OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gardenesque

The term gardenesque was introduced by John Claudius Loudon (1783–1843) in 1832 to describe a style of planting design in accordance with his 'Principle of Recognition'.

## Definitions

Loudon was worried that picturesque planting could be mistaken for natural growth and argued that for a planting design to be recognizable as a work of art only exotic plants should be used. Later in his career Loudon accepted several other ways of making planting recognizable as art (1) by removing surrounding plants so that a perfect form of the plant was grown (2) by 'high keeping' (intensive maintenance) in a garden (3) by planting in geometrical beds. Though Loudon was clear about his reasons for introducing the gardenesque he gave varied accounts of how the principle could be satisfied. This has given the word a modern English usage which conforms with the etymology of the word ('like a garden') but differs from Loudon's uses of the word. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the following definitions:
   Partaking of the character of a garden; somewhat resembling a garden or what belongs to a garden.
The OED then gives several quotes illustrating various usages of the term:
* 1838 Loudon. Arboretium Brit., The expression of gardenesque beauty, in individual trees differs from the picturesque, in being . . at all times regular or symmetrical
* 1839 — Repton's Landsc. Garden (1840) Introd. 8 This change has given rise to a school we call Gardenesque; the characteristic feature of which is the display of the beauty of trees, and other plants individually.
* 1880-1 Libr. Univ. Knowl. (N.Y.) XI. 306 [Boston Common 'public garden'] is kept in gardenesque style as an arboretum and botanical garden.
* 1881 Gard. Chron No. 417.816 An attempt to give a sort of gardenesque character to a slope within view of the Castle by planting dwarf hardy shrubs in a formal arrangement of beds.
* 1896 Punch 29 Aug. 100/2 No, by heavens, let the gardenesque perish Ere ever I axe that familiar old thorn!

## Modern business

The use of the word gardenesque in UK business has been trademarked by the British e-commerce brand Gardenesque.com.
# Arthur Collins (judge)

Sir Arthur John Hammond Collins (14 February 1834 – 12 September 1915) was an English colonial judge who was Chief Justice of Madras.
He was born the son of John Collins and Louisa Strong Collins of Parkstone, Dorset. He was educated at Oxford University and studied law at Gray's Inn, where he was called to the bar in 1860. He was also a barrister at the Middle Temple and made Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1877. He was Treasurer of Gray's Inn in 1883 and again in 1905.
He served as Recorder of Poole from 1873 to 1879 and as Recorder of Exeter from 1879 to 1885. He was also the Chief Royal Commissioner on the inquiry into corrupt practices at the City of Chester elections. In 1885 he was appointed Chief Justice at the Madras High Court and knighted at Osborne House before he left for India. He held the post of Chief Justice until 1899, also acting as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Madras from 1889 to 1899.
He died at his home in Kensington in 1915. He had married Isabella, daughter of the Rev. Richard Wilson.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Arthur Collins :
* CrestA camel’s head erased Argent.
* EscutcheonVert a griffin segreant Or on a canton Gules a fleur-de-lis Argent.
* MottoSermoni Consona Facta
# Strzyżew

Strzyżew may refer to the following places:
* Strzyżew, Ostrów Wielkopolski County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Strzyżew, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Strzyżew, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Strzyżew, Pleszew County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
# Garfield Township, Buffalo County, Nebraska

Garfield Township is one of twenty-six townships in Buffalo County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 270 at the 2000 census. A 2006 estimate placed the township's population at 266.
# Shelf-stable food

Shelf-stable food (sometimes ambient food) is food of a type that can be safely stored at room temperature in a sealed container. This includes foods that would normally be stored refrigerated, but which have been processed so that they can be safely stored at room or ambient temperature for a usefully long shelf life.
Various food preservation and packaging techniques are used to extend a food's shelf life. Decreasing the amount of available water in a product, increasing its acidity, or irradiating or otherwise sterilizing the food and then sealing it in an air-tight container are all ways of depriving bacteria of suitable conditions in which to thrive. All of these approaches can extend a food's shelf life, often without unacceptably changing its taste or texture.
For some foods, alternative ingredients can be used. Common oils and fats become rancid relatively quickly if not refrigerated; replacing them with hydrogenated oils delays the onset of rancidity, increasing shelf life. This is a common approach in industrial food production, but concerns about health hazards associated with trans fats have led to their strict control in several jurisdictions. Even where trans fats are not prohibited, in many places there are new labeling laws (or rules), which require information to be printed on packages, or to be published elsewhere, about the amount of trans fat contained in certain products.

