OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Differentiation

Differentiation may refer to:

## Business

* Differentiation (economics), the process of making a product different from other similar products
* Product differentiation, in marketing
* Differentiated service, a service that varies with the identity of the consumer or the context in which the service is used

## Science, technology, and mathematics
### Biology and medicine

* Cellular differentiation, in biology
* Differentiation (journal), a peer-reviewed academic journal covering cell differentiation and cell development
* Developmental biology, the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop
* Differentiation therapy, a cancer treatment in which malignant cells are encouraged to differentiate into more mature forms using pharmacological agents

### Geology

* Igneous differentiation, in geology
* Planetary differentiation, in planetary science and geology

### Social sciences

* Differentiation (economics), the process of making a product different from other similar products
* Differentiation (ethnography), the invention of ostensible differences between cultures
* Differentiation (linguistics), in semantics, a meaning shift reached by "adding concepts to the original concepts"
* Differentiation (sociology), a feature of modern society, and way of dealing with complexity
* Differentiated instruction, in education
* Inductive reasoning aptitude, in psychology

### Other uses in science, technology, and mathematics

* Differentiation (mathematics), the process of finding a derivative
* Differentiated security, a form of computer security that deploys different security policies and mechanisms according to the identity and context of a user or transaction
# 7th Engineer Brigade (United States)

The 7th Engineer Brigade of the US Army was activated at Fort Belvoir in 1948. Starting in 1951, while redesignated as the 7th Engineer Aviation Brigade, the brigade was responsible for all United States Aviation construction in France, Germany, and Italy. Starting in 1956, renamed back to 7th Engineer Brigade, the unit managed construction for NATO, to build up Western Europe from the disaster of World War 2.
The brigade served for many years as the corps engineer formation for VII Corps. In the late 1980s the brigade reportedly was made up of headquarters at Kornwestheim; Headquarters and Headquarters Company; 9th Engineer Battalion, Aschaffenburg, (M60 AVLB, M728 Combat Engineer Vehicles, M88 Recovery Vehicles, MAB bridge modules); 78th Engineer Battalion, Ettlingen, (M60 AVLB, M728, M88, MAB bridge modules); 82nd Engineer Battalion, Bamberg, (M60 AVLB, M728, M88, 1MAB bridge modules); 237th Engineer Battalion, Heilbronn. All four of these engineer battalions may have had a Table of organization and equipment calling for 8x M60 AVLB, 8x M728, four M88s, and 12 MAB bridge modules. The last of the brigade's battalions was reportedly the 565th Engineer Battalion (Bridge), at Karlsruhe.
7th Engineer Brigade was inactivated in Germany in 1991. Throughout the early 1990s, the 130th Engineer Brigade would continue to see units come and go from its command as they were transferred from the restructuring 18th Engineer Brigade and the deactivating 7th Engineer Brigade.
The 21st Theater Command has listed on their official site that the 7th Engineer Brigade is going to return to Germany in the summer of 2023. The Stars and Stripes also reported in November 2022 that 7th Engineer Brigade was returning to Germany later in 2023.

## Organization 2023

* 7th Engineer Brigade, in Ansbach
** 15th Engineer Battalion, in Grafenwöhr
*** Headquarters and Headquarters Company
*** 500th Engineer Company (Combat)
*** 902nd Engineer Company (Construction)
*** Forward Support Company
# Driver scheduling problem

The driver scheduling problem (DSP) is type of problem in operations research and theoretical computer science.
The DSP consists of selecting a set of duties (assignments) for the drivers or pilots of vehicles (e.g., buses, trains, boats, or planes) involved in the transportation of passengers or goods, within the constraints of various legislative and logistical criteria.

