OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Geminal

In chemistry, the descriptor geminal (from Latin gemini 'twins') refers to the relationship between two atoms or functional groups that are attached to the same atom. A geminal diol, for example, is a diol (a molecule that has two alcohol functional groups) attached to the same carbon atom, as in methanediol. Also the shortened prefix gem may be applied to a chemical name to denote this relationship, as in a gem-dibromide for "geminal dibromide".
The concept is important in many branches of chemistry, including synthesis and spectroscopy, because functional groups attached to the same atom often behave differently from when they are separated. Geminal diols, for example, are easily converted to ketones or aldehydes with loss of water.
Comparison of geminal with vicinal and isolated substitution patterns. :
| | vicinal | isolated |
| Methane | not existing | not existing |
| Ethane | | not existing |
| Propane | | |
| Substituents on selected dibromoalkanes labeled red. |||||
The related term vicinal refers to the relationship between two functional groups that are attached to adjacent atoms. This relative arrangement of two functional groups can also be described by the descriptors α and β.

## $^1$H NMR spectroscopy

In $^1$H NMR spectroscopy, the coupling of two hydrogen atoms on the same carbon atom is called a geminal coupling. It occurs only when two hydrogen atoms on a methylene group differ stereochemically from each other. The geminal coupling constant is referred to as $^2$J since the hydrogen atoms couple through two bonds. Depending on the other substituents, the geminal coupling constant takes values between −23 and +42 Hz.

## Synthesis

The following example shows the conversion of a cyclohexyl methyl ketone to a gem-dichloride through a reaction with phosphorus pentachloride. This gem-dichloride can then be used to synthesize an alkyne.
# Nicholas Nagy-Talavera

Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera or Miklós Nagy (February 1, 1929 – January 23, 2000) was a Hungarian-American dissident, historian, writer and professor.

## Biography

He was born to prosperous merchants of Sephardic Jewish descent and spent his childhood in Oradea, Romania. In 1944, when he was 14 years old, Nagy-Talavera was arrested by Hungarian police and handed over to German authorities, who transported him to Auschwitz concentration camp, where he encountered the notorious Josef Mengele. He survived Auschwitz and returned to Budapest in 1945 to find that his parents had also survived the war by hiding with Christian friends.
In 1948 Nagy-Talavera enrolled at the University of Vienna. Because of his dissident activities, he fell afoul of SMERSH, the Red Army's counter-intelligence branch. Arrested, convicted of espionage, and sentenced to 25 years of slave labor, he spent the next seven years in the USSR's gulag system. He was released in late 1955, and returned to Budapest in time to participate in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. When the revolution failed he fled to Vienna, and thence to the United States.
Nagy-Talavera completed his Bachelor of Arts and Ph.D. degrees at the University of California, Berkeley. He taught Russian and Eastern European History at California State University, Chico from 1967 until his retirement in 1991.
Nagy-Talavera was the author of many articles and books including on Nicolae Iorga (Nicolae Iorga: A Biography) and the Arrow Cross and the Iron Guard (The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania). He was just a child when he met Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the charismatic leader of the Iron Guard.
# Nakatindi Wina

Princess Naganda Nakatindi Wina (15 February 1945 – 5 April 2012) was a Zambian politician and a member of the royal family of Barotseland.

## Early life

Princess Naganda Nakatindi Wina was born Mukwae Nakatindi into the royal family of Barotseland, the granddaughter of King Yeta III of the Lozi people. Nakatindi was the daughter of Nakatindi Yeta Nganga and Induna Yuyi Nganda; one of 11 children.

## Political career

After multi-party politics was introduced at the start of the 1990s, she joined the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy and in 1992 she became a Minister herself when she was named as Minister of State for Tourism. The following year she became Minister for Community Development and Social Welfare until 1994.

### Controversies

During the early 1990s, there was a series of drug importation scandals related to MMD politicians. Steve Denning of the World Bank recommended to Frederick Chiluba, President of Zambia, deal with the situation. Nakatindi Wina was linked to the scandal by the Zambian press, but Chiluba refused to fire her. He instead, blamed the media for exaggerating the situation. However, he later on imprisoned her in 1998, after she was linked to the 1997 Zambian coup d'état attempt. She was held in Mukobeko prison, where her husband, Induna Sikota Wina, stayed with her. He blamed politician Michael Sata for lying to Chiluba to point blame at Nakatindi Wina.
In 2000, she called on women to boycott the African Union due to a lack of gender equality in the representatives; as each country was only required to include one woman as a minimum in representative groups. She said that the male leaders only wanted women to be "colouring flowers" in the Union.

