OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Descriptive interpretation

According to Rudolf Carnap, in logic, an interpretation is a descriptive interpretation (also called a factual interpretation) if at least one of the undefined symbols of its formal system becomes, in the interpretation, a descriptive sign (i.e., the name of single objects, or observable properties). In his Introduction to Semantics (Harvard Uni. Press, 1942) he makes a distinction between formal interpretations which are logical interpretations (also called mathematical interpretation or logico-mathematical interpretation) and descriptive interpretations: a formal interpretation is a descriptive interpretation if it is not a logical interpretation.
Attempts to axiomatize the empirical sciences, Carnap said, use a descriptive interpretation to model reality.: the aim of these attempts is to construct a formal system for which reality is the only interpretation. - the world is an interpretation (or model) of these sciences, only insofar as these sciences are true.
Any non-empty set may be chosen as the domain of a descriptive interpretation, and all n-ary relations among the elements of the domain are candidates for assignment to any predicate of degree n.

## Examples

A sentence is either true or false under an interpretation which assigns values to the logical variables. We might for example make the following assignments:
Individual constants
* a: Socrates
* b: Plato
* c: Aristotle
Predicates:
* Fα: α is sleeping
* Gαβ: α hates β
* Hαβγ: α made β hit γ
Sentential variables:
* p "It is raining."
Under this interpretation the sentences discussed above would represent the following English statements:
* p: "It is raining."
* F(a): "Socrates is sleeping."
* H(b,a,c): "Plato made Socrates hit Aristotle."
* $\forall$x(F(x)): "Everybody is sleeping."
* $\exists$z(G(a,z)): "Socrates hates somebody."
* $\exists$x$\forall$y$\exists$z(H(x,y,z)): "Somebody made everybody hit somebody."
* $\forall$x$\exists$z(F(x)$\wedge$G(a,z)): Everybody is sleeping and Socrates hates somebody.
* $\exists$x$\forall$y$\exists$z (G(a,z)$\lor$H(x,y,z)): Either Socrates hates somebody or somebody made everybody hit somebody.

## Sources

* 1 2 3 Carnap, Rudolf, Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications
* 1 2 The Concept and the Role of the Model in Mathematics and Natural and Social Sciences
* ↑ Mates, Benson (1972). Elementary Logic, Second Edition. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 56. ISBN 0-19-501491-X.
* This semantics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Cross Lough

Cross Lough is a freshwater lake in the west of Ireland. It is located in northwest County Mayo on the Mullet Peninsula.

## Geography

Cross Lough measures about 2 km (1.2 mi) long and 1 km (0.6 mi) wide. It lies about 10 km (6 mi) southwest of Belmullet.
# Oak Ridge Bombers

The Oak Ridge Bombers were a Minor League Baseball team that played in the Class D Mountain States League in 1948. The Bombers were located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and were named for the city's association with the Manhattan Project and the development of the first atomic bomb. They played their home games at Ridgeview Park.
Poor fan support caused the Bombers to operate at a loss from Opening Day. By the second week of June, the team had the league's lowest attendance despite having the league's best record. On June 10, in first place with a 24–11 (.686) record, owner Bob Broome relocated the team to Hazard, Kentucky, where they became the Hazard Bombers.
Across both Oak Ridge and Hazard, the Bombers accumulated a 65–43 (.602) record, placing second. They defeated the Pennington Gap Miners in the semifinals, three games to none, but lost the playoff championship finals to the Morristown Red Sox, three games to two.
# Jessa

Jessa is a feminine given name.
People with this name include:
* Jessa Anderson (born 1985), American Christian singer-songwriter
* Jessa Dillow Crisp (born 1988), American advocate against human trafficking
* Jessa Crispin, American literary critic and editor
* Jessa Gamble (born 1979), Canadian-English writer
* Jessa Holbrook (born 1973), pen name of American writer Saundra Mitchell
* Jessa Khan (born 2001), Cambodian jiu-jitsu athlete
* Jessa Rogers (born 1985), Aboriginal Australian teacher and scholar
* Jessa Seewald (born 1992), American reality TV personality
* Jessa Zaragoza (born 1979), Filipina model, singer and actress
# 6th Nova Scotia general election

6th Nova Scotia general election may refer to:
* Nova Scotia general election, 1785, the 6th general election to take place in the Colony of Nova Scotia, for the 6th General Assembly of Nova Scotia
* Nova Scotia general election, 1886, the 28th overall general election for Nova Scotia, for the (due to a counting error in 1859) 29th Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, but considered the 6th general election for the Canadian province of Nova Scotia
# Journal of the European Ceramic Society

The Journal of the European Ceramic Society is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier on behalf of the European Ceramic Society. It covers research related to conventional categories of ceramic: structural, functional, traditional or composite. It was established in 1985 as the International Journal of High Technology Ceramics, obtaining its current name in 1989.

