OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Davison Soper

Davison "Dave" Eugene Soper (21 March 1943, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American theoretical physicist specializing in high energy physics.

## Education and career

Soper received his bachelor's degree in 1965 from Amherst College and his PhD in 1971 under James Bjorken from Stanford University, where he worked with John Kogut. Soper was from 1971 to 1973 an instructor and from 1973 to 1977 an assistant professor at Princeton University. He was appointed in 1977–80 an assistant professor, in 1980–83 an associate professor, and from 1983 to the present a professor at the University of Oregon, where from 2004 to 2007 he was chair of the physics department.
His doctoral dissertation on Null Plane Field Theory dealt with the theory of high energy scattering processes in the parton model. With George Sterman and John C. Collins, he proved a factorization theorem in perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
Soper is a member of the "Coordinated Theoretical-Experimental Project on QCD“ (CTEQ), whose co-spokesperson he was from 2001 to 2004. He was on the editorial board of Physical Review Letters and Physical Review D.

## Honors

In 2009 Soper received with R. Keith Ellis and John C. Collins the Sakurai Prize of the American Physical Society.
He became a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2010. He was cited " For seminal work in Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics, especially proving theorems on factorization which play a crucial role in interpreting high energy particle collisions."

## Selected works

* Classical Field Theory. Dover Publ., Mineola, NY 2008, ISBN 978-0-486-46260-8 (originally published by Wiley, New York 1976).
# Eleutherodactylus oxyrhyncus

Eleutherodactylus oxyrhyncus is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Hispaniola and known from the Massif de la Hotte and Massif de la Selle, occurring in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The common name is rednose robber frog.
E. oxyrhyncus is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging and agriculture. It is known from the Pic Macaya and La Visite National Parks , but habitat degradation is occurring in these areas too.
# Everling

Everling is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gerald Everling (born c. 1943), American football player and coach and collegiate wrestler and coach
* Norbert Müller-Everling (born 1953), German artist
* Ulrich Everling (1925–2018), German jurist
# Þorvaldur

Þorvaldur (English transliteration: Thorvaldur) is an Icelandic masculine given name and may refer to:
* Þorvaldur Örlygsson (born 1966), Icelandic football midfielder
* Þorvaldur Sigbjörnsson (born 1974), Icelandic footballer
* Þorvaldur Skúlason (1906–1984), Icelandic painter
* Þorvaldur Thoroddsen (1855–1921), Icelandic geologist and geographer
# Gmina Dwikozy

Gmina Dwikozy is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Dwikozy, which lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Sandomierz and 84 km (52 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.
The gmina covers an area of 84.79 square kilometres (32.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,087 (8,974 in 2013).

## Villages

Gmina Dwikozy contains the villages and settlements of Bożydar, Buczek, Czermin, Dwikozy, Gałkowice, Gierlachów, Góry Wysokie, Kamień Łukawski, Kępa Chwałowska, Kolonia Gałkowice, Mściów, Nowe Kichary, Nowy Garbów, Nowy Kamień, Romanówka, Rzeczyca Mokra, Rzeczyca Sucha, Słupcza, Stare Kichary, Stary Garbów, Szczytniki, Winiarki and Winiary.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Dwikozy is bordered by the town of Sandomierz and by the gminas of Gorzyce, Obrazów, Ożarów, Radomyśl nad Sanem, Wilczyce and Zawichost.
# Errol Brown (disambiguation)

Errol Brown (1943–2015) was a British-Jamaican singer and songwriter.
Errol Brown may also refer to:
* Errol Brown (engineer), Jamaican audio engineer
* Errol Brown (cricketer) (born 1952), Jamaican cricketer
# German submarine U-545

German submarine U-545 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.
She was laid down at the Deutsche Werft (yard) in Hamburg as yard number 366 on 1 August 1942, launched on 3 March 1943 and commissioned on 19 May with Kapitänleutnant Gert Mannesmann in command.
U-545 began her service career with training as part of the 4th U-boat Flotilla from 19 May 1943. She was reassigned to the 2nd flotilla for operations on 1 December.
She carried out one patrol and damaged one ship. She was a member of five wolfpacks.
She was scuttled on 10 February 1944 west of the Hebrides after an attack by Allied aircraft.

