OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kinetic fractionation

Kinetic fractionation is an isotopic fractionation process that separates stable isotopes from each other by their mass during unidirectional processes. Biological processes are generally unidirectional and are very good examples of "kinetic" isotope reactions. All organisms preferentially use lighter isotopes, because "energy costs" are lower, resulting in a significant fractionation between the substrate (heavier) and the biologically mediated product (lighter). For example, photosynthesis preferentially takes up the light isotope of carbon $^{12}$C during assimilation of atmospheric CO$_2$. This kinetic isotope fractionation explains why plant material (and thus fossil fuels, which are derived from plants) is typically depleted in $^{13}$C by 25 per mil (2.5%) relative to most inorganic carbon on Earth.
A naturally occurring example of non-biological kinetic fractionation occurs during the evaporation of seawater to form clouds under conditions in which some part of the transport is unidirectional, such as evaporation into very dry air. In this case, lighter water molecules (i.e., those with $^{16}$O) evaporate slightly more easily than heavier water molecules with $^{18}$O; this difference will be greater than it would be if the evaporation was taking place under equilibrium conditions (with bidirectional transport).
During this process the oxygen isotopes are fractionated: the clouds become enriched with $^{16}$O, and the seawater becomes enriched in $^{18}$O. Whereas equilibrium fractionation makes the vapor about 10 per mil (1%) depleted in $^{18}$O relative to the liquid water, kinetic fractionation enhances this fractionation and often makes vapor that is about 15 per mil (1.5%) depleted. Condensation occurs almost exclusively by equilibrium processes, and so it enriches cloud droplets somewhat less than evaporation depletes the vapor. This explains part of the reason why rainwater is observed to be isotopically lighter than seawater.
The heavy isotope of hydrogen in water, deuterium ($^2$H), is much less sensitive to kinetic fractionation than oxygen isotopes, relative to the very large equilibrium fractionation of deuterium. Therefore kinetic fractionation does not deplete $^2$H nearly as much, in a relative sense, as $^{18}$O. This gives rise to an excess of deuterium in vapor and rainfall, relative to seawater. The value of this "deuterium excess", as it is called, is about +10 per mil (1%) in most meteoric waters and its non-zero value is a direct manifestation of kinetic isotope fractionation.
A generalized treatment of kinetic isotopic effects is via the GEBIK and GEBIF equations describing transient kinetic isotope effects.

## Other types of fractionation

* Equilibrium fractionation
* Mass-independent fractionation
* Transient kinetic isotope fractionation
# Shchedrin

Shchedrin (Щедрин) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Grigori Shchedrin (1912–1995), Soviet submariner
* Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826–1889), Russian writer
* Rodion Shchedrin (born 1932), Russian composer
* Semyon Shchedrin (1745–1804), Russian painter
* Sylvester Shchedrin (1791–1830), Russian painter
# King Willem

King Willem may refer to:
* Willem I of the Netherlands (1772–1843; r. 1815–1840), King of the Netherlands
* Willem II of the Netherlands (1792–1849; r. 1840–1849), King of the Netherlands
* Willem III of the Netherlands (1817–1890; r. 1849–1890), King of the Netherlands
* Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (born 1967; r. 2013–present), King of the Netherlands
# King of the City

King of the City (2000) is a novel by Michael Moorcock. It is a satire on modern London and its literary scene and, in part, a sequel to Mother London . Narrated by celebrity photographer and erstwhile rock star Dennis Dover, it charts a chaotic ride through London from the sixties to the end of the century.
Courtenay Grimwood, writing in The Guardian, said it showed the writer at his "funniest, wittiest and most deadly -- with a furious rant about exactly what is wrong with London, Britain, America and the planet (and a few pertinent suggestions as to the cure)". Horror writer Kim Newman, reviewing it in The Independent, wrote that "King of the City is at once splenetic and hilarious, tearing into people and institutions who deserve it, yet affectionate about the many different, vital worlds of London and its denizens"; Carmela Ciuraru praised its "brilliant ideas" in The Washington Post.

