OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dunkerley's method

Dunkerley's method is used in mechanical engineering to determine the critical speed of a shaft-rotor system. Other methods include the Rayleigh–Ritz method.

## Whirling of a shaft

No shaft can ever be perfectly straight or perfectly balanced. When an element of mass is offset from the axis of rotation, centrifugal force will tend to pull the mass outward. The elastic properties of the shaft will act to restore the “straightness”. If the frequency of rotation is equal to one of the resonant frequencies of the shaft, whirling will occur. In order to save the machine from failure, operation at such whirling speeds must be avoided. Whirling is a complex phenomenon that can include harmonics but we are only going to consider synchronous whirl, where the frequency of whirling is the same as the rotational speed.

## Dunkerley’s formula (approximation)

The whirling frequency of a symmetric cross section of a given length between two points is given by:
    $N=94.251{\sqrt {EI \over mL^{3}}}\ {\text{RPM}}$
where: E = Young's modulus, I = second moment of area, m = mass of the shaft, L = length of the shaft between points.
A shaft with weights added will have an angular velocity of N (RPM) equivalent as follows:
    ${\frac {1}{N_{N}^{2}}}={\frac {1}{N_{A}^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{N_{B}^{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{N_{n}^{2}}}$
# Wallmenroth

Wallmenroth is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany. It has a total population of 1,185 as of 2021.
# Ebley Crossing Halt railway station

Ebley Crossing Halt was opened on 12 October 1903 on what is now the Golden Valley Line between Stroud and Stonehouse. This line was opened in 1845 as the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway from Swindon to Gloucester and this was one of many small stations and halts built on this line for the local passenger service.

## History

The halt opened on 12 October 1903 with the introduction of the Great Western Railway (GWR) steam railmotor services between Stonehouse and Chalford.
The halt was at Ebley between Stroud and Stonehouse, and originally consisted of a pair of ground level platforms, but these were subsequently replaced by standard height platforms along with GWR pagoda style shelters. The platforms were later reconstructed in concrete and the down platform had a basic metal shelter. Access to the halt was from the adjacent foot crossing and for a while, a small wooden ticket office on the down side of the Stroud end of the platform, adjacent to the foot crossing.
Closure of the halt came on 2 November 1964 following the withdrawal of local stopping passenger services on the line. No trace of the halt remains today, although the foot crossing still exists.

## Services

This halt was served by the Gloucester to Chalford local passenger services, known as the Chalford Auto.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Stonehouse Line and station open | Great Western Railway Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway | Cashes Green Halt Line open, station closed |
# Gateway cities

Gateway cities may refer to:
* The Gateway Cities region, Southeast Los Angeles County
* Massachusetts gateway cities, a series of midsize urban centers identified by the Brookings Institution, the Massachusetts Institute for a New Commonwealth MassINC, and the Commonwealth government as those facing "stubborn social and economic challenges" while retaining "many assets with unrealized potential."
# Psihijatrija danas

Psihijatrija danas (in English: Nowadays Psychiatry, or literally Psychiatry Today) is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal and an official journal of the Psychiatric Association of Serbia. The editor-in-chief is Dušica Lecic-Tosevski. It is published by the Institute of Mental Health (Belgrade).

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in PsycINFO and Psychological Abstracts.
# National Sports Club of India

The National Sports Club of India (NSCI) is a twin-city based sports club with branches in Mumbai and Delhi, India.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium is an indoor sports arena that seats 5,000 people. The stadium was established in 1957 and the foundation stone was laid by former Chief Minister of Maharashtra Yashwantrao Chavan and the facility is administered by National Sports Club of India. It includes the facilities for tennis, badminton, billiards, table tennis, carrom and wrestling.
* The entrance to the NSCI premises in Mumbai
* Sardar Patel Stadium, NSCI Mumbai
# Nature Materials

Nature Materials is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was launched in September 2002. Vincent Dusastre is the launching and current chief editor.