## Health and death

In 2012, she was diagnosed with a heart condition and was transferred to a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. She died following an operation on 5 April 2012. Her son, Wina Wina, later thanked the South African authorities for allowing her to receive treatment there.
# Peter Tudvad

Peter Tudvad (born 27 April 1966 in Holme south of Århus) is a Danish Søren Kierkegaard scholar, author, philosopher and social critic, formerly at the Søren Kierkegaard Research Center and at the University of Copenhagen; he left the Søren Kierkegaard Research Center after a heated debate with colleague Joakim Garff, whose Kierkegaard biography he lambasted in his own book Kierkegaards København.
His 2009 book Nurse in the Third Reich, an account of a Danish woman serving as a nurse in the German Red Cross, achieved some note.
# 10th Massachusetts Regiment

The 10th Massachusetts Regiment was a military regiment in the American Revolutionary War. It was authorized on 16 September 1776, in the Continental Army under Colonel Marshall at Boston, Massachusetts, as eight companies of volunteers from Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Bristol, Hampshire, Plymouth, and Suffolk counties of the colony of Massachusetts and Cheshire county of the colony of New Hampshire. On 13 August 1777, the regiment was assigned to 3d Massachusetts Brigade in the Northern Department. The brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army on 27 October 1777. On 20 November 1778, the brigade was reassigned to the Highland's Department and on 12 May 1779 was re-organized to nine companies. On 1 January 1781, the regiment was reassigned to the 1st Massachusetts Brigade of the Highland's Department. On 18 June 1781, the regiment was reassigned to the New Hampshire Brigade. This brigade was reassigned from the Highland's Department to the Northern Department on 14 October 1781. The regiment was relieved from this brigade on 12 November 1781 and assigned to the Highland's Department. On 29 August 1782, the regiment was assigned to the New Hampshire Brigade in the Northern Department. It was relieved from this brigade on 26 October 1782 and assigned to the Highland's Department. The regiment was disbanded on 15 November 1783 at West Point, New York. The regiment would see action at the Battle of Saratoga and the Battle of Monmouth.
Colonel Thomas Marshall was commanding officer of the 10th Massachusetts Regiment from 6 November 1776 until 1 January 1781. Colonel Benjamin Tupper was commanding officer from 1 January 1781 until 1 January 1783.
# Eilífr kúlnasveinn

Eilífr kúlnasveinn is an Icelandic skald who lived in the 12th or 13th century.
Nothing is known of his life, but he may have been a clergyman.
Five fragments of his work have come down to us. One stanza is preserved in the Fourth Grammatical Treatise. Three half-stanzas and a couplet are quoted in Snorri Sturluson's Skáldskaparmál (52) and are generally considered to belong to a poem addressed to Christ (Kristsdrápa), for they appear among the kennings for Christ.
# Frenkiel

Frenkiel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* François Frenkiel (1910–1986), American physicist
* Stanisław Frenkiel (1918-2001), Polish artist and British art administrator and teacher
* Paweł Frenkiel (1920–1943), Polish Army officer and Jewish youth leader
* Richard H. Frenkiel (born 1943), American engineer
# Greenwood Museum

The Greenwood Museum at the 19th century Upperville Meeting House was created by artist Terrance Lindall in the 1980s. The Quaker meeting house was flanked by a park, a rectory and overlooked a waterfall on Pleasant Brook alongside Quaker Hill Road. Lindall gave the meeting house back to the Quakers of Hamilton, New York, to devote his energies to helping build one of New York City's newest museums, the Williamsburg Art & Historical Center.
# Fernando Vázquez (disambiguation)

Fernando Vázquez (born 1954) is a Spanish footballer.
Fernando Vázquez may also refer to:
* Fernando Vázquez de Arce (?–1520), Bishop of Islas Canarias
* Fernando Vázquez de Menchaca (1512–1569), Spanish jurist
* Fernando Vásquez (born 1962), Bolivian mining minister
* Fernando Vázquez (athlete) (born 1971), Spanish racewalker
* Fernando "Fer" Vázquez (born 1994), Uruguayan singer
* Fernando Vázquez (footballer, born 1999), Mexican footballer
# Mohammed Nizamuddin

Mohammed Nizamuddin (died 2016) was an Indian trade unionist and politician, belonging to the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Mohammed Nizamuddin won the Entally constituency seat of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly in the 1971, 1977, 1982 and 1991 elections. He served as general secretary of the All India Beedi Workers Federation and was a member of the All India Working Committee of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions. He died in Kolkata on 21 June 2016, at the age of 83.
# Harpalus sanctaehelenae

Harpalus sanctaehelenae is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Basilewsky in 1972.
# Elena Galoppini

Elena Galoppini is an Italian chemist who is a professor at Rutgers University–Newark. Her research considers the development of redox- and photo-active molecules to modify surfaces.

