OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Damascenone

Damascenones are a series of closely related chemical compounds that are components of a variety of essential oils. The damascenones belong to a family of chemicals known as rose ketones, which also includes damascones and ionones. beta-Damascenone is a major contributor to the aroma of roses, despite its very low concentration, and is an important fragrance chemical used in perfumery.
The damascenones are derived from the degradation of carotenoids.
In 2008, (E)-β-damascenone was identified as a primary odorant in Kentucky bourbon.

## Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis for β-damascenone begins with farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) reacting to produce geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) Figure 1.
Next two molecules of GGPP are condensed together to produce phytoene by removal of diphosphate and a proton shift catalyzed by the enzyme phytoene synthase (PSY). Phytoene then goes through a series of desaturation reactions using the enzyme phytoene desaturase (PDS) to produce phytofluene then ζ-carotene. Other enzymes have been found to catalyze this reaction including CrtI and CrtP. The next series of desaturation reactions is catalyzed by the enzyme ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS) to produce neurosporene followed by lycopene. Other enzymes that are able to catalyze this reaction include CtrI and CrtQ. Next lycopene goes through two cyclization reactions with the use of the enzyme lycopene β-cyclase first producing γ-carotene followed by the second cyclization producing β-carotene as shown in Figure 2.
The mechanism for the cyclization of lycopene to β-carotene is shown in Scheme 2.
Next β-carotene reacts with O2 and the enzyme β-carotene ring hydroxylase producing zeaxanthin. Zeaxanthin then reacts with O2, NADPH (H+), and reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster in the presence of the enzyme zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZE) to produce antheraxanthin which reacts in a similar fashion to produce violaxanthin. Violaxanthin then reacts with the enzyme neoxanthin synthase to form neoxanthin the main precursor for β-damascenone as shown in Figure 3.
In order to generate β-damascenone from neoxanthin there are a few more modifications needed. First neoxanthin undergoes an oxidative cleavage to create the grasshopper ketone. The grasshopper ketone then undergoes a reduction to generate the allenic triol. At this stage there are two main pathways the allenic triol can take to produce the final product. The allenic triol can undergo a dehydration reaction to generate either the acetylenic diol or the allenic diol. Finally one last dehydration reaction of either the acetylenic diol or the allenic diol produces the final product β-damascenone as shown in Figure 4.
The proposed mechanism for the conversion of the allenic triol to the acetylenic diol is shown in Scheme 3.
The proposed mechanism for the conversion of the acetylenic diol to the final product is shown in Scheme 4.
This mechanism is known as a Meyer-Schuster rearrangement.
# Cheirostylis notialis

Cheirostylis notialis, commonly known as the southern fleshy jewel orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to eastern Australia where it grows in shady places in wet forest. It has between three and six egg-shaped leaves and up to four small flowers that open only slowly or not at all. It is differs from C. ovata in having smaller leaves and smaller often cleistogamous flowers.

## Description

Cheirostylis notialis is a tuberous, perennial herb with between three and six egg-shaped leaves, 13–35 mm (0.5–1 in) long and 9–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in) wide on a petiole 3–10 mm (0.1–0.4 in) long. Up to four resupinate, hairy white flowers, 6–9 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long and 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) wide are borne on a flowering stem 50–180 mm (2–7 in) tall. The dorsal sepal is 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long, about 4 mm (0.2 in) wide and fused with the lateral sepals to form a tube. The lateral sepals are a similar size to the dorsal sepal and the petals are the same length but about half as wide. The labellum is 8.5 mm (0.3 in) long, about 7 mm (0.3 in) wide with a shallow, pouch-like base. The tip of the labellum has two lobes with toothed edges. Flowering occurs from October to November.

## Taxonomy and naming

Cheirostylis notialis was first formally described in 1997 by D.L.Jones from a specimen collected near Broken in northern New South Wales. The specific epithet (notialis) is a Latin word meaning "southern", referring to the distribution of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

The southern fleshy jewel orchid grows in wet forest and rainforest between the Miriam Vale in south-eastern Queensland and near Scotts Head in New South Wales.
# Cheating Cheaters (1934 film)

Cheating Cheaters is a 1934 American comedy film directed by Richard Thorpe, written by James Mulhauser, Allen Rivkin and Gladys Buchanan Unger and starring Fay Wray and Cesar Romero, with a supporting cast featuring Minna Gombell, Henry Armetta, Francis L. Sullivan and Hugh O'Connell. The picture was released on November 5, 1934, by Universal Pictures.

