OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Newfoundland five cents

Work on the coinage tools for the Newfoundland five-cent coin began after the one-cent coin, so the coin has no legend. The first pattern is derived from the New Brunswick obverse with Newfoundland substituted for New Brunswick.

## Queen Victoria Laureated Portrait, 1865-1896
### Specifications

| Years | Designers | Engraver | Composition | Weight | Diameter |
| 1865–1876 | Leonard C. Wyon | Leonard C. Wyon | .925 silver, .075 copper | 1.18 grams | 15.49 mm |

### Mintages

| Year and Mint Mark | Mintage |
| 1865 | 80,000 |
| 1870 | 40,000 |
| 1872H | 40,000 |
| 1873 | 44,260 |
| 1876H | 20,000 |
| 1880 | 40,000 |
| 1881 | 40,000 |
| 1882H | 60,000 |
| 1885 | 16,000 |
| 1888 | 40,000 |
| 1890 | 160,000 |
| 1894 | 160,000 |
| 1896 | 400,000 |

## Edward VII 1903–1908

The obverse for this denomination is that of the Dominion of Canada coins. The reverse, a new design by George W. DeSaulles, was one of the last coinage designs before his death.

### Mintages

| Date and Mint Mark | Mintage |
| 1903 | 100,000 |
| 1904H | 100,000 |
| 1908 | 400,000 |

## George V 1912–1929

The obverse is the same as for the Dominion of Canada issue and the reverse is the same as the Newfoundland Edward VII issue.

### Specifications

| Designer | Engraver | Composition | Weight (1912) | Weight (1917–1929) | Diameter (1912) | Diameter (1917–1929) |
| Sir E.B. MacKennal | George W. DeSaulles | .925 silver, .075 copper | 1.18 grams | 1.17 grams | 15.49 mm | 15.69 mm |

### Mintages

| Date and Mint Mark | Mintage |
| 1912 | 300,000 |
| 1917C | 300,319 |
| 1919C | 100,844 |
| 1929 | 300,000 |

## George VI 1938-1947

There was much debate as to whether the government of Newfoundland would keep producing a silver five cent coin or adopt a nickel five cent coin. Due to a strong conservative element, the decision was made to change only the cent. The reverse design was continued while the obverse had the effigy that was the standard portrait for the British colonial coinages.
The 1946 coin had the lowest mintage of any five cent coin. Published official mint reports, as well as unpublished mint accounting records, do not indicate any mintage of the five cent coin during 1946. The speculation is that the 1946 coin was actually minted in 1947. Therefore, the figures for 1946 and 1947 are considered unofficial.

### Specifications

| Designer | Engraver | Composition (1938–1944) | Composition (1945–1947) | Weight | Diameter (1938) | Diameter (1940–1947) |
| Percy Metcalfe | George W. DeSaulles | .925 silver, .075 copper | .800 silver, .200 copper | 1.17 grams | 15.69 mm | 15.49 mm |

### Mintages

| Date and Mint Mark | Mintage |
| 1938 | 100,000 |
| 1940C | 200,000 |
| 1941C | 612,641 |
| 1942C | 298,348 |
| 1943C | 351,666 |
| 1944C | 286,504 |
| 1945C | 203,828 |
| 1946C | 2,041 |
| 1947C | 38,400 |
# Newroz clashes (2023)

The Newroz clashes were clashes between Kurdish nationalists and leftists during 2023 Newroz festivals in Turkey.

