OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# English surnames of Norman origin

Some family names contain clues as to their origin, like English surnames of Norman Origin. William, Duke of Normandy, successfully invaded England in 1066, and this invasion left a lasting legacy in the English language, in general, and in surnames, in particular.
According to Christopher Daniell, in From Norman Conquest to Magna Carta, 1140 marked what might be the first recorded use of a modern surname, inherited by multiple generations. The sons of a Norman named Robert used a modern inheritable surname, FitzGerald, in honour of an earlier relative, named Gerald.
According to Joslin Fiennes's Origins of English surnames modern surnames were not used until the fourteenth century:
    "Surnames exploded into the records in the late fourteenth century, and document a unique history of ordinary medieval society during a short period of extraordinary social change. The roots of the names tell you the language people spoke then. It is a well-stirred mix of Old English, Middle English and Norman French, with some Norse and Celt, in which it is English that dominates. To see it in context, Norman French was the language of power and rank until Henry IV made English the tongue of kings at the end of the fourteenth century when most surnames already existed."
Beginning in the late 1500s and peaking in the wake of the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), French Protestant refugees from France, the Huguenots, brought surnames like Dubarry (Aquitaine), Blanchard (whole France), Duhamel (Normandy, Picardy) and Dupuy (Aquitaine) into the English namespace, when the historical record shows these names had not been present prior to the fifteenth century.
# 1900 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election

The 1900 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election was a parliamentary by-election held in Scotland on 3 May 1900 for the UK House of Commons constituency of Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities.
As a university constituency, the constituency had no geographical basis. Instead, its electorate consisted of the graduates of Edinburgh University and St Andrews University.

## Vacancy

The by-election was held to fill the vacancy caused by the death on 11 April 1900 of 70-year-old Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) Sir William Overend Priestley. An eminent obstetrician, Priestley had held the seat since a by-election in May 1896.

## Candidates

The Conservative Party selected as its candidate the 65-year-old Sir John Batty Tuke. He was a Yorkshire-born, Edinburgh-educated, pioneering psychiatrist based at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital, who had been knighted in 1898.
Nomination day was set as Thursday 3 May, but the seat had last been contested at the 1885 general election. The Conservatives did not expect a contest in the by-election, and speculation that the novelist J. M. Barrie would stand as a Liberal Party candidate ended on 30 April when Barrie sent a telegram declining nomination.

## Result

The nomination process was held in the Senate Hall of the University of Edinburgh on 3 May 1900, where the Principal Sir William Muir presided over a gathering of only about 20 people. Tuke was nominated by Professor Thomas Annandale of Edinburgh, and seconded by Professor Scott Lang of the University of St Andrews.
No other candidate was nominated, so Tuke was declared elected.

## Aftermath

Tuke was re-elected unopposed at the general election in September/October 1900. At the 1906 general election, he was re-elected in a two-way contest with John Strachey (journalist), a Free Trader. He stood down at the January 1910 general election.
# World number 1 ranked tennis players

The following are lists of world number 1 ranked players in tennis:

## Men

* World number 1 ranked male tennis players, all-time singles rankings
* List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players, since 1973
* List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players, since 1976

## Women

* World number 1 ranked female tennis players, all-time singles rankings
* List of WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players, since 1975
* List of WTA number 1 ranked doubles tennis players, since 1984
# World of Ajax

The World of Ajax is a museum and stadium tour dedicated to AFC Ajax' club history in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. The museum, located at the Johan Cruyff Arena, was opened on 14 August 1996 and is open daily for tours. There are two versions of the tour which involve different parts and elements of the Stadium and environment, namely the World of Ajax and the World of Ajax Kids Tour, one for children and one for the adults.

## History

In 1996, the Dutch football club, AFC Ajax, relocated to their new facility to the newly opened Amsterdam ArenA. The stadium includes a museum and fan shop section which are open to the public with a tour starting every hour from 11:00–17:00 CET taking the visitor to various parts of the stadium, through the locker rooms, and alongside the pitch, to see the club's Wall of Fame and the Club van 100.

## Location

The museum and tour are situated in the Johan Cruyff ArenA in Amsterdam-Zuidoost inside the club's home stadium.
# World Cup Soccer: Italia '90

World Cup Soccer: Italia '90 is a football video game released for various home computers in 1990 by Virgin Mastertronic. It is the officially licensed game of the tournament. It was known simply as Italia '90 for the Tronix budget reissues.
Different games were also released by Virgin Mastertronic for Sega consoles as World Cup Italia '90.
This is the second licensed game based on the FIFA World Cup featuring the official logo and the mascot, the first having been the ill-fated World Cup Carnival for the 1986 FIFA World Cup.