## Abstracting and indexing

This journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* Ceramics Abstracts
* Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology
* Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
* FLUIDEX
* Materials Science Citation Index
* Inspec
* Science Citation Index Expanded
* Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.7.
# Mary Belle McElwain

Mary Belle McElwain (14 May 1874 – 23 February 1964) was an American classical scholar.

## Biography

McElwain gained her BA from Wilson College in 1895. She subsequently taught Greek, English, and maths at the college until 1903. After teaching at a finishing school ('Miss Wright's School') at Bryn Mawr until 1908 McElwain gained a MA from Cornell University in 1909 with a thesis titled "The Life of the Empress Livia Based on Latin and Greek Sources" and her PhD in 1910 on "The use of the imperative in Plautus". In 1936 she was awarded an honorary Litt. D. from Wilson College.
From 1910 until her retirement in 1942, McElwain taught Latin and Greek at Smith College. She served as class dean three times and was made Professor Emeritus of Classical Languages and Literature.
She returned to Wilson College after retirement and worked as the acting dean until 1946 and as the college historian. She had previously served on the board of trustees of Wilson College from 1929 to 1932 and 1938–56.
McElwain was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, American Academy in Rome, American Philological Association, and the American Association of University Women.
McElwain is buried at Cedar Grove Cemetery in Chambersburg. A hall of residence at Wilson College is named after her.

## Select publications

* McElwain, M. B. (ed) 1975. Stratagems. Aqueducts of Rome (Loeb Classical Library 174)
* McElwain, M. B. 1939. "Further Reflections on the Forgotten Student", The Classical Journal 34 (4), pp. 198–212
* McElwain, M. B. 1922. "In Memoriam: Charles Edwin Bennett, 1858-1921", The Classical Journal 18 (1), pp. 23–25.
# City of Newcastle upon Tyne Act 2000

The City of Newcastle upon Tyne Act 2000 (c. viii) is an act to confer powers on the Council of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne for the better control of street trading in the city of Newcastle; for the registration of door supervisors and second-hand goods dealers in the city; for controlling the distribution of free literature in the city; and for other purposes.
# Lone Star Mill (San Joaquin County, California)

Lone Star Mill is a historical building in Clements, California in San Joaquin County. Lindsay Point site is a California Historical Landmark No. 155, listed on Jan. 11, 1935.
The Lone Star Mill was built in 1852 on the Mokelumne River. In 1854 the mill was moved to nearby David S. Terry's ranch. In 1855 a flour mill was added to the mill, In 1856 the mill caught fire and was burnt to the ground. The mill was rebuilt in 1856 and still stand. S.L. Magee purchased the mill and operated the mill till 1881. The Lone Star Mill closed in 1881 due to lack of business. The site was abandoned for years. The mill is at 3801 North Mackville Road in Clements, California, near Stillman L. Magee Park.
Historical marker was placed at the site by the Clements 4-H Club in 1950.
# Loose Booty

Loose Booty may refer to:
* "Loose Booty", a song by Funkadelic from the 1972 album America Eats Its Young
* "Loose Booty", a song by Sly and the Family Stone from the 1974 album Small Talk (Sly and the Family Stone album)
* "Loose Booty", a song by Faster Pussycat from the 1992 album Whipped!
# Long Lama

Long Lama is a town in Marudi District, Sarawak state in Malaysia. The town is located at 143 km from Miri with a population of 1,500.

## Etymology

The name of the town is taken from a nearby river named "Lamah" that joins into the Baram River. The word "Long" is a Kayan word that means "estuary", so "Long Lama" means "estuary of Lamah river".

## History

The Chinese first set foot in this town between 1905 and 1910 and built several shophouses for trading. Long Lama was connected to water supply in 1976 and electrical supply in 1986. Cable telephone was only connected in 1990. Ferry services transporting cars across the Baram River started in 2002.

## Geography

The town is located at 160 km away from Mulu National Park. Long Lama was submerged in four feet of water during Baram River flood in May 1962.

