OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Union of Sales and Marketing Professionals

The Union of Sales and Marketing Professionals (Finnish: Myynnin ja markkinoinnin ammattilaiset MMA) is a trade union in Finland. It represents professionals working in sales, marketing, and purchasing. With its 20,000 members, MMA is one of the biggest affiliates of Akava, the Confederation of Unions for Professional and Managerial Staff in Finland. MMA is a former member of STTK.

## Regional Associations

MMA is divided into 23 regional membership associations. MMA's members are automatically members of the regional membership associations. Entrepreneurs and members working in the medical field have their own associations.

## Administration

The council and the board are the key decision-makers in the union. Members and chairmen for these two bodies are elected every four years. The council convenes twice a year, and its most important tasks are decisions concerning the union's finances, plan of action, and membership fees.
The board runs the union according to the rules and decisions made by the council. The board convenes several times per year together with representatives from the union's office.

## Membership

To its members, MMA provides several services and benefits such as free legal services, counseling in work-related problems, consulting, negotiating and reconciling, advocating, research-based information about the industry, variety of training courses, and various discounts and recreational activities.
In April 2020 MMA launched an unconventional partnership with a large volunteer marketing initiative and network to help those whose work has been radically affected by the COVID-19 situation.
MMA publishes a print magazine called Myynti & Markkinointi (Engl. Sales & Marketing). The magazine is published four times a year and is free of charge to all the union's members.
# Watcha Gonna Do?

Whatcha Gonna Do? may refer to:
* Watcha Gonna Do/Gathering The Words (Denny Doherty album), a 1971 album
* Whatcha Gonna Do? (Peter Green album), a 1981 album
* Whatcha Gonna Do? (Jayo Felony album) a 1998 album
* Watcha Gonna Do (Keisha White song)
* "Bad Boys" (Inner Circle song), a 1987 song that repeatedly uses the phrase, "Watcha gonna do?"
# Maliq-Opar

Maliq-Opar is a community in the Korçë County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform, it became part of the municipality Maliq.

## History

Maliq-Opar has historical significance as the origin of the medieval Albanian noble family Muzaka, who established a lordship based at Berat. According to the memoirs of Gjon Muzaka, written in the early 16th century, Opar was a village where Albanians fought against Slav and Ottoman invasions and joined the army of the national hero Skanderbeg.

## Culture

The masons of the area speak a unique sociolect known as Purishte. This sociolect is part of the cultural identity of the region and reflects the traditional craftsmanship and community bonds of its inhabitants.

## Geography

Maliq-Opar is located within the Moglicë administrative unit in the municipality of Maliq. It is situated near the village of Nikollarë and the hamlet of Kucaka (Gurshqipe).
# Malipiero

Malipiero is a Venetian surname of Bohemian origin, also documented as Mastropiero or Maripiero.
Malipiero can refer to:

## People

* Domenico Malipiero (1428–1515), Venetian naval captain
* Felicia Malipiero, Dogaressa of Venice by marriage to the Doge Pietro I Orseolo and mother of doge Pietro II Orseolo
* Francesco Malipiero (1824–1887), Italian opera composer, grandfather of Gian Francesco Malipiero
* Gian Francesco Malipiero (1882–1973), Italian composer
* Giovanni Malipiero (1906–1970), Italian tenor
* Pasquale Malipiero, called the dux pacificus (1392–1462), Venetian statesman and 66th Doge of Venice
* Riccardo Malipiero (cellist) (1886–1975), brother of Gian Francesco Malipiero
* Riccardo Malipiero (1914–2003), Italian composer and pianist, son of cellist Riccardo Malipiero, nephew of Gian Francesco Malipiero

## Locations

* Palazzo Malipiero, a palace in Venice, Italy.
* Palazzo Malipiero-Trevisan
# Water skiing at the 2022 World Games – Women's tricks

The women's tricks competition in water skiing at the 2022 World Games took place from 14 to 15 July 2022 at the Oak Mountain State Park in Birmingham, United States.

## Competition format

A total of 7 athletes entered the competition. From preliminary round the best 5 skiers qualify to final.

