OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Defining vocabulary

A defining vocabulary is a list of words used by lexicographers to write dictionary definitions. The underlying principle goes back to Samuel Johnson's notion that words should be defined using 'terms less abstruse than that which is to be explained', and a defining vocabulary provides the lexicographer with a restricted list of high-frequency words which can be used for producing simple definitions of any word in the dictionary.
Defining vocabularies are especially common in English monolingual learner's dictionaries. The first such dictionary to use a defining vocabulary was the New Method English Dictionary by Michael West and James Endicott (published in 1935), a small dictionary written using a defining vocabulary of just 1,490 words. When the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English was first published in 1978, its most striking feature was its use of a 2,000-word defining vocabulary based on Michael West's General Service List, and since then defining vocabularies have become a standard component of monolingual learner's dictionaries for English and for other languages.

## Differing opinions

Using a defining vocabulary is not without its problems, and some scholars have argued that it can lead to definitions which are insufficiently precise or accurate, or that words in the list are sometimes used in non-central meanings. The more common view, however, is that the disadvantages are outweighed by the advantages, and there is some empirical research which supports this position. Almost all English learner's dictionaries have a defining vocabulary, and these range in size between 2000 and 3000 words, for example:
* Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: approximately 2,000 words
* Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners: approximately 2,500 words
* Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: approximately 3,000 words
It is possible that, in electronic dictionaries at least, the need for a controlled defining vocabulary will disappear. In some online dictionaries, such as the Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, every word in every definition is hyperlinked to its own entry, so that a user who is unsure of the meaning of a word in a definition can immediately see the definition for the word that is causing problems. However, this strategy works only if all the definitions are written in reasonably accessible language, which argues for some sort of defining vocabulary to be maintained in dictionaries aimed at language learners.
Intermediate-level language learners are likely to have receptive familiarity with most words in a typical 2,000-word defining vocabulary. To accommodate beginning-level learners, the defining vocabulary can be divided into two or more layers, where words in one layer are explained using only the simpler words from the previous layers. This strategy is used in the Learn These Words First multi-layer dictionary, where a 360-word beginning-level defining vocabulary is used to explain a 2,000-word intermediate-level defining vocabulary, which in turn is used to define the remaining words in the dictionary.
# Deborah Brandt

Deborah L. Brandt (born 1951) is an American academic who is professor emerita of English at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

## Education and awards

Brandt earned her B.A. from Rutgers University in 1974 and her Ph.D. from Indiana University Bloomington in 1983, after which she worked for the University of Wisconsin–Madison until she retired in 2010. Although she has published more than two dozen articles and book chapters, she is known for Literacy in American Lives, for which she won three awards: the Modern Language Association's Mina P. Shaughnessy Prize (2002), the Grawemeyer Award (2003), and the Conference on College Composition and Communication’s Outstanding Book Award (2003). Her text Literacy as Involvement: The Acts of Writers, Readers, and Texts (Southern Illinois UP, 1990) won the 1992 David H. Russell Award for Distinguished Research from the National Council of Teachers of English.
Brandt was awarded two fellowships, one with the American Council of Learned Societies in 1986 and another with the National Research Council in 1998, for which she was a Visiting Scholar at the United States Department of Education. Brandt is the 2017 winner of the Conference for College Composition and Communication (CCCC) Exemplar Award.

## Research focus

Brandt's research focuses on the social contexts of mass literacy and literacy learning; and on large-scale, structural forces that shape individuals' access to literacy.
In Literacy in American Lives Brandt "explains how generations of Americans have made sense of and coped with increased pressure to improve their ability to read and write." By analyzing the literacy histories of hundreds of Americans from all walks of life, Brandt documents the effects that the changing economic, political, and sociocultural conditions in American society have had on literacy acquisition and usage, from the 1900s to the present day. In this text, she puts forward the notion of "Sponsors of Literacy,"; she writes: "Sponsors, as I have come to think of them, are any agents, local or distant, concrete or abstract, who enable, support, teach, or model, as well as recruit, regulate, suppress, or withhold literacy -- and gain advantage by it in some way." Through the concept of sponsorship, Brandt argues for attention to the socioeconomic and contextual forces that grant access to literate resources to some and deny it to others.

