OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Microphone preamplifier

The term microphone preamplifier can either refer to the electronic circuitry within a microphone, or to a separate device or circuit that the microphone is connected to. In either instance, the purpose of the microphone preamplifier is the same.
A microphone preamplifier is a sound engineering device that prepares a microphone signal to be processed by other equipment. Microphone signals are often too weak to be transmitted to units such as mixing consoles and recording devices with adequate quality. Preamplifiers increase a microphone signal to line level (i.e. the level of signal strength required by such devices) by providing stable gain while preventing induced noise that would otherwise distort the signal. For additional discussion of signal level, see Gain stage.
A microphone preamplifier is colloquially called a microphone preamp, mic preamp, micamp, preamp (not to be confused with a control amplifier in high-fidelity reproduction equipment), mic pre and pre.

## Technical details

The output voltage on a dynamic microphone may be very low, typically in the 1 to 100 microvolt range. A microphone preamplifier increases that level by up to 70 dB, to anywhere up to 10 volts. This stronger signal is used to drive equalization circuitry within an audio mixer, to drive external audio effects, and to sum with other signals to create an audio mix for audio recording or for live sound.

## Functions

In addition to providing gain for the microphone signal, a microphone preamplifier as found in a sound mixer or as a discrete component typically also provides power to the microphone in the form of either 24 or 48 volt phantom power.

## In use

A microphone is a transducer and as such is the source of much of the coloration of an audio mix. Most audio engineers would assert that a microphone preamplifier also affects the sound quality of an audio mix. A preamplifier might load the microphone with low impedance, forcing the microphone to work harder and so change its tone quality. A preamplifier might add coloration by adding a different characteristic than the audio mixer's built-in preamplifiers. Some microphones, for example condensers, must be used in conjunction with an impedance matching preamplifier to function correctly.
Some preamplifiers exist as one part of a channel strip, which can include other kinds of audio recording devices such as compressors, equalization (EQ), noise gates, and enhancers.
# Smarten

Smarten (April 17, 1976 – March 31, 2003) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse and successful sire. Bred in Maryland by Jim and Eleanor Ryan and raced under their Ryehill Farm banner, he had a record of 27: 11-8-2 with career earnings of $716,426.

## Early career

Smarten was a versatile horse that won in route races and won sprint, he won on the dirt and won on the turf. Smarten was also a very consistent colt that performed well and gave his all in every outing. His winning percentage of 11 out of 27 of 41% is exceptional, but his in-the-money percentage of 22 of 27 lifetime towers over all but the greatest of thoroughbreds racing over two dozen times at an incredible 81%.
In his two-year-old season he won four of five races that included a maiden win, an allowance win and two stakes wins. He won the City of Miami Handicap a stakes race for two-year-olds at Calder Race Course. Smarten also won the Senatorial Stakes at Laurel Park Racecourse in the winter of 1978.

## Three-year-old season

In his sophomore year of 1979, Smarten, trainer Woody Stephens and jockey Sam Maple teamed up to accomplish accolades that connections of any colt would be proud of. Smarten placed in the top three in 15 of 17 races in one year including six graded stakes wins - Woodlawn, Illinois Derby, Pennsylvania Derby, Ohio Derby, American Derby, Marylander in a row! Also, six graded stakes runner-up finishes - in a row - Travers, Secretariat, Lawrence Realization, Rutgers Handicap, Meadowlands Cup, Discovery. Maple rode Smarten to wins in four grade two Derbys, capturing the Illinois, the Pennsylvania Derby, the American and the Ohio while placing a close second by a head in the grade two Arkansas Derby.
His trainer was meticulous about planning and picking the right spots for his colt. Stephens intentionally avoided hooking up with that year's super horse Spectacular Bid in the Triple Crown races. He was quoted as saying, "why run in a race for place money when I can run in a race and win the lion's share of a $150,000 purse.
Smarten also won the grade three Marylander Handicap at Bowie Race Course and the grade three Woodlawn Stakes on the turf at Pimlico Race Course at age three. He had a great stretch run placing in the grade one Travers Stakes at Saratoga Race Course finishing second. Other second-place finishes in his three-year-old season were the grade two Meadowlands Cup, the grade two Arkansas Derby, the grade one Secretariat Stakes on the turf at Arlington Park, the grade three Rutgers Handicap, and two grade two stakes races at Aqueduct Racetrack in the Lawrence Realization Stakes and the Discovery Handicap. He concluded his career with a third-place finish in the Jockey Hollow Handicap at the Meadowlands Racetrack.