## History

The attacks were initiated by a Kurdish Neo-Nazi group known as "Kurdên Nasyonalist", who published a statement before Newroz calling for all Kurdish nationalists to attack Kurdish leftists and the LGBT community and its supporters, who are known to rally at Newroz celebrations. The nationalists specifically threatened the "Kemalist left", and referred to them as "parasites" and said that "if a single Kurd's nail is bent, all of the nationalists will land on your head." They also said that anyone who loves Mustafa Kemal Atatürk will be attacked if they come to the celebrations.
During Newroz in Diyarbakır, a group of Kurdish nationalists approached a group of people who carried LGBT signs and flags, and physically attacked them. A member of the nationalists emphasised that the leftist Turks will be attacked too, telling his group that "if you see flags of the TİP and LGBT, which have nothing to do with Newroz or Kurdishness, you can use them to ignite the fire of Newroz." The nationalists attacked members of the Human Rights Association (İHD) and the TİP when they tried to calm the brawls down. Many of the leftists and LGBT supporters were brutally beaten. Criminal complaints were also filed against the nationalists. A victim of the attacks claimed that they were harassed and followed around before the beatings and were told "what is this flag?" and "there is no place for you in Kurdistan". The nationalists, many of whom were described as Barzani and KDP supporters, also planned to shoot the LGBT sympathisers and leftists, who instantly fled. PKK supporters were present, chanting "long live Apo" before also being attacked by nationalists. Many of the nationalists were armed with knives. LGBT sympathisers were attacked at another celebration by Amedspor hooligans and HAKPAR supporters. After Newroz, the nationalists boasted about the attacks and posted provocative statements, while the LGBT community vowed that they would continue appearing at Newroz celebrations.
The TİP called on its supporters to not generalise all Kurds because of the attacks, and stated that they will continue supporting Kurds and were not intimidated by the Kurdish nationalists.
# Newroz Uysal Aslan

Newroz Uysal Aslan (1992, Kemerli, Turkey) is a lawyer and a politician of the Green Left Party (YSP). In May 2023 she was elected into the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, representing Şırnak for the YSP.

## Early life and education

Newroz Uysal Aslan was born in 1992 in Kemerli in the province of Sirnak. She and her family were expelled from their village and they then settled first to Sirnak and then to Cizre. Her mothers wish for Abdullah Öcalan to be free influenced her to become a lawyer. She graduated from the faculty of law from the Istanbul University in 2014.

## Professional career

Her first experiences as a lawyer she received while defending the victims of the curfew in the province of Sirnak in 2015. She joined the Asrin Law Office and became a member of the Lawyers for Freedom Association (Turkish: Özgürlük için Hukukçular Derneği, ÖHD). She is known for her defense of Abdullah Öcalan, the former and imprisoned leader of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).

### Prosecution

Newroz Uysal Aslan was investigated for her involvement in the Democratic Society Congress (DTK). In 2022, the prosecution demanded up to 15 years, but she was acquitted in April 2023. During her trial she was charged with having participated in a WhatsApp group in which human rights violations during the curfews in Sirnak were discussed, participated in reunions of the DTK. One of her lawyers was arrested and replaced by the Nihat Eren, the president of the Bar Association of Diyarbakir.

## Political career

For the 2023 Turkish parliamentary election, Newroz Uysal Aslan was presented as the number one candidate in her electoral district in April 2023. In May, she was elected into the Grand National Assembly of Turkey representing Sirnak for the YSP.
# Crizanlizumab

Crizanlizumab, sold under the brand name Adakveo among others, is a monoclonal antibody medication that binds to P-selectin. It is a medication used to reduce the frequency of vaso-occlusive crisis in people aged 16 years and older who have sickle cell anemia. It is given by injection into a vein.
The most common side effects include joint pain, nausea, back pain, fever and abdominal (belly) pain.
Crizanlizumab was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2019. The EU's EMA withdrew authorization in May 2023 based on no significant effects from a phase 3 trial. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

## Medical uses

Crizanlizumab is indicated for the prevention of recurrent vaso occlusive crises in sickle cell disease patients aged 16 years and older. It can be given as an add on therapy to hydroxyurea/hydroxycarbamide (HU/HC) or as monotherapy in patients for whom HU/HC is inappropriate or inadequate.
Vaso-occlusive crisis is a common and painful complication of sickle cell disease that occurs when blood circulation is obstructed by sickled red blood cells (red cells are usually round and flexible, but sometimes many red cells in a person with sickle cell anemia will become rigid and crescent-shaped due to polymerization of hemoglobin).