## Results
### Preliminary round

| Rank | Athlete | Nation | Result | Note |
| 1 | Neilly Ross | Canada | 9750 | Q |
| 2 | Anna Gay | United States | 9190 | Q |
| 3 | Daniela Verswyvel | Colombia | 7100 | Q |
| 4 | Aaliyah Yoong Hanifah | Malaysia | 6700 | Q |
| 5 | Taylah Simmonds | Australia | 6640 | Q |
| 6 | Alice Bagnoli | Italy | 5550 | |
| 7 | Valentina Gonzalez | Chile | 5500 | |

### Final

| Rank | Athlete | Nation | Result |
| | Neilly Ross | Canada | 9690 |
| | Anna Gay | United States | 9190 |
| | Aaliyah Yoong Hanifah | Malaysia | 7960 |
| 4 | Daniela Verswyvel | Colombia | 6380 |
| 5 | Taylah Simmonds | Australia | 6360 |
# Pablo Barrios

Pablo Barrios may refer to:
* Pablo Barrios (equestrian) (born 1964), Venezuelan equestrian
* Pablo Barrios (footballer) (born 2003), Spanish footballer
# George Bax Holmes

George Bax Holmes (3 May 1803 – 31 March 1887) was an English fossil collector. Born into a wealthy Quaker family in Horsham, Sussex, he was the discoverer of the 'Great Horsham Iguanodon'. Having started life pursuing a medical career he was able to devote more time to his fossil hunting from 1834. It was in that year that his father died and left him considerable property interests. As early as 1836 he contributed to Howard Dudley's history of Horsham with a paragraph on his work.

## Religion

Bax Holmes was born in Horsham on 3 May 1803, the first son of Joseph Holmes, an active Quaker. He was married on 19 October 1826 to his third cousin Mary Burns of Chichester at which time his occupation was recorded as "chemist and druggist" of Horsham.
As a Quaker in these times Bax Holmes was still regarded as a dissenter from the mainstream Church of England, even though the religious Act of Toleration had been passed in 1689. In 1834, for refusing to pay the church rates of 4s 10½d (2007: £19) he had two arm chairs valued at £3 9s 0d (2007: £276) removed.

## Fossil collecting

Bax Holmes is perhaps best known for his discovery of the Great Horsham Iguanodon, a plant eating dinosaur, in building works on the future site of the Royal & Sun Alliance (now RSA) headquarters. In 1840 a stone was uncovered while building the Chapel of Ease, later to become St Marks Church. Bax Holmes identified them as fossilised iguanodon bones, the largest found since the name was coined by Gideon Mantell of Lewes some 15 years earlier. The bones were used by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins in 1854 when creating the dinosaur models for Sydenham Park.
A record of Bax Holmes' work is preserved in the form of 34 letters to fellow fossil expert Richard Owen, with whom Bax Holmes was in correspondence throughout his life. These letters are held in the Owen Correspondence collection at the Natural History Museum.

## Legacy

George Bax Holmes died on 31 March 1887 and is buried at the Horsham Friends Meeting House. Today his gravestone is in use as a paving slab and can be seen at the start of the path to the left of the central entrance. His death is noted in the Quaker's Annual Monitor and the Horsham Advertiser, dated 2 April 1887, published an obituary.
After Bax Holmes died his daughter sold his collection of 767 (some say 764) fossils to the Corporation of Brighton for £55 and they later went on display at the Booth Museum of Natural History. Until recently they lay in store there until being returned to Horsham Museum for a long term display. It is believed that Bax Holmes lived in the Causeway next door to the current museum and the bones have almost come home.
# E. robustus

E. robustus may refer to:
* Epigonus robustus, the robust cardinalfish, a deepwater fish species
* Eremurus robustus, a plant species native to the Tien Shan and Pamir Mountains in central Asia
* Eschrichtius robustus, the gray (or grey) whale, a baleen whale species
* Eudyptes robustus, the Snares penguin, Snares crested penguin or Snares Islands penguin, a penguin species from New Zealand
# Craeyvanger

