OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Seyferth–Gilbert homologation

The Seyferth–Gilbert homologation is a chemical reaction of an aryl ketone 1 (or aldehyde) with dimethyl (diazomethyl)phosphonate 2 and potassium tert-butoxide to give substituted alkynes 3. Dimethyl (diazomethyl)phosphonate 2 is often called the Seyferth–Gilbert reagent.
This reaction is called a homologation because the product has exactly one additional carbon more than the starting material.

## Reaction mechanism

Deprotonation of the Seyferth–Gilbert reagent A gives an anion B, which reacts with the ketone to form the oxaphosphetane D. Elimination of dimethylphosphate E gives the vinyl diazo-intermediate Fa and Fb. The generation of nitrogen gas gives a vinyl carbene G, which via a 1,2-migration forms the desired alkyne H.

## Bestmann modification

The dimethyl (diazomethyl)phosphonate carbanion can be generated in situ from dimethyl-1-diazo-2-oxopropylphosphonate (also called the Ohira-Bestmann reagent) by reaction with methanol and potassium carbonate as the base by cleavage of the acetyl group as methyl acetate. Reaction of Bestmann's reagent with aldehydes gives terminal alkynes often in very high yield and fewer steps than the Corey–Fuchs reaction.
The use of the milder potassium carbonate makes this procedure much more compatible with a wide variety of functional groups.

## Improved in situ generation of the Ohira-Bestmann reagent

Recently a safer and more scalable approach has been developed for the synthesis of alkynes from aldehydes. This protocol takes advantage of a stable sulfonyl azide, rather than tosyl azide, for the in situ generation of the Ohira−Bestmann reagent.

## Other modifications

Another modification for less reactive aldehydes is made by replacement of potassium carbonate with caesium carbonate in MeOH and results in a drastic yield increase.
# Henry C. Gunning

Henry Cecil Gunning, FRSC (September 9, 1901 – 1991) was a Canadian geologist and academic. A mineral, gunningite, was named in his honour.

## Early life

Gunning was born in Belfast, Ireland. At the age of six his family moved to Vancouver, British Columbia. His father established a hardware business there.
Gunning earned a B.A.Sc. in Geological Engineering in 1924-25 from the University of British Columbia. He was one of the first two graduates from the UBC Geological Engineering program, started in 1921 . While at university he played on the rugby and soccer teams. After graduating he worked one summer as a contract miner in Stewart, British Columbia, before moving to Cambridge, Massachusetts to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. By 1927 Gunning had earned his PhD. In 1928, he married Edith Frances Fitts.

## Career

After school, Dr. Gunning started working with the Geological Survey of Canada. He concentrated on survey in the geology and mineral deposits of British Columbia, with a focus on Vancouver Island. He also surveyed part of Quebec.
In 1939, he began his academic career with the University of British Columbia. As Head of the Department of Geology and Geography he both taught and performed research. In 1953, Gunning was promoted to the position of Dean of the Faculty of Applied Science. While he was Dean he also served as Director of the Geological Engineering Program. He surrendered that position in 1959 to travel to Rhodesia, Africa and conduct research. Dr. Gunning returned to Vancouver to practice private consulting and also to establish an engineering program at the British Columbia Institute of Technology.

## Awards and honours

* 1937, awarded Barlow Memorial Medal by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum for his paper, Cadillac-Malartic Area, Quebec
* 1956, awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from UBC
* 1966, awarded Logan Medal from the Geological Association of Canada
* made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
* Mineral named in his honour, Gunningite

## Often cited papers

* Gunning, H.C. (1930): Geology and Mineral Deposits of Quatsino-Nimpkish Area, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; in Summary Report 1929; Geological Survey of Canada, Part A, pages 94A-143A.
* Gunning, H.C. (1932): Preliminary Report on the Nimpkish Lake Quadrangle, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; in Summary Report 1931; Geological Survey of Canada, Part A, pages 22–35.
# Hen and Chickens (reef)

Hen and Chickens is a shallow coral reef located within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. For a while in the 20th century it was marked by the Hen and Chickens Shoal Light. It lies to the southeast of Plantation Key. This reef lies within a Sanctuary Preservation Area (SPA).
# Thirumukkulam

Thirumukkulam is a village in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India.

