OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Durham v. United States (1954)

Durham v. United States, 214 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954), is a criminal case articulating what became known as the Durham rule for juries to find a defendant is not guilty by reason of insanity: "an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect."
It was to enable psychiatrists to "inform the jury of the character of [the defendant's mental disease" so that a jury could be "guided by wider horizons of knowledge concerning mental life" so that juries could make determinations based on expert testimony about the disease. It was patterned on State v. Pike. It was adopted by only two states, for a short time but is still influential on debate over legal insanity. The decision was criticized for leaving a jury with no standard to judge impairment of reason or control, for not defining mental disease, and for leaving the jury dependent on expert testimony.
# The Village Caller!

The Village Caller is the sixth album led by American jazz vibraphonist Johnny Lytle which was recorded in 1964 for the Riverside label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars stating "A touch lightweight at times but fun anyway... Most of the selections on this date are treated rhythmically, either R&B-ish or with a Latin feel. The results will not reward close listening, but Lytle plays well and this CD will be considered quite satisfying at parties".

## Track listing

All compositions by Johnny Lytle except as indicated
* "The Village Caller" - 4:24
* "On Green Dolphin Street" (Bronisław Kaper, Ned Washington) - 6:08
* "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern) - 4:39
* "Pedro Strodder" - 5:00
* "Kevin Devin" - 3:23
* "You Don't Know What Love Is" (Gene de Paul, Don Raye) - 3:59
* "Unhappy, Happy Soul" - 7:12
* "Solitude" (Eddie DeLange, Duke Ellington, Irving Mills) - 3:18

## Personnel

* Johnny Lytle - vibraphone
* Milton Harris - organ
* Bob Cranshaw - bass
* William "Peppy" Hinnant - drums
* Willie Rodriguez - percussion
# Akim Volynsky

Akim Lvovich Volynsky (Аким Львович Волынский, real name Khaim Leybovich Flekser, Хаим Лейбович Флексер; 3 May 1861 – 6 July 1926) was a Russian literary (later theatre and ballet) critic and historian, one of the early ideologists of the Russian Modernism.

## Early life

Born into a Jewish family, his identity would play a role in his future artistic endeavors.

## Career

Volynsky came to prominence in 1890—1895 with a series of essays published by Severny Vestnik of which he later became the co-editor. His 1896 book Russian Critics which targeted figures like Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Nikolai Dobrolyubov, later in its turn evoked Georgy Plekhanov's scathing criticism. It was followed by another seminal compilation, Fighting for Idealism (Борьба за идеализм, 1900). Among Akim Volynsky's notable books were Leonardo da Vinchi (1900) and F.M. Dostoyevsky (1906); the former drew accusations of plagiarism, as Volynsky the editor has apparently used in it the materials collected by Dmitry Merezhkovsky.
After the 1917 Revolution Volynsky stayed in the Soviet Russia. In 1920-1924 he was a chairman of the Leningrad section of the Writers' Union and for a while headed the Leningrad School of Choreography. His treatise Book of Joys. The Alphabet of the Classic Dance came out in 1925.
# Akim Tafo

Akim Tafo is a town in the Abuakwa North Municipality of the Eastern Region of Ghana

## Further developments

The headquarters of the cocoa research Institute of Ghana is in the Eastern Region

## Location

Akyem/Akim Tafo is just before Kukurantumi on the Koforidua-Bunso highway. It shares boundary with Kukruantumi, Maase, Anyinasi and Osiem.

## Chief

Osabarima Adusei Peasah IV
# Duncan McDonald (English footballer)

Duncan McDonald was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Crewe Alexandra.

## Career

McDonald started his career with Second Division side Crewe Alexandra, making his debut on 24 March 1893 in a 2–0 defeat away at Liverpool. He only managed two further appearances for the Railwaymen in 1894–95, one in the league and the other in an embarrassing 6–3 FA Cup defeat to Fairfield. McDonald left Crewe for Stoke where he spent the 1895–96 season with the reserve side playing in the Midland Football League. He left at the end of the campaign and played with London-based non-league sides West Norwood and Redhill.

