# God in Disguise

God in Disguise (in Swedish: Förklädd gud; sometimes translated to English as A God Disguised or Disguised God), Op. 24, is a cantata (officially "lyrical suite") for narrator, soprano, baritone, mixed choir, and orchestra written in 1940 by Swedish composer Lars-Erik Larsson. Tuneful and pastoral in style, the neoromantic God in Disguise is a setting of a 1933 narrative poem by the Swedish poet Hjalmar Gullberg; Gullberg's poem is itself based on the prologue to a Hellenic play, in which the god Apollo is exiled from Olympus and condemned to mortal servitude as a flute-playing Thessalian shepherd. The cantata, which premiered over Swedish Radio on 1 April 1940 under the composer's baton, was an instant success. It remains not only one of Larsson's most celebrated compositions, but also one of the most frequently performed pieces of Swedish art music.

## Background

Beginning in 1937, the Swedish Broadcasting Corporation—the country's national, publicly-funded radio—employed Larsson as a composer-in-residence, music producer, and conductor; his main task was to write music to accompany various radio programs. One of Larsson's colleagues was the Swedish poet Hjalmar Gullberg, who had joined Swedish Radio the year before and headed its drama division. Together, the two men developed a genre of popular entertainment they called the "lyrical suite", which alternated recited poetry with musical interludes. One such radio program was the Times of Day (Dagens stunder), which included poems by—among others—Verner von Heidenstam and Oscar Levertin; Larsson subsequently excerpted his original music as the Pastoral Suite (Pastoralsvit; Op. 19, 1937–1938).
To build on this success, Gullberg approached Larsson at a Christmas party in 1938 about the possibility of expanding the lyrical suite to include parts for vocal soloists and chorus—that is, to be transform it into a quasi-cantata; he suggested the composer set God in Disguise (Förklädd gud), a narrative poem from his 1933 anthology Love in the Twentieth Century [sv] (Kärlek i tjugonde seklet). Gullberg's poem was itself a retelling of the prologue to a Hellenic play by Euripides, while also incorporating elements from the stories of Orpheus and Jesus. In it, Apollo—the Greek god of poetry—has been exiled from Olympus and condemned to live as a mortal for one year. "Wear[ing] no wreath around his golden hair", he settles in Thessaly, "disguised ... among the serving-folk" as a flute-playing "goodly" shepherd who "bears his burden on earth ... without complaint".
Gullberg's poem fired Larsson's imagination. "I instantly became deeply fascinated by the task," the composer recalled, "and together [Gullberg and I] planned the disposition of the different parts for soloists, chorus, and recitant ... It was not until the spring of 1940, however, that I felt the subject had matured sufficiently within me for the composition to begin". By then, the Nazi occupation of Denmark and invasion of Norway during World War II had begun, and Gullberg asked Larsson if he could add to his text a new forward in support of Sweden's threatened Nordic neighbors:
Ej för de starka i världen men de svaga. Ej för krigare men bönder som ha plöjt sin jordlott utan att klaga, spelar en gud på flöjt. Det är en grekisk saga ...
Not for the strong in the world but for the feeble. Not for the warlike, but for the humble who till the soil without a grumble, a god plays on a flute. It is a Grecian fable ...
God in Disguise is thus a "protest against violence" that "inspired in listeners a sense of calm and confidence during dark times and instilled in them the firm hope that truth and right would eventually prevail", or as the seventh poem states:
Än vandrar gudar över denna jord. En av dem sitter kanske vid ditt bord. Tro ej att någonsin en gud kan dö. Han går förbi dig, men din blick är slö.
Han bär ej spira eller purpurskrud. Blott av hans verkan känner man en gud. Den regeln har ej blivit överträdd: är Gud på jorden, vandrar han förklädd.
So gods are wandering yet upon the earth. One of them sits, perhaps, beside your hearth. Think not that any god can ever die. He walks beside you, but you shield your eye.
He bears no spear, nor wears a purple gown. But by his deeds a god might be made known. It is a rule unbroken, be advised: when gods are on the earth, they go disguised!
The piece premiered over Swedish Radio on 1 April 1940, with Larsson conducting the Radio Entertainment Orchestra and Chorus (Radiotjänsts Underhållningsorkester och Radiokören) in Stockholm; the narrator was Olof Molander, the soprano was Kerstin Torlind [sv], and the baritone was Hugo Hasslo. God in Disguise dates to a transitional period in Larsson's art, in which he began evolving his established neoclassical style with an emerging neoromanticism.