## Demographics

According to the 2001 India census, Thirumukkulam had a population of 9,123 with 4,448 males and 4,675 females.
# Shakti (sage)

In Hinduism, Shakti was a rishi (sage) and son of Vashistha and Arundhati. He was the father of Parashara, mentioned in the epic Mahabharata.
There is a legend found in Mahabharata about Shakti. Once King Kalmashapada, going hunting, killed many animals. Tired and being hungry and thirsty, he was proceeding through the woods. On the way, Shakti came on the same path, from the opposite direction. The King ordered him to get out of his way. The Rishi addressed the King sweetly and said "O king, this is my way". In accordance with duty and tradition, a king should always make way for Brahmins. The king persisted in acting like a Rakshasa (demon). The Rishi cursed the king thus: "O worst of the worst kings, since thou persecutest an ascetic, like a Rakshasa, thou shalt from this day, became a Rakshasa subsisting on human flesh! Henceforth, O worst of kings! thou shalt wander over the earth, affecting human form!".
He was the grandfather of Vyasa, author of the Indian epic Mahabharata.

## Death

Cursed thus by Rishi Shakti, the Rakshasa(demon) first killed and swallowed Shakti himself. After that, Kalmasapada ate successively all the 100 sons of Maharshi Vasistha.
# Central Pacific Area Fleet

The Central Pacific Area Fleet (中部太平洋方面艦隊, Chūbu Taiheiyō Hōmen Kantai) was a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy established during World War II.

## History

The Central Pacific Area Fleet was a short-lived operational headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Navy, established on March 4, 1944. With United States Navy forces having driven the Japanese out of the Marshall Islands and Caroline Islands in late 1943 to early 1944, the remnants of Japanese naval forces from those areas regrouped under the direction of Admiral Chuichi Nagumo. The new Central Pacific Area Fleet was a combined operational command containing air (IJN 14th Air Fleet) and ground (IJA 31st Army) elements, and was tasked with the defense of the Mariana Islands and Palau, from its command center in Saipan.
With the fall of Saipan to American forces on July 8, 1944 and subsequent death of Admiral Nagumo and his staff, the Central Area Fleet ceased to exist.

## Transition

| Date | Higher unit | Lower unit and vessels |
| 4 March 1944 (original) | Combined Fleet | 4th Fleet, 14th Air Fleet, Isuzu, No.5 Special Base Force, No.30 Base Force, No.4 Weather Observation Unit |
| 8 July 1944 | HQ was annihilated. | HQ was annihilated. |
| 18 July 1944 | disbanded | disbanded |

## Commanders of the IJN Central Pacific Area Fleet

Commander in chief
| | Rank | Name | Date | Note, additional post |
| 1 | Vice-Admiral/Admiral | Chūichi Nagumo | 4 March 1944 | Commander of the 14th Air Fleet. KIA on 8 July 1944. Posthumously promoted to Admiral on same day. |
| x | vacant post | | 9 July 1944 | |
Chief of staff
| | Rank | Name | Date | Note, additional post |
| 1 | Rear-Admiral/Vice-Admiral | Hideo Yano | 4 March 1944 | Chief of staff of the 14th Air Fleet. KIA on 8 July 1944. Posthumously promoted to Vice-Admiral on same day. |
| x | vacant post | | 9 July 1944 | |
# Tommaso Saladini

Tommaso Saladini or Saladino (1647–1694) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Parma (1681–1694).

## Biography

Tommaso Saladini was born in Ascoli Piceno, Italy in 1647. On 23 June 1681, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XI as Bishop of Parma. On 7 July 1681, he was consecrated bishop. He served as Bishop of Parma until his death on 21 August 1694.
# Brinkworth, South Australia

Brinkworth (postcode 5464) is a town in the Mid North region of South Australia with a current population of 243. It is 31 km (19 mi) north west of the regional centre of Clare.
The Brinkworth area was first settled in the 1860s and the town laid out in 1892. Brinkworth is named after the early landowner, George Brinkworth.

## Transport

Brinkworth was a junction on the Gladstone railway line from Hamley Bridge to Gladstone in the north. The other line from Brinkworth went through Snowtown to Kadina and Wallaroo. Both were originally built as narrow gauge 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in). These lines were converted to broad gauge 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) in 1927. The Hamley Bridge-Gladstone railway line closed in May 1988. The remaining Kadina-Brinkworth railway line closed in March 1993. The railway lines and yards have since been demolished.

## Governance

Brinkworth is in the local government area of Wakefield Regional Council, the state electoral district of Frome and the federal division of Grey.
# Sagna (surname)

Sagna is the surname of the following people
* Augustin Sagna (born 1920), Senegalese prelate
* Bacary Sagna (born 1983), French footballer
* Christian Sagna (born 1982) is a Senegalese footballer
* Henri Sagna (born 1973), Senegalese sculptor
* Lansana Sagna (born 1994), Senegalese football player
* Moussa Sagna Fall (born 1959), Senegalese high jumper
* Pierre Sagna (bishop) (1932-2008) was a Senegalese Roman Catholic bishop
* Pierre Sagna (footballer) (born 1990), a Senegalese footballer
* Pierre Martin Sagna (born 1950), a Senegalese basketball player
* Robert Sagna (born 1939), a Senegalese politician
* Saeid Agin Sagna (born 1975) is a Nigerian football player
* Sidy Sagna (born 1990), Senegalese footballer
# Thomas Elliott

Thomas or Tom Elliott may refer to:
* Thomas Elliott (footballer) (1890–?), English footballer
* Thomas Elliott (Australian cricketer) (1879–1939), Australian cricketer
* Thomas Elliott (New Zealand cricketer) (1867–?), New Zealand cricketer
* C. Thomas Elliott (born 1939), British scientist, known as Tom Elliott
* Thomas Elliott (RAF officer) (1898–?), World War I British flying ace
* Thomas Renton Elliott (1877–1961), British physician and physiologist
* Sir Thomas Elliott, 1st Baronet, English civil servant
* Tom Elliott, Baron Elliott of Ballinamallard (born 1963), Northern Irish politician
* Tom Elliott (footballer, born 1990), English footballer
* Tom Elliott (Australian footballer) (1901–1974), former Australian rules footballer
* Tom Elliott (radio personality) (born 1967), Australian radio presenter and former investment banker
* Thomas Jane (born 1969), actor born Thomas Elliott III
# Chusmiza

Chusmiza complex (also known as Cerros de Sotoca) is a Miocene volcano in Chile. It is the largest stratovolcano of the Miocene epoch in the western Andean escarpment, with a volume of 400 cubic kilometres (96 cu mi). It is constructed from andesite. Potassium-argon dating has established an age of 11.3±0.3 mya.
19°41′2.14″S 69°11′17.81″W﻿ / ﻿19.6839278°S 69.1882806°W﻿ / -19.6839278; -69.1882806
# De Ridder

De Ridder is a Dutch surname, meaning "the knight". It may refer to:

## People

* Alexandra Simons de Ridder (born 1963), German equestrian
* Alfons de Ridder (1882–1960), Flemish writer and poet
* Allard de Ridder (1887–1966), Dutch and Canadian conductor, violist, and composer
* André de Ridder (born 1971), German music conductor
* Chantal de Ridder (born 1989), Dutch footballer
* Daniël de Ridder (born 1984), Dutch footballer
* Daniela De Ridder (born 1962), German politician
* Dirk de Ridder (sailor) (born 1972), Dutch competitive sailor
* Gaspard Deridder (1918–1977), Belgian boxer
* Hilde De Ridder-Symoens (1943–2023), Dutch historian
* Johan de Ridder (1927–2013), South African architect
* Louis De Ridder (1902–1981), Belgian winter sports athlete
* Luis de Ridder (1928–2004), Argentine alpine skier
* Marcello de Ridder (1922–1973), Argentine bobsledder
* Minneke De Ridder (born 1980), Belgian politician
* Paul De Ridder [de; fr; nl] (born 1948), Belgian historian and politician
* Peter de Ridder (born 1946), Dutch businessman and sailor
* Philippe De Ridder (born 1964), Belgian football player, coach, and administrator
* Reinier De Ridder (born 1990), Dutch mixed martial artist
* Steve De Ridder (born 1987), Belgian footballer
* Willem de Ridder (1939–2022), Dutch artist and anarchist

## Other

* DeRidder, Louisiana, a place named for Ella de Ridder, the sister-in-law of a Dutch railroad financier
# Jason Blake

Jason Blake may refer to:
* Jason Blake (ice hockey) (born 1973), American former ice hockey player
* Jason Blake (footballer) (born 1981), Australian rules footballer
# David Sieff

The Honourable Sir David Daniel Sieff FRSA (22 March 1939 – 27 May 2019) was a British businessman who was a director of retailers Marks & Spencer from 1972 to 1997.
Sieff was born in Marylebone, London, the only child of Marcus Sieff, Baron Sieff of Brimpton, and Rosalie Fromson. His grandparents were Rebecca Marks OBE and Israel Sieff, Baron Sieff. He is a great-grandson of Michael Marks, the founder of Marks & Spencer.
He was educated at Repton School and joined Marks & Spencer in 1957, the last descendant of Michael Marks to serve on the board of the firm.
He was knighted in 1999.
Sieff married Jennifer Walton in 1962 and has two sons, Simon Marcus (born 1965) and Jonathan David (born 1966).
He died on 27 May 2019 at the age of 80.
# Japanese aircraft carrier Akitsu Maru

Akitsu Maru (あきつ丸) was a Japanese "Type C" landing craft depot ship and escort aircraft carrier operated by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). In some sources Akitsu Maru and Nigitsu Maru are also considered to be the first amphibious assault ships, although, this title can be disputed with Shinshū Maru that served a similar role, and being a template for Akitsu Maru.

## Design features

Akitsu Maru was a passenger liner taken over before completion by the Imperial Japanese Army. The ship was fitted with a flight deck above the hull, but had no hangar so the aircraft were stored below the flight deck on the original main deck. Conventional aircraft were able to fly off from her deck but could not land aboard due to lack of landing mechanisms, although in July 1944 KX arresting gear was fitted on the flight deck. The Kokusai Ki-76 and Kayaba Ka-1 were flown off Akitsu Maru, as the former was a small, slow aircraft that could land on its short deck and the latter was an autogyro which could even more easily land on a short deck without assistance. She could also carry 27 Daihatsu-class landing craft.
Akitsu Maru's planned role was to provide aircover during amphibious and landing operations; in practice the ship was essentially an aircraft ferry.
With the deployment of the 8,000-tonne (7,900-long-ton) Shinshū Maru and a further refinement, the larger Akitsu Maru, the Japanese amphibious forces had in hand prototypes for all-purpose amphibious ships. In 1937, British and American observers watched Shinshū Maru at work off Shanghai and immediately recognized a significant development in amphibious warfare. The ship carried landing craft in a well deck that could be flooded, which allowed the landing craft to float free from an open stern gate. The ship could also hold additional craft on davits, but its next-most impressive function was an ability to discharge vehicles from a deck-level parking garage directly onto a pier. It also carried two catapults for aircraft but did not embark operational seaplanes. It could, however, transport and unload aircraft if necessary, a capability further developed in the Akitsu Maru, which even had a short take-off flight deck.

## Fate

While a part of Convoy HI-81 Akitsu Maru was torpedoed by USS Queenfish. One of the torpedoes set off her aft magazine holding depth charges, the explosion shattering the aft portion of the ship. As the seas hit her boilers, they exploded and she sank in the Korean Strait (33°17′N 128°11′E﻿ / ﻿33.283°N 128.183°E﻿ / 33.283; 128.183) on 15 November 1944. 2,046 men, mainly of the Imperial Japanese Army's 64th Infantry Regiment, including the commander, were killed. Also 104 Maru-ni explosive motor boats (EMB) went down with the ship. The escorts rescued 310 survivors.
# Cima de Barna

Cima de Barna is a mountain of the Lepontine Alps, located on the Swiss-Italian border. It is situated south of Pass de Balniscio.
# Terpenoidallyltransferase

Terpenoidallyltransferase may refer to:
* All-trans-octaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, an enzyme
* All-trans-decaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, an enzyme
# Terpene synthase C terminal domain

In molecular biology, this protein domain belongs to the terpene synthase family (TPS). Its role is to synthesize terpenes, which are part of primary metabolism, such as sterols and carotene, and also part of the secondary metabolism. This entry will focus on the C terminal domain of the TPS protein.

## Function

Terpenes synthases have a role in producing important molecules in metabolism, these molecules are part of a large group called terpenoids . In particular, the C terminal domain catalyzes the cyclization of geranyl diphosphate, orienting and stabilizing multiple reactive carbocation intermediates. Or in simpler terms, the C terminal aids the synthesis of new molecules.

## Structure

It is thought to have at least two alpha helices.

## Conservation

Sequences containing this protein domain belong to the terpene synthase family. It has been suggested that this gene family be designated tps (for terpene synthase). Sequence comparisons reveal similarities between the monoterpene (C$_{10}$) synthases, sesquiterpene (C$_{15}$) synthases and the diterpene (C$_{20}$) synthases. It has been split into six subgroups on the basis of phylogeny, called Tpsa-Tpsf .
* Tpsa includes vetispiridiene synthase.
* Tpsb includes (-)-limonene synthase.
* Tpsc includes copalyl diphosphate synthase (kaurene synthase A).
* Tpsd includes taxadiene synthase, pinene synthase, and myrcene synthase.
* Tpse includes ent-kaurene synthase B.
* Tpsf includes linalool synthase. In the fungus Phaeosphaeria sp. (strain L487) the synthesis of ent-kaurene from geranylgeranyl dophosphate is promoted by a single bifunctional protein.
# Cibola gneiss

The Cibola gneiss is a pluton in central New Mexico. It has a radiometric age of 1653±16 Ma, corresponding to the Statherian period.

## History of investigation

The unit was first defined by Kelley and Northrop in 1975. It has also been referred to as the Cibola granite.

## Geology

The pluton lies in the southern Sandia Mountains, with Sandia granite to the northwest and Seven Springs shear zone to the south. The pluton may include three compositionally distinct phases: a fine-grained, peraluminous, two-mica leucogranite with a radiometric age of 1632±45 Ma, a medium-grained equigranular monzogranite with a radiometric age of 1659±13 Ma, and a generally coarse-grained monzogranite with no reported age. The gneiss is locally mylonitic with a strong gneissic metamorphic fabric defined by alignment of micas. A typical modal composition is 35% quartz, 30% plagioclase, and 20% potassium feldspar, 7% muscovite, 6% biotite, 1% opaques, and 1% trace minerals. The trace minerals are actinolite, chlorite, epidote, andalusite, sphene, zircon, rutile, apatite, tourmaline, and limonite. The feldspar component becomes more alkalic close to the Sandia granite, with potassium feldspar and sillimanite coexisting only close to the contact. This may indicate metasomatism from the Sandia Granite.
The pluton contains xenoliths of quartzite, lithic arenite, amphibolite, and phyllitic schist that contain andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite, fibrolite, and retrograde chlorite. This suggests a metamorphic grade similar to the aureole of the nearby Manzanita pluton.
The pluton is interpreted as having been emplaced during caldera volcanism associated with the Mazatzal orogeny.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Kelley & Northrop 1975.
* 1 2 3 Grambling et al. 2016, pp. 170–171.
* ↑ Connolly 1992.
* ↑ Grambling et al. 2016.
# Château de la Roche (Annesse-et-Beaulieu)

The Château de la Roche is a 19th-century château built by Count Grigory Kushelev-Bezborodko in Annesse-et-Beaulieu, Dordogne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.

## History

During World War I, the château served as a military hospital. A U.S. soldier stationed at the hospital later built a folly in Loveland, Ohio, naming it Château Laroche. During World War II, the château served as a hospice for elderly Jewish refugees.
# 4-Octyne

4-Octyne, also known as dipropylethyne, is a type of alkyne with a triple bond at its fourth carbon (the '4-' indicates the location of the triple bond in the chain). Its formula is C$_8$H$_{14}$.
4-Octyne forms with 5-decyne, 3-hexyne, and 2-butyne a group of symmetric alkynes.

## Preparation

One method for synthesizing 4-octyne is the reaction between acetylene and two equivalents of 1-bromopropane. Acetylene is first deprotonated by a base to give an anion, which then undergoes nucleophilic substitution with the bromopropane. The resulting alkyne is again deprotonated and reacts similarly with a second molecule of bromopropane. This reaction can be carried out in liquid ammonia at −70 °C with sodium amide as the base.
Another synthetic route is the elimination reaction of 4,5-dibromooctane, which can be done in similar conditions.

## Properties

4-octyne is a colorless liquid at room temperature. Its density at 25 °C and otherwise stable conditions is 0.751 g/mL. The boiling point is 131–132 °C. The average molar mass is 110.20 g/mol.
# 4-O-Methylhonokiol

4-O-Methylhonokiol is a neolignan, a type of phenolic compound. It is found in the bark of Magnolia grandiflora and in M. virginiana flowers.
4-O-Methylhonokiol is a CB$_2$ receptor ligand (K$_i$ = 50 nM), showing inverse agonism and partial agonism via different pathways (cAMP and Ca$^{2+}$), which potently inhibits osteoclastogenesis. 4-O-Methylhonokiol further attenuates memory impairment in presenilin 2 mutant mice through reduction of oxidative damage and inactivation of astrocytes and the ERK pathway. The different neuroprotective effects reported in rodent models may be mediated via CB$_2$ receptors. 4-O-Methylhonokiol activates CB$_2$ receptors and also inhibits the oxygenation of the major endocannabinoid 2-AG via COX-2 in a substrate-selective manner, thus leading to potential synergistic effects at CB receptors. The same study also provided data that 4-O-methylhonokiol can readily pass the blood–brain barrier.
# Tenorio

Tenorio or Tenório is a surname of Spanish origin and may refer to:

## People

* Tenorio (surname)
* Tenorio, pseudonym of French writer Antoine Blondin

## Places

* Tenório, municipality in the state of Paraíba in Brazil
* Tenorio River, river in Costa Rica
* Tenorio Rock, rock in Antarctica
* Tenorio Volcano, volcano in Costa Rica

## Other

* Don Juan Tenorio, an 1844 play written by José Zorrilla
# Mundani

Mundani may refer to:
* Mundani language
* Mundani, Iran
# 5-epi-alpha-selinene synthase

5-epi-α-Selinene synthase (EC 4.2.3.90, 8a-epi-α-selinene synthase, NP1) is an enzyme with systematic name (2Z,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, 5-epi-α-selinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate $\rightleftharpoons$ 5-epi-α-selinene + diphosphate
This enzyme requires Mg$^{2+}$.
# 261 AM

No official radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 261 kHz:

## Inactive

* Germany: Formerly Radio Wolga and Radioropa Info from Burg
* Bulgaria: Formerly Radio Horizont
* Russia: Formerly Radio Rossii

## Proposed

The Burg AM transmitter in Germany to be used by Europe 1 to transmit traffic information.

## Unofficial

A station called Radio Luxemburg was heard on 261 kHz in December 2016.