## Career statistics

| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Crewe Alexandra | 1893–94 | Second Division | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Crewe Alexandra | 1894–95 | Second Division | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Crewe Alexandra | Total | Total | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Stoke | 1895–96 | First Division | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
# Josef Špaček (politician)

Josef Špaček (7 August 1927 – 11 July 2004) was a Czechoslovak communist politician who was an important member of the government during the 1968 reformist period known as the Prague Spring. He was appointed to the Central Committee of the communist party of Czechoslovakia after communist party leader Antonín Novotný was replaced by Slovak politician Alexander Dubček. Along with Dubček and other Central Committee members, Špaček was arrested by the Soviets during the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (22 August 1968). In the years following the collapse of the Dubček government, Špaček was relegated to low-level, non-political positions, including working as a forestry official. Following the restoration of democracy in 1989, he was again politically active and in 1990 was elected to the national parliament.

## Background

Following World War II, liberated Czechoslovakia became increasingly subject to political pressure from the Soviet Union. Although the pre-war democracy was initially restored, by 1948, Communist influence had grown to the point that a puppet communist state under Klement Gottwald took power in February of that year. The communist party retained power until the pro-democracy, anti-communist Velvet Revolution of 1989. Following the death of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, however, some degree of reform took place in several of the Iron Curtain countries of central and eastern Europe.
Dissatisfaction with only modest reformist development within Czechoslovakia led to political maneuvering against First Party Secretary Antonín Novotný. Early in 1968, Novotný was ousted and replaced by Slovak Alexander Dubček. Špaček, a party official from Moravia, was soon appointed to the Central Committee, along with other reformist communist politicians, where he was a voice for increased democratization.
Five weeks before the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Špaček was injured in a head-on automobile collision outside the town of Havličův Brod (along the Bratislava-Prague highway) and briefly hospitalized.
Following the invasion of August 1968, Dubček and the other leading politicians were returned to their positions in the party and government, but within a year, under Soviet pressure, they were swept out, to be replaced by the hard-line government under Gustáv Husák. Like Dubček, Špaček was also relegated to minor posts, a common fate for the reformists.
# Czyżów Szlachecki Castle

Czyżów Szlachecki Castle (Polish: Zamek w Czyżowie Szlacheckim) - a castle located in Czyżów Szlachecki, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship; in Poland. The current castle is located in the location of the former Czyżowski Castle (from the fifteenth century), whose foundation was used to build the castle. The castle had undergone a restoration in 1978. In 1996, the castle was sold to Danuta and Bogusław Grabosiów, entrepreneurs from Mielec.
# Charles McHugh (politician)

Charles Stephen McHugh (23 April 1887 – 24 July 1927) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and served as a Senator for South Australia from 1923 until his death in 1927 at the age of 40.

## Early life

McHugh was born on 23 April 1887 in Adelaide, South Australia, the son of Annie (née McNamara) and Edward McHugh. He was educated at Christian Brothers College and worked as a clerk and commercial agent after leaving school. He was interested in public speaking from a young age and served as president of the St Patrick's Literary Society. Before entering the Senate he served on the Thebarton Town Council.

## Politics

McHugh joined the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in 1909 and eventually became president of the South Australian branch. He was elected to the Senate at the 1922 federal election, to a term beginning on 1 July 1923. In the gap between his election and the start of his term he married Doreen Hogan, with whom he had one son.
In his maiden speech McHugh spoke of the need to achieve "practical Socialism by a sensible method of nationalisation". He argued for the re-introduction of first-past-the-post voting, which he regarded as a fairer system for Senate elections, and called for a referendum to reform or abolish the state upper houses. He was also a strong proponent of the development of the Northern Territory, but opposed the planned introduction of a freehold system of land ownership which he believed would primarily benefit wealthy land speculators. McHugh served on the Printing Committee and the Joint Committee of Public Accounts, and was also a member of the Royal Commission on the Navigation Act, which sat from 1923 to 1925 and issued two reports. He was popular within the Labor Party and in July 1926 was elected to the post of party whip.

