OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cletus Wotorson

Cletus Segbe Wotorson (13 March 1937 – 13 August 2024) was a Liberian politician and geologist. On 26 March 2009, he was elected as President Pro Tempore of the Senate of Liberia, beating out fellow Senator Gbehzohngar Milton Findley. He served until 2012. Wotorson died on 13 August 2024, at the age of 87.

## Positions

* Assistant Professor of Geology & Geophysics – University of Liberia
* Director – Liberian Geological Survey (1973–1975)
* Founder & President – West Africa Consultants (1975–1978)
* Minister of Lands & Mines – Government of Liberia (1978–1980)
* Chairman – Liberian Petroleum Refinery Company (1978–1980)
* Chairman & CEO – Liberian Petroleum Refinery Company (1980–1983)
* President – Nimba Mining Company (1988–1990)
* Standard Bearer of the Alliance of Political Parties in the 1997 presidential election. He placed fourth out of thirteen candidates, winning 2.57% of the vote
# Cleusonite

Cleusonite is a member of the crichtonite group of minerals with the chemical formula (Pb,Sr)(U$^{4+}$ ,U$^{6+}$ )(Fe$^{2+}$ ,Zn) $_2$(Ti,Fe$^{2+}$ ,Fe$^{3+}$ ) $_{18}$(O,OH) $_{38}$. This group of minerals contains approximately thirteen complex metal titanates. The structures of minerals of this group is complicated by frequent fine-scale twinning and metamictization due to radioactive elements. The crichtonite group consists of members of related mineral species of the type A{BC$_2$D$_6$E$_{12}$}O$_{38}$ which are characterized by their predominant cations (as seen in crichtonite (Sr), senaite (Pb), davidite (REE + U), landauite (Na), loveringite (Ca), lindsleyite (Ba), and mathiasite (K).

## Composition

The chemical formula of cleusonite is (Pb,Sr)(U$^{4+}$ ,U$^{6+}$ )(Fe$^{2+}$ ,Zn) $_2$(Ti,Fe$^{2+}$ ,Fe$^{3+}$ ) $_{18}$(O,OH) $_{38}$. The following minerals are also found in the veins of cleusonite; quartz, chlorite, calcite, albite, microcline, tourmaline, fluorapatite, zircon, ilmenite, hematite, titanite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tennantite, rutile, crichtonite, monazite-(Ce), and native gold.
Clausthalite, chalcopyrite, and uraninite are also found in the form of inclusions in cleusonite.

## Structure

The structure of the lead end-member senaite of the crichtonite group was determined in 1976 by Grey & Lloyd. The structure of the other members of the crichtonite group is similar and corresponds to the formula AM$_{21}$O$_{38}$.
The crystals of cleusonite consist of multiple rhombohedra and hexagonal prisms that are twinned. The crystal system is a trigonal - rhombohedral class 3 and has space group of R3.

## Physical properties

Cleusonite is seen as a black opaque cm-sized tabular crystal with a bright sub-metallic luster. It does not have any cleavage and has a density of about 4.74(4) g/cm3. The calculated density may vary from 5.02(6) (for untreated crystals) to 5.27(5) (heat-treated crystals); the variations are caused by the cell swelling due to the metamictization.
Cleusonite crystals are usually metamict black semimetallic prismatic and associated with quartz.

## Geological occurrence characteristics

It was found at two occurrences in greenschist facies metamorphosed gneissic series of the Mont Fort and Siviez-Mischabel Nappes in Valais, Switzerland (Cleuson and Bella Tolla summit), and named after the type locality. Cleusonite is found first in metamorphic rocks of the central Swiss Alps with the type locality being Oligocene-Miocene alpine cleft veins near Cleuson, Val de Nendaz, Valais and secondly in gneisses and crosscutting alpine veins near the Bella Tolla summit, also in Valais. In the Bella Tolla summit it is found in the form of hematite-stained flattened aggregates with quartz, albite, baryte, chalcopyrite, uraninite, tennantite, pyrite, magnetite, cinnabar, and malachite. The name cleusonite is used for the previously described “uranium-rich senaite” from Alinci, North Macedonia and the "plumbodavidite" from Huanglongpu, China. Cleusonite is radioactive.
# Clay Johnston

Clay Johnston may refer to:
* Clay Johnston (academic), dean of the Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin
* Clay Johnston (American football) (born 1996), American football linebacker
# Claude Troisgros

Claude Troisgros (born 9 April 1956) is a French chef who lives in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He is the son of the famous chef Pierre Troisgros, who with his brother Jean were among a group of French chefs who pioneered nouvelle cuisine in the 1970s, influenced by Fernand Point.

