OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Global Exchange of Military Information

Global Exchange of Military Information is an arms control annual exchange of information sponsored by the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe. Under this agreement, all participating states exchange information about all of their military forces throughout the world. This exchange differs from that under the Vienna Document in that it is not limited to forces in Europe, that is, between the Atlantic and the Urals. The information that is exchanged includes:
* Location and personnel strength of general staff.
* Command organizations, chain of command, location, and personnel strength.
* Total authorized personnel strength of armed forces.
* Total holdings of weapon systems by category and subcategory, and their locations.
This exchange is conducted annually in April and reflects holdings as of 1 January.
The Russian Federation continued submitting GEMI data even after the invasion and annexation of Crimea in 2014.
# Donald V. Rattan

Donald Volney Rattan (September 12, 1924 – March 8, 2017) was a United States Army Major General.

## Early life and education

Rattan was born at Fort Benning, Georgia on 12 September 1924 to William Volney Rattan, an Infantry officer, and Rose Harriett Ross.

## Career

Rattan attended the United States Military Academy graduating in the class of 1945.
In May 1960 then Lieutenant Colonel Rattan wrote "Antiguerrilla Operations: A Case Study from History" a study of U.S. Cavalry General George Crook's Indian War campaigns of the 1870s which was published in the United States Army Command and General Staff College journal Military Review.
In August 1964, LCol Rattan was serving with the US Consulate in Bukavu in eastern Congo where he advised Government forces in the defense of the city during the Simba rebellion and in the rescue of western hostages in Operation Dragon Rouge.

### Vietnam War

Col. Rattan served as commander of the 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division from April 1967 to March 1968. In November 1967 the 1st Brigade was placed under the operational control of the 4th Infantry Division and saw combat at the Battle of Dak To. In late January 1968, following the transfer of the entire 1st Cavalry Division north to I Corps he led the brigade in the successful defense of Quảng Trị City during the Tet Offensive.

### Post Vietnam

MGen Rattan commanded the 8th Infantry Division from August 1970 until May 1972.

## Later life

Rattan died on 8 March 2017 in San Antonio, Texas and was buried at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery.
# Wendell D. Rockwood

Wendell David Rockwood was a member of the Citizen's Municipal Party and was mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, from 1916 to 1918. He is also a direct descendant of the Puritans of New England.

## Life and career

Wendell was born on April 21, 1863, in Belgrade, Maine, to Albion and Sara Jane (Ricker) Rockwood. He had at least one child, Agnes Rockwood Griffiths.
Rockwood was elected mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 21, 1915, beating Timothy W. Good by 283 votes.
# West Meon railway station

West Meon was an intermediate railway station on the Meon Valley line, which ran from Alton to Fareham during the first half of the 20th century. Opened on 1 June 1903, it formed part of a comprehensive set of transport links serving the village. The main station building was designed by T. P. Figgis. It was closed in 1955.

## History

The Meon Valley line was particularly difficult to construct, costing the equivalent of 27 million pounds in today's money.). The terrain around West Meon was very uneven, requiring large works of civil engineering to build the railway. In quick succession, heading into West Meon from the north, the line required a tall embankment with a large tunnel driven through it to carry it over the A272, a tunnel and, immediately before the station, an impressive wrought-iron viaduct over the Meon Valley itself.

### Closure

Never a busy station, its only substantive commission was to move a complete farm in 1933. It was finally closed on 7 February 1955. The station buildings remained for several years, but were eventually demolished for hard core rubble for a car park in Denmead. The four-span West Meon viaduct was demolished in 1957.

## The site today

The only remains today are the 600-foot-long (180 m) platforms which were cleared of trees in 2015 to provide a grassy area with picnic tables. An interpretation board has been installed to provide a brief description of the scene. and an Ordnance Survey benchmark. The site of the former goods yard is now a car park for users of the Meon Valley Trail and the approach road from the village is still called 'Station Road'. The goods storage yard opposite the platform area was converted by volunteers into a wildlife area for the local primary school. A pupil won a school competition by naming the area 'The Nature Station'.