## Plot

The Palmers, a gang of thieves posing as a wealthy family, move next door to the Lazarres with plans of robbing them. What the Palmers don't realize is that the Lazarres are also a gang of criminals planning to rob their new wealthy neighbors, the Palmers.

## Cast

* Fay Wray as Nan Brockton
* Cesar Romero as Tom Palmer
* Minna Gombell as Nell Brockton
* Henry Armetta as Prof. Tony Verdi
* Francis L. Sullivan as Dr. George Brockton
* Hugh O'Connell as Steve Wilson
* Wallis Clark as Mr. Palmer
* Ann Shoemaker as Mrs. Grace Palmer
* John T. Murray as Ira Lazarie
* George Barraud as Phil
* Morgan Wallace as Holmes
* Harold Huber as Edgar 'Legs' Finelli
# Sydney Joseph Freedberg

Sydney Joseph Freedberg (November 11, 1914 – May 6, 1997) was an American art historian and curator, mainly of Italian Renaissance painting.
Freedberg was born in Boston and attended the Boston Latin School. He graduated from Harvard College in 1939, and acquired a doctoral degree a year later. One of his mentors was Bernard Berenson. He taught Fine Arts at Harvard from 1954 to 1983. At the time of his retirement in 1983 he was the Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Fine Arts at Harvard. He became chief curator from 1983 to 1988 of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC upon retiring from Harvard.
During the Second World War, Freedberg risked disciplinary action by refusing as a matter of conscience to work on intelligence about Rome. Later he would say that "I was worried that the information I might gather might be used in a military operation against that city", and thus lead to irreparable damage to works of art there. Despite his decision, he was made an Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire (Military Division) for his contributions to the war effort.
In November 1966, after disastrous floods in Italy, Freedberg served as national vice chairman (1966–74) of the Committee to Rescue Italian Art. In 1970, Freedberg began service on the board of directors of Save Venice, of which he was a founding member.
For these many contributions to the preservation and greater understanding of Italian art and culture, Freedberg was made a Grand Officer in the Order of the Star of Solidarity (Italy) in 1968 and a Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1982. He was also awarded honors in 1986 by the Socio del Ateneo Veneto and the Academia Clementina Bologna. A year later he began service on the Advisory Council to the Vatican Museums for the Sistine Chapel Restoration (serving as president from 1990 to 1993). In 1995, he was awarded the International Galileo Galilei Prize. In 1988, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.

## Selected books

* Freedberg, Sydney J. (1950). Parmigianino: his works in painting. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
* —— (1961). Painting of the High Renaissance in Rome and Florence. Cambridge University Press/Harper & Rowe. ISBN 978-0-06-430013-1.
* —— (1963). Andrea del Sarto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
* —— (1993) [1971]. Painting in Italy, 1500–1600 (3rd ed.). New Haven, CT: Penguin/Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05587-0.
* —— (1995). Polish nationalist thought in exile, 1831–1848. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
# Daniel O'Donnell (disambiguation)

Daniel O'Donnell (born 1961) is an Irish singer.
Daniel, Danny, or Dan O'Donnell may also refer to:
* Daniel O'Donnell (Irish Brigade) (1666–1735), brigadier-general in the Irish Brigade in the French service
* Daniel J. O'Donnell (born 1960), American legislator from the state of New York
* Danny O'Donnell (footballer, born 1986), English footballer
* Danny O'Donnell (footballer, born 1939) (1939–2024), Scottish footballer
* D.O.D. (DJ), (Dan O'Donnell, born 1995), British DJ and record producer
# Chekiang First Bank

Chekiang First Bank was a bank in Hong Kong incorporated in 1950 by Li Ming. It is now merged to Wing Hang Bank. At the time of the merger with Wing Hang, Chekiang First Bank had 17 branches in Hong Kong, a wholly owned subsidiary in Luxembourg, an agency in San Francisco, and a representative office in Shanghai. As of 31 December 2002, Chekiang First had total assets of HK$27.8 billion. Wing Hang subsequent re-branded all services under the Wing Hang brand.