## Career

Claude Troisgros runs four restaurants in Rio de Janeiro, Olympe and 66 Bistrô, CT Brasserie and CT Boucherie. In the US, he was part-owner of the restaurant Caviar & Banana in New York City, and he is Executive Chef/Consultant at Blue Door Restaurant at the Delano Hotel in Miami. 66 Bistrô was recently closed in order to open another CT Boucherie location.
Troisgros is a celebrity chef in Brazil, where he presents his own TV show Que Marravilha! on the GNT cable channel. The TV show has a magazine format, with recipes, reality show features, and travelogue pieces.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Broadcaster |
| 2010–present | Que Marravilha! | Host | GNT |
| 2015–present | Que Marravilha! Chefinhos | Host | GNT |
| 2015–present | The Taste Brasil | Host | GNT |
| 2019–present | Mestre do Sabor | Host | Rede Globo |
# Deukom

Deukom is a provider of digital television for the South African market via IPTV or via satellite, using the Astra 4A satellite at 5° east. (Namibia under Satelio label). The target group are Germans living in South Africa.

## History

The transmission of the German-language television takes place since 1 May 1996 via satellite and later on via IPTV, above all in South Africa and Namibia. On April 11, 2016, customers in Namibia were informed by Deukom that German-speaking television will be distributed exclusively by Satelio in the future. Existing customers were switched to Satelio. In South Africa, Deukom also uses Satelio's offer under its own name since May 2016.

## Channels
### TV

* Das Erste
* ZDF
* 3sat
* arte
* DW-TV
* RTL Television
* RTL II
* Sat.1
* ProSieben
* VOX
* n-tv
* kabel eins
* Puls 4
* Heimatkanal
* Romance TV
* Nitro
* Super RTL
* ProSieben Maxx
* sixx
* Jukebox
* auto motor und sport channel
* Fix und Foxi TV
* N24

### Radio

* Bayern 1
* Bayern 3
* Klassik Radio
* Hitradio Namibia
* Antenne Bayern
* Radio Paloma
* Rock Antenne
* harmony.fm
* radio ffn
* sunshine live

## Encryption

Panaccess is used as conditional access system.
# Deregistered and unregistered Australian unions

Australian industrial relations law maintains a system of compulsory arbitration in the settlement of industrial disputes between employers, employees, and their respective registered industrial associations. Associations of employers or employees must be registered by the relevant Industrial Relations Commission in order to have disputes heard before that commission. However, in the Fair Work Commission individuals may appoint an unregistered/deregistered industrial organisation to represent them in any disputes.
For a variety of reasons, some industrial associations are not registered under their commission. They may not meet the requirements for registration, may have had their registration revoked, or may have elected not to register.
The following are examples of deregistered or unregistered Australian unions that organisations of employee associations or groups which are not registered under State or Federal law as registered employee groups may have occurred due to a range of issues:
* Builders Labourers Federation
* Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union
* Health Workers Union (Queensland)
* Industrial Workers of the World
* National Jet Systems Pilots Group
* Queensland Power Workers' Association (now defunct)
* Queensland Prison Officers Association] (QPOA) "Prison Officers working for Prison Officers"
* Retail and Fast Food Workers Union
* Shearers and Rural Workers' Union
* Unite Union
# Vitalian (praetorian prefect)

Vitalianus or Anglicized into Vitalian (died 238) was a Praetorian Prefect during the reign of the Roman Emperor Maximinus Thrax. He is mainly notable for being assassinated in the course of the revolt by the Roman Senate on behalf of Gordian I and Gordian II, a step deemed necessary due to the terror he apparently instilled in the people of Rome in Maximinus' own absence. According to the historian Herodian, Vitalianus was killed by a group of soldiers who gained an audience with him on the pretext of carrying secret messages concerning Maximinus.
# Vitalia