## Route

| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Privett | British Rail Southern Region Meon Valley Railway line | Droxford |
# Glaucocharis copernici

Glaucocharis copernici is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1965. It is found in Zhejiang in China and Assam in India.
# Mutant (short story collection)

Mutant is a 1953 collection of science fiction short stories by Lewis Padgett (pseudonym of American writer Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore). It was first published by Gnome Press in 1953 in an edition of 4,000 copies. The stories all originally appeared in the magazine Astounding.

## Contents

* "The Piper’s Son"
* "Three Blind Mice"
* "The Lion and the Unicorn"
* "Beggars in Velvet"
* "Humpty Dumpty"
* Epilogue

## Reception

P. Schuyler Miller found the story compilation nearly as effective as Simak's City. Groff Conklin, reviewing the 1953 edition for Galaxy, characterized it as "among the most mature, imaginative and moving pictures of a post-atomic-war world." While Boucher and McComas praised the stories as "splendid statements of the difficulties of adjustment between man and esper-man," they found that taken together they became "repetitive in plot and situation." Writing for the New York Times, McComas declared that Kuttner's treatment of the theme was "so perfect, so complete" that all subsequent writers "have been confined within his all-embracing framework" and praised the volume as "a beguiling story rich in reading entertainment."
# Museum Accreditation in America

Museum Accreditation in the United States is a lengthy process whereby a museum is recognized as adhering to best standards in the field by the American Alliance of Museums in terms of budget, preservation, and conservation, among other criteria. Fewer than 10% of American museums are so accredited. One reason for this is that, while institutions such as colleges and universities are overseen by the Department of Education, there is no government body, such as a Department of Art, Culture, and Technology, that would oversee museums and their accreditation.
# Glyphidocera aediculae

Glyphidocera aediculae is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Adamski in 2005. It is found in Costa Rica.
# West v Secretary of State for Scotland

West v Secretary of State for Scotland 1992 SC 385 is a Scots administration law case dealing with judicial review. In its decision, the Inner House laid down the defining principles of judicial review in Scotland and the test for invoking the Court of Session's jurisdiction.

## Background

West was a prison officer at HM Young Offenders Institution, Polmont. In 1989, he was compulsorily transferred to HM Prison, Edinburgh. He complained that he had been told by the Scottish Home and Health Department that his moving expenses would be paid by that department. But they were not paid. The Department, represented by Secretary of State for Scotland argued that the terms of West's employment were such that he was to be mobile, and that West was a Crown employee, the Department had a discretion to decide whether any moving expenses should be paid.

## Judgment

The Court of Session held that does not require that the decision complained should have any public law element in order to be reviewable:
   … the Court of Session has power, in the exercise of its supervisory jurisdiction, to regulate the process by which decisions are taken by any person or body to whom a jurisdiction, power or authority has been delegated or entrusted by statute, agreement or any other instrument
   The public or private nature of the inferior body or tribunal is not decisive, nor is it necessary to enquire whether the decision of the inferior body or tribunal is administrative in character. The essential point is that a decision-making function has been entrusted to that body or tribunal which it can be compelled by the court to perform… The essential feature of all these cases is the conferring, whether by statute or private contract, of a decision-making power or duty on a third party to whom the taking of the decision is entrusted but whose manner of decision-making may be controlled by the court.
[per Lord President Hope at page 650, emphasis added].
Crucially, in Scots administrative law the competency of an application to the supervisory jurisdiction
   … does not depend upon any distinction between public law and private law, nor is it confined to those cases which English law has accepted as amenable to judicial review...

## Significance

The law of Scotland is different from the law of England on this matter: see, for England, R v Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain ex parte Wachmann in which Simon Brown J held that a decision of the Chief Rabbi to terminate a rabbi's employment was not reviewable: to attract the court's supervisory jurisdiction, there must be ‘not merely a public but potentially a governmental interest in the decision-making power in question.’ [at page 1046, emphasis added].
# Musashi ninespine stickleback

The Musashi ninespine stickleback (Pungitius sp.) is an undescribed species of fish in the stickleback genus Pungitius. Endemic to Japan, it occurs only in the Motoara River [ja] in Kumagaya, Saitama Prefecture (old Musashi Province). It is the prefectural fish [ja], its habitat has been designated a prefectural natural monument, and a main belt asteroid, the minor planet 10776 Musashitomiyo, has been named in its honour. It is assessed as Critically Endangered on the 2020 Ministry of the Environment Red List.

