OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Johari–Goldstein relaxation

Johari–Goldstein relaxation, also known as the JG β-relaxation, is a universal property of glasses and certain other disordered materials. Proposed in 1969 by Martin Goldstein, JG β-relaxation were described as a secondary relaxation mechanism required to explain the viscosity behavior of liquids approaching the glass transition in the potential energy landscape picture presented in Goldstein's seminal 1969 paper. Previous experiments on glass forming liquids showed multiple relaxation times present in liquids measured by time dependent compliance measurements. Gyan Johari and Martin Goldstein measured the dielectric loss spectrum of a set of rigid glass forming molecules to further test the hypothesis of Goldstein in 1969. The relaxation, a peak in mechanical or dielectric loss at a particular frequency, had previously been attributed to a type of molecular flexibility. The fact that such a loss peak shows up in glasses of rigid molecules lacking this flexibility demonstrated its universal character.
The JG β-relaxation process is speculated to be a precursor of the structural α-relaxation, i.e., its occurrence facilitates viscous flow, however the microscopic mechanism of the β-relaxation has not been definitively identified.

## Evidence for the universality and importance of the J. G. β-relaxation

Johari determined the temperature dependence of the α-relaxation and β-relaxation as a function of frequency by measuring the dielectric loss ε″ as a function of frequency at multiple temperatures. They observed two peaks in the system with the lower frequency peak attributed to the structural α-relaxation and the higher frequency peak related to the fast (high frequency short time) β-relaxation. The peak in the high frequency ε″ response of the β-relaxation has also been shown to broaden and shift to lower frequencies. Furthermore, the α-relaxation peak changes more rapidly on cooling than the rate of JG β-relaxation, where the α-relaxation times diverge following the VFT law as glass transition temperature (Tg) is approached which is much faster than the Arrhenius temperature dependence observed for the peak in the β-relaxation curve over the same temperature ranges.

## Relation to other relaxation mechanism

The J.G. β-relaxation was developed based on the theoretical predictions of Martin Goldstein in his seminal 1969 paper discussing the potential energy landscape picture and activated energy barrier hopping for viscous liquids. These developments have often focused on understanding secondary relaxations below Tg that are present in small molecule and metallic glasses. Polymer glasses also show multiple relaxation mechanisms at temperatures below Tg, with β, γ, and δ relaxations having been measured well below Tg into the glassy state. However, the exact molecular mechanism for these relaxations is often subject to debate and how they may relate to J. G β-relaxations is not established by the literature.
# Johi

Johi may refer to:
* Jahi, a Zoroastrian demoness
* Johi, Dadu, a town in Sindh, Pakistan
* Johi, Croatia, a village near Bosiljevo, Croatia
* Jonah Hill (born 1983), American actor
# Active Life: Explorer

Active Life: Explorer, known in Japan and Europe as Family Trainer: Treasure Adventure (ファミリートレーナー：トレジャーアドベンチャー Famirītorēnā: Torejāadobenchā), is a fitness game produced by Maya Ito. First announced at E3 2010, it was released by Namco Bandai for the Wii that same year.
Explorer is the sequel to the 2009 video game Active Life: Extreme Challenge. It consists of a total of 24 mini-games, which can be played freely in the Free Play mode. It can be played as a party game as well. It has received mixed to positive reviews, receiving a 64.33% on GameRankings.
As this game's unique pad controller is designed to physically connect to the Wii via its GameCube controller ports, this game is incompatible with later Wii models, which eliminated the said ports.

## Gameplay

Active Life: Explorer is a sports game, but it also mixes into a party game as well. It consists of a total of 24 mini-games having their own theme – Jungle, Western, Underwater, Snowy, and more. In each of the modes, players choose a character or make a new one if there are free character slots. Players also have the ability to use their Mii characters as well.
In Treasure Adventure, players must find as much treasure as possible while working on the top score for each quest. The game also includes a party mode, which can be played with up to 8 people. Party mode games can either be played in 5, 10 or 20 rounds. The player with most points after the final round is the winner. The top 5 scores for each game are shown in the Rankings menu. In Free Play mode, players can play any of the 24 mini-games. In Party Mode as many as eight players compete against each other in a randomly selected mini-game. In Treasure Trials a player goes through a series of tests to earn a rank. They are Rookie, Amateur, Specialist, Professional, Veteran, Master, and Legend, from lowest to highest.
After a player beats all the Treasure Trials, the Challenge Missions are unlocked. Here, each mini-game offers two challenges where a skill is practiced.

