OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee

The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is a committee of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) that sets the standards for human gene nomenclature. The HGNC approves a unique and meaningful name for every known human gene, based on a query of experts. In addition to the name, which is usually 1 to 10 words long, the HGNC also assigns a symbol (a short group of characters) to every gene. As with an SI symbol, a gene symbol is like an abbreviation but is more than that, being a second unique name that can stand on its own just as much as substitute for the longer name. It may not necessarily "stand for" the initials of the name, although many gene symbols do reflect that origin.

## Purpose

Full gene names, and especially gene abbreviations and symbols, are often not specific to a single gene. A marked example is CAP which can refer to any of 6 different genes (BRD4 Archived 2013-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, CAP1 Archived 2013-11-02 at the Wayback Machine, HACD1 Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, LNPEP Archived 2012-09-13 at the Wayback Machine, SERPINB6 Archived 2013-10-08 at the Wayback Machine, and SORBS1 Archived 2012-10-12 at the Wayback Machine).
The HGNC short gene names, or gene symbols, unlike previously used or published symbols, are specifically assigned to one gene only. This can result in less common abbreviations being selected but reduces confusion as to which gene is referred to.

## Naming guidelines

The HGNC published its latest human gene naming guidelines in 2020. These may be summarized as:
* gene symbols must be unique
* symbols should only contain Latin letters and Arabic numerals
* symbols should not contain punctuation or "G" for gene
* symbols do not contain any reference to the species they are encoded in, i.e. "H/h" for human
The HGNC states that "gene nomenclature should evolve with new technology rather than be restrictive, as sometimes occurs when historical and single gene nomenclature systems are applied." The HGNC has also issued guides to specific locus types such as endogenous retroviral loci, structural variants and non-coding RNAs.

## Naming procedure

When assigning new gene nomenclature the HGNC make efforts to contact authors who have published on the human gene in question by email, and their responses to the proposed nomenclature are requested. HGNC also coordinates with the related Mouse and Rat Genomic Nomenclature Committees, other database curators, and experts for given specific gene families or sets of genes.

## Revision

The gene name revision procedure is similar to the naming procedure, but changing a standardized gene name after establishment of a consensus can create confusion, therefore the merit of this is controversial. For this reason the HGNC aims to change a gene name only if agreement for that change can be reached among a majority of researchers working on that gene.
# Tawi

Tawi may refer to:
* Tawi River, India
* Tawi (Legislative Assembly constituency), Mizoram, India
* Tawi Sli (1912–1987), second chief minister of Sarawak, Malaysia
* Tawi-Tawi Province, Philippines
** Tawitawi Island, Philippines
# Langendorff heart

The Langendorff heart or isolated perfused heart assay is an ex vivo technique used in pharmacological and physiological research using animals and also humans. Named after the German physiologist Oskar Langendorff, this technique allows the examination of cardiac contractile strength and heart rate without the complications of an intact animal or human. After more than 100 years, this method is still being used.

## Method

In the Langendorff preparation, the heart is removed from the animal's or human's body, severing the blood vessels; it is then perfused in a reverse fashion (retrograde perfusion) via the aorta, usually with a nutrient rich, oxygenated solution (e.g. Krebs–Henseleit solution or Tyrode's solution). The backwards pressure causes the aortic valve to shut, forcing the solution into the coronary vessels, which normally supply the heart tissue with blood. This feeds nutrients and oxygen to the cardiac muscle, allowing it to continue beating for several hours after its removal from the animal or human. This is a useful preparation because it allows the addition of drugs (via the perfusate) and observation of their effect on the heart without the complications involved with in vivo experimentation, such as neuronal and hormonal effects from living animal or human. This preparation also allows the organ to be digested into individual cells by adding collagenase to the perfusate. This can be done before the experiment as a technique for cell harvesting, or after the experiment to measure its effects at the cellular level.

## History

The first isolated perfused heart was created using frog tissue in 1866.
# Bi'r al Mashi

Bi'r al Mashi is a village in Al Madinah Province, in western Saudi Arabia.
# Robert Owens (composer)

Robert Lee Owens III (September 19, 1925 – January 5, 2017) was an American composer, pianist, and actor.