Craeyvanger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gerardus Craeyvanger (1775–1855), Dutch violin player and baritone
* Gijsbertus Craeyvanger (1810–1895), Dutch painter
* Reinier Craeyvanger (1812–1880), Dutch painter and etcher
# West Township, McLean County, Illinois

West Township is located in McLean County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 216 and it contained 94 housing units. West Township changed its name from Kickapoo Township on May 17, 1858.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 48.6 square miles (126 km$^2$), of which 48.59 square miles (125.8 km$^2$) (or 99.98%) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.026 km$^2$) (or 0.02%) is water.
# Ney Thol

Ney Thol is a Cambodian judge and member of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal. Thol was director of the School for Military Officers before being appointed president of the Military Court of Cambodia since 1987.
# Euspondylus auyanensis

Euspondylus auyanensis is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is endemic to Venezuela.
# Euspondylus simonsii

Euspondylus simonsii, known commonly as Simons's sun tegu, is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. The species is endemic to Peru.

## Etymology

The specific name, simonsii, is in honor of American scientific collector Perry O. Simons.

## Geographic range

E. simonsii is found in the Department of Huánuco, Peru.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of E. simonsii is at altitudes of 1,250–1,560 m (4,100–5,120 ft).

## Reproduction

E. simonsii is oviparous.
# Eumetabolodon

Eumetabolodon is an extinct genus of procolophonine procolophonid parareptile from early and middle Triassic (Induan to earliest Anisian stages) deposits of Nei Mongol, northern China. Two species of Eumetabolodon were named by J. L. Li in 1983 and the type species is Eumetabolodon bathycephalus.

## Discovery

The type species is known from the holotype IVPP V6064, a nearly complete skull which was collected in the Zhuengeerqi locality, from the upper Heshanggou Formation (Olenekian and earliest Anisian stages), Ordos Basin. A second specimen, IVPP V6070 was collected in the Zhuengeerqi locality, from the Ermaying Formation (upper Olenekian stage), Ordos Basin. Additional 17 specimens, IVPP V6065-69, V6166 (1&2), V6167, V6168 (1&2), V6169-75, were collected in the Gucheng locality, from the upper Heshanggou Formation, Ordos Basin. "E." dongshengensis is known only from the holotype IVPP V6073, a partial skull including right frontal, prefrontal, lacrimal, maxilla with seven teeth and the right ramus of lower jaw. It was collected in the Wusilangou locality near Dongsheng (also in Nei Mongol), from the Early Triassic Shihtienfeng Formation.

## Phylogeny

Recent cladistic analyses suggested that Eumetabolodon is a paraphyletic genus; the type species represents a relatively derived procolophonine, whereas "E." dongshengensis is a more basal procolophonid of the subfamily Theledectinae. In 2020 a separate genus Youngetta was named.
The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2012 analysis by Cisneros.
# 1961 Albanian National Championship

The 1961 Albanian National Championship was the 24th season of the Albanian National Championship, the top professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1930.

## Overview

It was contested by 10 teams, and Partizani won the championship.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Partizani (C) | 18 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 46 | 13 | 3.538 | 30 | Qualification for the European Cup first round |
| 2 | Dinamo Tirana | 18 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 41 | 12 | 3.417 | 30 | |
| 3 | 17 Nëntori | 18 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 27 | 18 | 1.500 | 23 | |
| 4 | Labinoti | 18 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 23 | 26 | 0.885 | 18 | |
| 5 | Flamurtari | 18 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 21 | 26 | 0.808 | 16 | |
| 6 | Skënderbeu | 18 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 24 | 26 | 0.923 | 15 | |
| 7 | Besa | 18 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 24 | 0.708 | 15 | |
| 8 | Traktori | 18 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 16 | 26 | 0.615 | 12 | |
| 9 | Vllaznia | 18 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 10 | 26 | 0.385 | 11 | |
| 10 | Tomori | 18 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 43 | 0.349 | 10 | |
* ↑ Partizani and Dinamo Tirana finished the season level on points so the Albanian Football Association decided to organise a championship playoff game to determine the winner of the 1961 Albanian National Championship.

