OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Trans-Canyon Telephone Line, Grand Canyon National Park

The Trans-Canyon Telephone line crossed the Grand Canyon from the South Rim to the North Rim via the Inner Canyon. On the south side of the Canyon, the phone line left the South Rim developed area near Bright Angel Lodge, went down Pipe Creek, and crossed the Colorado River. On the north side, the phone line followed Bright Angel Creek up to the rim to the Wylie Way Tourist Camp before the construction of the Grand Canyon Inn. The line was in place by 1924 and was altered in 1935 and again in 1938-39 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. It has been unchanged since then. Telephone lines were supported using 592 assemblies of 2-inch (5.1 cm) galvanized pipes and fittings, which could be easily transported and assembled with minimal impact to the canyon environment. It was a rare surviving example of open-wire copper-weld technology. The line extended for 18 miles (29 km), paralleling the Bright Angel Trail and the North Kaibab Trail, providing a direct link between the North and South Rims, as well as the Inner Canyon. A spur line ran along the Tonto Trail to the Tipoff.
The line was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 13, 1986.
Only small portions of the cable are currently in use after a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) circuit to Havasupai Garden was disconnected and the signal moved to a Starlink connection.
The National Park Service awarded US Park Ranger Elizabeth "Betsy" Aurnou the 2023 NPS Wright Brothers Aviation Award for her efforts in removing this historic telephone line from the Grand Canyon.
# Transaural

Transaural Stereo is a technology suite of analog circuits and digital signal processing algorithms related to the field of sound playback for audio communication and entertainment. It is based on the concept of crosstalk cancellation but in some versions can embody other processes such as binaural synthesis and equalization.
The technology was developed in the 1970's by Duane H. Cooper and Jerald L. Bauck.

## Description

The central concept behind transaural stereo is that there are two loudspeakers and a single listener (two ears). The left-channel signal should only reach the left ear and the right-channel signal should only reach the right ear, each with appropriate timbral corrections.
To effect this, a circuit or computer algorithm is devised. It is based on the knowledge of the four frequency-dependent transfer functions, the so-called ipsilateral and contralateral paths.:
* L-to-L
* L-to-R
* R-to-L
* R-to-R
These four functions are examples of head-related transfer functions (HRTF).
A more general theory allows arbitrary numbers of loudspeakers and ears (listeners). The inputs to the process are sometimes recorded binaural signals from a recording mannequin ("dummy head") but this is not a requirement. Virtual loudspeakers can be formed by combining crosstalk cancellation with binaural image synthesis so that, for example, narrowly-spaced loudspeakers can be made to sound farther apart or a five-channel surround sound system can be made with only two actual loudspeakers, a virtual home theater.

## History

transaural stereo was developed by Duane H. Cooper and Jerald L. Bauck. An early version was published as a Master's thesis at the University of Illinois in 1978 and later in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. The work was continued in the mid-1980s as an improvement on and practical implementation of the early work in comparative auditoria studies in the 1960s of Schroeder and Atal which was reported as obtaining unstable images under slight head movements.
Cooper and Bauck, using methods to stabilize images and reduce the filter count, made an analog crosstalk canceller, a two-speaker spreader, and an eight-position binaural image synthesizer which doubled as a binaural pan pot in 1987–1989 using biquadratic analog filters in shuffler configurations. Later implementations used highly efficient digital biquadratic filters.
The distributed source concept with both discrete and continuous source distributions was created in March 1997 and later refined and the refinement named Optimal Source Distribution.
# Swimming at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Women's 50 metre backstroke

The women's 50 metre backstroke swimming events for the 2016 Summer Paralympics take place at the Rio Olympic Stadium from 10 to 16 September. A total of four events were contested for four different classifications.

## Competition format

Each event consists of two rounds: heats and final. The top eight swimmers overall in the heats progress to the final. If there are eight or fewer swimmers in an event, no heats are held and all swimmers qualify for the final.