## Criteria and modelling

This very complex problem involves several constraints related to labour and company rules and also different evaluation criteria and objectives. Being able to solve this problem efficiently can have a great impact on costs and quality of service for public transportation companies. There is a large number of different rules that a feasible duty might be required to satisfy, such as
* Minimum and maximum stretch duration
* Minimum and maximum break duration
* Minimum and maximum work duration
* Minimum and maximum total duration
* Maximum extra work duration
* Maximum number of vehicle changes
* Minimum driving duration of a particular vehicle
Operations research has provided optimization models and algorithms that lead to efficient solutions for this problem. Among the most common models proposed to solve the DSP are the Set Covering and Set Partitioning Models (SPP/SCP). In the SPP model, each work piece (task) is covered by only one duty. In the SCP model, it is possible to have more than one duty covering a given work piece. In both models, the set of work pieces that needs to be covered is laid out in rows, and the set of previously defined feasible duties available for covering specific work pieces is arranged in columns. The DSP resolution, based on either of these models, is the selection of the set of feasible duties that guarantees that there is one (SPP) or more (SCP) duties covering each work piece while minimizing the total cost of the final schedule.
# Coldren Opera House

The Coldren Opera House was a theater that operated in Iowa City, Iowa, United States, from 1877 to 1912. Its site at 105 College Street, at the corner of Clinton Street, is now covered by the Ped Mall.

## History

The Grand Opera House was built in 1876–77 to a design by Robert S. Finkbine. It was dedicated on November 2, 1877 and opened on November 6 and 7 with performances of How Women Love and Van the Virginian. It occupied the second and third floors of the Iowa City Bank building, on the site of the Clinton House, an auditorium that had been destroyed by fire in 1872. In addition to the bank, whose entrance was on the corner, the Opera House Bar was located in a first floor storefront on College Street. It became known as the Coldren Opera House after John N. Coldren, who served as sheriff of Iowa City from 1877 to 1882, purchased it from the bank's owners, Ezekiel Clark and Thomas Hill.
The auditorium, measuring 50 by 60 feet, had a capacity of 1,050 on three levels (parquet, dress circle, and gallery), almost 1,400 with the addition of chairs in the aisles. Following a fire, Coldren remodeled the interior in 1897 to seat 845. Beethoven, Meyerbeer, Mozart, and Wagner were depicted in oils at the four corners of the auditorium, and Shakespeare above the proscenium arch. The chandeliers and sconces and then state-of-the-art stage lighting gave the theater an excellent reputation.
The Opera House rarely if ever hosted opera performances; the name was used to avoid the less prestigious "theater". In addition to plays, it was used for many civic functions, including inaugurations of University of Iowa presidents. On April 27, 1882, Oscar Wilde lectured there on "The Decorative Arts" during a speaking tour of the United States.
The Coldren Opera House closed in 1912 following the opening of the Englert Theatre, which seated 1,079.
# Diarmuid Mac an Adhastair

Diarmuid Mac an Adhastair (9 December 1943 – 10 July 2015) was an Irish actor who portrayed the character Seamus Mhicil Tom on the Irish drama, Ros na Rún. He appeared from the pilot in 1996 up until the show's nineteenth season. His prior acting was in amateur drama, and he also acted in two short films and a documentary about his life. His pastimes included fishing and wood carving. He listed Pól Ó Foighil and Johnny Chóil Mhaidhc as "People who have influenced me the most".
# David Walter (politician)

David Ernest Walter QSO JP (25 November 1939 – 5 September 2020) was a New Zealand politician and journalist. He was the first mayor of Stratford District Council (1989–1998) and also served as chairman of both of the Taranaki Regional Council (2001–2007) and the Stratford County Council (1983–1989).

## Early life and family

Walter was born on 25 November 1939 in Straftord, the son of Anita Walter (née Frethey) and Edward Ernest Walter. He was the grandson of former County Chairman and Member of Parliament Edward Walter, brother of former diplomat Neil Walter, nephew of All Black Jack Walter, and cousin of All Black Alan Smith.
David Walter was educated at Douglas Primary School and New Plymouth Boys' High School. In 1966, he married Isabel Carryer, and the couple went on to have three children.

## Career
### Journalist and historian

After leaving home, Walter worked as a journalist in Europe, then returned to Douglas to work as the east-Taranaki stringer for the Taranaki Daily News while working the family sheep and beef farm. He developed a knack for historical stories and human interest tales, and in 1977 accepted the role of honorary county historian, with the aim of producing a publication for the 1990 centennial. The Stratford Inheritance was published in 1990 and authored by Ian Church, with significant input from Walter's work.