## Biography

Owens was born in Denison, Texas, and grew up in Berkeley, California. Owens began playing piano at age 4 (taught by his mother Alpharetta Helm), composing at age 8, and performing at age 10.
After serving in the U.S. Army during World War II, Owens used the G.I. Bill to pursue musical education in Europe. He studied under Jules Gentil and Alfred Cortot at the École Normale de Musique de Paris in Paris between 1946 and 1950. In 1952, he debuted as a concert pianist in Copenhagen. He continued his studies under Grete Hinterhofer at the Vienna Academy of Music between 1953 and 1957.
In 1997, he appeared on the 2nd season of Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei on one episode, “The Assassination” (Das Attentat) which he plays Jonathan Agade, the first elected democratic president on Monrovia.
Owens returned to the United States in 1957 to teach music at Albany State College in Georgia. During this time, he began setting the poems of Langston Hughes to music. In 1959, he relocated to Hamburg, Germany; in 1964, he moved to Munich. In Germany, he got a job as a film actor, and was soon in demand as a film and stage actor, composer, and pianist.
Owens's only completed opera, Kultur! Kultur!, was premiered in Ulm, Germany, in 1970; an English translation was premiered at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln on August 7, 2015.
Owens died January 5, 2017, in Munich.

## Works

Owens wrote and performed his First Piano Concerto with Berkeley's Young Peoples’ Symphony at the age of 15. He wrote many songs throughout his long career, using the poetry of Paul Laurence Dunbar, Waring Cuney, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, Countee Cullen, and Langston Hughes. In 2006, he wrote the Idomeneo Quartet for oboe and strings, based on Mozart's opera of the same name.
A collection of Owens's published works, concert programs and reviews, photographs and other memorabilia resides at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

## Recognition and awards

* International Lifetime Achievement Award, from the National Association of Negro Musicians (2008)
* The Preisträger International Lifetime Achievement Award from AnDante Kulturmagazin
* "Lift Every Voice" Legacy Award for lifetime achievement in opera, from the National Opera Association (2009)
* Friend of the Arts, Kappa chapter of Sigma Alpha Iota (2009)
* Artist-in-residence at University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, Texas Southern University, and University of Nebraska-Lincoln
# Jerry Horton

Jerry Allan Horton (born March 10, 1975) is an American musician who is the lead guitarist and backing vocalist and founding member of Californian rock band Papa Roach.

## Biography

Jerry Horton was born in Charleston, South Carolina on March 10, 1975. He has one brother named Chad. He began playing the guitar at the age of 14. Before joining Papa Roach, Horton worked as a roofer. He was introduced to the band by an ex-girlfriend and soon joined Ben Luther as the lead guitarist of the band. Horton has been nominated twice as best guitarist for the Californian Music Awards. Horton follows a straight edge lifestyle but does not identify himself with its subculture.
# Avantasia (song)

Avantasia is the debut single by German supergroup rock opera project Avantasia. It's a re-recorded version of Avantasia's original demo EP.

## Track listing

* "Avantasia" - 05:30
* "Reach Out for the Light" - 06:34
* "Final Sacrifice" - 05:03
* "Avantasia" (Edit Version) - 04:10

### Demo track listing

* "Avantasia (demo)"
* "Reach Out for the Light (demo)"
* "Final Sacrifice (demo)"

## Personnel

* Tobias Sammet (Edguy) - Lead vocals, keyboards
* Henjo Richter (Gamma Ray) - Guitars
* Markus Grosskopf (Helloween) - Bass
* Alex Holzwarth (Rhapsody of Fire) - Drums
* Michael Kiske (Helloween, Unisonic) - Additional lead vocals on tracks 1, 2, 4
* David DeFeis (Virgin Steele) - Additional lead vocals on track 3
# Avantcore

Avantcore is a single by underground hip hop artist Busdriver from his album Fear of a Black Tangent. It was released on Mush Records in 2005. The title track "Avantcore" includes a sample of the song "Turtles Have Short Legs" by Can.

