OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Centrifugal evaporator

A centrifugal evaporator is a device used in chemical and biochemical laboratories for the efficient and gentle evaporation of solvents from many samples at the same time, and samples contained in microtitre plates. If only one sample required evaporation then a rotary evaporator is most often used. The most advanced modern centrifugal evaporators not only concentrate many samples at the same time, they eliminate solvent bumping and can handle solvents with boiling points of up to 220 °C. This is more than adequate for the modern high throughput laboratory.

## History

The centrifugal evaporator dates from the second half of the 1800s. Patent US158764 was granted in 1875 to Conrad Wendel and William Florich for an improvement in centrifugal evaporators.

## Design

A centrifugal evaporator often comprises a vacuum pump connected to a centrifuge chamber in which the samples are placed. Many systems also have a cold trap or solvent condenser placed in line between the vacuum pump and the centrifuge chamber to collect the evaporated solvents. The most efficient systems also have a cold trap on the pump exhaust. There are many further developments available from manufacturers to speed up the process, and to provide protection for delicate samples.

## Mechanism

The system works by lowering the pressure in the centrifuge system - as the pressure drops so does the boiling point of the solvent(s) in the system. When the pressure is sufficiently low that the boiling points of the solvents are below the temperature of the sample holder, then they will boil. This enables solvent to be rapidly removed while the samples themselves are not heated to damaging temperatures. High performance systems can remove very high boiling solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) while keeping sample temperatures below 40 °C at all times.
The centrifugal force generated by spinning the centrifuge rotor creates a pressure gradient within the solvent contained in the tubes or vials, this means that the samples boil from the top down, helping to prevent "bumping". The most advanced systems apply the vacuum slowly and run the rotor at speeds of 500 x gravity - this system is proven to prevent bumping and was patented by Genevac in the late 1990s.
# Cow Springs Ranch

Cow Springs Ranch, formerly Ojo de Vaca Station, is a ranch headquartered at Cow Springs in Luna County, New Mexico, originally Ojo de Vaca when it was a Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach station at Ojo de Vaca (Cow Springs), in New Mexico Territory. It was located 14 mi (23 km) northeast of Soldiers Farewell Station and 16 mi (26 km) southwest of Miembre's River Station, later Mowry City.

## History

Ojo de Vaca was a watering place on the old trail between Janos, Chihuahua, Mexico to the Santa Rita copper mines. When Cooke's Mormon Battalion was searching for a wagon route between the Rio Grande and California, they intercepted the old Mexican road at this spring, then followed it southward to Guadalupe Pass then westward and northward to Tucson, pioneering the route known as Cooke's Wagon Road. In 1849, Cooke's road became the major southern route of the forty-niners during the California Gold Rush and Ojo de Vaca spring was one of the reliable watering places on what became the Southern Emigrant Trail. Later Ojo de Vaca was a water station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and subsequently the Butterfield company built their stagecoach station there. It remained an important stop on this route until the long distance stagecoach lines ended in the late 19th century. Subsequently, the Butterfield Overland Mail built Ojo de Vaca Station as a stagecoach station at Ojo de Vaca, in New Mexico Territory. It was located 14 miles northeast of Soldiers Farewell Station and 16 miles southwest of Miembre's River Station, later Mowry City, New Mexico. It remained an important stop on this route until the long distance stagecoach lines ended in the late 19th century.
# Cow Town

Cow Town is a 1950 American Western film directed by John English and written by Gerald Geraghty. The film stars Gene Autry, Gail Davis, Harry Shannon, Jock Mahoney, Clark Burroughs and Harry Harvey Sr. The film was released on May 19, 1950, by Columbia Pictures.

## Cast

* Gene Autry as Gene Autry
* Gail Davis as Ginger Kirby
* Harry Shannon as Sandy Reeves
* Jock Mahoney as Tod Jeffreys
* Clark Burroughs as Duke Kirby
* Harry Harvey Sr. as Sheriff Steve Calhoun
* Steve Darrell as Chet Hilliard
* Sandy Sanders as Stormy Jones
* Ralph Sanford as Martin Dalrymple
* Robert Hilton as Miller
* Bud Osborne as George Copeland
* House Peters Jr. as Gill Saunders
* Chuck Roberson as Mike Grady
* Champion as Champ
# Microphora

Microphora is a genus of flies in the family Athericidae.