### Death

In July 1927, McHugh travelled to Tasmania with the Public Accounts Committee. He was due to travel to Scottsdale with the rest of the committee, but was taken ill and chose to remain in Launceston. His condition rapidly deteriorated and he was admitted to Struan Private Hospital, where he died of pneumonia on 24 July. The South Australian House of Assembly adjourned for two hours to allow members to attend his funeral. John Verran of the Nationalist Party was appointed as his replacement.
# Circuit de Croix-en-Ternois

Circuit de Croix-en-Ternois is a race track in the north of France, near the small town of Croix-en-Ternois.
The circuit is 1.900 km (1.181 mi) long and is known for its long main straight and twisty in-field section. The circuit is used very regularly for various car and bike race meetings, and is also frequently open for track days. The circuit is also used by the British Motorcycle Racing Club as a round of their annual race calendar.
The circuit was also occasionally used to test Formula One cars.

## Lap records

The fastest official race lap records at the Circuit de Croix-en-Ternois are listed as:
| Category | Time | Driver | Vehicle | Event |
| Full Circuit: 1.730 km (1973–2012) |||||
| Formula Three | 0:50.184 | Tiago Monteiro | Dallara F399 | 2001 Croix-en-Ternois French F3 round |
| Formula Renault 2.0 | 0:53.470 | Alexandre Premat | Tatuus FR2000 | 2002 Croix-en-Ternois French Formula Renault round |
| Silhouette racing car | 0:55.828 | Jean-Philippe Dayraut | BMW M3 Coupe Silhouette | 2001 Croix-en-Ternois French Supertouring round |
| Group A | 1:06.130 | Alain Cudini | Mercedes 190 E 2.3-16 | 1987 Croix-en-Ternois French Supertouring Group A round |
# Charlotte Hempel

Charlotte Hempel is a scholar of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.

## Early life and education

Hempel was born in Germany and initially studied at the University of Mainz. After a move to the King's College London she completed first a BA (Hons) in Biblical studies (1988–1991) followed by a PhD on The Laws of the Damascus Document (1991–1994).

## Career

Hempel's first academic position was at the University of Birmingham as Edward Cadbury Research Fellow (1995–1997). She then held the position as Sutasoma Research Fellow at the University of Cambridge (1997–1999). For the next six years she interrupted her career after starting a family and spent most of that season in the United States, where she was for a time a Fellow at the Meyerhoff Center for Jewish Studies at the University of Maryland. In 2005 she returned to Birmingham as a Birmingham Fellow (2005–2008) then senior research fellow (2008–2010), senior lecturer (2010–2013), reader (2013–2016) and since 2016, professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism.

## Professional contributions and academic citizenship

* Reviews Editor of the Journal of Jewish Studies (2007–2011)
* Executive Editor E.J. Brill's Dead Sea Discoveries (2012–2018)
* Founding Director of Second Temple Early Career Academy (STECA) (2018–2020)
* Director of the College of Arts and Law Graduate School, University of Birmingham (2014–2017)
* Head of the School of Philosophy, Theology and Religion, University of Birmingham (2020–)
* President of The Society for Old Testament Study (2021–)

## Honours and awards

* British Academy Mid-Career Fellowship (2013–2014)
* President of the British Association for Jewish Studies (2016)
* AHRC Leadership Fellow (2018–2020)

## Selected works

* Hempel, Charlotte. The Community Rules: A Commentary. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2020.
* ———. The Qumran Rule Texts in Context: Collected Studies. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 154. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013. ISBN 9783161527098
* ———. The Laws of the Damascus Document: Sources, Traditions, and Redaction. Leiden: Brill, 1998; Pb. Atlanta: SBL, 2006. ISBN 9789004111509
* Edited with George Brooke. T&T Clark Companion to the Dead Sea Scrolls. Bloomsbury Companions. London; New York, NY: T&T Clark Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019. ISBN 9780567590220
* Edited with Ariel Feldman and Maria Cioată. Is There a Text in this Cave? Studies in the Textuality of the Dead Sea Scrolls in Honour of George J. Brooke. Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 119. Leiden: Brill, 2017. ISBN 9789004344525
* Edited with A. Lange and H. Lichtenberger. The Wisdom Texts from Qumran and the Development of Sapiential Thought. Leuven: Peeters, 2002. ISBN 9789042910102
* Edited with Judith M. Lieu. Biblical Traditions in Transmission: Essays in Honour of Michael A. Knibb. Journal for the Study of Judaism Supplement Series 111. Leiden: Brill, 2006. ISBN 9789004139978
# J.W. Mays

J.W. Mays, Inc. is a real estate firm based in Brooklyn, New York, United States. From 1927 until 1988 the company ran a chain of discount department stores in the area surrounding New York City referred to as Mays, with stores located in three of New York City's five boroughs, Long Island, and Putnam County. At its height as a retailer, the firm had 5000 employees working in 9 stores during the early 1970s.

