OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ophiuchus Superbubble

The Ophiuchus Superbubble is an astronomical phenomenon located in the Ophiuchus constellation, with a center around ℓ ≈ 30 °. This giant superbubble was first discovered in a 2007 study of extraplanar neutral hydrogen in the disk-halo transition of the Galaxy. The top extends to galactic latitudes over 25°, a distance of about 7 kpc. The Green Bank radio telescope has measured more than 220,000 HI spectra both in and around this structure.

## Structure

The movable 110 meter antenna of a radio telescope made it possible to take pictures of several neighboring regions of the sky, resulting in a folded mosaic in which an area filled with hydrogen was highlighted. Near this area the interstellar gas is disturbed and many ejections are evident.
The total mass of HI in the system is ≈ 10$^6$ M☉, with an equal mass of H$^+$. The base of the structure consists of HI "whiskers" measuring several hundred pc wide and its halo extends over more than 1 kpc. The "whiskers" have a vertical density structure suggesting that they are the walls of the bubble and were created by a lateral rather than an upward movement. They resemble the vertical streaks of dust seen on NGC 891.

## Geographical

The superbubble is located 23 thousand light-years from the Earth, and the object itself is "raised" 10 thousand light-years above the plane of the galaxy.
According to the Kompaneets model of an expanding bubble, the age of this system is ≈ 30 Ma, and its total energy content is ~ 10^53 erg. It may be at the stage when expansion stops and the shell begins to experience significant instabilities. This system offers an unprecedented opportunity to study several important phenomena at close range, including the evolution of superbubbles, turbulence in the HI shell, and the magnitude of the ionizing flux over the galactic disk.

## Formation hypothesis

The superbubble is hypothesized to be based on a massive cluster of young stars. The brightest of these stars exploded one after another, but since bright stars have a short lifespan (about 10 million years), a difference of a couple of million years essentially meant they all exploded at the same time. With a high degree of probability, the matter was "pushed" out of the galactic plane by such explosions, resulting in the inflation of the bubble. The interstellar matter itself is present in most galaxies and is mainly neutral or ionized hydrogen.
Such structures are capable of influencing the distribution of chemical elements in the galaxy: heavy nuclei that are born inside stars are ejected during an explosion together with gas, which - in the form of a "superbubble" - transports them over considerable distances.
# Louis Olivier Bancoult

Louis Olivier Bancoult (born 1964) is a Chagossian activist for the right of return and the leader of the Chagos Refugee Group (CRG).

## Biography

He was born in 1964 on the island of Peros Banhos in the Chagos Archipelago, from where he was forcibly removed at the age of four and transported to Mauritius. In response, his mother Rita Élysée Bancoult, together with activists Charlesia Alexis and Lisette Talate, founded the CRG in 1982.
Bancoult is an electrician and an advocate for the juridical right of the Chagossians to return from Mauritius to their original homeland. He has been involved in several high profile legal actions concerning the exile of the Chagos Islanders.
He was one of five islanders who, on 13 February 2022, stepped on to the beach of Peros Banhos, one of the larger atolls making up the occupied Chagos Islands, due to Mauritius legal victories "first at the UN General Assembly, then at the UN's International Court of Justice, and finally at the UN's tribunal for settling maritime disputes".
In 2023, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Liseby Elysé, a Chagossian woman who testified before the International Court of Justice in the case opposing Mauritius to the United Kingdom.
# Little shag

Little shag may refer to:
* Little pied cormorant, or little [pied] shag (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos)
* Little black cormorant, or little black shag (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris)
* Little cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger)
# Paris micropolitan area

The Paris micropolitan area may refer to:
* The Paris, Texas micropolitan area, United States
* The Paris, Tennessee micropolitan area, United States
# WRKY

WRKY may refer to:
* WRKY (AM), a radio station (1490 AM) licensed to serve Lancaster, Pennsylvania
* WRKY-FM, a radio station (104.9 FM) licensed to Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania
* WRKY transcription factor, proteins that bind DNA
* WRKY protein domain, a protein domain within the WRKY transcription factor
* WBZB, a radio station (1130 AM) licensed to Murray, Kentucky, which held the call sign WRKY from 2000 to 2006
* WOGH, a radio station (103.5 FM) licensed to Burgettstown, Pennsylvania, which held the call sign WRKY until 2000
# Aaka

