OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pietro Carrera

Pietro Carrera (July 12, 1573 – September 18, 1647) was an Italian chess player, historian, priest and author.

## Biography

Pietro Carrera born in Sicily, in Militello in Val di Catania (Province of Catania), located in the Valley of Noto; here he grew up in the old colony of San Vito. He was the son of Donna Antonia Severino (mother) and Mariano Carrera, a traditional craftsman who entered the priesthood after his wife's death. During his studies in the Seminario Diocesiano of Siracusa, he had the opportunity to visit many different Sicilian cities. As a result of his travels he met Paolo Boi, so-called "The Siracusan", in the town of Palermo during 1597.
After taking his vows, he first become the chaplain at the church of S. Maria della Stella and later of Francesco Branciforte's Court (the Prince of Pietraperzia and Marchese of Militello). During his stay at Branciforte's Court he became interested in chess, winning against Salvatore Albino the so-called "Beneventano" and against Geronimo Cascio. Cascio won against the famous but old Polerio. After developing a fond relationship with the Prince's wife, Lady Giovanna, he composed a short poem for her in Latin in hexameter form regarding chess. Only fragments of this poem, the title being "The Pessopedia", remain today.
In 1617 he wrote and published Il Gioco degli Scacchi (The Game of Chess), subdivided into eight books where "learning the rules, the odds, the endgames, the blindfold chess and a discussion about the true origins of chess in itself". This was the first book ever printed in Militello, on request of his patron Branciforte, by Giovanni Rosso from Trento; in this poem Carrera collected and elaborated in a systematic fashion information given by previous authors.
After the Prince of Branciforte's death in 1622, he moved to Messina, then to Canicattì and finally to Catania. Here in 1635, using an alias, he published the "Risposta di Valentino Vespaio contro l'apologia di Alessandro Salvio" ("Valentino Vespaio's answer against Alessandro Salvio's explanation"), where he debated the accusations and criticisms made against him from Salvio.
Famous and esteemed, he died on September 18, 1647, in Messina.
Carrera is also remembered as the inventor of chess variant (Carrera's chess) on an 8x10 chessboard, in which there were added two new pieces called the "Champion" (a combination of the moves of the tower (rook) and the knight) and "Centaurus" (a combination of the bishop and the knight); these innovations had more fame than the ones made by Piacenza and Marinelli. It was a predecessor of Capablanca Chess.
He is not remembered as a great live player but as a master of theory and a great source of information regarding contemporary players of his time.
# Yellow-throated big-eared bat

The yellow-throated big-eared bat or orange-throated bat(Lampronycteris brachyotis) is a species of bat that ranges from southern Mexico to Brazil. It is the only species within the genus Lampronycteris. A frugivore and insectivore, it is found in lowland forest up to an elevation of 700 m. Its activity is greatest in the first two hours after sunset, and peaks again after midnight.

## Description

The yellow-throated big-eared bat is characterized as a "medium-sized" leaf-nosed bat. Its ears are short and pointed, and its nose-leaf is relatively small. Its dorsal fur is dark brown or orange brown, and the ventral fur is orange or reddish-yellow. Individual bats weigh 9–15 g (0.32–0.53 oz) and have forearm lengths of 39–43 mm (1.5–1.7 in). The bat's dental formula is 2.1.2.32.1.3.3 for a total of 34 teeth.

## Biology and ecology

The yellow-throated big-eared bat is primarily an insectivore, but it will also consume fruit, nectar, and pollen. It is nocturnal, roosting in sheltered places during the day, such as caves, mines, hollow trees, and archaeological ruins. It generally roosts in small colonies consisting of 10 or fewer individuals, though a colony of 300 individuals was once documented in Mexico.

## Range and habitat

It is found in Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. It is generally found in lowland areas below 150 m (490 ft) above sea level, though it has been documented at up to 700 m (2,300 ft) above sea level.
# 1693 Hertzsprung

1693 Hertzsprung (prov. designation: 1935 LA) is a dark and elongated background asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 39 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 May 1935, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.

## Classification and orbit

Hertzsprung orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.6 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,707 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was already observed as 1930 HG at Crimea-Simeis in 1930. This observation, however, remained unused and the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1935.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in memory of Danish chemist and astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung (1873–1967), best known for the famous Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, a spectral classification system for stars he developed jointly with Russel, after whom the asteroid 1762 Russell was named. From 1934 to 1945, Hertzsprung was the head of the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands.
As a prominent expert in photometry, he initiated a survey of variable stars in the Southern Milky Way at the Leiden Southern Station. A number of asteroids and comets were also discovered during the course of this survey. The asteroid's name was suggested by the staff at Leiden Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 1967 (M.P.C. 2822).

