OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gymnasticon

The Gymnasticon was an early exercise machine resembling a stationary bicycle, invented in 1796 by Francis Lowndes. Its function was to exercise the joints, either "in all parts of the body at once, or partially."

## Background

The Gymnasticon emerged from the newly developed science of orthopedics, originated by Nicolas Andry in 1741. It was an early example of a series of new technologies in gymnastics that would lead to the development of physical therapy in the nineteenth century.
Lowndes, the device's inventor, had previously established himself as an authority on medical electricity, the use of electricity as a therapy for both disease and injury. His book Observations on Medical Electricity, published in 1787, contained descriptions of a number of cases "in which electricity has either cured the disease, or given great relief."

## Mechanism

The Gymnasticon depended on a set of flywheels that connected the wooden treadles for the feet to cranks for the hands, which could drive each other or operate independently. The figure on the right shows the inner workings of the machines. Labels A, B, C, and D show the structural frame. The treadles are marked E, and are connected to the frame by metal brackets or cocks (F), derived from clockmaking. "Each treadle has two, and the centered Screws which pass through them embrace the cross, or lower extremities of the treadle-lifters, GG, so as to admit of easy motion." The lower cranks, labeled I, are adjustable, to suit the needs of the patient, as are the upper cranks, K. The upper cranks are connected to the lower by means of two flywheels (M); a band fixing the motion of the two together can be attached or removed as needed. Figures 2 and 3 represent the means of connecting the treadles and handles, respectively, to the central system. O is the treadle's "divided head, with the upper division or cap screwed down. P is a spring or a spring-board, destined to give action to the joints and muscles of the feet. The front or toe extremities of these spring-boards are held by springs, or cocks and centered points, fixed to each of the treadle-boards E E; their back or heel extremities are left loose, to admit of elevation, when the springs are compressed (by the floor or any other means employed) by the descent of the treadles E E". N is a crank allowing external operation.

## Uses

In his patent, Lowndes described the machine as intended simply "to give and apply motion and exercise, voluntary or involuntary, to the limbs, joints, and muscles of the human body. A magazine article at the time noted, however, that Lowndes had claimed success in using the machine to treat "gout, palsy, rheumatism, debility, contraction, etc." It was specifically designed for the sick, with an external crank that could be used to force involuntary motion in the joints of a person too disabled to work the machine alone. However, its ability to provide exercise for people forced to be sedentary by circumstances (such as students) made it useful for the healthy as well.
# Bodenstab

Bodenstab is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Henry Bodenstab (1874–1948), American politician, son of Julius
* Julius Bodenstab (1834–1916), American politician
# Jean Ueberschlag

Jean Ueberschlag (born 29 May 1935 in Folgensbourg, Haut-Rhin) was a member of the National Assembly of France between 1986 and 2012. He represented the Haut-Rhin department, and was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. He was the mayor of Saint-Louis (Haut-Rhin) from 1989 to September 2011.
# Trutovsky

Trutovsky is a Russian and Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Kostyantyn Trutovsky (1826–1893), Russian-Ukrainian painter
* Vasily Fyodorovich Trutovsky (c.1740–c.1810), Ukrainian folk-song collector and composer
# Whistones Priory

Whistones Priory was a priory in Worcestershire, England.
The House of St. Mary Magdalene, at Whistones, of the order of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, located in Barbourne, Worcester, in the parish of Claines. It was founded by Walter de Cantilupe before 1255. In 1255 the nuns were granted 51 acres of arable land and 2 acres of meadow in Aston Episcopi, which as a result became known as White Ladies Aston. Additionally the tithes of the demesne lands at Northwick, Newland (Worcester), and lands in Claines. By 1291 the nuns had also acquired a portion of the chapel of Claines, granted by Bishop Giffard in 1283 and the tithes of the chapel of Aston Episcopi, or White Ladies' Aston.
There is no trace of the actual surrender of Whistones at the time of the Dissolution. It probably took place in 1536 under the statute of that year granting the king the "smaller religious houses" whose annual value was under £200. Jane Burrell, the last prioress, received a pension of £5 10s. on her surrender, and enjoyed the same until 1553.
# Corserine

Corserine is a hill in the Rhinns of Kells, a sub-range of the Galloway Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The highest point of the range and the second highest point in Galloway, the usual route of ascent is from the car park at Forrest Lodge to the east of the hill via Loch Harrow and North Gairy Top. Forest Lodge is a short drive from the village of St. John's Town of Dalry.