## Track listing

* "Avantcore" - 2:26
** Produced by Paris Zax
* "Happiness('s Unit of Measurement)" - 4:40
** Produced by Thavius Beck
* "Unemployed Black Astronaut" – 4:02
** Produced by Paris Zax
* "Avantcore" – 2:35
** D-Styles remix
* "Happiness('s Unit of Measurement)" – 4:18
** Prefuse 73 remix
* "Unemployed Black Astronaut" – 4:39
** Nobody remix
# Jerónimo de Garro

Jerónimo de Garro (flourished 1500s) was a 16th-century Basque nobleman, Viscount of Zolina and Knight of Calatrava.
Garro was born in Navarra, son of Sebastián de Garro and Isabel de Góngora. His wife was Ana Jaso Azpilcueta, owns the Castle of Xavier, and granddaughter of Juan de Jasso. Ana also was niece of Saint Francis Xavier.
# Symmetrischema inexpectatum

Symmetrischema inexpectatum is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1967. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Texas.
# Aye (album)

Aye is the first compilation released featuring the works of Martyn Bennett, a Scottish-Canadian musician. It was released in 2012, seven years after Bennett's death and had tracks from four of his studio albums, as well as unreleased tracks.

## Track listing

* Ud The Doudouk
* 4 Notes
* Liberation
* Sky Blue Remix (Peter Gabriel)
* Swallowtail
* Harry's In Heaven
* Crackcorn - unreleased track
* Distortion Pipe
* Paisley Spin - unreleased track
* Blackbird
* Stream

### iTunes bonus track

* Mackay's Memoirs
# Symphony No. 1 in C minor

Symphony No. 1 in C minor may refer to:
* Boris Alexandrovich Arapov Symphony No. 1 (1947)
* Johannes Brahms Symphony No. 1, op. 68 (1876)
* Anton Bruckner Symphony No. 1 (1868)
* Norbert Burgmüller Symphony No. 1, op. 2 (1831-3)
* Frederic Cliffe Symphony No. 1 (1889)
* Carl Czerny Symphony No. 1, Op. 781 (his first numbered symphony, an unnumbered D major having been performed in 1814)
* Antonín Dvořák Symphony No. 1, B. 9 "The Bells of Zlonice" (1865)
* Louise Farrenc Symphony No. 1 [fr], op. 32 (1841)
* Niels Gade Symphony No. 1 [nl], op. 5 (1842)
* Johan Halvorsen Symphony No. 1 (1923)
* Heinrich von Herzogenberg Symphony No. 1, op. 50
* Richard Hol Symphony No. 1 (1863)
* Albéric Magnard Symphony No. 1 [fr], op. 4 (1890)[12]
* Daniel Gregory Mason Symphony No. 1, op. 11 (1913-4)
* Felix Mendelssohn Symphony No. 1, op. 11 (1824)
* Nikolai Myaskovsky Symphony No. 1, op. 3 (1908, rev. 1921)
* John Knowles Paine Symphony No. 1, op. 23 (1875)
* Boris Parsadanian Symphony No. 1 op. 5 (1958)
* Alice Mary Smith Symphony No. 1 (1863)
* Eduard Tubin Symphony No. 1 [ca] ETW 1 (1931-4)
* Richard Wetz Symphony No. 1 (1916)
* Felix Woyrsch Symphony No. 1 (1908)
# Symphony No. 1 (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Symphony No. 1 is the 14th studio album by Joe Jackson, released in 1999. Jackson received a Grammy for Best Pop Instrumental Album in 2001, after several unsuccessful nominations for previous work. Symphony No. 1 was played by a band of jazz and rock musicians including Steve Vai and Terence Blanchard.

## Track listing

All tracks were written, arranged and produced by Joe Jackson.