## Retirement

As a sire, Smarten notably produced Classy 'n Smart, a Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame inductee and dam of U.S. and Canadian Hall of Fame filly, Dance Smartly, Smart Guy, Pennsylvania Derby winner, and of the outstanding sire, Smart Strike. Smarten died March 31, 2003.
# Borders of Sweden

The borders of Sweden are as follows:
* The Sweden–Denmark border
* The Sweden–Finland border
* The Sweden–Norway border
# Taweh

Taweh can refer to:
* Taweh Creek, a stream in British Columbia, Canada
* Taveh, a village in Hamadan Province, Iran
# Norman Hines

Norman "Norm" Patrick Hines (December 27, 1938 – May 1, 2016) was an American sculptor. He is known for his Caelum Moor sculpture in Arlington, Texas, which features five large stone arrangements placed around a park. Hines taught at Pomona College, his alma mater, from 1961 to 2000.
# Taxali Gate Cemetery

Taxali Gate Cemetery (also known as Gora Kabristan at Taxali Gate) is a Christian cemetery in Lahore, Pakistan.

## Location

It is close to the city center of Lahore, near the Badshahi Mosque and opposite from the Taxali Gate and the Lahore Fort. The cemetery dates to the 1800s and is currently in poor condition.

## History

During the British India period, soldiers camped in the fort near the cemetery. Currently, there is an acute shortage of burial space in the cemetery.

## Notable interments

Many notable graves dating back to the British era, are located here including:
* Alvin Robert Cornelius
* Charles William Forman
* Marcaret J Forman, wife of Charles William Forman
* Sir Henry Adolphus Rattigan
* Walter Allen Robinson
* Dhian Singh
* Mary Caroline
* Meera Elizabeth
* Martha FR Half
* William Montgomery
* Dr Charles
* Sara John H
* Edward Henry John
* Richard Reign
* Sister Mary
* Edward Herbert
* John Edward Hutson
* James Alex
* Earnest Alfred
* James C S Stag
# Iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis

In biochemistry, the iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis describes the components and processes involved in the biosynthesis of iron–sulfur proteins. The topic is of interest because these proteins are pervasive. The iron sulfur proteins contain iron–sulfur clusters, some with elaborate structures, that feature iron and sulfide centers. One broad biosynthetic task is producing sulfide (S$^{2-}$), which requires various families of enzymes. Another broad task is affixing the sulfide to iron, which is achieved on scaffolds, which are nonfunctional. Finally these Fe-S cluster is transferred to a target protein, which then become functional.
The formation of iron–sulfur clusters are produced by one of four pathways:
* Nitrogen fixation (NIF) system, which is also found in bacteria that are not nitrogen-fixing.
* Iron–sulfur cluster (ISC) system, in bacterial and mitochondria
* Sulfur assimilation (SUF) system, in plastids and some bacteria
In addition to those three systems, the so-called Cystosolic Iron–sulfur Assembly (CIA) is invoked for cytosolic and nuclear Fe–S proteins.

## Mechanisms

The assembly of iron–sulfur clusters cluster begins with the production of the equivalent of a sulfur (sulfur atoms per se are not found in nature). The required sulfur atom is obtained from free cysteine by the action of so-called cysteine desulfurases. One prominent desulfurase is called IscS, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme. The sulfur atom from the cysteine substrate is transferred to residue Cys-328 of IscS, forming a persulfide:
    L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine $\rightleftharpoons$ L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine
The persulfide functional group R-S-S-H functions as a source of "inorganic sulfur" that will be incorporated into Fe-S clusters. Subsequently, IscS transfers this "extra" sulfur to IscU. In addition to IscS and IscU, bacterial Fe-S assembly requires IscA, an 11 kDa protein of uncertain function.
The Suf system for iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis is generally similar to the Isc system (and the Nif system). The analogy extends to the existence of SufA, SufS, and SufU. The Suf system operates with fewer chaperones.
# Coal River

Coal River may refer to:

## Rivers

* Coal River (Canada), in Yukon and British Columbia
* Coal River (Fiordland), in New Zealand
* Coal River (Canterbury), in New Zealand
* Coal River (West Virginia), in the United States
* Coal River (Tasmania), in Australia

## Other

* Coal River (book), a 2008 nonfiction book about mountaintop removal mining in the United States
* Coal River was the early name for the Australian settlement which became Newcastle, New South Wales
# The Death of Vishnu

The Death of Vishnu (2001) is a novel by Indian-American writer Manil Suri. The book is about the spiritual journey of a dying man named Vishnu living on a landing of a Bombay apartment building, as well as the lives of the residents living in the building.