## History

* 1907: Founded under the name Chekiang Provincial and Industrial Bank, with headquarters in Hangzhou.
* 1911: Restructured as Chekiang Bank of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華民國浙江銀行).
* 1912: Restructured as the Chekiang Provincial and Industrial Bank (Chinese: 浙江地方實業銀行).
* 1923: Li Ming converted the bank's Shanghai branch into the Chekiang Industrial Bank (Chinese: 浙江實業銀行), with headquarters in Shanghai, and became its director.
* 1948: Restructured as Chekiang First Bank.
* 1950: Re-established in Hong Kong as Chekiang First Bank of Commerce (Chinese: 浙江第一商業銀行).
* 1962: Japan's Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank (now the Mizuho Corporate Bank), acquired a 30% stake in the bank, a stake that eventually it increased to 95%.
* 2003: Acquired by Wing Hang Bank.
* 2004: Merged to Wing Hang Bank.
# Chasing Shakespeare

Chasing Shakespeare is a 2013 film directed by Norry Niven, and starring Danny Glover, Ashley Bell, and Graham Greene. The premiered at the Dallas International Film Festival Festival in April 2013, and was opening night film at the Breckenridge Film Festival, The Montreal Black Film Festival, The 38th annual Native American Film Festival in San Francisco on November 1, 2013, The African Diaspora Film Festival NY and The Orlando Film Festival. It has been nominated 36 times in as many festivals, winning 27 awards including Best Feature Film at The FirstGlance Film Festival, Best of Fest at The Big Island Film Festival, Best Feature Film at the AFI Cannes Film Festival, Audience Choice, Best Opening Title Sequence at SXSW, Best Dram/Romance at The WorldFest Houston Film Festival, Best Feature Film at the World Peace Initiative The Hampton's Film Festival and Best Director at Red Nations Film Festival and The Orlando Film Festival. The film was written by James Bird.
# Mlad Borec

Mlad Borec (Macedonian Cyrillic: Млад Борец) was a weekly magazine in Socialist Republic of Macedonia and later Macedonia (now North Macedonia). The motto of the magazine was "with youth - for the youth". In the late 1980s, under the editorial leadership of Nikola Mladenov and with the backing of reformists in the Republic's youth organizations including Risto Ivanov, Mlad Borec was a leader in media pluralism as it offered alternative, critical perspectives.
# Mladen (village)

Mladen (village) is a village in the municipality of Sevlievo, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.
# Mohan Singh (poet)

Mohan Singh (1905–1978) was a noted Indian poet in the Punjabi language and an academic, and one of the early pioneers of modern Punjabi poetry.

## Biography

Born in 1905 at Lyallpur (now in Pakistan), Mohan Singh spent the early years of his life at his ancestral village Dhamial in Rawalpindi District. His poem Kuri Pathohar Di is reminiscent of his romantic early days. He obtained a master's degree in Persian and started his career as a Lecturer in Persian, Urdu and Punjabi at Khalsa College, Amritsar in 1933. He was well read in English, Persian and Urdu literatures. At Amritsar, Teja Singh, Sant Singh Sekhon, Gurbachan Singh 'Talib' became his friends. In 1940, he joined as a lecturer in the Sikh National College, Lahore, but after some time he left the job and started a firm, Hind Publishers to promote the literary standards of Punjabi publications. In 1939, he started his famous literary Punjabi monthly, Panj darya. After Partition In 1947 he shifted his business to Amritsar and then to Jullundur, but ultimately he closed down the firm. Then he became the teacher in Khalsa College, Patiala. Later, he worked as Professor Emeritus at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana from 1970 to 1974 and made this industrial town of Punjab his home towards the end of his life.

## Collection

Prof Mohan Singh gave Punjabi poetry collections like Sanve Pattar (The Green Leaves), Buhe (Doors) and Jindran (Locks), a total of 10 poetry books and one Mahakavya.

