OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nilesh Patel

Nilesh Patel is a Canadian director and producer of films.

## Early life

Patel was raised in Prince George, British Columbia and attended Duchess Park Secondary School, where he was first exposed to the Brocket 99 audio tape. He attended the city's College of New Caledonia and then obtained a degree in molecular biology from the University of Victoria. After working as a diabetes researcher in Boston and Montreal, Patel changed careers and started making films in the United Kingdom.

## Filmmaking

Patel now resides in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and was a program co-ordinator for the National Film Board's Diversity Project, director for Flourish Media and teaches filmmaking to street youth.

## Films

* 2005 – Brocket 99: Rockin' the Country — Patel's first feature documentary about a popular underground audio tape parody of Canadian First Nations stereotypes.
# Igor Alexeyev

Igor Alexeyev may refer to:
* Igor Alekseyev (politician) (born 1960), Ukrainian military officer, diplomat, and politician
* Igor Alekseyev (weightlifter) (born 1972), Russian weightlifter
* Igor Alexeyev (footballer) (born 1984), Russian footballer
# Craniotome furcata

Craniotome is a genus of plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae), first described in 1825. It contains only one known species, Craniotome furcata, native to Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Sikkim, Bhutan, Himalayas of northern + eastern India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam.
# 2020 IIHF World Championship Division II

The 2020 IIHF World Championship Division II was an international ice hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation.
The Group A tournament would have been held in Zagreb, Croatia and the Group B tournament in Reykjavík, Iceland from 19 to 25 April 2020.
Both tournaments were cancelled on 13 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Group A tournament
### Participants

| Team | Qualification |
| Netherlands | Placed 6th in Division I B previous year and was relegated. |
| Croatia | Host, placed 2nd in Division II A previous year. |
| Australia | Placed 3rd in Division II A previous year. |
| Spain | Placed 4th in Division II A previous year. |
| China | Placed 5th in Division II A previous year. |
| Israel | Placed 1st in Division II B previous year and was promoted. |

### Match officials

Four referees and seven linesmen are selected for the tournament.
| Referees | Linesmen |
| Miroslav Stolc Maksim Toode Jukka-Pekka Koistinen Benjamin Hoppe | David Nothegger Tomislav Grozaj Krešimir Polašek Tomáš Brejcha Naoki Sawayama David Perduv Matúš Stanzel |

### Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Netherlands | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Promotion to 2021 Division I B |
| 2 | Croatia (H) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 3 | Australia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 4 | Spain | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 5 | China | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 6 | Israel | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Relegation to 2021 Division II B |

### Results

All times are local (UTC+2).

## Group B tournament
### Participants

| Team | Qualification |
| Belgium | Placed 6th in Division II A previous year and was relegated. |
| Iceland | Host, placed 2nd in Division II B previous year. |
| New Zealand | Placed 3rd in Division II B previous year. |
| Georgia | Placed 4th in Division II B previous year. |
| Mexico | Placed 5th in Division II B previous year. |
| Bulgaria | Placed 1st in Division III previous year and was promoted. |

### Match officials

Four referees and seven linesmen are selected for the tournament.
| Referees | Linesmen |
| Martin Christensen Kenji Kosaka Lim Yong Chun Christian Persson | Jakob Schauer Liu Tiange Oli Gunnarsson Sindri Gunnarsson Leon Hafsteinsson Martin Jobbágy Anders Nyqvist |

### Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Belgium | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Promotion to 2021 Division II A |
| 2 | Iceland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 3 | New Zealand | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 4 | Georgia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 5 | Mexico | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 6 | Bulgaria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Relegation to 2021 Division III A |

### Results

All times are local (UTC+2).
# Hidden Treasures – Volume 1

Hidden Treasures – Volume 1 (also known as Hidden Treasures: The Rarities Collection Volume 1) is a compilation album by Australian band The Seekers. The album was announced in April 2020 as the first of a trilogy of releases featuring lost classics and rarities.
Hidden Treasures – Volume 1 was released on 22 May 2020 and contains seven live performances from their 1967 Sidney Myer Music Bowl show, the first time they've been heard since that concert.

## Reception

Jeff Jenkins from Stack Magazine called the album "A celebration of pure talent." Jenkins said "The Seekers became the first Aussie band to top the UK and US charts not because of any studio trickery but because they were simply a fine singing group."

