vicar of St Paul's Church, West Bromwich from 1962 to 1971. In 1971, he moved for a further decade to St John's Church, Deptford, where he oversaw major building works alongside his ministry, from 1971 to 1981.
In 1981, Howell was given the post of Director and Chaplain of the Divine Healing Mission. He left the Divine Healing Mission in 1989 and retired from ecclesiastical duties the following year. From 1991 to 1993, he was Director of the Churches' Council for Health and Healing. From 1993 to 2000, he was appointed to the Diocese of Bath and Wells as the Honorary Diocesan Advisor on Health and Healing. Later in life, he led tours and lectures, many on architecture, for the University of the Third Age.
Howell published several books with the Divine Healing Mission, including Healing in the communion (1987), Anointing with Oil (1999), The Armour of God (1999) and Healing & Wholeness in the New Testament. In 1995, he wrote The Pain of Parting: Understanding the Grief Journey, a guide through the grief journey for the bereaved, in which he incorporated his own knowledge as an ecclesiastic and his experiences of bereavement.
# Limnodriloides

Limnodriloides is a genus of clitellate oligochaete worms.

## Species

Species accepted within Limnodriloides include:
* Limnodriloides adversus Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides agnes Hrabĕ, 1967
* Limnodriloides anxius Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides appendiculatus Pierantoni, 1903
* Limnodriloides armatus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides ascensionae Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides atriotumidus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides australis Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides baculatus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides barnardi Cook, 1974
* Limnodriloides basilicus Finogenova, 1986
* Limnodriloides biforis Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides bipapillatus Erséus, 1984
* Limnodriloides brycei Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides bulbopenitus Wang & Liang, 1997
* Limnodriloides clavellatus Finogenova, 1986
* Limnodriloides claviger Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides cribensis Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides ezoensis Takashima & Mawatari, 1996
* Limnodriloides faxatus Erséus & Milligan, 1988
* Limnodriloides flumineus Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides fraternus Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides fuscus Erséus, 1984
* Limnodriloides gossensis Erséus, 1997
* Limnodriloides hastatus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides hawaiiensis Erséus & Davis, 1989
* Limnodriloides hrabetovae Erséus, 1987
* Limnodriloides insolitus Erséus, 1989
* Limnodriloides janstocki Erséus, 1992
* Limnodriloides lateroporus Erséus, 1997
* Limnodriloides macinnesi Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides major Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides maslinicensis (Hrabĕ, 1971)
* Limnodriloides medioporus Cook, 1969
* Limnodriloides monothecus Cook, 1974
* Limnodriloides olearius Erséus & Milligan, 1989
* Limnodriloides parahastatus Erséus, 1984
* Limnodriloides pierantonii (Hrabĕ, 1971)
* Limnodriloides problematicus Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides rubicundus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides sacculus Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides scandinavicus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides solitarius Erséus & Wang, 2005
* Limnodriloides sphaerothecus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides stercoreus Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides tarutensis Erséus, 1986
* Limnodriloides tenuiductus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides thrushi Erséus, 1989
* Limnodriloides toloensis Erséus, 1984
* Limnodriloides triplus Erséus, 1990
* Limnodriloides uniampullatus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides validus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides vermithecatus Erséus, 1997
* Limnodriloides vespertinus Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides victoriensis Brinkhurst & Baker, 1979
* Limnodriloides virginiae Erséus, 1982
* Limnodriloides winckelmanni Michaelsen, 1914
# Mukhtiyar Ali

Mukhtiyar Ali is a folk singer from Bikaner in the Indian state of Rajasthan. He belongs to semi-nomadic community of Mirasi, who are known for their oral tradition of Sufi singing. The men in Ali's family have been Sufi musicians for many generations. Ali is a popular singer of the poetry of Kabir, and Mirabai, as well as Sufi poets such as Bulleh Shah. He was covered by the Kabir Project, as part of the movie 'Had Anhad' after which he gained lot of popularity. He made his international debut in July 2007. Mukhtiyar Ali has also since then sang songs for many movies. He was awarded the GiMA Award for Best Music Debut for the year 2015 for the song 'Fanny Re' in the movie Finding Fanny. He collaborated with Mathias Duplessy to write his music for the film.
# Çaxırlı

Çaxırlı or Caxırlı or Chakhirly or Chakhyrly may refer to:
* Çaxırlı, Goychay, Azerbaijan
* Çaxırlı, Imishli, Azerbaijan
* Çaxırlı, Jabrayil, Azerbaijan
* Çaxırlı, Masally, Azerbaijan
# Enyu