## Development

The game was based on the 1989 game World Trophy Soccer which was originally an arcade game for Mastertronic's Amiga-based Arcadia machines. Virgin Games had bought out Mastertronic in 1988 so the game was released for Amiga, Atari ST and Commodore 64 published by Virgin Mastertronic.
Virgin Mastertronic obtained the official licence for the World Cup from sponsor Olivetti. They adapted the World Trophy Soccer game, renaming it World Cup Soccer: Italia '90 while also porting it to Amstrad CPC, DOS and ZX Spectrum. No attempts were made to change the set up of the tournament or teams available to match the actual 1990 World Cup.
This videogame was also the last ever FIFA World Cup videogame to have West Germany and East Germany divided.

## Gameplay

The game is presented in a bird's-eye view but when the player gets near the goal, it switches to a 3D view of the penalty area and the player must try to score before a defender arrives on screen.
The player can only choose to play as England, Belgium, Italy or Spain. The teams do not have the correct coloured strips and the tournament is not the same as the actual World Cup.

## Reception

The game received mixed reviews. Amiga Action gave an overall score of 62% but their reviewers were split. Reviewer Alex said "The graphics are well implemented, and I was impressed by the use of first-person perspective when shooting or saving a goal" but reviewer Doug concluded "I've played my fair share of soccer games, and this World Cup tie-in is certainly not the best. The game is quite hard to get the hang of, but even when you do get used to the controls the game still doesn't play that well".
Zzap! gave scores of 44% for the Amiga version and 42% for the Commodore 64. While praise was given for the graphics, the review was overwhelmingly negative with complaints focusing on the 3D goalmouth section which they said "doesn't really work and is unfair anyway" but mostly that despite being the officially licensed game, it did not accurately reflect the tournament: "Can someone tell me what this has to do with the World Cup? It may be the official licence but it lacks the official fixtures and teams!".
The game became a best seller, being the number one selling Spectrum game in August and September 1990.
# Enicocephaloidea

Enicocephaloidea is a sole superfamily within the infraorder Enicocephalomorpha of the hemipteran suborder Heteroptera ("true bugs"). The group was formerly thought to be related to the Reduviidae because of similarities in head structure but they are now considered different enough from other Heteroptera to constitute a separate infraorder and represents a sister group of the Leptopodomorpha. They are predaceous and some species are known to swarm but little is known of their life history. A few species of enicocephalids are known to shed their wings before entering the surface of subsoil.
# Women's football in the Philippines

Women's football in the Philippines started largely as an amateur sport. Its top tier league, the PFF Women's League, was largely composed of collegiate teams. The national team has competed in several editions of the AFC Women's Asian Cup.

## History

Women's football in the Philippines along with its national team was institutionalized when the Philippine Ladies' Football Association (PLFA or PhiLFA) was established in 1980 by Cristina Ramos. The women's football association organized a league known as the Philippine Ladies' Football National League in 1981. The inaugural season was participated by eight teams mostly consisting of collegiate squads; Philippine Air Force, University of the Philippines Diliman, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Santos Tomas, Baguio Colleges Foundation, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasay Academy and Philippine Union College. University of the Philippines Diliman was the inaugural champions. The PLFA was eventually absorbed by the Philippine Football Federation (PFF).
There were previous attempts to establish a women's league in the Philippines. One such attempt was the Pinay Futbol League which folded in 2013. The following year the PFF organized the PFF Women's Cup. In 2016, the PFF launched the PFF Women's League as a follow-up to the cup competition it launched two years prior.
An organization dedicated to women's football in the country, the Philippine Women's Football Association (PWFA) was established in July 2021. The PWFA intends to coordinate with the federation's existing women's department.

## National competitions

The top-flight women's football league in the Philippines is the PFF Women's League. The 2016–2017 season was the inaugural season. The women's football cup for the country is the PFF Women's Cup.

## National team

The Philippine women's national team, also known by their nickname the Filipinas is organized by the Philippine Football Federation. They have regularly competed at the AFC Women's Championship with the Philippines hosting the 1999 edition until qualification phase was introduced in 2006. They returned to the continental tournament in 2019 (now known as the AFC Women's Asian Cup), when they qualified for the first time.
# Wrestling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 86 kg

The men's 86 kg freestyle wrestling competition at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, Australia was held on 14 April at the Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre.