## Personnel

Musicians
* Joe Jackson – acoustic piano, keyboards, sampling, computer sequencing
* Steve Vai – electric guitars
* Mat Fieldes – electric bass, acoustic bass
* Gary Burke – drums
* Sue Hadjopoulos – percussion
* Wessell Anderson – alto saxophone
* Patti Monson – flute
* Robin Eubanks – trombone
* Terence Blanchard – trumpet
* Mary Rowell – viola, violin, electric violin
Production
* Joe Jackson – arrangements, producer, liner notes
* Dan Gellert – associate producer, recording, mixing
* Sheldon Steiger – associate producer
* Anthony Ruotolo – assistant engineer
* Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York, NY)
* Lisa Sharken – guitar technician
* Brian Coleman – production manager
* P.R. Brown – art direction, design
* C. Winston Simone Management – management

## Charts

Chart performance for Heaven & Hell :
| Chart (1999) | Position |
| US Top Classical Albums (Billboard) | 7 |
| US Traditional Classical Albums (Billboard) | 7 |
# German submarine U-45

U-45 may refer to one of the following German submarines:
* SM U-45, was a Type U 43 submarine launched in 1915 and that served in the First World War until sunk on 12 September 1917
** During the First World War, Germany also had these submarines with similar names:
*** SM UB-45, a Type UB II submarine launched in 1916 and sunk on 6 November 1916
*** SM UC-45, a Type UC II submarine launched in 1916 and sunk on 17 September 1917; raised on 11 April 1918; re-entered service on 24 October 1918; surrendered on 24 November 1918
* German submarine U-45 (1938), a Type VIIB submarine that served in the Second World War until sunk on 14 October 1939.
# Gerard Leever

Gerard Leever (born 30 April 1960, Naarden) is a Dutch cartoonist. He is the winner of the 2006 Stripschapprijs.
# Sleepy Eye (disambiguation)

Sleepy Eye is a city in Brown County, Minnesota.
Sleepy Eye may also refer to:
* Sleepy Eye Creek, a tributary of the Cottonwood River in Minnesota
* Sleepy Eye Lake (disambiguation)
* Chief Sleepy Eye, a Sisseton-Sioux chief, see Ishtakhaba
# Robert James Brown

Robert James Brown may refer to:
* Bob Brown (born 1944), Australian politician, medical doctor and environmentalist, leader of the Australian Greens
* Bob Brown (Australian Labor politician) (1933–2022)
* Robert James Brown (moderator) (1792–1872), Scottish minister
* Robert Brown (British actor) (1921–2003)
# Aïchetou Mint Ahmedou

Aïchetou Mint Ahmedou is a Mauritanian writer, working in French.
Born in Boutilimit, Ahmedou completed her primary and secondary schooling in Nouakchott, where she then studied the sciences. She has written poetry, articles, and stories, many of which have been published locally in Nouakchott, and has produced translations of Arabic-language poetry as well. In the 1990s she began work on a novel, La couleur de vent, which was published in 2014. She has spoken about her work at literary conferences.

## Publications

* La couleur du vent : il était une fois à Nouakchott : roman, 2011
# Smith & Wesson Model 457

The Smith & Wesson Model 457 is a compact semi-automatic pistol from Smith & Wesson's Third Generation series of alloy and steel-framed handguns in company's Value Line of budget-priced auto pistols. The 457 is a compact pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. The design utilizes a double-action/single action trigger mechanism, meaning that the first shot is fired with long double-action pull, with following shots fired in single-action. The 457's external hammer omits a thumb spur, thereby reducing the risk of being caught on clothing during unholstering. A slide-mounted safety lever that drops the hammer from its cocked position when moved to the 'safe' position. The 457 has a 95 mm (3.75 in) barrel and 7-round magazine capacity. The Model 457 was produced with a matte-finish carbon steel slide and blackened aluminum alloy frame. Other versions include the Model 457S with a stainless steel slide and aluminum frame, and the Model 457TDA with a satin-finished aluminum frame and black carbon steel slide.
The compact design of the pistol makes it ideal for concealed carry, and the model developed a reputation for reliability, durability, and accuracy.
# Slup

Slup is a toponym and may refer to:
* Slup, Czech Republic
* Slup, Kosovo
# Smederevo–Vršac dialect

Smederevo–Vršac dialect (Serbo-Croatian: смедеревско-вршачки дијалект / smederevsko-vršački dijalekt) is a subdialect of the Shtokavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian. As an Old Shtokavian variety, it retains a number of features not found in Neo-Shtokavian varieties on which standards of Serbo-Croatian are based.