## Aims and scope

Nature Materials is focused on all topics within the combined disciplines of materials science and engineering. Topics published in the journal are presented from the view of the impact that materials research has on other scientific disciplines such as (for example) physics, chemistry, and biology. Coverage in this journal encompasses fundamental research and applications from synthesis to processing, and from structure to composition. Coverage also includes basic research and applications of properties and performance of materials. Materials are specifically described as "substances in the condensed states (liquid, solid, colloidal)", and which are "designed or manipulated for technological ends."
Furthermore, Nature Materials functions as a forum for the materials scientist community. Interdisciplinary research results are published, obtained from across all areas of materials research, and between scientists involved in the different disciplines. The readership for this journal are scientists, in both academia and industry involved in either developing materials or working with materials-related concepts. Finally, Nature Materials perceives materials research as significantly influential on the development of society.

## Coverage

Research areas covered in the journal include:
* Engineering and structural materials (metals, alloys, ceramics, composites)
* Organic and soft materials (glasses, colloids, liquid crystals, polymers)
* Bio-inspired, biomedical and biomolecular materials
* Optical, photonic and optoelectronic materials
* Magnetic materials
* Materials for electronics
* Superconducting materials
* Catalytic and separation materials
* Materials for energy
* Nanoscale materials and processes
* Computation, modelling and materials theory
* Surfaces and thin films
* Design, synthesis, processing and characterization techniques
In addition to primary research, Nature Materials also publishes review articles, news and views, research highlights about important papers published in other journals, commentaries, correspondence, interviews and analysis of the broad field of materials science.

## Abstracting and indexing

Nature Materials is indexed in the following databases:
* Chemical Abstracts Service – CASSI
* Science Citation Index
* Science Citation Index Expanded
* Current Contents – Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
* BIOSIS Previews
# Notonomus gippsiensis

Notonomus gippsiensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Castelnau in 1867.
# Mortimore

Mortimore may refer to:
* Jim Mortimore, British science fiction writer
* John Mortimore (cricketer) (1933–2014), former English cricketer
* John Mortimore (footballer) (1934–2021), English former association football player and manager
* Malcolm Mortimore (born 1953), drummer who has played with Gentle Giant, Spike Heatley, Tom Jones and many other artists
* Michael Mortimore (1937–2017), British geographer and a prolific researcher of issues in the African drylands
* Nathan Mortimore Newmark (1910–1981), American structural engineer and academic
# Zephyr (Zephyr album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Zephyr is the debut album by the band Zephyr, released in 1969.

## Track listing
### Side one

* "Sail On" (Tommy Bolin, Candy Givens) – 7:22
* "Sun's a Risin'" (Bolin, David Givens) – 4:45
* "Raindrops" (Dee Clark) – 2:40
* "Boom-Ba-Boom" (D. Givens) – 1.20
* "Somebody Listen" (D. Givens, C. Givens, Bolin, John Faris) – 6:10

### Side two

* "Cross the River" (C. Givens, D. Givens) – 4:43
* "St. James Infirmary" (Joe Primrose) – 5:15
* "Huna Buna" (C. Givens, Bolin) – 2:26
* "Hard Chargin' Woman" (Bolin, Robbie Chamberlin, Faris, C. Givens, D. Givens) – 8:40

## Personnel

* Candy Givens – lead vocals, harmonica
* Tommy Bolin – guitar, backing vocals
* John Faris – organ, piano, flute
* David Givens – bass, backing vocals
* Robbie Chamberlin – drums, backing vocals
With:
* Bill Halverson – production, engineering
* Alden Spillman & William Shepard – cover design
# Ectasia

Ectasia (/ɛkˈteɪʒə/), also called ectasis (/ˈɛktəsɪs/), is dilation or distention of a tubular structure, either normal or pathophysiologic but usually the latter (except in atelectasis, where absence of ectasis is the problem).

## Specific conditions

* Bronchiectasis, chronic dilatation of the bronchi
* Duct ectasia of breast, a dilated milk duct. Duct ectasia syndrome is a synonym for nonpuerperal (unrelated to pregnancy and breastfeeding) mastitis.
* Dural ectasia, dilation of the dural sac surrounding the spinal cord, usually in the very low back.
* Pyelectasis, dilation of a part of the kidney, most frequently seen in prenatal ultrasounds. It usually resolves on its own.
* Rete tubular ectasia, dilation of tubular structures in the testicles. It is usually found in older men.
* Corneal ectasia (secondary keratoconus), a bulging of the cornea.