## Structure

God in Disguise, which lasts about 30 minutes, comprises ten sections:
* Prelude (Förspel): Andante tranquillo [Orchestra]
* Recitation:
    Förword (Forward). Ej för de starka i världen men de svaga ... (Not for the strong in the world but for the feeble ...)
    I. Vem spelar på pipa en ... (Who plays upon a pipe ...)
* No. 2: Allegro moderato [Chorus and orchestra]
* Recitation:
    II. Apollon bor i ett tessaliskt stall ... (Apollo stays in a Thessalian steading ...)
    III. Kring höstlig vaktelds bränder ... (Around the fire in autumn ...)
    IV. Välsignelse följer / i gudarnas spår ... (Well-being will follow / the path of a god ...)
* No. 3: Agitato [Baritone, chorus, and orchestra]
* No. 4: Alla marcia [Chorus and orchestra]
* Recitation:
    V. Husbonden må vi prisa säll ... (So let us praise this husbandman ...)
    VI. Vad faller över träden ... (What shimmers in the forest ...)
* No. 5: Andantino quasi allegretto [Soprano, chorus, and orchestra]
* Recitation:
    VII. Än vandrar gudar över denna jord ... (So gods are wandering yet upon the earth ...)
    VIII. Tror du att fåren skulle / beta i morgonglans ... (Think you that sheep would / ever graze in the glowing morn ...)
    IX. Bjuder ett mänskoöga ... (When with a beck'ning glance ...)
* No. 6: Andante—Andante molto tranquillo [Soprano, baritone, chorus, and orchestra]

## Instrumentation

God in Disguise is scored for narrator, soprano, baritone, mixed choir (sopranos, altos, tenors, and baritones), and orchestra. The orchestra includes the following instruments:
* Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (in B♭), and 2 bassoons
* Brass: 2 horns (in F), 2 trumpets (in C), and trombone
* Percussion: timpani
* Strings: violins, violas, cellos, double basses, and harp
Gehrmans Musikförlag [sv] published the cantata in 1946.

## Recordings

The sortable table below lists commercially available recordings of God in Disguise:
| No. | Conductor | Orchestra | Narrator | Soprano | Baritone | Choir | Rec. | Time | Recording venue | Label |
| 1 | Stig Westerberg (1) | Stockholm Radio Orchestra (1) | Lars Ekborg | Elisabeth Söderström | Erik Saedén | Martin Lidstam Voice Ensemble [sv] | 1956 | 31:01 | Royal Swedish Academy of Music | Swedish Society Discofil [sv] |
| 2 | Stig Westerberg (2) | Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra (2) | Max Von Sydow | Catarina Ligendza | Ingvar Wixell | Swedish Radio Choir (1) | 1973 | 30:50 | Cirkus | HMV / EMI Classics |
| 3 | Sten Frykberg [sv] | Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra [sv] | Per Jonsson [sv] | Birgit Nordin | Håkan Hagegård (1) | Helsingborg Concert Hall Choir | 1978 | 31:23 | Helsingborg Concert Hall [sv] | BIS |
| 4 | Esa-Pekka Salonen | Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra (3) | Erland Josephson | Hillevi Martinpelto (1) | Håkan Hagegård (2) | Swedish Radio Choir (2) | 1993 | 30:00 | Berwald Hall | Sony Classical |
| 5 | Petter Sundkvist [sv] | Swedish Chamber Orchestra | Frej Lindqvist | Karin Ingebäck [sv] | Anders Larsson | Amadei Chamber Choir | 1995 | 29:08 | Örebro Concert Hall | Naxos |
| 6 | Eva Karpe | "Members of the Radio Symphony" | Mark Levengood | Charlotta Larsson [sv] | Gunnar Birgersson | "Members of the Radio Symphony" | 2000 | 36:49 | Enskede Church [sv] | Nosag |
| 7 | Christopher Warren-Green | Jönköping Sinfonietta | Sven Wollter | Jeanette Köhn | Thomas Lander | Jönköping Chamber Choir | 2002 | 28:54 | Jönköping Concert Hall | Intim Musik [sv] |
| 8 | Gustaf Sjökvist [sv] | Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra | Bjorn Granath | Hillevi Martinpelto (2) | Karl-Magnus Fredriksson [sv] | Gustaf Sjökvist Chamber Choir [sv] | 2008 | 31:47 | State Hall, Stockholm Palace | Kungliga Hovstaterna |