## Results

| Home \ Away | 17N | BES | DIN | FLA | LAB | PAR | SKË | TOM | TRA | VLL |
| 17 Nëntori | | 1–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 1–2 |
| Besa | 0–1 | | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 |
| Dinamo | 2–0 | 3–0 | | 4–2 | 6–0 | 2–1 | 7–2 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 3–0 |
| Flamurtari | 1–1 | 3–2 | 2–1 | | 2–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 2–1 |
| Labinoti | 1–3 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 | | 1–0 | 2–0 | 6–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 |
| Partizani | 2–2 | 4–1 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 | | 2–0 | 6–0 | 4–0 | 3–0 |
| Skënderbeu | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 3–1 | 1–2 | | 6–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 |
| Tomori | 1–1 | 3–0 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 1–6 | 2–0 | | 2–0 | 1–1 |
| Traktori | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 2–2 | 3–1 | | 4–1 |
| Vllaznia | 2–0 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–2 | |

## Final

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Partizani | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Dinamo Tirana |

### Replay

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Partizani | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | Dinamo Tirana |
Note: '17 Nëntori' is SK Tirana, 'Labinoti' is KS Elbasani, 'Traktori' is KS Lushnja
# Eurois nigra

Eurois nigra, the great black dart moth, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It was first described by Smith in 1927 and it is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Eurois nigra is 10931.

## Subspecies

Two subspecies belong to Eurois nigra:
* Eurois nigra argni Barnes & Benjamin, 1927$^{cg}$
* Eurois nigra nigra$^g$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Eunidia vageguttata

Eunidia vageguttata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.
# Eupholus geoffroyi

Eupholus geoffroyi is a species of beetle belonging to the family Curculionidae.

## Description

Eupholus geoffroyi can reach a length of about 18–29 millimetres (0.71–1.14 in). The basic colour is metallic blue-green, with three transversal black bands along the elytra. The blue-green colour derives from very small scales. The tops of the antennae are black.

## Distribution

This species can be found in New Guinea
# Eupholus bennetti

Eupholus bennetti is a species of beetle belonging to the family Curculionidae.

## Description

Eupholus bennetti can reach a length of about 22–32 millimetres (0.87–1.26 in). This quite variable species is usually blue or green, with two longitudinal black bands along the pronotum and the elytra. The blue-green colour derives from very small scales. The top of the antennae is black.

## Distribution

This species can be found in lowland rainforests of Papua New Guinea.

## Etymology

The scientific name commemorates the Australian naturalist George Bennett
# Yukidori Valley

Yukidori Valley lies in the middle of the Langhovde Hills, on the east coast of Lützow-Holm Bay, in Queen Maud Land of East Antarctica, about 20 km south of Japan's Showa Station. Yukidori is Japanese for “snow petrel”.

## Description

The valley is aligned east–west, 2.0-2.5 km long and 1.8 km wide. It contains two lakes, a melt stream flowing from the Antarctic ice cap through Lake Yukidori to the sea at its western end, and has a continental fellfield ecosystem. Plants include several species of mosses and lichens. Birds nesting at the site include several thousand snow petrels as well as a few south polar skuas. Four species of free-living mites are present as well as over 60 species of microalgae, including some that are endemic to the valley. The site is protected under the Antarctic Treaty System as Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.141. there is a Japanese research site there
# 1963–64 1re série season

The 1963–64 1re série season was the 43rd season of the 1re série, the top level of ice hockey in France. Six teams participated in the final round, and Chamonix Hockey Club won their 20th league title.

## Final round

| | Club | Pts |
| 1. | Chamonix Hockey Club | 19 |
| 2. | Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt | 17 |
| 3. | Sporting Hockey Club Saint Gervais | 12 |
| 4. | Ours de Villard-de-Lans | 8 |
| 5. | Gap Hockey Club | 3 |
| 6. | Lions de Paris | 1 |
# Yuhua Subdistrict, Baoding

Yuhua Subdistrict, Baoding (Chinese: 裕华街道) is a township-level division of Nanshi District, Baoding, Hebei, China.
# Yuhua Subdistrict, Tianjin

Yuhua Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 钰华街道; traditional Chinese: 鈺華街道; pinyin: Yùhuá Jiēdào) is a subdistrict located in the north of Baodi District, Tianjin, China. It shares border with Haibin Subdistrict and Huogezhuang Town in its north, Fangjiazhuang and Koudong Towns in its east, Chaoyang Subdistrict and Haogezhuang Town in its south, and Baoping Subdistrict in its west. As of 2010, its population was 48,825.