## Early life and education

Galoppini was born in Italy, where she studied chemistry at the University of Pisa. She moved to the University of Chicago for her graduate studies, where she studied alkynylcubanes and rigid-rod molecules. Galoppini then moved to the University of Texas at Austin to work with Marye Anne Fox.

## Research and career

Galoppini started her independent career at the Rutgers University–Newark in 1996 where she directed the graduate program from 2015. Her research looks to enhance semiconductor and metal surfaces through photo-active and redox-active molecules.
Functionally Active Linkers and molecules that serve as connectors between the photoactive segments and the surface. They typically involve dyes that are bound to the surface through anchoring groups, creating donor-acceptor systems. Not only do they attach the photoactive part, but they also possess intrinsic properties that influence electronic reactions at the interface. Galoppini showed it was possible to hold the dyes at fixed distances from the semiconductor surface through careful linker design.
Chromophores within molecular hosts fosters interfacial host-guest chemistry that can demonstrate novel functional properties, including modified electron recombination dynamics.
In 2019, Galoppini was awarded the Rutgers Board of Trustees Award for Excellence in Research. She was appointed Deputy Editor of American Chemical Society Applied Optical Materials in 2022.

## Selected publications

* Elena Galoppini; Jonathan Rochford; Hanhong Chen; Gaurav Saraf; Yicheng Lu; Anders Hagfeldt; Gerrit Boschloo (August 2006). "Fast Electron Transport in Metal Organic Vapor Deposition Grown Dye-sensitized ZnO Nanorod Solar Cells". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 110 (33): 16159–16161. doi:10.1021/JP062865Q. ISSN 1520-6106. PMID 16913732. Wikidata Q58414964.
* Jonathan Rochford; Dorothy Chu; Anders Hagfeldt; Elena Galoppini (27 March 2007). "Tetrachelate porphyrin chromophores for metal oxide semiconductor sensitization: effect of the spacer length and anchoring group position". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129 (15): 4655–4665. doi:10.1021/JA068218U. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 17385856. Wikidata Q51038616.
* Jean-Hugues Fournier; Thierry Maris; James D Wuest; Wenzhuo Guo; Elena Galoppini (1 January 2003). "Molecular tectonics. Use of the hydrogen bonding of boronic acids to direct supramolecular construction". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 125 (4): 1002–1006. doi:10.1021/JA0276772. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 12537499. Wikidata Q44284645.
# Eisenhower Memorial Wayside Park

Eisenhower Memorial Wayside Park is a 7-acre (2.8 ha) park in Carroll, New Hampshire, along Route 302. There are views of the Presidential Range in the White Mountain National Forest. Picnic tables are available.
The park was established in 1979 as a gift from the Bretton Woods Corporation and honors U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
# Frenolicin B

Frenolicin B is an antibiotic and antitumor agent with the molecular formula C$_{18}$H$_{16}$O$_6$ which is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces roseofulvus. Frenolicin B is a selective inhibitor of glutaredoxin 3 and peroxiredoxin 1.
# Greenwood Municipal Airport (Mississippi)

Greenwood Municipal Airport (Old) is a former airport located 2 miles southwest of Greenwood, Mississippi. It was closed about 1970 and flight operations were moved to the Greenwood-Leflore Airport. Today it is an industrial area.