## Design

German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-545 had a displacement of 1,144 tonnes (1,126 long tons) when at the surface and 1,257 tonnes (1,237 long tons) while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,850 nautical miles (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-545 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

## Service history
### Patrol and loss

The boat departed Kiel on 9 December 1943, moved through the North Sea, negotiated the 'gap' between Iceland and the Faroe Islands and entered the Atlantic Ocean.
She damaged Empire Housman on 31 December. This ship was later sunk on 3 January 1944 by U-744.
The first Watch Officer (1WO), Oberleutnant zur See Hans Wilkening, was swept overboard on 26 January 1944.
On 10 February 1944 U-545 was scuttled following damage from an attack by a Vickers Wellington of No. 612 Squadron RAF. A Canadian Wellington from 407 Squadron RCAF was also involved, but was shot down.
One man died in the U-boat; there were 56 survivors. They were picked up by U-714 and taken to St. Nazaire in France.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage (GRT) | Fate |
| 30 December 1943 | Empire Housman | United Kingdom | 7,359 | Damaged |
# Ellen Jens

Ellen Jens (6 October 1940 – 17 November 2023) was a Dutch television director and producer, best known for her collaboration with Wim T. Schippers on VPRO television. She produced and directed a large number of other television shows, especially on literature and art, and was referred to as a "television legend".

## Early life and career

Ellen Jens was born in Wassenaar on 6 October 1940. In the early 1970s Jens was a "scriptgirl" working for the VPRO. Starting in 1972 she began working with Wim T. Schippers, producing his shows from 1972 (De Fred Hachéshow) to 1994 (We zijn weer thuis); on many of the shows she is credited as a director and writer as well.
Jens produced and directed Hier is Adriaan van Dis, the talk show hosted by Adriaan van Dis (which ran from 1983 to 1992), and was the producer of the long-running VPRO TV show Jiskefet and the Schippers series on popular science Flogiston. For presenter Hanneke Groenteman, she produced the talk show on art De Plantage, from 1994 to 2001. From 2005 onwards she produced the TV show VPRO Boeken, a program on literature hosted by Wim Brands, for which she also designed the set (modeled on the set for De Plantage, taped in the Studio Plantage in Artis, in turn modeled on her own house); she was picked (as a "television legend") for her experience with literature, based in part on her work with Adriaan van Dis.

## Personal life

In the early 1970s she dated Hugo Claus, at the time when he promoted his novel Het jaar van de kreeft; Claus and Jens were photographed together as part of a campaign to promote the book, which had Claus's love life as its main topic. She lived with Wim T. Schippers in the 1970s and 1980s and later married him.
Jens died in Amsterdam on 17 November 2023, at the age of 83.

## Select filmography

Entries marked with an asterisk are with Wim T. Schippers
* Zomergasten
* Flogiston*
* We zijn weer thuis* (47 episodes, 1989–1994)
* De bruine jurk* (TV play, 1988)
* Sans Rancune* (TV play, 1987)
* Going to the Dogs* (TV production, 1986)
* Plafond over de vloer* (9 episodes, 1986)
* Opzoek naar Yolanda* (6 episodes, 1984)
* De lachende scheerkwast* (12 episodes, 1981–1982)
* Ramp Ahead* (TV movie, 1980)
* De dans der vierkanten waarin opgenomen Elly, of het beroemde stuk* (TV production of Holland Festival opening, 1980)
* VerhagenCadabra (5 episodes, 1979)
* Het is weer zo laat!* (10 episodes, 1978)
* Cross Now* (1977)
* Ninette de Valois (mag ik mijn grijze mapje terug)* (1976)
* Grote Genade* (1976)
* Echo's uit het alpendal* (1976)
* De ondergang van de Onan* (1976)
* Volk en vaderliefde* (1975)
* Het grote gebeuren (1975)
* Van Oekel's Discohoek* (1974)
* Barend is weer bezig* (5 episodes, 1972–1973)
* De Fred Haché Show* (1972)
# Dorthe Rasmussen

