OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Photon Doppler velocimetry

Photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) is a one-dimensional Fourier transform analysis of a heterodyne laser interferometry, used in the shock physics community to measure velocities in dynamic experiments with high temporal precision. PDV was developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory by Oliver Strand. In recent years PDV has achieved popularity in the shock physics community as an adjunct or replacement for velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR), another time-resolved velocity interferometry system. Modern data acquisition technology and off-the-shelf optical telecommunications devices now enable the assembly of PDV systems within reasonable budgets.

## Theory

The fundamental mechanism of PDV is the interference pattern created by two electromagnetic waves with a small difference in frequency. Since most PDV systems are constructed with available telecommunications equipment, a standard laser source for a PDV system is centered at 1550 nm (or 193.4 THz). If this source is then reflected off of a moving surface with some velocity ($v$), the reflected light will be shifted in frequency ($\nu _{\text{observed}}$) according to the relativistic Doppler shift equation.
    $\nu _{\text{observed}}=\nu _{\text{source}}{\sqrt {\frac {1+v/c}{1-v/c}}}$
If the shifted return light is then interfered with the original source, the resulting wave will have a beat frequency in the range of a few gigahertz. This beat frequency is slow enough that it can be monitored with a simple photodetector and high speed oscilloscope. By recording the beat frequency over time, a complete velocity history of the surface is obtained.

## Data analysis

In theory, the analysis of a PDV data signal is quite simple, where the apparent velocity of the moving surface ($v^{*}$) is simply a function of the source wavelength ($\lambda _{0}$) and the signal frequency (${\bar {f}}$):
    $v^{*}={\frac {\lambda _{0}}{2}}{\bar {f}}$
In practice, however, determining the instantaneous frequency (${\bar {f}}$) of the signal by inspection can be inaccurate and inefficient. Consequently, Fourier transform analysis is used to extract the most probable frequency components, which can then be used to calculate the velocity history.
By taking sequential FFTs over a time window that moves across the data signal, a 2D spectrogram can be created which indicates the frequency components most dominant in the data. The velocity history can then be extracted from the spectrogram.

## Advantages

PDV can measure a wide range of velocities (limited primarily by the time resolution of the signal recording equipment), and is relatively easy to set up and use.

## Limitations

Depending on the quality of the data signal and parameters of the FFT, the inherent error in PDV measurements can be high. However, there are ways to mitigate these problems and obtain velocity histories with very high accuracy.

## Conferences

The 2009 PDV users conference was held at the University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Advanced Technology. The 2010 PDV users conference was held at the Ohio State University.
# Yasynivska–Hlyboka coal mine

The Yasynivska–Hlyboka coal mine is a large coal mine located in the south-east of Ukraine in Donetsk Oblast. Yasynivska–Hlyboka represents one of the largest coal reserves in Ukraine, having estimated reserves of 41.5 million tonnes. The annual coal production is around 434,000 tonnes.
# Earl Hines at Sundown

Earl Hines at Sundown is an album by pianist Earl Hines recorded in France in 1974 for the Black & Blue label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Allmusic reviewer Ken Dryden stated: "The pianist is in terrific form on At Sundown... an excellent example of Hines' productive final years".

## Track listing

* "There Will Never Be Another You" (Harry Warren, Mack Gordon) - 8:20
* "At Sundown" (Walter Donaldson) - 9:33
* "Love Me or Leave Me" (Donaldson, Gus Kahn) - 7:11
* "I Hadn't Anyone Till You" (Ray Noble) - 4:12
* "Velvet Moon" (Eddie DeLange, Josef Myrow) - 5:26

## Personnel

* Earl Hines - piano
* Jimmy Leary - bass
* Panama Francis - drums
# Origny-Sainte-Benoite

Origny-Sainte-Benoite (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Origny Abbey was formerly located here.
# Devimistat

Devimistat (INN; development code CPI-613) is an experimental anti-mitochondrial drug being developed by Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals. It is being studied for the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Devimistat's mechanism of action differs from other drugs, operating on the tricarboxylic acid cycle and inhibiting enzymes involved with cancer cell energy metabolism. A lipoic acid derivative different from standard cytotoxic chemotherapy, devimistat is currently being studied in combination with modified FOLFIRINOX to treat various solid tumors and heme malignancies.

## Regulation

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has designated devimistat as an orphan drug for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, AML, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), peripheral T-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma, and given approval to initiate clinical trials in pancreatic cancer and AML.