## Reception

Jeff Zaleski, in his review for Publishers Weekly, said that "Moorcock includes real people, like Johnny Lydon, and a host of fictional characters, like the Quentin Crisp--like actor, Norrie Stripling, as though the book were Moorcock's version of the Sgt. Pepper album cover: private favorites and public enemies. Fans of Moorcock's science fiction might find the references hard going, but readers of his Booker Prize-nominated Mother London will enjoy the novel's angry rant against the vices of the age". Marc Kloszewski said in his review for Library Journal that "despite the topical references, most readers stateside should find it fascinating and highly entertaining. And despite the lack of traditional sf elements, the book is dense with activity and detail and presents a kaleidoscopic view of London, which will likely appeal to fans of Moorcock's previous popular works".
# Hermann von der Hude

Hermann Philipp Wilhelm von der Hude (2 June 1830, Lübeck – 4 June 1908, Charlottenburg) was a German architect, in the Historical style.

## Life and work

He came from a family of pewter makers; established in Lübeck since the 17th century. After completing his secondary education at the Katharineum in 1849, he was apprenticed to Ferdinand von Arnim in Potsdam. In 1850, he enrolled at the Bauakademie. While attending, he worked with Friedrich August Stüler on his plans for the Berliner Dom. When he studies were complete, he received temporary assignments, working on public structures, such as the Dirschauer Bridge [de], as well as managing the construction of residential buildings.
In 1855, he took a study trip to Italy. When he returned, he passed the Master Builder examination (1857) and, that same year, won the Schinkelpreis [de], awarded by the Architektenverein zu Berlin [de], with a design for the new Berlin City Hall. This was followed by further trips, to England and France, and his appointment as "Royal Government Builder'. From 1860, he ran his own architectural office, in partnership with Julius Hennicke [de]. By 1862, he had already resigned from the Civil Service, to devote all of his time to his private practice.
He and Hennicke designed residential and commercial buildings, as well as hotels, notably the Kaiserhof (1874) and the Central-Hotel [de], on Friedrichstraße. Their Lessing Theater (1887), was the first new theatre built in Berlin since the 1860s. All three buildings were destroyed in World War II. The company was dissolved in 1892, and Hennicke died not long after.
On New Year's Eve of 1907, he suffered a stroke, from which he never recovered. He was interred at Cemetery IV of the Jerusalem and New Church Congregation [de], in Berlin's Kreuzberg district.

## Work

Von der Hude's work includes:
* Kunsthalle Hamburg, with Georg Theodor Schirrmacher, Hamburg, 1863–69
* reconstruction, Palais am Festungsgraben, with Georg Heinrich Bürde, Berlin, 1863–64
* Hotel Kaiserhof, with Julius Hennicke, Berlin, 1875 (destroyed 1945)
* Hotel Central, with Hennicke, Berlin, 1880–81 (destroyed 1945)
* reconstruction of the prayer hall at Neue Kirche, Berlin, with Hennicke, according to plans from Johann Wilhelm Schwedler, 1881–82
* Gera Hauptbahnhof, with Hennicke, 1881 (disfigured circa 1960)
* Davidsonska Palace, with Swedish architect Magnus Isæus, Stockholm, 1881 (destroyed 1942)
* Lessing Theater, Berlin, with Hennicke, 1887–88 (destroyed 1945)
# Thomas Wrigley

Thomas Wrigley (27 June 1808 – 26 January 1880) was a British paper manufacturer, cotton mill owner, art collector and philanthropist from Bury, Lancashire. He was High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1872.
Born on 27 June 1808 close to his father's Bridge Hall Paper Mills, Thomas Wrigley inherited the business in 1846. According to Edward Morris, he was "largely responsible for making Bury one of the greatest paper-making centres in the world".
Wrigley was a Liberal in his political views and favoured both compulsory education and free trade. He was a supporter of Manchester Grammar School and Owens College, Manchester.
Wrigley, who was a Unitarian, served as High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1872.
At his death in 1880, Wrigley left his paper mills, cotton mill and over £1.1 million to be shared between his three sons, while his small estate in Bury, along with the house there and a holiday house at Windermere, were left to his daughter. In 1897, his family donated his collection of paintings, porcelain and other artworks to form a purpose-built art gallery for the people of Bury.
# Thomas Thwaites

Thomas Thwaites can refer to:
* Thomas Thwaites (civil servant) (c.1435–1503), English civil servant
* Thomas Thwaites (cricketer) (1910–2000), Australian cricketer
* Thomas Thwaites (designer), British designer
# Hermannia (arachnid)

Hermannia is a genus of mites that includes several dozen described species. Typically they dwell in moss, feeding partly on fungi.
# King of the Gilites

The King of the Gilites (also spelled King of the Jil/Gil) was a title used by the rulers of Dakhel and its surroundings. The kingdom was mostly ruled by the Gilite Shahanshahvand clan.