Dorthe Skovshoved Rasmussen (born 27 January 1960 in Copenhagen, Denmark) is a retired female long-distance runner from Denmark. She competed for her native country at two Summer Olympics: 1984 and 1992. Her best result was finishing in 13th place in the women's marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympics. She set her personal best in the classic distance (2:29.34) in 1989.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Denmark ||||||
| 1984 | Olympic Games | Los Angeles, United States | 13th | Marathon | 2:33:40 |
| 1986 | European Championships | Stuttgart, West Germany | 18th | 10,000 m | 32:53.04 |
| 1989 | Egmond Half Marathon | Egmond, Netherlands | 1st | Half Marathon | 1:14:45 |
| 1991 | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | — | Marathon | DNF |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | heats | 10,000 m | 33:22.43 |
| 1995 | World Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | — | Marathon | DNF |
# Ohio Patriot Act

The Ohio Patriot Act, Ohio State Senate Bill Number 9 (SB 9), is an act passed in the U.S. state of Ohio on January 11, 2006. The act has many effects, many of which expand the powers of law enforcement in fighting terrorism. For instance, Section 2909.29 makes providing financial assistance to terrorist organizations a class four felony. Among its more controversial effects, this bill gives law enforcement officials authority to deny entry to individuals entering "transportation infrastructure" who will not provide identification when there is determined to be a security threat and officials are requiring identification from all individuals entering. The bill also gives law enforcement officials authority to demand the name, address and date of birth of any individual who is "reasonably suspected" of having committed or was witness to a felony. Failure to provide this information would be a misdemeanor under section 2921.29. Section 2909.32 would allow state agencies that issue licenses to require applicants to sign a declaration indicating that they have never provided material assistance to terrorist organizations. The provision would not apply to driving, hunting, fishing or other routine licenses but to licenses dealing with check cashiers, aircraft registration, emergency response personnel, food inspection, public water systems, charitable solicitations and the handling of hazardous materials.
On October 15, 2005, the amended bill passed the Ohio House of Representatives in a 69–23 vote. It was sent to the Ohio Senate to approve amendments made by the House, and the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 29–2. It was sent to Governor Bob Taft, who signed the bill into law on January 11, 2006. It went into effect on April 14, 2006.
# Electric Touch

Electric Touch can refer to:
* Electric Touch (band), a rock band from Texas
* Electric Touch (album), a 2010 album by Russian singer Sergey Lazarev
* "Electric Touch" (song), a 2023 song by Taylor Swift featuring Fall Out Boy from Speak Now (Taylor's Version)
# Kevin Cummins

Kevin Cummins may refer to:
* Kevin Cummins (hurler) (born 1946), retired Irish hurler from County Cork
* Kevin Cummins (photographer) (born 1953), British photographer
# Gmina Dubienka

Gmina Dubienka is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the village of Dubienka, which lies approximately 31 kilometres (19 mi) east of Chełm and 95 km (59 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 96.26 square kilometres (37.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 2,749.
The gmina contains part of the protected area called Strzelce Landscape Park.

## Villages

Gmina Dubienka contains the villages and settlements of Brzozowiec, Dubienka, Holendry, Janostrów, Jasienica, Józefów, Kajetanówka, Krynica, Lipniki, Mateuszowo, Nowokajetanówka, Radziejów, Rogatka, Siedliszcze, Skryhiczyn, Stanisławówka, Starosiele, Tuchanie, Uchańka, and Zagórnik.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Dubienka is bordered by the gminas of Białopole, Dorohusk, Horodło and Żmudź. It also borders Ukraine.
# Yasutomo Nagai

Yasutomo Nagai (永井 康友, Nagai Yasutomo) (October 29, 1965 – September 12, 1995) was a motorcycle road racer, born in Koshigaya, Japan.