Vitalia is an extinct genus of reptile from the Early Triassic (late Olenekian stage) of European Russia known from the type species V. grata. It is known from the holotype dentary PIN 4173/126 (SGU 104/3105) as well as two additional dentaries PIN 1043/627 and 1043/628, all housed at the Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. The type dentary was originally included in the hypodigm of Coelodontognathus donensis named by the notable Russian vertebrate paleontologist Vitaliy Georgiyevich Ochev in 1967. Ivakhnenko (1973) separated the specimen and gave it its own genus and species name in light of the new material, which he named in honor of Ochev. The dentaries of Vitalia were collected at the Donskaya Luka Locality near the village of Sirotinskaya in Ilovlinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, from the Lipovskaya Formation of the Gamskii Horizon. Like Coelodontognathus, Vitalia was originally described as a procolophonid parareptile in 1973, but Arkhangelskii & Sennikov (2008) reclassified the taxon as a possible trilophosaurid archosauromorph. Vitalia is thought to be similar to the possible trilophosaurids Coelodontognathus and Doniceps, both of which are known exclusively from the same locality. Coelodontognathus and Vitalia are similar to procolophonids in that they have wide teeth but differs from them in that they have tooth roots set deep into the jaws.
# Descent into Chaos (Legion of the Damned album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metal Temple | link |
| Metalholic | (7.7/10) link |
| Heavy Blog Is Heavy | link |
Descent Into Chaos is the fifth studio album by the Dutch Metal band, Legion of the Damned, released on January 7, 2011, through Massacre Records.

## Personnel

* Maurice Swinkels - Vocals
* Richard Ebisch - Guitars
* Harold Gielen - Bass
* Erik Fleuren - Drums
# Descent into Chaos (Nightrage album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Blabbermouth.net | 7/10 |
| Lambgoat | 7/10 |
| Metal.de | 9/10 |
| Metal Storm | 8.5/10 |
Descent into Chaos is the second full-length studio album by the Greek/Swedish melodic death metal band Nightrage. It was released by Century Media Records on 21 February 2005 in Europe, on 5 April 2005 in the US and by King Japan on 27 April 2005 in Japan. It was Nightrage's last album to feature Gothenburg vocalist Tomas Lindberg.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Marios Iliopoulos

## Personnel

* Tomas Lindberg − vocals
* Marios Iliopoulos − guitars
* Gus G. − guitars
* Henric Karlsson − bass guitar
* Fotis Benardo − drums
* Mikael Stanne − additional vocals ("Frozen")

### Additional personnel

* Fredrik Nordström – keyboards
* Patrik J. Sten – guitars ("Phantasma", "Frozen"), backing vocals, samples, intros, effects ("Being Nothing", "Descent into Chaos", "Reality Versus Truth", "Jubilant Cry")

## Release history

Release history and formats for Descent into Chaos :
| Region | Date | Label |
| Europe | 21 February 2005 | Century Media |
| South Korea | 7 March 2005 | |
| North America | 5 April 2005 | Century Media |
| Japan | 27 April 2005 | King Japan |
# Climax species

Climax species, also called late seral, late-successional, K-selected or equilibrium species, are plant species that can germinate and grow with limited resources; e.g., they need heat exposure or low water availability. They are the species within forest succession that are more adapted to stable and predictable environments, and will remain essentially unchanged in terms of species composition for as long as a site remains undisturbed.
The seedlings of climax species can grow in the shade of the parent trees, ensuring their dominance indefinitely. The presence of climax species can also reduce the prevalence of other species within an ecosystem. However, a disturbance, such as fire, may kill the climax species, allowing pioneer or earlier successional species to re-establish for a time. They are the opposite of pioneer species, also known as ruderal, fugitive, opportunistic or R-selected species, in the sense that climax species are good competitors but poor colonizers, whereas pioneer species are good colonizers but poor competitors.
Given the prevailing ecological conditions, climax species dominate the climax community. When the pace of succession slows down as the result of ecological homeostasis, the maximum permitted biodiversity is reached. Their reproductive strategies and other adaptive characteristics can be considered more sophisticated than those of opportunistic species.
Through negative feedback, they adapt themselves to specific environmental conditions. Climax species are mostly found in forests. Climax species, closely controlled by carrying capacity, follow K strategies, wherein species produce fewer numbers of potential offspring, but invest more heavily in securing the reproductive success of each one to the micro-environmental conditions of its specific ecological niche. Climax species might be iteroparous, energy consumption efficient and nutrient cycling.

## Disputed term

The idea of a climax species has been criticized in recent ecological literature. Any assessment of successional states depends on assumptions about the natural fire regime. But the idea of a dominant species is still widely used in silvicultural programs and California Department of Forestry literature.