## Sources

* Madelung, W. (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
* Madelung, W. "GĪLĀN iv. History in the Early Islamic Period". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
* This Iran-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Breganica

Breganica is a settlement (naselje) in the Samobor administrative territory of Zagreb County, Croatia. As of 2011 it had a population of 65 people.
# Stavreviken

Stavreviken is a locality situated in Timrå Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden with 216 inhabitants in 2010.
# Kálmán Vaskó

Kálmán Vaskó (23 November 1872 – 8 August 1932) was a Hungarian rowing coxswain. He competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics.
# Markham—Stouffville

Markham—Stouffville could refer to:
* Markham—Stouffville (federal electoral district)
* Markham—Stouffville (provincial electoral district)
# Sengelsberg (Mandern)

Sengelsberg is a mountain of Landkreis Waldeck-Frankenberg, Hesse, Germany.
51°06′05″N 9°10′34″E﻿ / ﻿51.10139°N 9.17611°E﻿ / 51.10139; 9.17611
* This Hesse location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* t
* e
# Charlie de Souza

Charles de Souza (date of birth not known) was a Ugandan first-class cricketer.
The son of Deoniz de Souza, he was born in Uganda Protectorate. A figure in Ugandan cricket since 1952 and considered the best Ugandan all-rounder of the time, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for an East African Invitation XI against the touring Marylebone Cricket Club at Kampala in November 1963. Batting twice in the match from the lower order, he was dismissed for without scoring in the East African first innings by David Larter, while in their second innings he was dismissed for 22 runs by Jeff Jones. With the ball, he took the wicket of Tom Cartwright to finish with match figures of 1 for 75. He played minor matches for Uganda from 1953 to 1970, captaining the side in what would be his final match against Zambia. In 1972, he had once again been named in the Uganda squad for their upcoming internationals, but as an Asian-Ugandan he was expelled from Uganda by Idi Amin in the same year and thus never appeared again for Uganda.
# Morgagni

Morgagni can refer to:
* Giovanni Battista Morgagni, an Italian anatomist
** Structures and conditions named after this person:
** Morgagni's hernia
** Foramina of Morgagni (sternocostal triangle)
** Hydatid of Morgagni
** Sinus of Morgagni (aorta)
** Sinus of Morgagni (pharynx)
** Pillars (or Columns) of Morgagni
* Manlio Morgagni, Italian Fascist
* Tullo Morgagni, Italian journalist and sports race director
# Choerophryne laurini

Choerophryne laurini is a species of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Western New Guinea and known from the Wondiwoi Mountains, at the base of the Wandammen Peninsula. Common name Wandammen albericus frog has been suggested for it (it was formerly placed in the now-synonymized genus Albericus).

## Etymology

The specific name laurini refers to Laurin, a king of dwarves in the Nibelungenlied.

## Description

Adult males in the type series measure 16–17 mm (0.63–0.67 in) and the single female 19 mm (0.75 in) in snout–urostyle length. The snout is short and tapered. The fingers and toes bear relatively large discs. Skin has some warts. The dorsum is brownish with bright, yellowish spots and patches. There is a conspicuous yellow wart behind the mouth. The flanks are yellowish. The ventrum is blackish with many small whitish dots.
The male advertisement call is a pulsed note, uttered in long series. The dominant frequency is at 4–6 kHz.

## Habitat and ecology

Choerophryne laurini inhabits dense primary rain forest at elevations of 800–960 m (2,620–3,150 ft) above sea level. Males call from trees and bushes some 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) above the ground, either from inside curled leaves or on leaves.
This species can attain locally high densities, but its known range is very restricted. No threats to it have been identified. The species' range overlaps with the edge of Wandammen Nature Reserve.
# Choerophryne gudrunae

Choerophryne gudrunae is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea and is only known from its type locality near Kowat in the Adelbert Range, Madang Province.

## Etymology

This species was originally described in the genus Albericus, named for Alberich, the dwarf in Scandinavian mythology and Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. Menzies named the species he described after Alberich's companions in the mythodology. The specific name gudrunae is derived from Gudrun.