## Packaging

Package sterility and seal integrity are vital for commercially packaged shelf-stable food products. With flexible packaging (plastic films, foils, laminates, etc), the choice of materials and process conditions are an important decision for packaging engineers.
All aspects of food production, package filling and sealing must be tightly controlled and meet regulatory requirements. Uniformity, sterility and other requirements are needed to maintain good manufacturing practices.
Product safety management is vital. A complete quality management system must be in place. Verification and validation involves collecting documentary evidence of all aspects of compliance. Quality assurance extends beyond the packaging operations through distribution.

## Examples
### Canning and bottling

Commercial canning involves cooking food and sealing it in sterilized tin cans. Home canning (or bottling) uses glass jars, such as Kilner jars or Mason jars, and boiling the containers to sterilize the contents.

### Retort pouch

Retort pouches involve heat processing the food in sterilized heat-stable flexible packages. This is used for camping food and military field rations.

### Ranch dressing

The first shelf-stable formulation of ranch dressing, created in 1983, had a shelf life of 150 days.

### Milk products

Pasteurized milk in aseptically processed cartons (such as Tetra Brik) is shelf-stable without refrigeration.

### Fruit juice

Fruit juice can be processed with proper pasteurization to allow shelf-stable options.
# Stuart Rothenberg

Stuart Rothenberg (born 1948) is an American editor, publisher, and political analyst. He is best known for his biweekly political newsletter The Rothenberg Political Report, now known as Inside Elections. He was also a regular columnist at Roll Call and an occasional op-ed contributor to other publications, including The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and The Orlando Sentinel.

## Biography

Rothenberg lived in Waterville, Maine, while attending Colby College before relocating to Connecticut to earn his Ph.D. at the University of Connecticut. For a time, he settled in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, to teach political science at Bucknell University. He also taught at the Catholic University of America.
In addition to his writing, he has been frequently featured in news broadcasts and worked with CNN as a political analyst for over ten years. He has served as a political analyst for CBS News and Voice of America. He is also a guest contributor for Political Wire.
Rothenberg is known for his prediction in early 2009 that the GOP's chances of winning back the U.S. House of Representatives in 2010 were "zero". Rothenberg later would change his prediction as the economy worsened and polls reflected increasing support for Republicans through the Tea Party protests. The Rothenberg Political Report projected Republicans would gain 55–65 seats in the House of Representatives (they gained 63) and 6–8 seats in the Senate (they gained 6).
In the weeks before the election of Donald Trump as U.S. President, Rothenberg wrote an opinion piece for The Washington Post headlined "Trump's path to an electoral college victory isn't narrow. It’s nonexistent". Rothenberg stated, "Pennsylvania, Michigan and Wisconsin, once part of the Trump scenario, have never been 'in play'". Trump would go on to win all three of the battleground states.
In 2015, the Rothenberg Political Report changed its name to The Rothenberg & Gonzales Political Report, with long-time collaborator Nathan Gonzales taking over as editor and publisher. In 2017, the publication was renamed to Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales. Despite the name change, Rothenberg continued to work with Inside Elections as a senior editor.
Rothenberg is married and the father of two children. He is currently a resident of Potomac, Maryland.
# Styloctenium

Styloctenium (known as stripe-faced fruit bat or stripe-faced flying fox) is a genus of stripe-faced fruit bat in the Pteropodidae (megabat) family. It comprises the following species:
* Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat, Styloctenium mindorensis
* Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat, Styloctenium wallacei
# Jan Waszkiewicz