## Notes, references, and sources
### Notes

* 1 2 3 The original Swedish is "lyrisk svit".
* 1 2 3 The English translation is by John Hearne (1990).
* ↑ A solo oboe plays the first 12 bars of No. 2 following the fourth and final line of the Forward: Det är en grekisk saga ... (It is a Grecian fable ...). After this solo, the narrator reads Poem I; this, in turn, is followed by the entirety of No. 2.
* ↑ Refers to the year in which the performers recorded the work; this may not be the same as the year in which the recording was first released to the general public.
* ↑ S. Westerberg–Swedish Society (SCD 1096) 1998
* ↑ S. Westerberg–HMV/EMI 1974
* ↑ S. Frykberg–BIS (CD–96) 1989
* ↑ E. Salonen–Sony Classical (SK 64140) 1993
* ↑ P. Sundkvist–Naxos (8.553738) 1996
* ↑ E. Karpe–Nosag (NOSAGCD064) 2010
* ↑ This recording is in English.
* ↑ C. Warren-Green–Intim Musik (IMCD 082) 2003
* ↑ G. Sjökvist–Kungliga Hovstaterna (7320470113356) 2012

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gehrmans Musikförlag.
* 1 2 Tillman 2012, p. 21.
* ↑ Schlüren 2015, pp. 14, 16.
* 1 2 3 4 5 Lundin 2002, p. 2.
* ↑ Schlüren 2015, p. 15.
* ↑ Nyström 1993, p. 6.
* 1 2 Skans 1989, p. 2.
* ↑ Schlüren 2015, p. 16.
* ↑ Lundin 2002, pp. 2–3, 6.
* ↑ Lundin 2002, pp. 8–9.
* 1 2 Carlweitz 1974.
* ↑ Skans 1989, p. 3.
* ↑ Tillman 2012, pp. 20–21.

### Sources

* "Förklädd gud: Lyrisk svit" [A God Disguised: Lyrical Suite]. gehrmans.se. Gehrmans Musikförlag. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
* Bergfors, P-G (1996). Lars-Erik Larsson: Förklädd gud (God in Disguise) / Hilding Rosenberg: Den heliga natten (Holy Night) (CD booklet). Translated by Smith, Andrew. Peter Sundkvist & Swedish Chamber Orchestra. Marco Polo. p. 2–3. 8.225123.
* Carlweitz, Staffan (1974). Lars-Erik Larsson / Hjalmar Gullberg: Förklädd Gud / Ture Rangström: Tre Sånger (LP case). Stig Westerberg & Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra. HMV / EMI. E 061–35149.
* Lundin, Peter (2002). Lars-Erik Larsson: God in Disguise / Little Serenade, Op. 12 / Winter's Tale, Op. 18 / Pastoral Suite, Op. 19 (CD booklet). Translated by Schenck, Linda. Christopher Warren-Green & Jönköping Sinfonietta. Intim musik. p. 2–3. IMCD 082. OCLC 53054794
* Nyström, Martin (1993). Lars-Erik Larsson: Förklädd Gud (God in Disguise) / Pastoral Suite / Violin Concerto (CD booklet). Esa-Pekka Salonen & Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra. Sony Classical. p. 6–7. SK 64140. OCLC 34697048
* Schlüren, Christoph (2015). Lars-Erik Larsson: Symphony No. 2 / Variations, Op. 50 / Barococo Suite, Op. 64 (CD booklet). Translated by Robinson, J. Bradford. Andrew Manze & Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra. cpo. p. 14–20. 777 672–2. OCLC 965545444
* Skans, Per (1989). Lars-Erik Larsson: Förklädd Gud (God in Disguise), Op. 24 / Symphony No. 3 in C minor, Op. 34 (CD booklet). Sten Frykberg & Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra. BIS. p. 2–4. CD–96. OCLC 21568279
* Tillman, Joakim (2012). Förklädd Gud (A God Disguised) (CD booklet). Gustaf Sjökvist & Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. Kungliga Hovstaterna. p. 20–21. 7320470113356.
* Classical music
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