## Results
### S2

19:52 15 September 2016:
| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | 4 | Pin Xiu Yip | Singapore | 1:00.33 |
| | 5 | Yazhu Feng | China | 1:02.66 |
| | 3 | Iryna Sotska | Ukraine | 1:17.22 |
| 4 | 6 | Gloria Boccanera | Italy | 1:22.80 |
| 5 | 7 | Maria Kalpakidou | Greece | 1:24.45 |
| 6 | 1 | Zsanett Adami | Hungary | 1:25.97 |
| 7 | 2 | Cassie Mitchell | United States | 1:28.19 |

### S3

18:32 10 September 2016:
| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | 4 | Qiuping Peng | China | 48.49 | WR |
| | 5 | Guofen Meng | China | 51.42 | |
| | 3 | Lisette Teunissen | Netherlands | 53.44 | |
| 4 | 6 | Olga Sviderska | Ukraine | 54.01 | |
| 5 | 2 | Alexandra Stamatopoulou | Greece | 58.33 | |
| 6 | 8 | Zulfiya Gabidullina | Kazakhstan | 1:00.68 | |
| 7 | 7 | Maiara Regina Perreira Barreto | Brazil | 1:01.65 | |
| 8 | 1 | Semicha Rizaoglou | Greece | 1:12.05 | |

### S4

18:30 16 September 2016:
| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | 4 | Jiao Cheng | China | 48.11 |
| | 3 | Yue Deng | China | 50.01 |
| | 6 | Maryna Verbova | Ukraine | 52.28 |
| 4 | 7 | Nely Miranda Herrera | Mexico | 53.42 |
| 5 | 1 | Arjola Trimi | Italy | 54.03 |
| 6 | 5 | Mariia Lafina | Ukraine | 54.08 |
| 7 | 2 | Edênia Garcia | Brazil | 55.50 |
| 8 | 8 | Sonja Sigurdardottir | Iceland | 59.97 |

### S5

19:58 16 September 2016:
| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | 4 | Teresa Perales | Spain | 43.03 |
| | 5 | Bela Trebinova | Czech Republic | 44.51 |
| | 7 | Sarah Louise Rung | Norway | 45.40 |
| 4 | 6 | Li Zhang | China | 47.07 |
| 5 | 3 | Mayumi Narita | Japan | 47.63 |
| 6 | 2 | Alyssa Gialamas | United States | 47.95 |
| 7 | 8 | Anita Fatis | France | 49.23 |
| 8 | 1 | Natallia Shavel | Belarus | 50.41 |
# Caladenia congesta

Caladenia congesta, commonly known as black-tongue caladenia, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is a ground orchid with a single, sparsely hairy leaf, and up to three bright pink flowers with the central part of the labellum completely covered with black calli. It is a widespread species but not common in any part of its range.

## Description

Caladenia congesta is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single, sparsely hairy, linear leaf, 8–18 cm (3–7 in) long and 2–6 mm (0.08–0.2 in) wide. Up to three bright pink flowers are borne on a spike 15–60 cm (6–20 in) high. The sepals and petals are lance-shaped, spreading, 16–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) with dark red glandular hairs on their backs, the petals narrower than the sepals. The dorsal sepal curves and forms a hood over the column. The labellum is 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide when flattened and has three lobes. The mid-lobe is oblong to lance-shaped and completely covered by two closely spaced rows of shiny, dark crimson to black calli. The lateral lobes of the labellum are sickle-shaped, pink and erect or slightly spreading. Flowering occurs from October to January.

## Taxonomy and naming

Caladenia congesta was first formally described by Robert Brown in 1810 and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. The specific epithet (congesta) is a Latin word meaning "dense", "heaped up" or "thick".

## Distribution and habitat

Black-tongue caladenia grows in a wide range of habitats from forest to heath in sandy or clay loam south from Wellington New South Wales. It is widespread although not common, in Victoria, in northern Tasmania and in the far south-east corner of South Australia.

## Conservation

Caladenia congesta is listed as "Endangered" under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.
# Diary of George Fletcher Moore

The diary of George Fletcher Moore is an important record of early colonial life in Western Australia, because it is one of a few records that were written from the point of view of an ordinary colonist, as opposed to the official correspondence of a salaried public official. Tom Stannage describes the diary as "an immensely valuable social document" and "the best published guide we have to life in Swan River colony between 1830 and 1840."