## Examples

White spruce (Picea glauca) is an example of a climax species in the northern forests of North America due to its ability to adapt to resource scarce, stable conditions, it dominates Northern forest ecosystem in the absence of a disturbance.
Other examples of climax species in old-growth forests:
* Canadian hemlock
* Pacific silver fir
* White fir
* Yellow carabeen
* Blue grama
* Douglas fir
* Coast redwood
* European beech
# List of airports by ICAO code: J

List of airports by ICAO code: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
This list article lists aerodromes which have been assigned an ICAO airport code, a 4-letter code, which starts with the letter "J".
Format of entries is:

## J: List
### JZ

* JZRO (none) – Wright Brothers Field – Jezero Crater, Syrtis Major quadrangle, planet Mars.
# Vitiněves

Vitiněves is a municipality and village in Jičín District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
# List of airlines of the Marshall Islands

This is a list of airlines currently operating in Marshall Islands.
| Airline | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Image | Founded |
| Air Marshall Islands | CW | MRS | MARSHALL ISLANDS | | 1980 |
# Clergy Corporation

The Clergy Corporation, or the Clergy Reserve Corporation of Upper Canada, existed to oversee, manage and lease the Clergy reserves of Upper Canada, a large amount of land in Upper Canada that had been put aside for the Anglican and later Protestant churches. The main operations of the corporation were to collect rents on these lands, receive petitions, answer inquiries and settle all disputes arising from the clergy land.
There was similarly a Clergy Corporation of Lower Canada.

## History

The corporation began as a body in 1818, when it was established by the Upper Canada Executive Council. It was officially commissioned by Lieutenant Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland in 1819. Its origin stemmed from a strict interpretation of the Constitutional Act of 1791 by the Family Compact, led by John Strachan, to keep the clergy reserves for the Church of England.
The new Corporation had twelve members: the Bishop of Quebec, who acted as chair, both the Inspector and Surveyors General, the Rectors of York, Kingston, Niagara, Grimsby, Cornwall, Ancaster, Hamilton and Newcastle, and two other members of the Anglican clergy. The Corporation directed the local sheriffs to collect the various rents.
The first meeting of the corporation was held at York on 25 March 1820. Stephen Heward, who was Auditor General of Land Patents, was appointed Secretary Receiver of the corporation. Five years later the Executive Council ordered that the corporation should cease making any new leases of the reserves, as it had been thought that the land would be sold to the Canada Company. This option was championed by Egerton Ryerson, who was upset at the state of the reserves and wanted them to be available to the Methodists. In August 1828 Heward, the Secretary Receiver, died and was succeeded by George Herchmer Markland.
The issuance of new leases resumed in April 1829. However this only continued until 1832, when the Lieutenant Governor advised the corporation to discontinue the issuance of leases after a bill was passed to combine the clergy reserves with Crown land. At this point, Markland was appointed Inspector General and a new Secretary Receiver, Thomas Baines, was appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in 1833. With no new leases being issued, the actions of the corporation were confined to overseeing former leases, which had not yet become very lucrative. Baines undertook a plan to change this and appointed Clerks of the Peace as District Commissioners to undertake a survey of each individual lot in Upper Canada.
The result of this was a huge increase in lease revenues, but the full amount of rent was still unattained. In view of this and increased pressure against the idea of Anglican clergy lands held by the Family Compact, the Executive Council decided in 1838 to dissolve the corporation and to transfer Baines into the Crown Lands Department, where he would continue to oversee the collection of payments in arrears on clergy reserve leases and oversee the sale of Crown land in Upper Canada. At this point both the Clergy Corporation and the Clergy Reserves were largely dissolved; the lands were officially secularized in 1854.
# Visconti (company)

Visconti is an Italian manufacturing company of luxury goods, founded in 1988 in Florence by Dante Del Vecchio and Luigi Poli, who were collectors of fountain pens. The company is noted for its use of celluloid in the making of its pens, adding details in ivory, titanium, gold, diamond, ebonite, and acrylic fiber.
Visconti's handmade fountain pens have been recognised for their quality and fine craft. Its line of products has changed over time, with several collections released since the company's inception.