## Track listing

* "Waltzing Matilda" (Queensland Version) – 2:53
* "3AK Jingle 1" – 0:36
* "3AK Jingle 2" – 0:19
* "3AK Jingle 3" – 0:18
* "Nothing to Do (And All Day to Do It In)" (Frankie Davidson featuring The Seekers) – 2:15
* "Sally Was a Good Old Girl" (Frankie Davidson featuring The Seekers) – 2:31
* "Blow the Man Down" – 2:35
* "Bound for Australia" (also known as "South Australia") – 1:36
* "High Barbary" – 2:19
* "Eddystone Light" – 1:21
* "Leave Her Johnny, Leave Her" – 2:19
* "A Rovin" – 2:29
* "You Can Tell the World" – 3:24
* "Blowin' in the Wind" – 2:38
* "Kumbaya" – 2:31
* "This Little Light of Mine" – 2:40
* "Dont Think Twice Its Alright" (Includes Gold Record Presentation) – 4:25
* "Cotton Fields" – 2:04
* "Coca-Cola Jingle 1" – 1:04
* "Coca-Cola Jingle 2" – 1:31
* "Come the Day" – 2:10
* "Morningtown Ride" – 2:40
* "A World of Our Own" – 1:59
* "The Leaving of Liverpool" – 3:02
* "Red Rubber Ball" – 2:14
* "The Carnival is Over" – 3:04
* "Georgy Girl" – 2:14
* Note: Tracks 13–18 are from The Big Show Tour
* Note Tracks 21–27 are from Music for the People, Sidney Myer Music Bowl in March 1967

## Charts

Chart performance for Hidden Treasures – Volume 1 :
| Chart (2020) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 21 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Catalogue |
| Australia | 22 May 2020 | CD, digital download, streaming | The Seekers, Universal Music Australia, Decca | 0896358 |
# Clear Creek Township, Vernon County, Missouri

Clear Creek Township is a township in Vernon County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Clear Creek Township was erected in the 1860s, taking its name from Clear Creek.
# Territorial Defense

Territorial Defense or Territorial Defense Forces may refer to:

## Active

* Territorial Troops Militia, a Cuban paramilitary militia under the command of the MINFAR
* Territorial Forces (Finland)
* Territorial Troops (Kazakhstan)
* Territorial Defence Force (Poland), an active military reserve component of the Polish armed forces
* Territorial Defense Forces (Ukraine)
* Territorial Defense Student, Thailand

## Defunct

* Territorial Defense Forces (Poland), an armed force responsible for the internal security of Poland separate from the Polish Army from 1965 until 2008
* Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia), an independent formation of the People's Army of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
* Territorial Defence Force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Slovenian Territorial Defence
* Territorial defence battalions (Ukraine)
# Tandoori Love

Tandoori Love is a 2008 Swiss comedy film about the misadventures of an Indian cook named Raja in Switzerland. The film, directed by Oliver Paulus, was called Switzerland's first "Bollywood film". It premiered at the 2008 Goa film festival.

## Plot

In the Bernese Oberland, Sonja works as sommelier at "L'Auberge du Cerf", the restaurant owned by her boyfriend Martin. She meets Rajah, an Indian cook, with whom she falls in love. Rajah's cooking is soon integrated in the menu of the restaurant and receives immense success. But the original employer of the cook, Priya, a Mumbai actress, arrives and insists that Rajah is to go back with her to India.

## Cast

* Lavinia Wilson as Sonja
* Vijay Raaz as Rajah
* Martin Schick as Markus
* Shweta Agarwal as Priya
* Tamal Ray Chowdhury as Kamaal Khan
* Max Rüdlinger as Gusti
* Peter Glauser as Stammtisch Stöff
* René Blum as Karli
* Verena Zimmermann as Rosmarie Kübli
* Asif Basra as T.V. Kumar, the producer
* Aasif Sheikh as Superstar Ramesh
* Gilles Tschudi as Jules Renaud
* Ganesh Yadav as J.R., the director
* Asha Sachdev as Priya's mother
* Johanna Bantzer as Anita

## Reception

A critic from SBS wrote that "It makes for an awkward film, but it’s buoyed by an idiosyncratic outlook". A critic from Internet Review wrote that the film was "A delightful and silly little fairy tale".
A review in the Berliner Zeitung found the premise promising but the plot weak and the mixing of cultural and acting peculiarities not harmonious in the whole.
# Jovan Obrenović

Jovan Teodorović Obrenović, also known as Gospodar Jovan (1787 in Srednja Dobrinja – 22 January 1850, in Sremski Karlovci), was a Serbian divisional general, commander of the Morava-Podrinje military area, governor of the Rudnik and Požega districts. He was the brother of Miloš Obrenović and Jevrem Obrenović.