## Awards and honors

* 2001 Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers Award, winner
* 2001 Booker Prize, longlist
* 2001 Kiriyama Prize, finalist (fiction)
* 2002 McKitterick Prize, winner
* 2002 PEN/Robert W. Bingham Prize, co-winner
* 2002 PEN/Faulkner Award, nominee
* 2002 ALA Notable Books for Adults
# International Association for Hungarian Studies

The International Association for Hungarian Studies is a body supporting research and education relating to Hungarian language, culture and society, founded in 1977. As one of its major tasks the association sees the enhancing of cooperation between institutions and forums that contribute to the study of Hungarian Studies in Hungary and worldwide. The association acquaints itself with Hungarian studies-related activities and renders accessible this information. The association has a publication series of its own, which undertakes the publication of articles and monographs and publishes the journal Hungarian Studies. The Congress of Hungarian Studies, organized every five years, brings together 400–500 scholars worldwide. In addition to the congresses, the association organizes several conferences in between the congresses, mainly with the purpose of supporting the doctoral education within Hungarian Studies. Through these conferences the association provides a forum for doctoral students in and outside Hungary.
# Budulmukh

Budulmukh is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.
# World Religions (TV series)

World Religions is an educational television show which was produced and broadcast by TVOntario (known at the time as the Ontario Educational Communications Authority) in 1973. The show was based on the theological book, The World's Religions, written by Huston Smith.

## Production

A total of seven episodes were created for the series, focusing on: Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and "other eastern religions". The show centred on the modern-day religious practices of people in Ontario, filming regular members of the community for whom religion was important.

### Episode list

* Episode 3 of the series looked at Christianity through the Madonna House Apostolate commune in Combermere.
# Uzunlar, Akyurt

Uzunlar is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Akyurt, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 70 (2022).
# Taşbebek

Taşbebek (The Doll) is a 1934 Turkish-language opera by Ahmed Adnan Saygun. It was one of a group of operas commissioned by Atatürk as part of his cultural transformation.

## History

It is one of the first Turkish operas staged in Turkey. Being composed in 1934, for the first time it was staged in the Ankara Halkevi stage in the presence of President of Turkey, Mustafa Atatürk on the night of December 27, 1934.
# In the Blood (1923 film)

In the Blood is a 1923 British silent sports drama film directed by Walter West and starring Victor McLaglen, Lilian Douglas and Cecil Morton York.

## Cast

* Victor McLaglen as Tony Crabtree
* Lilian Douglas as Marian
* Cecil Morton York as Sir James Crabtree
* Valia as Lady Crabtree
* John Gliddon as Ralph Hardy
* Arthur Walcott as Osman Shebe
* George Foley as Flemming
* Humberston Wright as Malcolm Jove
* Judd Green as Stoney Isaac
* Adeline Hayden Coffin as Dowager Lady Crabtree
* Clifford McLaglen as The Kansas Cat
* Kenneth McLaglen as The Whaler
# Ironías

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Orlando Sentinel | |
Ironías (transl. "Ironies") is the fifth studio album by Puerto Rican salsero Víctor Manuelle. Released in 1998, Ironías was successful in both the Top Latin Albums and Tropical Albums peaking at #4 and #1 respectively.

## Singles

Three singles were produced for the album. The first single Se Me Rompe el Alma (It Breaks My Heart) peaked #1 on the Latin Tropical Airplay charts and #3 on Hot Latin Tracks. The second single, Que Habria Sido de Mi (What Would Be of Me), peaked #1 on Latin Tropical Airplay and #5 on Hot Latin Tracks. The third single, Que Te Han Dicho (What I've told you) only peaked #16 on Latin Tropical Airplay and #35 on Hot Latin Tracks.

## Track listing

* Se Me Rompe el Alma - 4:56
* Qué Habría Sido de Mi - 4:52
* Y Después de Nuevos Amigos - 5:10
* Mentiras - 4:53
* Al Igual Que Yo - 5:07
* La Dueña de Mis Amores - 5:01
* Qué Te Han Dicho - 5:04
* Hay Cariño - 4:24
* No Te Desprecio - 4:50

## Chart position

Album
| Year | Chart | Album | Peak |
| 1998 | Billboard Tropical Albums | Víctor Manuelle | 1 |
| 1998 | Billboard Top Latin Albums | Víctor Manuelle | 4 |
| 1998 | Billboard Heatseekers Albums | Víctor Manuelle | 12 |
# Coal Ridge Baptist Church and Cemetery