Enyu (Bulgarian: Еню) is a masculine given name that may refer to
* Emperor En'yū (959–991), Emperor of Japan
* Enyu Todorov (1943–2022), Bulgarian wrestler
* Enyu Valchev (1936–2014), Bulgarian wrestler
* Wu Enyu (1909–1979), Chinese philosopher, political scientist and literary critic
# P. L. D. Premaratne

P. L. D. Premaratne was the 36th Solicitor General of Sri Lanka. He was appointed on 1994, succeeding Shibly Aziz, and held the office until 1996. He was succeeded by Upawansa Yapa.
# Domvile baronets (1686 creation)

The Domvile Baronetcy, of Templeogue in the County of Dublin, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland on 21 December 1686 for Thomas Domvile, who represented Mullingar in the Irish House of Commons. He was the son of William Domville (Attorney-General for Ireland), son of Gilbert Domville, MP for Dublin, member of an ancient Cheshire family. The second Baronet was a member of the Irish Parliament for County Dublin. The title became extinct on his death in 1768. Sir William Domvile, brother of the first Baronet, represented Armagh and Dublin in the Irish Parliament. William Domville, elder brother of the aforementioned Gilbert Domvile, was the ancestor of the Domville baronets of St Alban's.
* Sir Thomas Domvile, 1st Baronet (c. 1650–1721)
* Sir Compton Domvile, 2nd Baronet (1696–1768)
# Guene

Guene may refer to:
* Guénè, Benin
* Guene language, a secret language among the slaves of West Curaçao, which may have influenced Papiamento
People with the surname Guene include:
* Charles Guené (born 1952), French politician
* Faïza Guène (born 1985), French writer and director
# Middleton Creek

Middleton Creek may refer to:

## Australia

* Middleton Creek (Queensland)
* Middleton Creek (Victoria)

## Canada

* Middleton Creek (Ontario)

## United States

* Middleton Creek (California)
* Middleton Creek (Kentucky), crossed by highway KY 2920
* Middleton Creek (Tennessee)
# Xiao Tao Sheng

Xiao Tao Sheng (萧涛生) (born 1946) is a Chinese painter who specializes in portraying Chinese culture through his Western-style oil paintings, called East in West paintings. He is a class I painter and professor, and currently the vice director of the Sichuan Provincial Art Museum. He is a member of the China Artists Association.
Xiao's art works were introduced to the public by China Central Television (CCTV), Sichuan TV and Chengdu TV. Most of his award-winning paintings had been selected for national exhibitions in China and abroad, including the International Arts City, Paris in December 2003 and at the south lobby of the United Nations Secretariat, New York in January 2005. The publications about his work namely Collection of Sketches by Xiao Tao Sheng and Collection of Oil Paintings by Xiao Tao Sheng had been included in the collections of the U.S. Library of Congress, New York City's Columbia University Library and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. His works had also been published in art magazines in China, Japan, Hong Kong, the United States and Canada.
# Wellington Square, North Adelaide

Wellington Square, also known as Kudnartu and officially Wellington Square/Kudnarto, is a public square in the Adelaide suburb of North Adelaide, South Australia, in the City of Adelaide. It is roughly at the centre of the largest of the three grids which comprise North Adelaide.
It is one of six squares designed by the founder of Adelaide, Colonel William Light, who was Surveyor-General at the time, in his 1837 plan of the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide. The square was named in 1837 by the Street Naming Committee after the Duke of Wellington, and in 2003 it was assigned a second name, Kudnartu, in the Kaurna language of the original inhabitants, as part of the Adelaide City Council's dual naming initiative. Kudnarto was a Kaurna woman from the Clare District. Hers was the first official Aboriginal/settler marriage in South Australia.

## History
### Pre-colonial history

The Adelaide area was inhabited long before European settlement in 1836 by one of the tribes which later came to be known as the Kaurna people, or Adelaide tribe.

### As Wellington Square

The square was named on 23 May 1837 after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Irish-born field marshal and statesman, victor at Waterloo and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1828 to 1830, who is credited with securing the passage of the South Australia Foundation Act through the British House of Lords in 1834. Colonel Light, first Surveyor-General of South Australia and a member of the Street Naming Committee, had briefly served under Wellington as a junior staff officer, a Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General (DAQMG), during the Peninsular War. Light's 1837 plan of Adelaide included Wellington Square.