## Distribution

The dialect is mainly spoken in Serbia or more exactly in north-eastern part of Šumadija (between Smederevo and Kragujevac), part of Belgrade, western part of eastern Serbia around Požarevac and Veliko Gradište, and south-eastern part of Vojvodina (south-eastern Banat including the city of Vršac). Some of the speakers could be also found in eastern Banat, in Romania where it is not in use anymore.

## History

The Smederevo–Vršac dialect is a mixed speech of populations that speak Šumadija–Vojvodina and Kosovo–Resava dialects. It is, however, linguistically closer to the Kosovo–Resava dialect and it is sometimes classified as a sub-dialect of the Kosovo–Resava dialect.
In the past, Smederevo–Vršac dialect was spoken in much larger area.
# German Championship

German Championships or German Championship may refer to:
* Bundesliga (football)
** its predecessor, the German football championship
* Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft ("German Racing Championship")
* Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft ("German Touring Car Championship")
* East German rugby union championship
* German Amateur Championship (snooker)
* German amateur football championship
* German Athletics Championships
* German Bandy Championship
* German Chess Championship
* German Darts Championship
* German Figure Skating Championships
* German Formula Three Championship
* German Ice Hockey Championship
* German Individual Speedway Championship
* German Indoor Athletics Championships
* German Karting Championship
* German rugby union championship
* German Pro Championships (tennis)
* German Skeleton Championship
* German Speedway Championship
* German women's ice hockey Bundesliga
* Super Tourenwagen Cup (or German Supertouring Championship)
* Western German football championship
# Aşağı Xuç

Aşağı Xuc (also, Aşaqı Xuç, Ashaga Khuch, Ashagy-Guch, and Ashagy-Khuch) is a village and municipality in the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 904. The municipality consists of the villages of Aşagı Xuç and Orta Xuç.
# Robert Prince

Robert Prince may refer to:
* Robert Prince (American football) (born 1965), American football coach
* Robert Prince (captain) (1919–2009), World War II officer
* Robert Prince (composer) (1929–2007), ballet and Broadway composer
* Bobby Prince (Robert Caskin Prince III), video game composer
# German submarine U-551

German submarine U-551 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 21 November 1939 at the Blohm & Voss yard in Hamburg as yard number 527, launched on 14 September 1940, and commissioned on 7 November 1940 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Karl Schrott.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-551 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-551 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

Attached to the 7th U-boat Flotilla, she first sailed from Kiel, Germany to Bergen, Norway, before commencing her first and only war patrol on 18 March 1941. She sailed to the waters south of Iceland, and there on 23 March, in position 62°37′N 16°47′W﻿ / ﻿62.617°N 16.783°W﻿ / 62.617; -16.783, she was sunk by depth charges from the British anti-submarine warfare trawler HMT Visenda. All 45 hands were lost.
# German submarine U-55

U-55 may refer to one of the following German submarines:
* SM U-55, a Type U 51 submarine launched in 1916 and that served in the First World War until surrendered 26 November 1918; in service as Japanese submarine O-3, 1920–21; dismantled at Sasebo, March–June 1921; briefly recommissioned as Auxiliary Vessel No. 2538, 1923
** During the First World War, Germany also had these submarines with similar names:
*** SM UB-55, a Type UB III submarine launched in 1917 and sunk on 23 April 1918
*** SM UC-55, a Type UC II submarine launched in 1916 and sunk on 29 September 1917
* German submarine U-55 (1939), a Type VIIB submarine that served in the Second World War until sunk 30 January 1940
# Avoch railway station

Avoch railway station was a station on the single track branch of the Highland Railway, in north east Scotland. The line connected villages in The Black Isle peninsula to the railway network via a junction at Muir of Ord.

## History

Opened by the Highland Railway in 1894, it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The station then passed on to the Scottish Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. It was then closed by British Railways.
Authorisation was obtained on 4 July 1890 to build a 15.75 mile (25 km) branch line from Muir of Ord to Rosemarkie; however the line never proceeded beyond Fortrose.
| Preceding station | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | Following station |
| Rosehaugh | | Highland Railway Fortrose Branch | | Fortrose |