Aaka is a genus of hemiptera in the leafhopper family. There is only one species described in this genus, known as Aaka coera. It is distributed in Papua New Guinea.
# True Step Tonight

"True Step Tonight" is a song by UK garage duo True Steppers, released as their third single, featuring former East 17 singer Brian Harvey and U.S. R&B star Donell Jones on guest vocals. It reached number 25 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing

* "True Step Tonight" (Radio Edit)
* "True Step Tonight" (Zero Absolute Vocal Mix)
* "True Step Tonight" (X-Men vs 10 Degrees Below Dub)
# Denis Makarov (ice hockey)

For the Russian professional footballer, see Denis Makarov.
Denis Makarov (born August 3, 1983) is a Russian ice hockey player who is currently playing for HC Spartak Moscow team in Russia.
# Epiplakin

Epiplakin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPPK1 gene. It belongs to the family of plakin proteins and is found in the human epidermis. It consists of 13 domains which are all similar to the B domain located at the C terminus of the human epidermal and cardiac muscle protein desmoplakin. The domains in epiplakin range from 46 to 70% in their homology to this B domain in desmoplakin. It was first identified as an autoantigen in a person who suffers from a rare autoimmune skin disease. Epiplakin was sequenced to have a total of 5065 amino acid residues and based on its amino acid composition it has a molecular weight of about 552 kDa. The EPPK1 gene is notable for a lack of introns over its coding region - its entire 15 kbp coding region is encoded by a single exon.
Epiplakin has been found to bind to keratin filaments and may contribute to inhibiting the growth of the filaments. This is suspected due to keratin bound epiplakin being found primarily at branch-points and end-points of the keratin filaments. Blocking the expression of epiplakin in cultured corneal epithelial cells via siRNA has been associated with faster wound closure and faster migration of corneal cells. This may be due to the loss of epiplakin leading to a modification of the cytoskeleton in epithelial cells.
# Finau

Finau is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Fili Finau (born 1972), Tongan-born Australian rugby union player
* Inga Finau (born 1994), New Zealand rugby union player
* Lupeti Finau (died 1979), Tongan civil servant and politician
* Moʻale Finau (born 1960), Tongan politician
* Molitoni Finau (1883–1965), Tongan politician
* Peni Finau (born 1981), Fiji footballer
* Salesi Finau (born 1973), Tongan rugby footballer
* Tevita Finau (born 1986), New Zealand-born American football player
* Tomiteau Finau (died 1984), Tongan civil servant, lawyer and politician
* Tony Finau (born 1989), American golfer
# Paris is in Harlem

Paris is in Harlem is a 2022 American drama film written and directed by Christina Kallas and starring Vandit Bhatt.

## Cast

* Chris Veteri as Ike
* Vandit Bhatt as Ben
* Leon Addison Brown as Sam
* Ellie Foumbi as Michelle
* Kojo Roney as Job
* Tim Eliot as Jason
* Laura Pruden as Sila
* Lauren Sowa as Alis
* Souléymane Sy Savané as Serenity
* Steve Vause as Arthur
* Marlon Martinez as Marlon
* Spaceman Patterson as Space
* Antoine Roney as Antoine
* Tomoki Sanders as Tomoki
* Camille Thurman as Camille

## Release

The film premiered at the 2022 Slamdance Film Festival.

## Reception

The film has a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on five reviews.
Alexandra Heller-Nicholas of the Alliance of Women Film Journalists gave the film a positive review and wrote, "a joyful, loving, euphoric snapshot of a city and its people at a key historical moment, Paris is in Harlem delights in letting the jazz flow."
Kyle Bain of Film Threat rated the film a 7 out of 10.
# Djibouti Davis Cup team

The Djibouti Davis Cup team represents Djibouti in Davis Cup tennis competition.

## Governing Body

They are governed by the Fédération Djiboutienne de Tennis.

## Last Competition

They have not competed since 2005.

## History

Djibouti competed in its first Davis Cup in 1993.

## Competition Performance

They have lost all 45 of their ties to date, and have yet to win a rubber.