## History

The company was founded on the 20th of October, 1988, by Luigi Poli and Dante del Vecchio, two friends that were fountain pen enthusiasts.
The first collection launched by Visconti was the "Classic", a pen made of celluloid, which would be used for several collections in successive years. The success of this pen encouraged the company's founders to release a new limited edition of a hundred pieces, "Urushi", made of ebonite and decorated with Japanese lacquerware techniques.
During the 1990s, Visconti developed the high vacuum power filler system (1993), the travel inkwell (1997) and the double reservoir filling system (1998), which consisted of a double reservoir refilling system, to prevent leakage. By 2008, the company had 25 employees who made its pens by hand.
In 2009, Visconti reached a deal with Coles of London (actually based in North Carolina), whereby Coles became the official distributor of Visconti products in the United States. Together, both companies launched a range of new products, including the Rembrandt Collection, Opera Masters, Homo Sapiens Collection, Divina Royale range, and the limited-edition Templari.
By 2012, Visconti had exported its products to more than 50 countries around the world with 50,000 pens sold by year.
Dante Del Vecchio left Visconti in 2016 due to a conflict with his business partner and later became chief pen designer at Pineider.
# Visconti-Sforza Castle (Galliate)

The Visconti-Sforza Castle or Sforza Castle of Galliate is a medieval castle in Galliate, Piedmont, Northern Italy. It was erected in the 15th century by the Sforza, dukes of Milan, on a previous fortification (the Rocchetta) built by their progenitors Visconti.

## Location

Galliate lies along the road between Novara and Milan, near a transit point on the Ticino river. This position was at the origin of the importance of Galliate in the Late Middle Ages.

## History

The castle, or some fortification surrounded by a moat, existed in 1057. A document of that year attests the existence of a chapel built «iusta moato de castro ipsius loci» (Latin for "near the moat of the castle of that place").
In 1154, Federico Barbarossa destroyed the fortifications near the Ticino river defended by the Milanese, and among them, Galliate. In 1168 Galliate was occupied by the Milanese, who rebuilt the fortification. Between the 12th and the 13th century, the castle was attacked and ruined by the Novara people.
After being taken by the Visconti, the castle was rebuilt by Galeazzo II Visconti in 1350-60 as an outpost near the Ticino river's bridgehead. In 1414 Filippo Maria Visconti had the Rocchetta built on the eastern side of the current castle area.
In 1476, the Duke of Milan Galeazzo Maria Sforza began constructing the castle in the forms we see today. The building was completed in 1496 under the rule of Ludovico il Moro. A canal was excavated to bring water into the moat surrounding the castle. The building had an overall rectangular layout. Its sides measured 108 m (354 ft) and 80 m (260 ft).
In 1717, the castle passed from the Sforza to Luchino del Maino, and then to their heirs. Their property was eventually divided and sold to private individuals. Later, the Galliate municipality took over and subsequently restored a part of the castle.

## Today

The facade of the castle occupies the entire northern side of the central Piazza Vittorio Veneto.
Partly private and partly owned by the municipality, the castle houses the civic library, the Angelo Bozzola Museum of Contemporary Art, and the Achille Varzi Museum, dedicated to the Grand-Prix driver born in Galliate.
# List of banks in San Marino

This article is a list of banks in San Marino. Banks are to be listed alphabetically in order of name, its official website, if a bank has one, and its 8-letter SWIFT code. The list is based on information from the Central Bank of San Marino, which is responsible for financial supervision in San Marino.
| Name | Website | SWIFT code |
| Asset Banca | www.ab.sm | ASTTSMS1 |
| Banca Agricola Commerciale Istituto Bancario Sammarinese | www.bac.sm | BASMSMSM |
| Banca Commerciale Sammarinese | www.bcs.sm | COERSMS1 |
| Banca del Titano [it] | None | BTITSMS1 |
| Banca di San Marino | www.bsm.sm | MAOISMS1 |
| Banca Partner | www.bancapartner.sm | PANNSMS1 |
| Banca Sammarinese di Investimento | www.bsi.sm | BSDISMSD |
| Cassa di Risparmio della Repubblica di San Marino | www.carisp.sm | CSSMSMSM |
| Euro Commercial Bank | www.ecb.sm | EUCDSMSM |
# Toronto Trilogy

Toronto Trilogy may refer to novel series by:
* An unfinished trilogy by Robertson Davies, of which the author completed two novels, Murther and Walking Spirits (1991) and The Cunning Man (1994).
* Austin Clarke, a series consisting of The Meeting Point (1967), Storm of Fortune (1973) and The Bigger Light (1975)