OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Middle cerebral artery syndrome

Middle cerebral artery syndrome is a condition whereby the blood supply from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel: the lateral aspects of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, the corona radiata, globus pallidus, caudate and putamen. The MCA is the most common site for the occurrence of ischemic stroke.
Depending upon the location and severity of the occlusion, signs and symptoms may vary within the population affected with MCA syndrome. More distal blockages tend to produce milder deficits due to more extensive branching of the artery and less ischemic response. In contrast, the most proximal occlusions result in widespread effects that can lead to significant cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, loss of consciousness and could even be fatal. In such occasions, mannitol (osmotic diuretic) or hypertonic saline are given to draw fluid out of the edematous cerebrum to minimise secondary injury. Hypertonic saline is better than mannitol, as mannitol being a diuretic will decrease the mean arterial pressure and since cerebral perfusion is mean arterial pressure minus intracranial pressure, mannitol will also cause a decrease in cerebral perfusion.
Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss of the face, upper and lower extremities is the most common presentation of MCA syndrome. Lower extremity function is more spared than that of the faciobrachial region. The majority of the primary motor and somatosensory cortices are supplied by the MCA and the cortical homunculus can, therefore, be used to localize the defects more precisely. Middle cerebral artery lesions mostly affect the dominant hemisphere i.e. the left cerebral hemisphere.

## Signs and Symptoms

* Hemiparesis or hemiplegia of the lower half of the contralateral face
* Hemiparesis or hemiplegia of the contralateral upper and lower extremities*
* Sensory loss of the contralateral face, arm and leg*
* Ataxia of contralateral extremities*
* Speech impairments/aphasia: Broca's area, Wernicke's or Global aphasia as a result of a dominant hemisphere lesion (usually the left brain)
* Perceptual deficits: hemispatial neglect, anosognosia, apraxia, and spatial disorganization as a result of a non-dominant hemisphere lesion (usually the right brain)
* Visual disorders: déviation conjuguée, a gaze preference towards the side of the lesion; contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
Note: *faciobrachial deficits greater than that of the lower limb

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis in the setting of stroke can be confirmed by CT Scan or MRI for advanced investigations.
# Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema

Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE), describes a medical syndrome involving both pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. The combination is most commonly found in male smokers. Pulmonary function tests typically show preserved lung volume with very low transfer factor.

## Presentation

CFPE is characterised by shortness of breath, and reduced oxygen concentration (reflecting gas exchange abnormalities). Imaging shows upper-lobe emphysema, and lower-lobe interstitial fibrosis. CFPE is often complicated by pulmonary hypertension, acute lung injury, lung cancer, and coronary artery disease.

## Diagnosis

The diagnosis is confirmed with high resolution CT scan.
# Dipak Patel

Dipak Patel may refer to:
* Dipak Patel (politician) (born 1953), Zambian politician
* Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958), Kenyan cricketer who played for New Zealand
* Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1961), Kenyan cricketer
# Dipak Patel (politician)

Dipak Kumar A. Patel (born 12 July 1953 in Mufulira) is a Zambian politician of Hindu Indian origin. His ancestral roots traces back to Gujarat, India. He served long tenures both as a legislator and as the Minister of Trade, Commerce, and Industry.

## Career

Patel was elected in 1991 to the National Assembly of Zambia under the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) in the Lusaka Central constituency. During this time he was also a member of the MMD's national executive committee. He was appointed Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Trade, Commerce, and Industry from 1991 to 1992, then held a succession of Cabinet Minister positions in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (1992), the Ministry of Youth, Sports, and Child Development (1992–1993), and the Ministry of Trade, Commerce, and Industry (1993–1996). He was one of two cabinet-level members of Indian origin in President Frederick Chiluba's government, the other being Minister of Agriculture Suresh Desai. However, he resigned from that last position in February 1996 due to disagreements with Chiluba; specifically, he objected to a proposed constitutional amendment which would bar individuals of "foreign parentage" from contesting the presidency. In the 1996 elections, he ran without any party affiliation and was returned to his seat representing Lusaka Central; in the 2001 elections he ran on the Forum for Democracy and Development ticket and was again elected.

## Relations with Mwanawasa

In 2002, while a lawmaker, Patel received a police summons for having allegedly insulted Levy Mwanawasa, who was elected president in the 2001 election; defaming the head of state is a criminal offence under Zambian law and may incur a jail sentence of up to three years. The Zambia Post had published a quotation by Patel in which he called Mwanawasa a "cabbage", a reference to Mwanawasa's alleged rigging of the presidential election. Police also arrested the Post editor Fred M'membe, but M'membe himself believed Patel was the police's real target. However, Mwanawasa appointed Patel to the position of Cabinet Minister in the Ministry of Trade, Commerce, and Industry in February 2003, in a surprise move which also saw a number of other opposition lawmakers named to his cabinet. During his tenure under Mwanawasa, Patel served as Chair-Co-ordinator for the Least Developed Countries World Trade Organization negotiations in 2005. Patel later changed his opinion of Mwanawasa, and after the latter's death praised him for his independence, stating that "Everyone thought he was going to be Chiluba’s puppet, but he showed very quickly that he took orders from no one".