## Last team (2005)

* Kadar Mogueh
* Fahir Osmar-Obsien
* Abdi-Fatah Abdourahman-Youssouf
# William Wardsworth

William E. Wardsworth was a Liberian jurist in the 20th century. Born in 1898, he held a range of political positions during his life, starting as a Justice of the Peace in Montserrado County. After serving in multiple administrative positions in Careysburg and the hinterland, he took office as a judge in Marshall Territory before his elevation to the Supreme Court.
Wardsworth died in office on 24 February 1977 after a short illness, having checked himself into the Catholic hospital in Sinkor on the previous day. He was survived by his wife, two sons, and a daughter.
# Gadsden, South Carolina

Gadsden is a census-designated place in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 1,632 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina metropolitan area.

## History

The John J. Kaminer House, Magnolia, Oakwood, and Richland Presbyterian Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

Gadsden is located at latitude 33.846 North and longitude 80.766 West. The elevation is 148 feet (45 m) above sea level. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has an area of 11.5 square miles (29.8 km$^2$), of which 0.008 square miles (0.02 km$^2$), or 0.06%, is water. The community is located at the intersection of state highways 48 and 769.

## Demographics
### 2020 census

Gadsden racial composition :
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 83 | 6.38% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 1,154 | 88.7% |
| Native American | 2 | 0.15% |
| Asian | 1 | 0.08% |
| Other/Mixed | 37 | 2.84% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 24 | 1.84% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,301 people, 546 households, and 425 families residing in the Town.
# Utina

Utina may refer to:
* Another name for Udine in north Italy
* A Timucua chiefdom in northern Florida during the 16th century, see Agua Dulce people
* Northern Utina, another Timucua tribe, also referred to as the Utina
* USS Utina (ATF-163), a U.S. Navy ship
* Firman Utina (born 1981), Indonesian football player
# Liu Xian (Later Zhao)

Liu Xian (Chinese: 劉顯; died 352) was a military general of the Later Zhao dynasty and ruler during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. During the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War, he defected to Ran Wei and assassinated the Zhao emperor, Shi Zhi, thus ending the Later Zhao. However, he then betrayed Wei and declared himself emperor in Zhao's capital, Xiangguo (襄國, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), but was eventually defeated and killed in 352.

## Life

Virtually nothing is known about Liu Xian’s background, except that he worked as a general under the Later Zhao. In 351, the Emperor of Zhao, Shi Zhi, ordered him to lead 70,000 men and attack the Heavenly King of Wei, Ran Min, at Yecheng. Liu Xian marched to Mingguang Palace (明光宮), just 23 li (approx. 9.5 km) away from the city. Initially, Ran Min was startled by Liu Xian's arrival, but he eventually decided to bring his army out fight. Ran Min dealt Liu Xian a decisive defeat and pursued him to Yangping (陽平郡; in present-day Qingfeng County, Henan), killing 30,000 of Liu Xian's troops in the process.
Ran Min's victory frightened Liu Xian into submission. In order to prove his worth, Liu Xian promised Ran Min that he would assassinate Shi Zhi for him. Ran Min believed him and allowed him to return to the Zhao capital, Xiangguo. In the summer of 351, Liu Xian killed Shi Zhi, the Prime Minister, Shi Bing (石炳), the Grand Governor, Zhao Shu (趙庶) and many others, totalling more than ten people. He then sent their heads to Yecheng, where Ran Min had Shi Zhi's head burnt in public. Later Zhao was at its end. For his contributions, Ran Min appointed Liu Xian as Supreme Grand General, Grand Chanyu and Governor of Jizhou.
However, just three months later, Liu Xian betrayed Ran Min and attacked him at Yecheng. He was once again defeated and retreated back to Xiangguo, where he declared himself as the new emperor. In early 352, Liu Xian attacked Ran Wei at Changshan Commandery, prompting Ran Min march out with 8,000 cavalries to repel him. Meanwhile, Liu Xian's Grand Marshal, Liu Ning (劉寧), surrendered Zaoqiang (棗強, in modern Hengshui, Hebei) to Wei. Ran Min defeated Liu Xian and chased him back to Xiangguo. Liu Xian's Grand General, Cao Fuju (曹伏駒), opened the gates and allowed Ran Min's army to enter. As a result, Ran Min massacred Liu Xian and his followers before burning down the city palaces and forcibly relocating the population to Yecheng.
# Paris inch

