OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kay Davis

Kathryn Elizabeth Wimp known professionally as Kay Davis (December 5, 1920 – January 27, 2012 in Apopka, Florida) was an American jazz singer who performed with the Duke Ellington orchestra.
Davis was born in Evanston, Illinois, and attended Evanston Township High School. She studied voice and piano at Northwestern University, where she received her bachelor's degree in 1942, and her master's degree in 1943. Her grandfather, William H. Twiggs, was a civic leader for whom a park in Evanston is named.
In 1944, she joined Duke Ellington's orchestra, where she sang alongside Joya Sherrill and Al Hibbler. She is best known for her wordless vocals in pieces such as "Transbluency" and "On a Turquoise Cloud." She also sang pieces with lyrics. She is the only person Ellington allowed to reprise Adelaide Hall's wordless vocal on "Creole Love Call." Davis and Billy Strayhorn gave the first performance of Strayhorn's "Lush Life" on November 13, 1948, at Carnegie Hall. With Ellington's orchestra, she appeared in the film shorts Symphony in Swing (1949) and Salute to Duke Ellington (1950), both for Universal-International.
Davis toured England with Ellington and Ray Nance in 1948, and in Europe with the full orchestra in 1950. After leaving Ellington's orchestra in 1950, she married Edward Wimp in 1952. They had one son, Edward L. Wimp. They retired to Florida.

## Discography

* Duke Ellington, Black, Brown, and Beige (Bluebird, 1988)
# Zealanapis conica

Zealanapis conica is a species of Anapidae that is endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was described as Chasmocephalon conicum in 1951 by Ray Forster from male and female specimens collected in Fiordland. In 1959 it was transferred to Risdonius. Then later in 1989 it was transferred to Zealanapis. The holotype is stored in Canterbury Museum.

## Description

The male is recorded at 1.06mm in length whereas the female is 0.91mm.

## Distribution

This species is only known from the South Island of New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Not Threatened".
# Green Township, Ohio

Green Township, Ohio may refer to the following places in the U.S. state of Ohio:
* Green Township, Adams County, Ohio
* Green Township, Ashland County, Ohio
* Green Township, Brown County, Ohio
* Green Township, Clark County, Ohio
* Green Township, Clinton County, Ohio
* Green Township, Fayette County, Ohio
* Green Township, Gallia County, Ohio
* Green Township, Hamilton County, Ohio
* Green Township, Harrison County, Ohio
* Green Township, Hocking County, Ohio
* Green Township, Mahoning County, Ohio
* Green Township, Monroe County, Ohio
* Green Township, Ross County, Ohio
* Green Township, Scioto County, Ohio
* Green Township, Shelby County, Ohio
* Green Township, Wayne County, Ohio
# Hydrogenase (NAD+, ferredoxin)

Hydrogenase (NAD+, ferredoxin) (EC 1.12.1.4, bifurcating [FeFe] hydrogenase) is an enzyme with systematic name hydrogen:NAD$^+$, ferredoxin oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    2 H$_2$ + NAD$^+$ + 2 oxidized ferredoxin $\rightleftharpoons$ 5 H$^+$ + NADH + 2 reduced ferredoxin
The enzyme from Thermotoga maritima contains a [Fe-Fe] cluster (H-cluster) and iron-sulfur clusters. I
# R. C. Subramanian

R. C. Subramanian was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Kadaladi constituency in the 1977 election.
# Erebus (moth)

Erebus is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae.

## Taxonomy

The genus is the type genus of the tribe Erebini, subfamily Erebinae, and family Erebidae.

## Description

Differs from Speiredonia in the mid and hind tibia being spined and almost naked. Forewings are broad.