## Biography

He was born in Srednja Dobrinja (near Užice) around 1787 to his mother Višnja and father Todor Mihailović Obrenović. He was Miloš Obrenović's youngest brother, after Jevrem Obrenović. Jovan took part in the Meeting in Takovo and the Battle of Ljubić with Lazar Mutap in 1815. He also took part in the suppression of the Đak rebellion in 1825. His clerk in Brusnica was Nićifor Ninković (also Kara-Marko Vasić's clerk at one time) from 1828. He built a church in Brusnica in 1836. The Jovan rebellion from 1839 was named after him. Together with Jevrem Obrenović, he opposed the Miloš Obrenović administration during the political turmoil from 1839 to 1842.
He married Kruna Mihailović in 1814 and had a son Obren (1818-1826) and a daughter Jelisaveta Savka (1828-1834) with her. He entered into a second marriage in 1835 with Ana Joksić (1818-1880) and had two daughters with her - Anastasia Stana (1839-1933) and Ermila (1844-1918). Anastasia was married in 1858 to Teodor Aleksić of Maïna (1825—1891). Ermila was married to Nikola Čupić in 1860, and in 1867 to Tihomilj Tesa Nikolić (1832-1886).
He was a divisional general and military commander of the Morava-Podrinje region during and after the Second Serbian Uprising.
After Toma Vučić Perišić's unsuccessful revolt against Miloš Obrenović in 1842, he moved to Austria.
Jovan Obrenović died on 22 January 1850 in Sremski Karlovci.
In his residence from 1835, there is a permanent exhibition of the National Museum in Čačak. He was credited with the renovation of the Church of the Ascension of the Lord in 1834 in Čačak.
# Method of moving asymptotes

The Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) is an optimization algorithm developed by Krister Svanberg in the 1980s. It's primarily used for solving non-linear programming problems, particularly those related to structural design and topology optimization.

## History

MMA was introduced by Krister Svanberg in a 1987 paper titled, "The method of moving asymptotes—a new method for structural optimization." The method was proposed as an alternative to traditional optimization methods, offering an approach that could handle large-scale problems, especially in the realm of structural design. Another paper was published in 1993 by Svanberg which added some extensions to the method, including mini-max formulations and first and second order dual methods to solve subproblems. Another version that is globally convergent was proposed by Zillober.

## Algorithm overview

The Method of Moving Asymptotes functions as an iterative scheme. The key idea behind MMA is to approximate the original non-linear constraints and objective function with a simpler, convex approximation. This approximation is represented by linear constraints and a convex objective function.
Starting from an initial guess, each iteration consists of the following steps:

### Step I

    Given an iteration point $x^{(k)}$, calculate $f_{i}(x^{(k)})$ and the gradients $\nabla f_{i}(x^{(k)})$ for $i=0,1,\dots ,m$.

### Step II

    Generate a subproblem $P^{(k)}$ by replacing, in $P$, the (usually implicit) functions $f_{i}$ by approximating explicit functions $f_{i}^{(k)}$, based on the calculations from Step I.

### Step III

    Solve $P^{(k)}$ and let the optimal solution of this subproblem be the next iteration point $x^{(k+1)}$. Let $k=k+1$ and return to Step I until convergence.
The moving asymptotes serve as an adaptive mechanism. They shift and change with each iteration, progressively closing in on the optimal solution. This ensures that the approximations become increasingly accurate as the algorithm progresses.