## Reception

The game received mixed to positive reviews from critics, receiving a 64.33% from GameRankings. Pedro Hernandez on Nintendo World Report gave it an 8.5 out of 10, stating it as an "excellent mini-game compilation title as well as a fitness game."
# Active Life: Outdoor Challenge

Active Life: Outdoor Challenge (Family Trainer: Athletic World in Japan and Family Trainer in Europe) is a 2008 video game for the Wii produced by Namco Bandai Games. Players use a mat similar to the Power Pad in conjunction with the Wii Remote in order to complete a variety of mini-games. The game is comparable to Wii Fit. As of January 30, 2009, the game has sold one million copies worldwide. A sequel, titled Active Life: Extreme Challenge, was released on August 11, 2009.
An enhanced port of the game was released for the Nintendo Switch in December 2020 in Japan, and in September 2021 in North America, Europe, and Oceania. Physical copies of the Nintendo Switch port are bundled with two leg-strap accessories, which are required for co-op gameplay.
The Japanese release has the same title as the first game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (the Nintendo Family Computer in Japan) to be released for the Power Pad accessory.

## Gameplay

Active Life: Outdoor Challenge is a fitness game controlled by a mat on the floor that responds to hand or feet movement on specific areas on the mat. The game has multiple control styles, which vary depending on the game. The mat used to control the game has a total of 10 buttons, each with different purposes. In the middle of the mat, there are 2 square buttons, one orange and one blue. These buttons are used in most games for basic movement such as jumping or running. There are 6 arrows surrounding every side of the mat, 3 orange and 3 blue. These buttons are mostly used for directional movement in single player, and for running in the two player games. The mat also features a plus and minus button on either side of the mat. The buttons essentially act as a way to help navigate menus without having to pick up the controller, as well as to pause the game. As the Mat Controller connects to the console directly through GameCube controller ports, the controller and game are incompatible with subsequent Wii models that do not have them. The Nintendo Switch port replaces the Mat Controller with leg straps that the player wears, each containing a separated unique Joy-Con to control movement, and its reliance on separated Joy-Con renders the game incompatible with the one-piece Nintendo Switch Lite.
The game features many minigames and three main modes, and can be played alone or head-to-head with a second player.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| Metacritic | 69/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| GameZone | 5/10 |
| Nintendo World Report | 7/10 |
The game received mixed reviews from critics, receiving a 69 out of 100 from Metacritic. Louis Bedigian on Gamezone gave it a 5 out of 10, stating that "while the game is successful in some areas and downright creative in others, Active Life: Outdoor Challenge is not be the most entertaining or most beneficial way to get in shape." Nintendo World Report reviewed the game, saying that the game "is a very promising start to a series and a great complement to Wii Fit."
# Djeol

Djeol is a town and commune in Mauritania, near the border of Senegal.
# The Night of Decision

The Night of Decision may refer to:
* The Night of Decision (1920 film), a silent German film directed by Franz Osten
* The Night of Decision (1931 film), an American film directed by Dimitri Buchowetzki
* The Night of Decision (1938 film), a German film directed by Nunzio Malasomma
* Night of Decision, a 1956 West German film directed by Falk Harnack
# Cosmosoma cincta

Cosmosoma cincta is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1894. It is found in Venezuela.
# Cosmosoma centralis

Cosmosoma centralis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo).
# The Personals

The Personals can refer to:
* Personal advertisement, personal classified advertisement used to find romance or friendship
* The Personals (1982 film), an American film directed by Peter Markle
* The Personals (1998 American film), a short documentary film directed by Keiko Ibi
* The Personals (1998 Taiwanese film), a film directed by Chen Kuo-fu
# Corinth, Panola County, Texas

Corinth is an unincorporated community in Panola County, Texas, United States. Corinth is located near Texas State Highway 315, 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Carthage.