## Species

* Microphora angustifrons Kröber, 1912
# Coxford, Southampton

50°56′02″N 1°26′31″W﻿ / ﻿50.934°N 1.442°W﻿ / 50.934; -1.442 Coxford is an Electoral Ward in the Unitary Authority of Southampton, England. It had a population of 14,232 at the 2001 census.
# International rankings of Paraguay

These are the international rankings of Paraguay.

## International rankings

| Organization | Survey | Ranking |
| Institute for Economics and Peace | Global Peace Index | 73 out of 144 |
| United Nations Development Programme | Human Development Index | 101 out of 182 |
| Transparency International | Corruption Perceptions Index | 154 out of 180 |
| World Economic Forum | Global Competitiveness Report | 124 out of 133 |
| World Intellectual Property Organization | Global Innovation Index, 2024 | 93 out of 133 |
# Couture (surname)

Couture is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dani Couture (born 1978), Canadian writer
* Gerry Couture (1925–1994), Canadian hockey player
* Guillaume Couture (1617/18–1701), lay missionary, diplomat and militia captain in New France
* Léonie Couture (born 1951), Canadian feminist and charity founder
* Logan Couture (born 1989), Canadian hockey player
* Maurice Couture (1926-2018), former Roman Catholic Archbishop of Québec
* Randy Couture (born 1963), retired American mixed martial arts fighter
* Rosario Couture (1905–1986), Canadian hockey player
* Ryan Couture (born 1982), American mixed martial arts fighter and son of Randy Couture
* Thomas Couture (1815–1879), French history painter
* Jean-Guy Couture (1929-2022), Canadian catholic priest
# Couture

Couture may refer to:

## People

* Couture (surname)

## Places
### Belgium

* Couture-Saint-Germain, a village in the municipality of Lasne, Belgium

### Canada

* Couture crater and Lac Couture, an impact crater and the lake that covers it in Quebec, Canada

### France

* Couture, Charente, in the Charente département, France
* Couture-d'Argenson, in the Deux-Sèvres département, France
* Couture-sur-Loir, in the Loir-et-Cher département, France
* La Couture (disambiguation), locations in France

### United States

* The Couture, proposed high-rise in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

## Fashion

* Haute couture, sometimes just called couture
# Unit for Viral Host Cell Interactions

The Unit of Virus Host Interactions (UVHCI) UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS was created in Grenoble, France, in January 2007 to develop the collaboration between the Joseph Fourier University, the EMBL Grenoble outstation and the CNRS. The UVHCI was located on the Polygone Scientifique (research campus of the ILL, the ESRF and the EMBL), more specifically in the ILL20 and Carl-Ivar Bränden buildings. The CIBB is shared with the PSB (Partnership for structural biology). The project ended in January 2016, after a period of 9 years. The previous UVHCI teams have been reattached to the Institut de biologie structurale [fr] (IBS).
Its objective was to pursue international standard research in structural and molecular biology, focused, but not exclusively, on virus-host cell interactions and the development of associated techniques.
Themes:
* Interdisciplinary research covering virus structure, virus assembly and maturation, virus-host cell interactions, host and virus gene expression mechanisms, cell biology of infected cells, innate immunity, anti-pathogen drug design.
* Methods developments and technical platforms for structural biology. High throughput expression and crystallization, synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction methods and instrumentation, LIMS, electron microscopy.
# Tenzan Prefectural Natural Park

Tenzan Prefectural Natural Park (天山県立自然公園, Tenzan kenritsu shizen kōen) is a Prefectural Natural Park in central Saga Prefecture, Japan. Established in 1970, the park spans the municipalities of Karatsu, Ogi, Saga, and Taku.
# Swimming at the 2008 Summer Paralympics – Women's 100 metre breaststroke SB5

The women's 100m breaststroke SB5 event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics took place at the Beijing National Aquatics Center on 12 September. There were two heats; the swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final.