## History

The chain grew from a Brooklyn women's clothing store founded by Joe Weinstein, a Polish Jewish immigrant from Galicia, in 1924. In 1929, Weinstein incorporated the company and added his initials. The first location opened its doors at 510 Fulton Street in Brooklyn in September 1929. The reason why he chose the name to begin with was because, as Weinstein said, "it reminded me of the countryside and the flowers and the springtime".
Mays grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Its slogan, "Every day's a sale day at Mays", was imprinted, in big red, script lettering, on every white paper shopping bag, and every white cardboard shopping box. Mondays were "super-sales" days, and stores were especially crowded then. Weinstein was aggressive in his competition against other discount retailers such as Ohrbach's and Alexander's, as well as the higher—end department stores. At one point, Weinstein discussed a merger between Mays and his two main discount competitors, but it never came to be. At the company's peak in the 1970s, Mays operated nine stores. At that time, the company had about 5,000 employees. By the late 1970s, it started losing market share to other discount retailers, and in 1982 the store declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company closed five locations that operated outside the city, leaving one store in Manhattan, two stores in Queens, and the original store in Brooklyn.
In 1987, Mays closed one of its two stores in Glen Oaks, Queens, leaving three in the chain. The chain continued on but announced on December 28, 1988 that they would be closing the remaining three stores in the chain immediately, with the final sale occurring on December 31 of that year. Beginning on January 1, 1989, J.W. Mays, Inc. reincorporated as the real estate company that currently does business, using the real estate that its stores had previously occupied.
# Cyril Drummond Le Gros Clark

Cyril Drummond Le Gros Clark ('C. D.') (1894 – 6 July 1945), brother of Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, was a translator of Su Shi from Chinese into English, and Chief Secretary of Sarawak. After marrying Averil Mackenzie-Grieve in 1925. In preparation for his Secretaryship he spent from 1925 to 1927 on Gulangyu Island, at the time an extraterritorial International Settlement in order to learn Hokkien language and culture. At the end of 1931 his "Selections from the Works Su Tung-t'o" was published. The book was decorated by wood engravings of his wife. The Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer praised the translation for its "gracefully natural prose."
On 31 March 1941 he announced the decision of the Rajah of Sarawak, Charles Vyner Brooke, to introduce a democratic constitution. After the Japanese invasion of Sarawak in December 1941 Le Gros Clark was captured and held in Batu Lintang camp. From July 1942 until 14 November 1944 he served as the camp master. He was executed two months before the end of World War II.
# Timothy Byng, 11th Viscount Torrington

Timothy Howard St George Byng, 11th Viscount Torrington, born 13 July 1943, is a British peer.
He succeeded his grandfather, Arthur Byng, 10th Viscount Torrington (1876–1961).
Byng has three daughters and no sons. His title, through male primogeniture, will likely pass to a distant Canadian cousin.
# 58 Andromedae

58 Andromedae, abbreviated 58 And, is a single star in the northern constellation Andromeda. 58 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.78 The distance to this star, as determined from its annual parallax shift of 17.5 mas, is 186 light years. 58 And is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +8 km/s. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.159″ per year.
This star is 425 million years old with a stellar classification of A5 IV-V, indicating the spectrum displays mixed traits of an A-type main-sequence star and an older subgiant star. It is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 135 km/s, which is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 6% larger than the polar radius. The star has double the mass of the Sun and about 1.9 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 36 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,875 K.
# Terpnomyia nitens

Terpnomyia nitens is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Terpnomyia of the family Ulidiidae.
# Coromandel

Coromandel may refer to:

## Places
### India

* Coromandel Coast, India
** Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements
** Dutch Coromandel
* Coromandel, KGF, Karnataka, India

### New Zealand

* Coromandel, New Zealand, a town on the Coromandel Peninsula
* Coromandel Peninsula
* Coromandel Range, ridge of hills in Coromandel Peninsula
* Coromandel (New Zealand electorate)

### Elsewhere

* Coromandel, Minas Gerais, a Brazilian municipality
* Coromandel, Mauritius, a town in the Republic of Mauritius
* Coromandel Valley, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide
* Coromandel East, a suburb of Adelaide

## Vessels

* HMS Coromandel, one of four former ships of the British Royal Navy
* Coromandel (ship): a number of merchant vessels have also been named Coromandel

## Other

* Coromandel International, an Indian corporation
* Coromandel railway station, on the Belair railway line in Blackwood, South Australia
* Coromandel Express, a train service along the Coromandel Coast
* Coromandel!, 1955 historical novel by John Masters
* Coromandel screen, an item of furniture
* Coromandel wood, another name for calamander
* Coromandel, a perfume created for Chanel by Jacques Polge and Christopher Sheldrake
# Six from Sirius

Six from Sirius is an American comic book mini-series created by Doug Moench and Paul Gulacy and published by Marvel Comics through its Epic Comics imprint in 1984. It was followed by a sequel series in 1985 titled Six from Sirius II.
The plot focuses on six intergalactic agents working for a governmental organization.

## Collected editions

The series has been collected into a single volume by Dynamite Entertainment:
* Six from Sirius (128 pages, hardcover, July 2005, ISBN 1-933305-04-5, softcover, November 2005, ISBN 1-933305-03-7)
# Małgorzata Kalinowska-Iszkowska

Małgorzata Kalinowska-Iszkowska (born 29 July 1946) is a Polish computer scientist, educator, and activist. She was awarded the Polish Gold Cross of Merit for her work in information technology (IT). She was a member of the Polish Congress of Women.

## Education and career

Kalinowska-Iszkowska graduated from Jan Kochanowski Secondary School in Warsaw [pl] in Warsaw in 1964. In 1970, she graduated from Warsaw University of Technology with specializations in automation and mathematical machines. A decade later, she obtained her doctorate in technical sciences.
She participated in research work on the early K-202 and KRTM (UMC-20) computers, as well as in the area of fuzzy sets.

### Career

In 1992, Kalinowska-Iszkowska started working for Digital Equipment Polska. In 1996, she joined IBM Polska. In 1999–2000, she worked at TCH Systems SA, and then, until 2004, at Positive and ComputerLand, organizing the Management Competence Center. In the years 2004–2007 she worked for HP Polska as a government affairs manager, dealing with international regulations, including the European Union.
Kalinowska-Iszkowska has been a member of the Polish Information Technology Society (PTI) since 1981, serving on the organization's board from 2000 to 2011. From 2005 to 2011, she represented PTI in the Council of European Professional Informatics Societies [it] (CEPIS), where she also served as vice-president from 2008 to 2011. From 2015, she was again the vice-president. From 2017 she was a member of the management board of the Mazowieckie Branch of the Polish Information Technology Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne [pl] PTI).
She served as an evaluator of the European Commission as an expert in information security. In 2002, she founded and was the President of the Association of Knowledge Management Practitioners.
Since 2000, she has been involved in discussions about the need for wider participation of women in technical professions, in particular in IT. From 2008 to 2011, she was a board member of European Center for Women and Technology and its representative in Poland. She was identified among the top ten women who were leading the Polish IT industry in 2016. She also participated in the Polish Kongres Kobiet [pl] (Congress of Women).

## Awards

* Gold Cross of Merit (2005)
* TOP TEN award for women managing Polish ICT businesses (2016)
* Medal of the 70th anniversary of Polish Informatics, awarded by the Chapter of PTI (2018)

## Works

* "Kobieta informatyk?" [Who is a female computer scientist?] (in Polish).
* Kalinowska-Iszkowska, Małgorzata (January 2002). E-learning System as Part of the KMS. Proceedings of the Baltic Conference. Vol. 2. BalticDB&IS. pp. 133–142.