## Gallery

* Musashitomiyo Conservation Center
* Musashi-tomiyo bus
# Musashi University

Musashi University (武蔵大学, Musashi Daigaku) is a university in Tokyo, Japan. The university grew out of the leading boys private high school, Musashi Junior and Senior High School, first established by businessman Nezu Kaichirō in 1922.
The university has faculties of economics established in 1949, humanities established in 1969, and sociology established in 1997, as well as three graduate schools.
# My Darling Aswang

My Darling Aswang is a situational comedy broadcast by TV5. Directed by Bert de Leon, starring Vic Sotto. It aired from April 4, 2010 to May 8, 2011, replacing Shall We Dance? and was replaced by Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in Talentadong Pinoy's timeslot. Inspired by the movie Ang Darling Kong Aswang.

## About

The sitcom My Darling Aswang is a spin-off from the MMFF 2009 box office movie Ang Darling Kong Aswang. It was Vic Sotto's second program with TV5 after Who Wants to be a Millionaire.

## Cast

* Vic Sotto as Victor
* Daiana Menezes as Bella
* Tetchie Agbayani as Tasha
* Miguel Faustmann as Demet
* Ces Quesada as Aling Idang
* Sugar Mercado as Sugar
* Jose Manalo as Gas
* Wally Bayola as Bal
* Richie D'Horsie as Mel
* Kakai Bautista as Queyni
* Rhea Nakpil as Dindin
# My Darling Clementine (disambiguation)

My Darling Clementine is a 1946 American Western film
My Darling Clementine may also refer to:
* "Oh My Darling, Clementine", a traditional American folk ballad
* O, My Darling Clementine, a 1943 American musical film
* My Darling Clementine (1953 film), a Mexican comedy film
* My Darling Clementine (duo), an English country music duo
# What Happened to Rosa

What Happened to Rosa is a 1920 American silent comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger and featuring Mabel Normand and Doris Pawn.

## Plot

A fortune teller tells a store clerk with a romantic disposition that she was a Spanish noblewoman in an earlier life. The girl begins to live the part of the Spanish noblewoman and romance and comedy ensue.

## Cast

* Mabel Normand as Mayme Ladd / Rosa Alvaro
* Doris Pawn as Gwen Applebaum
* Tully Marshall as Percy Peacock
* Hugh Thompson as Dr. Maynard Drew
* Eugenie Besserer as Madame Yvette O'Donnell
* Buster Trow as Jim
* Adolphe Menjou as Reporter Friend of Dr. Drew (uncredited)
# Glenida suffusa

Glenida suffusa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Charles Joseph Gahan in 1888. It is known from China.
# Western Military Region (Egypt)

The Western Military Region is one of the five military regions of the Egyptian Armed Forces and is headquartered in Marsa Matrouh.
In 1989-90, the regional commander "controlled armored forces supplemented by commando, artillery, and air defence units (possibly totaling the equivalent of a reinforced division) that were stationed at coastal towns in the west and in the Western Desert facing Libya."
Stratfor.com claimed on November 15, 2014 that the region's forces consisted of mostly armored and motorized infantry units: "At the moment, the bulk of these units consist of three brigades based in Mersa Matruh, with smaller forward units stationed in Sidi Barrani and Sallum." The Western Military Region conducts the "Thunder maneuvers" military exercise annually. The "Raad 24" exercise was carried out at the end of October 2015.

