OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gustav Kramer

Gustav Kramer (11 March 1910 – 19 April 1959) was a German zoologist and ornithologist who specialised in allometry. He described Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog, for the first time in his doctoral thesis. Near the end of the 1940s, he discovered that birds can use the sun as a compass.

## Career

In 1933 Kramer did a study on Xenopus laevis in Berlin. At the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research, under Ludolf von Krehl, he worked on the metabolism of warm-blooded animals. After that, he worked as an assistant at German-Italian Institute of Marine Biology in Rovinj, Croatia. In 1941, he relocated to Naples to conduct a study on lizards, especially the Adriatic lizard. He studied the comparative morphological and genetic differences between mainland and island forms to draw conclusions about the lizard's speciation.
In 1948 Kramer headed a department of the Max Planck Institute for Marine Biology in Wilhelmshaven. There he conducted research on how birds are able to orient themselves over long distances. He constructed an apparatus that allowed him to test how animals react to the position of the sun by tricking the animals into thinking the sun was in a different position. With this experiment, he demonstrated that the direction of flight is dependent on the position of the sun in the sky. Because this ability requires an inner clock to measure the time of day, Kramer sought cooperation with Jürgen Aschoff. From 1 April 1958, Kramer worked with the emerging Aschoff Max Planck near Tübingen. He coined the word Zugunruhe, meaning migratory restlessness.

## Death

On 19 April 1959, while trying to remove young rock pigeons from their nests in the mountains of Calabria, he fell and was killed instantly. His two sons secured his body from the high-running mountain river Raganello.
The obituary written by Konrad Lorenz in the Journal of Ornithology stated: "his authorized worldwide fame as the initiator of experimental analytical orientation research" should not be forgotten.

## Publications

* Untersuchungen über die Sinnesleistungen und das Orientierungsverhalten von Xenopus laevis Daud. Zool. Jahrb., Bd. 52, S. 629–676, Jena: Fischer 1933; zugl. Berlin, Phil. Diss.
* Experiments on bird orientation. Ibis 94: 265-285 (1952)
# Bruce Douglas

Bruce Douglas may refer to:
* Bruce Douglas (basketball) (born 1964), American basketball player
* Bruce Douglas (rugby union) (born 1980), Scottish rugby union player
* Bruce L. Douglas (born 1925), American politician in the state of Illinois
# Holland (CDP), New York

Holland is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 1,206 at the 2010 census. It is in the town of Holland and is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Geography

Holland is located at 42°38′28″N 78°32′36″W﻿ / ﻿42.64111°N 78.54333°W﻿ / 42.64111; -78.54333 (42.641305, -78.543367).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.2 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,261 people, 488 households, and 328 families living in the CDP. The population density was 354.7 inhabitants per square mile (137.0/km$^2$). There were 507 housing units at an average density of 142.6 per square mile (55.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.10% White, 0.63% Black or African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.32% of the population.
There were 488 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.19.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,702, and the median income for a family was $56,806. Males had a median income of $40,250 versus $25,461 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,721. About 7.5% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.
# Horsethief Sandstone

The Horsethief Sandstone is a Mesozoic geologic formation in Montana. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus. The southern part of the Two Medicine Formation grades into the brackish water siltstone/sandstone series that compose the Horsethief Formation. To the north the Horsethief Sandstone is equivalent to the Blood Reserve Formation of Alberta, Canada.
The sediments of the Horsethief represent shallower water deposits than those of the Bearpaw Shale, adding further evidence that higher elevation areas existed to the south of the Two Medicine Formation's depositional area.
# Kowalów Dolny

Kowalów Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wodzisław, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Wodzisław, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Jędrzejów, and 56 km (35 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.
# Hugh Shaw

Hugh Shaw may refer to:
* Hugh Shaw (British Army officer) (1839–1904), recipient of the Victoria Cross
* Hugh Shaw (footballer, born 1896) (1896–1976), Scottish football player and manager (Hibernian)
* Hugh Shaw (footballer, born 1929), Scottish football player (Tranmere Rovers)
* Hugh Murray Shaw (1876–1934), farmer, rancher and Canadian federal politician
* Hugh Nixon Shaw (1812–1863), Irish-Canadian oil producer and businessman
# Treaty of the Eighteen Articles

The Treaty of the Eighteen Articles was a proposal for a treaty between Belgium and the Netherlands to establish borders between the two countries.
The initial proposal was finalised in London on 26 June 1831.