## Awards and honours

* 2001 Defender of Democracy award from international NGO Parliamentarians for Global Action
# Discrete least squares meshless method

In mathematics the discrete least squares meshless (DLSM) method is a meshless method based on the least squares concept. The method is based on the minimization of a least squares functional, defined as the weighted summation of the squared residual of the governing differential equation and its boundary conditions at nodal points used to discretize the domain and its boundaries.

## Description

While most of the existing meshless methods need background cells for numerical integration, DLSM did not require a numerical integration procedure due to the use of the discrete least squares method to discretize the governing differential equation. A Moving least squares (MLS) approximation method is used to construct the shape function, making the approach a fully least squares-based approach.
Arzani and Afshar developed the DLSM method in 2006 for the solution of Poisson's equation. Firoozjaee and Afshar proposed the collocated discrete least squares meshless (CDLSM) method to solve elliptic partial differential equations, and studied the effect of the collocation points on the convergence and accuracy of the method. The method can be considered as an extension the earlier method of DLSM by the introduction of a set of collocation points for the calculation of the least squares functional.
CDLSM was later used by Naisipour et al. to solve elasticity problems regarding the irregular distribution of nodal points. Afshar and Lashckarbolok used the CDLSM method for the adaptive simulation of hyperbolic problems. A simple a posteriori error indicator based on the value of the least squares functional and a node moving strategy was used and tested on 1-D hyperbolic problems. Shobeyri and Afshar simulated free surface problems using the DLSM method.
The method was then extended for adaptive simulation of two-dimensional shocked hyperbolic problems by Afshar and Firoozjaee. Also, adaptive node-moving refinement and multi-stage node enrichment adaptive refinement are formulated in the DLSM for the solution of elasticity problems.
Amani, Afshar and Naisipour. proposed mixed discrete least squares meshless (MDLSM) formulation for solution of planar elasticity problems. In this approach, the differential equations governing the planar elasticity problems are written in terms of the stresses and displacements which are approximated independently using the same shape functions. Since the resulting governing equations are of the first order, both the displacement and stress boundary conditions are of the Dirichlet type, which is easily incorporated via a penalty method. Because this is a least squares based algorithm of the MDLSM method, the proposed method does not need to be satisfied by the Ladyzhenskaya–Babuška–Brezzi (LBB) condition.
# Discrete exterior calculus

In mathematics, the discrete exterior calculus (DEC) is the extension of the exterior calculus to discrete spaces including graphs, finite element meshes, and lately also general polygonal meshes (non-flat and non-convex). DEC methods have proved to be very powerful in improving and analyzing finite element methods: for instance, DEC-based methods allow the use of highly non-uniform meshes to obtain accurate results. Non-uniform meshes are advantageous because they allow the use of large elements where the process to be simulated is relatively simple, as opposed to a fine resolution where the process may be complicated (e.g., near an obstruction to a fluid flow), while using less computational power than if a uniformly fine mesh were used.

## The discrete exterior derivative

Stokes' theorem relates the integral of a differential (n − 1)-form ω over the boundary ∂M of an n-dimensional manifold M to the integral of dω (the exterior derivative of ω, and a differential n-form on M) over M itself:
    $\int _{M}\mathrm {d} \omega =\int _{\partial M}\omega .$
One could think of differential k-forms as linear operators that act on k-dimensional "bits" of space, in which case one might prefer to use the bracket notation for a dual pairing. In this notation, Stokes' theorem reads as
    $\langle \mathrm {d} \omega \mid M\rangle =\langle \omega \mid \partial M\rangle .$
In finite element analysis, the first stage is often the approximation of the domain of interest by a triangulation, T. For example, a curve would be approximated as a union of straight line segments; a surface would be approximated by a union of triangles, whose edges are straight line segments, which themselves terminate in points. Topologists would refer to such a construction as a simplicial complex. The boundary operator on this triangulation/simplicial complex T is defined in the usual way: for example, if L is a directed line segment from one point, a, to another, b, then the boundary ∂L of L is the formal difference b − a.
A k-form on T is a linear operator acting on k-dimensional subcomplexes of T; e.g., a 0-form assigns values to points, and extends linearly to linear combinations of points; a 1-form assigns values to line segments in a similarly linear way. If ω is a k-form on T, then the discrete exterior derivative dω of ω is the unique (k + 1)-form defined so that Stokes' theorem holds:
    $\langle \mathrm {d} \omega \mid S\rangle =\langle \omega \mid \partial S\rangle .$
For every (k + 1)-dimensional subcomplex of T, S.
Other operators and operations such as the discrete wedge product, Hodge star, or Lie derivative can also be defined.
# Diplodactylus galeatus