## Species

* Erebus acrotaenia (Felder, 1861)
* Erebus acuta (Fawcett, 1917)
* Erebus aerosa (Swinhoe, 1900)
* Erebus albiangulata (A. E. Prout, 1924)
* Erebus albicinctus (Kollar, 1844) (syn: Erebus obscurata (Wileman, 1923), Erebus rivularis Westwood, 1848)
* Erebus atavistis (Hampson 1913)
* Erebus candidii (Strand 1920)
* Erebus caprimulgus (Fabricius, 1775)
* Erebus clavifera (Hampson, 1913)
* Erebus crepuscularis (Linnaeus, 1758) (syn: Erebus obscura (Bethune-Baker, 1906) )
* Erebus cyclops (Felder, 1861)
* Erebus ephesperis (Hübner, 1827)
* Erebus felderi (A. E. Prout, 1922) (syn: Erebus seistosticha (A. E. Prout, 1926))
* Erebus gemmans (Guenée, 1852)
* Erebus glaucopis (Walker, 1858) (syn: Erebus prunosa (Moore, 1883))
* Erebus hieroglyphica (Drury, 1773) (syn: Erebus celebensis (Hopffer, 1874), Erebus hermonia (Cramer, 1777), Erebus lunaris (Walker, 1864), Erebus mygdonia (Cramer, 1777), Erebus tenebrata (L. B. Prout, 1919), Erebus ulula (Fabricius, 1775))
* Erebus illodes (Zerny, 1916)
* Erebus intermedia (Pagenstecher, 1900)
* Erebus ipsa (Swinhoe, 1918)
* Erebus jaintiana (Swinhoe, 1896)
* Erebus lombokensis Swinhoe, 1915
* Erebus macfarlanei (Butler, 1876)
* Erebus macrops (Linnaeus, 1768)
* Erebus maurus (Gaede, 1917)
* Erebus mirans A. E. Prout, 1932
* Erebus nyctaculis (Snellen, 1880)
* Erebus orcina (Felder and Rogenhofer, 1874)
* Erebus pilosa (Leech, 1900)
* Erebus purpurata (Druce, 1888) (syn: Erebus aroa Bethune-Baker, 1908)
* Erebus strigipennis (Moore, 1883)
* Erebus sumatrensis (Hampson, 1913)
* Erebus sumbana (Swinhoe, 1918) (syn: Erebus ceramica (Swinhoe 1918), Erebus luzonica (Swinhoe, 1918))
* Erebus superba (Swinhoe, 1908)
* Erebus terminitincta (Gaede, 1938) (syn: Erebus variegata (Swinhoe, 1900))
* Erebus variegata (Butler, 1887)
* Erebus walkeri (Butler, 1875) (syn: Erebus valceri (Hampson, 1913))

## Former species

* Erebus javanensis (Hampson, 1913)
* Erebus moriola (Swinhoe, 1918)
* Erebus orion (Hampson, 1913)
* Erebus oxodoxia (Swinhoe, 1918)
# Hainaut

Hainaut (French pronunciation:) may refer to:
* County of Hainaut, a historical Holy Roman Empire lordship in modern-day Belgium and northern France
* French Hainaut, a part of the modern Nord department
* Hainaut Province, a modern Belgian province, part of Wallonia
* Hainaut-Sambre, a former Belgian steel conglomerate
# 1969 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships

"none" preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] The 7th European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in Landskrona, Sweden in May 1969.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Seniors ||||
| All-Around details | Karin Janz (GDR) | Olga Karasyova (URS) | Ludmilla Tourischeva (URS) Erika Zuchold (GDR) |
| Vault details | Karin Janz (GDR) | Erika Zuchold (GDR) | Olga Karasyova (URS) |
| Uneven Bars details | Karin Janz (GDR) | Olga Karasyova (URS) | Ludmilla Tourischeva (URS) |
| Balance Beam details | Karin Janz (GDR) | Olga Karasyova (URS) | Jindra Košťálová (TCH) |
| Floor details | Olga Karasyova (URS) | Karin Janz (GDR) | Ludmilla Tourischeva (URS) Jindra Košťálová (TCH) |
# F. grandis

F. grandis may refer to:
* Fundulus grandis, the Gulf killifish, a fish species in the genus Fundulus
* Falcivibrio grandis, a bacterium species in the genus Falcivibrio
# Alexander Stanhope

Alexander Stanhope (1638 – 20 September 1707) was an English envoy in Madrid between 1690 and 1699.