## History

Corinth was settled in the 1860s and developed around the Corinth Church. The community had a school by the 1890s, which closed sometime after the 1930s. By the 1960s Corinth consisted of the church, a cemetery, and several scattered homes.
# John Goodwin Tower Center for Political Studies

The John Goodwin Tower Center for Political Studies is an American think tank based in Dallas, Texas, and now associated with Southern Methodist University. The primary mission of the Tower Center is to promote the study of politics and international affairs and to stimulate an interest in ethical public service among undergraduates. The Tower Center is an academic center where all parties and views are heard in a marketplace of ideas, and the Center pursues its mission in a non-partisan manner.

## Medal of Freedom

The Medal of Freedom is the highest honor the Tower Center bestows. It is awarded in recognition of extraordinary contributions to the advancement of democratic ideals and to the security, prosperity and welfare of humanity. Recipients include:
* Former Secretary of State and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, General Colin Powell (1997)
* Former Prime Minister of Great Britain, Lady Margaret Thatcher (1999)
* The 41st President of the United States, George H. W. Bush (2001)
* General Tommy Franks (2003)
* Senator John McCain (2006)
* Prime Minister Tony Blair (2008)
* The 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush and the Former First Lady Laura Bush (2010)
* Former Secretary of State and Secretary of the Treasury, James A. Baker (2012)

## Board of directors

* Dan Branch, Chair
* Robert W. Jordan, Vice-chair
* Hugh C. Akin
* Hunter L. Hunt
* Jan Hart Black
* Jan Rees-Jones
* Frederick Bush
* Gene Jones
* Felix Chen
* Brad E. Cheves, ex officio
* Cary M. Maguire
* Richard Collins
* Nancy Cain Marcus
* Penny Tower Cook
* Fred Meyer
* Brad O’Leary
* Jeanne Tower Cox
* Pat Patterson
* Thomas M. Dunning
* Rena Pederson
* Robert A. Estrada
* Sarah Perot
* Alan Feld
* Jeanne L. Phillips
* Richard W. Fisher
* Joe H. Staley, Jr.
* Darab Ganji
* William M. Tsutsui, ex officio
* Jerome Garza
* Jack C. Vaughn
* Linda Gibbons
* Roger Wallace
* Joseph M. Grant
* Ray Washburne
* Nancy Halbreich
* Jane Wetzel
* Karen Hughes
* Charles Wyly
* James F. Hollifield, ex officio

## Honorary Board of Directors

* Howard Baker
* William L. Ball III
* George W. Bush
* William Cohen
* J. French Hill
* Kay Bailey Hutchison
* Samuel R. Johnson
* Tom Loeffler
* John McCain
* Frederick D. McClure
* Dr. Nicholas Rostow
* Carole Keeton Strayhorn
# Cosset

Cosset may refer to:
* François Cosset (c. 1610 – c. 1673), French composer
* Sébastien Cosset (born 1975), French illustrator
* Helicopter parent, also referred to as "cosseting parent"
# John Baron (priest)

John Baron, D.D. (31 October 1677 – 11 July 1739) was an Anglican priest in the eighteenth century.
Bullock was educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He held livings at Brome, Chedgrave and Saxlingham. He was Archdeacon of Norfolk from 1731 to 1733; and Dean of Norwich from 1733 until his death.
# The Ozidi Saga

The Ozidi Saga is a choreographed folklore epic performed as part of the oral history of the Ijaw of the Niger River Delta.
It is traditionally performed as a periodic festival honoring the folk hero Ozidi. The performance dramatizes key episodes in the myth danced in a nonlinear narrative, allowing a ritual officiant dressed in white and holding objects traditionally identified with the hero to solicit participation by acolytes and members of the audience. A performance in 1966 was filmed and later transcribed and translated by playwright and poet John Pepper Clark.
# Corybantes veraguana

Corybantes veraguana is a moth in the Castniidae family. It is found in Panama, Colombia and Ecuador.