### Politics

In 1974 Walter was elected as a Stratford County councillor, and in 1983 was appointed chairman. He continued in this role until the County Council merged with the Stratford Borough Council to form the Stratford District Council as part of nationwide local government reforms in 1989. He played a significant role in preserving Stratford's independence when amalgamation with either the New Plymouth District Council or the South Taranaki District Council was a distinct possibility. Walter was duly elected as the first mayor of Stratford District Council, a position he held for three terms (nine years) until retiring in 1998. He reportedly originated the colloquial name for State Highway 43: the Forgotten World Highway.
After 15 years at the helm of local government and 24 years on County and District Councils, Walter moved on from territorial politics to become a Taranaki Regional Councillor. In November 2001 he replaced inaugural chairman Ross Allen and retired in 2007. Walter also played significant roles in a number of other organisations. He chaired the TSB Community Trust, served as a director of TSB Bank, and represented the Regional Council on the board of Westgate Transport Ltd.

## Honours and awards

In 1990, Walter was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. In the 1995 Queen's Birthday Honours, Walter was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services.

## Later life and death

Walter died of leukaemia at his home in New Plymouth, aged 80, on 5 September 2020.
# Myra Paperny

Myra Paperny (née Green born 19 September 1932) is a Canadian author and former academic. After briefly reporting for the Vancouver Province and Vancouver News Herald in the early 1950s, Paperny taught creative writing at Mount Royal College and the University of Calgary between the mid 1950s and mid 1970s. Upon leaving academics, Paperny wrote multiple books between the 1970s to 2000s. Of her works, The Wooden People won the 1975 Little, Brown Children’s Book Award and the 1976 Canada Council Children's Literature Prize in the English language category.

## Early life and education

On 19 September 1932, Paperny was born in Edmonton, Alberta. Growing up, Paperny lived in Ponoka, Alberta as a child and British Columbia as a teenager. For her post-secondary education, Paperny received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of British Columbia in 1953. The following year, Paperny earned a Master of Science from Columbia University and specialized in journalism.

## Career

While attending university, Paperny began her career as a newspaper reporter with the Vancouver Province in 1952 and the Vancouver News Herald in 1953. Following her journalism career, Green worked for CBC Radio as a freelancer before going into academics. Paperny taught creative writing at Mount Royal College in 1965 before leaving for the University of Calgary in 1966. She ended her creative writing academic position at Calgary in 1975 and started working in public relations.
Outside of academics, Paperny edited Councilwoman from 1970 to 1973 before she published The Wooden People in 1976. Paperny did not write another children's book until the late 1980s with Take a Giant Step in 1987 and Nightmare Mountain in 1988. Her completed fourth book, The Greenies, was published in 2005.

## Writing style and themes

For the majority of her first works, Paperny used her and her family's recollections while incorporating detailed research on Alberta. To write The Wooden People, Peperny used mail-order catalogs by Eaton's and had the story take place years before the Great Depression. After the release of The Wooden People, Paperny said there was no connection between the similarities of her youth and her book. With The Greenies, Paperny intended to set her story in British Columbia after World War II. She instead decided to write about Jewish children who moved to Canada after World War II as orphans.

## Awards and honors

In 1975, Paperny won the 1975 Little, Brown Children’s Book Award for The Wooden People as an unpublished work. Following publication, Paperny was awarded the 1976 Canada Council Children's Literature Prize in the English language category.

## Personal life

Paperny is married and has four children.
# Lukoschus

Lukoschus is a genus of mites in the family Laelapidae that was named after the German acarologist Fritz Lukoschus.

## Species

* Lukoschus maresi Radovsky & Gettinger, 1999
# Songfest

Songfest may refer to:
* Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra, a 1977 work by Leonard Bernstein
* Steel Bridge Songfest, in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
* Song festival (disambiguation)
# Songezo

Songezo is a South African masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Songezo Jim (born 1990), a South African cyclist
* Songezo Zibi (born 1975), a South African politician and businessman
# Horsewhip

Horsewhip or horse whip may refer to:
* Crop (implement) or riding crop
* Whip
* Quirt
* Riding aids § Whip
* Horsewhip, common name for the snake species Oxybelis aeneus
# C.D. Atlético San José

Club Deportivo Atlético San José is a Salvadoran professional football club based in La Palma, El Salvador.