## Background

The Belgian Revolution of 1830 challenged the territorial settlement of the Congress of Vienna, and - with French support for Belgium, but the opposition of the other continental Great Powers - threatened another continent-wide war.
A conference was therefore organised in London, where France and England took the lead in arbitrating a solution.

## Outcome

Among the more controversial issues debated in London 1830-1 were the financial settlement between the newly independent Belgium and Holland, and the territorial issue, with the disposal of Luxemburg and Limburg being especially inflammatory elements.
Though the Treaty of Eighteen Articles (as set out in July 1831) was accepted by Belgium, it failed due to the resistance of the Dutch monarch William I, who swiftly invaded Belgium in the Ten Days Campaign. Although the Great Powers intervened to force an armistice, the terms of the Treaty were revised in Dutch favour, to create the Treaty of Twenty-Four Articles. It was to those revised terms that the Dutch were to appeal at the end of the decade, in order to obtain the Luxemburg/Limburg territory allocated them therein, but previously retained still under Belgian control.
A new Conference saw the Eighteen Articles succeeded by the Treaty of London, incorporating the Treaty of the Twenty-Four Articles of October 1831.
# Nabéré

Nabéré is a village in the Bondigui Department of Bougouriba Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 828.
# Nakasone

Nakasone is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hirofumi Nakasone (born 1945), former Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs, son of Yasuhiro Nakasone
* Keith Nakasone (born 1956), American competitive judoka
* Michael Nakasone, American band director
* Paul Miki Nakasone (born 1963), former Commander of the United States Cyber Command, Director of the National Security Agency, and Chief of the Central Security Service
* Rino Nakasone (born 1979), Japanese dancer and choreographer
* Nakasone Toyomiya, Aji of the Miyako Islands
* Yasuhiro Nakasone (1918–2019), 71st to 73rd Prime Minister of Japan
# Ceratocystis zombamontana

Ceratocystis zombamontana is a plant-pathogenic saprobic fungal species first found in Africa, infecting Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus species.
# Gustav Kral

Gustav Kral (4 June 1983 - 11 October 2009) was an Austrian football player.

## Career

Kral played in his career for Admira Wacker, Austria Wien, DSV Leoben, SK Schwadorf, Trenkwalder Admira, SV Neuberg and last for UFC Purbach.

## Death

Kral died on 11 October 2009 near Lichtenwörth in a car accident; his girlfriend, model Patricia Kaiser, survived the accident.
# Skaha Lake

Skaha Lake is a freshwater lake, through which the Okanagan River flows, in the Okanagan region of south central British Columbia. Along the shoreline are Penticton (north), Kaleden (west), and Okanagan Falls (south).

## Name origin

The lake was labelled L. du Chien on Anderson's map (1867) and Du Chien L. on Trutch maps (1866 and 1871). Likely named by French Canadian fur traders, the origin is unknown. The translation as Dog Lake was later adopted. When changed to Skaha Lake in 1930, the Shuswap name for dog was mistakenly chosen. The Okanagan meaning of Skaha is horse.

## Ferries

In the early years, the Okanagan depended upon water transportation from the rail terminal at Okanagan Landing. Penticton separates Okanagan Lake from Skaha Lake. In 1893, W. J. Snodgrass acquired a new boat, the Jessie, named for his daughter. Plying the Okanagan Falls–Penticton run, this boat burned at the Falls in 1898. In 1894, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) built the 17-metre (55 ft) sternwheeler SS Fairview for this run but soon moved to Okanagan Lake, where the vessel burned in 1897. The 27-metre (89 ft) Greenwood, launched in 1897 at Okanagan Landing, burned at the Falls around 1903. In 1899, Snodgrass purchased another boat, the Maude Moore, named after his youngest daughter. In 1905, the vessel relocated to Naramata. In 1910, CP launched the 29-metre (94 ft) Kaleden for the Penticton–Okanagan Falls run. Encountering navigational difficulties on the connecting river, the sternwheeler remained in Okanagan Lake after the initial run.
In 1909, James Ritchie bought the launch Mallard, which he renamed Kaleden for his Kaleden subdivision. For two years, the vessel towed scows carrying building materials. The absence of wharves meant the scows were run up onto the beaches for loading and unloading. In 1911, J.F. Campbell and A.S. Hatfield bought the Kaleden to form the South Okanagan Transportation Company. The next year, they built wharves on the lake at Penticton, Kaleden, and Okanagan Falls. That year, they bought the new 12-metre (40 ft) launch Cygnet and sold the Kaleden. In 1914, the 10-metre (32 ft) Mallard entered service, which included the river route. During 1920–1931, CP's SS York pushed rail barges on the Penticton–Okanagan Falls leg.
The ferry service was subsidized in 1900 and 1910–1922.