## Results
### Heats

Competed from 10:25.

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Florence Lancial | France | 1:54.99 | Q |
| 2 | Natallia Shavel | Belarus | 1:56.14 | Q |
| 3 | Nyree Lewis | Great Britain | 2:00.45 | Q |
| 4 | Yuri Kitamura | Japan | 2:02.68 | Q |
| 5 | Hannah May Clarke | Ireland | 2:06.33 | |
| 6 | Julia Castelló | Spain | 2:10.71 | |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Kirsten Bruhn | Germany | 1:36.30 | Q, WR |
| 2 | Rachel Lardière | France | 1:53.90 | Q |
| 3 | Gitta Ráczkó | Hungary | 1:56.88 | Q |
| 4 | Fanni Illes | Hungary | 2:06.29 | Q |
| 5 | Kateryna Demyanenko | Ukraine | 2:07.10 | |
| 6 | Choi Na Mi | South Korea | 2:10.96 | |

### Final

Competed at 18:48.
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Kirsten Bruhn | Germany | 1:36.92 |
| | Rachel Lardière | France | 1:52.34 |
| | Gitta Ráczkó | Hungary | 1:54.49 |
| 4 | Nyree Lewis | Great Britain | 1:56.19 |
| 5 | Florence Lancial | France | 1:56.73 |
| 6 | Natallia Shavel | Belarus | 1:57.69 |
| 7 | Yuri Kitamura | Japan | 2:03.41 |
| 8 | Fanni Illes | Hungary | 2:07.52 |
Q = qualified for final. WR = World Record.
# Manufacturers Railway

Manufacturers Railway may refer to:
* Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis)
* Manufacturers Railway (Toledo, Ohio), later part of Pennsylvania, Ohio and Detroit Railroad
# Carabus blaptoides rugipennis

Carabus blaptoides rugipennis is a subspecies of ground beetle in the family Carabidae that can be found in Japan and Russia. The species are gray coloured with green pronotum.
# Metaspinolaelaps

Metaspinolaelaps is a genus of mites in the family Laelapidae.

## Species

* Metaspinolaelaps aelleni Till, 1958
# Admontia maculisquama

Admontia maculisquama is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

British Isles, Czech Republic, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Denmark, Sweden, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Italy, Serbia, Spain, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Russia, Armenia.
# Centroptilum

Centroptilum is a genus of mayflies of the family Baetidae.

## Species

* Centroptilum luteolum
* Centroptilum pennulatum
* This mayfly related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# National Institute for Trial Advocacy

The National Institute for Trial Advocacy (NITA) is an American not-for-profit organization that provides lawyers with training in trial advocacy skills.
NITA's founding was brought about in 1971 by the Committee on Advocacy of the Section on Judicial Administration of the American Bar Association, which was trying to address a critical shortage of competent trial attorneys. A group of law professors and lawyers concluded that learning-by-doing trial training was the best approach towards filling this gap. NITA's inaugural National Session was held June 25 to July 21, 1972, at the University of Colorado Boulder.
NITA's National Sessions bring together participants from all across the country who are taught through a learning-by-doing approach how to better represent their clients in the courtroom. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2021 that curtailed in-person meetings and activities for more than a year, the National Session had been held every year since 1972.
In 1972, NITA started holding public service trial training sessions in a variety of specialties across the country as well as other skills courses, including deposition and courtroom technology skills.
During the 1990s and early 2000s, NITA was based in South Bend, Indiana. NITA returned to Colorado in 2003 when it opened its National Education Center (NEC) in Louisville, Colorado, and then moved its headquarters from South Bend into a building adjacent to the NEC in 2006. NITA finally came home to Boulder in October 2010 when it leased part of the former Exabyte headquarters building. After ten years in Boulder, NITA once again returned to Louisville in 2021, where the organization celebrated its 50th anniversary with a year of activities that marked this important milestone.
# Yazi