Coal Ridge Baptist Church and Cemetery (also known as Coal Ridge Church; Coal Ridge Community Church; Coal Ridge Church Museum) is a historic church at 1034 IA S71 in Knoxville, Iowa that was built in 1909. It replaced an 1860-built church that was destroyed in a fire on October 11, 1908, and it served the community of Coalport, which is long gone. Coalport, built in the floodplain of the Des Moines River, disappeared under man-made Lake Red Rock when the river was dammed in 1969. The church and cemetery are on a hill above the lake.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 2006. Its three contributing resources are the church, the cemetery, and a historic tool shed. The property was deemed significant for its social history and its architecture. Regarding its social history, its NRHP nomination describes:
   The church became a gathering place in the early 20th century for the unincorporated "Down on the Ridge" community of Coalport and Coal Ridge. The church is the last remaining building of this historic community. Over the years, church activities shifted to accommodate the changing social and religious life of local residents. As Coalport and Coal Ridge declined in population, the surrounding rural population became the church's chief focus. Then, in the late 20th century, this rural area experienced a renaissance, and the church adapted to these needs. Throughout this time, the Coal Ridge Baptist Ladies Aid, an organization founded by the church in 1913 and still active, nurtured the social ties among local residents and promoted community betterment.$^{:17}$
And regarding its architecture:
   The exterior of the building blends the influences of Neo-Classical and late Gothic Revival styling together in a design of striking simplicity, while the interior of the building shows a careful regard for practicality.$^{:17}$
# Buduma

Buduma may refer to:
* Buduma people of Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria
* Buduma language spoken by that people
# Head of the Prime Minister's military cabinet

The Head of the Prime Minister's military cabinet (Chef du cabinet militaire du Premier ministre) is a role in the military and government of France, heading the prime minister's military cabinet.

## List of officeholders

| No. | Portrait | Name (Born-Died) | Term | Term | Term | Government | Ref |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Born-Died) | Took office | Left office | Duration | Government | Ref |
| 1 | | Général de brigade André Petit | 14 February 1959 | 23 January 1960 | 343 days | Debré | – |
| 9 | | Général de brigade Robert Gastaldi | 13 September 1984 | 25 August 1986 | 1 year, 346 days | Fabius | – |
| 10 | | Général de brigade aérienne Bernard Norlain [fr] (born 1939) | 27 August 1986 | 16 December 1989 | 3 years, 111 days | Chirac II Rocard I–II | – |
| 11 | | Général de brigade aérienne Jean-Marie Menu | 16 December 1989 | 31 August 1991 | 1 year, 258 days | Rocard II | – |
| 12 | | Contre-amiral Patrick Lecointre | 31 August 1991 | 15 May 1994 | 2 years, 257 days | Cresson Bérégovoy Balladur | – |
| 13 | | Général de division aérienne Alain Courthieu | 16 May 1994 | 17 September 1995 | 1 year, 124 days | Balladur | – |
| 14 | | Général de division Jean-Pierre Kelche (born 1942) | 18 September 1995 | 27 August 1996 | 344 days | Juppé I–II | – |
| 15 | | Général de brigade Louis Le Miere | 28 August 1996 | 31 July 1998 | 1 year, 337 days | Juppé II Jospin | – |
| 16 | | Contre-amiral Alain Dumontet | 1 August 1998 | 30 September 2002 | 4 years, 61 days | Jospin Raffarin I | – |
| 17 | | Général de brigade aérienne Stéphane Abrial (born 1954) | 1 October 2002 | 31 August 2005 | 2 years, 335 days | Raffarin II–III | – |
| 18 | | Général de brigade aérienne Jean-Marc Denuel (born 1954) | 1 September 2005 | 14 September 2008 | 2 years, 348 days | Villepin Fillon I–II | – |
| 19 | | Général de division Pierre de Villiers (born 1956) | 29 August 2008 | 11 March 2010 | 1 year, 194 days | Fillon II | – |
| 20 | | Général de division Bernard de Courrèges [fr] (born 1960) | 11 March 2010 | 14 August 2014 | 4 years, 156 days | Fillon II–III Ayrault I–II Valls I | – |
| 21 | | Général de brigade aérienne Olivier Taprest | 14 August 2014 | 1 September 2016 | 2 years, 18 days | Valls II | – |
| 22 | | Général de corps d'armée François Lecointre (born 1962) | 1 September 2016 | 22 July 2017 | 324 days | Valls II Cazeneuve Philippe I–II | – |
| 23 | | Général de brigade Benoît Durieux | 22 July 2017 | Incumbent | 4 years, 9 days | Philippe II | – |
| 24 | | Général de division Franck Barrera | 31 July 2021 | Incumbent | 3 years, 68 days | Castex | |
# Tarlok Singh (athlete)

