OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Symmetric hypergraph theorem

The Symmetric hypergraph theorem is a theorem in combinatorics that puts an upper bound on the chromatic number of a graph (or hypergraph in general). The original reference for this paper is unknown at the moment, and has been called folklore.

## Statement

A group $G$ acting on a set $S$ is called transitive if given any two elements $x$ and $y$ in $S$, there exists an element $f$ of $G$ such that $f(x)=y$. A graph (or hypergraph) is called symmetric if its automorphism group is transitive.
Theorem. Let $H=(S,E)$ be a symmetric hypergraph. Let $m=|S|$, and let $\chi (H)$ denote the chromatic number of $H$, and let $\alpha (H)$ denote the independence number of $H$. Then
$\chi (H)\leq 1+{\frac {\ln {m}}{-\ln {(1-\alpha (H)/m)}}}$

## Applications

This theorem has applications to Ramsey theory, specifically graph Ramsey theory. Using this theorem, a relationship between the graph Ramsey numbers and the extremal numbers can be shown (see Graham-Rothschild-Spencer for the details).
# Damm, Parchim

Damm is a village and former municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 25 May 2014, it is part of the town Parchim.
# Halifax County Dartmouth

Halifax County-Dartmouth was a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elected one member to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. It was created in 1956 from portions of the former Halifax County district and existed until 1967, at which point the district was reformed into Dartmouth North and Dartmouth South.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

Halifax County-Dartmouth elected the following members to the Legislative Assembly:
| Legislature | Years | Member | Party |
| 48th | 1963-1967 | Irvin William Akerley | Progressive Conservative |
| 47th | 1960-1963 | Gordon L. S. Hart | Liberal |
| 46th | 1956-1960 | Geoffrey W. Stevens | Liberal |

## Election results
### 1956

1956 Nova Scotia general election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Geoffrey W. Stevens | 7,276 | 49.69% | – |
| | Progressive Conservative | C. J. Creighton | 6,811 | 46.51% | – |
| | Co-operative Commonwealth | Gerald Yetman | 557 | 3.80% | – |
| Total | Total | Total | 14,644 | – |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Halifax County Dartmouth" (PDF). nslegislature.ca. Nova Scotia Legislature (1956). Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns (PDF). Queen's Printer. |||||||

### 1960

1960 Nova Scotia general election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Gordon L. S. Hart | 8,258 | 46.46% | -3.23% |
| | Progressive Conservative | Murray Ritcey | 7,653 | 43.05% | -3.46% |
| | Co-operative Commonwealth | Percy W. Dares | 1,864 | 10.49% | 6.68% |
| Total | Total | Total | 17,775 | – |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Halifax County Dartmouth" (PDF). nslegislature.ca. Nova Scotia Legislature (1960). Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns (PDF). Queen's Printer. |||||||

### 1963

1963 Nova Scotia general election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Progressive Conservative | Irvin William Akerley | 9,884 | 52.88% | 9.83% |
| | Liberal | Gordon L. S. Hart | 8,150 | 43.60% | -2.85% |
| | New Democratic | Edward B. Doyle | 657 | 3.52% | – |
| Total | Total | Total | 18,691 | – |
| Source(s) Source: Nova Scotia Legislature (2021). "Electoral History for Halifax County Dartmouth" (PDF). nslegislature.ca. Nova Scotia Legislature (1963). Legislature of Nova Scotia Election Returns (PDF). Queen's Printer. |||||||
# John Bryant Lane

John Bryant Lane (1788 – 1868) was a Cornish painter.