## History

Timetable of Yuhua Subdistrict :
| Year | Status | Part of |
| 1953 – 1958 | Within Chengguan Township | Baodi County, Hebei |
| 1958 – 1961 | Within Chengguan People's commune | Baodi County, Hebei |
| 1961 – 1973 | Within Shiqiao People's Commune | Baodi County, Hebei |
| 1973 – 1982 | Within Shiqiao People's Commune | Baodi County, Tianjin |
| 1982 – 1983 | Within Chengguan Town | Baodi County, Tianjin |
| 1983 – 2001 | Within Chengguan and Shiqiao Townships | Baodi County, Tianjin |
| 2001 – 2006 | Within Chengguan Town | Baodi District, Tianjin |
| 2006 – present | Yuhua Subdistrict | Baodi District, Tianjin |

## Administrative divisions

As of 2022, Yuhua subdistrict was made up of 38 subdivisions, including the following 8 residential communities and 30 villages:

### Residential communities

* Yuhuajie (钰华街)
* Dizhilu (地质路)
* Shunchi (顺驰)
* Yuanzhu Xiaoqu (原筑小区)
* Lüjing Jiayuan (绿景家园)
* Yuhe Jiayuan (裕和家园)
* Lüse Jiayuan (绿色家园)
* Xiyuefeng (玺悦峰)

### Villages

* Qianwulipu (前五里铺)
* Longtan (龙潭)
* Dongyuanzhuang (东苑庄)
* Haozhuang (郝庄)
* Dongdatao (东大套)
* Xidatao (西大套)
* Chenjia'an (陈家庵)
* Dengjiazhuang (邓家庄)
* Wangjiazhuang (王家庄)
* Gongjiazhuang (龚家庄)
* Jiangzhuang (姜庄)
* Nanzhangjiazhuang (南张家庄)
* Xinwutun (辛务屯)
* Anjiaqiao (安家桥)
* Tianguzhuang (田顾庄)
* Laojuntang (老君堂)
* Duangezhuang (段各庄)
* Songshuzhuang (松树庄)
* Qulüzhuang (渠吕庄)
* Loudixia (楼底下)
* Qiangaojiakou (前高家口)
* Zhonggaojiakou (中高家口)
* Hougaojiakou (后高家口)
* Sanlitun (三里屯)
* Wangjia'an (王家庵)
* Guojiazhuang (郭家庄)
* Qianhuaishu (前槐树)
* Yuanjialou (苑家楼)
* Houhuaishu (后槐树)
* Wujiatang (吴家塘)
# European river zonation

The classification of European rivers comes from the fish fauna found in them. Changes in taxonomic composition relate to physical and chemical changes that occur longitudinally.

## Zonation (from headwater to estuary)
### Trout zone

This zone has a characteristic steep gradient, fast flowing water and cool temperature. The fast flow rate causes turbulence which keeps the water well oxygenated. Fish species found in this zone usually lay adhesive eggs that can stick to the substrate, this is to help prevent eggs being carried down stream by the water flow.
Characteristic fish species are:
* Brown trout (Salmo trutta)
* Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
* Bullhead (Cottus gobio)
* Loach (Barbatula barbatula)

### Grayling zone

Similar in physical characteristics to the Trout zone, although the temperature is usually slightly higher. Fish species in this zone also lay adhesive eggs.
Characteristic fish species include all of the above species, with the addition of;
* Grayling (Thymallus thymallus)
* Minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus)
* Chub (Leuciscus cephalus)
* Dace (Leuciscus leuciscus)