## Clinical trials

Clinical trials of the drug are underway including a Phase III open-label clinical trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of devimistat plus modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX) versus FOLFIRINOX (FFX) in patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
# Kurland, South Africa

Kurland, often referred to as Kurland Village, is a rural township in the Garden Route District Municipality of the Western Cape province of South Africa.
Situated in the Crags area on the edge of the Tsitsikamma Nature Reserve and approximately 20 km from Plettenberg Bay, Kurland faces challenges such as high levels of unemployment and domestic violence. However, the area boasts several tourist attractions, including Birds of Eden, Tenikwa, Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary, and Elephant Sanctuary along with guest houses and B&Bs. These attractions offer numerous job opportunities to residents. The Crags Primary School, established in 1981, is the only school in the village.
# Gorum, Louisiana

Gorum is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. The community is located on Louisiana Highway 119, 24 miles (39 km) south-southeast of Natchitoches. Gorum has a post office with ZIP code 71434, which opened on November 21, 1890.
# Harold Boddington

Harold Boddington (active 1903–05) was an English footballer who played in the Football League as an outside left for Middlesbrough in 1903–04. He also played non-league football for Darlington.
Boddington made his only League appearance for Middlesbrough on 28 March 1904 in a 3–0 defeat away to Sheffield United in the First Division. He played and scored for Darlington of the Northern League in the 1904–05 FA Cup.
# You're My Star

"You're My Star" is a pop rock song by Welsh rock band Stereophonics from their greatest hits album, Decade in the Sun: Best of Stereophonics. It was released as the lead-single on 27 October 2008 with "Forever" as the B-side. It was produced by lead-singer and guitarist Kelly Jones along with Jim Lowe while written by the singer. The song was written in a day and is a personal one to Jones, though he would not say what the song is really about, instead leaving it to listeners to make up their own theory. The song is written about his daughter. The single went on to become the band's first to miss the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart and received a negative critic review.

## Writing

Jones wrote the song at a hotel room in Chelsea, London in a day along the other new song for the best of album, "My Own Worst Enemy". He has described it as a personal song about "spending time with people that are very precious to you. And when that time disappears how much you miss that time and you want it back again." He concluded that he'll leave the song for listeners to interpret their own way rather than directly say what the song is about. During the recording sessions, "You're My Star" started out as a country song then into an electronic one before becoming a pop rock song.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Luc Janin, his original idea was to shoot the video in India but due to the monsoon season it was instead shot in Egham, Surrey. Jones described Janin's approach as taking the "literal lyric content and [throwing] it away." The video shows the band playing the song at an Indian Holi Festival, including clips of the crowd wearing white clothes and throwing paint at the band and each other. The first half of the video is shown in black and white, when the second chorus starts paint is thrown and the video is then shown in colour. This was Adam Zindani's first music video with Stereophonics.

## Critical response

Reviewing the single, Alex Lai from Contactmusic.com had a generally negative response towards it. Stating it's "rare that songs recorded especially for this type of compilation prove to be a worthy addition to the band's catalogue and this is no exception to the rule," he went on to call it a mediocre song, though he did call Jones' lyrics "sweet" and his vocals during the chorus "passionate".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Kelly Jones
# Erhardt v. Boaro

Erhardt v. Boaro can refer to:
* Erhardt v. Boaro, 113 U.S. 527 (1885)
* Erhardt v. Boaro, 113 U.S. 537 (1885)
# Rhobell Fawr

Listed summits of Rhobell Fawr :
| Name | Height | Status |
| Dduallt | 662 m (2,172 ft) | Hewitt, Nuttall |
| Rhobell Ganol | 521 m (1,709 ft) | TuMP |
| Rhobell-y-big | 504 m (1,654 ft) | Dodd (hill), Dewey (hill) |
Rhobell Fawr is the site of an ancient volcano that was active during the Early Ordovician period in the Arenig range within the Snowdonia National Park.
Despite its modest height of 734 m (2,408 feet), it is a mountain with views of higher peaks all around, including the north face of Cadair Idris and distant Snowdon.
The paths are not well trodden, but there is a distinct path up from Bwlch Goriwared, a couple of miles north-north-east of the small village of Llanfachreth.
# Willie Shelby

Willie Earl Shelby (born July 24, 1953) is a former American football running back and kick returner who played for the Cincinnati Bengals and the St. Louis Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). In 1976 as a rookie in the NFL he led the league in several kick return categories. He played college football at Alabama.