Diplodactylus galeatus, sometimes called the helmeted gecko, is a gecko endemic to Australia.
# Diocese of Johannesburg

Diocese of Johannesburg may refer to:
* the Anglican Diocese of Johannesburg
* the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg
# Coláiste Bhaile Chláir

Coláiste Bhaile Chláir is an Irish co-educational and multidenominational community college situated in Lakeview, Claregalway, County Galway. It is under the patronage of the Galway and Roscommon Education and Training Board (GRETB).
It is a Microsoft "showcase school", having been recognised by the company as a "global leader in successful integrations of technology with teaching and learning".

## History and development

Coláiste Bhaile Chláir was founded on 2 September 2013.
Alan Mongey is the principal of the school, a former president of the National Association of Principals and Deputy Principals (NAPD). Cyril Donnellan, Emma Ryan and Lisa Carty are deputy principals. Donnellan is a former hurler with the Galway senior team.
Construction work began in early 2016 on a 23-classroom extension to Coláiste Bhaile Chláir. In July 2018, further plans to extend the school and also provide a purpose-built Educate Together national school in the area received the green light from An Bord Pleanála. In late 2018, the €5.4 million extension project to develop a new two storey extension to Coláiste Bhaile Chláir, including a two classroom special needs unit and sports hall, began. It was completed in July 2020.

## Curriculum

The school offers both the Junior and Leaving Certificate cycles and a Transition Year cycle. Coláiste Bhaile Chláir offers all the mandatory subjects, along with woodwork, metalwork, home economics, technical graphics, business studies, design & communication, music and modern foreign languages.
Coláiste Bhaile Chláir is involved in a variety of sports, including Gaelic football, camogie, hurling, soccer, basketball, badminton and golf.

## Notable staff

* Cyril Donnellan – the former hurler with the Galway senior team is the current deputy principal
* Damien Comer – the Galway Gaelic footballer teaches science and maths
* Paul Conroy – the Galway Gaelic footballer teaches Irish and business
* Fiontán Ó Curraoin – Galway Gaelic footballer
* Maurice Sheridan – former Galway Gaelic footballer
* James Regan – hurler with the Galway senior team since 2011
* Lorraine Ryan – 2013 All-Ireland winning Galway camogie captain
# Coláiste Bríde

Coláiste Bríde is a secondary school located in Clondalkin, South Dublin, Ireland.
Coláiste Bríde was founded by the Presentation Sisters in 1955. Coláiste Bríde is a Voluntary Catholic Secondary School for girls only, operating under the Trusteeship of CEIST (Catholic Education on Irish Schools).
The school hosted a number of prominent Irish personalities, including Niall Breslin (Bressie), Miriam O'Callaghan and the Former Governor of Mountjoy Prison, John Lonergan, who have given inspirational and motivational speeches to over 900 students.

## New Building

The construction of the new building began in 2004, costing over 13 million euro. Overseen by engineer Lawson Mealiffe it officially opened in May 2008. It provides facilities such as a canteen, gym, library, science labs, home economics kitchens, IT labs, three state of the art equipped art rooms, a garden and lockers. A St Brigid's Cross design featured in the Reception and General Purpose Area was designed by Kate Griffin, a sixth year student of Coláiste Bríde while on work experience in an architect's office.

## Extracurricular activities

* Sports: Volleyball, football, GAA, camogie, basketball, badminton, tennis, table tennis, gymnastics
* Music Lessons: guitar, violin, piano, dance, choir
* Language clubs: Irish, French
* Study: Learning Hub, Maths club
* Other clubs: pair reading, photography club, LGBTQ club, debating

## Events

* Christmas Concert organised each year showcasing acting, dancing, and a Christmas debate.
* W.O.W. (Walk On Wednesdays) was a project organised by the schools Green Flag Committee to encourage students to walk to school to promote healthy living and receive another Green Flag.
* Annual "DEAR" (Drop Everything And Read) week, encouraging students and staff to read more literature.
* Musical performed by students in Transition Year of Colaiste Bride and Moyle Park College
** Grease performed in 2009
** Fame performed in 2010
** Hairspray performed in 2015
** All Shook Up performed in 2018
** The Humancentipede performed in 2023
* "Well Being Week" is organised every year in the school, promoting mental and physical health and has been extremely successful in the past few years with activities such as dancing, yoga, tea parties and a concerts.

