OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George W. Cheyney

George Waldron Cheyney (September 1, 1854 – August 14, 1903) was an American businessman and politician. While living in Tombstone, Arizona Territory he served four years as the territory's Superintendent of Public Instruction and was twice elected to the territorial legislature. In his later years he was postmaster for Tucson, Arizona before being elected a probate judge.

## Life and career

Cheyney was born to Weldon J. and Frances (Potts) Cheyney on September 1, 1854 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. One of eight children, his father was a businessman who had served as a captain during the American Civil War and his mother was from an old Quaker family. While growing up, Cheyney was educated in local public schools. He moved to New York City in 1871 where he worked for an optician. Cheyney returned to Philadelphia in 1877.
In 1879, Cheyney went to Atchison, Kansas before continuing on to Leadville, Colorado. He moved to Tombstone, Arizona Territory in 1881. There he became superintendent for the Tombstone Mill & Mining Company. Cheyney married Annie Neal of Atchison, Kansas on September 20, 1882. The union produced six daughters: Bernice, Frances, Mary, Ruth, Edith, and Eleanor.
Socially, Cheyney became a Mason in Tombstone. He was also a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and Knights Templar. Politically, Cheyney was active in Republican politics. He was a member of the Cochise county and territorial central committees. Cheyney was elected to represent Cochise county in the Council (upper house) during the 15th Arizona Territorial Legislature. During the session, he fulfilled two campaign promises by voting to block any new subdividing of counties and for moving the territorial capital from Prescott to Phoenix.
Cheyney was sworn in as Superintendent of Public Instruction on April 11, 1889, having been appointed to the office three days earlier. He was appointed to a second two-year term in 1891. In 1890, Cheyney was the Republican challenger to Arizona's territorial delegate to Congress, Mark Smith. While his vote to move the territorial capital to Phoenix was considered hostile by the residents of Prescott, Cheyney's supporters used his vote as an example of his loyalty to the people he represented. They also argued that a Republican delegate would have more influence with the Harrison administration. Despite these arguments, he lost the election to Smith. Cheyney was a delegate to Arizona's 1891 constitutional convention. His second term in the territorial legislature came during the 1893 session. Cheyney resigned as superintendent to serve in the legislature.
In June 1898, Cheyney was appointed postmaster for Tucson. He arrived in Tucson to assume his new duties at the end of the month. In 1902, Cheyney was elected probate judge for Pima County and took office on January 1, 1903. In his final weeks, he traveled to San Francisco, California to seek medical treatment from George E. Goodfellow. Cheyney died as a result of edema on August 14, 1903. He was buried in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
# Dira, Burkina Faso

Dira is a town in the Solenzo Department of Banwa Province in western Burkina Faso. As of 2005 it had a population of 3,209.
# Dira oxylus

Dira oxylus, the Pondoland widow, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in from the lower Drakensberg foothills from the eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.
The wingspan is 50–60 mm for males and 55–65 mm for females. Adults are on wing from late December to early March. There is one generation per year
The larvae feed on various Poaceae species, including Ehrharta erecta.
# Fall of Tarbisu

After the death of Assurbanipal in 627 BC, the Neo-Assyrian empire entered a period of instability caused by fighting between Sin-shar-ishkun and his brother Assur-etil-ilani. In 626 BC, Nabopolassar, the Babylonian ruler revolted against the Assyrians. After a few years of war, the Babylonians expelled the Assyrian forces from their territory. However, Nabopolassar could not bring the fight to the heartland of the Assyrian empire. The situation changed drastically in 616 BC, when the Medes attacked the Assyrian empire. The fall of Tarbiṣu occurred when the Median army, led by Cyaxares, attacked and conquered the city. In the aftermath, the Medes went further and decisively defeated the Assyrians at the battle of Assur.
# Masnat

Masnat is a piece of embroidered velvet cloth used by Royals of Mughal, Qutb Shahi, Asaf Jahis etc. It is also used during Muslim weddings. It is hand woven with shimmering zari on a velvet cloth. The rulers use to proclaim their orders sitting on a masnat.
# Yal Pirəhmədli