Tarlok Singh was an Indian long-distance runner who won a gold medal in the 10000 meters and a bronze medal in the 5000 meters runs in the 1962 Jakarta Asian Games. Subsequently, he was affected by tuberculosis because of malnutrition and succumbed to it without nearly receiving any medical treatment.
# Chhoti Khatu

Chhoti Khatu is a new tehsil located in the Didwana Kuchaman District of the northwestern Indian state of Rajasthan. It is 65 km (40 mi) away from Nagaur and 30 km (19 mi) away from Didwana. Chhoti Khatu is a tourist place of archaeological interest. Chhoti Khatu also has a railway station as named Chhoti Khatu railway station. Also Chhoti Khatu's Poornima Pareek won the title of Miss Forever Rajasthan 2022. Chhoti Khatu has a total population of 10865 peoples according to Census 2011.
# Taşbulak

Taşbulak can refer to:
* Taşbulak, Hınıs
* Taşbulak, Kemah
# Michael Samuel (philanthropist)

The Hon Michael John Samuel (born 2 November 1952) is a British businessman and philanthropist who co-founded the fact checking organisation Full Fact.

## Early life

Samuel is a younger son of Peter Samuel, 4th Viscount Bearsted (1911–1996), an executive of Shell, and his wife Elizabeth Adelaide Cohen, a daughter of Lionel Cohen, Baron Cohen, a barrister and judge. He was educated at Eton. His brother Nicholas is the current Viscount Bearsted.

## Career

As a businessman, Samuel was Chief Executive of the Mayborn Group and was Chair of AGL communications agency. He is also Chair of Muddy Puddles and Murex Energy. Samuel was awarded an MBE in 2019 "for services to Young People and Mental Health". He has also been a trustee and director of the Anna Freud Centre for over 20 years, a charity that supports the emotional wellbeing of children.
Samuel co-founded the charity Full Fact in 2010. He also co-founded Civic, "a not-for-profit which aims to support a major change in the approach of communities and organisations". According to The Scotsman, "he made a fortune when he sold the Mayborn Group in a deal worth over £100 million" and is also a non-executive director of Poison Diaries Ltd, which publishes novels by the Duchess of Northumberland. His children are said to be friends of Prince William, while his wife Julia Samuel is part of the Guinness dynasty and was close friends with Princess Diana.
In 2013, Samuel was fined £400 for speeding. Between 2009 and 2019 he has donated £160,000 to the Conservative Party, according to Electoral Commission records.

## Personal life

On 6 March 1980, Samuel married Julia Aline Guinness, the youngest daughter of James Edward Alexander Rundell Guinness, and in 1999 they were living in Hyde Park Gate. They have three daughters and a son.
# Irmak Yıldırım

Irmak Yıldırım (born 2005) is a Turkish motocross racer. She is her country's first female athlete in this sport. She is a native of Balıkesir, Turkey.
Encouraged by her father, she started motorcycle riding in 2012. She has been participating in international motocross competitions since 2019. Supported by the Afyonkarahisar Municipality, she competed in the third leg of the 2021 FIM Women's Motocross World Championship held in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. She placed 25th at the MXGP of Turkey and 23rd at the MXGP of Afyon rounds. She rides on a Gas Gas. She scored 2 points in the last heat of the 2023 season.
# The Corowa Chronicle

The Corowa Chronicle was an English language newspaper published in Corowa, New South Wales, Australia from 1905 to 1928.

## History

The paper began on 7 October 1905 and was published by Albert John Esau until it ceased as a paper in its own right in 1928, when it was absorbed by The Corowa Free Press. The paper circulated throughout the Murray district of New South Wales and the north-eastern district of Victoria.

## Digitisation

The various versions of the paper have been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project hosted by the National Library of Australia.
# Courts of New Hampshire

Courts of New Hampshire include:

## State courts of New Hampshire

Federal courts located in New Hampshire
# Cholini

Cholini is a tribe of true weevils in the family Curculionidae.

## Genera

Cholini contains the following genera:
* Sclerosomus
* Cholus
* Neoerethistes
* Desmosomus
* Anaenomus
* Astyage
* Lixodes
* Rhinastus
* Acrotomopus
* Ozopherus
* Ameris
* Lobaspis
* Homalinotus
* Odontoderes
# Hastulopsis elialae

Hastulopsis elialae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.