## College career

Shelby played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide in 1973, 1974 and 1975. He served primarily as a kick returner in 1973, but became the starting halfback as a junior in 1974. He ran 84 times in 19974 for 541 yards, a 6.4 average. One of his best games came on October 5 against the University of Mississippi, when he scored 2 touchdowns, including on a 58-yard run. The game was particularly sweet to Shelby, as he had been called a "traitor" for attending Alabama instead of his home state school of Mississippi and had received a racist letter before the game.
As a senior in 1975 he dropped to 315 yards as fullback Johnny Davis became Alabama's primary ball carrier. Shelby was disappointed with his senior season. He had also set a goal when he entered college "to be remembered as the best ever" but realized that hadn't happened, although he felt he would be able to become a good professional running back.

## Professional career

Shelby was drafted by the Bengals with the 138th pick of the 5th round of the 1976 NFL draft. He got little work as a running back in 1976, rushing just 5 times all season for 9 yards. But he served as the Bengals' primary kick returner. He returned 30 kickoffs for 761 yards, for a 25.4 yard per return average. He also scored a touchdown on a 97-yard kickoff return against the Cleveland Browns on October 3. His 761 kickoff return yards led the NFL that season, and his 97-yard return was the longest in the NFL that season. His one touchdown tied with Cullen Bryant of the Los Angeles Rams for the NFL lead. His 30 kickoff returns tied for 2nd in the NFL, one behind league leader Lou Piccone, and his 25.4 yards per return average tied for 9th. Shelby also returned 21 punts for 162 yards, a 7.7 yard per return average.
Shelby was less successful as a kick returner in 1977 and the Bengals waived him before the 1978 season. He was signed by the Atlanta Falcons, but the Falcons returned him to the Bengals when a physical exam showed that he had suffered a broken collar bone in the Bengals' final preseason game against the Green Bay Packers. The Bengals waived him again a few days later and he was claimed by the St. Louis Cardinals. He played 3 of 7 games for the Cardinals as a running back and kick returner in 1978 before being waived in October in order to make room on the roster to sign running back Lawrence Barnes.
He ended his pro career with 7 rushing attempts for 14 yards, 2 receptions for 14 yards, 58 kickoff returns for 1375 yards (a 23.7 yard average) and 42 punt returns for 302 yards (a 7.2 yard average).
# Origny

Origny (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
# Voordelta

The Voordelta is the coastal area in the North Sea, protected under Natura 2000. It is located to the west of the islands of the provinces of South Holland and Zeeland, around the deltas of Haringvliet, Grevelingen, and Oosterschelde. The total area of Voordelta is about 900 km$^2$.
# Angelle Sampey

Angelle Sampey (born Angelle Monique Sampey, August 7, 1970, New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American drag racer, originally in Pro Stock Motorcycle but currently in Top Alcohol Dragster. She won the NHRA Pro Stock Motorcycle championship three times (2000-2002). Since her debut in 1996, she has earned an all-time class record 45 top-qualifier awards and 46 event victories, the 2nd most wins for any female in both NHRA competition and professional motor sports as a whole. On June 23, 2007 at Old Bridge Township Raceway Park in Englishtown, New Jersey, she scored her 42nd career pole position and more importantly set the national Pro Stock Motorcycle elapsed time record with a 6.871 second run. Following her April 1, 2007 win in Houston, Texas, Sampey was just 5 wins away from setting the all-time Pro Stock Motorcycle wins record, currently held by Dave Schultz. Sampey also holds the active record of 182 consecutive races without a Did not qualify, dating back to her professional debut. She also holds the mark of 364 round wins in 506 competitive rounds, which calculates to a 71.9% win-per-round ratio.
Sampey raced a Suzuki from 1996 through 2007, sponsored most notably by R.J. Reynolds' Winston brand and the U.S. Army.
Due to lack of sponsorship, Sampey did not race during the 2009 season, breaking her string of event qualifications.
On 11 March 2010, Sampey announced her retirement as a professional drag racer.
Along with Erica Enders, Shirley Muldowney, Brittany Force, and Christina Nielsen, Sampey is one of a very few women to have won a major motorsports championship title; she, Enders and Muldowney are the only female drag racers to have scored more than ten NHRA event wins, as well as the only three women in the sport to win more than one championship in their respective divisions, Muldowney with three in Top Fuel, Enders with five in Pro Stock and Sampey with three in Pro Stock Motorcycle. Angelle is considered the second winningest female in professional motorsports history with 46 career wins following Erica Enders 47th win in 2023.
Sampey also raced under her married names Angelle Seeling and Angelle Savoie.
On 13 September 2014, it was announced that Sampey would return before the end of the 2014 NHRA season, and will compete for the championship in 2015. She raced until 2022, when at the end of the 2022 season, she left Vance & Hines Suzuki.
In August 2023, she made the transition into Top Alcohol Dragster, joining fellow former Pro Stock Motorcycle rider Antron Brown on his AB Motorsports Accelerate program. After earning her A/Fuel licence in Jasmine Salinas' TA/D (the sister of Jianna Evaristo, another PSM rider), she debuted at the Texas Motorplex in preparation for a season in the popular sportsman class in 2024 (under NHRA rules for the sportsman class, drivers must make selected races at regional and selected races in national events), with a future plan of racing in Top Fuel. In her first race, she qualified 16th (last qualifier) at 5.356 seconds. She defeated Mike Coughlin in her first round and Tony Stewart in the second round before falling to Kirk Wolf in the semifinals.
# Goruh Dik Daghi