Yazi is a town in China.
# Yellow-spotted wolf snake

There are two species of snake named yellow-spotted wolf snake:
* Lycodon flavomaculatus
* Lycodon flavozonatus
# Yapraklı Dam

Yapraklı Dam is a dam in Turkey. The development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works.
Yaprakli Dam is a soil dam built on the Horzum Creek between 1985 and 1991 and was constructed for irrigation purposes. The volume of the dam, is 1.631.000 m³ and the dam wall is 70 meters from the river bed. The lake volume at normal water level is 112.95 hm³, the lake area at normal water level is 6.50 km$^2$. The dam provides irrigation services to an area of 19,576 hectares.
# Yakaboy, Gerede

Yakaboy is a village in the Gerede District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 66 (2021).
# United Irishman (disambiguation)

The United Irishman was an Irish nationalist newspaper founded in 1899 by Arthur Griffith and William Rooney.
United Irishman may also refer to:
* United Irishman (1848 newspaper), founded by John Mitchel
* The United Irishman (New York), edited and published by Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa from 1881 to 1910
* United Irishman (1948 newspaper), the official monthly organ of Sinn Féin, and later of Official Sinn Féin
* United Irishman (2000 newspaper), produced by those involved in the Official Republican Movement
# United Islamic Organisation of Trinidad and Tobago

The United Islamic Organisation of Trinidad and Tobago is an umbrella organization designed to promote and facilitate harmony and co-operation among the smaller Muslim associations in Trinidad and Tobago.

## History

These organizations had applied for membership in the Muslim Co-ordinating Council of Trinidad & Tobago (MCC) comprising the "big three" of ASJA, TIA, and the TML in July 1989. However the guidelines of the MCC effectively prevented any of these smaller organizations from joining the MCC. Therefore, in September 1989 these organisations formed the Council of Islamic Organisations of Trinidad and Tobago. In February 1990 the name was changed to the United Islamic Organisation. In 2000 the UIO was incorporated by an Act of Parliament.
Faiz Amin, chairman of the United Islamic Organisation of Trinidad and Tobago, helped to raise funds for assistance to people who survived the Asian tsunami disaster.
The UIO was one of several Muslim organizations that opposed statements by a leader of Jamaat Al Muslimeen demanding payment of supposedly unpaid charitable contributions from rich Muslims.

## Members

The following organisations are members of the UIO: Dar ul Uloom, Iqra Productions, Islamic Dawah Movement, Islamic Trust, Muslim Credit Union, Muslim Youth Brigade, North Eastern Muslim Youths, Tobago Muslim Association, UWI Islamic Society, Islamic Resource Society (joined in 1995) and Islamic Housing Co-operative (joined in 1996).
The following organizations have observer status with the UIO: Abdul Aziz Trust, Majlisul Ulama (in 1992), Islamic Missionaries Guild (founding member, downgraded in status in 1999), Islamic Fadaa’il Services Trust (founding member, downgraded in status in 1999).
Former member: Jamaat al Muslimeen (founding member, left in 1994).
# Yelland Stone Rows

The Yelland Stone Rows is a prehistoric monument of two parallel rows of small standing stones located on the tidal mudflats of the River Taw estuary, in Devon, England. Since the 1990s, the ancient stone alignment has disappeared from view into the silt and tidal debris. The site is within the nature reserve of Isley Marsh, and is owned by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB).

## Description

The Yelland Stone Rows is a prehistoric stone alignment of two parallel rows of small standing stones. The site is situated on the tidal mudflats of the estuary of the River Taw, and is currently within the nature reserve of Isley Marsh. The stone alignment consists of at least 18 sandstone pieces, at least 30 cm high and 22 cm wide, positioned in a pair of parallel rows, up to 2.5 m apart. Since the late 1990s, all the stones have been covered by silt. Due to its large population of migratory and overwintering birds, the preserve is owned by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). Rare plants can also be found on the site, including rock sea-lavender.