## Results
### Legend

* F — Won by fall

### Bracket

| Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| | | David Conteh (SLE) | 0 | | | | |
| | | Melvin Bibo (NGR) | 4$^F$ | | | | |
| | | | | Melvin Bibo (NGR) | 10 | | |
| | | | | Syerus Eslami (ENG) | 0 | | |
| | | Toby Fitzpatrick (NZL) | 8 | | | | |
| Syerus Eslami (ENG) | 12 | Syerus Eslami (ENG) | 9 | | | | |
| Mark Inguyesi (KEN) | 2 | | | | | Melvin Bibo (NGR) | 0 |
| Taebontangaroa Kookoo (KIR) | 0 | | | | | Muhammad Inam (PAK) | 6 |
| Somveer Kadian (IND) | 4$^F$ | Somveer Kadian (IND) | 0 | | | | |
| Jayden Lawrence (AUS) | 4 | Muhammad Inam (PAK) | 10 | | | | |
| Muhammad Inam (PAK) | 14 | | | Muhammad Inam (PAK) | 4$^F$ | | |
| Alex Moore (CAN) | 12 | | | Alex Moore (CAN) | 6 | | |
| Michael Gaitskill (RSA) | 2 | Alex Moore (CAN) | 10 | | | | |
| Kevin Wallen (JAM) | 11 | Kevin Wallen (JAM) | 0 | | | | |
| Rashji Mackey (BAH) | 10 | | | | | | |

### Repechage

| Repechage first round | Repechage first round | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match |
| | | David Conteh (SLE) | 0 |
| | | Syerus Eslami (ENG) | 11 |
| Jayden Lawrence (AUS) | 0 | Somveer Kadian (IND) | 7 |
| Somveer Kadian (IND) | 7$^F$ | Alex Moore (CAN) | 3 |
# Wrist (disambiguation)

The wrist is the joint connecting the hand with the forearm.
Wrist may also refer to:
* "Wrist" (Chris Brown song), a 2015 song
* "Wrist" (Logic song), a 2016 single
* Wrist, Germany, a municipality in Schleswig-Holstein
# Wu Changde

Wu Changde (simplified Chinese: 吴昌德; traditional Chinese: 吳德昌; pinyin: Wú Chāngdé; born 1952) is a retired general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). He served as deputy director of the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission from 2011 to 2017.

## Biography

Wu Changde was born in 1952 in Dayu County, Jiangxi. He joined the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in December 1970 and the Chinese Communist Party in 1972. He graduated from the Department of Philosophy of Fudan University in Shanghai.
Wu was appointed deputy director of the political department of the Nanjing Military Region from July 2003, and director of the political department of the Chengdu Military Region from June 2007. In July 2011, he became a deputy director of Political Work Department .
Wu Changde attained the rank of major general in 1997 and lieutenant general in 2008. On 31 July 2013, he was promoted to general (shangjiang), the highest rank for Chinese military officers in active service.
Wu was a member of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (2012–2017).
# Wonderful Life (Cliff Richard album)

Wonderful Life is a soundtrack album by Cliff Richard with The Shadows to the 1964 film Wonderful Life. It is their third film soundtrack album and Richard's eleventh album overall. The album reached number 2 in the UK Albums Chart, spending 8 weeks in the top 3 and 23 weeks on in the top 20, but was a marked decline from their previous soundtrack album Summer Holiday that had spent 14 weeks at number 1.
The album had two lead singles, the first being the instrumental "Theme for Young Lovers" from the Shadows, followed by "On the Beach" with Richard being backed by the Shadows.
Some of the recordings on the album are not those used on the actual film soundtrack, including the title song. The vocal takes are different and in some cases the orchestrations are also altered slightly. The recordings on the album are generally more polished than the soundtrack ones. The Shadows' recording line-up included Brian Locking on bass guitar although by the time filming commenced John Rostill had replaced him.
The vinyl LP released on the Columbia label in the UK featured an inner sleeve with a storyline outlining the plot and the position of each of the musical numbers, illustrated with stills from the film.
Released in the US with the title Swingers Paradise the album did not chart.