## History

Greenwood Municipal Airport opened about 1931 as the airport for Greenwood, Mississippi. The airfield was said to have 2 sod runways: 2,960 feet (900 m) and 2,800 feet (850 m) long. It was also known as "Leflore Airport". During World War II the Army Air Corps took over control of the airport in 1942 and three 4,000 feet (1,200 m) hard-surface runways were built. The airport was used as an auxiliary landing field for the main Army Air Base across town Greenwood Army Airfield.
After the war ended, civil control of the airport was returned to the City of Greenwood, with the airport having passenger service provided by Chicago & Southern Airlines with Lockheed Electras and later DC-3s. In the 1950s, Delta Airlines acquired C&S and it was served by Convair 440s.
Urban encroachment and the short runways led to the closure of the airport about 1970. Today the site has been redeveloped into a light industrial estate. Only one hangar and a small part of a runway remain.
# Otar Koberidze

Otar Leontyevich Koberidze (Georgian: ოთარ კობერიძე; 17 December 1924 – 9 March 2015) was a Georgian actor, film director and screenwriter.

## Biography

Koberidze was born in Tiflis, Georgian SSR (now Tbilisi, Georgia), where he graduated from the Rustaveli State Theatre Institute in 1948. He graced the stages of esteemed theaters, including the Drama Theater in Sukhumi and the Marjanishvili Theater in Tbilisi, where his exceptional acting talents shone.
Throughout his illustrious career at the film studio Kartuli Pilmi, Otar Koberidze portrayed more than 50 memorable characters, leaving an indelible mark on Georgian cinema. One of his standout roles was as a 17th-century Georgian hero in the 1956 historical action film "Bashi-Achuki." Beyond acting, he also made significant contributions as a director, overseeing ten films, and as a screenwriter, penning scripts for three notable productions.
In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the arts, Otar Koberidze was honored with the prestigious title of People's Artist of Georgia in 1967, a testament to his enduring influence in the Georgian cultural landscape.

## Personal life

Koberidze was married to the esteemed Georgian actress Lia Eliava (1934–1998).

## Selected filmography

* 1948: Keto da Kote as episode
* 1956: Bashi-Achuki as Bashi-Achuki
* 1957: Qalis tvirti as Akaki
* 1958: Other People's Children as Dato
* 1958: Mamluqi as Mahmudi
* 1960: Dge ukanaskneli, dge pirveli as Levani
* 1960: Shetskvetili simgera as Gurami
* 1961: Lyubushka as Grechukha
* 1962: 713 Requests Permission to Land as Henry
* 1963: A Dream Come True as Cosmonaut Ivan Batalov
* 1963: Generali da zizilebi as Navigating Officer Raner Peter
* 1964: Attack and Retreat as Wounded Italian
* 1964: Zgvis shvilebi as Gurami
* 1965: The Tsar's Bride as Grigori Gryaznoy
* 1966: The Little Prince as pilot
* 1967: Qalaqi adre igvidzebs as Tengizi
* 1967: Aladdin's Magic Lamp as The Sultan
* 1967: Commissar as Kirill
* 1968: Spur des Falken as Tasunka-witko
* 1969: The Red Tent as Natale Cecioni
* 1971: Mission in Kabul as Nadir-Khan
* 1971: Daisi as Kiazo
* 1972: Chadziruli qalaqis madziebelni as Edisheri
* 1973: Rustam i Sukhrab as Kavoos
* 1973: Mze shemodgomisa as himself
* 1975: Gaqtseva gatenebisas as Kotsia Eristavi
* 1979: Life Is Beautiful as Alvarado
* 1983: Blue Mountains as movie star (himself)
* 2001: Antimoz iverieli (final film role)
# Dhulabari

Dhulabari is a town in Jhapa District in the Province No. 1 of south-eastern Nepal. It is part of Mechinagar Municipality.

## Geography

Dhulabari is situated in the plains at the base of the Himalaya mountains. Being at the eastern edge of the country, nearest to Kakarvitta at 6 km east making the Mechi river the international border of Nepal and India.

## Economy

Dhulabari is known for its shopping market. It is well known for Chinese market because of availability of Chinese goods. Established in 1977, the market was an icon of Jhapa, and often referred to as the “foreign goods market” by customers scouting for overseas-made products in the area. It is widely famous in Silicuru.
Because of the fertile soil, the land around Dhulabari is well suited for agriculture. Rice, wheat, mustard and tea are some of the crops that are grown seasonally. Rice and wheat are cultivated during the monsoon season when there is abundant rainfall, and harvested during the dry winter months.

## Transport

Dhulabari is connected to all parts of the country by a central highway, the Mahendra Highway (महेन्द्र राज्मार्ग्).Chandragadhi Airport is located in Chandragadhi (चन्द्रगडी) (about 16 Kilometers from Dhulabari) and serves 9 to 10 daily flights to and from Kathmandu.