## Early life

He was the youngest son of Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield by his second wife Anne, daughter of John 'Lusty' Pakington. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, graduating in 1654.
He married Catherine Burghill, daughter of Arnold Burghill of Thingehill Parva. They had several children, including:
* James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope (b 1674 – 5 February 1721) married 24 February 1713 Lucy Pitt, daughter of Thomas Pitt of Boconnoc
* Philip Stanhope, (b. unknown; 28 September 1708) Royal Navy Captain
* Edward Stanhope, (b. unknown; 23 December 1711) British Army Colonel
* Mary Stanhope (b. abt. 1686 – 30 August 1762) married 12 December 1707) Charles Fane, 1st Viscount Fane
His son James Stanhope, a famous General, is sometimes considered the first Prime Minister of Great Britain between 1717 and 1721.

## Career

He was a Gentleman Usher to the Queen. He was an Envoy extraordinary to Spain (1689–1706) and Envoy to the States-General.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1663.
# Zeiraphera isertana

Zeiraphera isertana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Liaoning, Gansu, Qinghai), Russia, Europe and the Near East.
The wingspan is 13–18 mm. The moth flies from July to August in western Europe.
The larvae feed on the leaves of Quercus, Pyrus and Ulmus species.
# Ævar Örn Jósepsson

Ævar Örn Jósepsson (born 25 August 1963 in Hafnarfjörður) is an Icelandic journalist, translator, and author.

## Early life

Ævar is the youngest of four siblings. He grew up in Garðabær, Reykjavík, and in Hafnarfjörður. He moved to Akranes aged 16. From 1981-1982 he was an exchange student in Belgium. He attended the University of Stirling in Scotland, UK, from 1986-1987 and studied journalism, political science and philosophy. He then attended Albert-Ludwigs Universität in Freiburg, Germany, becoming Magister Artium of philosophy and English literature in 1994.

## Career

Ævar initially worked as a fisherman, then as from 1984-1986 as a bank clerk for Landsbanki Íslands. He started doing programs for television and radio, working at RÚV radio since 1995.
He worked as a journalist for Þjóðviljinn, Morgunblaðið, visir.is, Ský and others.

## Writing

Ævar has written a series of six crime novels.
* Skítadjobb (2002) ISBN 9789979326120.
* Svartir englar (2003) ISBN 9789979217640 (later made into a film series of the same name.)
* Blóðberg (2005) ISBN 9789979659105.
* Sá yðar sem syndlaus er (2006) ISBN 9789979977247.
* Land tækifæranna (2008) (nominated for the Glass Key award.) ISBN 9789979659280.
* Önnur líf (2010) ISBN 9789979659525.
He has also written a short story called Línudans, published in Spannendsten Weihnachtgeschichten aus Skandinavien (2004).
# Hyalodon

Hyalodon is a genus of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species occur on dead wood in Europe and Asia, producing effused, gelatininous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) covered in small spines. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that the genus is distinct.
# Erich Cabinet

Rafael Erich's cabinet was the sixth Government of Republic of Finland. The cabinet's time period was March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921. It was a minority government.
Erich's cabinet's main task was to conclude the official peace treaty with Soviet Russia. The treaty was signed in Tartu, Estonia, on October 14, 1920. Soviet Russia recognized Finland's independence officially and its frontier between the two countries.

## Assembly

| Minister | Period of office | Party |
| Prime Minister Rafael Erich | March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | National Coalition Party |
| Minister for Foreign Affairs Rudolf Holsti | March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | National Progressive Party |
| Minister of Justice Karl Söderholm Hjalmar Granfelt | March 15, 1920 – June 28, 1920 June 28, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | Swedish People's Party Swedish People's Party |
| Minister of War Bruno Jalander | March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | Independent |
| Minister of the Interior Albert von Hellens | March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | National Progressive Party |
| Minister of Finance Jonathan Wartiovaara | March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | National Coalition Party |
| Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs Lauri Ingman | March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | National Coalition Party |
| Minister of Agriculture Eero Yrjö Pehkonen | March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | Agrarian League |
| Deputy Minister of Agriculture Eero Hahl | March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | Agrarian League |
| Minister of Transport and Public Works Magnus Lavonius | March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | National Progressive Party |
| Minister of Trade and Industry Leo Ehrnrooth Hjalmar Procopé | March 15, 1920 – August 12, 1920 August 19, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | Swedish People's Party Swedish People's Party |
| Minister of Social Affairs Vilkku Joukahainen | March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | Agrarian League |
| Minister of Food Kaarlo Wuokoski | March 26, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | National Progressive Party |
# Habromyia

Habromyia is a genus of around 3 Neotropical hoverflies.