### Climate

Long Lama has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round.
Climate data for Long Lama :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) | 29.9 (85.8) | 30.5 (86.9) | 31.0 (87.8) | 31.3 (88.3) | 31.2 (88.2) | 31.0 (87.8) | 30.9 (87.6) | 31.0 (87.8) | 30.6 (87.1) | 30.6 (87.1) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.7 (87.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.2 (81.0) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.0 (80.6) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.0 (80.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.4 (74.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 333 (13.1) | 240 (9.4) | 281 (11.1) | 284 (11.2) | 323 (12.7) | 279 (11.0) | 230 (9.1) | 283 (11.1) | 340 (13.4) | 381 (15.0) | 369 (14.5) | 406 (16.0) | 3,749 (147.6) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org ||||||||||||||

## Economy

In 2017, there were 26 shophouses running various businesses such as groceries, coffeeshops, and hotels.

## Other utilities

SMK Long Lama, built in 1965, is the only secondary school near the town. It caters to Form 1 to Form 6 classes.
The first Chinese primary school in Long Lama was built in 1939, named as "Tong Ya" primary school. However, it was forced to shut down during Japanese occupation. Second Chinese primary school was built in 1947, named SJK (C) Kee Tee.

## Transportation

In the early days, Long Lama can only be connected to the outside world by Baram River. The boats from Long Lama need to make a stop at Marudi and Miri before traveling to Sibu, which would take a total of three days.
# Long Lane, London

Long Lane, London, England may be:
* Long Lane, City of London
* Long Lane, Southwark
# Elizabeth Ralph

Elizabeth Ralph may refer to:
* Elizabeth K. Ralph, American pioneer in radiocarbon dating, and field hockey player
* Elizabeth Ralph (archivist), British archivist and historian
# Lord Lieutenant of Perth and Kinross

This is a list of people who have served as Lord-lieutenant of Perth and Kinross. The office replaced the Lord Lieutenant of Perthshire and the Lord Lieutenant of Kinross-shire in 1975.
* Butter had been Lord Lieutenant of Perthshire
* Sir David Butter 1975–1995
* Sir David Montgomery, 9th Baronet 11 April 1995 – 2006
* Brig Sir Melville Stewart Jameson 14 August 2006 – 2019
* Gordon Kenneth Stephen Leckie 23 July 2019 – present
# Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire

This is a list of people who have served as Lord-Lieutenant of Radnorshire. After 1715, all Lord Lieutenants were also Custos Rotulorum of Radnorshire. The office was abolished on 31 March 1974, being replaced by the Lord Lieutenant of Powys, with Deputy Lieutenants for Radnorshire.

## Lord Lieutenants of Radnorshire to 1974

* see Lord Lieutenant of Wales before 1694
* Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke 11 May 1694 – 14 October 1715
* Thomas Coningsby, 1st Earl Coningsby 14 October 1715 – 11 September 1721
* James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos 11 September 1721 – 9 August 1744
* vacant
* William Perry 9 December 1746 – 13 January 1756
* Howell Gwynne 13 January 1756 – 12 July 1766
* Edward Harley, 4th Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer 12 July 1766 – 11 October 1790
* Thomas Harley 8 April 1791 – 12 January 1804
* George Rodney, 3rd Baron Rodney 13 September 1804 – 1842
* John Walsh, 1st Baron Ormathwaite 22 July 1842 – 21 April 1875
* Arthur Walsh, 2nd Baron Ormathwaite 21 April 1875 – 12 September 1895
* Sir Powlett Milbank, 2nd Baronet 12 September 1895 – 30 January 1918
* Arthur Walsh, 3rd Baron Ormathwaite 5 April 1918 – 20 January 1922
* Charles Coltman-Rogers 20 January 1922 – 19 May 1929
* Sir Charles Dillwyn-Venables-Llewelyn, 2nd Baronet 20 June 1929 – 10 August 1949
* Sir Michael Dillwyn-Venables-Llewelyn, 3rd Baronet 10 August 1949 – 31 March 1974
# Lorens Marmstedt

Lorens Marmstedt, né Sigfrid Lorens Eriksson (29 October 1908 – 4 April 1966) was a Swedish film producer. He produced more than 50 films between 1932 and 1965.