## Structure

As of 2018:
* 21st Armoured Division in Sidi Barrani. The division is currently made up of the 1st Armored Brigade, 14th Armored Brigade, 18th Mechanized Brigade and 51st Med. Range Artillery Brigade and Equipped with M60A3 main battle tanks and M1A1 main battle tanks. During the 1973 October War against Israel, the 21st Armoured Division, under Brigadier General Ibrahim El-Orabi included the 1st Armoured Brigade commanded by Mohamed Taufik Abu Shady (killed), replaced by Colonel Sayed Saleh, the 14th Armoured Brigade commanded by Colonel Othman Kamel, and the 18th Mechanized Brigade commanded by Colonel Talaat Muslim. The division was located within 16th Infantry Division (Egypt)'s bridgehead, as of October 13. Its units were positioned in the center and the north of the bridgehead. The 14th Brigade had been involved in the crossing and, along with the 1st Brigade, participated in the Egyptian offensive on October 14; as a result, it had lost half of its operational tank strength. In the aftermath, Orabi's efforts to reorganize and replace armored losses were hampered by frequent artillery barrages and air strikes. On October 15, there were 136 tanks in the Egyptian bridgehead, unevenly split among Oraby's brigades: 66 with the 1st Armored Brigade, 39 with the 14th Armoured Brigade, and 31 in the 18th Mechanized Brigade. Despite their heavy losses, the Egyptian forces in the bridgehead outnumbered Reshef's force.
* 33rd Mechanized Infantry Division (based in Sallum)
** 130th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
** 30th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
** 22nd Armored Brigade
** 66th Med. Range Artillery Brigade
* 44th Independent Armored brigade
* a medium-range artillery brigade
* an engineer construction brigade
* an engineer water brigade
# Western Military Institute

The Western Military Institute was a preparatory school and college located first in Kentucky, then in Tennessee. It was founded in 1847 in Georgetown, Kentucky, and it later moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where it merged with Montgomery Bell Academy in 1867. The former campus is now Vanderbilt University's Peabody College. Alumni include prominent Confederate veterans and Southern politicians.

## History

The Western Military Institute was founded by Thornton Fitzhugh Johnson in 1847, and initially located in Georgetown, Kentucky.
Future Republican politician, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, and Presidential Candidate James Blaine was an instructor there in 1850 and 1851. In 1851, future Confederate General Bushrod Johnson became a professor, and later served as headmaster until the beginning of the American Civil War.
In 1855, the Western Military Institute merged with the University of Nashville, and the campus was moved to that city. The combined school offered university and high school instruction to young men, the latter continuing to operate under the name Western Military Institute, though the controlling organization in the merger was the University of Nashville. Sam Davis, "Boy Hero of the Confederacy", attended the Western Military Institute from 1860 to 1861. The campus was located from 1855 to 1861 at 724 Second Avenue South, which serves today as Metropolitan Nashville City Government's Planning Building, home to the Nashville Planning Commission. It closed in 1862, during the American Civil War.
In 1867 the high school instruction of the University of Nashville, previously offered through the Western Military Institute was offered in the newly constituted Montgomery Bell Academy, which was housed in new facilities that are now the campus of the George Peabody College of Teachers at Vanderbilt University.

## Notable alumni

* William Behan, Confederate veteran and Mayor of New Orleans.
* Hampton J. Cheney, Confederate veteran and Tennessee State Senator.
* Sam Davis, "Boy Hero of the Confederacy".
* Charles Erasmus Fenner, Confederate veteran and Louisiana Supreme Court Justice
* Thomas J. Latham, bankruptcy judge and businessman in Memphis, Tennessee.
* John W. Morton, Tennessee Secretary of State from 1901 to 1909.
* Robert C. Newton, Confederate veteran, Member of the Arkansas House of Representatives and Treasurer of Arkansas
* Joseph Toole – first and fourth Governor of Montana
# Gmina Pakosławice

Gmina Pakosławice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Pakosławice, which lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Nysa and 43 km (27 mi) west of the regional capital Opole.
The gmina covers an area of 74.03 square kilometres (28.6 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 3,508.