## Public service

The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation says that "the impact of her work has been felt well beyond the borders of the University of Wisconsin campus."
Brandt worked as a research associate at the National Research Center on English Learning and Achievement (1996–2002), a consultant for the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (2005–07), and with the National Writing Project. Her ongoing efforts in support of social justice and educational opportunity in the Madison, Wisconsin community have been recognized by the NAACP's W.E.B. DuBois Advocate Award (2001) and two nominations by the Madison Urban League for the city's Martin Luther King Humanitarian Award for her work with Madison middle-school students.
# Music catalog

In the music industry, a collection of musical compositions is cataloged into a music catalog. The owner owns the copyrights of the cataloged compositions.
# Civic Education Workshop

The Civic Education Workshop (CEW) is an annual, week-long program organized in Washington, DC and funded by the U.S. Department of State. The program takes place every year for select participants of the Kennedy Lugar Youth Exchange and Study (KL-YES), Future Leaders Exchange (FLEX) and the Congress-Bundestag Youth Exchange (CBYX) programs. The workshop gives student ambassadors the opportunity to learn firsthand about the U.S. federal system of government and other important concepts through seminars, discussions with senators and elected officials, briefings, and meetings on Capitol Hill.

## History

Established in 1993, CEW emerged from the belief that exchanging ideas about civics and democracy between young people from different countries would strengthen mutual understanding and promote global cooperation. Over the years, it has developed into a signature program for YES, FLEX, and CBYX, impacting thousands of students from around the world.

## Selection process

Participation in CEW is highly competitive, with selection processes prioritizing academic excellence, leadership potential, and a demonstrated commitment to community service. Once selected, the program ensures accessibility for participants by covering all expenses, including travel, accommodation, meals, and program activities.

## Activities

Through interactive workshops, seminars, and discussions, the program encourages participants to engage in debates about social issues, developing analytical skills and a deeper understanding of diverse viewpoints. Participants witness U.S. democracy in action through site visits to key institutions like the Capitol Building, Supreme Court, and Library of Congress, as well as meetings with elected officials, journalists, and community leaders.

## Impact

CEW contributes to international relations by building bridges between young people from diverse backgrounds, promoting mutual respect and appreciation for democratic values. It develops participants' leadership skills and encourages them to become active citizens in their own communities. Alumni often cite the program as a unique experience that shaped their civic engagement, leadership skills, and global perspective.
# 6th OTO Awards

6th OTO Awards
February 8, 2006 (2006-02-08)
Expo Aréna, Bratislava, Slovakia
Overall winner Maroš Kramár
Hall of Fame Pavol Mikulík
EuroTelevízia Award V politike
◄ 5th | 7th ►
The 6th OTO Awards, honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2005, took time and place on February 8, 2006, at the Incheba's Expo Aréna hall in Bratislava. The ceremony broadcast live STV. The host of the show was Karel Gott.

## Performers

* Peter Dvorský, opera singer
* Elán, band
* Karel Gott, singer
* Melánia Kasenčáková and Ján Mečoch (alias Lady Mel & Johnny Perfekto), dancers
* Dara Rolins and Tina, singers
* Miroslav Žbirka, singer

## Winners and nominees
### Main categories
#### Television

| News Host | Sports Host or Commentator |
| ★ Aneta Parišková Marianna Ďurianová Jana Majeská | ★ Martina Šimkovičová (née Bartošíková) Lenka Čviriková (née Hriadelová) Ján Plesník |
| Journalist | Entertainer |
| ★ Zlatica Švajdová (née Puškárová) Patrik Herman Daniel Krajcer | ★ Adela Banášová Vladimír Voštinár Peter Marcin |
| Actor | Actress |
| ★ Maroš Kramár Michal Dočolomanský Janko Kroner | ★ Zdena Studenková Magda Paveleková Emília Vášáryová |
| Program | Show |
| ★ Slovensko hľadá SuperStar – STV VyVolení– JOJ S.O.S. – STV | ★ S.O.S. – STV Uragán– STV Inkognito – JOJ |

#### Music

| Male Singer | Female Singer |
| ★ Miroslav Žbirka Richard Müller Jozef Ráž | ★ Zuzana Smatanová Marika Gombitová Jana Kirschner |

### Others

| Overall winner | ★ Maroš Kramár |
| Hall of Fame | ★ Pavol Mikulík |
| EuroTelevízia Award | ★ V politike – TA3 |

## Superlatives
### Multiple nominees
#### 2 nominations

* S.O.S. – STV
# 6th North Carolina Infantry Regiment

The 6th North Carolina Infantry Regiment was organized on June 16, 1861, at Camp Alamance with the officers being installed the following day. It was mustered in Raleigh and ended a handful of months later on the 14th of November, 1861, being later re-organized as the 16th NC. The men were from Jackson County, Madison County, Yancey County, Buncombe County, Rutherford County, Burke County, Macon County, Henderson County, Polk County, Haywood County, and Gaston County.

## Organization and companies

As previously said, the 6th North Carolina was organized on June 16, 1861, at Camp Alamance. The officers, of which will be listed shortly, were installed the following day. From Adjutants to Colonel the officers include:
* Stephen Lee, Colonel.
* Robert G.A. Love, Lt. Colonel.
* Benjamin F. Briggs, Major.
* Woodbury Wheeler Jr. and John J. Spann, both Adjutants.
Following them are the companies.
* Company A - Jackson County, Capt. Andrew W. Coleman.
* Company B - Madison County, Capt. John Peek.
* Company C - Yancey County and Buncombe County, Capt. John S. McElroy.
* Company D - Rutherford County, Capt. Herbert D. Lee.
* Company E - Burke County, Burke Tigers, Capt. Elijah J. Kirksey.
* Company F - Buncombe County, Capt. Patrick H. Thrash
* Company G - Rutherford County, Capt. Champion T.N. Davis
* Company H - Macon County, Capt. Thomas M. Angel.
* Company I - Henderson County, Capt. William M. Shipp.
* Company K - Polk County, Capt. John C. Camp
* Company L - Haywood County, Capt. Robert G.A. Love, Capt. Elisha G. Johnson
* Company M - Gaston County, Capt. Benjamin F. Briggs, Capt. William A. Stowe
# Texas Eastern Transmission Pipeline

Texas Eastern Pipeline (TETCo) is a major natural gas pipeline which brings gas from the Gulf of Mexico coast in Texas and Louisiana up through Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania to deliver gas in the New York City area. It is one of the largest pipeline systems in the United States. It is owned by Enbridge. Its FERC code is 17.
This pipeline was built as Big Inch by War Emergency Pipelines (WEP), a consortium of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, Texas Pipe Line Company, Cities Service, Socony-Vacuum Oil, Gulf Oil, Consolidated Oil, Shell Oil, Atlantic Refining, Tidewater Associated Oil, Sun Oil, and Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company.

## Incidents

On June 10, 2021, there was a 20% pressure reduction on part of its 30-inch diameter system, precisely on lines 10 and 15
On May 5, 2020, there was an explosion on Line 10 of its system in Fleming County, Kentucky. There were no injuries reported.
On August 1, 2019, a section of the pipeline in Lincoln County, Kentucky ruptured and exploded causing the death of one person and injuring five others.
On January 21, 2019, two people were injured, and two structures damaged, when a Texas Eastern Transmission Pipeline line exploded and burned, in Noble County, Ohio
On April 29, 2016, a 30-inch Texas Eastern/Spectra Energy pipeline exploded, injuring one man, destroying his home, and damaging several others. The incident was in Salem Township, Pennsylvania. The explosion was caused by corrosion so aggressive that it is challenging industry models for how quickly a small anomaly can grow.
On November 2, 2003, a Texas Eastern Transmission Pipeline natural gas pipeline exploded in Bath County, Kentucky, about 1.5 km south of a Duke Energy pumping station. A fire burned for about an hour before firefighters extinguished it. No one was injured and no property damage was reported.
On March 23, 1994, during the Edison, New Jersey, natural gas explosion, a 36 inch diameter section of pipeline exploded, destroying numerous apartments nearby.
On February 21, 1986, near Lancaster, Kentucky, a 30-inch diameter Texas Eastern Transmission Pipeline gas pipeline ruptured due to corrosion. Three people had serious burns, and five others had lesser injuries. External corrosion made worse by difficulties of cathodic protection in rocky soil was the cause. The pipe was manufactured in 1957.
On February 10, 1973, during a cleaning operation, a gas tank exploded in Bloomfield, Staten Island, killing 40 workers.
# 6 in 1

6 in 1 may refer to:
* The hexavalent vaccine (6-in-1)
* Caltron 6 in 1, NES multicart
* "Six in One", a 1944 patrol by the HMS Kite (U87)
* "Six in One", jazz piece by Thelonious Monk
# Jean-Marie Villard

Jean-Marie Villard (French:; 3 January 1828 in Ploaré, Finistère – 16 August 1899 in Ploaré) was a French-Breton painter and photographer.

## Biography

His father was a carpenter and contractor, who wanted his son to be an intellectual, but Jean was more interested in drawing with charcoal in the workshop. He attended primary school in Douarnenez and secondary school in Quimper, then enrolled at the Normal School in Rennes.
After receiving his teaching certificate, he obtained his first job in Pouldergat in 1847, then became an "Instituteur" in Quimper. Still wishing to be an artist, he took classes with Auguste Goy [fr], a landscape painter who taught at the local college. Goy encouraged him to pursue his career in art, but Villard was soon promoted to a teaching position at the boys' school in Brest. It was there that he began to supplement his salary by doing photography.
A meeting with the photographer Pierre de la Blanchère proved to be decisive. He broke his contract with the school, obtained a declaration of unfitness for military service and followed his new employer to Paris in 1855. Upon arriving, he was introduced to Nadar and the work of Louis Daguerre, and began acquiring some knowledge of chemistry.
While supporting himself with photography, he continued to pursue painting and, by 1864, was a regular exhibitor at the salons. Most of his canvases were landscapes and genre works inspired by his native region, painted during periodic visits to Ploaré.
In 1870, after leaving Paris, he married Alexandrine Flatrès, his brother Joseph's sister-in-law. They had five children, including the writer René Villard [fr] and the painter Abel Villard [fr]. In 1877, he returned to Quimper to accept what was intended to be a temporary position as a teacher at the college. He remained, however, and eventually taught at several other schools in the area.
He also established a photography workshop there. When his brother Joseph became inspired to take up photography, the workshop was given to him so Jean could devote all his time to painting. Joseph turned the workshop into the "Maison Villard", a publisher of postcards, which have now become collectibles known as the "Collection Villard Quimper".
He had to resign his teaching positions in 1893, after a bout of pneumonia. Recurring lung infections finally weakened his health beyond recovery, and he returned to Ploaré to die.
Abel Villard's son, Robert Paulo Villard (1903-1975), also became a painter.

## Work
### Painting

* Quimper, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Quimper:
** Breton Interior, 1870;
** The Halt, 1877. This painting depicts two riders halting in front of a row of houses where there was an inn and the chapel of Petit-Guélen in Ergué-Armel;
** Les Rochers de Kerleguer, [near Douarnenez], 1878.

#### Location unknown

* The Railway Worker, 1885, 70 x 95 cm.
* Woman on the Path to Plomarc'h, 1890, 47 x 31 cm.

## Exhibitions

* Salon des artistes français of 1864.
* Jean Marie Villard 1838-1899, town hall of Douarnenez, 1993.

## Critical reception

   He was a great artist, but they had made him a poor professor.
— Max Jacob
# Civil War reenactment

Civil War reenactment may refer to:
* American Civil War reenactment
* Renaissance reenactment
* The Sealed Knot (reenactment), UK
# The Black Hussar

The Black Hussar may refer to:
* The Black Hussar (1932 film), a 1932 German historical drama film
* The Black Hussar (1915 film), a 1915 German silent film
* The Black Hussar, the English language title for the 1884 opera Der Feldprediger by Carl Millöcker
# Murexsul cevikeri

Murexsul cevikeri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
# Slovakia women's national floorball team

Slovakia women's national floorball team is the national team of Slovakia. At the 2007 Floorball Women's World Championship in Frederikshavn, Denmark, the team finished ninth in the B-Division. At the 2013 Floorball Women's World Championship in Brno and Ostrava, Czech Republic, the team finished ninth. At the 2017 Floorball Women's World Championship in Bratislava, Slovakia, the team finished fifth.

## All-time world championships results

| Year | Position | GP | W | D | L | GF | GA | +/- |
| 2007 | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division |
| 2009 | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division | In B Division |
| 2011 | 12th | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 19 | 34 | –15 |
| 2013 | 9th | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 44 | 14 | +30 |
| 2015 | 8th | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 40 | 28 | +12 |
| 2017 | 5th | 7 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 65 | 23 | +42 |
| 2019 | 6th | 7 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 33 | 67 | –34 |
| Total: | | 32 | 19 | 0 | 13 | 201 | 166 | +35 |

## World championships results against other teams

| Team | GP | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | BW | BD |
| Australia | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 3 | +26 | 21–1 | |
| Czech Republic | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 33 | –29 | | 3–19 |
| Denmark | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 6 | +4 | 6–3 | |
| Estonia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 3 | +7 | 10–3 | |
| Finland | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 14 | –6 | | 2–6 |
| Germany | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 8 | +8 | 6–1 | 3–4 |
| Hungary | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 5 | +16 | 11–1 | |
| Latvia | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 17 | +2 | 7–5 | 3–4 |
| Netherlands | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 | +12 | 13–1 | |
| Norway | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 11 | +2 | 7–4 | 2–5 |
| Poland | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 10 | –6 | | 4–8 |
| Russia | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 6 | +4 | 6–4 | |
| Singapore | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 2 | +10 | 12–2 | |
| South Korea | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | +13 | 13–0 | |
| Sweden | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 38 | –36 | | 1–23 |
| United States | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 8 | +10 | 15–2 | 3–6 |
# That Was a Close One

"That Was a Close One" is a song written by Robert Byrne and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in March 1987 as the third single from the album Too Many Times. The song was Conley's thirteenth number one country hit. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1987) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 1 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 2 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1987) | Position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 40 |
# Thomas Klenke

Thomas Klenke (born 31 October 1966 in Bad Pyrmont, Lower Saxony) is a German auto racing driver. In 2005 he competed in the FIA World Touring Car Championship for Ford Hotfiel Sport in a Ford Focus. The car was uncompetitive and Klenke scored no championship points with a best placed finish of tenth in Oschersleben. The team did not return to the WTCC in 2006.
In 2009 he won the 24 Hours of Nürburgring AT class in an alternative fuelled Volkswagen Scirocco GT24-CNG alongside Vanina Ickx, Peter Terting and Klaus Niedzwiedz.
His previous racing included Formula Renault in 1991. Most of his career has been spent in touring cars, competing in the German Touring Car Challenge, winning the championship in 2002 with Hotfiel Sport. Klenke also competed as an independent driver in the European Touring Car Championship.

## Results
### Complete World Touring Car Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Team | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | DC | Points |
| 2005 | Ford Hotfiel Sport | Ford Focus | ITA 1 Ret | ITA 2 DNS | FRA 1 Ret | FRA 2 23 | GBR 1 19 | GBR 2 18 | SMR 1 17 | SMR 2 16 | MEX 1 | MEX 2 | BEL 1 21 | BEL 2 Ret | GER 1 10 | GER 2 20 | TUR 1 Ret | TUR 2 17 | ESP 1 Ret | ESP 2 DNS | MAC 1 | MAC 2 | NC | 0 |