## Ecology

In the chain of Okanagan lakes, Skaha Lake is south of Okanagan Lake and north of Vaseux Lake. Possessing an approximate 20-square-kilometre (7.7 sq mi) surface area and 55-metre (180 ft) depth, the lake lies as the boundary between the Okanagan dry forests to the northeast and the Cascade Mountains leeward forests to the west. To the south lies the Columbia Plateau shrubland, the only xeric shrubland ecoregion in Canada. The lake hosts a variety of fish including kokanee salmon, rainbow trout, and smallmouth bass. The most recent forming of thicker ice occurred in the mid-1990s and 2014.
# Snide

Snide may refer to:
* Snide, a village in Gârda de Sus Commune, Alba County, Romania
* Corey Snide (born 1993), an American actor
* Snide the Weasel, a non-playable character in the video game Donkey Kong 64
# Snider

Snider may refer to:

## Places
### United States

* Snider, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
* Sniderville, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

## Other uses

* Snider (surname)
* Snider–Enfield, a firearm
# Bulbophyllum sect. Piestobulbon

Bulbophyllum sect. Piestobulbon is a section of the genus Bulbophyllum.

## Description

Species in this section are epiphytes with a pseudobulb with a single leaf and inflorescence.

## Distribution

Plants from this section are found in New Guinea.

## Species

Bulbophyllum section Piestobulbon comprises the following species:
| Name | Distribution | Elevation (m) |
| Bulbophyllum fasciculiferumSchltr. 1923 | New Guinea | 800 metres (2,600 ft) |
| Bulbophyllum leucorhodum Schltr. 1913 | New Guinea | 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) |
| Bulbophyllum paucisetum J.J.Sm. 1915 | New Guinea | |
| Bulbophyllum piestobulbon Schltr. 1923 | New Guinea and the Solomon Islands | 0–1,200 metres (0–3,937 ft) |
# Mary Barlow

Mary Barlow may refer to:
* Mary Kate Barlow (1865–1934), Australian Catholic lay leader, philanthropist, editor, and women's advocate
* Mary Anne Barlow (born 1973), South African actress and voice artist
# Mary Barkworth

Mary Elizabeth Barkworth (born 1941, Marlborough, England) is an American botanist and professor emerita at Utah State University in Logan, Utah.

## Education and career

Barkworth has a B.Sc. from the University of British Columbia, and went on to teach school in British Columbia after graduation. She has an M.Ed. and a Ph.D. in 1975 from Western Washington University where she worked on variation in Brodiaea. Following her Ph.D. she worked with Agriculture Canada until moving to Utah State University in 1979, where she also served as the director of the Intermountain Herbarium. Barkworth retired in 2012.
Barkworth is known for her work on grasses, particularly members of the Stipeae and Triticeae. She also had responsibility for production of the two grass volumes in the Flora of North America. Barkworth has worked to digitize collections at OpenHerbarium.org, which includes collections from Pakistan and Somaliland. In 2013 Barkworth established a collaboration with the Daggett County Jail whereby inmates helped catalogue specimens through a collaboration between the herbarium and the jail.

## Selected publications

* R., Soderstrom, Thomas (1988). Grass systematics and evolution : an international symposium held at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., July 27-31, 1986. Thomas R. Soderstrom, Khidir W. Hilu, Christopher S. Campbell, Mary E. Barkworth. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 0-87474-300-1. OCLC 869053991.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Barkworth, Mary E.; Talbott Roché, Cindy (2007). Manual of grasses for North America. Logan, Utah: Intermountain Herbarium and Utah State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87421-778-0. OCLC 659579715.
* Flora of North America : north of Mexico. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. New York. 1993. ISBN 0-19-505713-9. OCLC 26803793.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
# Mary Barksdale

Mary Zoner Hurston Barksdale Lawes (November 24, 1920 - October 9, 1992 ) was a prominent African-American nurse and businesswoman. She was the owner and administrator, for twenty-seven years, of the Hurstdale Rest Home, the only black-owned rest home in western Massachusetts.