## Career

Nagai raced in Japan's All-Japan Road Racing Championship for many years, spending seven of them with Yamaha Motor Company. He was also a member of the 1994 Bol d'Or winning Yamaha France team, with Dominique and Christian Sarron.
Nagai took two pole positions in the Superbike World Championship. He was the first Japanese racer to take a Championship pole outside Japan (in Austria in 1995). He achieved four podium finishes.

## Accident and death

Nagai died two days after crashing at Assen, Netherlands during the 1995 Superbike World Championship race. Riding a Yamaha YZF750, he rode over oil spilled on the track by a Ducati 916. As he fell, his Yamaha landed on top of him. Nagai's injuries left him in a coma from which he never regained consciousness. Nagai died in a nearby hospital at the age of 29. Despite not taking part in the final two rounds, he was 5th overall in the 1995 standings.
# Germain's swiftlet

Germain's swiftlet (Aerodramus germani) is a species of swift.
It is found in China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

## Description

This swiftlet is 12 cm long and weighs 13 to 14 grams. The plumage is blackish-brown above, but much paler on the underparts. The tail is slightly forked and the wings are long and narrow. The bill and feet are black. The nominate subspecies C. g. germani from Hainan south to Thailand and northern Malaysia has a whitish rump, but C. g. amechanus of the rest of Malaysia has a grey rump. These two forms are sometimes considered to be subspecies of the edible-nest swiftlet.
Several calls are uttered including a loud zwing and various chip calls used for echolocation in dark caves.
Himalayan swiftlet winters within the range of Germain's swiftlet, but is larger and bulkier, and has a greyer rump than C. g. germani.

## Behaviour

This swiftlet feeds over a range of habitats from coastal areas to the mountains. Its diet consists of flying insects which are caught on the wing. It often feeds in large flocks with other species of swift and swallow.
It breeds in colonies in caves, in a cleft in a cliff or sometimes on a building. The bracket-shaped nest is white and translucent and is made of layers of hardened saliva attached to the rock. It measures about 6 cm across with a depth of 1.5 cm and a weight of about 14 grams. Two white, oval, non-glossy eggs are laid.

## Status

Germain's swiftlet has an extensive range, estimated at 1–10 million square kilometres (0.4–3.8 million square miles), and a large population. The species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as Least Concern.
# Ellen Johnson (disambiguation)

Ellen Johnson (born 1955) is an American activist. The name may also refer to:
* Ellen Cheney Johnson (1829–1899), American prison reformer
* Ellen H. Johnson (1910–1992), historian and professor of modern art
* Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (born 1938), president of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize winner
# Doto curere

Doto curere is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Dotidae.

## Distribution

This species was described from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica.

## Description

This nudibranch is translucent grey in colour. The cerata have rather pointed tubercles without terminal spots.

## Ecology

Doto curere was found on rocky reefs with an abundance of hydroids. The specific food for this species is unknown.
# Elias Hansen

Elias Hansen may refer to:
* Elias Hansen (judge) (1877–1966), a Utah Supreme Court Justice
* Elias Hansen (sculptor) (born 1979), an American sculptor
# Old Cooranga, Queensland

Old Cooranga is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Old Cooranga had a population of 29 people.

## Geography

The locality is bounded to the west by the Boyne River while the eastern boundary roughly follows the flow of Coocher Creek. The land along these watercourses is lower (160 metres (520 ft) at the Boyne River) and is used for farming, while the north–south spine of the locality rises to unnamed peaks of 350 metres (1,150 ft).
The east and south-east of the locality is within the Pile Gully State Forest which extends into neighbouring Pile Gully.
The predominant land use is grazing on native vegetation with some irrigated horticulture in the west of the locality near the Boyne River.