## Pathophysiology

P-selectin molecules are present on the surface of activated platelets and vascular endothelial cells and have been linked to sickle cell vaso-occlusive crises.

## History

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved crizanlizumab based on evidence from one clinical trial (Trial 1/NCT01895361) of 132 participants with sickle cell diseases who had a history of vaso-occlusive crisis. The trial was conducted at 60 sites in the United States, Brazil and Jamaica.
The FDA granted the application for crizanlizumab priority review, breakthrough therapy designation, and orphan drug designation. The FDA granted approval of Adakveo to Novartis.
The European Medicines Agency's human medicines committee (CHMP) has recommended the withdrawal of Adakveo (crizanlizumab), a medicine for preventing vaso-occlusive crises in patients with sickle cell disease, due to the lack of sufficient benefits outweighing the risks. The STAND phase III study showed that Adakveo does not effectively reduce the number of painful crises requiring healthcare visits or treatment at home compared to a placebo, and it exhibits a higher rate of severe side effects.
# Cross at Croes Llwyd Farm

The Cross at Croes Llwyd Farm, Raglan, Monmouthshire is a medieval cross which indicated a boundary of the Lordship of Raglan. As a rare medieval survival, it is both a Grade I listed structure and a Scheduled monument.

## History and description

The cross stands on Broom Lane, to the east of Broom House, off the Raglan to Usk road. It is 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) high, with an octagonal shaft. The Monmouthshire antiquarian Sir Joseph Bradney, in his multi-volume A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time, described it as a "singularly well-preserved stone, the head and shaft being hewn out of the same piece." The cross was the subject of Article 452 in the series Monmouthshire Sketchbook by the author and artist Fred Hando for the South Wales Argus between 1922 and 1970. Hando wrote that the cross was one of the only two remaining crosses in Monmouthshire, from a total of seventy-nine, which had survived with its head intact following the "Puritan folly of 1643." He described its name, the "White Cross", as deriving from its whitewashed appearance but suggested "the appropriate name should be Grey Cross" and that the cross was "at least five centuries" old. The cross is a Grade I listed structure and a scheduled monument.
The cross appears to have had a dual purpose, as a preaching cross and as a boundary marker for the delineation of the medieval Lordship of Raglan. Bradney records the mention of the cross in the grant of lands to William Herbert, "...and from this directly to a cross called Crosse Lloyd". Elizabeth Harcourt Mitchell, in her study, The Crosses of Monmouthshire published in 1893, also notes that Croes Llwyd is the only wayside cross in the county which retains its carved head, suggesting that its survival was due to the absence of figurative carving. It is thought that the cross was moved, in about 1870, from a possible prior location at map reference SO40390659 (N 51.754813, W 2.8649842). Mitchell recalls the local tradition regarding the moving of the cross: "a man living at The Broom moved it to his garden; from that moment he had no luck with anything; his animals died etc.; he attributed his misfortunes to having sacrilegiously taken possession of the cross, so carried it out of his garden and cast it down on a piece of waste ground".

## Footnotes

* ↑ Mitchell notes that the only other Monmouthshire cross which retains its head stands in the churchyard of the Church of the Holy Cross, Kilgwrrwg
# USS Lebanon

USS Lebanon may refer to:
* USS Lebanon (AG-2), was a collier acquired by the US Navy 6 April 1898 and sold 2 June 1922
* USS Lebanon (AK-191), was a cargo ship acquired by the US Navy 25 August 1945 and decommissioned 15 November 1946
# Cridling Stubbs Hoard

The Cridling Stubbs hoard (also known as the Womersley Hoard or Womersley I)is a Romano-British hoard of more than 3,300 coins in a large, ceramic jar.