## History

In summer 2010, Atlético San José became the first team from La Palma in history to play in the Salvadoran Third Division.

## Coaches

* Ignacio Cartagena
# Bødalen, Asker

59°46′N 010°28′E﻿ / ﻿59.767°N 10.467°E﻿ / 59.767; 10.467
Bødalen is a village in Røyken in Asker municipality of Akershus, Norway.
Bødalen is situated adjacent to Slemmestad. It is located about 35 km south of Oslo and 25 kilometers east of Drammen. For statistical purposes, it is regarded as a part of the Oslo metropolitan urban area. North of Bødalen and its vicinities is a continuous residential area that continues throughout Asker and Bærum to Oslo.
Bødalen forms part of the Oslo Geological Region (Oslofeltet). This area is located in the escarpment between bedrock to the south and sedimentary rocks in the north. It forms part of the geological area Oslo Graben.
# Bush frog

A bush frog belongs to either of two neobatrachian lineages, both found in sub-Saharan Africa and one also in Asia:
* Hyperoliidae, a family of sub-Saharan Africa and the Madagascar region, also known as sedge frogs
* Rhacophoridae, a family of the Old World Tropics
# Chrysocercops hopeella

Chrysocercops hopeella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Malaysia (Pahang and Selangor).
The wingspan is 4.5–5.1 mm.
The larvae feed on Hopea nutans and Hopea odorata. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is identical to that of Chrysocercops melastigmata.
# Chrysocercops squamosa

Chrysocercops squamosa is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Johor and Pahang, Malaysia.
The wingspan is 5.0–6.2 mm.
The larvae feed on Vatica pallida and Vatica pauciflora. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Börje Ahlstedt

Nils Börje Ahlstedt (born 21 February 1939) is a Swedish actor who has worked extensively with the world-famous director Ingmar Bergman in films like Fanny and Alexander (1982), The Best Intentions (1992), Sunday's Children (1992) and Saraband (2003). Ahlstedt has also worked with the directors Bo Widerberg and Kay Pollak.

## Biography

Ahlstedt was born in Stockholm. He went to the school of the Royal Dramatic Theatre 1962-1965 and has belonged to the ensemble of the theatre since then.
Early in his acting career, Ahlstedt starred in the films I Am Curious (Yellow) (1967) and I Am Curious (Blue) (1968).
Ahlstedt has also been in plays and films based on the dramas written by August Strindberg as well as in films based on the children’s books by Astrid Lindgren, for instance playing the father of Ronia in Ronia the Robber's Daughter.
At the 26th Guldbagge Awards he won the award for Best Actor for his role in The Rabbit Man.
In January 2006, the American newspaper USA Today suggested that Ahlstedt should be nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in Saraband, with the comment "He shows you what it's like to be an aging version of a man who was already broken in his 20s".
Ahlstedt has been married to Birgitta Hermann since 1965.
In 2013, Ahlstedt appears as "Pápá Fouras", the new Swedish version of "Père Fouras", in the 15th season of Fångarna på fortet (the Swedish version of French game show, Fort Boyard) on TV4. Ahlstedt is seen inside the fort's Watch Tower and sets riddles for certain contestants; if the contestants give the correct answer, they receive a key.
# Börje Dorch

Börje Dorch (17 October 1929 in Malmö – 9 January 2004) was a Swedish draughtsman, journalist and writer who was very active in sports.
Although born in Malmö, Dorch grew up in Södermalm in Stockholm. Signs of a talent in writing were detected early, and he was self-taught, with a self-chiseled style using elaborate yet straightforward language. He was also an accomplished amateur boxer with national team qualifications and it was mainly in boxing where he was active. Dorch founded the Swedish Boxing society journal Boxing and an association called Punchpralinerna (in English, Punch chocolates). He collaborated with childhood friend, the legendary football player Nacka Skoglund with whom he finished his football career, on various advertising assignments, etc.
Has also honed the current Hammarby IF club mark.
# Böritigin

Böritigin, also known as Ibrahim ibn Nasr or Tamghach Khan Ibrahim, was a Karakhanid ruler in Transoxiana from 1038 to 1068. He was one of the greatest rulers of the dynasty.