## Notable former students

* Hannah Tyrrell – Ireland women's rugby union international
* Mary Kennedy Rte
* Mary Harney former Government Minister
# Wahagnies

Wahagnies (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

## Geography

The commune is situated between Flandre and Artois and has a distance of 20 km to Lille and 35 km to Arras. It covers an area of approximately 569 ha (2.20 sq mi).

## Heraldry

| Arms of Wahagnies | The arms of Wahagnies are blazoned : Azure, a chevron argent between 2 anchors and a cow passant Or, a chief per pale 1 Gules, a mitre Or, and 2 paly Or and gules. |

## Twin towns

Wahagnies is twinned with Böhl-Iggelheim (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
# Common Serjeant of London

The Common Serjeant of London (full title The Serjeant-at-Law in the Common Hall) is an ancient British legal office, first recorded in 1291, and is the second most senior permanent judge of the Central Criminal Court after the Recorder of London, acting as deputy to that office, and sitting as a judge in the trial of criminal offences.
He is also one of the High Officers of the City of London Corporation, and must undertake certain civic obligations alongside his judicial duties: each Midsummer he presides at the election of Sheriffs in the Guildhall, and each Michaelmas he plays a key role in the ceremonial election of the Lord Mayor. He presents the Sheriffs to the King's Remembrancer at the annual Quit Rents ceremony, and is in attendance on most other major ceremonial occasions.
The Common Serjeant is appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor.
Formerly, the Common Serjeant of London was a legal officer of the City Corporation of London. The Common Serjeant of London attended on the Lord Mayor of London and the Court of Aldermen on court days, and acted with them in council. He also attended the Court of Aldermen and Common Council, and had charge of the Orphans' Estates
Judge Richard Marks, KC, was appointed the 81st Common Serjeant on 3 March 2015.

## Gallery

* Sir Robert Broke, Common Serjeant of London in 1536
* Judge George Jeffreys, Common Serjeant of London in 1671
* Sir John Silvester, Common Serjeant 1790-1803
* Lord Denman, Common Serjeant of London 1822 - 1830
* William Thomas Charley, Common Serjeant of London in 1878
* Sir Forrest Fulton by 'Spy' in Vanity Fair (1903)
* Sir Frederick Bosanquet as Common Serjeant of London. Caricature by 'Spy' from Vanity Fair (1901)
* Judge Brian Barker QC, Common Serjeant of London 2005 to 2013
# Common duiker

The common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia), also known as the gray duiker or bush duiker, is a small antelope and the only member of the genus Sylvicapra. This species is found everywhere in Africa south of the Sahara, excluding the Horn of Africa and the rainforests of the central and western parts of the continent. Generally, they are found in habitats with sufficient vegetation cover to allow them to hide—savannah and hilly areas, including the fringes of human settlements.

## Description

Colouration of this species varies widely over its vast geographic range. There are 14 subspecies described, ranging from chestnut in forested areas of Angola to grizzled gray in northern savannas and light brown shades in arid regions. It grows to about 50 cm (20 in) in height and generally weighs 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb); females are generally larger and heavier than the males. Only the male has horns and these can grow to 11 cm (4.3 in) long.

## Behavior

Breeding is year round and the female gives birth to one fawn after a gestation period of 6 to 7.5 months. The common duiker has a wide diet; beyond browsing for leaves, flowers, fruits and tubers, they will also eat insects, frogs, small birds and mammals, and even carrion. As long as they have vegetation to eat (from which they get some water), they can go without drinking for very long periods. In the rainy season, they will frequently not drink water at all, instead obtaining fluids from fruits. They will often scavenge for these fruits below trees in which monkeys are feeding. They are active both day and night, but become more nocturnal near human settlements, presumably due to the presence of feral dogs and humans.
Males are territorial and smear gland secretions on rocks and branches to mark their territories; their preferred resting places are generally on elevated ground, where they can observe their territory. Females, by contrast, prefer deeper cover. The overall success of this species stems from its ability to inhabit a wide variety of habitats, as well as from its adaptable, generalist diet.

## Gallery

* Juvenile male, Kidepo Valley N.P., Uganda
* young male in Kruger Park
* adult male in Kruger Park
* female, Maputo National Park, Mozambique
# Common eel

Common eel is a common name for several fishes and may refer to:
* Anguilla anguilla, native to the Atlantic Ocean and rivers in Europe
* Anguilla rostrata, native to the Atlantic Ocean and rivers in the Americas
* Congresox talabonoides, native to the Indian and western Pacific Oceans