## Discovery

Parts of the hoard was discovered by Mr W Frost, a farmworker at Lodge Farm, Cridling Stubbs, on 8 October 1967. The site was subsequently excavated by RM Butler and Jeffrey Radley of the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England on 16 October 1967, where further discoveries of coins were made. The jar was positioned upright in the ground and covered by part of a grey ware jar and a stone. The hoard did not count as treasure under the Treasure Trove law at the time, so ownership returned to the landowner, who sold the container and 447 coins to Leeds Museums & Galleries for £300. The purchase was supported by a grant from the Art Fund.

## Contents

The hoard comprises a ceramic jar of a calcite-gritted fabric dating to the 4th-century AD and over 3,300 bronze coins. The coins include denominations of Roman Emperors from Tetricus I to Constantius II. Fourteen of the coins were minted before AD 324, with the earliest dating to AD 270–275. the majority of the coins were struck between AD 330 and 346.

## Public display

The hoard was on display in Leeds City Museum from February to July 2018.
# Matai'an Wetland Ecological Park

The Matai'an Wetland Ecological Park (traditional Chinese: 馬太鞍濕地公園; simplified Chinese: 马太鞍湿地公园; pinyin: Mǎtàiān Shīdì Gōngyuán) is a wetland in Guangfu Township, Hualien County, Taiwan.

## Name

Matai'an, which means tree bean, comes from the Matai'an tribe of the indigenous Ami people who inhabit the area around the wetland. The wetland is also called the Fataan Wetland Ecological Park.

## History

The area around the wetland has been used by the local tribe for farming and fishing. Recently, the area has been developed for tourism purpose where currently it has three inns.

## Geology

The wetland is located at the foot of Mount Masi and spans over an area of almost 100 hectares. The wetland is formed by the flow of Fudeng River. The wetland consists of around 100 types of water plants. It is also equipped with bicycle trail.

## Ecology

Species found in this wetland are various aquatic fishes, amphibians, butterflies and shorebirds. There are also around 100 aquatic plants found in the pond. The number of butterflies spike during spring time.

## Transportation

The wetland is accessible within walking distance southwest of Guangfu Station of Taiwan Railways.
# USS Tingey (DD-272)

USS Tingey (DD-272) was a Clemson-class destroyer in service with the United States Navy from 1919 to 1922. She was scrapped in 1936.

## Description

The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding Wickes class although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced 1,290 long tons (1,311 t) at standard load and 1,389 long tons (1,411 t) at deep load. They had an overall length of 314 feet 4 inches (95.8 m), a beam of 30 feet 11 inches (9.4 m) and a draught of 10 feet 3 inches (3.1 m). They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.
Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW) intended to reach a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). The ships carried a maximum of 371 long tons (377 t) of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km; 2,900 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph).
The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

## Construction and career

Tingey, named for Thomas Tingey, was laid down on 8 August 1918 at Quincy, Massachusetts, by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation; launched on 24 April 1919; sponsored by Miss Mary Velora Arringdale; and commissioned on 25 July 1919, Commander Alfred Winsor Brown in command.
After fitting out, the destroyer proceeded to the west coast and joined Division 31, Squadron 2, Flotilla 10, at San Diego, California late in December. For the next two and a half years, the destroyer operated out of San Diego with the Pacific Fleet. During most of that period, however, she had only 50 percent of her normal complement. Consequently, though she did conduct operations and patrols along the western coast of Mexico, she remained in a quasi-reserve status throughout her brief period of commissioned service. She made but one organizational change during her active career and that came in the latter part of 1921 when she was reassigned to Division 29, Squadron 10.
In 1922, the anti-militarist feeling prevalent following World War I combined with the government's policy of financial retrenchment to cause the deactivation of a substantial portion of the Navy's recently expanded destroyer fleet; Tingey, therefore, was placed out of commission on 24 May 1922, berthed at San Diego, and remained there for the remainder of her career. After 14 years of inactivity, Tingey's name was struck from the Navy list on 19 May 1936. She was sold to the Schiavone-Bonomo Corporation, of New York City, on 29 September 1936 and was scrapped in December.
# Ubeshwar Mahadev Temple

