OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zschorgula

Zschorgula is part of the small village Schkölen located in the province of Thuringia in East Germany. It has a population of about 80.
The village is surrounded by farms and hills. There is a church in the village.
The closest airport is AOC - Altenburg Nobitz, located 45.5 km east of Zschorgula. More nearby airports include LEJ - Leipzig Halle 50.0 km north east, ERF - Erfurt 64.2 km west, HOQ - Hof Plauen 84.7 km south, BYU - Bayreuth 119.6 km south,

## 51°20′N 11°52′E﻿ / ﻿51.333°N 11.867°E﻿ / 51.333; 11.867References

* ↑ "Zschorgula Map | Germany Google Satellite Maps". www.maplandia.com. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
* This Saale-Holzland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# ZFYVE19

Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFYVE19 gene.
# Amydona

Amydona may refer to:
* Amydona Walker, 1855, a genus of butterflies in the family Limacodidae, synonym of Perola
* Amydona Walker, 1855, a genus of butterflies in the family Lasiocampidae, synonym of Trabala
# Naïve. Super

Naïve. Super. (Original title: Naiv.Super.) is a novel by the Norwegian author Erlend Loe. It was first published in 1996 in Norwegian, and proved to be very popular. In 2006, it was on the newspaper Dagbladet's list of the best Norwegian novels 1981–2006. The novel has since been translated into more than 30 other languages. Tor Ketil Solberg translated the novel into English.

## Plot synopsis

The story is narrated by a man in his mid-twenties who suddenly becomes disillusioned and confused by life and therefore quits university. The narrator becomes fascinated by both modern scientific theories of time and relativity. He reads a book by Paul Davies, exchanges faxes with his meteorologist friend Kim, and also engages in repetitive childish activities such as playing with wooden BRIO children's toys and repeatedly throwing a ball against a wall. In the end, the narrator visits his brother in New York City and returns to Norway with a renewed sense of meaning in life.
While the narrator's name remains unknown throughout the novel, the author uses his own name at the end of the book, raising questions about the true narrative standpoint throughout the text.

## Chapters

The novel is broken up into 45 chapters, each approximately 4-5 pages in length.
# Gerald Gordon

Sir Gerald Henry Gordon CBE KC (born 17 June 1929) is a Scottish lawyer who is the editor of Scottish Criminal Case Reports and of Renton and Brown's Criminal Procedure, and author of The Criminal Law of Scotland.

## Previous appointments

Gordon was a Sheriff from 1976 to 1999 and a Temporary Judge at the High Court until June 2004. He was Professor of Scots law at the University of Edinburgh from 1972 to 1976 and Head of Department of Criminal law and Criminology there from 1965 to 1972. He practised as an Advocate from 1953 to 1959 and was Procurator Fiscal Depute from 1960 to 1965.

## SCCRC

Gordon was a Member of the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (SCCRC) from its inception in 1999 until 2009. During this time the SCCRC conducted a review of the conviction of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial.

## Honours and awards

Gordon was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1995 Birthday Honours and knighted in 2000. In 2002, Gordon was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
# RT-Mart

RT-MART International Ltd. (Chinese: 大潤發流通事業股份有限公司), trading as RT-Mart (traditional Chinese: 大潤發; simplified Chinese: 大润发; pinyin: Dàrùnfā), is a hypermarket chain in Taiwan. Its headquarters is in Zhongshan District, Taipei. The company opened its 23rd store in 2004. RT-Mart and Auchan created a joint venture, Sun Art Retail Group Ltd.
PX Mart acquired equity interests in RT-Mart's distribution business held by Auchan Group and Ruentex Group, will include its own land and buildings, store operation rights and its own brands.
# Çakartaş, Ergani

Çakartaş is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ergani, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. Its population is 515 (2022).
# Peninsula Gas Utilisation

The Peninsular Gas Utilization (PGU) is the longest pipeline in Malaysia. The 2,623 km (1,630 mi) pipeline connects the Kerteh refinery in Terengganu to other areas of peninsula Malaysia. It is owned and operated by Petronas Gas Berhad on behalf of its holding company Petronas.
The purpose of the pipeline is to supply gas to natural gas vehicle refueling outlets in urban areas. It is also used to carry processed natural gas to the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, with the latter sent to Senoko Power Station.