   "The Paris inch is commonly employed as the unit by which to express the focal length of lenses, and it cannot, therefore, be dispensed with"
—The Ophthalmoscope (1864)
The Paris inch or pouce is an archaic unit of length that, among other uses, was common for giving the measurement of lenses. The Paris inch could be subdivided into 12 Paris lines (ligne), and 12 Paris inches made a Paris foot. The abbreviations are the same as for other inch and foot units, i.e.: for Paris foot a single prime symbol ( ′ ), for Paris inch a double prime symbol ( ″ ) and for Paris line a triple prime symbol ( ‴ ),
The Paris inch is longer than the English inch and the Vienna inch, although the Vienna inch was subdivided with a decimal, not 12 lines.
A famous measurement made using the Paris inch is the lens measurement of the first great refractor telescope, the Dorpat Great Refractor, also known as the Fraunhofer 9-inch. The 9-Paris inch diameter lens was made by Joseph von Fraunhofer, which works out to about 24.4 centimetres (9.59 English inches). This lens had the largest aperture of its day for an achromatic lens.
The term for telescopes persisted even in the 20th century, with a telescope listed in the 1909 Sears Roebuck catalog of having 25 lignes diameter aperture, or about 56 mm (5.6 cm). The measurement SPI (Stitches per inch) for leather pricking irons and stitch marking wheels also commonly uses the Paris inch instead of the Imperial inch.
# List of highways numbered 399

The following highways are numbered 399:

## Canada

* Manitoba Provincial Road 399
* Quebec Route 399

## Japan

* Japan National Route 399

## United States

* U.S. Route 399 (former)
* Arkansas Highway 399
* Florida State Road 399
* Louisiana Highway 399
* Nevada State Route 399
* New York State Route 399
* Tennessee State Route 399
* Texas State Highway Spur 399
* Virginia State Route 399
| Preceded by 398 | Lists of highways 399 | Succeeded by 400 |
# Aalesunds Handels- og Sjøfartstidende

Aalesunds Handels- og Søfartstidende (The Ålesund Trade and Maritime Journal) was a newspaper published in Ålesund, Norway from 1856 to 1904. From 1872 to 1876 it was published under the name Aalesunds Tidende (The Ålesund Journal). It was the first newspaper published in Ålesund. The newspaper had a conservative stance.
# Communist Party of Nepal (United)

Communist Party of Nepal (United) was a political party in Nepal. It was founded in 2007, following a split in the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist).
Chandra Dev Joshi chairman of the party and Sunil Manandhar general secretary of the party. In 2008 Nepal's first openly homosexual representative, Sunil Babu Pant was elected to the Constituent Assembly from the party list.
The party merged into CPN (Maoist Centre) on 11 October 2017 ahead of the 2017 elections.

## History

The party was founded following a split in the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist) when Ganesh Shah and Chandra Dev Joshi broke away from the party. In the 2008 Constituent Assembly elections, the party won five seats from proportional voting. The party selected Sunil Babu Pant, the first openly homosexual lawmaker in Asia from the party list. Party chairman Chandra Dev Joshi was also appointed as the Minister for Land Reform and Management in the Baburam Bhattari cabinet in 2011.
In the 2013 Constituent Assembly elections the party won three seats from proportional voting. The party merged into CPN (Maoist Centre) on 11 October 2017.

## Electoral performance

| Election | Leader | Votes | Votes | Seats | Seats | Position | Resulting government |
| Election | Leader | # | % | # | +/- | Position | Resulting government |
| 2008 | Ganesh Shah | 154,968 | 1.44 | 5 / 575 | | 10th | Maoist–CPN (UML)–MJFN–Sadbhavana–CPN (United) |
| 2013 | Ganesh Shah | 91,997 | 0.97 | 3 / 575 | 2 | 13th | Congress–CPN (UML)–RPP |
# William Ware Peck

William Ware Peck (February 17, 1821 – July 18, 1897) was an American jurist who served as a justice of the Territorial Wyoming Supreme Court from December 14, 1877, to January 11, 1882.
Born in Burlington, Vermont, he graduated from the University of Vermont in 1841, and received an LL.B. from Harvard University in 1844.
In 1877, Peck was appointed associate justice for the Wyoming Supreme Court by President Rutherford B. Hayes, serving in that capacity from December 14, 1877, to January 11, 1882. Afterwards, "Peck practiced law first in Cheyenne and then in New York City", where he later died.
# Gadsden, Tennessee

Gadsden is a town in Crockett County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 470 at the 2010 census. It is the birthplace of Hall of Fame rock guitarist Scotty Moore, who played with Elvis Presley and Ricky Nelson.