## Background

Moore was an Irish lawyer who settled in the Swan River Colony in 1830, the colony's second year. He describes his decision to keep a journal as follows:
   My friends were doubtful as to the prudence of such a hazardous step, but I reconciled them to it by a solemn promise that I would keep them fully informed, by each available opportunity in my power, of every incident and circumstance of my position and life there, whether good or bad, and leave them to judge of my success or failure. This was the cause of the 'Diary or Journal'.... It was written solely for the information and satisfaction of my father, brothers, sisters, and immediate friends in this country.
Moore's handwritten diary for the period from 1834 to 1841 is extant, and is held by the State Library of Western Australia.

## Editions

Portions of Moore's letters and diary have been published a number of times. The letters from 1830 to mid-1833 were published in 1834 as Extracts from the Letters and Journals of George Fletcher Moore, now filling a judicial office at the Swan River Settlement. Publication was at the request of Moore's father Joseph, and may have been without George Fletcher Moore's knowledge.
In the early 1880s, Moore's letters fell into the hands of Sir Thomas Cockburn Campbell, editor of The West Australian newspaper. Cockburn Campbell sought and received Moore's permission to publish them in The West. The letters appeared in serial during 1881 and 1882, and a copy of each issue was sent to Moore, who kept a scrapbook of them. In 1884, Moore decided to publish them afresh, together with a reprint of his 1842 A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language of the Aboriginals. These were published under the title Diary of Ten Years Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia. Commonly referred to by the shorter title Diary of Ten Years, this is the best known edition of Moore's diary.
In 2006, Hesperian Press issued a version of Moore's diary and letters carefully edited and annotated by James Cameron under the title The Millendon Memoirs: George Fletcher Moore's Western Australian Diaries and Letters, 1830-1841.
# Certeza

Certeza (Portuguese for certainty) was a Cape Verdean literary review established in Praia in 1944. Although the paper was less notoriety than its predecessor Claridade founded in 1936, nevertheless, it was a milestone in Cape Verdean literature.
Its director was Eduino Brito Silva, its editor in chief was Joaquim Ribeiro. Its first issue was published in March 1944. It notably featured Acêrca da Mulher, a reflection on the status of women by Orlanda Amarílis. The second edition was published in June 1944. The review was banned by the censor, the third edition was published in January 1945, the text featured Henrique Teixeira de Sousa's "Homens de hoje" ("Men today").
Other writers include Manuel Ferreira.
# Bentall Centre

Bentall Centre may refer to:
* Bentall Centre, Kingston, a shopping centre in Kingston upon Thames, London, England
* Bentall Centre, Vancouver, the collective name for five office towers, plus the basement mall, located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
# History of Israelis in Los Angeles

Los Angeles, California contains one of the largest concentrations of Israeli Americans in the United States. Israeli Americans are those who are Israelis through nationality and/or citizenship. While the vast majority of the Israeli American populace is Jewish, it is also made up of various other ethnic and religious minorities.

## History
### Israeli Jews in Los Angeles

Jerusalem-born Rabbi Solomon Michael Neches (1891-1954) was the first rabbi of the synagogue originally named Congregation Talmud Torah. Rabbi Neches was heavily involved in establishing Kashrut laws in California and Orthodox Jewish education in Los Angeles. In 1930, the "Agudath Eretz Israel of Los Angeles" was established as a unique Zionist-Jewish organization in the American Southwest, with Rabbi Neches serving as president.
A September 1930 article from the ⁨⁨B'nai B'rith Messenger announced a celebration of the founding of Agudath Eretz Israel of Los Angeles, noting that the event hosted features of Jewish life and talent from Mandatory Palestine, including Haluzim (pioneer) song and dance as well as the guest speaker Rev. Cantor Naftali Herz Halevi.

### Post-1948 history

Many Israeli Americans in Los Angeles are first, second, or third-generation Americans and are the descendants of early Israeli immigrants arriving in the 1950s; while others are more recent immigrants who began moving to Los Angeles in a wave of migration that began in the 1970's continued to this day. The Israeli American community of Los Angeles has risen to prominence in local business, government, and culture. Los Angeles is home to the world's first Israeli Community Center (ICC), similar to a JCC, located in the San Fernando Valley.

## Population

Los Angeles is home to the largest population in the Israeli diaspora, with more than 250,000 Israeli Americans living in the Los Angeles, according to the Israeli American Council. The Israeli community of Los Angeles are mainly residents of the San Fernando Valley and the Westside of Los Angeles. The communities of Encino and Tarzana in particular are noted for their large Israeli populations.

## Notable people

* Ari Emanuel
* Gal Gadot
* Omri Katz
* Hila Klein
* Haim Saban
* Yael Shelbia
* Ari Melber
# Homegoing (Pohl novel)

Homegoing is a science fiction novel by American author Frederik Pohl, first published in 1989 by Del Rey Books. The novel was one of the nominees for the Locus SF Award, one of the awards of the Hugo Awards.

## Plot summary

The protagonist, Lysander (Sandy) Washington, has been raised by aliens, the Hakh'hli. When their interstellar ship arrives at Earth, Sandy serves as part of the aliens' liaison team with Earth. Pohl uses Sandy's alien perspective to make some observations about our culture.
Sandy believes his alien friends are peaceful and benevolent, as they present themselves to be.
However, after it becomes clear their plans are far from benevolent, Sandy has to decide whether to side with the aliens who raised him, who are the only family he knows, or to side with humanity. This decision becomes more complicated when he learns he is only partially human.
# Buxton, Kansas

Buxton is an unincorporated community in Wilson County, Kansas, United States.

## History

Buxton had its start in the year 1866 by the building of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway through that territory. Buxton was named for a railroad official.
The post office in Buxton was discontinued in 1921.
# Buxton, Mississippi

Buxton is an unincorporated community in Panola County, Mississippi, United States.

## Transportation

Amtrak’s City of New Orleans, which operates between New Orleans and Chicago, passes through the town on CN tracks, but makes no stop. The nearest station is located in Marks, 22 miles (35 km) to the south.
# Horomui Dam

Horomui Dam (Japanese: 幌向ダム) is a rockfill dam located in Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is 28.7 km$^2$. The dam impounds about 63 ha of land when full and can store 8340 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1971 and completed in 1990.
# Chromo shadow domain

In molecular biology, the chromo shadow domain is a protein domain which is distantly related to the chromodomain. It is always found in association with a chromodomain. Proteins containing a chromo shadow domain include Drosophila and human heterochromatin protein Su(var)205 (HP1); and mammalian modifier 1 and modifier 2.
Chromo shadow domains self-aggregate, bringing together the nucleosomes to which their proteins are bound and thus condense the chromatin region they are associated with. Condensed chromatin is not able to be transcribed as the transcription factors and enzymes are not able to access to DNA sequence in this form. Hence chromoshadow domain containing proteins repress gene transcription.
# Massachusetts Academy

Massachusetts Academy may refer to:
* Massachusetts Maritime Academy, a regionally accredited, coeducational, state college
* Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science at WPI, an 11th and 12th grade public high school which is part of Worcester Polytechnic Institute
* Massachusetts Academy (comics), fictional home of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters and Generation X
* Massachusetts International Academy, a private high school owned by the government of the People's Republic of China located in Marlborough, Massachusetts
# Hot Springs Landing, New Mexico

Hot Springs Landing is a census-designated place in Sierra County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 110 as of the 2010 census. The community is located on the western shore of Elephant Butte Reservoir.

## Geography

Hot Springs Landing is located at 33°12′17″N 107°12′36″W﻿ / ﻿33.204673°N 107.209988°W﻿ / 33.204673; -107.209988. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the community has an area of 0.453 square miles (1.17 km$^2$), all land.

## Education

Truth or Consequences Municipal Schools is the school district for the entire county. Truth or Consequences Middle School and Hot Springs High School, both in Truth or Consequences, are the district's secondary schools.
# Christopher Bagnæs Hansen

Christopher Bagnæs Hansen (24 February 1806 – 16 January 1868) was a Danish court furniture maker. His company, C. B. Hansens Etablissement, was based in the Erichsen Mansion at Kongens Nytorv.

## Early life and education

Hansen was born on 4 February 1806, the son of carpenter Christopher Bagnæs and Anne Stephensen (c. 1775–1854). He grew up in poverty after the early death of his father. He had to care for himself from the age of 8, working first in J. C. Modeweg's textile factory and then as a cobble-layer at Nyboder. His situation improved moderately when his mother remarried Peter Antoni, a laborer, enabling him to attend Holmen's School until beginning a chair-maker's apprentice at 14. At the age of 20, when he completed his apprenticeship, he changed his name to Hansen for reasons that remain unknown.

## Career

In 1830, after completing his masterpiece, Hansen established his own business. He established C. B. Hansens Etablissement in 1838 when he was licensed to "manufacture and sell veneer and intarsia furniture of fine imported as well as local types of wood". His business prospered to a degree that in 1843 enabled him to purchase the imposing Erichsen Mansion at Kongens Nytorv. He opened a large furniture store in the building, which exhibited his own works as well as those of his peers. He destinguished himself at The Great Exhibition in London in 1851 and was the only representative of Danish furniture at the 1885 Exposition Universelle in Paris. Later that same year he received an invitation to become a member of the Jouner's Guild in Copenhagen.
C. B. H.s Etablissement developed into one of the leading furniture manufacturing businesses in the country. In the mid-1860s, he began to struggle with poor health and retired from the company 1867. The company was then continued by his son Charles Hansen (1836–95) and son-in-law L. Larsen (1821-1902).
Hansen was active in the management of Industriforeningen. He was a board member of the Association of Craftsmen in Copenhagen from 1857 to 1867 and was involved in the establishment of the Alderstrøst housing estate.

## Personal life

Hansen married Claudine Henriette Olsen (25 February 1803 - 31 March 1857) on 16 February 1827 in the Garrison Church in Copenhagen but this marriage was later dissolved. He married for a second time, Jacobine Marie Charlotte Krause (14 April 1819 - 11 January 1892) on 19 November 1843 in Damsholte Church. She was the daughter of Johan Diderik Conrad Krause (1770-1846), the gardener at Marienborg Manor, and Anne Charlotte Hedevig Krause née Keilow (1783-1860).
# 2013 Tampere Open – Men's doubles

Michael Linzer and Gerald Melzer were the defending champions, having won the event in 2012, but both players chose not to defend their title.
Henri Kontinen and Goran Tošić won the title, defeating Ruben Gonzales and Chris Letcher in the final, 6–4, 6–4.

## Seeds

* Ruben Gonzales / Chris Letcher (final)
* Guillermo Olaso / Hans Podlipnik-Castillo (first round)
* Gerard Granollers / Jordi Samper-Montaña (semifinals)
* Henri Kontinen / Goran Tošić (champion)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | R Gonzales Chris Letcher | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | T Nieminen Michal Schmid | 1 | 2 | | 1 | R Gonzales C Letcher | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Sami Huurinainen Jesper Saarni | 6 | 4 | [8] | | H Pöllänen P Rosenholm | 5 | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| | H Pöllänen P Rosenholm | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | 1 | R Gonzales C Letcher | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| 3 | G Granollers J Samper-Montaña | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | 3 | G Granollers J Samper-Montaña | 1 | 4 | | | | |
| | G Gigounon Y Reuter | 1 | 5 | | 3 | G Granollers J Samper-Montaña | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | G Mina H Sillanpää | 3 | 6 | [6] | WC | T Kivijarvi J Popov | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | Timi Kivijarvi Joel Popov | 6 | 3 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | 1 | R Gonzales C Letcher | 4 | 4 |
| | R Marcora Uros Vico | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | H Kontinen G Tošić | 6 | 6 |
| | Romano Frantzen T Schoorel | 6 | 6 | | | Romano Frantzen T Schoorel | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Kontinen G Panfil | | | | 4 | H Kontinen G Tošić | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | H Kontinen G Tošić | w/o | | | | | | | | 4 | H Kontinen G Tošić | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| WC | Ristomatti Lanne Mikko Rajamaki | 1 | 1 | | | | | | | | A Michon M Teixeira | 2 | 2 | | | | |
| | Jesper Brunström M Eriksson | 6 | 6 | | | J Brunström M Eriksson | 6$^2$ | 6 | [4] | | | | | | | | |
| | A Michon M Teixeira | 6 | 7 | | | A Michon M Teixeira | 7 | 4 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | G Olaso H Podlipnik-Castillo | 4 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Bälmeten

The Bälmeten (2,416 m) is a mountain of the Glarus Alps, overlooking Erstfeld in the canton of Uri. It lies west of the Hoch Fulen, in the group north-west of the Gross Windgällen.