## Applications

The Method of Moving Asymptotes has been widely applied in various fields including:
* Structural optimization: Design of truss structures, beams, plates, and shells.
* Aeroelastic optimization: Design of aircraft wings and other components to reduce drag, weight, and ensure structural integrity.
* Material design: Topology optimization for designing materials with desired mechanical properties.
* Mechanical component design: Optimization of machine parts for weight reduction, durability, and performance.
# Cracovian

In astronomical and geodetic calculations, Cracovians are a clerical convenience introduced in 1925 by Tadeusz Banachiewicz for solving systems of linear equations by hand. Such systems can be written as Ax = b in matrix notation where x and b are column vectors and the evaluation of b requires the multiplication of the rows of A by the vector x.
Cracovians introduced the idea of using the transpose of A, A$^T$, and multiplying the columns of A$^T$ by the column x. This amounts to the definition of a new type of matrix multiplication denoted here by '∧'. Thus x ∧ A$^T$ = b = Ax. The Cracovian product of two matrices, say A and B, is defined by A ∧ B = B$^T$A, where B$^T$ and A are assumed compatible for the common (Cayley) type of matrix multiplication.
Since (AB)$^T$ = B$^T$A$^T$, the products (A ∧ B) ∧ C and A ∧ (B ∧ C) will generally be different; thus, Cracovian multiplication is non-associative. Cracovians are an example of a quasigroup.
Cracovians adopted a column-row convention for designating individual elements as opposed to the standard row-column convention of matrix analysis. This made manual multiplication easier, as one needed to follow two parallel columns (instead of a vertical column and a horizontal row in the matrix notation.) It also sped up computer calculations, because both factors' elements were used in a similar order, which was more compatible with the sequential access memory in computers of those times — mostly magnetic tape memory and drum memory. Use of Cracovians in astronomy faded as computers with bigger random access memory came into general use. Any modern reference to them is in connection with their non-associative multiplication.
Named for recognition of the City of Cracow.

## In programming

In R the desired effect can be achieved via the crossprod function. Specifically, the Cracovian product of matrices A and B can be obtained as crossprod(B, A).
# Cophixalus cheesmanae

Cophixalus cheesmanae is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
# Spanish Champs

Spanish Champs is a multimedia preschool and kindergarten Spanish curriculum consisting of song CDs, karaoke CDs, video DVDs, storybooks, song Books, a coloring book, and a teacher's guide. Spanish Champs was initially released in 2005 as a song CD and a video DVD, and the complete curriculum was released in 2009.

## Description

Spanish Champs teaches children Spanish through structured play situations, including singing, stories, skits, video, karaoke, games, contests and activities.
Spanish Champs was created by Progressive Language. The videos feature actress Aline Casanova, a native of Mexico. Spanish Champs song CDs were created at Eagle Rock Studios in Albuquerque, New Mexico. All the songs were arranged and produced by Roger Baker.

## Themes covered

Level 1: greetings, introductions, colors, numbers, clothes, food, body, manners, feelings. Key verbs: to be, to want, to like, to have.
Level 2: more colors, more numbers, animals, family, action verbs and commands, adjectives and descriptions.

## Pedagocial principles

Children pass through several phases as they acquire a language: gathering, key word, and sentence. In the gathering phase, when children are exposed to the new language they start to hear and distinguish sounds. In the key word phase they start to identify and use key content words. For example, to express "I am hungry", they would simply use the key word "hungry". In the sentence phase, children begin to use phrases and complete sentences. There is a long delay from starting to distinguish sounds to being able to use complete sentences.
The Spanish Champs curriculum includes resources to enable each phase this natural learning cycle. Spanish Champs uses a combination of songs, karaoke, video skits, games, contests, stories and activities to teach Spanish.
# Teresa Merz

Teresa Merz (28 May 1879 – 12 November 1958) was an English social worker, philanthropist and magistrate.

## Early life

Merz was born in Gateshead. She was the third child, and only daughter, of industrial chemist John Theodore Merz (a Quaker from Germany) and Alice Mary Richardson, a sister of John Wigham Richardson, the Tyneside ship builder. Merz grew up in Newcastle's West End.
In 1896 she studied at Durham College of Science in Newcastle. In 1903 Merz won the Gladstone Prize for an essay on early Whig politicians; this work was later published as The Junto. In October 1904 Merz was admitted to Newnham College, Cambridge, where she studied philosophy, history and economics for one year.

## Career

After leaving Newnham, Merz worked with the Charity Organisation Society in Newcastle and was later appointed its secretary. In June 1914 Merz helped to organise a national conference, which brought together 400 delegates from different welfare organisations. Merz was involved in the women's suffrage movement and in June 1911 she took part in the Women’s Suffrage coronation procession.
In 1912 Merz opened Hope House in Newcastle. This lodging house provided accommodation for 11 women and girls.