## History

Gadsden was established in the mid-19th century as a stop along the Memphis, Clarksville and Louisville Railroad. It was named for prominent U.S. diplomat James Gadsden (1788–1858), who was responsible for the Gadsden Purchase.

## Geography

Gadsden is located at 35°46′38″N 88°59′26″W﻿ / ﻿35.77722°N 88.99056°W﻿ / 35.77722; -88.99056 (35.777300, -88.990442). The town lies northeast of Jackson along a congruent stretch of U.S. Route 70 and U.S. Route 79. Tennessee State Route 221 intersects this highway toward the center of town. Humboldt lies to the northeast along US 79, and Bells lies to the southwest.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 553 people, 216 households, and 160 families residing in the town. The population density was 502.8 inhabitants per square mile (194.1/km$^2$). There were 228 housing units at an average density of 207.3 per square mile (80.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 83.54% White, 14.83% African American, 0.18% Native American, 1.08% from other races, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.08% of the population.
There were 216 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $41,583. Males had a median income of $26,771 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,506. About 11.0% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.3% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.
# Olivier II de Clisson

Olivier II de Clisson, the Younger, was a Breton frontier lord and son of Olivier I, the Elder of Clisson.

## Conflict with the Breton Duke

The Breton Duke John 1, had forced Olivier II’s father to capitulate on previous conflict, and only addressed Olivier II thereafter. The duke also obliged the de Clissons to pay a penalty of 4 000 livres, but refused to repair a damaged de Clisson castle, generally presumed to refer to the castle at Blain. The castle of Blain had not been destroyed in its entirety so Olivier II undertook work in order to restore it. Olivier II had the tower of the drawbridge rebuilt, the prison towers and its two curtain walls, the belfry, and the buildings of the Petit Château rebuilt.
After the events of the early 1260s, the relations of Olivier II with the Duke, and his neighbors and relatives, entered a phase of normalization. He concluded an agreement in Nantes in 1265 with his uncle Eudes du Pont, on rights to the forest of Pont.
In 1275, Olivier II adhered to a decision with Duke John I to exchange the right of lease for the right of redemption. Likewise in 1293, the lord of Clisson declared to the duke loyalty by rents which he gathered from the military districts around his castles.

## Acquiring lands in France

Like other great Breton lords, the Lords of Clisson began pursuing a policy of acquiring fiefs outside Brittany in the kingdom of France, which would ease the absolute grip of the Dukes of Brittany had on them. From these French lands, Olivier II therefore also had vassalic duties with another duke, the Duke of Angevin in the districts of Montfaucon-et-Moine.
# Fist Fight (disambiguation)

Fist Fight is a 2017 film directed by Richie Keen.
Fistfight or Fist Fight may also refer to:
* Fist Fight (TV series), a 2018 Hong Kong TV series
* "Fist Fight", a song by For the Fallen Dreams from the 2011 album Back Burner
# Maoritenes

Maoritenes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Tortricinae of the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Maoritenes cyclobathra (Meyrick, 1907)
* Maoritenes modesta (Philpott, 1930)
# Nadia Crow

Nadia Crow is an American television news reporter. In June 2013 she began working at KTVX-TV Channel 4 in Salt Lake City, Utah, the first African-American to be a primary anchor in that state.

## Biography

Nadia Crow was born in Fort Worth, TX. Her family later moved to Chicago, where she was raised. She attended Syracuse University, graduating from its prestigious S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications. After graduation she worked for WSJV channel 28 in Elkhart, Indiana, then moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa in 2010, where she was a news anchor for KCRG-TV for three years. In 2013 she was hired by Utah's Channel 4 news director George Severson, initially to co-anchor the 4 p.m. newscast, to anchor the 10-minute newscast weeknights on sister station KUCW Channel 30, and to provide field reports. In July 2016, Nadia Crow joined KCPQ, Seattle Washington's Fox affiliate as an anchor and reporter.