39°31′38″N 47°08′45″E﻿ / ﻿39.52722°N 47.14583°E﻿ / 39.52722; 47.14583
Yal Pirəhmədli (Yal Pirahmadli) is a village in the Fuzuli District of Azerbaijan.
# Fortified Sector of Flanders

The Fortified Sector of Flanders (Secteur Fortifié des Flandres) was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the French border with Belgium between Lille and the North Sea. The sector was part of a system of fortifications that, in other sectors, included the Maginot Line. In the case of the Flanders sector, no large fortifications of the kind typified by the Maginot Line were built in the area. Fortifications were confined to almost two hundred blockhouses built during the 1930s, and some defensive inundations in the vicinity of Dunkirk. The Fortified Sector of Flanders was bordered on the east by the Fortified Sector of Lille It was quickly overrun by German forces during the Battle of France.

## Concept and organization

Unlike the Maginot fortifications, the Flanders sector fortifications were comparatively light structures built close to the frontier. Most were built in the 1930s. About 200 blockhouse were built along the Belgian border. Scattered among the smaller blockhouses were more elaborate blockhouses termed "positions of resistance", designed either by local forces or by the Service Technique du Génie (STG), the French Army engineering corps. Most of the larger positions were built in 1939-40, but none approached the scale of Maginot fortifications.
A secondary line, running east–west and perpendicular to the frontier in the area, was termed the Cassel Belt (Bretelle de Cassel). It consisted of eight STG casemates, whose armament (a GFM cloche), was never installed.

## Command

In 1940 the Flanders sector was under the overall command of the French 7th Army, under the command of General Henri Giraud, which was in turn part of Army Group 1 under General Gaston Billotte. The sector was commanded by General Bathélémy. Until 20 January 1940 the sector was known as the Defensive Sector of Flanders (Secteur Défensif des Flandres).
# Pampigny Castle

Pampigny Castle is a castle in the former municipality of Pampigny (now part of Hautemorges) of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## History

The first castle was probably built in the 13th century on the hill above the current castle, near the Pampigny village church. The first recorded lord of Pampigny is mentioned in 1228 as a vassal of Jean de Cossonay. Very little is recorded about their castle or the family. Around 1400 Pampigny and the castle were acquired through marriage by the Moudon family and sold in 1439 to Jean de Menthon, the lord of Aubonne. In 1560 the estates and castle were acquired by the family of Mestral d'Aruffens. Around this time the first castle was replaced with the second castle which was located at the foot of the original castle hill. The village church was built on the site of the first castle. While the date of construction of the second castle is unknown, the Late-Gothic style church indicates that it happened before the Renaissance reached the area. One wall of the second castle remains with two windows which are marked with the date 1688.
In the late 17th century the Mestral family built the third castle which incorporated the wall with windows from the second. In 1737 Gabriel-Henri de Mestral left the castle at Pampigny and moved to Saint-Saphorin. The castle became the residence of a steward who administered the extensive land-holdings associated with the castle. After the 1798 French invasion of Switzerland, the nobility lost much of their land and power though the family retained the castle. In 1837 the municipality bought the castle from the Mestral family for 22,000 francs and used it as a school.

## Castle site

The castle consists of a large central hall with two square towers projecting forward and forming a small square courtyard, surrounded on three sides. The height of second floor of the castle is less than the first/ground floor, possibly as a way to reduce construction costs while keeping an additional story.
# Fetishism (disambiguation)

Fetishism is a cult of inanimate things, expressed in deification or blind worship of these things.
Fetishism may also refer to:
* Commodity fetishism, a term in Karl Marx's critique of political economy.
* Sexual fetishism, a sexual fixation on a nonliving object or nongenital body part.
# Ed Robnett

