OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Torymus druparum

Torymus druparum, the apple-seed chalcid, is a species of parasitoid wasp. The species is found in Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Central Asia, and North America.

## Description

Torymus druparum has a bronze-green body and transparent wings. The primary part of antennae and legs (with the exception of the coxa) are a reddish yellow. The tarsi are a light yellow. The hindthighs have a metallic shine. Females are 3.5–4mm long, while males are 3–3.4mm long. The ovipositor is approximately 1.5 of the body length. The female-to-male ratio of the species is approximately 3-to-1.

## Behaviour

Torymus druparum is a common parasitoid on seeds of apples, pears, Crataegus, and Sorbus. Within the apples, the eggs are inserted into the young seed through the micropyle when the apple is still small, with the larvae feeding on the kernel. T. druparum usually spends two or three winters in the larval state, though rarely emerging during the first spring as well.
Within the human-cultivated apples, T. druparum is a frequent pest on Lady apples and crab apples due to their smaller size allowing easier penetration with the ovipositor. The only visible effect of infestation is caused by the puncturing of the skin by the ovipositor, appearing as a minute scar in a small dimple after a few days. In most cases, the fruit is able to outgrow the injury, however in rarer cases of sparse fruit or repeated puncturing, this can cause permanent dimpling and discoloured streaks on the flesh. It is also common to mistake infestating by other species (such as Lygidea mendax or Heterocordylus malinus) as being caused by T. druparum. Only the Lady apple is subject to heavy infestation: in a 1914 study, Cyrus R. Crosby found that two thirds of inspected lady apples were infested with the wasp. In contrast, in orchards containing Grimes Golden only a quarter of apples have been discovered infested, while only a single apple each of Ben Davis and Missouri have been discovered infested.
# Tennis at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games

The tennis competition at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games was held in Cartagena, Colombia.

## Medal summary
### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Singles | Jhonson García (DOM) | Yohny Romero (VEN) | Víctor Estrella (DOM) Pablo González (COL) |
| Doubles | Michael Quintero and Carlos Salamanca (COL) | Víctor Estrella and Jhonson García (DOM) | Ricardo Chile and Sandor Martínez (CUB) Daniel Garza and Carlos Palencia (MEX) |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Singles | Kristina Brandi (PUR) | Milagros Sequera (VEN) | Daniela Múñoz Gallegos (MEX) Melissa Torres Sandoval (MEX) |
| Doubles | Mariana Muci and Milagros Sequera (VEN) | Yanet Núñez Mojarena and Yamilé Fors (CUB) | Erika Clarke and Valeria Pulido (MEX) Kristina Brandi and Vilmarie Castellvi (PUR) |

### Mixed event

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Doubles | Yohny Romero and Milagros Sequera (VEN) | Gilberto Álvarez and Vilmarie Castellvi (PUR) | Ricardo Chile and Yamilé Fors (CUB) Víctor Estrella and Daysi Espinal (DOM) |
# Mycosphaerella cruenta

Mycosphaerella cruenta, also called Pseudocercosopora cruenta in its asexual stage, is a fungal plant pathogen belonging to the group Ascomycota. It can affect several legume plants, including species of Phaseolus, Vigna, Calopogonium, Lablab niger, Mucuna and Stizolobium deeringianum [Mucuna pruriens]. It causes cowpea cercospora leaf spot, one of the most widespread and significant plant diseases in Africa and Asia. A city in China reported a 100% Mycosphaerella cruenta infection rate on cowpea in 2014[5]. In Africa, an epidemic can cause a yield loss of up to 40% [3].

## Symptoms and signs

Cercospora leaf spots of cowpea begin as small, lighter coloured areas, almost yellow. Later they become bronze to dark grey, roughly circular to more elongated and up to 10 mm across [3]. There will be chlorotic spots on upper surfaces of leaves, masses of spores on lesions which resemble black mats on lower leaf surface, and necrotic spots on leaves [7]. The leaf spot has a unique grey to dark powdery appearance that can distinct it from septoria leafspot and ascochyta blight. The leaf withers as the spots join together. Leaves then die and fall off [3]. In severe cases, only a few new leaves on the top of the plant are left [4].
More signs can be found under microscope [6]:
Conidia can be taken from the black mats on lower leaf surface of infected leaves. These obclavate-cylindrical and slightly flexuous conidia have 4 to 9 septa, appearing as smooth, colourless to olivaceous brown, of size 35-155 × 4–4.5 μm.
Asci, when sighted, are fasciculate, cylindric-clavate, and bitunicate. 8-spored, size 35-60 × 7-15 μm.
Ascospores colourless, 1-septate, upper cell sometimes slightly larger than the lower cell, straight to slightly curved, size at 11-19 × 3-4 μm.

## Lifecycle

The fungus survives between crops on seed and in crop debris. It may also survive on legume weeds [8]. Transmission is by air-borne spores produced on the underside of the leaf [3]. Both windborne ascospores and conidia are thought to be spreading agents [2].

## Management and control

There are resistant cowpea varieties. Resistance has also been found in mung bean varieties [8]. Planting of resistant varieties is so far considered the main and most important method for controlling this disease [3].
Manual seed cleaning, to remove plant debris, will prevent carry-over of the fungus for farmers who save seeds for the next season. Burying or destroying the remains of a cowpea harvest will reduce the amount of fungus able to infect new crops, as will removing alternative hosts, but these are costly and time-consuming measures which may not appeal to, or be feasible for, all farmers.
Intercropping by planting alternate rows of cowpea and another suitable non-legume crop, such as maize or sorghum, will limit spread of the disease within a field but not eliminate it. [3]
If susceptible varieties are grown, and weather conditions occur that experience suggests will result in disease outbreaks, spray with mancozeb. Begin after the crop has flowered and pods have started to develop. The number of sprays should be limited to 2-3 per crop [8].
# Carole Cole (disambiguation)

Carole Cole (1944–2009) was an American actress and music producer.
Carole Cole may also refer to:
* Carol Cole (1963–1980), American murder victim
* Carroll Cole (1938–1985), American serial killer
# Montenegro at the 2024 Summer Paralympics

Montenegro competed at the 2024 Summer Paralympics in Paris, France, from 28 August to 8 September.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| Bronze | Filip Radović | Table tennis | Men's individual C10 | 3 September |

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| Athletics | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Shooting | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Table tennis | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| Total | 3 | 1 | 4 |

## Athletics

Montenegrin track and field athletes achieved quota places for the following events based on their results at the 2023 World Championships, 2024 World Championships, or through high performance allocation, as long as they meet the minimum entry standard (MES).

### Key

* Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* Q = Qualified for the next round
* q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* DQ = Disqualified
* PR = Paralympic Record
* AR = Area (or continental) Record
* NR = National Record
* SB = Season's Best
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
| Athlete | Event | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Distance | Position |
| Maja Rajković | Women's javelin throw F54 | 12.63 | 6 |

## Shooting

Montenegro entered one para-shooter's after achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2022, 2023 and 2024 world cup, 2022 World Championships and 2023 World Championships as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by May 31, 2024.

### Mixed

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Milan Đinović | R3 Mixed 10 metre air rifle prone SH1 | 629.3 | 26 | Did not advance | Did not advance |

## Table tennis

Montenegro entered two athletes for the Paralympic games. All of them qualified for the games through the allocations of the final ITTF world ranking.
| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | Final / BM |
| Athlete | Event | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Rank |
| Filip Radović | Men's individual C10 | — | Bye | Echaveguren (CHI) W 3–0 | Lian (CHN) L 1–3 | Did not advance | |
| Luka Bakić | Men's individual C10 | — | Funayama (JPN) L 0–3 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | =9 |
# Humphrey Southern

Humphrey Ivo John Southern (born 17 September 1960) is a British Anglican bishop. From 2007 to 2015, he was Bishop of Repton, a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Derby. In April 2015 he was appointed Principal of Ripon College Cuddesdon, an Anglican theological college.

## Early life

Southern was born on 17 September 1960. He was educated at Harrow School, an all-boys public school in London, England. He studied history at Christ Church, Oxford and graduated from the University of Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1982. After a period of study at Ripon College Cuddesdon he was ordained in 1987.

## Ordained ministry

Southern was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1986 and as a priest in 1987. His career began with curacies at St Margaret's, Rainham (1986–1990) and St Mary’s, St Aiden & St Nathanael Walton-on-the-Hill, Liverpool (1990–1992). After these, he was Vicar of Hale (1992–1996), then Team Rector of the same (1996–1999) and also of Badshot Lea (1997–1999). At the same time he was Ecumenical Officer for the Diocese of Guildford (1992–1999). He was then Team Rector of Tisbury (1999–2001) and of the Nadder Valley Team Ministry (2001–2007), both in the Diocese of Salisbury. He was also Rural Dean of Chalke (2000–2007) and an Honorary Canon and Prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral (2006–2007).

### Episcopal ministry

Southern was consecrated a bishop on 31 May 2007 at St Paul's Cathedral and installed as Bishop of Repton on 9 June 2007. On 18 November 2014, it was announced that he would succeed Martyn Percy as Principal of Ripon College Cuddesdon. He took up the appointment on 1 April 2015. He has also been an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Oxford since 2015.

## Marriage and adult life

A long-term keeper of the English Bull Terrier which he and his family take on walks, Southern is married to Emma with two daughters.

## Styles

* Humphrey Southern Esq (1960–1987)
* The Revd Humphrey Southern (1987–2006)
* The Revd Canon Humphrey Southern (2006–2007)
* The Rt Revd Humphrey Southern (2007–present)
# Buddy Elrod

Ervin B. "Buddy" Elrod (October 28, 1918 – June 13, 1998) was an American football player. He attended the Mississippi State University and played college football for the Mississippi State Bulldogs football team. He played at the end position for the Bulldogs and was selected by the Associated Press, Central Press Association, New York Sun and Liberty magazine as a first-team player on the 1940 College Football All-America Team. He signed with the Philadelphia Eagles in 1941 but did not play in any games. He entered the military in 1942. He was inducted into the Mississippi State Sports Hall of Fame in 1971 and the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.
# Edwin Cooper (artist)

Edwin Cooper (1 January 1785 – 1833) was an English artist, known for his work in painting animals. He was an honorary member of the Norwich Society, and is considered to be one of the Norwich School of painters.

## Life

Edwin Cooper was born on 1 January 1785, the son of Daniel Cooper and his wife Martha Hockley, and was baptised at St. James' Church, Bury St. Edmunds. He studied under his father, a professional miniaturist who taught drawing at a school. During his career he exhibited nearly 100 works of art: 200 of his paintings were exhibited by the Norwich Society after his death.
# Custos Rotulorum of Lancashire

This is an incomplete list of people who have served as Custos Rotulorum of Lancashire.
* Bartilmew Hesketh c.1535
* Sir John Holcroft 1547–1560
* Sir Richard Molyneux, 1st Baronet by 1598–1623
* Sir Richard Molyneux by 1627–1630
* James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby by 1636
* Interregnum 1646–1660
* Richard Kirkby 1664–1681
* Caryll Molyneux, 3rd Viscount Molyneux c.1685–1689
* Hon Charles Gerard 1689–1701
* James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby 1702–1710
* James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton 1710–1712
* vacant
* James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby 1714–1736
The office was permanently joined with that of Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire before 1834.
# Chávez High School

Chávez High School can refer to several schools in the United States:
* Chávez Huerta K-12 Preparatory Academy (Pueblo, Colorado)
* Chávez High School (Delano, California)
* Chávez High School (Houston)
* César Chávez High School (Phoenix, Arizona)
* Chávez High School (Santa Ana, California)
* Cesar Chavez High School (Stockton, California)
* César Chávez Learning Academies (San Fernando, California)
# Jeanneau Yachts 53

The Jeanneau Yachts 53, or Jeanneau 53, is a French sailboat that was designed by Philippe Briand as a cruiser and first built in 2008. It was also sold as the Sunsail 53.
The design replaced the 2004 Sun Odyssey 54 DS in the company product line.

## Production

The design was built by Jeanneau in France, starting in 2008, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The Jeanneau Yachts 53 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. The deck has balsa panels for a core and is injection-molded. It has a fractional sloop rig, a nearly-plumb stem, a reverse transom with steps and a swimming platform, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by dual wheels and a fixed fin keel or optional shoal-draft keel. It displaces 32,926 lb (14,935 kg) and carries 10,990 lb (4,985 kg) of cast iron ballast or 11,852 lb (5,376 kg) of ballast in the shoal draft model.
A tall rig "performance" version was also built, with a mast about 5 ft (1.5 m) taller.
The boat has a draft of 7.48 ft (2.28 m) with the standard keel and 5.83 ft (1.78 m) with the optional shoal draft keel.
The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar 4JH4-HTE diesel engine of 110 hp (82 kW) for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds 63 U.S. gallons (240 L; 52 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 251 U.S. gallons (950 L; 209 imp gal).
The design was available with several different interior arrangements, with two, three and four cabins. Depending on the number of cabins it has sleeping accommodation for four to eight people. Both the bow and stern may have one or two cabins, each with a double berth. The main salon has a U-shaped settee and a straight settee. The galley is located on the port side just forward of the companionway ladder and is J-shaped. A navigation station is opposite the galley, on the starboard side. Two to four heads may be installed, normally one for each cabin fitted. There is a large sail locker in the bow which can also be used as a crew cabin.
The design has a hull speed of 9.07 kn (16.80 km/h).

## Operational history

In a 2010 review for Cruising World, Bill Springer wrote, "I think Jeanneau is on to something with its new line of yachts. The 53 is spacious, stylish, and sails well. The 57 has even more elbowroom, more sophisticated systems, larger battery capacity, and the dinghy “garage,” but both boats are designed to do the same thing: provide all the luxury of a big boat without the relatively big big-boat price tag."
In a 2017 review for Sail Magazine, Charles Doane wrote, "We sailed the 53 in open water off Miami Beach in 10-12 knots of wind. Our boat was equipped with an in-mast furling mainsail with no battens and a 125 percent genoa. Given the less-than-optimal main (in terms of performance) and the lack of proper downwind sails, I was pleasantly surprised by how well we did. We made our best speed to windward, about 6.5 knots, close-hauled at an apparent wind angle of about 40 degrees. Pinching a bit we could maintain 5.4 knots at an angle of 35 degrees. On a broad reach we hit 5.3 knots in spite of the reduced apparent wind."
# Idopterum novaepommeraniae

Idopterum novaepommeraniae is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Strand in 1922. It is found on the Bismarck Archipelago.
# Chloropaschia lativalva

Chloropaschia lativalva is a species of snout moth in the genus Chloropaschia. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1956 and is known from Venezuela.
# Humphrey St John-Mildmay

Humphrey St John-Mildmay (1794–1853) was an English merchant banker and politician, a partner with Baring Brothers.

## Life

St John-Mildmay joined the Coldstream Guards and served as a captain in the Peninsular War. After marrying Anne Baring, daughter of Alexander Baring in 1823 he was offered a partnership in the family bank. They had one child, Humphrey Francis St John-Mildmay (1825–1866)
St John-Mildmay was also appointed a Director of the Bank of England. He was Conservative MP for Southampton, Hampshire. He spoke and voted against the Slave Trade Suppression Bill in 1843.
He lived at Mount Clare, Roehampton from 1830–32.
Parliament of the United Kingdom :
| Preceded byLord Bruce Charles Cecil Martyn | Member of Parliament for Southampton 1842–1847 With: George William Hope | Succeeded bySir Alexander Cockburn, Bt Brodie McGhie Willcox |
# Chris Carmichael

Chris Carmichael may refer to:
* Chris Carmichael (cyclist) (born 1961), American cycling, triathlon and endurance sports coach, and former Olympic cyclist
* Chris Carmichael (musician) (born 1962), American musician and arranger
* A fictional person of this name appeared in the early series of The Lucy Show
# National Tsing Hua University Scientific Research Industrialization Platform of Five Universities Alliance

National Tsing Hua University Scientific Research Industrialization Platform of Five Universities Alliance (Chinese: 清華五校聯盟; "Tsinghua Big Five Alliance") is a platform for industrialization of scientific research (industry-university alliance) supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST), with the National Tsing Hua University (NTHU) in Hsinchu as the head, and the integration of five universities.

## Organization

National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), in line with the policy of the Ministry of Science and Technology, promotes the development of "industrial demand-oriented", "cutting-edge technology research and development", "multi-industry cooperation themes" and "industrialization of scientific research results" in Taiwan's industry-university cooperation. On January 27, 2021, five major universities in Taiwan including NTHU form an alliance.
The five universities have formed teams with complementary fields, and cooperated with each other to develop technology and cultivate talents in major fields (below), and build an industry-university cooperation model of "enterprise questions and schools solve problems".
| # | Institution | Abbr. | City | Major fields | URL |
| 1 | National Tsing Hua University | NTHU | Hsinchu | Information technology, Biotechnology | Homepage |
| 2 | National Chengchi University | NCCU | Taipei | Financial technology、Corporate governance | Homepage |
| 3 | Fu Jen Catholic University | FJCU | New Taipei | Biomedicine | Homepage |
| 4 | Feng Chia University | FCU | Taichung | National security technologies, Human ecology | Homepage |
| 5 | Tamkang University | TKU | New Taipei | Renewable energy | Homepage |

## History

* January 27, 2021: The alliance was formed.
* June 2021: Fu Jen Catholic University (FJCU) and National Tsing Hua University (NTHU) "SPARK Taiwan Program" began to call for applications.
* September 2021: FJCU and Eastern Media International (EMI) signed a contract to establish the "Fu Jen-EMI Health Industry-Academia Center" and "Fu Jen-EMI Smart Data Center". Representatives from the five universities jointly observed the ceremony.
* November 2021:
** 2021 Japan-Taiwan Symposium. The president of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JST), Michijo Hamaguchi, and Kyoto University, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, FJCU, and NTHU presidents, vice presidents and scholars (including Nobel-level scholar Susumu Kitagawa) attended the meeting.
** The Alliance exhibited at BioASIA International Conference & Exhibition.

## COVID-19 rapid test service

In response to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the Alliance has been established to provide rapid test services to domestic enterprises, which will be implemented by Fu Jen Catholic University and Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital.
# Torbeno of Arborea

Torbeno or Turbino was the eldest son and successor of Orzocorre I as Judge of Arborea from about 1100 until his death.
His mother was Nivata or Nibatta or Nivatora. Torbeno himself married Anna de Lacon and was the father of Orzocorre II, who succeeded him.
Torbeno, with his son, signed a charter permitting his mother Nivata to dispose of the castles of Nuraghe Nigellu and Massone de Capras, which she had built, as she wished. She gave them to the Holy Roman Emperor, whom she states to have been Torbeno's suzerain, in perpetuity. According to another charter, which calls Torbeno "de Lacon" and his wife "de Zori," he purchased a red horse from Constantine "Dorrubu" (de Orrubu) at the cost of some slaves and some land in the vicinity of Nuraghe Nigello, which implies that perhaps Constantine was placed in charge of those places by Nivata. Some have supposed that this last charter was belonged to another Torbeno who was Judge of Arborea about the same time. Perhaps Orzocorre I was also called Torbeno.
Torbeno's charters are subscribed by the curators of Oristano, Valenza, Milis, Fortoriani (Fordongianos), and Usellus. The curator of Valenza was Comita of the powerful Lacon family to which Torbeno was related by marriage. The family was the most powerful in Sardinia at the time.

## Sources

* Manno, Giuseppe (1835). Storia di Sardegna. P.M. Visaj.
* Fara, G. F. De Rebus Sardois, II, "Arborenses judices."
| Preceded byOrzocorre I | Judge of Arborea c. 1100 | Succeeded byOrzocorre II |
* This biography of an Italian noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e