### Vascular ectasias

* Most broadly, any abnormal dilatation of a blood vessel, including aneurysms
* Annuloaortic ectasia, dilation of the aorta. It can be associated with Marfan syndrome.
* Dolichoectasias, weakening of arteries, usually caused by high blood pressure.
* Intracranial dolichoectasias, dilation of arteries inside the head.
* Gastric antral vascular ectasia, dilation of small blood vessels in the last part of the stomach.
* Telangiectasias are small dilated blood vessels found anywhere on the body, but commonly seen on the face around the nose, cheeks, and chin.
* Venous ectasia, dilation of veins or venules, such as:
** Chronic venous insufficiency, often in the leg
** Jugular vein ectasia, in the jugular veins returning blood from the head
# Voiceless labiodental plosive

The voiceless labiodental plosive or stop is a consonant sound produced like a [p], but with the lower lip contacting the upper teeth, as in [f]. This can be represented in the IPA as ⟨p̪⟩. A separate symbol not recognized by the IPA that was occasionally seen, especially in Bantu linguistics, is the qp ligature ⟨ȹ⟩.
The voiceless labiodental plosive is possibly not phonemic in any language, though see the entry on Shubi. However, it does occur allophonically. The XiNkuna dialect of Tsonga has affricates, [p̪͡f] and [b̪͡v]. German /p͡f/ ranges between [p̪͡f], [p͡f], and [p͡ɸ].

## Features

Features of the voiceless labiodental stop:
* Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
* Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
* Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
* Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
* Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

## Varieties

| IPA | Description |
| p̪ | plain p̪ |
| p̪ʰ | aspirated p̪ |
| p̪ʲ | palatalized p̪ |
| p̪ʷ | labialized p̪ |
| p̪̚ | p̪ with no audible release |
| p̪̌ | voiced p̪ |
| p̪ʼ | ejective p̪ |

## Occurrence

| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
| Greek | σάπφειρος | [ˈsap̪firo̞s̠] | 'sapphire' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| English | up-front | [ʌp̪ˈfɹʌnt] | 'up-front' | Common allophone of /p/ before the labiodentals /f/ and /v/ (although it is also possible for the labiodentals to shift to bilabial /ɸ/ and /β/, respectively, instead). |
| Slovene | snop vidim | [ˈs̪nɔ̂p̪ ˈʋíːd̪ìm] | '(I) see a sheaf' | Allophone of /p/ before /f, ʋ/. See Slovene phonology. |
# Left inverse

A left inverse in mathematics may refer to:
* A left inverse element with respect to a binary operation on a set
* A left inverse function for a mapping between sets
* A kind of generalized inverse
# Navanagar

Navanagar is the new planned city created because of submergence of parts of old Bagalkot city, Karnataka, India.
The blueprint for the township was prepared by Charles Correa. The town was originally designed with 63 sectors spread across 1,521 acres (616 hectares) of land, six kilometres away from the old city. Of the 63 sectors, 56 were exclusively meant to rehabilitate those affected by the Almatti Dam. The Government of Karnataka had acquired 4,500 acres (1,800 hectares) of land for the project.
# The Sound of the Wide Open Spaces!!!!

The Sound of the Wide Open Spaces!!!! is the debut album by American saxophonist/flautist James Clay and the second album by David "Fathead" Newman featuring performances recorded in 1960 and originally released on the Riverside label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| All About Jazz | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
Scott Yanow of Allmusic says, "Cannonball Adderley supervised the session, putting the spotlight on the competitive horns who really battle it out". On All About Jazz, David Rickert wrote: "Neither Clay's or Newman's work apart from one another is anything to write home about, yet when paired together they managed to create an album that holds its own with the more consistent work of their peers".

## Track listing

* "Wide Open Spaces" (Babs Gonzales) - 12:15
* "They Can't Take That Away from Me" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 6:34
* "Some Kinda Mean" (Keter Betts) - 6:35
* "What's New?" (Johnny Burke, Bob Haggart) - 5:46
* "Figger-Ration" (Gonzales) - 8:51

## Personnel

* James Clay - tenor saxophone, flute
* David "Fathead" Newman - tenor saxophone, alto saxophone
* Wynton Kelly - piano
* Sam Jones - bass
* Art Taylor - drums
# Forcipator

Forcipator is a genus in the ground beetle family Carabidae. There are at least four described species in Forcipator, found in South America.