## Climbing

Because of the nature of the rock no good rock climbing has been recorded on Corserine or elsewhere on the Rhinns. However, in winter after a good freeze there are a number of good ice climbs of up to 150 m on the slopes of Milldown just south of Corserine.
# Stephen Battersby (science journalist)

Stephen Battersby is a freelance science journalist who has been a News & Views editor at Nature and the features editor at New Scientist, where he has also served as an editorial consultant. He earned his bachelor's degree in physics from Oxford University, and his PhD in astrophysics from Imperial College London.
In 2015, Battersby received the Jonathan Eberhart Planetary Sciences Journalism Award for an article on methane tides on Titan, Saturn's largest moon.
# Bernières-sur-Seine

Bernières-sur-Seine (French pronunciation:, literally Bernières on Seine) is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Trois Lacs.
# Bernières, Seine-Maritime

Bernières (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D73 and the D52 roads. The A29 autoroute forms the commune's southern border.

## Places of interest

* The church of St.Jean-Baptiste, dating from the nineteenth century.
* A manorhouse
* The chateau of Durdan.
# Sales (Colunga)

Sales is one of 13 parishes (administrative divisions) in the Colunga municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
The population is 135 (INE 2007).
# Salvia serotina

Salvia serotina (Littlewoman) is a herbaceous annual that is native to Florida, Bermuda, the West Indies, and Mexico south through Panama, growing on moist ground and as a weed in cultivated fields. It is a trailing or bushy plant reaching 18 in (46 cm) tall, with aromatic broadly ovate leaves that have scalloped edges, 0.5 to 1.5 in (1.3 to 3.8 cm) long and 0.375 to 0.75 in (0.95 to 1.91 cm) wide. The flowers are blue and white.
# Salvia sinaloensis

Salvia sinaloensis (Sinaloa sage) is a perennial native only to the Mexican state of Sinaloa, most often in the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental range. It has been available to gardeners since the 1980s. It has many graceful 1 ft. long stems, grows rapidly, and spreads on underground runners into a clump about 1 ft. wide. The flowers are an intense true blue, with the slightest hint of violet, a spot of white on the lower lip, and less than 1 inch long. The wine colored calyx remains long after the flower has dropped its petals.
# Sutherland Curling Club

The Sutherland Curling Club is an historic curling club located in the Sutherland Industrial sector of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The club was established in 1910 in the village of Sutherland, which became part of Saskatoon in 1956. Today, the Sutherland is the oldest curling club in the city and one of three overall, alongside the Nutana Curling Club and the CN Curling Club.
The club has been the home of four provincial women's championship rinks, including Vera Pezer's national champions, as well as a world junior champion.

## History

The Sutherland Curling Club was founded in 1910 in the village of Sutherland. After being rebuilt in 1922, the club burned down in 1932. The club was rebuilt in 1934 on 112th Street. The club moved to its current location on Jessop Street in 1965.

### Champions

The Vera Pezer rink was the first provincial championship team based out of the Sutherland. Pezer's team won three consecutive provincial titles from 1971 to 1973, and followed each provincial title up with a then-record three consecutive national titles, including one in Saskatoon in 1972. The mark of three straight national titles stood until Colleen Jones' Nova Scotia rink won four straight from 2001 to 2004. Just over ten years after Pezer's run, in 1984, the Lori McGeary rink became the most recent provincial champion from the club.
In 2003, Steve Laycock's Sutherland junior rink secured both national and world junior titles, the same year that Marliese Miller's Saskatoon Nutana rink did the same on the women's side—this marked the first year that two teams from the same country, let alone city, won the world junior title.
In 2010, the Darren Camm rink secured the second men's Canadian Curling Club Championship for Sutherland in Charlottetown.
Major titles by Sutherland rinks :
| Year | Event | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Nationals record |
| 2010 | Canadian Curling Club Championship | Darren Camm | John Carlos | Mark Steckler | Michael Steckler | 7–2 |
| 2003 | Canadian Junior Curling Championship World Junior Curling Championship | Steve Laycock | Chris Haichert | Michael Jantzen | Kyler Broad | 12–1 |
| 1984 | Scott Tournament of Hearts | Lori McGeary | Gillian Thompson | Chris Gervais | Sheila Cavanagh | 8–3 |
| 1973 | Saskatchewan Lassies Championship Macdonald Lassies Championship | Vera Pezer | Sheila Rowan | Joyce McKee | Lenore Morrison | 9–1 |
| 1972 | Saskatchewan Lassies Championship Macdonald Lassies Championship | Vera Pezer | Sheila Rowan | Joyce McKee | Lenore Morrison | 8–1 |
| 1971 | Saskatchewan Lassies Championship Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship | Vera Pezer | Sheila Rowan | Joyce McKee | Lenore Morrison | 8–3 |
# Stephen Kukolich

Stephen Kukolich, (born February 3, 1940) is an experimental physical chemist in the chemistry and biochemistry department at the University of Arizona. His primary research is high-resolution rotational spectroscopy to determine molecular structures and electronic properties of molecules and molecular complexes. The molecular spectroscopy research was published in 225 papers which were mentioned in 4300 citations (ResearchGate.) and discussed in a few. Details of citations are given by Google Scholar and Academictree. The research was funded by the NSF 11 times beginning in 1970.