## History

The PGU Project was constructed in 1984 and completed in 1993. The construction was divided into four phases including:
* Phase 1: Tok Arun - Kerteh
* Phase 2:
** Section 1: Kerteh - Gebeng - Segamat
** Section 2: Segamat - Johor Bahru - Pasir Gudang
** Section 3: Segamat - Pedas - Serdang
* Phase 3: Serdang-Gurun-Kangar
* Phase 4 (Multi Product Pipeline): Serdang - Port Dickson - Malacca
Phase 1 of the project was completed in mid-1984, with gas processed at a plant in Kerteh, then sent to the Paka power station and a steel mill at Teluk Kalong. The gas processing plant costs RM 500 million. It was jointly managed by Jurutera Konsultant (South-east Asia) Sdn Bhd and Stone of the United States.
Studies for Phase 2 of the project began in early 1984, which extend from Teluk Kalong to Port Klang and Port Dickson in the west coast and Johor and Singapore. The Phase 2 pipeline, which is 730 km (450 mi) long, began constructions in July 1988 and was scheduled to be completed in mid-1992. At the same time, the gas processing plant in Kerteh was expanded.
Studies for Phase 3 began in April 1991 and was expected to be completed by the end of 1991 with construction beginning in 1994. The Phase 3 pipeline is 310 km (190 mi) long and passes through Batang Berjuntai, Kampung Matang Aceh, Changkat Jering in Perak, and Kulim, Gurun and Pokok Sena in Kedah. Phase 3 determines the demand for gas in various power stations and industrial areas.

## Features

* 2,500 kilometers of pipeline.
* Sensor system to control leaking gas.
* Pipeline monitored centre at Pedas, Negeri Sembilan, Gebeng, Pahang and Segamat, Johor
# Yongning, Shaanxi

Yongning (simplified Chinese: 永宁; traditional Chinese: 永寧; pinyin: Yǒngníng) is a town under the administration of Zhidan County, Shaanxi, China. As of 2018, it has 14 villages under its administration. The town spans an area of 810.40 square kilometres (312.90 sq mi), and has a hukou population of 14,282 as of 2018.
# Zschonerbach

The Zschonerbach is a small river of Saxony, Germany. It flows into the Elbe near Dresden.
# Albula pacifica

Albula pacifica also known as the Pacific shafted bonefish is a species of fish native to the eastern Pacific.

## History

Bonefish were once believed to be a single species with a global distribution, however 9 different species have since been identified. There are three identified species in the Atlantic and six in the Pacific.
# Zero dagger

In set theory, 0$^†$ (zero dagger) is a particular subset of the natural numbers, first defined by Robert M. Solovay in unpublished work in the 1960s. (The superscript † should be a dagger, but it appears as a plus sign on some browsers.) The definition is a bit awkward, because there might be no set of natural numbers satisfying the conditions. Specifically, if ZFC is consistent, then ZFC + "0$^†$ does not exist" is consistent. ZFC + "0$^†$ exists" is not known to be inconsistent (and most set theorists believe that it is consistent). In other words, it is believed to be independent (see large cardinal for a discussion). It is usually formulated as follows:
    0$^†$ exists if and only if there exists a non-trivial elementary embedding j : L[U] → L[U] for the relativized Gödel constructible universe L[U], where U is an ultrafilter witnessing that some cardinal κ is measurable.
If 0$^†$ exists, then a careful analysis of the embeddings of L[U] into itself reveals that there is a closed unbounded subset of κ, and a closed unbounded proper class of ordinals greater than κ, which together are indiscernible for the structure $(L,\in ,U)$, and 0$^†$ is defined to be the set of Gödel numbers of the true formulas about the indiscernibles in L[U].
Solovay showed that the existence of 0$^†$ follows from the existence of two measurable cardinals. It is traditionally considered a large cardinal axiom, although it is not a large cardinal, nor indeed a cardinal at all.
# RNLB H F Bailey

Several lifeboats of the RNLI have been named RNLB H F Bailey,
* RNLB H F Bailey (ON 670), a Norfolk and Suffolk-class lifeboat that served at Cromer during 1923 & 1924.
* RNLB H F Bailey (ON 694), a Watson-class lifeboat that served at Cromer from 1924 until 1935.
* RNLB H F Bailey II (ON 714), a Watson-class lifeboat that served at Cromer from 1929 until 1937.
* RNLB H F Bailey III (ON 777), a Watson-class lifeboat that served at Cromer from 1935 until 1945.
# Ferdinand Kitt

Ferdinand Kitt (22 November 1887 – 5 February 1961) was an Austrian painter. His work was part of the art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics and the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Ernesto Filippi

Ernesto Filippi Cavani (born 26 October 1950 in Lucca, Italy) is a former Uruguayan football referee. He is known for supervising one match during the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States.
# Zale obliqua