## Species

These four species belong to the genus Forcipator:
* Forcipator cylindricus (Dejean, 1825) (Brazil)
* Forcipator grandis (Perty, 1830) (Brazil)
* Forcipator putzeysii (Chaudoir, 1868) (Colombia)
* Forcipator sanctihilarii (Latreille, 1829) (Brazil)
# Eliud Wabukala

Eliud Wamukekhe Wabukala (born in Bungoma West District, 1951) is a Kenyan Anglican Archbishop notable as a leader in the Anglican realignment. He is Bishop of the Diocese of All Saints Cathedral and the fifth Primate of the Anglican Church of Kenya. The Archbishop was a widower, following the death of his wife in 2010, and has five adult children from his first marriage. He married for the second time at 11 May 2012, in a ceremony that took place in Mombasa.

## Early life and studies

He was raised in an Anglican family and as a child he used to walk 10 km daily in both directions to attend Malakisi Primary School. He went on to attend Butonge Primary School and Kolanya High School, where he completed his studies in 1969. Afterwards he worked as an untrained teacher at Butonge Secondary School to help educate his two sisters and five brothers. He started to work as a clerical officer in the Nakuru Provincial Commissioner's office, being promoted to the level of district officer two in Narok. He concluded that this was not his vocation, so he returned to untrained teaching, in Kitale, in 1972. He entered Kaimosi Teachers College to become a qualified teacher, finishing his studies in 1974. Wabukala went to work as a qualified teacher at Naifarm Primary School, in Kitale, being moved to Bungoma afterwards. There he was promoted to Inspector of Schools in charge of the Butonge Zone in Sirisia Division.

## Religious career

In 1985, he left his profession to study Theology at the St. Paul's Theological College, in Limuru, finishing his studies in 1988. He still had the obligation to work for the Teachers Service Commission, teaching at the Matulo Secondary School, in Webuye, and at the Nagina Girls High School, in Busia.
In 1990, Wabukala received a scholarship from the Anglican Church of Canada to study at the Wycliffe College at Toronto School of Theology, of the University of Toronto, in Canada, where he became a Doctor of Philosophy in 1994. Returning to Kenya, he was a lecturer at St. Paul's Theological College, in Limuru, where he became academic dean.
Wabukala left office, to be elected the first Bishop of Bungoma on 13 October 1996, remaining in office for the next 12 years. Wabukala was elected Archbishop of Kenya on 24 April 2009, succeeding outgoing Archbishop Benjamin Nzimbi. He was enthroned at All Saints Cathedral, Nairobi, on 5 July 2009.
He was national vice-chairman of the National Council of Churches of Kenya, from 2000 to 2004, and national chairman from 2004 to 2009.
Wabukala is the serving Chairperson of National Anti Corruption Campaign Steering Committee having been appointed by Mwai Kibaki the President of the Republic of Kenya. He previously served as an NACCSC Committee Member for five years.
Wabukala is a leading name in the Anglican realignment movement, both at the Global South and the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans, like his predecessor. He was the chairman of GAFCON and as such a supporter of the Anglican Church in North America admission at the Anglican Communion.
Wabukala announced he would retire on 26 June 2016.
# P. domestica

P. domestica may refer to:
* Philoeca domestica, a synonym for Malthonica ferruginea, a spider species
* Prunus domestica, a tree species
# Zephyr (cloth)

Zephyr or zephyr cloth is a sheer, lightweight cotton fabric, usually plain woven, used for dresses, blouses, and shirts. It may be striped or checked. It is named after Zephyr, the Greek god of the west wind.
# Wiye and Deykoukou massacres

On July 25 and 28, 2021, jihadists from the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara attacked civilians in the villages of Wiye and Deykoukou, Bani-Bangou Department, Tillabéri Region, Niger, killing at least 33 people. All of the victims were Zarma, and the massacre was part of the Fulani-Zarma conflict and a series of massacres against Zarma civilians by the ISGS.

## Background

At the start of 2021, the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS), a predominantly-Fulani jihadist group, began attacking civilians en masse across Niger. The massacres started with the Tchoma Bangou and Zaroumdareye massacres in January 2021, where over a hundred mostly-Zarma civilians were killed. These attacks continued against Zarma civilians, with massacres in Darey-Daye in March killing 66 and massacres in Tillia killing 141 a week later.