## Education and career

He entered MIT in 1958 and graduated in physics in 1962. He continued at MIT, graduating with a Sc.D. in physics in 1966. The thesis project was on accurate measurements of ammonia hyperfine structure with a high-resolution two-cavity maser spectrometer. Ammonia microwave measurements by Kukolich were cited by P.T.P. Ho and Charles H. Townes in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics. The two-cavity molecular beam maser was developed at MIT. using the method of separated oscillating fields developed by Norman Ramsey. After 2 years as an instructor in physics, the following year was spent collaborating with Willis H. Flygare on molecular Zeeman effect measurements. He returned to MIT, in the chemistry department, as assistant professor in 1969. He moved to the University of Arizona, chemistry department in 1974 and became a full professor in 1979.

## Research

Early research yielded accurate and precise measurements of ammonia, Pyramidal inversion frequencies and hyperfine structure, using the two-cavity maser spectrometer developed at MIT. The high resolution allowed measurements of deuterium quadrupole coupling for many small molecules. Most of the published microwave structures for transition metal complexes were funded by the NSF and measured by his microwave group at the University of Arizona, and reviewed by Caminati and Grabow and Caminati. A very large cavity Balle-Flygare spectrometer was constructed at the University of Arizona, with support from the NSF. The structures for many hydrogen-bonded complexes, and other weakly-bound complexes, were determined from the microwave spectra. It was shown that some hydrogen-bonded complexes are not simply static structures by measuring the concerted proton tunneling frequency for the formic acid - propiolic acid complex in a pulsed-beam spectrometer This research has been reviewed. The doubly hydrogen bonded complexes are of interest because of the similarity to the A-T base-pairs of DNA. This work was also supported by the NSF. This microwave research is referenced 16 times by W. Gordy and R. L. Cook
# Stella Dallas

Stella Dallas can refer to:
* Stella Dallas (novel), a 1920 novel by Olive Higgins Prouty
* Stella Dallas (1925 film), a silent film adaptation of the novel featuring Ronald Colman and Belle Bennett
* Stella Dallas (1937 film), an adaptation of the novel starring Barbara Stanwyck and John Boles
* Stella Dallas (radio series), a 1937–1955 adaptation of the novel
# Sainte-Reine

Sainte-Reine may refer to:
* Saint Regina (martyr), early Christian martyr of France
* Sainte-Reine, Haute-Saône, a commune in the French region of Franche-Comté
* Sainte-Reine, Savoie, a commune in the French region of Rhône-Alpes
* Alise-Sainte-Reine
* Sainte-Reine-de-Bretagne
# Guðrún Erlendsdóttir

Guðrún Erlendsdóttir (born 1936) is an Icelandic lawyer and judge. From 1970 to 1986, she was a professor at the law department of the University of Iceland, and was the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court, serving from 15 September 1982 to 30 June 1983, and again from 1 July 1986 to 15 April 2006. In 1991–92, she first served as president of the Supreme Court under a system of rotating presidencies, serving for a second term in 2002–03.

## Biography

Born in Reykjavík on 1 May 1936, Guðrún Erlendsdóttir was the daughter of Erlendur Ólafsson and Jóhanna Vigdís Semundsdottir. On 9 July 1961, she married the lawyer and athlete Örn Clausen (1928–2008) with whom she had three children: Ólafur Arnarson, Guðrún Sesselja Arnardóttir and Jóhanna Vigdis Arnardóttir. After graduating with a law degree from the University of Iceland in 1961, she established a private law practice in Reykjavík together with her husband (1961–1970) and worked as a law professor at the University of Iceland from 1970 until 1986, when she was appointed a high court judge (she previously served in the same position from 1982 to 1983). She was the first woman to serve as President of the Supreme Court of Iceland (1991–1992) under a system of rotating presidencies. She resigned on 15 April 2006.
Guðrún Erlendsdóttir also chaired the Equal Opportunities Council (1976–1979), served on the Censorship Committee (1974–98) and was Deputy Chair of the Board of the Icelandic Legal Association (1981–1995). She has published a number of books and articles on family law and sexual equality.
# Stenothyridae

Stenothyridae is a family of small freshwater snails, snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea.
This family has no subfamilies.