Ubeshwar Mahadev Temple (Hindi: उबेश्वर महादेव) is a popular temple of the Lord Shiva in the Udaipur city in the state of Rajasthan, India. This temple is located on a green hill in the Ubeshwar, area of Udaipur. It is a popular temple of the Lord Shiva. Within the premises there is a holy pond (Gangu Kund) for ritual bathing.
# Newburyport Railroad

The Newburyport Railroad (later known as the Newburyport Branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad) was a railroad that came about from the merger of three small rail companies into one rail line to compete with the Eastern Railroad for service between Newburyport and Boston, Massachusetts. The Newburyport Railroad ran from Newburyport to Wakefield, Massachusetts, where it connected with the Boston and Maine (B&M) for service into Boston.

## History

The first company that would later become part of the Newburyport Railroad was the Newburyport and Bradford Railroad, incorporated on March 11, 1846. It opened a line from Newburyport on the Eastern to Georgetown in 1849 and extended it west to the B&M at Bradford (now part of Haverhill) in 1851.
The second company, the Danvers and Georgetown Railroad, was organized on May 7, 1851 and began work in April 1853 on a line running from the Newburyport Railroad at Georgetown south to Danvers on the Essex Railroad.
The third company, the Danvers Railroad, was incorporated on March 15, 1852, and began construction in August 1853 on a line from Danvers southwest to the South Reading Branch Railroad and the B&M in Wakefield.
On October 23, 1854, the entire line from Newburyport to Wakefield was complete. On February 22, 1855, the first two companies merged to form the Newburyport Railroad, which operated the section from Newburyport to Danvers. The B&M operated the section from Danvers to Wakefield, and in 1860, it leased the Newburyport Railroad, taking over operations on the entire line and running it as its Newburyport Branch. On October 30, 1906, the B&M bought the line outright.
After World War I, the Newburyport Branch experienced a decline in ridership, and in 1924, the B&M tried to end service, but passenger and industry protest kept it open. Reduced service, with some stations closed, began in 1925. In 1940, the B&M successfully applied to close the line between Newburyport and Topsfield, and service ended there in December 1941. The following year it abandoned the line between Georgetown and the paper mill in Bradford, servicing the paper mill from the B&M main line instead. In 1950, passenger travel ceased between Topsfield and Danvers, and in 1959, all passenger travel on the line came to an end.
In 1976, the B&M sold the section from Wakefield Junction to Topsfield to the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. In 1981, the section between Topsfield and Danvers was abandoned. Freight service continued on the section between Wakefield and Danvers until about 2001. The line served freight customers on the former Essex Railroad until a fire destroyed the Waters River Bridge, preventing freight traffic from continuing to Salem.
The portion of the abandoned right-of-way from Peabody to Newburyport is being converted to rail trails, which are part of the Border to Boston Trail. $122,000 in state funds for design of the Boxford section was awarded in 2022. A 4.4-mile (7.1 km) Wakefield-Lynnfield Rail Trail is also planned.
# Crosson

Crosson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* David Crosson, presenter on The Game Room (later Classic Game Room)
* Iman Crosson (born 1982), American actor
* Joe Crosson (1903–1949), Alaska Hall of Fame pilot, sister Marvel Crosson, Mount Crosson
* Marvel Crosson (1904–1929), Alaska Women's Hall of Fame pilot, sister of Joe
   * Mount Crosson, satellite peak to Denali for Joe Crosson
* Norman Crosson, pilot of Little Eva, a B-24 Liberator
* Wilhelmina Marguerita Crosson (1900-1991), American educator
* William Crosson Feazel (1895-1965), Depression-era U.S. Senator from Louisiana
# Crier (surname)

Crier is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Arthur Crier, part of the band The Halos
* Catherine Crier (born 1954), American television anchor
* Gordon Crier (1912 - 1984), Scottish writer/producer
* Keith Crier, part of the band GQ