## Species

* H. coeruleithorax Williston, 1888
* H. ochracea Hull, 1941
* H. langi Curran, 1934
# F. indicus

F. indicus may refer to:
* Fenneropenaeus indicus, the Indian prawn
* Formiscurra indicus, a species of planthopper

## Synonyms

* Fusinus indicus, a synonym for Marmorofusus tuberculatus, a species of sea snail
# Alexander St John

Sir Alexander St John (died June 1657) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1621 and 1629.

## Biography

St John was a son of Oliver St John, 3rd Baron St John of Bletso and his wife Dorothy Reid, daughter of Sir John Rede or Reid, of Odington, Gloucestershire. He was admitted fellow commoner at Queens' College, Cambridge on 9 November 1601. He was knighted on 5 August 1608 at Bletsoe together with his brother Anthony. Apart from Anthony, four other brothers, Oliver, Rowland, Beauchamp and Henry were to become MPs.
In 1614 St John was elected Member of Parliament for Bedford and was re-elected in 1621 and 1624. In 1626 and 1628 he was elected MP for Barnstaple. He sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.
St John married Margaret Draynor, the widow of Thomas Draynor and daughter of John Trye, of Hardwick, Gloucestershire. He survived her death in 1656 and caused a white marble monument, adorned with pilasters, entablature, pediment, and two Cupids, to be erected in her memory in the church of St Leonards, Shoreditch. He left no children.
His eldest brother Oliver inherited the Barony and became Earl of Bolingbroke.
# Hyalohyphomycosis

Hyalohyphomycosis is a group of opportunistic mycotic infections caused by nondematiaceous molds, and may be contrasted with phaeohyphomycosis.$^{:329}$ A hyalohyphomycetes example is Fusarium.
# Erich Büttner

Erich Büttner may refer to:
* Erich Büttner (painter) (1889–1936), German painter
* Erich Büttner (pilot) (died 1945), German World War II fighter ace
# Haji Imran Zafar

Haji Imran Zafar is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from 2010 to May 2018.

## Early life and education

He was born on 10 November 1973 in Gujrat District.
He has received Intermediate-level education.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) from Constituency PP-111 (Gujrat-IV) in by-polls held in March 2010 and defeated Mian Imran Masood of PML-Q.
He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency PP-111 (Gujrat-IV) in 2013 Pakistani general election. He received 35,515 votes and defeated Saleem Sarwar Jaura, a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). in 2018 Pakistani general election he was defeated by PTI & PMLQ Joint candidate Chaudhry Saleem Jaura.
# 1971 Meath Senior Football Championship

The 1971 Meath Senior Football Championship is the 79th edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 15 teams, with the winner going on to represent Meath in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship. The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage.
This season saw Dunderry's return to the top flight after claiming the 1970 Meath Intermediate Football Championship title. It was also Syddan's return to the top flight after their application to be promoted from the 1970 I.F.C. was granted, even though they had failed to reach the knockout stages of the competition.
Kilbride were the defending champions after they defeated Navan O'Mahonys in the previous years final, and they successfully defended their title to claim a 3-in-a-row of titles and their 5th in 8 seasons when beating Skryne 1-8 to 0-9 in the final in Pairc Tailteann. It was also their 7th final appearance in 8 seasons, a feat achieved by no other club to date. Pat Bruton raised the Keegan Cup for the Dunboyne parish outfit.
Drumree applied to be regraded to the 1972 I.F.C. at the end of the campaign.

## Team Changes

The following teams have changed division since the 1970 championship season.