## Distribution

There are known about 60 freshwater species of Stenothyridae in the Palearctic (6 species), Oriental (about 60 species) and Australasian region (about 5 species) and some marine. There are 19 endemic species of Stenothyridae in the Lower Mekong River flowing through Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.

## Description

American malacologist George Washington Tryon firstly defined this taxon as Stenothyrinæ in 1866. Tryon's diagnosis reads as follows:
   Stenothyrinæ. Shell turbinate. Operculum subspiral, calcareous. Distribution Indian. Stenothyra, Gabbia.
Currently the genus Gabbia is classified within the family Bithyniidae.

## Genera

Genera within the family Stenothyridae include:
* Farsithyra Glöer & Pešić, 2009
* Gangetia Ancey, 1890
* Stenothyra Benson, 1856 - type genus of the family Stenothyridae

## Ecology

The habitat of Stenothyridae include rivers, streams and estuaries. Stenothyridae invaded freshwater habitats from marine ones in at least one independent lineage. Some species of Stenothyridae are euryhaline and/or marine. Probably there are some amphidromous (migrate from freshwater to the sea) species of Stenothyridae.
# Gustav Koken

Gustav Heinrich Julius Koken (8 August 1850, Hanover - 6 July 1910, Hanover) was a German painter and etcher. He was the nephew of Edmund Koken, a landscape painter, and the father of Änne Koken, a graphic designer.

## Biography

He was initially given art lessons by his uncle Edmund. After leaving Hanover for a time, to tour Germany, he enrolled at the Grand-Ducal Saxon Art School, Weimar in 1872. His primary instructor there was Theodor Hagen. In addition to painting, he studied etching and had his own studio in Weimar until 1878.
That year, he returned to Hanover, where he became a member of the Hannoverscher Künstlerverein [de]. Immediately after, he began a campaign for the creation of new galleries and a reorganization of the exhibition system. He was also involved in establishing and art museum at the Leibniz House [de].
In order to gain further inspiration, he travelled frequently; visiting Emsland, the Teutoburg Forest, the Lüneburg Heath and the Südheide (now a nature park). During this time, he was offered a professorship at the Kunstakademie Königsberg, but he declined because he wanted to remain in his homeland. Instead, he founded a private painting school in Hanover.
He was a good friend of the opera singer, Georg Nollet [de], who would often perform in his home. Together with the painters Hermann Schaper, Oscar Wichtendahl [de] and Ernst Pasqual Jordan, he decorated the singer's home, known as the "Salle Nollet".
One month before his sixtieth birthday, he died suddenly from a heart attack. Following his death, a special exhibition was held. In 2004, the Historisches Museum Hannover presented a retrospective of works by every member of the Koken family.
# Stephen Dilts

Stephen Dilts is a former commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), having been sworn into the post on December 16, 2008, and leaving that position early in 2010. Dilts succeeded Kris Kolluri, who was shifted to head the $12.5 billion New Jersey Schools Development Authority.

## Biography

As commissioner, Dilts also served as chairman of New Jersey Transit, the New Jersey Turnpike Authority and the South Jersey Transportation Authority. Collectively, Dilts oversaw 17,000 employees, operating budgets of $2 billion per year and more than $3.6 billion in capital funds.
Dilts was employed by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority from 2002 until 2006, working variously as chief of staff and as the deputy executive director, operations, where he managed the authority's maintenance, toll and operations departments. He was involved in major projects including the consolidation of the Turnpike and Highway Authorities, One-Way Tolling, Express E-ZPass, and planned widening of the Garden State Parkway and the New Jersey Turnpike.
He was awarded with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Boston University and a master's degree in government administration from the Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania. He is a resident of Hampton Borough, where he had previously served as Mayor of Hampton, New Jersey, and council president.
# Berlandiera texana

Berlandiera texana is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is commonly known as Texas greeneyes. It is native to the south-central United States, in the states of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana.
Berlandiera texana is an herb up to 120 cm (48 inches or 4 feet) tall. It has several flower heads with yellow ray florets and red disc florets. Flowers bloom March to November. The species is found in dry locations in open woodlands and thickets. The Latin specific epithet texana is in reference to the state of Texas, where it grows.
# Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials

Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Materials Science. The journal's editor is Jack R. Vinson (University of Delaware). It has been in publication since 1999 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.

## Scope

Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials is an international journal which publishes developments in the science, technology and professional practices of sandwich construction. Each edition of Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials is published bi-monthly and focuses on the current research being conducted to solve problems within the field.

## Abstracting and indexing

Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2018 impact factor is 5.015, ranking it 5 out of 129 journals in the category ‘Engineering, Mechanical’. and 1 out of 33 journals in the category ‘Materials Science Characterization & Testing’. and 5 out of 25 journals in the category ‘Materials Science, Composites ’.