## History

Cooranga Provisional School opened on 14 August 1922 and closed in March 1923.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Old Cooranga had a population of 27 people.
In the 2021 census, Old Cooranga had a population of 29 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Old Cooranga. The nearest government primary school is Boynewood State School in Boynewood to the north-west. The nearest government secondary schools are Mudubbera State College (to Year 10) in Mundubbera to the north-west and Burnett State College (to Year 12) in Gayndah to the north-east.
# Allosturmia

Allosturmia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Allosturmia turicai Blanchard, 1958

## Distribution

Argentina.
# Dorcadion etruscum

Dorcadion etruscum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Rossi in 1790, originally as a varias of the species Lamia molitor. It is known from Italy, Greece, North Macedonia, Albania, and Sicily.

## Subspecies

* Dorcadion etruscum bravardi Pic, 1916
* Dorcadion etruscum etruscum (Rossi, 1790)
* Dorcadion etruscum fiorii Breuning, 1942
# Estrela, Lisbon

Estrela (Portuguese pronunciation:) is a freguesia (civil parish) and district of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. Located in the historic center of Lisbon, Estrela is south of Campo de Ourique, west of Misericórdia, and east of Alcântara. The population in 2011 was 20,128. The Portuguese word estrela means star in English.

## History

This new parish was created with the 2012 Administrative Reform of Lisbon, merging the former parishes of Lapa, Santos-o-Velho and Prazeres.

## Landmarks

The parish is the site of the Assembly of the Republic (the Portuguese Parliament) and of São Bento Mansion, the official residence of the Prime Minister of Portugal. Further landmarks are the Estrela Basilica, the Convento das Bernardas, the building of the Rua das Janelas Verdes, the Rua do Guarda-Mor, or the Rua do Sacramento.

### Embassies

It also hosts many embassies, in particular, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Finland, Indonesia, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
# Painted Lady (disambiguation)

Painted ladies, in the U.S., are Victorian houses repainted in bright polychrome
Painted lady or painted ladies (or capitalised versions) may refer to:

## Animals

* Any species of the Cynthia group of butterflies in the genus Vanessa, e.g. more specifically:
** Painted lady (Vanessa cardui), a butterfly found on most continents except South America
** American painted lady (Vanessa virginiensis), a butterfly found throughout North America
** Australian painted lady (Vanessa kershawi), a butterfly mostly confined to Australia

## Arts and entertainment
### Film

* The Painted Lady, a 1912 film directed by D. W. Griffith
* The Painted Lady (1924 film), an American drama film
* Painted Lady (TV series), a 1997 murder mystery drama starring Helen Mirren
* Painted Lady, a 2002 documentary short film about Vali Myers
* "The Painted Lady" (Avatar: The Last Airbender), an episode from the animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender

### Literature

* Painted Ladies (novel), a 2010 Spenser novel by Robert B. Parker

### Music

* The Painted Ladies, an Australian band that performed at the National Indigenous Music Awards 2015
* "Painted Ladies" (song), the debut single by Ian Thomas
* "Painted Ladies", a track from the album Henry the Human Fly by Richard Thompson

## Plants

* Painted lady flowering bean or runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)
* Painted-lady (Echeveria derenbergii), a succulent plant from Mexico
* Gladiolus carneus, also known as painted lady Gladiolus

## Other

* Painted Lady (mountain), a summit in California
# Duo Concertant

Duo Concertant is a 1932 composition for violin and piano by Igor Stravinsky. The impetus for this piece came from neo-classical literature and this is reflected in the names of the movements:
* Cantilène
* Eclogue 1
* Eclogue 2
* Gigue
* Dithyrambe
Stravinsky dedicated Duo Concertant to Samuel Dushkin, a well-known violinist he met in 1931. The composer premiered the work with Dushkin in Berlin in 1932, and the pair gave recitals together across Europe for the next several years.
In 1972, George Balanchine choreographed Duo Concertant to Stravinsky's score for the New York City Ballet Stravinsky Festival.