Goruh Dik Daghi is a village in the Ardabil Province of Iran.
# Peter Wilkinson (Royal Navy officer)

Vice Admiral Peter John Wilkinson, CB, CVO (born 28 May 1956) is a retired senior Royal Navy officer who served as Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel) from 2007 to 2010. He was National President of the Royal British Legion from 2012 until 2016.

## Early life

Wilkinson was born on 28 May 1956. He was educated at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, and the University of Wales, Lampeter, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1978.

## Military career

Wilkinson joined the Royal Navy in 1975, where he initially served in submarines. He commanded the submarines HMS Otter, Superb, and Vanguard, being promoted to captain in 1995. He was captain of the 2nd Submarine Squadron from 1999 to 2001.
Wilkinson was the Director of Naval Service and Conditions (as a commodore) from 2001, and then Naval Secretary and Director-General Human Resources (Navy) from 2004. From 2005 to 2007 he was Defence Services Secretary and Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel and Reserves). He was promoted to vice admiral and appointed as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Personnel) in August 2007. Wilkinson was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 2010 Birthday Honours, and retired in August 2010.

## Later life

In retirement Wilkinson became chairman of Seafarers UK, a charity supporting seafarers in need and their dependants across the Royal Navy, Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets, and Clerk of the Worshipful Company of Cooks. He is a trustee of the Armed Forces Memorial appeal, which has built a new memorial to service personnel who have lost their lives on duty. The memorial is located at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire. After the resignation of Lieutenant General Sir John Kiszely, he was appointed National President of the Royal British Legion in October 2012 and served until May 2016.
# 's-Heerenhoek

's-Heerenhoek is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Borsele, and lies about 12 km east of Middelburg.

## History

The village was first mentioned around 1750 as 'S Heerenhoek, and "means corner of the lord". It is located in the north-eastern corner of the Borsselepolder which was poldered in 1616. The lords refers to the lord of Schenge Castle in 's-Heer-Arendskerke. 's-Heerenhoek developed after 1616 in a grid structure. In 1669, the village was devastated by fire and a new church was built in 1672.
The Dutch Reformed church from 1672 was moved to Netherlands Open Air Museum in Arnhem between 1987 and 1988. The village developed into a Catholic area from the 1760s onwards. The Catholic St Willibrordus Church was built between 1873 and 1874 in Gothic Revival style and has a tall tower.
's-Heerenhoek was home to 772 people in 1840. The municipal council used to meet in the local inn. In 1881, it was outlawed to hold meetings in a locality which served alcohol. The problem was solved by separating a part of the inn and building its own front door. In 1892, a town hall was built.
's-Heerenhoek was a separate municipality until 1970 when it was merged into Borsele.

## Gallery

* 's-Heerenhoek, church
* Farm in 's-Heerenhoek
* Former clergy house
* Farm in 's-Heerenhoek
# Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Team jumping

The team jumping at the 1976 Summer Olympics took place on 1 August. The event was open to men and women. The individual show jumping event consisted of two rounds, held separately from the team competition. The team show jumping event consisted of two rounds, held separately from the individual competition. The top 8 teams from the first round qualified for the second round. Each rider on the team rides the course the rider with the most faults, score is thrown out, the remaining score are added up to determine the total points. This was repeated in the second round, both rounds were then added together to determine placement, if tied a jump-off between all tied teams would determine the winners.