## Massacres

The first massacre occurred in Wiye, a rural village in the Banibangou commune of Tillaberi region, on July 25. At about 3pm local time that day, a group of armed men on motorcycles shot at Zarma civilians in a field. Nine people working in the field were killed, with local residents stating that the motorcycle tracks showed that the victims were killed at a close range. Five more bodies were discovered on two local roads. A survivor of the attack stated that as soon as he heard the motorcycles, everyone took off running. A friend he was with was shot three time and survived. The survivor added that the attackers wanted to drive the farmers off of their land. One injured victim was evacuated to a hospital in Niamey.
The attack on Deykoukou took place at 8:30 a.m. on July 28, also in Banibangou. A survivor of the massacre stated that he and other residents heard shots around that time, and two young farmers were killed. When residents went to go retrieve the bodies, armed gunmen hiding behind granaries and bushes popped out and shot indiscriminately at the villagers. Seventeen people were killed and four were injured in the Deykoukou massacre. The attack was the third on the village within nine days. 269 families fled Deykoukou following the attack, many settling in Bani-Bangou town.
# Left marginal vein

The left marginal vein is a vein of the heart which courses near or over the left margin of the heart. It drains venous blood from much of the myocardium of the left ventricle. It usually empties into the great cardiac vein (but may sometimes instead drain into the coronary sinus directly).
Along its course, it is accompanied by a marginal branch of the left coronary artery (the arterial branch running deep to the left marginal vein).
# Greek ship Pineios

Three ships of the Hellenic Navy have borne the name Pineios (Πηνειός), after the Pineios River in Thessaly:
* a steam gunboat [el] in service between 1885–1930
* a minesweeper [el] in service between 1943–1945
* a landing ship [el] in service between 1947–1968
# Nawatha Dam

Nawatha Dam, is an earthfill dam on Burai river near Dhule in the state of Maharashtra in India.

## Specifications

The height of the dam above lowest foundation is 29 m (95 ft) while the length is 2,610 m (8,560 ft). The volume content is 1,427 km$^3$ (342 cu mi) and gross storage capacity is 36,930.00 km$^3$ (8,859.98 cu mi).

## Purpose

* Irrigation
# Nova Esperança do Piriá

Nova Esperança do Piriá (New Hope of Piria) is a municipality in the state of Pará in the Northern region of Brazil.
# Mesomphalia turrita

Mesomphalia turrita is a species of leaf beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae. This species occurs in Brazil.
# Dunhampstead railway station

Dunhampstead railway station served the village of Dunhampstead, Worcestershire, England, from 1841 to 1855 on the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway.

## History

The station was opened in November 1841 by the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway. It closed on 1 October 1855.
# George Jackson Bentham

George Jackson Bentham (1863-21 October 1929) was a British Liberal Party politician.

## Background

He was born as George Jackson in Hull in 1863, the son of William and Sarah Jackson. He was educated at Hull and privately. He married Ada Marshall, daughter of Thomas and Ann Marshall. They had two daughters. He assumed the name of Bentham by special licence.

## Career

He was managing director for Jackson & Son, Ltd, general food providers. He was a member of Hull City Council from 1892 to 1910. He served as a Justice of the Peace in the East Riding, and also in the city of Hull. He contested the safe Conservative seat of Central Hull at the 1906 General Election, and finished second. He served as Member of Parliament for the seat of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire from 1910 to 1918. The Liberal Party had won the seat at the 1906 election but their candidate subsequently defected to the Liberal Unionists. The local Liberal selected Bentham to replace him and he held the seat at both the General Elections of 1910. At the end of the war he defended his seat against a Unionist who had received the endorsement of the Coalition Government, and was defeated;
General election 1918 Electorate 27,503 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Unionist | John Elsdale Molson | 8,634 | 56.8 |
| | Liberal | George Jackson Bentham | 6,556 | 43.3 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Unionist gain from Liberal | Unionist gain from Liberal | Swing | |
He did not stand for parliament again.

## Sources

* Who Was Who
* British parliamentary election results 1885–1918, Craig, F. W. S.
# F. exigua

F. exigua may refer to:
* Favartia exigua, a sea snail
* Fulgoraecia exigua, a planthopper parasite moth