## Description

Choerophryne gudrunae is a comparatively small species: three unsexed individuals in the type series measure 14.4–15.9 mm (0.57–0.63 in) in snout–urostyle length. Later examination of these has revealed them all as males, measuring 14.8–15.8 mm (0.58–0.62 in) in snout–vent length. Choerophryne gudrunae shares the general appearance of other former Albericus species: brown dorsum with lighter or darker irregular mottling, warty dorsal skin, and short and road head with blunt snout and relatively large eyes. Compared to other species with "click" calls, it has comparatively short forearms and long legs.
The male advertisement call is a short series of clicks (~10) emitted in rapid succession.

## Habitat and conservation

Choerophryne gudrunae is a poorly known species. The type locality is a hill forest at an elevation of about 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level. Choerophryne gudrunae was quite common there. Shifting cultivation is a threat to its habitat.
# Choerophryne fafniri

Choerophryne fafniri is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea and is only known from the north-western slopes of Mount Giluwe and south-east of Mount Hagen in the Southern Highlands Province.

## Etymology

This species was originally described in the genus Albericus, named for Alberich, the dwarf in Scandinavian mythology and Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. Menzies named the species he described after Alberich's companions in the mythodology. The specific name fafniri is derived from Fafnir.

## Description

Choerophryne fafniri is a comparatively large species: six unsexed individuals in the type series measure 21.0–22.2 mm (0.83–0.87 in) in snout–urostyle length. Later examination of five of these has revealed them to be males measuring 21.0–23.1 mm (0.83–0.91 in) in snout–vent length. It is very similar to Choerophryne darlingtoni. The flanks and belly are orange to dark red and heavily blotched with brown. There are usually vague lumbar ocelli.
The male advertisement call has been described as a "slow buzz". Note length is comparatively long at about 650 ms. Pulse rate starts slow, then increases abruptly, before slowing again.

## Habitat and conservation

Choerophryne fafniri lives in mid-altitude montane rainforest at an elevation of about 2,400 m (7,900 ft) above sea level. It is locally common. No major threats to it are known, although selective logging is a possible threat.
# Tamogitake

Tamogitake may refer to:
* Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as the "Oyster Mushroom"
* Pleurotus citrinopileatus, also known as the "Golden Oyster Mushroom"
# Tamoi

Tamoi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Rusila Tamoi (born 1984), Fijian rugby union and sevens player
* Timaima Tamoi (born 1987), Fijian rugby sevens player
# Montclair High School

Montclair High School may refer to:
* Montclair High School (California) in Montclair, California
* Montclair High School (New Jersey) in Montclair, New Jersey
# Chopa

Chopa may refer to:
* Damian Paul Chopa (born 1986), a Tanzanian long-distance runner
* Chopa or Chopa de Cortés, the Spanish names for Kyphosus elegans, the Cortez sea chub
CHOPA may refer to:
# David Camhi

David Camhi (born August 26, 1972) is a football manager. In January 2016, he was appointed manager of Baotou Nanjiao F.C. in China.
# David Camorlinga Tagle

David Camorlinga Tagle (born January 20, 1983) is a Mexican sculptor, who created the Susurro del mar piece for the 2013 Festival Internacional Cervantino.

## Life

Camorlinga was born Mexico City, where he still lives as of 2023. He stated that since he was a child he needed to express his emotions, creating things from Legos, wood and string that were in his dreams. He liked to represent things in nature, drawing lines and combining them to form more complex designs such as stars and geometric figures. He used earth to make molds.
He studied architecture at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and after graduation, went to work with architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez for five years drawing. Camorlinga states that Ramírez Vázquez taught him an appreciation of pre-Hispanic Mexico.
Camorlinga has traveled to Italy, France, England, Spain, New York, Chicago, Canada and India, as well as various parts of Mexico to visit art museums and study what he saw.