## Selected filmography

* The Love Express (1932)
* A Stolen Waltz (1932)
* Perhaps a Poet (1933)
* Eva Goes Aboard (1934)
* The Atlantic Adventure (1934)
* The Marriage Game (1935)
* Shipwrecked Max (1936)
* The Girls of Uppakra (1936)
* The Two of Us (1939)
* Between Us Barons (1939)
* The Bjorck Family (1940)
* A Crime (1940)
* Life Goes On (1941)
* Woman on Board (1941)
* Sonja (1943)
* The Sixth Shot (1943)
* Imprisoned Women (1943)
* His Excellency (1944)
* We Need Each Other (1944)
* The Girl and the Devil (1944)
* Crime and Punishment (1945)
* It Rains on Our Love (1946)
* Interlude (1946)
* A Ship to India (1947)
* Dinner for Two (1947)
* Music in Darkness (1948)
* Prison (1949)
* Girl with Hyacinths (1950)
* The Yellow Squadron (1954)
* Whoops! (1955)
* Stage Entrance (1956)
* A Lion in Town (1959)
* Summer and Sinners (1960)
* The Cats (1965)
* Nightmare (1965)
* Woman of Darkness (1966)
* Ormen (1966)
# Longlow Rock

Longlow Rock (58°24′S 26°29′W﻿ / ﻿58.400°S 26.483°W﻿ / -58.400; -26.483) is a rock 1 nautical mile (2km) south-southwest of Borley Point and 0.5 nautical miles (1km) off the west shore of Montagu Island, in the South Sandwich Islands. It was charted and named in 1930 by Discovery Investigations personnel on the Discovery II.
# Elizabeth Denio

Dr. Elizabeth Harriet Denio (3 August 1842 – 23 December 1922) was an American teacher who was the first woman to teach at the University of Rochester. She retired as Professor Emeritus in 1917.

## Life

Denio was born in Albion, New York, in 1842.
In 1896, Wellesley College had a new president, who decided that Denio's method of teaching was archaic, and she lost her job.
She traveled to Germany to obtain a doctorate in art history. She failed to qualify in Berlin and Leipzig. Leipzig was her favorite and she attended the lectures of ten different professors, despite the rule that women were not admitted. She led a group of Wellesley students to visit the university in 1889. She was successful in obtaining her doctorate at the University of Heidelberg in October 1898. Her thesis was on the "Life and Works of Nicholas Pouissin".
She returned to America where she was employed by the University of Rochester in 1902. This was the year after the first woman obtained a degree at Rochester. Denio was the first woman to teach and her wages were covered by Emily Sibley Watson.
In 1910 she was promoted. She was mentioned by the university president, Benjamin Rush Rhees, in his annual report, in which he lauded Denio's teaching. She retired in 1917 with the title of Professor Emeritus.
Denio died as the result of being hit by a car in Rochester.
# Eliziejus Draugelis

Eliziejus Draugelis (11 April 1888 – 8 October 1981) was a Lithuanian physician and politician.

## Early life and education

After finishing elementary school in his hometown, he attended the Marijampolė Gymnasium. In 1914, he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Moscow. During his studies, he founded Rūta, a society of Lithuanian Catholic students, and was its first chairman.
After the outbreak of World War I, he was mobilized and worked as a doctor in the Russian Imperial Army. In 1917, he became a member of the Supreme Council of Lithuanians in Russia, based in Voronezh, but in the same year he was arrested and imprisoned by the Bolsheviks for a month.

## Political career

In 1918, he returned to Lithuania and became the first mayor of Marijampolė (up to 1919). On 23 July 1918, he was co-opted to the Council of Lithuania. In the government of Ernestas Galvanauskas he took over the Ministry of Internal Affairs (1919–1920).
In 1919, he was among the founders of the Farmers' Association (Lietuvos ūkininkų sąjunga) and was its long-term chairman. In 1920, he was elected to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania, and later was re-elected in 1922 and 1923 (in all cases, he was a member of Christian Democratic bloc). From 1923 until 1926, he served as Secretary of the Third Seimas.

## Medical career

After the coup of December 1926, he left politics and worked as a doctor. In 1926–1927, he headed the Department of Health and was the chief of the main hospital in Kaunas. In 1929, he was tried for corruption and served a prison sentence between October 1929 and March 1930. He was director of the psychiatric hospital in Kalvarija (1932–1940).
During the German occupation, he headed clinics in Gižai and Keturvalakiai. Shortly before the return of the Red Army to Lithuania, Draugelis retreated to Germany, where he served as chief physician at various Lithuanian refugee camps. In 1947, he immigrated to Brazil, where he obtained employment at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo and in private hospitals and laboratories.