Zale obliqua, the oblique zale, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in barrens and pine woodlands of the United States from Ohio to southern Maine, south to northern Florida, Mississippi and Texas.
Zale obliqua has a less contrasting pattern and no bluish gray band. The wingspan is 36–40 mm. Adults are on wing in late March in southeastern North Carolina and in early summer from New Jersey northward. There is one generation from New Jersey north. From eastern Maryland to northeastern North Carolina southward there are two generations.
They feed on pitch pine in the north and probably loblolly, pond, and longleaf pine in the south.
# Yanguas de Eresma

Yanguas de Eresma is a municipality located in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 196 inhabitants.
# Zeebo (disambiguation)

Zeebo can refer to:
* Zeebo Entertainment and Education System
* Zeebo Inc.
* Zeebo (To Kill a Mockingbird character)
* Zeebo (iCarly character)
# Nebulosa inaequiplaga

Nebulosa inaequiplaga is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in western Colombia.
# Rotgipfler

Rotgipfler is a grape variety used to make aromatic white wine. It is almost exclusively found in the Gumpoldskirchen district of the Thermenregion in Austria. It is often blended with Zierfandler (which is also known as Spätrot) to make Spätrot-Rotgipfler. It is also increasingly used for quality wines. Such Rotgipfler wines are powerful, high in alcohol and suitable for cellaring.
In 1999 there were 118.42 hectares (292.6 acres) of Rotgipfler vineyards in Austria.
Rotgipfler has been named for the red tips of its vine leaves. The earliest known mention of Rotgipfler was in 1837 in Steiermark by Johann Burger. Rotgipfler has been identified as a cross between Traminer and Roter Veltliner.
# R515 road

R515 road may refer to:
* R515 road (Ireland)
* R515 (South Africa)
# Ferris Wheel of Paris

Ferris Wheel of Paris may refer to:
* Grande Roue de Paris, the 100 metre Ferris wheel built for the Exposition Universelle world exhibition of 1900 and demolished in 1920
* Roue de Paris, the 60 metre transportable Ferris wheel erected on the Place de la Concorde for the year 2000 millennium celebrations
# Ernest Harlington Barnes

Ernest Harlington Barnes (3 April 1899 – 4 May 1985) was a Bermudian dairy farmer, member of the Legislative Council of Bermuda and politician for the United Bermuda Party.
# Zale metatoides

Zale metatoides, the washed-out zale or jack pine false looper, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1943. It is found in barrens and pine woodlands from at least Wisconsin and probably Manitoba to Maine, south to the mountains of Georgia. The range in the Gulf States is not certain.
The wingspan is about 35 mm. There is one generation per year.
# Periodicity

Periodicity or periodic may refer to:

## Mathematics

* Bott periodicity theorem, addresses Bott periodicity: a modulo-8 recurrence relation in the homotopy groups of classical groups
* Periodic function, a function whose output contains values that repeat periodically
* Periodic mapping

## Physical sciences

* Periodic table of chemical elements
* Periodic trends, relative characteristics of chemical elements observed
* Redshift periodicity, astronomical term for redshift quantization

## Other uses

* Fokker periodicity blocks, which mathematically relate musical intervals
* Periodic acid, a compound of iodine
* Principle of periodicity, a concept in generally accepted accounting principles
* Quasiperiodicity, property of a system that displays irregular periodicity
# Alexandre du Chayla

Count Armand Alexandre de Blanquet du Chayla (25 March 1885 – 1945) was a French nobleman who converted to Russian Orthodoxy. He is chiefly remembered for giving crucial evidence and/or testimony for the prosecution at the Berne Trial in 1935 against the notorious Protocols of Zion.
Du Chayla had been a journalist at the time of the 1913 blood-libel trial of Mendel Beilis and had written in support of the accusation. At Berne he insisted on payment of 4,000 Swiss francs for his testimony, which the plaintiffs found difficulty raising. Michael Hagemeister wrote that du Chayla's testimony was full of factual errors and inconsistencies, but unfortunately still taints the historiography of the Protocols.
# Zabie

Zabie may refer to the following places:
* Ząbie, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
* Żabie, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
* Żabie, Polish name for Verkhovyna in Ukraine
# Zee Zest

Zee Zest is 24-hour food and lifestyle television channel, based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is a part of the Zee's brand of channels, which is owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. The channel airs shows hosted by chefs and anchors like Chef Ajay Chopra, Rakesh Raghunathan, Chef Pankaj Bhadouria, Chef Kunal Kapur.