### Barbel zone

This zone is essentially lowland, but retains some characteristics of upland rivers. It has a gentle gradient with a moderate water flow and temperature. It also has a good oxygen content and a mixed substrate of silt and gravel in which plants can take root. Most of the fish species found in this zone lay their eggs in the vegetation on the river bed, this provides them with good protection and allows the eggs a good supply of oxygen given off from photosynthesis in the plants.
Characteristic fish species include all of the species from the previous zones with addition of;
* Barbel (Barbus barbus)
* Roach (Rutilus rutilus)
* Rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus)
* Perch (Perca fluviatilis)
* Pike (Esox lucius)
* Eel (Anguilla anguilla)

### Bream zone

The true lowland zone, has a very gentle gradient and slow flowing water, there is usually good oxygen content but the temperature is much more variable than in the other zones. This zone has a silty substrate and is often turbid. Fish species found in this zone lay adhesive eggs in the weeds. Most upland fish species can not survive in this zone.
Characteristic fish species include only a few species from the Barbel zone (Roach, Rudd, Perch and Pike), with the addition of:
* Bream (Abramis brama)
* Tench (Tinca tinca)
* Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
# European rhinoceros beetle

The European rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes nasicornis) is a large flying beetle belonging to the subfamily Dynastinae.

## Subspecies

* Oryctes nasicornis afghanistanicus Endrödi, 1938
* Oryctes nasicornis chersonensis Minck, 1915
* Oryctes nasicornis corniculatus Villa & Villa, 1833
* Oryctes nasicornis edithae Endrödi, 1938
* Oryctes nasicornis grypus (Illiger, 1803)
* Oryctes nasicornis hindenburgi Minck, 1915
* Oryctes nasicornis holdhausi Minck, 1914
* Oryctes nasicornis illigeri Minck, 1915
* Oryctes nasicornis kuntzeni Minck, 1914
* Oryctes nasicornis latipennis Motschulsky, 1845
* Oryctes nasicornis mariei (Bourgin, 1949)
* Oryctes nasicornis nasicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Oryctes nasicornis ondrejanus Minck, 1916
* Oryctes nasicornis polonicus Minck, 1916
* Oryctes nasicornis przevalskii Semenow & Medvedev, 1932
* Oryctes nasicornis punctipennis Motschulsky, 1860
* Oryctes nasicornis shiraticus Endrödi & Petrovitz, 1974
* Oryctes nasicornis transcaspicus Endrödi, 1938
* Oryctes nasicornis turkestanicus Minck, 1915

## Description

One of the largest beetles found in Europe, Oryctes nasicornis reach a length of 20–42 millimetres (3⁄4–1+3⁄4 inches), with a maximum of 47 mm (1+7⁄8 in). The elytra are reddish brown with a glazed appearance, while the head and pronotum are slightly darker. The underside of the body and the legs are covered with long red hair. It is a sexually dimorphic species. The male's head is topped by a long curved horn (hence its common name), while the females have no horns.
* Female specimen
* With metric ruler for scale

### Life cycle

The larvae grow in decaying plants feeding on woody debris (xylophagy), generally non-resinous. They can reach a length of 60–100 mm (2+1⁄4–4 in). The development period lasts 2 to 4 years. The adult’s size is influenced by the quality and abundance of food.
The mammoth wasp (Megascolia maculata) is a parasitoid of O. nasicornis larvae. The female wasp lays one egg inside the beetle larva; when the egg hatches, the wasp larva will feed on the host.
The adult beetle emerges between the end of March to May, and lives for a few months until autumn. It occurs mainly during the months of June and July and is very active, flying at dusk and by night, attracted by lights. In this stage they do not feed, consuming only the reserves accumulated during the larval stages.
* Illustration of life cycle
* Egg
* Pupa
* Adult

## Distribution and habitat

Oryctes nasicornis inhabits the Palaearctic region, excluding the British Isles. It is the only representative of the Dynastinae family found in Northern Europe. It is widespread in the Mediterranean basin up to Pakistan, the Near East and North Africa.
The rhinoceros beetle lives on wood, and the large larvae can be found in rotting wood stumps and around sawdust. At the margin of its distribution, the beetle is often found in connection with sawmills and horse racing tracks.