## Results

| Rank | Riders | Nation | Round 1 | Round 2 | Total |
| | Hubert Parot Jean-Marcel Rozier Marc Roguet Michel Roche | France | 24.00 | 16.00 | 40.00 |
| | Alwin Schockemöhle Hans Günter Winkler Sönke Sönksen Paul Schockemöhle | West Germany | 24.00 | 20.00 | 44.00 |
| | Eric Wauters François Mathy Edgar-Henri Cuepper Stanny Van Paesschen | Belgium | 32.00 | 31.00 | 63.00 |
| 4 | Frank Chapot Robert Ridland Buddy Brown Michael Matz | United States | 40.00 | 24.00 | 64.00 |
| 5 | Jim Day Michel Vaillancourt Ian Millar Jim Elder | Canada | 28.00 | 36.50 | 64.50 |
| 6 | Luis Álvarez Alfonso Segovia José María Rosillo Eduardo Amorós | Spain | 31.00 | 40.00 | 71.00 |
| 7 | Debbie Johnsey Rowland Fernyhough Peter Robeson Graham Fletcher | Great Britain | 44.00 | 32.00 | 76.00 |
| 8 | Fernando Hernández Fernando Senderos Luis Razo Carlos Aguirre | Mexico | 31.75 | 44.50 | 76.25 |
| 9T | Guy Creighton Barry Roycroft Kevin Bacon | Australia | 48.00 | did not advance | did not advance |
| 9T | Piero D'Inzeo Graziano Mancinelli Raimondo D'Inzeo Giorgio Nuti | Italy | 48.00 | did not advance | did not advance |
| 11 | Hugo Simon Thomas Frühmann Henk Hulzebos Rüdiger Wassibauer | Austria | 52.00 | did not advance | did not advance |
| 12 | Rob Eras Toon Ebben Henk Nooren Johan Heins | Netherlands | 60.00 | did not advance | did not advance |
| 13 | Masayasu Sugitani Hirokazu Higashira Tsunekazu Takeda Ryuichi Obata | Japan | 67.25 | did not advance | did not advance |
| – | Roberto Tagle Argentino Molinuevo Jr. Jorge Llambi | Argentina | DSQ | did not advance | did not advance |
# Ernst von Ratzeburg

Ernst von Ratzeburg or Rassburg (died 5 March 1279) was a member of the Livonian Order. He acted as its Master from 1273 until his death at the Battle of Aizkraukle in 1279, at which he was one of 71 members of the Order to die.
# Grant Thomas

Grant Thomas may refer to:
* Grant Thomas (politician) (born 1941), New Zealand politician
* Grant Thomas (footballer) (born 1958), Australian rules footballer and former coach of St Kilda
* Grant Thomas (technologist) (born 1983), American technologist
# Ōita Prefectural Museum of History

The Ōita Prefectural Museum of History (大分県立歴史博物館, Ōita kenritsu rekishi hakubutsukan) opened in Usa, Ōita Prefecture, Japan in 1998, replacing the Usa Fudoki-no-Oka (宇佐風土記の丘) of 1981. It is one of Japan's many museums which are supported by a prefecture.
The collection is organised around themes including life and ancient Buddhism in Toyo no kuni and the Kunisaki peninsula, and the culture of Usa Hachiman-gū and Fuki-ji.
# Gennaro De Filippo

Gennaro De Filippo (Naples, 9 February 1816 – Rome, 29 June 1887) was an Italian politician.

## Biography

He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the VIII legislature (1861–1865) and was re-elected to the IX, X, and XI legislatures. He was Minister of Justice of the Kingdom of Italy in the second and third Menabrea governments (5 January 1868 – 7 May 1869 and 13–26 May 1869) and was appointed a Senator in 1872.

## Honours
### Italian honors

| Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus - ribbon for ordinary uniform | Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus |
| Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy - ribbon for ordinary uniform | Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy |

### Foreign honors

| Grand Cordon of the Order of Saint Michael (Bavaria) - ribbon for ordinary uniform | Grand Cordon of the Order of Saint Michael (Bavaria) |