## Prof. Mohan Singh Mela

Prof Mohan Singh Memorial International Cultural Mela was organized every year by Prof Mohan Singh Memorial Foundation.

## Village Nanoki Nabha

Prof. Mohan Singh Mela is going to organize at Village Nanoki in Nabha Tehsil. It is one of the best Little Modern Solo Village. The credit of bringing this village to the international map goes to Sardar Abninder Singh Grewal an artist and industrialist. This village is bought up by Late Sardar Metab Singh Grewal Minister in Sardar Hira Singh King of Nabha Kingdom.

## Awards

He received Sahitya Akademi award in 1959 Wadda Vela (Poetry).

## Modern Punjabi poetry

Prof. Mohan Singh was known as the father of modern Punjabi poetry. The other poets who contributed significantly to the growth of modern Punjabi poetry in the initial years include Amrita Pritam, Harbhajan Singh and Shiv Kumar Batalvi. Mohan Singh has been hailed as the greatest Punjabi poet of the 20th century He is hailed by many modern artists including Hadiqa Kiani who refers to him, and recites his lyrics in her live versions of "Buhe Bariyan".
# Daniel A. Arnold

Daniel A. Arnold (born 1965) is an American scholar and philosopher. He is Associate Professor of the Philosophy of Religions at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago.
His work focuses on Indian Buddhist philosophy, which he engages in a constructive and comparative way. His particular interests are in Indian Buddhist Madhyamaka, and in the appreciation of Indian Buddhist philosophy as an integral part of the broader tradition of Indian philosophy. In this regard, he has been especially interested in issues disputed between Buddhist schools and the orthodox Brahmanical school of Pūrva Mīmāṃsā.
His first book, Buddhists, Brahmins, and Belief: Epistemology in South Asian Philosophy of Religion (2005), won the American Academy of Religion's Award for Excellence in the Study of Religion in the Constructive-Reflective Studies category for 2006. His second book, Brains, Buddhas, and Believing: The Problem of Intentionality in Classical Buddhist and Cognitive-Scientific Philosophy of Mind (2012) won the Toshihide Numata Book Prize in Buddhism.
He has been an editor for the academic listserv H-Buddhism, and serves on the editorial boards of, and acts in a consulting capacity for a number of academic journals and presses.
He is member of the American Oriental Society, the American Academy of Religion, and the International Association of Buddhist Studies.

## Education

* Ph.D. (2003, University of Chicago Divinity School)
* M.A. (1997, Iliff School of Theology)
* M.A. (1992, Columbia University)
* B.A. (1988, Carleton College)

## Books

* Buddhists, Brahmins and Belief: Epistemology in South Asian Philosophy of Religion (Columbia University Press, 2005)
* Brains, Buddhas, and Believing: The Problem of Intentionality in Classical Buddhist and Cognitive-Scientific Philosophy of Mind (Columbia University Press, 2012)

## Academic appointments

* Associate Professor of the Philosophy of Religion, University of Chicago Divinity School (2011- )
* Assistant Professor of the Philosophy of Religion, University of Chicago Divinity School (2004–2011)
* Assistant Professor of Religious Studies, McGill University (2003–2004)
# J. Random Hacker

In computer slang, J. Random Hacker is an arbitrary programmer (hacker).
   A mythical figure like the Unknown Soldier; the archetypal hacker nerd. This term is one of the oldest in the hacker's jargon, apparently going back to MIT in the 1960s. may originally have been inspired by 'J. Fred Muggs', a show-biz chimpanzee whose name was a household word back in the early days of TMRC, and was probably influenced by 'J. Presper Eckert' (one of the co-inventors of the electronic computer)".
"J. Random Hacker" is a popular placeholder name in a number of books and articles in programming. J. Random Hacker even authored a book about ease of malicious hacking, Adventures of a Wi-Fi Pirate. Also, J. Random Hacker was a main developer of I2P software.
Over time, J. Random X has become a popular cliché or snowclone in computer lore, with more types of "random" (meaning "arbitrary") categories of people, such as "J. Random Newbie", J. Random User, or J. Random Luser.
# System Commander

System Commander (SC for short) is a graphical boot manager/loader software application developed by VCOM. The software allowed for multiple operating systems to be installed onto a machine at once, providing a menu from which the user selected the operating system they wished to boot from. Other software with similar functionality includes NTLDR, LILO, GRUB, and Graphical Boot Manager. One of its components was named Partition Commander.