William Edward Robnett (March 7, 1920 – September 20, 1990) was an American football fullback in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the San Francisco 49ers. He played college football at Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (now Texas A&M University) and Texas Technological College (now Texas Tech University) and was drafted in the eighteenth round of the 1946 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins.
* This biographical article relating to an American football running back born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Paul Igag

Paul Igag (February 24, 1964 – October 29, 2010) was a Papuan ornithologist.
Igag was born in Krangket village, Madang Province of Papua New Guinea. He was Papua New Guinea's first national expert on birds, who held a PhD from Madang province. He was one of the first scientific staff at the young Research and Conservation Foundation of Papua New Guinea, then he became one of the first scientific staff at the Wildlife Conservation Society Papua New Guinea Programme, and later on became a founder of the Papua New Guinea Institute of Biological Research. He participated in a documentary film called Birds of the Gods, which was directed and hosted by David Attenborough and was released on November 18, 2010.
He died suddenly on October 29, 2010, at the age of 46, in Goroka after suffering pains in his chest. Igag's body was returned to Krangket, where he was laid to rest. His contributions to ornithology were recognized with the dedication of a special issue of Emu - Austral Ornithology to him.
# Mark Clifford (footballer)

Mark Robert Clifford (born 11 September 1977) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Nationwide Conference and Football League for Boston United and Mansfield Town.
Clifford is the owner of Ilkeston Town, having previously also been manager.
# Neal B. Freeman

Neal B. Freeman (born July 5, 1940, in New York City) is an American businessman and political writer. He served as the Washington Editor for National Review magazine from 1978 until 1981. Freeman graduated with a bachelor's degree from Yale in 1962.
In 1981, he founded The Blackwell Corporation, an advisory firm with clients in communications, defense, and wealth management. He previously worked as an executive with the Hearst Corporation and was appointed by President Reagan as Director of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In 2017, Freeman selected 79 of his previously published writings and addresses to audiences for book publication.
He is the father of James Freeman, assistant editor of The Wall Street Journal's editorial page.
# William Dixon (priest)

William George St Clair Dixon, CBE (born October 9, 1939) was the Dean of Barbados from 2000 until 2004.
He was educated at the University of the West Indies and ordained in 1975. He was Priest in charge then Rector at St. Christopher, Barbados from 1977 to 2000.
# Nebria heydenii

Nebria heydenii is a species in the beetle family Carabidae. It is native to Greece.
# Neal Jackson

Neal Jackson may refer to:
* Neal Jackson (Georgia politician), Georgia politician
* Neal Jackson (North Carolina politician), North Carolina politician
* Neal Jackson owner and chef of Jackson's (restaurant)
* Le-Neal Jackson, South African field hockey player
# Mark Magnuson

Mark A. Magnuson is an American biologist, currently the Louise B. McGavock Professor of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology at Vanderbilt University.
# Paul Bloomfield

Paul Bloomfield (February 1946 – April 2016) was a British property investor known as "Boom-boom" Bloomfield.

## Career

Bloomfield was involved with a string of high-profile deals during the 1980s and was known as the man that sourced the deals that made Tony Clegg's Mountleigh a stock market favourite in 1986-87.
In 1989, it emerged that he was the joint owner of the Alton Towers theme park and a leisure venture at Battersea Power Station after he formed a joint venture, Alton International, with John Broome of Alton Group. Broome was struggling to complete the Battersea project.
He became bankrupt during the 1990s property crash. He later moved to Russia where he made successful deals in the former Soviet states. He helped to raise the finance for the redevelopment of Wembley Stadium.
# Paul Bloom

Paul Bloom may refer to:
* Paul Bloom (lawyer) (1939–2009), American lawyer known for government cases against oil companies
* Paul Bloom (psychologist) (born 1963), Canadian American professor of psychology at Yale University
# Marko Rajić

Marko Rajić (Serbian Cyrillic: Марко Рајић; born 30 July 1991) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a forward for OFK Žarkovo.