## Life and career

Lawes was born in 1920 to John Paul Hurston and Lula Mae Taylor, in Atlanta, Georgia. She attended Spelman College and migrated to the Springfield area in the 1940s.
In 1952, she graduated from a Springfield area nursing school and became a licensed L.P.N. She was one of the first Black nurses to work for the Holyoke visiting nurses program and later Springfield Hospital.

## Community service

Barksdale was a past President of the Jack and Jill Club of America, a national black mothers' organization. She was on the Board of Directors for both the Action for Equality and Achiever's Opportunity Corporations. She also received a certificate of excellence from Harvard University for her work in gerontology. She, along with her late husband, Abraham Barksdale, was instrumental in the founding of the D. Edward Wells Federal Credit Union.

## Civil rights

Her husband's Abraham Barksdale's crowning achievement was the desegregation of Springfield Public Schools. In Barksdale v. Springfield School Committee, a de facto segregation lawsuit, Abraham Barksdale and Mary Barksdale challenged the concept of racial isolation because the school a child attended was based on the neighborhood in which you lived. Barksdale won and Springfield Public Schools were desegregated in 1965.
# Home in Oklahoma

Home in Oklahoma is a 1946 American Western film starring Roy Rogers.

## Plot

After the wealthy Flying U Ranch owner Sam Talbot is killed by a fall from a horse, reporter Connie Edwards (Dale Evans) enlists the help of newspaper editor Roy Rogers to investigate a rumor that Sam may have actually been murdered. Talbot's 12 year-old ward, Duke Lowery (Lanny Rees), inherits Sam's ranch, much to the dismay of Talbot's greedy niece, Jan Holloway (Carol Hughes). Roy, Dale and ranch hand Gabby (Gabby Hayes) set out to prove Jan is involved in a threat on Duke's life and possibly Sam's murder. Under the superb direction of William Witney, Home in Oklahoma is filled with memorable songs, including Roy and Dale's rendition of the novelty classic "Miguelito."

## Cast

* Roy Rogers as Himself
* Trigger as Trigger, the smartest horse in the movies.
* George "Gabby" Hayes as Gabby Whittaker
* Dale Evans as Connie Edwards
* Carol Hughes as Jan Holloway
* George Meeker as Steve McClory
* Lanny Rees as Duke Lowery
* Ruby Dandridge as Devoria - the cook
* George Lloyd as Sheriff
* Arthur Space as Coroner Jud judnick
* Frank Reicher as Jason (lawyer)
* George Carleton as Kennedy (newspaper editor)
* Flying 'L' Ranch Quartet as singers (as Flying 'L' Ranch Quartette)
* Bob Nolan as Bob
* Sons of the Pioneers as Musicians, ranch hands
# 2013 GP Ouest-France

The 2013 GP Ouest-France was the 77th edition of the GP Ouest-France, a single-day cycling race. It was held on 1 September 2013, over a distance of 243 km (151.0 mi), starting and finishing in Plouay, France. It was the twenty-fourth race of the 2013 UCI World Tour season.
The race was won by Lampre–Merida's Filippo Pozzato, Pozzato finished ahead RadioShack–Leopard's Giacomo Nizzolo and Ag2r–La Mondiale's Samuel Dumoulin, who completed the podium.

## Teams

As the GP Ouest-France was a UCI World Tour event, all 19 UCI ProTeams were invited automatically and obligated to send a squad. Five other squads were given wildcard places into the race, and as such, formed the event's 24-team peloton.
The 24 teams that competed in the race were:
* Ag2r–La Mondiale
* Argos–Shimano
* Astana
* Belkin Pro Cycling
* BMC Racing Team
* Bretagne–Séché Environnement †
* Cannondale
* Cofidis †
* Euskaltel–Euskadi
* FDJ.fr
* Garmin–Sharp
* IAM Cycling †
* Team Katusha
* Lampre–Merida
* Lotto–Belisol
* Movistar Team
* Omega Pharma–Quick-Step
* Orica–GreenEDGE
* RadioShack–Leopard
* Sojasun †
* Team Europcar †
* Saxo–Tinkoff
* Team Sky
* Vacansoleil–DCM