## Programming

* 100 percent south indian
* Konkan Diaries
* India's Best Resorts
* Food Vega
* Goan Guilies
* Grand Trunk Rasoi
* Highway Dreams
* Hottest Bars
* Shonar Bengal
* Luxe Pins
* Papad Pickles Aur Pyaala
* Patt-ay Ki Baat
* Safari India
* Taste Ki Gully
# Nebulosa hermani

Nebulosa hermani is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by James S. Miller in 2008. It is restricted to the western side of the Ecuadorian Andes.
# Atomariini

Atomariini is a tribe of silken fungus beetles in the family Cryptophagidae. There are about 5 genera and at least 70 described species in Atomariini.

## Genera

These five genera belong to the tribe Atomariini:
* Atomaria Stephens, 1829$^{icgb}$
* Curelius Casey, 1900$^{icgb}$
* Ephistemus Stephens, 1829$^{icgb}$
* Parephistemus Casey, 1924$^{icg}$
* Tisactia Casey, 1900$^{icgb}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Liber de Coquina

The Liber de Coquina ("The book of cooking/cookery") is one of the oldest medieval cookbooks. Two codices that contain the work survive from the beginning of the 14th century. Both are preserved at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, France.

## Description

The text consists of two independent parts, mostly cited as Tractatus (part 1) and Liber de Coquina (part 2). The titles are taken from marginal notes by the medieval editor. While the identity of both the authors is unknown, it is believed that the Tractatus was originally written by a French author and the Liber de Coquina by an Italian author from the Naples area.

## Contents
### Tractatus (part 1)

* wine compositions
* poultry and meat
* fish
* dishes for the rich
* legumes, eggs, leeks and gravy

### Liber de Coquina (part 2)

* vegetables
* poultry
* pastry
* fish
* compositions of many ingredients

## Text
### Manuscripts

* Latin manuscript 7131, fol. 94r-99v, Bibliothèque nationale, Paris (ca. 1304-1314)
* Latin manuscript 9328, fol. 129r-139v, Bibliothèque nationale, Paris (14th century)

### Text edition

* Marianne Mulon: "Deux traités inédits d'art culinaire médiéval", Bull. philol. et hist. année 1968, vol 1, p. 369-435

### Digital versions

The two parts are available at Thomas Gloning's site:
Tractatus de modo preparandi et condiendi omnia cibaria
* https://www.uni-giessen.de/de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/mul1-tra.htm
Liber de coquina ubi diuersitates ciborum docentur
* https://www.uni-giessen.de/de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/mul2-lib.htm

### Translations

Complete Latin-German edition:
* Robert Maier (2005). Liber de Coquina: Das Buch der guten Küche. Friedrich. ISBN 978-3-937446-08-0.
Italian translation of the Tractatus:
* Enrico Carnevale Schianca (ed.): "Tractatus de modo preparandi et condiendi omnia cibaria", Appunti di Gastronomia n. 26, Condeco s.r.l. Editore, Milano 1998
# Yagüe CF

Yagüe Club de Fútbol is a Spanish football team based in the Yagüe neighborhood of Logroño. The club was founded in 1962. The team currently plays in the Tercera Federación – Group 16, where it has played for six seasons. The current coach is Javier De Pedro.
A new ground is being constructed for the team to play at the local high school, El Colegio Juan Yagüe.

## Season to season

| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1967–68 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 3rd |
| 1968–69 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 3rd |
| 1969–70 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 1st |
| 1970–71 | 4 | 1ª Reg. | 19th |
| 1971–72 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 8th |
| 1972–73 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 6th |
| 1973–74 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 10th |
| 1974–75 | 5 | 1ª Reg. | 14th |
| 1975–76 | 6 | 2ª Reg. | 10th |
| 1976–77 | 6 | 2ª Reg. | 3rd |
| 1977–78 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 4th |
| 1978–79 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 6th |
| 1979–80 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 10th |
| 1980–81 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 5th |
| 1981–82 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 11th |
| 1982–83 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 1983–84 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 1st |
| 1984–85 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 5th |
| 1985–86 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 16th |
| 1986–87 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 2nd |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1987–88 | 4 | 3ª | 19th |
| 1988–89 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 3rd |
| 1989–90 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 3rd |
| 1990–91 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 1st |
| 1991–92 | 4 | 3ª | 20th |
| 1992–93 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 1st |
| 1993–94 | 4 | 3ª | 18th |
| 1994–95 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 1st |
| 1995–96 | 4 | 3ª | 18th |
| 1996–97 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 9th |
| 1997–98 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 2nd |
| 1998–99 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 5th |
| 1999–2000 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 5th |
| 2000–01 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 11th |
| 2001–02 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 8th |
| 2002–03 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 7th |
| 2003–04 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 12th |
| 2004–05 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 3rd |
| 2005–06 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 2nd |
| 2006–07 | 4 | 3ª | 14th |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 2007–08 | 4 | 3ª | 16th |
| 2008–09 | 4 | 3ª | 15th |
| 2009–10 | 4 | 3ª | 19th |
| 2010–11 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 8th |
| 2011–12 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 2nd |
| 2012–13 | 4 | 3ª | 18th |
| 2013–14 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 4th |
| 2014–15 | 4 | 3ª | 18th |
| 2015–16 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 4th |
| 2016–17 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 3rd |
| 2017–18 | 4 | 3ª | 12th |
| 2018–19 | 4 | 3ª | 9th |
| 2019–20 | 4 | 3ª | 19th |
| 2020–21 | 4 | 3ª | 5th / 3rd |
| 2021–22 | 5 | 3ª RFEF | 14th |
| 2022–23 | 5 | 3ª Fed. | 15th |
| 2023–24 | 6 | Reg. Pref. | 1st |
| 2024–25 | 5 | 3ª Fed. | |
* 14 seasons in Tercera División
* 3 seasons in Tercera Federación/Tercera División RFEF
# Pentarchy (disambiguation)