## Knock-out Stages

The winners and runners up of each group qualify for the semi-finals.
| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Kilbride | 1-7 | | | |
| 4 | Trim | 0-7 | | | |
| 4 | Trim | 0-7 | Kilbride | Kilbride | 1-8 |
| | | | Skryne | Skryne | 0-9 |
| 3 | Skryne | 0-13 | Skryne | Skryne | 0-9 |
| 2 | Dunderry | 0-5 | | | |
Semi-finals:
* Kilbride 1-7, 0-7 Trim, Pairc Tailteann, 1/10/1971,
* Skryne 0-13, 0-5 Dunderry, Pairc Tailteann, 10/10/1971,
Final:
* Kilbride 1-8, 0-9 Skryne, Pairc Tailteann, 24/10/1971,

## Leinster Senior Club Football Championship

Preliminary round:
* Kilbride 0-8, 0-7 Athlone, Cusack Park, 11/4/1971,
Quarter-final:
* Kilbride v ???
# Albert Vilhelm Bøgh

Albert Vilhelm Bøgh (29 April 1843 – 11 April 1927) was a Norwegian actor.
He was a son of district stipendiary magistrate Ole Bøgh (1810–1872) and his wife Anna Dorothea Sagen (1809–1850). He was the brother of Johan Bøgh. On the maternal side he was a grandson of Lyder Sagen, and on the paternal side he was a nephew of archivist Vilhelm Frimann Christie Bøgh.
He worked at Christiania Theatre from 1871 to 1872, at Møllergatens Teater from 1872 to 1876. Then, for the rest of his career he worked at Den Nationale Scene.
Through his brother Johan, he was the uncle of tourism administrator Christen Gran Bøgh.
# Alexander St Clair, 19th Baron of Roslin

Alexander St Clair (1672–1706) was the 19th Baron of Roslin.

## Early life

He was the second son of James St Clair, 18th Baron of Roslin and Jean, daughter of Henry Spotswood, Sheriff of Dublin. His elder brother, James St Clair, had been killed fighting at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 and therefore Alexander succeeded to the estates of Roslin.

## Baron of Roslin

Alexander's poems are preserved in manuscript form in the Advocates Library.

## Family

Alexander married Jean, daughter of Robert, 7th Lord Sempill. He was succeeded by his son, William St Clair of Roslin, and had two other sons and three daughters who died young. Alexander died in 1706.
# America's Funnyman

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
America's Funnyman is a 1996 album by alternative comedian Neil Hamburger. It was released by Drag City on September 2, 1996.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Neil Hamburger
* "America's Funnyman" – 0:54
* "The Diagnosis" – 0:48
* "A Moment of Silence" – 0:23
* "Factory Outlet Malls" – 0:12
* "Menswear" – 0:04
* "Gourmet Chocolate" – 0:01
* "Women's Lingerie" – 0:30
* "Doctors" – 0:25
* "The Army Reserve" – 0:58
* "Divorce" – 0:45
* "Anniversarys" – 0:24
* "Warehouse Shopping" – 0:39
* "Lawsuit Crazy" – 0:28
* "Single Life" – 0:04
* "Condoms" – 2:06
* "Smoking" – 0:15
* "Gusty Winds" – 0:24
* "The Audience" – 0:26
* "Bigotry" – 0:48
* "AandR People" – 0:21
* "The Ex-Wife" – 0:27
* "Talk Show Hosts" – 0:25
* "Motels" – 0:25
* "The Zipper Shtick" – 0:39
* "The Top Ten - Censored!" – 1:00
* "O.J." – 2:03
* "Bill and Hillary" – 0:22
* "Newt Gingrich" – 0:04
* "Celebrity Liver Transplants" – 0:06
* "Flashers" – 0:40
* "Cop Shows" – 0:57
* "Lawyers" – 0:50
* "The Most Annoying Thing" – 1:17
* "The Speed Limit" – 0:12
* "G-Strings" – 0:20
* "Divorce" – 0:17
* "Rich Little Tribute" – 1:01
* "The Battle Between the Sexes" – 2:13
* "The X-Rated Hot Dog Vendor" – 4:57
* "Gambling" – 1:43
* "Dating" – 0:31
* "Suicide" – 1:08
* "Restaurants" – 0:47
* "Motels" – 1:01
# Gregor Becke

Gregor Becke (born 12 October 1972 in Salzburg) is an Austrian slalom canoer who competed from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. He finished 33rd in the K-1 event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
# 1975 Giro di Lombardia

The 1975 Giro di Lombardia was the 69th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 11 October 1975. The race started in Milan and finished in Como. The race was won by Francesco Moser of the Filotex team.

