OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fred Chernoff

Fred Chernoff is the Harvey Picker Professor of International Relations at Colgate University. He was born in Los Angeles, California and graduated from Hollywood High School and Rutgers University -- Camden. He holds Ph.D. degrees from Johns Hopkins in philosophy and Yale in political science. His primary works are on international relations theory and the philosophy of social science. He has published two dozen articles on international relations and analytic philosophy and four single-author books. He also owns two splendidly-mannered corgis, Mia and Percival.
Bibliography—Books
Explanation and Progress in Security Studies: Bridging Paradigm Divides in International Relations (Stanford University Press 2014) ISB: 978-0804792264
Theory and Metatheory in International Relations: Concepts and Contending Accounts (Palgrave 2007) 9-781-40397455-6
The Power of International Theory: Re-forging the Link to Policy-making through Scientific Enquiry (London: Routledge 2005) ISBN 0-415-70138-4
After Bipolarity: Theories of Cooperation, the Vanishing Threat, and the Future of the Atlantic Alliance (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 1995) ISBN 0-472-10550-7
# List of highways numbered 3E

The following highways are numbered 3E:

## United States

* Georgia State Route 3E (Atlanta–Marietta) (former)
* Georgia State Route 3E (Thomaston) (former)
* New York State Route 3E (former)
* Oklahoma State Highway 3E
* Secondary State Highway 3E (Washington) (former)
# European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003

The European Convention of Human Rights Act 2003 is an act of the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas, which gave further effect to the European Convention on Human Rights in Irish law. It is substantially similar to the UK's Human Rights Act 1998.
The Act did not incorporate the convention into Irish law, but rather requires the courts to interpret legislation in line with the convention insofar as it is possible to do so, and requires certain public bodies to perform their functions in a manner compatible with the convention, unless precluded by law. The Act also provides that courts may make a declaration of incompatibility regarding a breach of a convention right, but unlike a declaration that a law is repugnant to the constitution, a declaration of incompatibility has no effect on the continued validity and enforcement of that law.

## Main provisions

Section 2 of the Act requires that, subject to the existing rules of statutory interpretation, the Courts should apply both common law rules and statutory provisions so that they are compatible with the convention.
Section 3 requires that, subject to any other provisions of domestic law, 'organs of state' must perform their duties in a manner compatible with the convention. Anyone who suffers injury, loss or damage as a result such a body's failure to do this is entitled to damages. Section 1 defines an organ of state as a tribunal or any other body established or any body through which the powers of the State are exercised.
Section 5 of the Act grants to the courts the power to make a declaration that a statutory provision or common law rule is incompatible with the convention. Such a declaration does not render the law in question invalid, rather the Taoiseach is obliged to bring any such declaration to the attention of both Dáil and Seanad Éireann. A litigant who has been granted a declaration of incompatibility may receive monetary compensation in accordance with the principles of just satisfaction under Article 41 of the convention, but the award of such compensation is entirely within the discretion of the Government.
The Convention itself is set out in Schedules 1-4 of the Act.

## Important Case Law
### Carmody v Minister for Justice

Carmody v Minister for Justice was decision of the High Court and the first major case to deal with the new legislation. Carmody was a farmer who had been charged with a number of offences under the Diseases of Animals Act 1966. He challenged the State's failure to provide him with free legal aid, claiming that it was contrary to both the Constitution of Ireland and the European Convention on Human Rights. In her judgment, Ms. Justice Laffoy applied the rule of avoidance and concluded that, in the absence of any express statement in the Act to the contrary, the court should rule on the Convention issue before examining its constitutionality. The plaintiff lost on both counts. This decision has been negatively received by some commentators.
# Club Ñañas

Club Fútbol Femenino Ñañas is a women's football club based in Quito, Ecuador that competes in the Superliga Femenina.

## History

Fernanda Vásconez [es] founded Club Ñañas on 1 February 2016.
# Liu Jiao

Liu Jiao may refer to:
* Liu Jiao (prince) (died 178 BC), Prince of Chu during the Chinese Han Dynasty
* Liu Jiao (diver), Chinese female diver
# Coisa de Acender

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Coisa de Acender is a 1992 album by Brazilian singer and songwriter Djavan, released by Sony Music.
Praised by critics and musicians, the album is more pop than his previous ones. Among the successes are the first four tracks: "Se..." (one of his biggest hits in the 1990s), "Boa Noite"," "A Rota do Indíviduo" (later called "Ferrugem," after his partnership with Orlando Morais), and "Linha do Equador" (recorded by Caetano Veloso in the future).

## Track listing

| # | Title | Songwriters | Length |
| 1. | "A rota do indivíduo (Ferrugem)" | Djavan, Orlando Morais | 4:23 |
| 2. | "Boa noite" | Djavan | 5:49 |
| 3. | "Se..." | Djavan | 4:52 |
| 4. | "Linha do Equador" | Djavan, Caetano Veloso | 4:34 |
| 5. | "Violeiros" | Djavan | 4:49 |
| 6. | "Andaluz" | Djavan, Flávia Virgínia | 3:54 |
| 7. | "Outono" | Djavan | 4:17 |
| 8. | "Alívio" | Djavan, Arthur Maia | 4:32 |
| 9. | "Baile" | Djavan | 3:45 |

## Personnel

Personnel include:
* Djavan: vocals, acoustic guitar, percussion (in "Boa noite" and "Se...") and arrangements
* Torcuato Mariano: electric guitar (in "Boa noite", "Alívio" and "Baile") and acoustic guitar (in "Linha do Equador" and "Violeiros")
* Arthur Maia: bass
* Carlos Bala: drums
* Ronnie Foster: keyboards (in "Boa noite" and "Alívio")
* Paulo Calazans: keyboards (all tracks except "Violeiros")
* Glauton Campello: keyboards (all tracks) and piano
* Marcelo Martins: saxophone, flute and keyboards (in "Alívio")
Special guests:
* Luís Jakha: percussion (in "Boa noite" and "Violeiros")
* Marcos Suzano: percussion (in "Linha do Equador")
* Marco Lobo: percussion (in "Linha do Equador")
* Flávia Virgínia: vocals (in "Boa noite", "Se..." and "Andaluz")
* Be Happy: vocals (in "Boa noite" and "Andaluz")
* Cecília Spyer: vocals (in "Se...")
* Eveline Hecker: vocals (in "Se...")
* Beth Bruno: vocals (in "Se...")
* Kika Tristão: vocals (in "Se...")
Orchestra members (in "A rota do indivíduo (Ferrugem)"):
* Jorge del Barrio: arrangement and conducting
* Endre Granat: violin
* Alex Horvath: violin
* John Scanlon: viola
* Richard Treat: cello
# Clemens Selzer

Clemens Selzer (born 26 July 1985) is an Austrian male track cyclist, riding for the national team. He competed in the sprint and 1 km time trial event at the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.
# Trump Towers Atlanta

Trump Towers Atlanta was a proposed high-rise project that was to be built in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Located at the intersection of 15th Street and West Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta, the project was unveiled in 2006 and promoted by Donald Trump in a 2007 season finale of The Apprentice. The project ultimately faltered, and the property was foreclosed upon in 2010.

## History

The project began in March 2006, when Atlanta-based firm Wood Partners purchased the property at the intersection of West Peachtree Street and 15th Street (adjacent to the High Museum of Art) for $21 million. The firm partnered with Dezer Properties and planned it as a project under the Trump brand, with Donald Trump confirming his attachment to the project in August 2006. The Trump Organization claimed that Trump was neither the site owner nor the project's developer, and in their 2016 book Trump Revealed, authors Michael Kranish and Marc Fisher claim that Trump's involvement with the project was limited primarily to licensing his name for the project. The project would involve the creation of two curved glass towers, one 47 stories tall and one 38 stories tall, housing over 560 condominium units. A large sign bearing Trump's name was to be displayed over the lobby, and a design firm partially owned by Kenny Rogers was hired to design the interiors. In total, the project was expected to cost approximately $300 million. Phase I would have seen the construction of the taller of the two buildings at a cost of $260 million.
On the season finale of the sixth season of The Apprentice, which aired April 22, 2007, the Atlanta project was presented as one of two projects that season's winner could choose from, alongside a luxury resort in the Dominican Republic, with the winner ultimately choosing the Dominican project. In the months following the announcement, advertisements were purchased in several publications, such as Atlanta, which highlighted Trump's involvement in the project. A September 2007 issue of Atlanta claimed that the project would near completion by 2010. However, by 2010, the site was in foreclosure, and it was sold at auction in 2012. In 2015, permits were filed to build a new apartment building on the site, which was completed in 2017.
# Elater asmodaius

Elater asmodaius is a species of click beetle in the genus Elater.
# Guitar Boogie

Guitar Boogie may refer to:
* Guitar Boogie (album), by Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page
* "Guitar Boogie" (song), by Arthur Smith, covered as "Guitar Boogie Shuffle" by The Virtues
# Crossea biconica

Crossea biconica is a species of small sea snail or micromollusc, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conradiidae.

## Description

(Original description by Charles Hedley) The height of the shell attains 1.7 mm, its diameter 1.6 mm. The minute but solid, white shell has a biconical shape. Its base is greatly produced, the periphery keeled. The four whorls are somewhat turreted.
Sculpture : The first and second whorls are smooth, the third comparatively coarsely cancellated, the fourth contains dense fine spiral cords crossed by fainter growth lines which tend to bead the interstices. The base is two-thirds of the total height. The wide and deep umbilicus is bordered by a conspicuous ridge, and has an elevated funicle winding within. The oblique aperture is rhomboidal, channelled by the umbilical ridge, and with a gutter at the termination of the funicle. A heavy outstanding varix occurs a short distance behind the aperture.
The small size, produced base, and wide umbilicus are characters which distinguish this from other Australian members of the genus.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to Australia. It is found off the Northern Territory and Queensland
# Ole Bornemann Bull (physician)

Ole Bornemann Bull (31 August 1842 – 10 April 1916) was a Norwegian physician and ophthalmologist.
He was born in Arendal in Aust-Agder, Norway. He was the son of parish priest August Theodor Bull (1809–1882) and Theodora Regina Madsen (1816–1852).
He was a student at the Royal Frederick University (now University of Oslo). He enrolled as a student in 1859 and graduated with the cand.med. degree in 1869. He spent the years 1872 to 1876 in the Minneapolis. He was hired at Rikshospitalet at Oslo in 1878 and started a medical research career. He took the dr.med. degree in 1881, and was a research fellow of ophthalmology from 1882 to 1885. He issued several publications after this, and received the Crown Prince Gold Medal in 1893 for one of his works.
Bull married twice; with Marie Cathrine Lund (1843-1884) and Kaja Constance Steenberg (1855-1939). He was the father of Anders Henrik Bull, Fredrik Rosing Bull, Jens Bull and Johan Grønlund Bull.
# Totally imaginary number field

In algebraic number theory, a number field is called totally imaginary (or totally complex) if it cannot be embedded in the real numbers. Specific examples include imaginary quadratic fields, cyclotomic fields, and, more generally, CM fields.
Any number field that is Galois over the rationals must be either totally real or totally imaginary.
# Maclaren Monolith

Maclaren Monolith (80°20′S 25°23′W﻿ / ﻿80.333°S 25.383°W﻿ / -80.333; -25.383) is a peak rising to about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) on the central ridge of the Herbert Mountains, Shackleton Range, Antarctica. The feature is notable for a monolith forming the summit. It was photographed from the air by the U.S. Navy in 1967, and surveyed by the British Antarctic Survey between 1968 and 1971. In association with the names of glacial geologists grouped in this area, it was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1971 after Charles Maclaren, a Scottish naturalist who in 1842 was the first to recognize the glacial control of sea level.
# Elatine alsinastrum

Elatine alsinastrum is a member of the genus Elatine in the plant family Elatinaceae, the waterwort family.

## Distribution and habitat

It is found in Europe and is considered endangered. Populations have also been found in Turkey's Çanakkale Province.
# Myosauridae

Myosauridae is a family of dicynodont therapsids.
# Colonial Sugar Refining Company

The Colonial Sugar Refining Company is an Australian company founded in 1855. It may refer to:
* CSR Limited - the actual name of the company, which retired from the sugar business after it sold it subsidiary Sucrogen to Wilmar International in 2010
* Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji) - the sugar operations CSR possessed in Fiji (1880-1973)
* Chelsea Sugar Refinery - the New Zealand company formed by Colonial Sugar to refine raw sugar
# Gurinhém River

The Gurinhém River is a river of Paraíba state in western Brazil.
# NuWatt Energy

NuWatt Energy is a company that specializes in solar energy services and is headquartered in Austin, Texas, and Woburn, Massachusetts. NuWatt Energy markets, manufactures, and installs residential and commercial solar panels in Texas, Massachusetts, California, Vermont, and New Hampshire. NuWatt Energy specializes in turn-key solar electric (photovoltaic) solutions for residential, commercial, and institutional clients in New England.
In 2017, NuWatt Energy worked with the town of Lexington, Massachusetts to retrofit a “solar noise barrier.” The barrier generates 825 megawatt hours (MWh) per year of electricity.

## History

NuWatt Energy was founded in 2009 by Dr. Aiman Alawa, based on his structural engineering expertise and an examination of the future of global energy.

## Innovation

NuWatt has been at the forefront of innovating the rise of solar PV noise barriers (PVNB), which serve both as noise barriers and power generation facilities for local communities and Departments of Transportation (DOTs). It is privately funded, PVNBs are built using private funds, which ensures expansion without federal or state budget impact. The energy produced is then sold at a discount to DOTs or communities.
# Fast parallel proteolysis

Fast parallel proteolysis (FASTpp) is a method to determine the thermostability of proteins by measuring which fraction of protein resists rapid proteolytic digestion.

## History and background

Proteolysis is widely used in biochemistry and cell biology to probe protein structure. In "limited trypsin proteolysis", low amounts of protease digest both folded and unfolded protein but at largely different rates: unstructured proteins are cut more rapidly, while structured proteins are cut at a slower rate (sometimes by orders of magnitude). Recently, several other assays of protein stability based on proteolysis have been proposed, exploiting other proteases with high specificity for cleaving unfolded proteins. These include Pulse Proteolysis, Proteolytic Scanning Calorimetry and FASTpp.

## How it works

FASTpp measures the quantity of protein that resists digestion under various conditions. To this end, a thermostable protease is used, which cleaves specifically at exposed hydrophobic residues. The FASTpp assay combines the thermal unfolding, specificity of a thermostable protease for the unfolded fraction with the separation power of SDS-PAGE. Due to this combination, FASTpp can detect changes in the fraction folded over a large physico-chemical range of conditions including temperatures up to 85 °C, pH 6–9, presence or absence of the whole proteome. Applications range from biotechnology to study of point mutations and ligand binding assays.

## Applications

FASTpp has been used to probe:
* Lysate effect on protein stability
* Thermal proteome stability
* Coupled folding and binding
* Ligand effects on fraction folded & stability
* Effects of mutations on fraction folded & stability (e.g. point mutation/missense mutations)
* Kinetic protein stability

## Technology

First, a cell lysate is generated by glass beads beating, pressure homogenisation or chemical or physical lysis methods that do not denature the protein(s) of interest. (Optionally for targeted analysis) a protein of interest is purified out of this lysate by affinity methods based on intrinsically disordered tags or other suitable purification strategies, often involving several orthogonal chromatographic steps.
This (total or purified) protein solution is aliquoted into several tubes of a PCR strip. All aliquots are exposed in parallel in a thermal gradient PCR cycler to different maximal temperatures in presence of the thermostable protease thermolysin (see figure). Automated temperature control is achieved in a thermal gradient cycler (commonly used for PCRs). Reaction products can be separated by SDS-PAGE or western blot. The protease thermolysin can be fully inactivated by EDTA. This feature of thermolysin makes FASTpp compatible with subsequent trypsin digestion e.g. for mass spectrometry.
# Ole Boye

Ole Ancher Secher Sørensen Boye (4 May 1856 – 24 October 1907) was a Danish architect. He was mainly active in Frederiksberg.

## Early life and education

Boye was born on 4 May 1856 at i Tinning in Foldby Parish, Jutland, the son of farmer Søren Christiansen (Smed) and Ellen Laursdatter. He assumed the name Boye in circa 1885.

## Career

Boye was mainly active in Frederiksberg. He designed a number of robust apartment building for the upper middle class. His early works are characterized by dressed masonry and stucco decorations. In the late 1880s, he started to experiment with patterned brickwork and majolica ornamentation.

## Personal life

Boyye was married to Asta Dorthea Jørgensen (26. December 1867(, a daughter of tavern owner Frederik Vilhelm Jørgensen and Botilla Maria Lorentzen. The marriage was later dissolved. Boye suffered from depressions and struggled with economic difficulties. He committed suicide on 24 October 1907 and is buried at Vestre Cemetery.

## Selected works

* Folkvarsvej 4–6, Frederiksberg (1887)
* Ceresvej 20, Frederiksberg (1889)
* Falkoner Allé 24, Frederiksberg (1889)
* Gammel Kongevej 86A, Frederiksberg (1889)
* Frederiksberg Allé 51 (1889)
* Christian Winthers Vej 16, Frederiksberg (1890, senere ombygget)
* Frederiksberg Allé 92/Mynstersvej 2 (1892)
* Gammel Kongevej 161, Frederiksberg (1892)
* Gammel Kongevej 123–125, Frederiksberg (1893-94)
* Frederiksberg Allé 58-60 (1894)
* Gammel Kongevej 127/Madvigs Allé 15, Frederiksberg (1894)
* Gammel Kongevej 128 og 130, Frederiksberg (1895, begge med for- og baghus)
* Gammel Kongevej 174, Frederiksberg (1895)
* Amaliegade 26–36, Copenhagen (1896)
* H.C. Ørsteds Vej 31–33, Frederiksberg (1901)
* Frederiksberg Allé 53/Kochsvej 2 (1904, with Ludvig Andersen)
* H.C. Ørsteds Vej 61, Frederiksberg (1905)
* Lykkesholms Allé 6 and 6A, Frederiksberg (1905)
* Sankt Knuds Vej 11, Frederiksberg (1905)
* Tvermoesgård, Rosengården 12–14, København (1905, with Thorvald Jørgensen)
# Tower of Gourze

The tower of Gourze is the remnants of a medieval lookout tower on the Mont de Gourze in the Swiss canton of Vaud. A square tower, it is approximately 9 metres (30 ft) tall and has views over Lake Geneva. The tower is open to the public and stairs provide access to the top. A restaurant whose specialty is fondue is located nearby and is named after the tower.

## History

Historians do not agree on the exact origin of the tower. Some believe that the tower was built in the 9th century by Queen Berthe of Souabe to protect the Lavaux from the Saracens. Others think that the tower was built at the end of the 11th century by the Bishops of Lausanne. The first mention of the tower in the historical record can be found in a document from 1279 under the Latin name "Castrum Gurzi".
The tower was destroyed by fire in the beginning of the 14th century after a conflict involving the bishops of Lausanne. The tour was rebuilt in 1397 by Guillaume de Menthonay, the bishop of Lausanne. The reconstruction of the tour was managed by Jean de Canturio de Milan whose family owned the tower until 1530 when it was finally sold to the parish of Villette. Only 6 years later, the canton of Bern invaded and took control of the tower. The tower fell into disrepair until 1878 when efforts to restore the tower began. In 1910, the tower became the property of the canton of Vaud. The tower was declared a historical monument by the Swiss federal government on August 6, 1913.
Due to its wide-ranging views of the surrounding area, the tower has been used extensively as a geodetic datum. In 1902, a locating pyramid was placed on the western corner of the tower. The pyramid was used in the official Swiss mensuration national (i.e. MN03). The exact altitude of the top of the pyramid is 936.25 metres (3,071.7 ft) above sea level. In 2005, the pyramid becomes the property of the canton of Vaud and in 2006 it is no longer used due to the rise of GPS.