Pentarchy is a term in the history of Christianity for the idea of universal rule over all of Christendom by the heads of the five major episcopal sees of the Roman Empire.
Pentarchy may also refer to:
* A confederation of five dynasties in India controlling the Maratha Empire (1674-1818)
* The five great powers that formed the 19th-century Concert of Europe
* Pentarchy of 1933, the Executive Commission of the Provisional Government of Cuba
# Aldik

Aldik is a regional retail chain of grocery supermarkets located in the Lublin and Masovian Voivodeship. The headquarters of the supermarket is located in Lublin.
The Aldik retail chain company holds and operates the regional Lublin bakery "7 zbóż".

## History

The retail chain was founded in 1991. During the first six years of the retail chain, the company opened up six new stores in the city of Lublin. In 1997, the company chose to expand outwards and to other towns in the Lublin Voivodeship, with new stores also having been opened in Rzeszów and Stalowa Wola. Due to the expansion of the company, Aldik opened its own logistics and distribution centre in Niedrzwica Duża.
In 2012, the retail chain was acquired by Maxima Group, a joint-stock company, belonging to the Lithuanian capital group owner Nerijus Numavičius. The company operates 30 supermarket stores across the Lublin and Masovian Voivodeship.
In 2015, Aldik Nova published its economic report, denoting the company's revenue increased by 18.9% from the previous year, with an operating income of 44.8 million Euro. In May 2017, the company stated it will begin a profound renovation and modernisation of its retail stores.
# Knysna dwarf chameleon

The Knysna dwarf chameleon (Bradypodion damaranum) is a species of dwarf chameleon in the Bradypodion ("slow footed") genus that is endemic to South Africa. It is a forest dweller, found only in a limited range in the afromontane forests near Knysna, South Africa, and in certain surrounding areas.

## Description

This species has the longest tail of all the Bradypodion species. As with most chameleons, its tongue is twice the length of its body and it can be shot out of its mouth using a special muscle in the jaw. This gives the chameleon the ability to catch insects some distance away. The Knysna dwarf chameleon has a prominent casque and has bright green to bluish skin, decorated with purple, yellow and pink hues. It is up to 180 mm (7.1 in) total length.

## Taxonomy

In the past, most South African dwarf chameleons were considered to be a subspecies of one Cape Bradypodion species This is now known to be wrong, however; B. damaranum does not appear to have any particularly close living relatives. Like the Cape dwarf chameleon, it seems to be a basal offshoot of the ancestral stock which gave rise to all Bradypodion chameleon species.

## Distribution

The Knysna dwarf chameleon is distributed on the south-facing slopes of the Outeniqua and Tsitsikamma Mountains down to the coast in the eastern Western Cape and western Eastern Cape.

## Habitat

The normal habitat of Bradypodion damaranum is Fynbos and Afromontane Forest; it is often found in gardens.

### Urban environments

This chameleon also readily adapts to living in gardens. However, not all suburban areas are suitable. Chameleons can only survive in gardens with much bushy and varied vegetation. Most suitable are bushes and small trees which have fine foliage or thin twigs that chameleons can grasp with their hands and use as perches. Pruning or trimming of bushes will usually injure and kill the chameleons. They will avoid lawns too. Chameleons wander and, in suburbs with smaller gardens, they also avoid properties which are not connected to larger "green corridors" which extend over several properties.
In urban areas its predators are mainly domestic cats - a non-native, introduced predator, against which chameleons are relatively defenseless. Other predators include a range of urban and introduced bird species such as crows. Certain gardening practices such as using insecticides or hedge trimmers can also kill off urban populations.