## Track listing

* "Wonderful Life" (Bennett/Welch) - Cliff Richard and A.B.S. Orchestra
* "A Girl in Every Port" (Myers/Cass) - Cliff Richard, and A.B.S. Orchestra
* "Walkin'" (Hank Marvin/Welch) - The Shadows
* "A Little Imagination" (Myers/Cass) - Cliff Richard and A.B.S. Orchestra
* "Home" - Cliff Richard and A.B.S. Orchestra
* "On the Beach" (Marvin/Richard/Welch) - Cliff Richard and The Shadows
* "In the Stars" (Myers/Cass) - Cliff Richard and A.B.S. Orchestra
* "We Love a Movie" (Myers/Cass) - Cliff Richard and A.B.S. Orchestra
* "Do You Remember" (Marvin/Welch) - Cliff Richard, The Shadows, and The Norrie Paramor Strings
* "What've I Gotta Do" (Marvin/Welch) - Cliff Richard and The Shadows
* "Theme for Young Lovers" (Welch) - The Shadows
* "All Kinds of People" (Myers/Cass) - Cliff Richard and A.B.S. Orchestra
* "A Matter of Moments" (Welch) - Cliff Richard, The Shadows, and The Norrie Paramor Strings
* "Youth and Experience" (Myers/Cass) - Cliff Richard and A.B.S. Orchestra

## Personnel
### Cliff Richard with the Shadows

* Cliff Richard – lead vocals
* Hank Marvin – lead guitar
* Bruce Welch – rhythm guitar
* Brian Locking – bass guitar
* Brian Bennett – drums

## Chart performance

| Chart (1964) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (Kent) | 5 |
| Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) | 4 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 2 |
# Enrique Adolfo Jiménez

Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Brin (8 February 1888 – 28 April 1970) was President of Panama from 15 June 1945 to 7 August 1948, representing the National Liberal Party of Panama.
Jiménez Brin was appointed private secretary of President Belisario Porras Barahona at the age of 25, deputy Minister of State, president of the National Bank of Panama and ambassador of Panama to the United States at Washington, D.C., an important post due to the authority exercised by the U.S. over Panama due to its ownership of the Panama Canal.
He was elected the first presidential designate by the National Assembly for the 1924–1926 term and a second time for the 1934–1936 term.
In June 1945, he was appointed president of the Republic of Panama by the Constituent National Assembly, and remained in office until 7 August 1948.

## Achievements

During his term in office, Jiménez's achievements included:
* Tocumen International Airport was constructed
* The Colón Free Trade Zone was created
* The Felix Olivares school in Chiriquí Province and Abel Bravorew school in Colón were established
* The School of Mechanical Currency Arts was created
* New buildings for the Artes y Oficos school were added
* Legislation supporting education and university autonomy were written
* Promoted commercial development, such as the university city and the Hotel El Panama (which later became the Panama Hilton)
Among his notable books are:
* Reminicencias Politicas (Political Reminiscences)
* For History and Memories

## Significance to Panama

* He is patriarch of one Panama's most recognized and honorable families, who remain involved in politics
* Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport in Colón, Panama was named for him
# Daydreamer (David Cassidy song)

"Daydreamer" is a song by the American singer David Cassidy.
Written by Terry Dempsey and produced by Rick Jarrard, "Daydreamer" was Cassidy's second and final No.1 single in the UK Singles Chart, spending three weeks at the top of the chart in October and November 1973. The song was a double-A side with a cover version of Harry Nilsson's "The Puppy Song". The single was the 10th best selling single in the UK in 1973.
The song also appears on David Cassidy's 1973 UK No.1 album Dreams Are Nuthin' More Than Wishes.
Cilla Black recorded a version of this song in 1974. The French singer Claude François also recorded a version of this song called "Le mal aimé" which was a hit in France and Belgium. Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François' song.
The song's only chart appearances in the US were by C.C. & Company and Gino Cunico in 1976. C.C. & Company’s soul-flavored version (produced by Mike Theodore and Dennis Coffey) entered the Hot 100 on January 3, 1976, and made it to #91 six weeks later. Cunico’s cover, on Arista Records, which hit No. 43 on the Billboard Easy Listening Chart, added a bridge repeating the phrase "ain't that a shame", echoing the lyrical variation introduced by Cilla Black in her 1974 treatment of the song.

## Personnel

Sourced from the original album liner notes
* David Cassidy - lead and backing vocals
* Michael McDonald - Wurlitzer electric piano
* Michael Omartian - grand piano
* Al Casey - acoustic guitar
* Max Bennett - bass guitar
* John Guerin - drums
* Milt Holland - congas
* Unknown - recorder

## Chart history
### Weekly charts
#### C.C. & Company

| Chart (1975–76) | Peak position |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 91 |

#### Gino Cunico

| Chart (1976) | Peak position |
| US Billboard Easy Listening | 43 |
# David Walter (17th century)

David Walter (died 1679) was a British Cavalier who served as Lieutenant General of the Ordnance under Charles II of England. Walter was the third son of the judge Sir John Walter.
In 1636, Walter inherited Wolvercote upon the death of his stepmother. He married Elizabeth, the daughter of Paul Bayning, 2nd Viscount Bayning, but had no children. He was Elizabeth's second husband.

## Career

He was appointed the Royalist High Sheriff of Oxfordshire in 1645. In September 7, 1645, he led the Royalists alongside Colonel Ledge (then Governor of Oxford) in a raid against the Parliamentary forces in Thame led by Colonel Richard Greaves.
During the reign of Charles I, he was a colonel of a regiment of horse. After the English Restoration, he was rewarded for his support of the King with an appointment as Groom of the Bedchamber and as the Chief Baron of the Exchequer. In 1670, he was appointed Lieutenant General of the Ordnance, and held that office until his death in 1679. Wolvercote passed to his nephew, Sir William Walter, 2nd Baronet.
# Osinachi

Osinachi may refer to:
* "Osinachi" — single by Humble Smith
* Osinachi — Nigerian NFT artist.
# Nulga

Nulga is a village in Räpina Parish, Põlva County in southeastern Estonia.
# Urgancı, Taşköprü

Urgancı is a village in the Taşköprü District of Kastamonu Province in Turkey. Its population is 206 (2021).
# 1893 Chicago Athletic Association football team

The 1893 Chicago Athletic Association football team represented the Chicago Athletic Association, or C. A. A., during the 1893 college football season. In Harry Cornish's first year as manager of the athletic club, CAA compiled an undefeated 8–0 record, and outscored their opponents 90 to 8. The team played its home games on Chicago's South Side: four at the World's Fair Stock Pavilion in Jackson Park and one at South Side Park (II).

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result |
| August 26 | 9:20 p.m. | West Point "picked" team | World's Fair Stock PavilionChicago, IL | W 14–0 |
| September 9 | | Detroit Athletic Club | World's Fair Stock PavilionChicago, IL | W 16–0 |
| September 18 | | New York Athletic Club | World's Fair Stock PavilionChicago, IL | W 6–0 |
| October 3 | | Denver Athletic Club | World's Fair Stock PavilionChicago, IL | W 10–0 |
| October 14 | | vs. Wisconsin | Athletic ParkMilwaukee, WI | W 22–0 |
| October 18 | | at Boston Athletic Association | Boston, MA | Cancelled |
| October 21 | | Beloit | Beloit, WI | Cancelled |
| October 28 | | at Illinois | Illinois FieldChampaign, IL | W 10–4 |
| November 4 | | at Allegheny Athletic Association | AAA ParkAllegheny, PA | W 4–0 |
| November 11 | | vs. Kansas | Kansas City, MO | Cancelled |
| November 25 | | Missouri | Chicago, IL | Cancelled |
| November 25 | | at Minnesota | Minneapolis, MN | Cancelled |
| November 30 | | Boston Athletic Association | South Side ParkChicago, IL | W 8–4 |
# Vilnius Žirmūnai Gymnasium

Vilnius Žirmūnai Gymnasium is a Lithuanian language gymnasium school located in Žirmūnai district of Vilnius, Lithuania.
It used to be known as Vilnius Secondary School No. 7. The Gymnasium had 800 students in 2006. The school was granted the title Gymnasium in 2000; it is home to the brass band Septima, established in 1966.
# Crème de banane

Crème de banane (French pronunciation:) is a sweet, banana-flavored liqueur, usually bottled at 17–25% ABV. It is mostly used in alcoholic drinks but also in cooking; it is an ingredient of various cocktails and desserts.

## Cooking

Crème de banane can be used as a syrup on frozen desserts. In some baked dishes, it may be added to obtain a strong banana flavor.

## Production

Companies such as Marie Brizard, Lucas Bols, and DeKuyper make this liqueur. It is based on neutral-tasting, unaged grape brandy flavored by means of infusion or maceration.
vteAlcoholic beverages :
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