### Dual naming

In March 2003, as part of the City of Adelaide's dual naming project in association with the University of Adelaide, the square was assigned the name "Kudnartu", officially "Wellington Square/Kudnarto". The name commemorates a Kaurna woman from the Crystal Brook area called Kudnarto (1832–1855), who married a settler, a shepherd named Tom Adams, in January 1848 at the Registry Office in Waymouth Street. This was the first recorded official Aboriginal/settler marriage in the colony of South Australia.

## Today

Wellington Square is one of only two of Light's six squares, Whitmore Square being the other one, which still retain the original configuration, neither having been dissected by roads like the others. The square has jacaranda trees, roses, and cherry trees, and the walking trail around the perimeter is about 700 metres (770 yd).

## Footnotes

* ↑ Spelt "Konarto" in the "Register of Births, Deaths & Marriage", Book 1, page 333
* ↑ Spelt "Konarto" in the "Register of Births, Deaths & Marriage", Book 1, page 333
# Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez

Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144 (1963), was a Supreme Court of the United States case in which the Court amended United States nationality law with respect to draft evasion.

## Background

Francisco Mendoza-Martinez (a natural-born United States citizen) confessed to the court that he had moved to Mexico (where he also had citizenship status) in 1942 for the purpose of evading the responsibilities of the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 (for which he served a year in prison). After his release from prison, Mendoza-Martinez was ordered deported on the grounds that he was not a US citizen (part of the Selective Training and Service Act, as amended by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, stripped draft evaders of their citizenship).
Mendoza-Martinez charged that the penalties prescribed by Section 401(j) of the Selective Training and Service Act and by Section 349(a)(10) of the Immigration and Nationality Act were in violation of the due process protections granted by the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the United States Constitution. The case, heard jointly with Rusk v. Cort, was appealed to the Supreme Court by United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.

## Supreme Court decision

In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Mendoza-Martinez (but upheld his conviction for draft evasion), upholding the ruling by the Southern District Court of California. The two statutes in question were declared unconstitutional. Speaking for the court, Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg stated:
   The imperative necessity for safeguarding these rights to procedural due process under the gravest of emergencies has existed throughout our constitutional history, for it is then, under the pressing exigencies of crisis, that there is the greatest temptation to dispense with guarantees which, it is feared, will inhibit government action.
In other words, the court acknowledged the expanded powers of Congress during wartime, but also ruled that those wartime powers do not permit Congress to circumvent the measures of due process.
# Edwin Tryon Billings

Edwin Tryon Billings (1824-1893) was a portrait painter in 19th-century United States. He lived in Montgomery, Alabama; Worcester, Massachusetts; and in Boston. Among his numerous portrait subjects were Daniel Webster, William Lloyd Garrison and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

## Biography

Billings was born November 20, 1824, to wheelwright Ira Billings and Eunice Tryon of Massachusetts. He lived in Montgomery, Alabama, intermittently c. 1850-1859; and in Worcester, Massachusetts, c. 1854-1856. He "first visited Worcester in 1854. Billings painted several important Worcester residents, including John Davis and Stephen Salisbury. His work hung in many public buildings including the Worcester County Courthouse and Mechanics Hall."
He moved to Boston in the 1860s, working in the Studio Building on Tremont Street c. 1864-1891. In the 1874 exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association Billings showed several paintings, including "Child and Kitten," and "Children and Rabbits." His work also appeared in the 1887 National Academy of Design exhibit.
Billings married Frances E. Keller in 1867. Friends included painter George Fuller, with whom he travelled in the southern United States. Among Billings' possessions was a copy of Walt Whitman's Two Rivulets, annotated by Whitman, and notably auctioned for a relatively high sum in 1909.
Portrait subjects included:
* Josiah Bartlett, a founding father
* Ira Billings, father of E. T. Billings
* James Freeman Clarke
* Alpheus Crosby
* Thomas Russell Crosby
* John Davis
* George Fuller
* Helen Eliza Benson Garrison, wife of W. L. Garrison
* William Lloyd Garrison
* Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
* Abraham Lincoln
* Maria Mitchell
* Andrew Preston Peabody
* Abigail Lord Rogers
* Stephen Salisbury
* Daniel Webster
* Calvin Willard

### Portraits by E. T. Billings

* Portrait of W. L. Garrison, 19th century (New York Historical society)
* Portrait of O. W. Holmes Sr., 19th century
* Portrait of Charles Gideon Putnam, MD, c. 1860s (Historic New England)
* Portrait of Daniel Webster, 19th century
* Portrait of Isaac Adams, 19th century