## Overview

System Commander was introduced in 1993 by V Communications, sometimes referred to as VCOM.

## Description

A major feature of System Commander is its ability to hide partitions. An operating system could be configured to not recognize other partitions, preventing the data of other installed operating systems from being accessed or tampered with.
System Commander requires either 32-bit DOS or Windows (95/98/Me/2000/XP/2003/Vista) to install.
The software can run in screen resolutions up to 1600x1200.

### Partition Commander

The package also included a partition manager (VCOM's Partition Commander) for creating, resizing and deleting partitions. Partition Commander was not the only software in this market; PartitionMagic was a recognized alternative.
A 2005 review noted that some of the conveniences of Partition Magic, such as walk away and let a series of operations take place; with Partition Commander "you have to wait until each task is complete before initiating the next."
# Daniel Jansen

Daniel Jansen, or diminutive forms thereof (Dan, Danny), may refer to:
* Dan Jansen (born 1965), American speed skater
* Dan Jansen (sledge hockey) (fl. 1994), Canadian former ice sledge hockey player
* Daniel Jansen (basketball) (born 1994), American basketball player
* Danny Jansen (born 1995), American baseball catcher
* Danny Jansen (darts player) (born 2002), Dutch darts player
# Synchronous culture

A synchronous or synchronized culture is a microbiological culture or a cell culture that contains cells that are all in the same growth stage.
As numerous factors influence the cell cycle (some of them stochastic) normal cultures have cells in all stages of the cell cycle. Obtaining a culture with a unified cell-cycle stage is useful for biological research where a particular stage in the cell cycle is desired (such as the culturing of parasitized cells). Since cells are too small for certain research techniques, a synchronous culture can be treated as a single cell; the number of cells in the culture can be easily estimated, and quantitative experimental results can simply be divided in the number of cells to obtain values that apply to a single cell. Synchronous cultures have been extensively used to address questions regarding cell cycle and growth, and the effects of various factors on these.

## Methods

Synchronous cultures can be obtained in several ways:
* External conditions can be changed, so as to arrest growth of all cells in the culture, and then changed again to resume growth. The newly growing cells are now all starting to grow at the same stage, and they are synchronized. For example, for photosynthetic cells, light can be eliminated for several hours and then re-introduced. Another method is to eliminate an essential nutrient from the growth medium and later re-introduce it.
* Cell growth can also be arrested using chemical growth inhibitors. After growth has completely stopped for all cells, the inhibitor can be removed from the culture and the cells then begin to grow synchronously. Nocodazole, for example, has been used in biological research for synchronization, although some evidence suggests it may lack such ability to synchronize cells.
* Cells in different growth stages have different physical properties. Cells in a culture can thus be physically separated based on their density or size, for instance. This can be achieved using centrifugation (for density) or filtration (for size).
* In the Helmstetter-Cummings technique, a bacterial culture is filtered through a membrane. Most bacteria pass through, but some remain bound to the membrane. Fresh medium is then applied to the membrane and the bound bacteria start to grow. Newborn bacteria that detach from the membrane are now all at the same stage of growth; they are collected in a flask that now harbors a synchronous culture.
# Chassignelles

Chassignelles (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.
# J Shed

J Shed is a building and collection of artists studios at Arthur Head Reserve, Fremantle. It was built as a warehouse for Fremantle Harbour in the early 20th century, and moved to its present site in the early 1960s.
# Syzygium richii

Syzygium richii is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. It is a tree or shrub native to Fiji, Tonga, and Vanuatu.
Syzygium richii is a shrub or small tree growing up to 10 meters tall. It is most often found in shoreline and coastal strand vegetation, and occasionally in lowland and secondary forest, generally below 100 and occasionally up to 300 meters elevation.