## Results

| | Cyclist | Team | Time | UCI World Tour Points |
| 1 | Filippo Pozzato (ITA) | Lampre–Merida | 5h 59' 54" | 80 |
| 2 | Giacomo Nizzolo (ITA) | RadioShack–Leopard | s.t. | 60 |
| 3 | Samuel Dumoulin (FRA) | Ag2r–La Mondiale | s.t. | 50 |
| 4 | Jürgen Roelandts (BEL) | Lotto–Belisol | s.t. | 40 |
| 5 | Daniele Bennati (ITA) | Saxo–Tinkoff | s.t. | 30 |
| 6 | Thor Hushovd (NOR) | BMC Racing Team | s.t. | 22 |
| 7 | Elia Viviani (ITA) | Cannondale | s.t. | 14 |
| 8 | Francisco Ventoso (ESP) | Movistar Team | s.t. | 10 |
| 9 | Borut Božič (SLO) | Astana | s.t. | 6 |
| 10 | John Degenkolb (GER) | Argos–Shimano | s.t. | 2 |
# Holm, Troms

Holm is a small village area in Dyrøy Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located in the central part of the eastern coast of the island of Dyrøya. Dyrøy Church is located in Holm.
# Marty

Marty may refer to:

## Names

* Marty (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters, also includes stage names
* Marty (surname), a list of people

## Places in the United States

* Marty, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
* Marty, South Dakota, a census-designated place

## Arts and entertainment

* "Marty" (teleplay), a 1953 teleplay by Paddy Chayefsky
* Marty (film), a 1955 American film based on the teleplay
* Marty (musical), a 2003 musical version of the film
* Marty (TV series), a 1968–1969 British television comedy series starring Marty Feldman
* "Marty", a song by the band Five Iron Frenzy

## Other uses

* Martin County Public Transit, a public transit agency in Florida
* Tropical Storm Marty (disambiguation), various storms and hurricanes
* USS W. F. Marty (SP-1145), a patrol vessel in United States Navy service from 1917 to 1918
* FM Towns Marty, a Japanese videogame console
* "Marty", a robotic supermarket assistant used by The Giant Company
# Bulldog forceps

A bulldog forceps, clamp or serrefine is a type of forceps which is used in surgery. It has serrated jaws and a spring action so that it will grip and hold sutures, tissues or vessels. The spring may be weak or the jaws sheathed in a soft material so that the item being gripped is not crushed too severely.
Forceps of this general type were designed by particular surgeons including Johann Dieffenbach and Robert Liston.
# Mary Helen Wright Greuter

Mary Helen Wright Greuter (December 20, 1914 – October 23, 1997) was an American astronomer and historian, who wrote and edited on the history and methodology of sciences, including anthropology, archeology, mathematics, and physics.

## Early years

Born in Washington, D.C., she was the daughter of the geophysicist Frederick Eugene Wright and Kathleen Ethel Finley. She was known professionally by her family name of Wright. Her siblings included, William F. Wright and Kenneth A. Wright. Wright was educated at Madeira School. She was a Bennett Junior College graduate (1934), and Vassar College graduate (Bachelor's, 1937; Master's in Astronomy, 1939).

## Career

Through her father, who led the Carnegie Institution for Science Moon Project at the Mount Wilson Observatory, Wright became acquainted with people at Mt. Wilson, and got a job as an assistant (1937) doing research on the history of telescopes; and in the same year, worked as an assistant at the Vassar College Observatory. She also worked as a Junior Assistant at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. (1942–43); and was associated with Palomar Observatory. In 1943, she became a freelance author and editor. Her best known works include, Explorer of the Universe: A Biography of George Ellery Hale (1966) and Sweeper of the Sky: The Life of Maria Mitchell (1949). Wright was a member of the American Astronomical Society, the History of Science Society, and the International Astronomical Union. She was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1961.

## Personal life

She married and later divorced the artist John Franklin Hawkins, and then married Rene Greuter in 1967, but remained childless. She summered on Sagastaweka Island, and maintained homes in Washington, New Jersey, and Nantucket. Wright's other interests included stone carving. Wright died of a heart attack in 1997 in Washington, D.C.
# Chrisman

Chrisman may refer to:
* Chrisman (surname)
* Chrisman, Illinois, city in Edgar County, Illinois, United States
* Chrisman, Ohio, unincorporated community in Madison County, Ohio, United States
# Martine Aurillac

Martine Aurillac (born 28 April 1939) is a French politician who was a member of the National Assembly of France. She represented the city of Paris, and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.