## Villages

Gmina Pakosławice contains the villages and settlements of Biechów, Bykowice, Frączków, Godkowice, Goszowice, Korzękwice, Naczków, Nowaki, Pakosławice, Prusinowice, Radowice, Reńska Wieś, Rzymiany, Słupice, Śmiłowice, Smolice, Spiny and Strobice.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Pakosławice is bordered by the gminas of Grodków, Kamiennik, Łambinowice, Nysa, Otmuchów and Skoroszyce.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Gmina Pakosławice is twinned with:
* Mikulovice, Czech Republic
# Gluconate 2-dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a gluconate 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.215) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    D-gluconate + NADP$^+$ $\rightleftharpoons$ 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H$^+$
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are D-gluconate and NADP$^+$, whereas its 3 products are 2-dehydro-D-gluconate, NADPH, and H$^+$.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD$^+$ or NADP$^+$ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-gluconate:NADP$^+$ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2-keto-D-gluconate reductase, and 2-ketogluconate reductase.
# Mvila

Mvila is a department of South Province in Cameroon. The department covers an area of 8697 km$^2$ and as of 2005 had a total population of 179,429. The capital of the department lies at Ebolowa.

## Subdivisions

The department is divided administratively into 8 communes and in turn into villages.

### Communes

* Biwong-Bane
* Biwong-Bulu
* Ebolowa (urban)
* Ebolowa (rural)
* Efoulan
* Mengong
* Mvangane
* Ngoulemakong
# Myo-Inositol trispyrophosphate

myo-Inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP) is an inositol phosphate, a pyrophosphate, a drug candidate, and a putative performance-enhancing substance, which exerts its biological effects by increasing tissue oxygenation.

## Chemistry

ITPP is a pyrophosphate derivative of phytic acid with the molecular formula C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_{21}$P$_6$.

## Biological effects

ITPP is a membrane-permeant allosteric regulator of hemoglobin that mildly reduces its oxygen-binding affinity, which shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right and thereby increases oxygen release from the blood into tissue. Phytic acid, in contrast, is not membrane-permeant due to its charge distribution.
Rodent studies in vivo demonstrated increased tissue oxygenation and dose-dependent increases in endurance during physical exercise, in both healthy mice and transgenic mice expressing a heart failure phenotype.
The substance is believed to have a high potential for use in athletic doping, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry tests have been developed to detect ITPP in urine tests. Its use as a performance-enhancing substance in horse racing has also been suspected and similar tests have been developed for horses
ITPP has been studied for potential adjuvant use in the treatment of cancer in conjunction with chemotherapy, due to its effects in reducing tissue hypoxia. Human clinical trials were registered in 2014 under the compound number OXY111A. The substance has also been examined in the context of other illnesses involving hypoxia, such as cardiovascular disease and dementia
# Gmina Dywity

Gmina Dywity is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Dywity, which lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn.
The gmina covers an area of 160.68 square kilometres (62.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,148.

## Villages

Gmina Dywity contains the villages and settlements of Barkweda, Brąswałd, Bukwałd, Dąbrówka Wielka, Dywity, Frączki, Gady, Gradki, Kieźliny, Ługwałd, Myki, Nowe Włóki, Plutki, Redykajny, Rozgity, Różnowo, Sętal, Słupy, Spręcowo, Tuławki, Wadąg and Zalbki.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Dywity is bordered by the city of Olsztyn and by the gminas of Barczewo, Dobre Miasto, Jeziorany, Jonkowo and Świątki.
# Gmina Dukla

Gmina Dukla is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Krosno County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the Slovak border. Its seat is the town of Dukla, which lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south of Krosno and 57 km (35 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.
The gmina covers an area of 233.5 square kilometres (90.2 sq mi), and as of 2010 its total population is 14,926 (of which the population of the town of Dukla is approximately 2,000).
As of 1 January 2010, part of the gmina was separated to form the new Gmina Jaśliska.

## Villages

Apart from the town of Dukla, Gmina Dukla contains the villages and settlements of Barwinek, Cergowa, Chyrowa, Głojsce, Iwla, Jasionka, Łęki Dukielskie, Lipowica, Mszana, Myszkowskie, Nadole, Nowa Wieś, Olchowiec, Ropianka, Równe, Smereczne, Teodorówka, Trzciana, Tylawa, Wietrzno, Wilsznia, Zawadka Rymanowska, Zboiska, and Zyndranowa.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Dukla is bordered by the gminas of Chorkówka, Iwonicz-Zdrój, Jaśliska, Krempna, Miejsce Piastowe, Nowy Żmigród and Rymanów. It also borders Slovakia.