## Subspecies

* Corybantes veraguana veraguana (Panama)
* Corybantes veraguana govara (Schaus, 1896) (Colombia)
* Corybantes veraguana parambae (Rothschild, 1919) (Ecuador)
# The Nashville String Band (album)

The Nashville String Band is the 1969 debut album by The Nashville String Band. The band consisted of Chet Atkins and Homer and Jethro. Atkins produced many of Homer and Jethro's later RCA albums and they in turn performed on a number of his.
They released six albums on the RCA label.

## Track listing
### Side one

* "La Fiesta" (Byron Williams) – 2:30
* "Yellow Bird" (Keith - Bergman - Luboff)– 3:18
* "El Paso" (Marty Robbins)– 2:47
* "Granada" (Lara - Stewart) – 2:49
* "Adios Amigos" (Ralph Freed - Jerry Livingston) – 2:29
* "La Golondrina (The Swallow)" (N. Serradell) – 1:51

### Side two

* "Caribbean" (Mitchell Torok)– 2:24
* "Tomorrow's Tears (Morir un poco)" (Alvaro Covacevic, R. I. Allen) – 2:07
* "Maria Elena" (S. K. Russell, Lorenzo Barcelata)– 3:17
* "Drina" (Stanislav Binički, Vaughn Horton) – 2:35
* "In a Little Spanish Town" (Sam M. Lewis, Joe Young, Mabel Wayne)– 2:12

## Personnel

* Chet Atkins - guitar
* Henry "Homer" Haynes - guitar
* Kenneth "Jethro" Burns - mandolin
# John Drewe (disambiguation)

John Drewe (born 1948) is a British forger.
John Drewe may also refer to:
# John Gorton's General Biographical Dictionary

The General Biographical Dictionary is a book by British author John Gorton. The first edition was published in two volumes in 1828, with an appendix. A new edition that brought the work current as far as 1850 was published in four volumes in 1851. This edition featured a supplement by Cyrus Redding. It "is compiled from rather obvious sources of information". It "has an extended Life of Athanasius, well drawn up".

## Reception

The book was one among several books of similar name that were available in the 19th century, and has remained in print since its first edition. It was one of the few books of its time to provide a comprehensive listing of biographies.
# Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me

"Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me" is a song by British rock band Smokie. It was released in early September 1975 as a single and appeared later on the album Changing All the Time. Like the band's previous two singles "Pass It Around" and "If You Think You Know How to Love Me", the song was composed by Nicky Chinn/Mike Chapman.
The acoustic guitar riff in "Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me" is adopted from the Elvis Presley hit "His Latest Flame".
The single was as successful as the previous one. It debuted in the UK Singles Chart on 4 October 1975, reaching #8 and lingering in the charts for 7 weeks.

## Charts

| Chart (1975) | Position |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 50 |
| Austria | 13 |
| Belgium (Flanders) | 27 |
| Belgium (Wallonia) | 48 |
| Netherlands | 22 |
| New Zealand | 24 |
| UK Singles Chart | 8 |
| West Germany | 10 |
# Naukan people

The Naukan, also known as the Naukanski, are a Siberian Yupik people and an Indigenous people of Siberia. They live in the Chukotka Autonomous Region of eastern Russia.

## Language

The Naukan Yupik language is a Yupik language, belonging to the Eskimo–Aleut languages. Many Naukan people now speak the Chukchi language.

## Culture

Traditionally Naukan people hunted sea mammals. Guests traveled from remote settlements to participate in pol'a', the month-long Naukan whale festival.

## History

Archaeological evidence places the Naukan on the Chukotka Peninsula off the Bering Sea back 2,000 years. They used to live on Big Diomede Island and Cape Dezhnev in the Bering Strait. The Soviet Union relocated Naukan people from their traditional coastal village of Naukan in 1958. They now reside in the indigenous village of Lorino.
# Achepabanca Lake

Achepabanca Lake is a freshwater body crossed by the Achepabanca River, in the north-eastern part of Senneterre, within La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality (RCM), in the administrative region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, in the province of Quebec, in Canada.
Lake Achepabanca is located entirely in the township of Maricourt. Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector. Recreational tourism activities come second. Achepabanca Lake is the eastern boundary of the Wetetnagami Lake Biodiversity Reserve.
The hydrographic slope of Achepabanca Lake is accessible via a forest road (east-west) that passes on the north side of Achepabanca Lake, passing through the Lake Wetetnagami Biodiversity Reserve; in addition, another forest road (East-West direction) serves the southern part of this Reserve and the western side of Lake Achepabanca.
The surface of Achepabanca Lake is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