## Demography

The major ethnicities living there are Rajbanshi, Rai, Limbu, Newar, Chhettri, Brahmins, Marwaris and various others. The majority of the people in Dhulabari are Hindu.

## Climate

The climate of Dhulabari is very hot and humid during summer, and mild and dry during winter. During the summer, temperatures can reach 36 degree Celsius, and the low in winter is about 12 degree Celsius. Rainfall is abundant during the monsoon season (June–September). There is little or no rainfall during winter, which makes it ideal for harvesting crops such as rice, wheat, barley and mustard.

## Culture

The culture of Dhulabari is a mix of cultures of various ethnicities, but these two festival seasons are the most important (partly because of Nepal's 88% population being Hindu's).
* Dashain: (दशै) Dashain is celebrated by the Hindu's and is an exciting time for families to get together and meet relatives and each other. This festival last for 15 days. Celebrations and shopping are common during this time and so are religious ceremonies.
* Tihar and Dipawali: (तिहार) Tihar lasts 5 days, and among the days is a day called Laxmi Puja which coincides with Dipawali. Dipawali is a Hindu festival of lights and colors. People light up their house with little lamps called diyo, generally fueled with mustard oil and burst firecrackers all night long during the 5 days of Tihar.
* Krishna Ashtami: Krishna Ashtami is celebrated by the Hindu people in Dhulabari. Specially the Pranami people. Huge number of peoples gather there in the Krishna Mandir at night time near Dhulabari Mode (Pranami Tole) and do Bhajans and Kritans.
# Nicholas Poyntz (MP died 1585)

Sir Nicholas Poyntz (c. 1528 – 1585) was an English politician.

## Life

Poyntz was born the eldest son of Sir Nicholas Poyntz, courtier and Knight of the Shire for Gloucestershire, and his wife Joan Berkeley, daughter of Thomas Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley. He succeeded his father in 1566 and was knighted (KB) in 1559. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Totnes in 1559 and for Gloucestershire in 1571. He was appointed High Sheriff of Gloucestershire for 1569–70. His mother made a disastrous second marriage to Sir Thomas Dyer, whose cruelty is reputed to have caused her death in 1564. Nicholas, a very sensitive man, is said never to have recovered from his mother's unhappiness and subsequent death.
He married twice, first with Anne, the daughter of Sir Ralph Verney of Penley, Hertfordshire with whom he had a son, John Pointz and two daughters and then with Margaret, the daughter of Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby with whom he had a further three sons.

## Death

Poyntz died in 1585. He was strongly suspected of being a Roman Catholic. His will caused a lawsuit which dragged on for a generation.
# Dredge drag head

A dredge drag head is used by a trailing suction hopper dredger to collect sand from the sea floor.
The dredge drag head is a steel structure that is connected to the dredger by a suction pipe. Supported by the gantries and by using hydraulic winches the dredge drag head and suction pipe are let down onto the sea bottom in order to suck a mixture of water and sand.
In order to dredge in waves, the suction pipe is suspended from special davits, which operate with heave compensation to ensure that the drag head nozzles stay in contact with the sea bed. The control of mixture of water and sand is done by a so-called dredge drag head visor. The visor controls the amount of water that enters along with the sand. In some cases this visor is hydraulically controlled.
To cut the sea bed, the dredge drag head is equipped with replaceable teeth and water jet nozzles. The nozzles are placed at the front of the dredge drag head and used to cut the sand at the sea bed vertically, while the replaceable teeth are placed at the back to cut horizontally.
# Harpalus saxicola

Harpalus saxicola is a species of ground beetle native to the Palearctic realm and Near East. In Europe, it can be found in such countries as Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, all states of former Yugoslavia (except for Croatia and Slovenia), and southern part of Russia. It is also found in Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Israel, Syria and Turkey.
# You've Got a Lover

"You've Got a Lover" is a song written by Shake Russell and released on his first album (with Dana Cooper) in 1978, Songs On The Radio. It was later covered by American country music artist Ricky Skaggs on his album Highways & Heartaches, released in July 1982. It was the fourth single, released in July 1983, from this album and the song reached #2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and #1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1983) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 2 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 1 |
# Pick a Pint

Pick a Pint was an Australian television series which aired in 1960 on Melbourne station HSV-7. It was a game show for children and was hosted by Pat Hodgins. A 15-minute series broadcast on Fridays, it proved short-lived, running from February to May. The archival status of the series is not known.
Hodgins had previously hosted Snakes and Ladders on the same station.