## General classification

| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Francesco Moser (ITA) | Filotex | 7h 24' 00" |
| 2 | Enrico Paolini (ITA) | Scic | + 0" |
| 3 | Alfredo Chinetti (ITA) | Furzi–FT [ca] | + 0" |
| 4 | Roger De Vlaeminck (BEL) | Brooklyn | + 1' 17" |
| 5 | Freddy Maertens (BEL) | Carpenter–Confortluxe–Flandria | + 1' 17" |
| 6 | Eddy Merckx (BEL) | Molteni–RYC | + 1' 17" |
| 7 | Gianbattista Baronchelli (ITA) | Scic | + 1' 17" |
| 8 | Wladimiro Panizza (ITA) | Brooklyn | + 5' 55" |
| 9 | Antoine Houbrechts (BEL) | Bianchi–Campagnolo | + 8' 55" |
| 10 | Jos Jacobs (BEL) | IJsboerke–Colner | + 9' 34" |
# Rouge du Pays

Rouge du Pays, also known as Cornalin du Valais or Cornalin, is a variety of red wine grape. It is primarily grown in the Valais region in Switzerland, where it is often called Cornalin, and the total Swiss plantations of the variety in 2009 stood at 116 hectares (290 acres). It produces deep-coloured wines that typically need aging, and is something of a speciality of Valais.
Cultivating Rouge du Pays requires a fairly warm climate, and the viticultural research institute at Changins has been involved in finding out how its yields can be made more regular than was previously the case.
DNA profiling at UC Davis has established that Rouge du Pays is a cross of Petit Rouge and Mayolet, two varieties from the Aosta Valley in northwestern Italy, close to Valais. Furthermore, Cornalin d'Aoste was established as an offspring of Rouge du Pays.

## Synonyms

Rouge du Pays is also known under the synonyms Alter Walliser Rot, Blauer Savoyertraube, Cornalin, Cornalin du Valais, Landroter, Petit Rouge du Valais, Rouge du Valais, Vieux Rouge du Valais, and Walliser Landroter.
Cornalin is also a synonym of the variety Cornalin d'Aoste.
# Xinyuictis

Xinyuictis ("weasel from Xinyu") is an extinct genus of placental mammals from clade Carnivoraformes, that lived in Asia from the early to late Eocene.
# Habura (caste)

The Habura are a Hindu caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.

## Origin

According to some traditions, the word habura has its roots in the "hawwa", which means an evil spirit. Their own traditions make reference to the fact that community are descended from Rajput soldiers. They were attempts to forcibly convert them to Islam, and as a result took refuge into the forests. The Habura then took up a nomadic existence, often also engaging in vagrancy. As a result, the British colonial authorities placed them in the category of a criminal tribe. After independence of India in 1947, they were denotified in 1952, when the Criminal Tribes Act was replaced with the Habitual Offenders Act, but the community continues to carry considerable social stigma.

## Present circumstances

The Habura are found mainly in the central Doab region of Uttar Pradesh. Most are found in the districts of Moradabad, Bareilly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Aligarh, Etah, Jhansi and Mathura. Although most Habura now speak Hindi, they have a particular dialect of their own known as Habura Bhasha. They are strictly endogamous, and practice clan exogamy. Their main clans are the Dabhi, Makol, Parmar and Solanki.
Historically, the Habura were a nomadic community. Most now live in multi-caste villages, often working for Jat or Brahmin patrons. After their denotification as a criminal tribe, they were settled by the government in colonies, and given agricultural land. But these land holdings are extremely marginal, forcing many Haburas to become bonded labourers. This is known locally as batai, where the sharecropper is forced hand over 50 percent of their produce. They are an extremely marginalised community, suffering from severe poverty.
The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh showed the Habura population as 6015.