## Honours

Hibernians
* Maltese Premier League: 2014–15
# William Ecker

William Ecker (April 6, 1924 – November 5, 2009) was a United States Navy officer.
Born in Omaha, Nebraska, Ecker was a career Naval officer and aviator, serving in the United States Navy from 1942 until 1974. He is best known for his role in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

## Cuban Missile Crisis

On October 23, 1962, as Commanding Officer of Photo Reconnaissance Squadron 62 (VFP-62), then-Commander Ecker led the first low-level reconnaissance flight over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis and (together with his wing man, Lieutenant Bruce Wilhelmy, and four other VFP-62 pilots) took the first close-up photos of the Soviet missile bases in Cuba. During this mission, they both flew RF-8 Crusader aircraft.
After the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Ecker received the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) for his service. The unit he commanded, VFP-62, received the Navy Unit Commendation. This Navy Unit Commendation was the first one awarded for a peacetime operation and it was personally presented by President John F. Kennedy in a ceremony on November 26, 1962.

## Later life

Captain William B. Ecker, USN (Retired) lived in the Virginia suburbs of Washington D.C. From 1988 to 1998, he was a docent at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's facility in Suitland, Maryland where he led public tours of aircraft, spacecraft and other artifacts in a location where they were stored, preserved and restored for the museum. He moved to Punta Gorda, Florida in 2001 and resided there until his death on November 5, 2009. Before his death, Captain Ecker began writing a book with Kenneth V. Jack entitled "Blue Moon Over Cuba: Aerial Reconnaissance during the Cuban Missile Crisis." This book was released on August 21, 2012.

## Depictions in popular culture

In 2000, his actions were depicted in the movie Thirteen Days, which was produced by Kevin Costner. In this movie, he was played by Christopher Lawford, the nephew of JFK.
# Excambion

In Scots law, excambion is the exchange of land. The deed whereby this is effected is termed "Contract of Excambion". There is an implied real warranty in this contract, so that if one portion is evicted or taken away on a superior title, the party losing the property is entitled to demand the return of the other given in exchange.
Entailed lands were allowed, under certain limitations and conditions, to be exchanged by the Entail Improvement Act 1770 (10 Geo. 3. c. 51), extended by the Entail Powers Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 42), and still more so by the Entail Amendment Act 1848 (11 & 12 Vict. c. 36), s. 5 (1848).
Alternate spellings include "excambie", "excamb", "excambiator" (an exchanger, a broker). The term is derived from Latin "excambium" (n. an exchange).
# Mark O'Leary

Mark or Marc O'Leary may refer to:
* Mark O'Leary (cricket coach) (born 1976)
* Mark O'Leary (hurler) (born 1977)
* Marc O'Leary, perpetrator in the Washington and Colorado serial rape cases
# Mark system (penology)

A mark system is a penal system that allows prisoners to earn privileges and early release by accumulating "marks" through good behavior, achievement, and thrift. As devised by Alexander Maconochie, the goal of a mark system was to encourage reform by placing prisoners in control of their own destinies. The mark system sought to limit official discretion to the greatest extent possible and to make the release process transparent for prisoners. It was a determinate sentencing scheme in that the number of marks prisoners needed to earn, tabulated according to the seriousness of their offense, would be disclosed to them up front.
The mark system was implemented by Walter Crofton in Irish prisons and was also tried by Elmira Reformatory and other U.S. prisons. Prisoners were allowed to advance through grades as they earned marks. In 1940, the U.S. Department of Justice explained that the mark system failed because it depended on the quality of the prison leadership and staff and was too difficult for ordinary prison officers to implement:
   The grading system also was too complicated for this type of staff to maintain, changing as it did with each new political administration. The tendency was to put every one who behaved himself into the first grade leaving only a few in the second grade and those actually under punishment in the third grade. The old "prison discipline" which placed the emphasis on being a "good prisoner" regardless of anything more fundamental, such as achievement in school or shop or character, was dominant still.
# Mark to model

