# Treaty of friendship

A treaty of friendship, also known as a friendship treaty, is a common generic name for any treaty establishing close ties between countries. Friendship treaties have been used for agreements about use and development of resources, territorial integrity, access to harbours, trading lanes and fisheries, and promises of cooperation. Whilst not common, there are some treaties agreeing to some forms of military alliance which have use friendship terminology in their titles, as well as some non-aggression pacts. Additionally, friendship treaties have also signalled an independent relationship with emerging states.

## History

Ancient Greeks distinguished between three different types of friendships between two polities: Philiai, symmachia, and epimachia. Both symmachia and epimachia were types of alliances, with the former committing States to support each other in battle and the latter requiring parties to assist each other if one suffered an invasion. Philiai, then, made the important distinction of denoting friendship between polities but did not give the treaty partners the status of allies. Romans had a similar word amicitia, which was a state of diplomatic relations which could coexist with an alliance, or exist without it. The Romans employed a practice of establishing peace and friendship with polities on its peripheries, though in practice these relationships were usually built on unequal treaties, requiring the neighbour to support Rome militarily, though not necessarily the reverse.
In most cases, the friendship treaties are not based on equal partnership. This is particularly the case in treaties between aboriginal nations and the colonizers, both in America and in the Pacific, throughout the Colonial era. These treaties, often written primarily in the language of the coloniser, manipulated the terminology of friendship by the larger powers in order to create an environment of trust, primarily for the benefit of themselves. While promising protection in return for these benefits, the treaties are more subtle ways of accessing resources for commercial exploitation of smaller nations.
Since the early 2000s, friendship in international relations has been under closer analysis. Whilst friendship terminology had always been used in discourse and diplomacy, the analysis of friendship in international relations had been dismissed as merely being synonymous with good relations. In 2007, Felix Berenskoetter called for the inclusion of friendship analysis into international relations and since then a modest body of literature around the concept has been formed.

### Terminology

In the Soviet Union, Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance or Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимопомощи) was a standard Russian language reference to various treaties both internally, between the Soviet Republics, and externally, with countries considered friendly. This terminology is still in use for some post-Soviet states. The terminology was used in many so-called "friendship treaties" the Soviet Union made, but also was used in the Warsaw Pact.
In the United States, these types of treaties are commonly a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. More than a hundred "Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation" have been signed since independence. Since 1946, these treaties have dealt with commercial matters concerned with the protection of persons, natural and juridical, and of the property and interests of such persons. They define the treatment each country owes the nationals of the other; their rights to engage in business and other activities within the boundaries of the former; and the respect due them, their property and their enterprises.

## List of friendship treaties

List of Friendship Treaties :
| Signatories | Treaty | Date Signed |
| Mosquito Nation Great Britain | Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | 16 March 1740 |
| France United States | Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France) | 6 February 1778 |
| Morocco United States | Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship | 28 June 1786 |
| Ottoman Empire United States | Treaty of Tripoli (Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary) | 4 November 1796 |
| Johor United Kingdom | Singapore Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | 6 February 1819 |
| Johor United Kingdom | Crawfurd Treaty (Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore) | 2 August 1824 |
| Argentina United Kingdom | Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom | 1825 |
| Hawaii United States | Hawaii-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation | 1849 |
| Brunei United States | Brunei–United States Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation | 23 June 1850 |
| Japan United Kingdom | Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty | 14 October 1854 |
| Korea United States | United States–Korea Treaty of 1882 | 1882 |
| Brazil Japan | Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan | 1895 |
| Tonga United Kingdom | Treaty of Friendship between Tonga and the United Kingdom. | 1900 |
| Bolivia Chile | Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904) | 20 October 1904 |
| Mongolia Tibet | Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet | 11 January 1913 |
| Persia Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship | 26 February 1921 |
| Turkey Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Treaty of Moscow (1921) | 16 March 1921 |
| Germany United States | Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America | 8 December 1923 |
| Kingdom of Italy Ethiopian Empire | Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 (Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of Friendship and Arbitration) | 2 August 1928 |
| Portugal Spain | Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression | 17 March 1939 |
| Nazi Germany Soviet Union | German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation | 23 August 1939 |
| Nazi Germany Turkey | German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship | 18 June 1941 |
| Ecuador Peru | Rio Protocol aka Protocol of Friendship and Peace | 29 January 1942 |
| China Soviet Union | Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | 14 August 1945 |
| China United States | Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China | 4 November 1946 |
| Finland Soviet Union | Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 | 8 April 1948 |
| India Bhutan | 1949 Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship | 9 August 1949 |
| India Nepal | 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship | 31 July 1950 |
| Greece Turkey Yugoslavia | Balkan Pact (1953) | 28 February 1953 |
| Netherlands United States | DAFT (Dutch-American Friendship Treaty) | 27 March 1956 |
| Indonesia Malaya | Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia | 17 April 1959 |
| North Korea Soviet Union | The DPRK-Soviet Union Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance | 6 July 1961 |
| China North Korea | Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty | 11 July 1961 |
| New Zealand Samoa | Treaty of Friendship | 1 August 1962 |
| France West Germany | Élysée Treaty aka Treaty of Friendship | 22 January 1963 |
| India Soviet Union | Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation | August 1971 |
| Bangladesh India | Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace | 19 March 1972 |
| Australia Japan | Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation | 16 June 1976 |
| Portugal Spain | Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal | 2 November 1977 |
| China Japan | Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China | 12 August 1978 |
| Afghanistan Soviet Union | Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship | 12 December 1978 |
| Cambodia Vietnam | Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation | 1979 |
| Kiribati United States | Treaty of Tarawa aka Treaty of Friendship Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati | 20 September 1979 |
| Equatorial Guinea Spain | Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Equatorial Guinea of 1980 | 23 October 1980 |
| Argentina Chile | Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina | 29 November 1984 |
| Finland Russia | Neighborhood agreement (Naapuruussopimus [fi]) on Friendship, Basics of relationships, Territorial integrity and Cooperation | 20 January 1992 |
| Kazakhstan Russia | Kazakh-Russian Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance | 25 May 1992 |
| Tajikistan Russia | Russia-Tajikistan Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance | 25 May 1993 |
| Russia Ukraine | Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty | 31 May 1997 |
| North Korea Russia | North Korea-Russia Treaty of 2000 [ja] | 9 February 2000 |
| China Russia | 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship | 16 July 2001 |
| Italy Libya | 2008 Treaty of Benghazi | 30 August 2008 |
* ↑ The preamble of the treaty stating that it is a "Treaty of Friendship and Brotherhood"