## Physical characteristics
### Diameter and albedo

According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hertzsprung measures between 30.95 and 41.97 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.059.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.048 and a diameter of 38.7 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.97. While the dark C-type asteroid is classified as a rare CBU-subtype on the Tholen taxonomic scheme, the NEOWISE mission groups the body to the rare and reddish P-type asteroids.

### Rotation and shape

In August 1987, a rotational lightcurve of Hertzsprung was obtained from photometric observations made with the ESO 1-metre telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile. The lightcurve gave it a well-defined rotation period of 8.825 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.45 magnitude (U=3). Observations by the NEOWISE mission found higher amplitudes of 0.70 and 1.05, which indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal or elongated shape.
# Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla

The Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla (Spanish for 'Royal Cavalry Armory of Seville') is a Spanish maestranza de caballería or chivalric order created in 1670 from the remnants of the preceding Cofradía de San Hermenegildo (or Hermandad Caballeresca). It was created under the advocacy of the patron saint, Our Lady of the Rosary, and its original purpose was to train nobles in the use of arms and war horsemanship in order to better serve the Spanish Crown. It also served to train officers for the army.
Ten years later, it drew up and ratified its own bylaws, and it underwent successive reforms in 1732, 1793, 1913, 1966, and finally in 1978. It was the first of the maestranzas de caballería to gain the privilege of being led by a member of the Spanish monarchy, in 1730.
The order has been led by the following members of the Spanish royal family as Hermanos Mayores (literally 'older brothers'):
* Philip, Duke of Parma (1730–1765)
* Luis of Spain, Count of Chinchón (1765–1785)
* Fernando VII (1786–1834)
* Isabella II (1834–1874)
* Alfonso XII (1785–1885)
* Maria Christina of Austria (1885–1889)
* Alfonso XIII (1889–1941)
* Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona (1941–1993)
* Juan Carlos I (1993–2014)
* Felipe VI (2014–present)
Since the outset, the institution has also organized many public events in the city of Sevilla, and it was one of the first guilds to sponsor equestrian sports there. One of its most noteworthy contributions was the creation of the Plaza de toros de la Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla.
The uniform of the Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla was worn by Carlos de Borbón-Dos Sicilias to the royal wedding in 1962 of his first cousin Juan Carlos of Spain, at which he served as the 'best man' and held the Spanish Royal Crown above the future monarch's head. In 2021, the uniform was worn at his wedding by Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 22nd Count of Osorno, younger son of the Duke of Alba.
# 1884 Invercargill mayoral election

The 1884 Invercargill mayoral election was held on 26 November 1884.
George Froggatt was elected mayor for the first time. His opponent, David Roche, would be elected mayor two years later in 1886.

## Results

The following table gives the election results:
1884 Invercargill mayoral election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Independent | George Froggatt | 384 | 64.10 | +32.66 |
| | Independent | David Roche | 215 | 35.89 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 169 | 28.21 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 599 | | |
# Yomi Black

Abayomi Aderibigbe Listen professionally known as Yomi Black is a Nigerian actor, and filmmaker, best known for his role as Sunday in the hit online comedy skit series Sunday & Lolade alongside Kiki Omeili, which made its theatrical debut as the first Nigerian comedy skit series to premiere at the cinemas.

## Career

Yomi Black started out as a Radio presenter for Rhythm 93.7 FM Lagos. He then went on to produce 15 editions of a shopping magazine, “Window Shopping Magazine”, after which he branched out into producing Movies, Comedy Skits, Documentary, Advertising, Shows, and Photography and by 2009, he had earned a reputation as a celebrity photographer.
In 2011 Yomi Black began producing a music review show called Radio Hit Show (RHS) with 160 successful episodes.
In 2013, he started his online TV platform on YouTube called VHS (Video Hit Show), a short form comedy series with over 200 videos produced and counting, it was on this platform that he began producing the critically acclaimed comedy skit, Sunday & Lolade featuring Kiki Omeili. In 2017, the series was adapted for the big screen and premiered in Nigerian cinemas nationwide, breaking the digital conventions that regulated its creation, making it the first Nigerian comedy skit to have a theatrical release.
In February 2018, Yomi Black announced that he had begun production of a 12-episode television series, Room 420 starring a host of notable Nigerian television and film stars including, MTV Shuga Naija star Timini Egbuson, Jide Kosoko, and Toni Tones.

## Personal life

In 2012, Yomi Black married Elizabeth John in Abuja. The two had met on the set of the season 2 of the Nigerian premiere business reality TV show, The Intern and hit it off. In 2021, it was reported that after nine years of marriage, the two had separated. They have a son together.

## Awards and recognition

In 2013, one of his comedy skits, Lagos Big Girls Games was listed as the 4th most watched video on Youtube in Nigeria. Yomi Black was also awarded the Vlogger of the Year at the 2016 City People Entertainment Awards.

## Filmography
### Directorial credits

| Year | Title | Notes |
| 2013 | Lagos Big Girl Games | Youtube sketch |
| 2015 | Madame Ekaite’s Pant | Youtube sketch, garnered over 3 million views |
| 2015 | The Password | Skit with 130m views on Facebook |
| 2017 | Sunday and Lolade | Theatrical Release/Online Release (8 million views) |
| 2017 | Bandits | Feature film |
| 2018 | Room 420 | 12 episode TV series |
| 2018 | Jelili and Clit Oris | 13 episode TV series |
| 2018 | Come Chop with me naija | 13 Episode TV Reality show |
| 2022 | The Modern Woman | Feature film starring Sharon Ojoa and Timini Egbuson |

### Production credits

| Year | Title | Notes |
| 2021 | Nkoyo (the series) | Directed by Seyi Babatope (13 episodes produced) |
| 2021 | Bad boys and Bridesmaids | Directed by Seyi Babatope |
| 2022 | Case Closed | TV series starring Alibaba and Lasisi Elenu |

### Acting credits

| Year | Title | Notes |
| 2021 | Lockdown | Directed by Moses Inwang, $_{featuringOmotolaJaladeEkeindeandChiomaAkpotha}$ |
| 2021 | Bad Comments | Produced by Jim Iyke |
# Heliconia collinsiana

Heliconia collinsiana (platanillo) of family Heliconiaceae is an erect herb typically growing 10–15 feet (3.0–4.6 m) tall, native to Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and southern Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Tabasco, Nayarit, Jalisco, Veracruz, Michoacán).

## Uses

Heliconia collinsiana is a popular ornamental plant in hot regions with a humid climate. The fruits are showy, first yellow and then ripening to a bright purple-blue. It can be cultivated outdoors in frost-free areas of Southern California. It is usually grown in full sun to light shade (50% sun) and in rich, well-drained soils.
# Gwangnyeong Muk clan

Gwangnyeong Muk clan (Korean: 광녕 묵씨; Hanja: 廣寧 墨氏) was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Guangning County, China. According to the research in 2000, the number of Gwangnyeong Muk clan was 133. Muk clan was born in Liang County (Hanja: 梁郡), China. Gwangnyeong Muk clan’s founder was Muk Sa [ja]. He was a descendant of Mozi who was from Yang Province in China, and was a thinker from Lu in China’s Spring and Autumn period. He was naturalized in Joseon when he was a minister of defense (Hanja: 兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu) in Ming dynasty.
# 2017 L'Open Emeraude Solaire de Saint-Malo

The 2017 L'Open Emeraude Solaire de Saint-Malo was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the twenty-second edition of the tournament and was part of the 2017 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Saint-Malo, France, on 18–24 September 2017.

## Singles main draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| ROU | Mihaela Buzărnescu | 127 | 1 |
| GER | Tamara Korpatsch | 139 | 2 |
| BUL | Viktoriya Tomova | 158 | 3 |
| ROU | Alexandra Cadanțu | 162 | 4 |
| ROU | Irina Bara | 176 | 5 |
| SLO | Polona Hercog | 183 | 6 |
| TUR | Çağla Büyükakçay | 186 | 7 |
| ESP | Sílvia Soler Espinosa | 191 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings as of 11 September 2017.

### Other entrants

The following players received a wildcard into the singles main draw:
* Audrey Albié
* Elixane Lechemia
* Alizé Lim
* Jessika Ponchet
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Marie Benoît
* Eleni Kordolaimi
* Irina Ramialison
* Kimberley Zimmermann
The following players received entry as lucky losers:
* Yvonne Cavallé Reimers
* Anastasiya Vasylyeva

## Champions
### Singles

* Polona Hercog def. Diāna Marcinkēviča, 6–3, 6–3

### Doubles

* Diāna Marcinkēviča / Daniela Seguel def. Irina Bara / Mihaela Buzărnescu, 6–3, 6–3
# Kasuga, Gifu

Kasuga (春日村, Kasuga-mura) was a village located in Ibi District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,570 and a density of 13.96 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 112.44 km$^2$.
On January 31, 2005, Kasuga, along with the villages of Fujihashi, Kuze, Sakauchi and Tanigumi (all from Ibi District), was merged into the expanded town of Ibigawa and no longer exists as an independent municipality.
# 1692 in science

The year 1692 in science and technology:

## Events

* In the American colonies, the Salem witch trials develop, following 250 years of witch-hunts in Europe.

## Mathematics

* The tractrix, sometimes called a tractory or equitangential curve, is first studied by Christiaan Huygens, who gives it its name.
* John Arbuthnot publishes Of the Laws of Chance (translated from Huygens' De ratiociniis in ludo aleae), the first work on probability theory in English.

## Medicine

* Thomas Sydenham's Processus integri ("The Process of Healing") is published posthumously.

## Births

* April 22 – James Stirling, Scottish mathematician (died 1770)

## Deaths

* May – John Banister, English missionary and botanist, accidentally shot (born 1654)
# Reaction Motors XLR99

The Reaction Motors LR99 engine was the first large, throttleable, restartable liquid-propellant rocket engine. Development began in the 1950s by the Reaction Motors Division of Thiokol Chemical Company to power the North American X-15 hypersonic research aircraft. It could deliver up to 57,000 lbf (250 kN) of thrust with a specific impulse of 279 s (2.74 km/s) or 239 s (2.34 km/s) at sea level. Thrust was variable from 50 to 100 percent, and the restart capability allowed it to be shut down and restarted during flight when necessary.

## Design and development

The engine is propelled by liquid oxygen and anhydrous ammonia, pumped into the engine by turbopumps at a mass flow rate of over 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) per minute.
After one hour of operation, the XLR99 required an overhaul. Operating times nearly twice that were recorded in tests, but declared largely unsafe. The basic X-15 aircraft carried fuel for about 83 seconds of full-powered flight, while the X-15A-2 carried fuel for just over 150 seconds. Therefore, each XLR99 was capable, in theory, of between 20 and 40 flights before an overhaul.
Like many other liquid-fuel rocket engines, the XLR99s used regenerative cooling, in that the thrust chamber and nozzle had tubing surrounding it, through which the propellant and oxidizer passed before being burned. This kept the engine cool, and preheated the fuel. The basic engine has a mass of 910 lb (410 kg).

## Operational history

The LR-99 was used exclusively to power the X-15 research aircraft after initial trials that used a pair of Reaction Motors XLR11s.

## Applications

* North American X-15

## Variants
### XLR99-RM-1

    prototype engines for initial testing and flight trials.

### YLR99-RM-1

    Service test engines fitted to X-15s for later flights.

## Specifications (YLR-99-RM-1)

Data from Aircraft engines of the World 1964/65

### General characteristics

* Type: liquid-fuelled rocket engine
* Length: 82 in (2,083 mm)
* Diameter: 39.3 in (998 mm) at the nozzle
* Dry weight: 910 lb (412.8 kg)
* Fuel: liquid ammonia (LNH$_3$)
* Oxidiser: liquid oxygen (LO$_2$ / LOX)

### Components

* Pumps: turbopumps 200 lb/s (90.7 kg/s) driven by High-test peroxide (H$_2$O$_2$) decomposed by a catalyst

### Performance

* Thrust: 15,000 lbf (66.72 kN) to 57,000 lbf (253.55 kN)
** Combustion chamber temperature: 4,982 °F (3,023 K; 2,750 °C)
** Combustion chamber pressure: 600 psi (4,137 kPa)
** Specific impulse: 239 seconds
** Propellant consumption:0.0035 lb/lbf/s (0.36 kg/kN/s)
* Burn time:
* Thrust-to-weight ratio: 62:1
# Ematurga

Ematurga is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae erected by Julius Lederer in 1853.

## Species

* Ematurga amitaria (Guenée, 1857)
* Ematurga atomaria (Linnaeus, 1758) – common heath
# Yomi Fash Lanso

Yomi Fash-LansoListen (born 7 June 1968) is a Nigerian actor.

## Early life

Yomi Fash-Lanso was born on 7 June 1968, in Ogun State Nigeria, as Oluyomi Fash Lanso.

## Career

He earned a degree in Business Administration from the University of Lagos. He acts mostly in Yoruba language films and has more than 100 films to his credit. In 2014, he was nominated for Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role at the 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards for his role in Omo Elemosho, the same year, he got the award for best actor in a supporting role for his role in Omo Elemosho, from NEA awards which were held in the US.

## Selected filmography

* Aje metta (2008) as Oladele
* Jenifa (2008) as Demola
* Idoti oju
* Opolo (2005) as Police
* Tani kin fe? (2005)
* Temidun (2005)
* Kadara Mi (2004) as Muyiwa
* Farayola (2009) as Irewole
* Omo Elemosho (2012) as Dr. Femi
* Dazzling Mirage (2014) as Lanre
* Professor JohnBull (2016) as Olaniyi Olaitan
* Obirin Isonu (2021)
* Citation (2020) as Lucien Legal Rep
* Osoronga (2023)
* Atunwa (2023)
* Akudaaya (2023)
* Wura (2023 TV Series) as Anthony Adeleke
* Lakatabu (2024)
# Henrietta Bussell

Henrietta (Hettie) Langdale Bussell (19 February 1917 – December 1996) was Britain's first female railway engineer. She served as the president of the Women's Engineering Society from 1976 to 1977.

## Early life and education

Bussell was born in London, but moved to Newport, Monmouthshire at age 12 with her family. There she won a scholarship to attend a new grammar school in Monmouthshire where she developed a love for maths and physics.

## Finding work

Bussell left school in 1933 during the Great Depression, a time where it was difficult to find work. She sat a Civil Service entrance exam in 1934, where she did not gain one of the 4 vacancies on offer to 2,000 testers. That same year, she came 2nd in an exam to join Great Western Railway, where only the first place recipient claimed entry to the company.
However, Great Western Railway soon after had a vacancy in Cardiff in the Drawing Office, part of the Civil Engineering Department. Bussell contacted the company to remind them of her 2nd place exam finish. From this, she was able to gain a position as a tracer in August 1934.

## Career and interests

In 1942, the GWR Chief Civil Engineer appointed Bussell as Junior Technical Staff as Draughtsman (female).
Bussell transferred to British Rail, where she was promoted to various roles:
* Assistant Draughtsman in 1948
* Technical Assistant in 1957
* Engineering Assistant in 1966
* Senior Engineering Assistant in 1971
Bussell was a member of the British Railway's Management Staff.
Bussell had a great interest in tunneling works, particularly the Channel Tunnel.

## Advocacy for women in engineering

Bussell was an advocate for getting women involved in engineering.
Bussell joined the Women’s Engineering Society in 1951 and became an active member in the London branch. She joined the Society's council in 1961 before becoming President from 1976–77, succeeding Gwendolen 'Bunty' Sergant and being succeeded by Veronica Milligan.
She attended the second International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists conference in Cambridge in 1967, where amongst other things, she was taught how to wear a sari by Indian engineer K. K. Khubchandani alongside fellow WES members and engineers Rose Winslade, Cicely Thompson, and US delegates Louise Davies and Betty Lou Bailey. Bussell submitted a paper on the Channel Tunnel to the third International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists conference held in Turin in 1971.
Bussell became seriously ill in 1989 and died in Colchester in 1996.
# Xaxado

The xaxado (Portuguese pronunciation:) is a popular dance created in the Sertão of Pernambuco state, Brazil. It was often practiced by cangaceiros of the region to commemorate victory in battle; it is also practiced as a traditional dance by the local population as a whole.
The name xaxado comes from the noise made by the cangaceiros' sandals as they strike the sand during the dance.
# Pseudohemihyalea klagesi

Pseudohemihyalea klagesi is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Brazil.
# Pieve Porto Morone

Pieve Porto Morone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km southeast of Milan and about 25 km southeast of Pavia.
Pieve Porto Morone borders the following municipalities: Arena Po, Badia Pavese, Castel San Giovanni, Costa de' Nobili, Monticelli Pavese, Santa Cristina e Bissone, Sarmato, Zerbo.
# Katarína Uhláriková

Katarína Uhlariková (born 9 February 1988) is a road cyclist from Slovakia. She represented her nation at the 2008 UCI Road World Championships.