## Biography

He was the son of Nasr Khan, a Karakhanid ruler from the western branch of the family, known as the "Alids", which was named after their ancestor Ali ibn Musa Qara Khan.
Böritigin is first mentioned some time after 1034, when he was imprisoned by the sons of the deceased Ali-Tegin, who was from the eastern branch of the family, known as the "Hasanids". However, Böritigin eventually managed in 1038 to escape to his brother who was at Uzgend, and then raised an army consisting of Kumiji tribes from the upper Oxus river. He then invaded the territories of the Ghaznavid Sultan Mas'ud I, and plundered Khuttal and Vakhsh. He then conquered Chaghaniyan and defeated a Ghaznavid counter-attack.
The following year, Böritgin began fighting the sons of Ali-Tegin and by 1040 had annexed much of Transoxiana. He then made Samarkand his capital and took the title of "Tamghach Khan Ibrahim". In 1042, the newly crowned Ghaznavid ruler Maw'dud invaded the territories of the Seljuqs and conquered much of Khorasan. This greatly increased the fame of Maw'dud and made Böritigin acknowledge him as his suzerain. In ca. 1050, Maw'dud, with the aid of Böritigin and an army sent by the former Kakuyid ruler Garshasp I, re-invaded Khorasan; Böritigin and his commander Qashgha invaded Khwarazm and Tirmidh, but Maw'dud died and thus the invasion failed. The Seljuqs then extended their rule as far as Vakhsh and appointed a certain Abu 'Ali ibn Shadhan as the governor of their new conquests. After this, Böritigin seems to have stopped recognizing the Ghaznavids as his suzerain.
In 1059/60 Böritigin forced the Karakhanid rulers of Farghana to acknowledge him as their suzerain. In the early 1060s, the newly crowned Seljuq ruler Alp Arslan invaded Transoxiana, which made Böritigin complain to the Abbasid caliph of needless aggression from the Seljuqs.
Böritigin died in 1068 and was succeeded by his son Shams al-Mulk Nasr. He also had a daughter named Terken Khatun who later married the son of Alp Arslan, Malik-Shah I.
# Howell Opera House

The Howell Opera House is an opera house located in Howell, Michigan. The site is listed as historic by The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office. It is also listed on The National Historic Register as part of the Howell Downtown Historic District.

## History

The Howell Opera House is a Victorian-style building with a seating capacity of 1,000 people. Plans for the theater were drawn and executed by Detroit architect, Almon C. Varney at the cost of $10,000. Construction began in 1880 by Hunter and Holmes Contractors and doors were opened to patrons on December 30, 1881. The building is located at 123 W. Grand River.
As the central part of the town, the edifice served not only for artistic performances but as a venue for several local occasions such as high school commencement. The theater also served, for a short duration, as home to the Livingston County Circuit Court in 1889.
The Howell Opera House was first owned by the Stair Brothers, E.D. and Orin, who assumed ownership in 1884. The theater was later purchased by Arthur Garland in 1893 who utilized a portion of the space to produce custom-tailored suits.
In 1923, the building was closed by the fire marshal. This brought an end to its intended use as quarters for entertainment. For more than 70 years, The Howell Opera House served as storage for a local hardware store.

## Renovation

In 2000, The Livingston Arts Council purchased The Howell Opera House with plans to restore the patronage to function, once again, as a theater. Renovations began in 2001 with a slow start due to lack of funding. In 2007, the first installment of the development plan had been completed.
Renovations were made solely to the first floor. These renovations include refinished flooring and walls as well as new stairways. Plans have also been made for restoration of the second floor which houses the stage and balcony.
The renovated first floor of the Opera House is now available to rent for special events such as weddings and parties.
# Sony Movie Channel (disambiguation)

Sony Movie Channel is an American television channel.
Sony Movie Channel may also refer to:
* AXN Black, a pan-European television network formerly known as Sony Movie Channel in Hungary
* Great! Movies, a British television channel previously branded as Sony Movies
* Hollywood Suite, a Canadian company which operates a television channel previously branded as Sony Movie Channel
# C. Lalrinsanga

C Lalrinsanga (born 13 April 1986) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut on 20 September 2018, for Mizoram in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his first-class debut on 1 November 2018, for Mizoram in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy.