OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Clairaut's relation (differential geometry)

In classical differential geometry, Clairaut's relation, named after Alexis Claude de Clairaut, is a formula that characterizes the great circle paths on the unit sphere. The formula states that if γ is a parametrization of a great circle then
    $\rho (\gamma (t))\sin \psi (\gamma (t))={\text{constant}},\,$
where ρ(P) is the distance from a point P on the great circle to the z-axis, and ψ(P) is the angle between the great circle and the meridian through the point P.
The relation remains valid for a geodesic on an arbitrary surface of revolution.
A statement of the general version of Clairaut's relation is:
   Let γ be a geodesic on a surface of revolution S, let ρ be the distance of a point of S from the axis of rotation, and let ψ be the angle between γ and the meridian of S. Then ρ sin ψ is constant along γ. Conversely, if ρ sin ψ is constant along some curve γ in the surface, and if no part of γ is part of some parallel of S, then γ is a geodesic.
Pressley (p. 185) explains this theorem as an expression of conservation of angular momentum about the axis of revolution when a particle moves along a geodesic under no forces other than those that keep it on the surface.
# Trifiro

Trifiro is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Glen Trifiro (born 1987), Australian soccer player
* Jason Trifiro (born 1988), Australian soccer player
# Trichiosoma vitellina

Trichiosoma vitellina is a Palearctic species of sawfly.
# Merry-sur-Yonne

Merry-sur-Yonne (French pronunciation:, literally Merry on Yonne) is a commune in the Yonne Department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, north central France.

## Les Rochers du Saussois

The Rochers du Saussois are a group of limestone cliffs situated on the right bank of the Yonne opposite and within the commune of Merry-sur-Yonne. They are a favourite location for rock-climbers.
# Duran Duran: Unstaged

Duran Duran: Unstaged is a 2011 concert film directed by David Lynch. It is part of the Unstaged series of concert films sponsored by American Express. The film was made during a performance of the British band Duran Duran at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles.

## Release

The film was released in 2011 and re-released in 2014 with a new cut.

## Reception

Variety praised the sound in the film but criticised the overall production, stating: "The idea of David Lynch directing a concert movie of Duran Duran remains far more exciting than the result." A review for the Toronto Star also praised the sound but was no less negative, going as far as to say that, "(h)ad this David Lynch 'live conjuring' of a Duran Duran concert been unleashed upon unsuspecting pop fans in the 1980s, when the British popsters were in their heyday, there may have been a rebellion."
# Exploring Time

Exploring Time is a two-hour TV documentary mini-series about natural time scale changes that aired in 2007 on The Science Channel.
The documentary is a co-production of Twin Cities Public Television, Red Hill Studios, and NHK. It was made possible by a major grant from the National Science Foundation, and produced in association with Arte France and Granada International.

## Part/Hour 1

* Introduction to Timescales: Days to Decades
* Decades to Centuries
* Centuries to Thousand of Years
* Thousands of Years to Millions of Years
* Millions to 100's [sic] of Millions of Years
* 100's [sic] of Millions of Years
* Billions of Years, The Lifespan of the Universe

## Part/Hour 2

* Introduction to Smaller and Smaller Timescales
* Human Perception of Time, From Days to Hours
* Hours to seconds
* Seconds to Tenths of Seconds
* Tenths of Seconds to Milliseconds
* Milliseconds to Microseconds
* Microseconds to Nanoseconds
* Nanoseconds to Attoseconds
* Attoseconds to Planck Time
* Planck Time, the Shortest Timescale Imaginable
# Christopher Chiza

Christopher Kajoro Chiza (born 13 April 1953) is a Tanzanian CCM politician and Member of Parliament for Buyungu constituency since 2005 until 2015. He is the current Minister of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives
# Venule

A venule is a very small vein in the microcirculation that allows blood to return from the capillary beds to drain into the venous system via increasingly larger veins. Post-capillary venules are the smallest of the veins with a diameter of between 10 and 30 micrometres (μm). When the post-capillary venules increase in diameter to 50μm they can incorporate smooth muscle and are known as muscular venules. Veins contain approximately 70% of total blood volume, while about 25% is contained in the venules. Many venules unite to form a vein.

## Structure

Post-capillary venules have a single layer of endothelium surrounded by a basal lamina. Their size is between 10 and 30 micrometers and are too small to contain smooth muscle. They are instead supported by pericytes that wrap around them. When the post-capillary venules increase in diameter to 50μm they can incorporate smooth muscle and are known as muscular venules. They have an inner endothelium composed of squamous endothelial cells that act as a membrane, a middle layer of muscle and elastic tissue and an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue. The middle layer is poorly developed so that venules have thinner walls than arterioles. They are porous so that fluid and blood cells can move easily from the bloodstream through their walls.
Short portal venules between the posterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary lobes provide an avenue for rapid hormonal exchange via the blood. Specifically within and between the pituitary lobes is anatomical evidence for confluent interlobe venules providing blood from the anterior to the neural lobe that would facilitate moment-to-moment sharing of information between lobes of the pituitary gland.
In contrast to regular venules, high endothelial venules are a special type of venule where the endothelium is made up of simple cuboidal cells. Lymphocytes exit the blood stream and enter the lymph nodes via these specialized venules when an infection is detected. Compared with arterioles, the venules are larger with much weaker muscular coat. They are the smallest united common branch in the human body.
# Okroglice

Okroglice (pronounced) is a settlement in the hills northeast of Loka pri Zidanem Mostu in the Municipality of Sevnica in east-central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.
The local church is dedicated to Saint Lawrence and belongs to the Parish of Razbor. It dates to the early 18th century.
# Democracy Index

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#REDIRECT The Economist Democracy Index
# Trifinio Fraternidad Transboundary Biosphere Reserve

The Trifinio Fraternidad Transboundary Biosphere Reserve is a transboundary protected area located where the borders of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras meet (thus the prefix tri in its name). It protects the Montecristo massif and its cloud forests across the three countries' borders.

## Geography

The reserve covers an area of 1195.14 km$^2$, including 590.56 km$^2$ in El Salvador, 221.79 km$^2$ in Guatemala, and 382.79 km$^2$ in Honduras.
The biosphere reserve was designated by UNESCO and the three countries in 2011. It incorporated some established protected areas, including Trifinio Biosphere Reserve in Guatemala (221.79 km$^2$), which was established in 1987, Montecristo Trifinio National Park in Honduras (82.15 km$^2$), was established in 1987, and Montecristo National Park in El Salvador (19.73 km$^2$), which was established in 2008.
The reserve protects Montecristo massif, a highland area isolated from other mountains. The highest peak is Cerro Montecristo (2,418 m). The massif is in the upper basin of the Lempa River, which drains into the Pacific Ocean.

## Flora and fauna

The biosphere reserve was created to protect the Montecristo cloud forest and its rare flora and fauna. A survey of the tri-national area found 3000 species of plants, 280 bird species, 98 mammal species, and 50 species of amphibians and reptiles.
The main plant communities are pine–oak forest, which grows between 800 and 2000 meters elevation, and cloud forest, which grows above 2000 meters elevation. Dry forests surround the massif at lower elevations.
The pine–oak belt includes pine–oak and pine–oak–sweetgum forests.
The dense cloud forest of oak and laurel trees, which grow up to 30 meters high, houses rare wildlife species like the two-fingered anteater, striped owls, toucans, agoutis, pumas, and spider monkeys.

## Conservation

Protection of the Montecristo massif was a joint initiative of these three countries, which resulted in the creation of the Montecristo Trifinio National Park in Honduras and the Montecristo National Park in El Salvador, as well as the Guatemalan Trifinio biosphere reserve.
The protection of the Montecristo massif was part of a broader plan, known as the Trifinio plan, to develop this border region.
# Trichiotinus assimilis

Trichiotinus assimilis, known generally as the hairy flower scarab or flower chafer, is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.
# Daniel Hayes

Daniel Hayes is an actor, model and boxer. His professional career is based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

## Early life

Hayes was born in Trinidad and moved to Canada as a youth. From an early age, Daniel Hayes played soccer, basketball, football, amateur boxing, baseball, and swimming. Hayes later studied acting at The Second City and Groundlings, and trained at The Ivana Chubbuck Studio.

## Acting career

Hayes began his career as a print model in magazines and billboard ads for Gap, Guess, Nike, Sony, Hugo Boss, Lacoste, Armani Exchange and Andrew Christian. A few years later he was in his first two commercials with And1 and Nike.
In 2016, Hayes worked with filmmaker KB Kutz on The Honey Badger, a 15-minute boxing documentary that closely follows the life of Hayes as he prepares for his professional bout in Mexico. The film was shown at North Hollywood CineFest and Canadian Film Fest.

## Filmography

Film and television :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2007 | Boot Camp | Marine | |
| 2008 | Between Love & Goodbye | Eric | Uncredited |
| 2008 | The Police Story | Criminal Suspect | |
| 2008 | Essence | Henry | Toronto 48-Hour Film Challenge 2008, Nominated—Best Actor Award |
| 2009 | Modern Day Gladiator | Dru | Screened at the LA Film Festival |
| 2010 | Body Language | Busboy | TV series |
| 2011 | Going Down in LA-LA Land | Lucas | Supporting Role |
| 2013 | Lucky 13 | Bo | TV series |
| 2013 | Played | Colt Thug | TV series |
| 2013 | Open Gym | Boris | Short film |
| 2014 | Americanistan | Uzi Guard | Short film |
| 2014 | Friend Inc. | Alex | Short film |
| 2016 | After the Fight | Caleb Ganz | |
| 2016 | The Honey Badger | Himself | |
| upcoming | Finding Larry | Derek | |
| upcoming | The Silver Chain | Jason | |
# Governor Prevost

Governor Prevost may refer to:
* Jacques Marcus Prevost (1736–1781), 9th Colonial Governor of Georgia in 1779
* George Prévost (1767–1816), Governor General of the Canadas from 1812 to 1815
# List of Michigan rivers named Little Black River

Little Black River may refer to two rivers in the U.S. state of Michigan:
* Little Black River (Cheboygan County), flows into Lake Huron near Cheboygan
* Little Black River (Gogebic County), a tributary of Black River in Gogebic County
# Turricula javana

Turricula javana, common name the Java turrid, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Clavatulidae.

## Description

The size of an adult shell varies between 35 mm and 70 mm. The whorls are angular and tuberculated in the middle. These tubercles develop from more or less indistinct oblique folds or ribs, everywhere closely encircled by striae. The color of the shell is light yellowish brown, the tubercles lighter.

## Distribution

This marine species has a wide distribution going from East Africa and Pakistan to Queensland, Australia; off Vietnam and in the South China Sea.
# Dead Girls Don't Cry

Dead Girls Don't Cry is the sixth studio album by the Danish psychobilly band the Nekromantix, released in 2004 by Hellcat Records. It was the group's last album with founding member Peter Sandorff, who had returned to the band several years previous after having been out of the lineup for most of the 1990s, and also their final album with his brother Kristian Sandorff. Prior to this release band leader Kim Nekroman had relocated to Los Angeles, California while the Sandorff brothers remained in Denmark. Recording was therefore rushed as the Sandorffs had to travel to California in order to participate. Following this release the Sandorffs left the band, and Nekroman found new members to fill out the lineup.

## Track listing

All songs written by Gaarde/Sandorff/Sandorff
* "Black Wedding"
* "Backstage Pass to Hell"
* "Moonchaser"
* "Struck By a Wreckin' Ball"
* "Where Do Monsters Go"
* "Dead Girls Don't Cry"
* "What's on Your Neighbors BBQ"
* "I'm a Shockstar"
* "Ghoulina"
* "A Stone With Your/My Name"
* "Dead Moon Walking"
* "World of Dust"
* "Dead By Dawn"
* untitled

## Performers

* Kim Nekroman - double bass, vocals
* Peter Sandorff - guitar, backing vocals
* Kristian Sandorff - drums

## Album information

* Record label: Hellcat Records
* All songs written by Gaarde/Sandorff/Sandorff.
* Recorded and mixed at Steakhouse Studio in north Hollywood, California.
* Engineered by John Silas Cranfield with assistance and additional engineering by Ken Eisenagel.
* Additional backing vocals recorded by Benjamin Hammerum and Heinrik Soegaard at Bernie's Bloody Barbershop Studios in Copenhagen, Denmark.
* Mastered by Jeff King at Threshold Sound and Vision in west Los Angeles, California.
* Photography by Bo Willy Zachariasen and Eri Shibata.
* Artwork and layout by Kim Nekroman.
# Democracy International

Democracy International means:
* Democracy International eV, a German organization with an international focus on the promotion of direct democracy
* Democracy International, Inc, a U.S. organization that advises and assists on behalf of governments, ministries and NGOs in democracy and governance projects
# Volvarina dhofarensis

Volvarina dhofarensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 26.6 mm, its diameter 11.9 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Dhofar Governorate , in Oman in the Arabian Sea.
# Daniel Healy (musician)

Daniel Healy (Dan Healy) is a Scottish singer-songwriter and actor. He was a member of Glasgow-based jazz/pop trio Eoscene. In 2013, as a solo artist, he supported Lawson on their UK tour.
Healy has collaborated with Ronan Keating and co-wrote six songs which feature on Keating's tenth studio album, Time Of My Life, which was released on 12 February 2016. Keating and Healy met when they were both cast members in the West End Musical Once He also co-wrote 2 songs on Keating's album Twenty Twenty
Healy played Paul McCartney in Iain Softley's theatre production of Backbeat which had its World premiere at Citizen's Theatre Glasgow on 9 February 2010. The play transferred to the West End for six months in 2011–12 at the Duke of York's Theatre before relocating to Toronto at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in 2012 and then to Los Angeles at the Ahmanson Theatre in 2013.
Healys other theatre credits include: 'Eamon' in the West End production of Once and the title role in Peter Pan at the King's Theatre, Edinburgh. Continuing the Beatles theme, Healy played the young John Lennon in Bob Eaton's Lennon at the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool.
Television credits include: River City (BBC); Daddy’s Girl (BBC); Taggart (Scottish Television); Wedding Belles (Channel 4); The Karen Dunbar Show (Comedy Unit/BBC); Chewin' The Fat (Comedy Unit/BBC).
Healy also runs an internet comedy group called The Bad News Crew. and in 2013 won the ‘Best Online Content Award’ at the Lovie Awards presented by Stephen Fry.
He played "Guy" in the regional premier of Once at the New Wolsey Theatre and Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch and in the first UK tour of Once the Musical
# Gourbeyrella madininae

Gourbeyrella madininae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chalumeau and Touroult in 2004.
# Christopher Edwards (clinician)

Sir Christopher Richard Watkin Edwards FRSE FMedSci (born 12 February 1942) is a former Vice-Chancellor of Newcastle University.

## Career

Educated at Marlborough College and Christ's College, Cambridge, Edwards became senior lecturer in medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London in 1975, Professor of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1980 and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1991. He was appointed the first Principal of the Imperial College School of Medicine in 1995 before becoming Vice-Chancellor of Newcastle University in 2001.
After retiring from Newcastle University in 2007 he became Chairman of the Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust. Since 2012 he has also been a trustee at the Planet Earth Institute.
He was appointed a knight bachelor in the 2008 Birthday Honours.
# Velmanase alfa

Velmanase alfa, sold under the brand name Lamzede, is a medication used for the treatment of alpha-mannosidosis. Velmanase alfa is a recombinant human lysosomal alpha-mannosidase.
The most common adverse reactions include hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
Velmanase alfa was approved for medical use in the European Union in March 2018, and in the United States in February 2023. Velmanase alfa is the first enzyme replacement therapy approved in the US for the treatment of the non-central nervous system manifestations of alpha-mannosidosis. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

## Medical uses

Velmanase alfa is indicated for the treatment of the non-central nervous system manifestations of alpha-mannosidosis.
Alpha-mannosidosis is a rare genetic lysosomal storage disorder. The symptoms of the disorder vary, but often include mild to moderate intellectual disability, hearing loss, weakened immune system, distinctive facial features (e.g., a large head, prominent forehead, and protruding jaw), skeletal abnormalities, and muscle weakness. Alpha-mannosidosis is caused by genetic changes in the MAN2B1 gene, which codes for the lysosomal alpha-mannosidase enzyme. Mutations of the MAN2B1 gene result in the lack of production of the alpha-D-mannosidase enzyme or the production of a defective, inactive form of the enzyme. Alpha-mannosidosis affects about 1 in every 500,000 people worldwide.

## History

The effectiveness of velmanase alfa was evaluated in participants with alpha-mannosidosis in a phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study. The trial evaluated the efficacy of velmanase alfa over 52 weeks at a dose of 1 mg/kg given weekly as an intravenous infusion. A total of 25 participants were enrolled (14 males, 11 females), including 13 adult participants (age range: ≥18 to 35 years; mean: 25 years) and 12 pediatric participants (age range: ≥6 to <18 years; mean: 11 years); all participants were White. Fifteen participants (8 adult and 7 pediatric) received velmanase alfa and 10 participants (5 adult and 5 pediatric) received placebo.

## Society and culture
### Names

Velmanase alfa is the international nonproprietary name.
# Elm Creek Township, Martin County, Minnesota

Elm Creek Township is a township in Martin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 209 at the 2000 census.
Elm Creek Township was organized in 1867, and named for Elm Creek.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.2 square miles (94 km$^2$), of which 34.9 square miles (90 km$^2$) is land and 1.3 square miles (3.4 km$^2$) (3.54%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 209 people, 76 households, and 62 families residing in the township. The population density was 6.0 inhabitants per square mile (2.3/km$^2$). There were 86 housing units at an average density of 2.5 per square mile (0.97/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.04% White, 0.48% Asian, and 0.48% from two or more races.
There were 76 households, out of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.3% were married couples living together, 1.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 15.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the township the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.9 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $46,250, and the median income for a family was $49,688. Males had a median income of $26,875 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,173. About 8.2% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.
# Toni Schmid

Toni Schmid (22 August 1909 – 16 May 1932) was a German mountaineer.

## Career

In 1932, he posthumously won a gold medal for alpinism at the Olympic Games, along with his brother Franz, for being the first people to climb the northern wall of the Matterhorn on 1 August 1931. Schmid died on 16 May 1932 while attempting to climb the northwest face of the Wiesbachhorn. His friend, future Olympic canoeist Ernst Krebs, survived the accident.
Toni worked as a construction engineer. His nickname was "Toni Tollkühn" ("Temerity Tony").
The "Schmid route" of the Matterhorn is named after the brothers today.
# Dinia (moth)

Dinia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1854.

## Species

* Dinia eagrus (Cramer, [1779])
* Dinia mena (Hübner, [1827])
* Dinia subapicalis (Walker, 1854)
# Fort Ripley

Fort Ripley may refer to:
* Fort Ripley (South Carolina), Charleston, South Carolina, now the site of the Fort Ripley Shoal Light
* Fort Ripley (Minnesota fort), now known as Camp Ripley, Minnesota
* Fort Ripley, Minnesota, a town
# Dawson, Missouri

Dawson is an unincorporated community in eastern Wright County, Missouri, United States. Dawson is located on Missouri Route 95, approximately nine miles north of Mountain Grove and three miles south of the Route 95 - Missouri Route 38 junction.
Dawson had a post office which was reported as active from 1910 through 1956. The community had a school (Dawson School) in 1938.
# Tencendur

Tencendur, or Tencendor ("strife") is the warhorse of King Charlemagne in the French epic, The Song of Roland. Tencendur is mentioned in laisse 239 of the poem.
       Next with both spurs he's gored his horse's flanks,
       And Tencendor has made four bounds thereat.
       — (Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff translation, 1919)

## Racehorse

Named after Charlemagne's warhorse, Tencendur was one of the competitors in the 2015 Kentucky Derby. The racehorse finished next to last, coming in at 17th place.