### First World War

During the First World War Merz helped to establish Newcastle's local war relief fund. Merz also helped to run a nursery in the West End of Newcastle for babies whose mothers worked in local factories.
In December 1916, Merz joined a group of local Quakers in signing a notice in the Newcastle Journal which called for a negotiated peace.
Merz spent part of the war in Serbia where she provided relief work. She was later awarded the Medal of Merit by the Crown Prince of Serbia.

### Inter-war years

In 1920 Merz left the Quaker movement and joined the Church of England. In 1921 Merz was appointed as a magistrate and would become the second longest-serving magistrate in the Newcastle.
Merz helped to open The Boys’ Migration Hostel in Newcastle. The hostel opened in June 1927 and aimed to prepare young men for farm work in the Dominions. The following year Merz was awarded an OBE for her involvement in the Hostel.
In 1928 Merz opened a second hostel which trained spinsters and childless widows, aged 18 to 35, in domestic work with a view to sending them to the Dominions.
In 1929 Merz helped to establish the Tyneside Council of Social Services and served as its first Vice President. In 1934 the Council established a women’s section which was chaired by Merz. This group organised social activities and "make and mend" classes in women's clubs.
In 1933 Merz converted the family home into a residential nursery for illegitimate babies and toddlers. In September 1939 the staff and children were evacuated to a family property, Heugh Folds, in Grasmere. A month later, Merz wrote to the Newcastle Evening Chronicle and encouraged other mothers to evacuate their children to the Lake District.

## Death

Merz died at home on 12 November 1958. Merz had continued to work until two days before her death.

## Publications

* The Junto. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Andrew Reid and Company, Ltd. 1907.
# The Making of the Fittest

The Making of the Fittest: DNA and the Ultimate Forensic Record of Evolution is a science book by Sean B. Carroll, published in 2006. It is a general interest book on evolution, following on his two previous works Endless Forms Most Beautiful and From DNA to Diversity (an introductory text for biology graduate students). Carroll discusses specific examples of how evolutionary processes have played out in the development of selected species, and focuses on the pivotal function of changes in DNA sequences for understanding the history of natural selection. The book won the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science.

## Reception

A review for the National Center for Science Education by Louise Mead states that the book "should be required reading for those teetering on the edge of accepting evolution, as well as anyone interested in learning more about the great epic of life", and that it provides evocative and powerful examples of how evolution works and why it matters. David McKinnon, writing for the Journal of Clinical Investigation, notes that the book is stylistically and conceptually similar to the works of Stephen Jay Gould, but based strongly on findings in molecular biology that were not yet available for Gould. He concluded that the book was "sufficiently comprehensive to make a good introduction to evolution for the lay reader or nonspecialist and is highly recommended".
# Jovan Pajković

Jovan Pajković (born 28 February 1946) is a Serbian boxer. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Carlos Gamou

Carlos Gamou (9 August 1959 – 9 June 2023) was a Uruguayan political scientist and politician. A member of the Broad Front, he served in the Chamber of Representatives from 1995 to 2000 and again from 2005 to 2015.
Gamou died on 9 June 2023, at the age of 63.
# Crambus geleches

Crambus geleches is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1967. It is found in Suriname.
# Cophixalus balbus

Cophixalus balbus is a species of frogs in the family Microhylidae. Molecular data suggest that it might belong to the genus Oreophryne. It is known from the vicinity of its type locality in Yapen island, Papua Province, Indonesia, as well as from the Hunstein Mountains (East Sepik Province) and Bewani and Torricelli Mountains (West Sepik Province) in Papua New Guinea.

## Etymology

The specific name balbus is Latin for "stuttering". This refers to its advertisement call: the first part of the call consists of single notes at relative longer intervals, followed by the second part where intervals are shorter and notes come in groups—this gives an impression of stuttering.

## Description

Cophixalus balbus are small frogs, though relatively large among Cophixalus: adult males measure 26–28 mm (1.0–1.1 in) in snout–vent length. Head is large and as wide as long. Ground colour is yellowish-brownish, with dorsal surfaces covered with small warts. There is a conspicuous, dark grey W-shaped mark in the scapular region.

## Habitat and conservation

Its natural habitat are patches of primary and secondary rainforest. The Yapen island records are from elevations of 600–700 m (2,000–2,300 ft) above sea level, with uncertain records from lower elevations. All specimens were found perched on fern fronds or on shrubs up to 3 m above the ground. The New Guinean records are from 210–1,000 m (690–3,280 ft) a.s.l.
There are no known threats to this species.