## Biography

Lane was born at Helston in Cornwall in 1788, the son of Samuel Lane, chemist and excise-man, and Margaret Baldwin his wife. He was educated at Truro until he was fourteen when his taste for art was noticed by Francis Basset, 1st Baron de Dunstanville and Basset of Tehidy, who gave him the means to practise it in London. Lane was bestowed a gold medal from the Society of Arts for an historical cartoon of The Angels Unbound.
In 1808, Lane exhibited at the Royal Academy an altarpiece for Lord de Dunstanville's church in Cornwall; in 1811 he produced Christ mocked by Pilate's Soldiers for Helston Guildhall, and in 1817 produced Eutychus for a church in London.
In 1817, his patron sent Lane to Rome, where he remained for ten years, engaged on a gigantic picture, The Vision of Joseph, which he refused to show during progress. At last he completed it, and exhibited it at Rome. As it was offensive to the papal authorities, they expelled the artist and his picture from the papal dominions.
Lane then sent the picture to London, where he exhibited it in a room at the royal mews, Charing Cross. Its huge size attracted attention, but from an artistic point of view it was a failure. It was deposited in the Pantechnicon, where it mouldered to decay. Lane subsequently devoted himself to portrait-painting, and sent portraits occasionally to the Royal Academy. Among his sitters were Hussey Vivian, Davies Gilbert, Charles Valentine Le Grice, and Lord de Dunstanville. Lane died, unmarried, at 45 Clarendon Square, Somers Town, London, on 4 April 1868, aged 80.
# Udaipur Municipal Corporation

Udaipur Municipal Corporation is the municipal corporation of Udaipur city in Rajasthan state of India. The corporation has 70 wards. Govind Singh Tank is the current mayor of the corporation. The city had city council that was converted into municipal corporation in 2013. Budget of 2018-2019 of Udaipur Municipal Corporation was 254.5 Cr.
# Sibir (icebreaker)

Three icebreaking ships have been named Sibir:
* Sibir (1937 icebreaker), a Soviet icebreaker launched in 1937 as I. Stalin and later renamed
* Sibir (1977 icebreaker), a Soviet Arktika-class nuclear-powered icebreaker in service from 1977 until 1992
* Sibir (2017 icebreaker), a Russian Project 22220 icebreaker which entered service in 2021
# Tebenna onustana

Tebenna onustana is a moth of the family Choreutidae. It is known from Ontario, Quebec and the north-eastern part of the United States.
# Kashinhou

Kashinhou (化審法), short for 化学物質の審査及び製造等の規制に関する法律 (Kagaku Busshitsu no Shinsa Oyobi Seizoutou no Kisei ni Kansuru Houritsu), ("Law Concerning the Examination and Regulation of Manufacture, etc. of Chemical Substances") (Showa Act No. 117, 昭和48年法律第117号) is the current Chemicals and dangerous substances regulation law in Japan. The more concise abbreviated name is 化学物質審査規制法 (Kagaku Busshitsu Shinsa Kiseihou), or "Chemical Substances Control Law". This law featured the world's first new chemical pre-examination system.

## Coverage

This law was established to provide a framework to examine the import, manufacture, and use of industrial chemicals and refractory organic substances for persistence and health consequences, as well as the necessary legal restrictions in order to achieve those aims.

## History

The law has its origins in 1968, with an illness related to polychlorinated biphenyls poisoning in the Kanemi Oil Incident. In 1973, this law was established, radically overturning a prevailing attitude that long term contaminants bioaccumulating in humans was not problematic. Refractory organic substances, highly enriched uranium, and substances that possess long term toxicity to humans were classified as Section 1 Chemical Substances. Section 1 items were banned from manufacture or importation.
In 1986, a Section 2 Chemical Substances was added, which included trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, which had contaminated groundwater. Questionable chemical substances that did not fall into above categories were introduced into a Section 2 Questionable Chemical substances category.
In 1999, the government ministries were reorganized, and the Ministry of the Environment was added as an overseer to the precursor ministries of the current Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
In 2003, under pressure from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, a third Section was created to surveillance of chemical substances harmful to flora and fauna but not to humans.
Regulation, policing, and surveillance of other laws, namely the Poisonous and Deleterious Substance Control Law, Stimulant Control Law, and Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Law were transferred to the current ministries as mentioned above.

## Example of Chemical inventories in various countries/regions

* Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1907/2006 (REACH)
* AICS - Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances
* DSL - Canadian Domestic Substances List
* NDSL - Canadian Non-Domestic Substances List
* KECL (Korean ECL) - Korean Existing Chemicals List
* ENCS (MITI) - Japanese Existing and New Chemical Substances
* PICCS - Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances
* TSCA - US Toxic Substances Control Act
* SWISS - Giftliste 1
* SWISS - Inventory of Notified New Substances
# Services and Citizens' Party

The Services and Citizens' Party was a Victorian political party that was formed in 1943. It was one of the groups that later merged to form the Liberal Party of Australia.
The party was formed to promote the appreciation of service to Australia, and its policies included a unified Australian Army and a National Government during the war. Its candidates for the 1943 election included celebrated Gallipoli veteran Brigadier Edmund Lind, and all of its candidates were required to be servicemen or ex-servicemen. In 1944 it was one of the groups brought together by Robert Menzies to form the Liberal Party of Australia.
# Koetong

Koetong is a locality in north-east Victoria, Australia. The locality, part of the Towong Shire local government area, is on the Murray Valley Highway between Tallangatta and Corryong, 394 kilometres (245 mi) north-east of the state capital, Melbourne, .
Koetong was surveyed in 1885 but not proclaimed until 1952. Tin and gold mining has been sporadically carried out in the area since 1873.
The local state school first opened in 1890 and after several temporary closures, closed permanently in 2003. The town is an access point to nearby Mount Lawson State Park.
# Thallarcha epigypsa

Thallarcha epigypsa is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1902. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from South Australia.
# Charlestown, Pennsylvania

Charlestown is an unincorporated area in Peters Township, in Franklin County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

## History

Charlestown had approximately 50 inhabitants in 1878.
# Siege of Bihać

Siege of Bihać may refer to:
* Siege of Bihać (1992–95), the siege of the city during the Bosnian War
* Siege of Bihać (1592), the siege of the city where the Ottoman Empire took control of it
* Siege of Bihać (1697), a failed Habsburg siege to take it from the Ottomans
# Charlie van Gelderen

Charlie van Gelderen (14 August 1913 – 26 October 2001) was a South African Trotskyist active in the British Labour movement from the 1930s. He attended the founding conference of the Fourth International in 1938, and towards the end of his life he was the last survivor of that conference.
In the 1940s, he played the leading role for the Revolutionary Communist Party's fraction in the Labour Party. He became a leader of the International Marxist Group, and served on the editorial board of its magazine, International. After the break-up of the IMG, he joined the International Socialist Group.
# Charles Piguet

Charles E. Piguet (17 April 1859 – 24 September 1918) was a Swiss tutor. He tutored the sons of Nicholas I of Montenegro and served as the honorary consul of the Kingdom of Montenegro in Switzerland until 1918.

## Life

Piguet was born in Geneva in 1859. He studied medicine.
From 1881 to 1901, Piguet lived in the Montenegrin capital of Cetinje. Here, he tutored the sons of Nicholas I of Montenegro, Princes Danilo, Mirko and Peter.
In 1916, Montenegro established a consular mission in Geneva, and Piguet was considered for the position of honorary consul. He held the position until his death, after which it became vacant. He was the sole consul of Montenegro in Switzerland, since the kingdom was absorbed into the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes shortly after his death.
Piguet also worked as a translator and translated Gordana by the Serbian writer Laza Kostić into French.

## Honors

In 1893, Piguet became an Officer of the French Legion of Honour. He was awarded the Order of the Crown of Italy, Commander class in 1894.

## Mentions

Piguet was mentioned in several travelogues by authors who visited Cetinje.
In her Twenty Years Of Balkan Tangle, Edith Durham recalls Piguet as a "truly tactful man" who would often defuse heated altercations between the Foreign Ministers Plenipotentiary. Henrik Angell describes him in Gjennem Montenegro paa Ski as a "diligent man, working all day despite the cold", as well as a "huge, handsome fellow, naturalized Montenegrin".
In his memoir Bilješke jednog pisca, Simo Matavulj writes of his friendship with Piguet, who he says had a "poetic soul and extensive literary education". He describes Piguet as a "mystic and convinced spiritist", which he preached with "proselytizing zeal".
The Swiss painter William Ritter also mentions Piguet in his travelogue.

## Works

* Le Monténégro, 1905
# Marabella

Marabella is a former town in southern Trinidad, between San Fernando (to the south) and Pointe-à-Pierre (to the north). Early 19th-century maps highlighted it as Marabella Junction because of the railway intersection to Williamsville and other central areas. Originally a separate town, it was incorporated into the City of San Fernando in the 1990s.
Marabella was home to the Union Park Turf Club (a horse racing venue) later converted to the Manny Ramjohn Stadium, one of the five major stadiums in Trinidad and Tobago, the others being the Ato Boldon, Larry Gomes, Hasley Crawford and the Dwight Yorke Stadium.
Nicknamed "The City that Never Sleeps," the city is always active, as its nightlife of food vending and bars goes almost 24/7. Marabella provides a melting-pot for the wide ethnic groups to "lime" and "ole talk".
Marabella's location near the Solomon Hochoy highway and Southern Main Road makes accessibility to all parts of Trinidad easy. This accessibility combined with its commercial infrastructure makes Marabella a prime residential area. Today it is referred to as the "Commercial Hub of Southern Trinidad".
Marabella, like many other middle-class neighbourhoods in Trinidad, does have a contingent of its population living below the poverty line in areas such as Bay Road and "The Old Train Line". Marabella is also known for its highly skilled sports personnel, including Horace Tuitt (track and field).
10°18′N 61°27′W﻿ / ﻿10.300°N 61.450°W﻿ / 10.300; -61.450
# Handball at the 2016 South Asian Games – Men

Men's handball at the 2016 South Asian Games was held in Guwahati, India from 10 to 16 February 2016.

## Preliminary round

All times are India Standard Time (UTC+05:30)

### Group A

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| Pakistan | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 92 | 38 | 54 | 4 |
| Nepal | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 44 | 76 | - 32 | 2 |
| Afghanistan | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 49 | 71 | - 22 | 0 |
| 10 February 2016 | Pakistan | 42-23 | Afghanistan |
| 10 February 2016 | | (21-12) | |
| 11 February 2016 | Afghanistan | 26-29 | Nepal |
| 11 February 2016 | | (13-12) | |
| 12 February 2016 | Pakistan | 50-15 | Nepal |
| 12 February 2016 | | (24-05) | |

### Group B

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| India | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 88 | 33 | 55 | 4 |
| Bangladesh | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 59 | 66 | -7 | 2 |
| Sri Lanka | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 42 | 90 | -48 | 0 |
| 10 February 2016 | India | 48-16 | Sri Lanka |
| 10 February 2016 | | (18-08) | |
| 11 February 2016 | Bangladesh | 42-26 | Sri Lanka |
| 11 February 2016 | | (23-11) | |
| 12 February 2016 | India | 40-17 | Bangladesh |
| 12 February 2016 | | (22-10) | |

## Final round

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Gold medal match | Gold medal match |
| 14 February | 14 February |
| Pakistan | 34 |
| Pakistan | 34 | 15 February | 15 February |
| Bangladesh | 19 | 15 February | 15 February |
| Bangladesh | 19 | Pakistan | 31 |
| 14 February | 14 February | | Pakistan | 31 |
| 14 February | 14 February | India | 32 |
| India | 51 | India | 32 |
| Nepal | 23 | | |
| Nepal | 23 | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match |
| | | 15 February | 15 February |
| | | Bangladesh | 37 |
| | | Nepal | 25 |

### Semifinals

| 14 February 2016 | Pakistan | 34 - 19 | Bangladesh |
| 14 February 2016 | | (20 - 10) | |
| 14 February 2016 | India | 51 - 23 | Nepal |
| 14 February 2016 | | (28-15) | |

### Bronze medal match

| 15 February 2016 | Bangladesh | 37 - 25 | Nepal |
| 15 February 2016 | | (16-15) | |

### Gold medal match

| 15 February 2016 | India | 32 - 31 | Pakistan |
| 15 February 2016 | | (15-11) | |

## Final standing

| Rank | Team |
| | India |
| | Pakistan |
| | Bangladesh |
| 4 | Nepal |
| 5 | Afghanistan |
| 6 | Sri Lanka |
# 2011 Campeonato Internacional de Verano

The 2011 Campeonato Internacional de Verano, also known as Copa Bimbo for sponsoring purposes, is the third edition of the Campeonato Internacional de Verano, an exhibition international club football competition that featured two clubs from Uruguay (Nacional and Peñarol), one from Paraguay (Libertad) and one from Argentina (Vélez Sársfield). It is played in Montevideo, Uruguay at the Estadio Centenario from 14 to 16 January 2011.

## Bracket

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| Libertad | 1 |
| Vélez Sársfield | 0 | | |
| Vélez Sársfield | 0 | Libertad | 2 (3) |
| | | Nacional (pen.) | 2 (5) |
| Nacional (pen.) | 2 (5) | Nacional (pen.) | 2 (5) |
| Peñarol | 2 (3) | | |
| Peñarol | 2 (3) | Third place | Third place |
| | | Vélez Sársfield | 2 (2) |
| | | Peñarol (pen.) | 2 (4) |

## Matches
### Final

| Libertad | Nacional |
LIBERTAD: :
| GK | 12 | Tobías Vargas |
| RB | 11 | Carlos Bonet |
| CB | 14 | Pedro Sarabia (c) |
| CB | 22 | Ignacio Canuto |
| LB | 15 | Miguel Samudio | 83' |
| DM | 18 | Víctor Cáceres |
| LW | 27 | Jorge González | 71' |
| AM | 16 | Sergio Aquino |
| LW | 23 | Rodolfo Gamarra |
| FW | 20 | Manuel Maciel | 67' |
| FW | 29 | Ángel Orué |
| Substitutes: |||
| GK | 1 | Bernardo Medina |
| DF | 3 | Arnaldo Vera | 83' |
| MF | 5 | Víctor Ayala | 71' |
| FW | 19 | Nelson Romero | 67' |
| Manager: |||
| Gregorio Pérez ||||
NACIONAL: :
| GK | 1 | Leonardo Burián |
| CB | 18 | Gonzalo Godoy |
| CB | 19 | Sebastián Coates (c) | 14' | 58' |
| CB | 2 | Alejandro Lembo |
| DM | 23 | Facundo Píriz | | 27' |
| AM | 22 | Mauricio Pereyra |
| AM | 14 | Robert Flores | | 48' |
| AM | 8 | Matías Cabrera |
| FW | 11 | Horacio Peralta | | 46' |
| FW | 20 | Santiago García |
| FW | 10 | Tabaré Viudez | | 67' |
| Substitutes: |||
| GK | 25 | Rodrigo Muñoz |
| DF | 3 | Alexis Rolín | | 58' |
| DF | 15 | Julián Perujo |
| MF | 5 | Anderson Silva | 40' | 27' |
| MF | 17 | Maximiliano Calzada | | 48' |
| FW | 7 | Martín Cauteruccio | | 67' |
| FW | 9 | Jonathan Charquero |
| FW | 24 | Richard Porta | | 46' |
| Manager: |||
| Juan Ramón Carrasco ||||
Man of the match: Leonardo Burián Assistant referees: Miguel Nievas Carlos Pastorino Fourth official: Líber Prudente
* Copa Bimbo 2011 Winners
* Nacional 2nd title

## Scorers

2 goals
* Richard Porta (Nacional)
1 goal
* Rodolfo Gamarra (Libertad)
* Alejandro Martinuccio (Peñarol)
* Sebastián Coates (Nacional)
* Gabriel Alcoba (Peñarol)
* Gastón Díaz (Vélez Sársfield)
* Iván Bella (Vélez Sársfield)
* Juan Manuel Olivera (Peñarol)
* Diego Alonso (Peñarol)
* Santiago García (Nacional)
* Víctor Aquino (Libertad)
* Ignacio Canuto (Libertad)
# Charles Jacques Bouchard

Charles Jacques Bouchard (6 September 1837 – 28 October 1915) was a French pathologist and an esperantist born in Montier-en-Der, a commune the department of Haute-Marne.

## Biography

He studied medicine in Lyon and Paris, where he obtained his doctorate in 1866. In 1874 he became a physician at Bicêtre Hospital, and in 1879 was appointed chair of general pathology. In 1886, he became a member of the Academie de Médecine.
Bouchard is remembered for his work with infectious and nutritional diseases. He was a student of Jean Charcot at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, and with Charcot described a disorder that would later be known as a "Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm". It is described as a small aneurysm on cerebral perforated vessels that could be the cause of intracranial hemorrhages. Bouchard wrote about the aneurysm in his doctorate thesis Étude sur quelques points de la pathogénie des hémorrhagies cérébrales. Bouchard promoted a theory of intestinal autointoxication.
His name is also lent to the eponymous "Bouchard's nodes", which are bony outgrowths of the proximal interphalangeal joints, and are a sign of osteoarthritis.

## Selected publications

He was the author of Traité de Pathologie Générale, a compendium of medical pathology, and also "Lectures on Auto-Intoxication in Disease, or Self-Poisoning of the Individual". Other noted writings by Bouchard are as follows:
* Études expérimentales sur l'identité de l'herpès circiné et de l'herpès tonsurant, 1860
* Des dégenerations secondaires de la moëlle épinière, 1866
* Étude sur quelques points de la pathogénie des hémorrhagies cérébrales, 1866
* Les auto-intoxications, 1866 translated as Lectures on auto-intoxication in disease, 1894
* De la pathogénie des hémorrhagies, 1869
* Questions relatives à la reforme des études médicales, 1907.
# Margaret Williamson Rea

Margaret Williamson Rea (1875 – 17 April 1954) was an Irish botanist.

## Life

Margaret Williamson Rea was born in Belfast in 1875, the eldest daughter of Robert and Eleanor Rea. She studied at Queen's University Belfast (QUB), graduating with a B.Sc. in 1919, followed by an M.Sc. in 1921. She published a number of papers in the New Phytologist and Protoplasma, two co-authored with Prof. James Small; another was based on her masters thesis, Stomata and Hydathodes in Campanula rotundifolia L., and their Relations to Environment, and in it she acknowledges Professor R. H. Yapp, "at whose suggestion the work was commenced". She also co-authored at least one paper with Margarita D. Stelfox. She specialised in the collection and description of Mycetozoa, recording a number of her records in the Irish Naturalists' Journal. Some specimens collected by Rea are held in the National University of Ireland, Galway. Others form part of the Stelfox Collection in the herbarium of the Ulster Museum.
She joined the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club in 1907 and in 1918/1919, when her address was given as Salem House, Sydenham, Belfast, was one of its two secretaries, alongside Dr. (later Professor) J. K. Charlesworth of QUB. In the 1924 membership list of the British Mycological Society, which she joined in 1920, her address was again given as Salem House. She died suddenly in hospital, on 17 April 1954.