## Literature

* Dr. Draugelis Eliziejus, Trumpos Steigiamojo Seimo narių biografijos su atvaizdais, Klaipėda, 1924, p. 18.
* Draugelis Eliziejus, Lietuvių enciklopedija, Boston, 1955, t. 5, p. 172–173.
* Abromaitis A., Draugelis Eliziejus, Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, Vilnius, 2004, p. 129.
* Veilentienė A., Draugelis Eliziejus, Lietuvos Steigiamojo Seimo (1920–1922 metų) narių biografinis žodynas, sud. A. Ragauskas, M. Tamošaitis, Vilnius, 2006, p. 137–139.
* Veilentienė A., Draugelis Eliziejus, Lietuvos Lietuvos Respublikos Seimų I (1922–1923), II (1923–1926), III (1926–1927), IV (1936–1940) narių biografinis žodynas, sud. Aivas Ragauskas, Mindaugas Tamošaitis. – Vilnius, 2007. – p. 242–245.
# Ellen S. Miller

Ellen S. Miller is an American political activist. A proponent of open government, she co-founded the Sunlight Foundation in 2006, serving as the group's executive director until her retirement in 2014. She sits on the board of directors of OpenSecrets, for which she was the founding executive director from 1984 to 1996. In 1996, she founded the Public Campaign. Miller has served as deputy director of the Campaign for America's Future, as a senior fellow at The American Prospect, and as publisher of TomPaine.com.
Prior to her work in the nonprofit sector, Miller held several staff-level positions in the United States government, working for the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (1975), Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs (1976–1979), and the Senate Intelligence Committee (1980). Miller was included in Washingtonian Magazine's 100 Tech Titans (2009), Fast Company's The Most Influential Women in Technology (2009), and WIRED Magazine's 15 People The Next President Should Listen To (2008).
Miller is a graduate of Cedar Crest College and George Washington University.
# Ojstrica, Dravograd

Ojstrica (pronounced) is a dispersed settlement in the hills north of Dravograd in the Carinthia region in northern Slovenia.
The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to John the Baptist and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maribor. It dates to 1480 with various later additions.

## Gallery

* St. John the Baptist Church
# Elli Leadbeater

Ellouise "Elli" Leadbeater is an ecologist and evolutionary biologist in the UK. In 2024 she was appointed Professor of Ecosystems and Biodiversity Research at University College London.

## Education and career

Leadbeater was educated at the University of Edinburgh where she was awarded a Bachelor of Science in Biology in 2001 and Leiden University where she did a MSc in Evolutionary and Ecological Science in 2004. She was awarded her PhD in 2008 at Queen Mary University of London having looked at "Social information use in foraging bumblebees". Leadbeater was a research fellow at the Institute of Zoology and then a lecturer at Royal Holloway, University of London where in 2019 she was appointed Professor of Ecology and Evolution. In 2024 she was appointed Professor of Ecosystems and Biodiversity Research at University College London.

## Research

Her research looks at insect cognition and how this is affected by the animals' environment.
She has looked at how bumblebees can learn where to find nectar, by watching other bees within an arena choose a particular flower colour that bears nectar, and then choosing the same colour flower when they enter the arena. Leadbeater's team have studied the honey bee waggle dance, looking at the specific genes in the bee brain that are switched on following the dance, to see how changes in the environment affects the bee foraging and communication to others.
Her work has also looked at the effect of insecticide toxicity on bees and she supported the 2013 EU moratorium and later ban on neconicotinoid insecticides. Her work has shown that chemical insecticides can affect bee learning and memory, such as remembering which flowers near a colony have nectar or have been emptied. She has advised caution on new insecticide products such as Sulfoxaflor and her team found that the compound affected bumblebee colony reproduction, with colonies exposed to the compound not producing new queens and subsequent work showed that exposed colonies laid fewer eggs with fewer bumblebee larvae hatching.
# Elli Ochowicz

Elizabeth Kristine "Elli" Ochowicz (born December 15, 1983) is an Olympic speed skater who has competed in the three Winter Olympics.
Ochowicz was born in Waukesha, Wisconsin, to Jim Ochowicz and Sheila Young. After beginning her training in the Milwaukee area, she moved to Salt Lake City to continue training. She graduated from The Winter Sports School in Park City in fall 2002.
Ochowicz competed in the 2002, 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics. As of 2010, she lived in Palo Alto, California.

## Personal records

Personal records :
| Women's speed skating |||||
| Event | Result | Date | Location | Notes |
| 500 m | 37.74 | December 11, 2009 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 1000 m | 1:14.97 | December 13, 2009 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 1500 m | 2:00.33 | December 29, 2009 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 3000 m | 4:25.88 | September 22, 2012 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 5000 m | 7:52.34 | December 31, 2012 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |