OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mark system

The mark system is a social organization that rests on the common tenure and common cultivation of the land by small groups of freemen. Both politically and economically the mark was an independent community, and its earliest members were doubtless blood relatives. In its origin the word is the same as mark or march, a boundary. First used in this sense, it was then applied to the land cleared by the settlers in the forest areas of Germany, and later it was used for the system which prevailed to what extent or for how long is uncertain in that country. It is generally assumed that the lands of the mark were divided into three portions; forest, meadow and arable, and as in the manorial system which was later in vogue elsewhere, a system of rotation of crops in two, three or even six fields was adopted, each member of the community having rights of pasture in the forest and the meadow, and a certain share of the arable.
The mark was a self-governing community. Its affairs were ordered by the markmen who met together at stated times in the markmoot. Soon, however, their freedom was encroached upon, and in the course of a very short time it disappeared altogether.

## Controversy

The extent and nature of the mark system has been, and still is, a subject of controversy among historians. One school holds that it was almost universal in Germany; that it was, in fact, the typical Teutonic method of holding and cultivating the land. From Germany, it is argued, it was introduced by the Angle and Saxon invaders into England, where it was extensively adopted, being the foundation upon which the prevailing land system in early England was built.
An opposing school denies entirely the existence of the mark system, and a French writer, Fustel de Coulanges, refers to it contemptuously as a figment of the Teutonic imagination. This view is based largely upon the supposition that common ownership of the land was practically unknown among the early Germans, and was by no means general among the early English. The complete mark system was certainly not prevalent in Anglo-Saxon England, nor did it exist very widely, or for any very long period in Germany, but the system which did prevail in these two countries contained elements which are also found in the mark system.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mark System". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 736.
# William Galvin

William Galvin, Bill Galvin or Billy Galvin may refer to:
* William F. Galvin (born 1950), Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth
* William C. Galvin (born 1956), Massachusetts state representative
* William J. Galvin (1904–1988), Boston city councilor
* Bill Galvin (Australian politician) (1903–1966), Victorian state politician
* Billy Galvin, a 1986 film
* William (Billy) Galvin III (born 2007), American high school basketball player
# Exploring the Axis

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide | |
| OndaRock | 7/10 |
| Select | |
Exploring The Axis is the first full-length album by Thin White Rope.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Guy Kyser except where noted
The original vinyl version of the album contained tracks 1-10 (in the US), or tracks 1-7, 9, 10 & 13 (in the UK). Track 11 was a bonus track on the cassette version of Exploring The Axis and tracks 11 and 12 have also been released on the "Bottom Feeders" mini-album.

## Personnel

* Guy Kyser – guitar, vocals
* Roger Kunkel – guitar, vocals
* Stephen Tesluk – bass, guitar, vocals
* Jozef Becker – drums
* Jeff Eyrich – producer
* Dennis Dragon – engineer
* Ross Garfield – drum technician
# Copelatus ellai

Copelatus ellai is a species of diving beetle. It is part of the genus Copelatus in the subfamily Copelatinae of the family Dytiscidae. It was described by Bilardo & Rocchi in 1995.
# Negada

Negada is a village development committee in Saptari District in the Sagarmatha Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2349 people living in 4365 individual households.
# Heme-transporting ATPase

In enzymology, a heme-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.41) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    ATP + H$_2$O + hemein $\rightleftharpoons$ ADP + phosphate + hemeout
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H$_2$O, and heme, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and heme.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (heme-exporting). This enzyme participates in abc transporters - general.
# Gargela apicalis

Gargela apicalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Pagenstecher in 1900. It is found on the Bismarck Archipelago.
# Village Historique Acadien Provincial Park

Village Historique Acadien Provincial Park is an historical reconstruction that portrays the way of life of Acadians between 1770 and 1949. It is located in Bertrand, in northeastern New Brunswick, 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of Bathurst and 130 kilometres (81 mi) north of Miramichi, New Brunswick.
More than 40 buildings are staffed by interpreters in period costume who bring ancestral customs and traditional trades to life. Among the attractions is Hôtel Château Albert, a replica of a turn-of the century hotel that once existed in Caraquet. The original was destroyed by fire in 1955 but it has been re-created at the Village. It offers overnight accommodations as well as a dining room.
Allow a minimum of 3 hours for a complete visit.

## Recognition

It was a Phoenix Award Winner from the Society of American Travel Writers (1996) and Attractions Canada (2001/2002)

## Gallery

* Mazerolle farm.
* Godin house.
* Robin warehouse.
* Printing house.
* Shingles maker.
* Inside Thériault house.
* Riordon mill.
* Irving gas station.

## Affiliations

The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.
# Dorcadion drusum

Dorcadion drusum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chevrolat in 1870. It is known from Syria and Lebanon.
# Granite Range (Elko County)

The Granite Range is a mountain range in Elko County, Nevada.
# Hasta la Vista (MC Solaar song)

"Hasta la vista" is a 2001 song recorded by the hip hop artist MC Solaar. It was the second single from his fifth studio album, Cinquième As. Released in May 2001, the song was the first number-one single for the singer in France.

## Lyrics and music

Composed by Alain J, Eric K-Roz, Claude M'Barali and Kurser, "Hasta la Vista" was also recorded in Spanish language, which is included on the CD and the vinyl. It contains many puns as well as numerous Latino components, such as the Spanish guitar played by the Italian-French performer Miro, the name of the song and the first verse in Spanish-language, the "atmosphere and the passionate singings of the refrain" performed by Moïra Conrath.

## Chart performances

"Hasta la Vista" started at number nine in France on the chart edition of 2 June 2001, then jumped to number one where it stayed for five weeks. It totaled 13 weeks in the top ten, 22 weeks in the top 50 and 27 weeks in the top 100. It was certified Gold disc by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique two months after its release, and features at number 12 on 2001 annual chart. The song is the first number-one in France which mixes French and Spanish languages and is also MC Solaar's most successful single in France. As of July 2014, it was the 99th best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 309,000 units sold.
Charted for 17 weeks on the Ultratop 40, the song debuted at number 20 on 16 June 2001, reached the top ten two weeks later, and peaked at number five in its seventh week. It remained for nine weeks in the top ten, then kept on drop on the chart. It ranked at number 31 on the year-end chart. In Switzerland, it debuted at a peak of number 23 on 5 August and fell off the chart after 14 weeks.

## Track listings

* CD maxi
* "Hasta la vista" (intro) – 0:15
* "Hasta la vista" – 3:23
* "¡Hasta la vista mi amor!" (intro) – 0:15
* "¡Hasta la vista mi amor!" – 3:23
* 12" maxi
* "Hasta la vista" (intro) – 0:15
* "Hasta la vista" – 3:23
* "¡Hasta la vista mi amor!" (intro) – 0:15
* "¡Hasta la vista mi amor!" – 3:23
* "C'est ça que les gens veulent" – 4:05
# William Crichton, 2nd Earl of Dumfries

William Crichton PC (1598–1691) was the 2nd Earl of Dumfries and a privy councillor to Charles II of England. After the Glorious Revolution, Crichton resigned his titles on 10 September 1690 and had them restored on 3 November 1690 by the new King William III of England. Although he produced two sons, they both pre-deceased William, so his titles passed to his grandson William.
At the time of Crichton's birth, his family owned a large number of estates in the area around Sanquhar, but due to financial problems caused in part by a large celebration thrown in 1617 for the visiting King James VI, by 1642 the family had sold their Sanquar properties and moved to Cumnock.
In 1686 the body of covenanter Alexander Peden was exhumed by troops from Sorn Castle and brought to Cumnock to be posthumously hung. At the behest of his wife, Crichton prevented the troops from hanging the body, telling them that "the gibbet was erected for malefactors and murderers, and not for such men as Peden".

## Family

On 29 August 1618, he married Penelope Swift, daughter of Sir Robert Swift, Sheriff of Yorkshire, and they produced two sons and three daughters.
* Robert (bap. 19 Dec 1641), died at a young age.
* Charles, Lord Crichton (d. bef. 11 March 1690), who in 1679 married Sarah the third daughter of James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair. They produced one son and four daughters. The son William became the 3rd Earl of Dumfries, and upon his death having produced no heirs, his sister Penelope inherited the title as Countess of Dumfries.
* Elizabeth, who in January 1658 married Alexander Montgomerie, later 8th Earl of Eglinton.
* Penelope, who died unmarried.
* Mary (bap. 15 Feb 1644), who died unmarried.
# William Cripps

William Cripps (1 January 1805 – 11 May 1848) was a British Conservative Member of Parliament.

## Early life

Cripps was born 1 January 1805 and baptised at Cirencester on 17 May 1805. He was the eldest son of Joseph Cripps, and, his second wife, Dorothea Harrison. His father served as MP for Cirencester. His brother, Henry William Cripps, QC, was the father of William Harrison Cripps, the prominent British surgeon, and politician Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor.
He matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford on 25 May 1822, aged seventeen. He received a B.A. in 1826 and M.A. in 1829.

## Career

He was admitted to the Inner Temple and became a barrister-at-law in 1829.
He sat himself for the constituency of Cirencester, from 1841 until his death in 1848. From 1845 until 1846 he held minor office in Sir Robert Peel's government as a Junior Lord of the Treasury.

## Personal life

On 29 January 1839, Cripps was married to Mary Anne Harrison (1805–1892) at Streatham Church, Surrey. Mary Anne was the eldest daughter Benjamin Harrison of Clapham Common. Together, they were the parents of:
* William Frederick Cripps (b. 1840), who was born at St James's Palace.
* Wilfred Joseph Cripps (1841–1903), who married Maria Harriet Arabella Daniel-Tyssen, sister of Charles Daniel-Tyssen, in 1870. After her death in 1881, he married Countess Helene von Bismarck-Schierstein, daughter of Count Friedrich von Bismarck and granddaughter of Sir Henry Williams-Wynn, in 1884.
* Catherine Dorothy Cripps (1842–1909)
* Edmund William Cripps (1843–1899), who married Ada Radcliffe, a daughter of Lt.Gen. Robert Parker Radcliffe.
* Walter Mainwaring Cripps (1844–1900).
Cripps died on 11 May 1848 and was buried in St. Catherine's Chapel within Cirencester Church on 18 May 1848. His will, dated 31 July 1840, was proved 30 August 1848.
# Wille (surname)

Wille is a surname and may refer to
* Bruno Wille (1860–1928), a German politician
* Clare Wille (born 1973), English stage and television actor
* Frey Wille, Austrian enamel jewellery manufacturer
* Hans Wille (1807–1877), Norwegian priest and politician
* George Alfred Henry Wille (1871-1951), Sri Lankan Burgher proctor, notary public, journalist, and politician
* Jacob Andreas Wille (1777–1850), Norwegian priest and politician
* Jodi Wille, American filmmaker, book publisher, curator and film programmer
* Johann Georg Wille (1715–1808), German engraver
* Joop Wille (1920–2009), Dutch international footballer
* Lois Wille (1931–2019), American journalist and writer
* Martin Wille (born 1986), an international footballer from Liechtenstein
* Nordal Wille (1858–1924), Norwegian botanist
* Paul Wille, Belgian senator
* Rudolf Wille (1937–2017), German mathematician
* Sebastian Wille (born 1966), German urologist
* Sigrid Wille (born 1969), German cross country skier
* Silvio Wille (born 1966), Liechtenstein alpine skier
* Ulrich Wille (1848–1925), Swiss General during the First World War.
# Duplex (automobile)

The Duplex was a Canadian automobile built by the United Iron Works Company, of Montreal in 1923. The engine was an unconventional 4-cylinder two-stroke engine with two pistons per cylinder, which the makers claimed gave excellent fuel economy.
The Duplex had a 110-inch (2.8 m) wheelbase, and the proposed tourer was priced at CA$1750. The prototype was displayed at the 1923 Montreal Show, but there was very little interest shown, and production never eventuated.
# Naked Fame

Naked Fame a documentary that follows Colton Ford's transition from the world of gay pornography to that of a mainstream singer. It opened on February 18, 2005, in the United States to mixed critical reviews.

## Synopsis

At the age of 40, porn star Colton Ford decides to leave the industry and pursue his true calling—a singing career. He feels he has the voice, but his "overexposed" past could be the hook that gets him noticed or the hook that yanks him off stage. Naked Fame follows Colton and his former life-partner, porn star Blake Harper, as they try to ease their way back into the mainstream.
The film examines the inner-workings of music industry and documents the emotional struggles involved in the pursuit of one's dreams. It contains footage and interviews from Chi Chi LaRue, Bruce Vilanch, Pepper Mashay and Lonnie Gordon, and Ford's parents.

## Reaction

Naked Fame received mixed reviews from leading movie critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 50% based on reviews from 8 critics.
Los Angeles Times film critic Kevin Thomas called it "an engaging and forthright documentary" and New York Post critic Russell Smith found it to be "a sunny movie full of likable characters" In contrast, Peter L'Official of The Village Voice said "there are many dreadful elements in this chronicle" and David Noh of Film Journal International thought the director was "scrambling" with "flimsy material."
Naked Fame grossed $213,621 in the United States.
# Nagyszokoly

Nagyszokoly (German: Großsokau) is a village in Tolna County, Hungary.
# Gospel of Eve

The Gospel of Eve is an almost entirely lost text from the New Testament apocrypha, which may be the same as the also lost Gospel of Perfection.
The only known content from it are a few quotations by Epiphanius (Panarion, 26), a church father who criticised how the Borborites used it to justify free love, by practicing coitus interruptus and eating semen as a religious act. While certain libertine Gnostics held that, since the flesh is intrinsically evil, one should simply acknowledge it by freely engaging in sexual acts, the majority of the Gnostics took the opposite view of extreme asceticism.

## Text

Gnostics typically wrote on multiple levels, imbuing texts with complicated mystical esoteric meaning, rather than intending a base interpretation. It is possible that Epiphanius failed to realise this and only read into the text a simple literal interpretation. The quotation Epiphanius claims as a reference to semen is:
   I stood on a lofty mountain and saw a gigantic man, and another, a dwarf; and I heard as it were a voice of thunder, and drew nigh for to hear; and He spake unto me and said: I am thou, and thou art I; and wheresoever thou mayest be I am there. In all am I scattered [that is, the Logos as seed or “members”], and whencesoever thou willest, thou gatherest Me; and gathering Me, thou gatherest Thyself.
While this second passage from their "apocryphal writings," says Epiphanius, was meant to represent the menstrual cycle (it is unclear if he is quoting Revelation 22:2):
   I saw a tree bearing twelve manner of fruits every year, and he said unto me, This is the tree of life ...

## Interpretation

According to the Naassenes, this reflected the "Seeds disseminated into the cosmos from the Inexpressible [Man], by means of which the whole cosmos is consummated." The scattering of the Logos and its subsequent collection recalls the myths of Osiris and Dionysus. A similar theme of Osirification is present in a Gospel of Philip, quoted by Epiphanius in the same chapter:
   I recognised myself, and gathered myself together from all sides; I sowed no children for the ruler, but I tore up his roots, and gathered together [my] limbs that were scattered abroad; I know thee who thou art, for I am from the realms above.
# Dubrovnik Charter

The Dubrovnik Charter is a document from 1230, by which the Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria gives the Dubrovnik merchants the right to trade freely in his country.
The charter contains information about the territorial expansion of the Second Bulgarian State after the Battle of Klokotnitsa, as well as valuable data on the status of the Middle Bulgarian language in the 13th century. It is stored in the handwriting department of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
# Dumitru Iuca

Dumitru Iuca (March 7, 1882 – November 27, 1940) was a Romanian politician.
Born in Giurgiu, he studied law in university before practicing as a lawyer with the Vlașca County bar. Entering the National Liberal Party (PNL), Iuca was named prefect of Vlașca in 1914, and also served as mayor of his hometown. In 1919, he was elected to the Assembly of Deputies. In the 1930s, he formed part of a relatively younger faction within the PNL, alongside Gheorghe Tătărescu, Victor Iamandi, Ion Inculeț, Richard Franasovici and Valer Pop. This clashed with the older wing led by Dinu Brătianu and was eventually driven to join the camarilla surrounding King Carol II.
Iuca was deputy state secretary in the Interior Ministry from November 1933 to August 1936. This period was marked by violent clashes between the government and the Iron Guard, culminating with the latter's assassination of Prime Minister Ion G. Duca at the end of 1933 and the repression that followed. Iuca was part of the ministerial apparatus tasked with maintaining order. In August 1936, in a cabinet led by Tătărescu, he was promoted to Interior Minister, serving until the following February.
As minister, Iuca oversaw measures to consolidate police forces in order to better face the Guardist threat. However, despite their breach of a provision in the 1923 Constitution that barred unauthorized service in foreign armies, he helped facilitate the funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin, arranging for a special funeral train outside the normal schedule. Moreover, he was obliged to deal with separatism by Hungarian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Russian minorities. After Tătărescu himself took over the ministry, Iuca served as state secretary with ministerial rank but without portfolio. He resigned from this post in early April.
He died in Bucharest in November 1940, during the National Legionary State.
# Governmentwide acquisition contracts

Governmentwide acquisition contracts (known as GWAC) is the process by which agencies of the federal government purchase goods and services (procurement); these involve legal contracts between the agency and a private business. A GWAC is an acquisition tool that facilitates and streamlines the purchasing of IT solutions by United States federal government departments and agencies, while ensuring that the many government-mandated rules are followed. These rules are complex, deriving from laws and regulations that guide the purchasing processes of each agency. According to the GSA website, "A Governmentwide Acquisition Contract (GWAC) is a pre-competed, multiple-award, indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract that agencies can use to buy total IT solutions, including both products and services." Federal agencies may create GWACs to support the work of the federal government. This has been done by the GSA, NIH (NITAAC ) and NASA (SEWP). A GWAC is not necessarily restricted to the agency that runs it (see the article on SEWP as an example). All IDIQs, including GWACs, are regulated by FAR, a set of rules and regulations that must be followed by federal agencies and resellers of goods and services (known as Contract Holders) to the government in the procurement process.
# Goornong railway station

Goornong railway station is located on the Deniliquin line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Goornong, and it opened on 12 December 2021.
Originally closing in 1979, it was re-opened on 12 December 2021, as part of the Regional Rail Revival project.
Disused stations Bagshot and Wellsford are located between Goornong and Huntly, while disused station Avonmore is located between Goornong and Elmore.

## History

Goornong originally opened on 19 September 1864, along with the line to Echuca, and closed on 4 June 1979. On 5 August 2008, a petition was presented to the City of Greater Bendigo council, signed by 175 Goornong residents, calling for a railway platform to be built at Goornong. On 31 August 2018, the Victorian Labor Government announced that, if it was re-elected at the 2018 state election, a station would be provided at Goornong by 2021, as part of the Bendigo metro rail project. Labor was ultimately re-elected, winning 55 of the 88 seats in the Victorian Legislative Assembly.
On 31 July 2020, a concept map of the proposed station was released. On 19 May 2021, it was announced that site investigations had begun at Goornong and that the contract for the construction of the station had been awarded to Symal Infrastructure. On 30 July 2021, the Australian and Victorian governments jointly announced that "critical works including track alignment and platform construction" would take place at Goornong, with the station set to open "by the end of the year". Between September and October 2021, track upgrades were performed between Epsom station and Goornong, to allow an increase in track speed from 80 km/h to 130 km/h. An artist's impression of the station was released in August 2021.
On 5 November 2021, the Victorian Government announced that trains would begin stopping at Goornong from 12 December 2021.
On 16 July 2022, with the opening of Huntly railway station, passengers had to start using a valid Myki to travel on the Echuca line to get to and from Goornong station.

## Platforms and services

Goornong has one platform, and is served by Echuca line trains.
Platform 1:
* Echuca line services to Southern Cross and Echuca

## Gallery

* Concept map of Goornong station, released in July 2020
* VLocity train leaving Goornong, December 2021
* Platform signage at Goornong station, December 2021