## Career as a sculptor

Camorlinga has since changed careers and moved into sculpture. He has had individual exhibitions at the Museo de Arte de Querétaro (2015),Academy of San Carlos (2014), Hotel Live Aqua (2014), La Llorona Gallery in Chicago (2014), Centro Cultural del México Contenporáneo (2014), Centro Deportivo Israelita (2013), Museo de Arte Moderna de Toluca (2013), Tec de Monterrey, Campus Santa Fe (2013), the National Autonomous University of Mexico (2012) and his work can regularly be seen at the Misrachi Galleries.
For the 2013 edition, the Festival Internacional Cervantino commissioned the sculptor to create the 3.66 meter long work Susurro del mar (Sea whisper), of bronze with silver plating. This work was exhibited at the event in conjunction with an individual exhibition of other pieces at the Alhondiga de Granaditas.

## Artistry

Camorlinga creates abstract and figurative works, taking his inspiration from nature, people and what he observes around him. His works are influenced by his training as an architect as well as his experiences abroad. He has also named Mexican sculptor Sebastián an important influence, especially with the use of geometry and movement.
His works generally between 30 and 70 cm in height, with a focus on the use of metals, especially bronze, followed by silver and gold, but he has worked with some other materials.
# Montseron

Montseron (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.
# James Whitshed

James Whitshed may refer to:
* James Hawkins-Whitshed (1762–1849), Royal Navy officer
* James Whitshed (died 1789) (c. 1716–1789), Irish politician
* James Whitshed (died 1735), MP for Wicklow
# James Whitney Bettes

James Whitney Bettes (October 17, 1848 – November 29, 1925) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Muskoka and Parry Sound in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member from 1882 to 1883.
He was born in Prince Albert, Ontario County, Canada West in 1848, the son of John Bettes. In 1872, Bettes married Martha Maria Crosby, a granddaughter of John Willson. He served on the council for Uxbridge. He was elected to the provincial assembly in an 1882 by-election held after John Classon Miller resigned to run unsuccessfully for a seat in the House of Commons.
He died in 1925 at Dauphin, Manitoba.
# Here I Am (Mackennal)

Here I Am, sometimes known as the Eton Boy, is a 1923 life size bronze statue by Sir Edgar Bertram Mackennal. It was commissioned to form part of the First World War memorial at Eton College, and erected in a colonnade on the playing fields at the instigation of the Earl of Cavan. The statue was later moved to School Hall, and sold by Eton College in the 1960s. It is now held by the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, Australia.
By the 1920s, Mackennal was a leading sculptor, with many public and royal commissions, including an equestrian statue of Edward VII at Waterloo Place in London, and the Edward VII Memorial at St George's Chapel, Windsor.
This work depicts a naked youth, standing with right foot advanced as though walking forward, with both arms stretched out in front, as if figuratively answering his nation's call to arms. It stands about 189 cm (74 in) high and is signed "B.Mackennal". The statue was exhibited at the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 1923.
The title is taken from the First Book of Samuel, chapter three, verses 4-10, in which Samuel's response to the voice of God in the Temple was "Here I am. Take me."
The work derives from Mackennal's bronze statue of Circe made in 1892, who is depicted as a nude with both arms stretched out. Mackennal included similar figures with outstretched arms in his statues of Apollo Driving the Horses of the Sun for Australia House, and the Canadian Red Cross war memorial at Cliveden. The pose may ultimately derive from classical statutes, perhaps the ancient Berlin Adorant.
* Mackennal's statue of Circe, 1892
* Mackennal's statue of Phoebus
* Mackennal's statue at Cliveden
* Berlin Adorant, Altes Museum
The statue was sold at Sotheby's in 1984 for £51,700, and sold again at Christie's in 1993 for £34,500, and acquired by an Australian art dealer. It was acquired by the National Gallery of Victoria in 2006.
# Charles Schneider

Charles Schneider may refer to:
* Charles Conrad Schneider (1843–1916), civil engineer and bridge designer
* Charles Sumner Schneider (1874–1932), architect
* Charles Schneider (politician) (born 1973), member of the Iowa Senate
* Charles Schneider (businessman) (1898–1960), French businessman
# Tembhli

Tembhli is a village in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra state in India, where the Unique Identification Authority of India launched the Aadhaar program on 29 September 2010 and the first person was given an Aadhaar identity number.
# Kálmánháza

Kálmánháza is a village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.

## Geography

It covers an area of 37.24 km$^2$ (14 sq mi) and has a population of 1840 people (2015).
# Sengeløse

Sengeløse is a town in the Høje-Taastrup Municipality in northeast Zealand, Denmark, about three kilometers northwest of Taastrup. As of 2024, it has a population of 1,496.