Mark-to-Model refers to the practice of pricing a position or portfolio at prices determined by financial models, in contrast to allowing the market to determine the price. Often the use of models is necessary where a market for the financial product is not available, such as with complex financial instruments. One shortcoming of Mark-to-Model is that it gives an artificial illusion of liquidity, and the actual price of the product depends on the accuracy of the financial models used to estimate the price.
On the other hand it is argued that Asset managers and Custodians have a real problem valuing illiquid assets in their portfolios even though many of these assets are perfectly sound and the asset manager has no intention of selling them. Assets should be valued at mark to market prices as required by the Basel rules. However mark to market prices should not be used in isolation, but rather compared to model prices to test their validity. Models should be improved to take into account the greater amount of market data available. New methods and new data are available to help improve models and these should be used. In the end all prices start off from a model.

## Hedge Funds

Hedge funds may use mark-to-model for the illiquid portion of their book.
Another shortcoming of mark-to-model is that even if the pricing models are accurate during typical market conditions there can be periods of market stress and illiquidity where the price of less liquid securities declines significantly, for instance through the widening of their bid-ask spread.
The failure of Long-Term Capital Management, in 1998, is a well-known example where the markets were shaken by the Russian financial crisis, causing the price of corporate bonds and treasury bonds to get out of line for a period longer than expected by the LTCM's models. This situation caused the hedge fund to melt down, and required a Fed bailout to prevent the toxicity from spilling into other financial markets.

## Enron Collapse

The collapse of Enron is a well-known example of the risks and abuses of Mark-to-Model pricing of Futures contracts. Many of Enron's contracts were difficult to value since these products were not publicly traded, thus computer models were used to generate prices. When Enron's profits began to fall with increased competition, accounts manipulated the mark-to-market models to put a positive spin on Enron's earnings.

## Criticism

In 2003, Warren Buffett criticised mark-to-model pricing techniques in the derivatives market for bringing on "large scale mischief" and degenerating into "mark-to-myth".
# Marlow, Alabama

Marlow is an unincorporated community in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States.

## History

The community is named in honor of a local Methodist church. A post office operated under the name Marlow from 1887 to 1909.
Marlow is the former site of Marlow Ferry. The ferry was used by Andrew Jackson and his troops during the War of 1812 and by the Union Army during the American Civil War. The ferry crossed the Fish River, and was an originating point for produce headed to Mobile.
# Monty Don's Paradise Gardens

Monty Don's Paradise Gardens is a television series of 2 programmes in which British gardener and broadcaster Monty Don travels across the Islamic world and beyond in search of paradise gardens and considering their place in the Quran. A book based on the series, Paradise Gardens: The World's Most Beautiful Islamic Gardens, was also published.
# Matela, Surkhet

Matela is a village development committee in Surkhet District in the Bheri Zone of mid-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4049 people living in 638 individual households.
# Julian Alston

Julian Alston is an Australian American economist, currently a Distinguished Professor of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Director of the Robert Mondavi Institute at University of California, Davis, and also a published author. He is a Fellow of the American Agricultural Economics Association and Distinguished Fellow of Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society. Alston received his Ph.D. in Economics from North Carolina State University in 1984.
# Pampierstad

Pampierstad is a town in Frances Baard District Municipality in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.
The town lies in the northern part of the Vaalharts irrigation scheme and 14 km from Hartswater. Residents mainly speak Tswana.

## Education

Pampierstad consist of 6 Primary schools, 2 Secondaries and 2 High schools

### Primary Schools

* Pabalelo
* Bontleng
* Gaoshupe Makodi
* Mooki Lobelo
* Simon Medupe
* Kgono

### Secondary Schools

* Olehile Manchwe
* Reitlamile

### High Schools

* Kgomotso
* Pampierstad High
# Felicioliva peruviana

Felicioliva peruviana, common name the Peruvian olive, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Olividae, the olives. The length of the shell varies between 27 and 55 mm (1.1 and 2.2 in). This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean from Peru to Southern Chile (not in the Galapagos Islands)