## Geography

The mouth of lake Achepabanca is located on the south side of the lake. This mouth of lake Achepabanca is at:
* 8.6 kilometres (5.3 mi) north of the mouth of the Achepabanca River;
* 67.5 kilometres (41.9 mi) north-east of the mouth of the Mégiscane River (confluence with Parent Lake (Abitibi);
* 352 kilometres (219 mi) south-east of the mouth of the Nottaway River (confluence with Rupert Bay);
* 77.7 kilometres (48.3 mi) north-east of downtown Senneterre;
* 72.6 kilometres (45.1 mi) south-east of the village center of Lebel-sur-Quevillon.
The main hydrographic slopes near Lake Achepabanca are:
* north side: Achepabanca River, Wetetnagami River;
* east side: Maricourt Lake (Macho River), Closse River, Mégiscane River, Mégiscane Lake;
* south side: Berthelot Lake (Mégiscane River), Mégiscane River, Whitegoose River, Berthelot River;
* west side: Charrette Lake, Wetetnagami River, Delestres River.

## Toponymy

The Achepabanca Lake Acme is linked to the Achepabanca River and the Achepabanca Northeast River.
The toponym "lac Achepabanca" was formalized on December 5, 1968, by the Commission de toponymie du Québec, when it was created.
# Vicente López Tovar

Vicente López Tovar (5 September 1909 – 26 December 1998) was a Spanish soldier, politician and anti-Franco guerrilla fighter. He fought for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War, for the French Resistance in World War II, and led a failed invasion of Spain in 1944 to oust Francisco Franco. After the Liberation of France Lopez Tovar was decorated with the Legion d'honneur and the Croix de Guerre. A street is named after him in Toulouse, France.

## Invasion of Aran Valley

On 19 October 1944, López Tovar led a force of exiled anti-Franco guerrilla fighters from the Unión Nacional Española (UNE), a military organization formed by the Communist Party of Spain but that included monarchists and other political denominations, across the Pyrenees mountains into the Aran Valley. The force consisted of 4,000 or 5,000 fighters, depending on the source. The objective was to establish a foothold in Spain from which to launch a full-scale invasion to overthrow Franco. The political leadership of the anti-Franco movement intended to make the city of Vielha a provisional capital that would give the movement legitimacy and thereby attract the financial and military backing of the Allied Powers for a larger operation. In his memoir, López Tovar writes that he was against the operation because of the lack of equipment and preparation.
The invasion was a failure. Franco was aware of the impending arrival of the troops and pursued a scorched earth strategy that left the UNE with little to capture in the valley outside of the city of Vielha. The guerrillas captured some villages defended by the Guardia Civil, but Franco sent reinforcements of 50,000 regular army troops over the Port de la Bonaigua and through the Vielha tunnel to defend the city. López Tovar was forced to hastily retreat back into France across the Pont de Rei.
# Carl Taube

Carl Arvid Taube (1939–1989) was an American statistician known for his work in mental health economics and health services research.

## Biography

Taube was born in New York City in 1939 to Count Arvid E. Taube and Alice N. Taube. After attending Kent School, he enrolled at Princeton University, from which he graduated in 1961 with a B.A. in sociology. He went on to receive a doctorate in sociology from American University in 1983. He began working at the National Institute of Mental Health in 1961 as a statistician, and continued to work there until 1987, eventually becoming director of their Division of Biometry and Applied Sciences. He also began a mental health economics program at the NIMH and started their "Mental Health, United States" series, a regularly published report cataloging mental health statistics in the United States. In 1980, he was awarded the Administrators Award for Meritorious Achievement from the Alcohol Drug Abuse and Mental Health Agency. In 1987, he became a professor in the Department of Mental Hygiene at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, where he continued to teach until his death. On September 28, 1989, he died of congestive heart failure at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1990, the American Public Health Association established the Carl Taube Award for Lifetime Contribution to the Field of Mental Health in honor of his work.