## History

Stone alignments date from the Late Neolithic period (4500 BC - 3500 BC) to the Middle Bronze Age (1500 BC - 1000 BC). The Yelland Stone Rows were excavated by archaeologist, E. H. Rogers in the 1930s. A partial excavation uncovered eighteen stones arranged into nine standing pairs. Near the stones, Rogers discovered flint tools and evidence indicating human occupation of the site during the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age eras. In 1932, the tallest standing stone measured 40cm in height above the silt, and the rows were determined to be 56m in length.
By 1983, only seven stones were visible above the mud and the remaining stones disappeared from view over the next several years. By the 1990s, the stones were no longer visible. According to Charlotte Russell, an English Heritage project officer, "The [Yelland] power-station closure resulting in less discharge into the sea and less lively current, allowing sediments to settle, is one suggested cause [of the disappearing stones]." ... other factors, like silting up of the estuary in the absence of shipping, changes to railway and flood-bank construction in the area, and changes in runoff from upstream may all have played a role."
In 2018, Historic England announced funding for a new archaeological investigation to locate the missing stones. A team of archeologists, led by Dr Martin Bates from the University of Wales Trinity Saint David, used geophysical surveying techniques to explore the thickly silted marsh to determine the location of the buried stones. The excavation was planned and timed for the team to work between tides and to cause the least disturbance to the bird populations in Isley Marsh.
# Yassamin Maleknasr

Yassamin Maleknasr (also spelled Yasman Malek-Nasr, born 19 May 1955, Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian filmmaker and actress.

## Career

Yassamin Maleknasr is the first Iranian woman filmmaker to graduate from the University of Southern California (USC) in Film and Television Production. She did post-graduate work in Drama at Towson State University in Maryland.
She made her first short film, Jazz Ballet in the U.S.; then after several years working at American film companies, she returned to Tehran to perform in Dariush Mehrjui's film Sara (1993) for which she won a "Best Supporting Actress" award from the Fajr International Film Festival in Tehran. She has also acted in a number of other Iranian features.
In 1995, Maleknasr directed and acted in her first feature film, "Common Plight".
In 2002, she took a journey with a small crew throughout war-torn Afghanistan and traveled more than 3,000 miles by land to make her acclaimed film, “Afghanistan the Lost Truth”. Her recent lyrical documentary, "Women of the Silk Road", depicts the lives of four women from four countries of the Silk Road is an exploration of women’s lives today via textile along the ancient trade route. Shot in Iran, Turkey, Oman, and Tajikistan. A story of love, courage, and hope.
Her films have been screened at various networks such as Arte, France and Ireland, BBC, Australian, and New Zealand networks, TVC Spain, USHUAIA France, plus special screenings at the Screen Actors Guild – Los Angeles, United Nations – New York, World Bank – Washington DC, the United States Senate, and many universities across the United States.
# Teres Ridge

Teres Ridge (Hrebet Teres \'hre-bet 'te-res\) is a ridge of elevation 330 m extending 2 km in north-south direction and 1.2 km in east-west direction near Siddins Point on the Hero Bay coast of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica surmounting Tundzha Glacier to the southwest and Saedinenie Snowfield to the southeast and east. Ice-free northeastern and northern slopes.
The ridge is named after the Thracian King Teres I, 480-440 BC.

## Location

The ridge is located at 62°33′33.5″S 60°24′11″W﻿ / ﻿62.559306°S 60.40306°W﻿ / -62.559306; -60.40306, which is 2.3 km southeast of Siddins Point, 10.25 km west of Leslie Hill, 10.7 km west-northwest of Hemus Peak, 9.8 km northwest of Rezen Knoll and 9.25 km north of Sinemorets Hill (Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05, and mapping in 2005 and 2009).

## Maps

* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. ISBN 978-954-92032-9-5 (First edition 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4)
* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017. ISBN 978-619-90008-3-0
# Lightning Entertainment

Lightning Entertainment is an American film distributor, sales agent, and production company based in Santa Monica, California. It was founded in 2002 by Richard Guardian, Rich Goldberg, and Marc Greenberg, focusing on sales and distribution of independent films. It began offering film production services in 2012, which it stated were designed to help domestic films better target international markets.