Jan Waszkiewicz (June 24, 1944 – March 25, 2021) was a Polish politician and regional official, academic, and marshal of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship.
He graduated from the University of Wrocław in 1966. After graduating, he worked at the Pedagogical University in Opole, then moved to the Wrocław University, where he worked until 1969. For the next three years he was a doctoral student at the Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw. He obtained his doctorate from Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in 1972, based on the work On the theory of products of generalized relational systems written under the direction Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski. In 1972, he returned to Wrocław and started working at the Wrocław University of Technology. In 1990, he also defended the dissertation Cultural dependencies of the genesis of mathematics before the council of the Faculty of Philosophy and History of the Jagiellonian University, obtaining the degree of habilitated doctor. His papers are referenced in the mathematical databases. From 2001, he was a professor at the Institute of Organization and Management of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology.
Waszkiewicz was recognized by the Samuel Dickstein Prize of Polish Mathematical Society
Between 1979 and 1990 he was the chief co-editor, together with Kornel Morawiecki of the anti-communist underground newspaper Biuletyn Dolnośląski.
Waszkiewicz died of COVID-19 in Wrocław on March 25, 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland.
# Sheriff of Clackmannan

The Sheriff of Clackmannan was historically the office responsible for enforcing law and order in Clackmannan, Scotland and bringing criminals to justice. Prior to 1748 most sheriffdoms were held on a hereditary basis. From that date, following the Jacobite uprising of 1745, the hereditary sheriffs were replaced by salaried sheriff-deputes, qualified advocates who were members of the Scottish Bar.
Following mergers the sheriff became the Sheriff of Clackmannan & Stirling in 1747, Sheriff of Clackmannan & Kinross in 1807 and the Sheriff of Linlithgow, Clackmannan & Kinross in 1865. Following further reorganisation in 1881 Clackmannan became part of the Sheriffdom of Stirling, Dumbarton & Clackmannan.

## Sheriffs of Clackmannan

* Gille Muire (1164)
* Alexander de Stirling (1200-1207)
* William Bissett (1303-1304)
* Malcolm de Inverpefer (1304-1305)
* Henry de Anand (1305-1306)
* John de Stirling (1306)
* Henry de Anand (1328)
* John de Monteith (1353-1382)
* William Menteith (1382)
* John Menteith (1470)
* John Schaw of Alweth (1489)
* William Menteith of Kers (1489)
* William Livingston (1631)
* Thomas Hope, (1638-1651)
* Protectorate
* Sir Alexander Hope, (1662–66) (resigned)
* Henry Bruce, (1668-1674)
* David Bruce, (1674–c.1693) (deprived as Jacobite)
* Robert Stewart, (1698)
* William Morrison, (1698-1700)
* no record, (1700-1712)
* William Dalrymple, (1712–1742)
* William Dalrymple, Earl of Dumfries, (1742–1747)

## Sheriffs of Clackmannan and Stirling (1747)

* 1748 - Clackmannan combined with Stirling
* David Walker, 1748–1761
* Robert Bruce, 1761–1764
* George Cockburn (later Haldane), 1764–1770
* Alexander Abercromby, Lord Abercromby, 1770–1780
* John Pringle, 1780–1790
* William Tait, 1790–1797
* David Williamson (later Robertson Ewart), 1797–1807 )

## Sheriffs of Clackmannan and Kinross (1807)

* Clackmannan separated from Stirling and combined with Kinross
* Sir James Moncreiff, Lord Moncrieff, 1808–1829
* John Tait, 1830–1865

## Sheriffs of Linlithgow

* William St. Clair (1264)
* William St. Clair (1290)
* James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, 1600–
* Sir William Hope of Grantown, 1682–1702
* Charles Hope, 1702–1742
* John Hope, 1742–1747

### Sheriffs-Depute (1748)

* John Gillon of Wellhouse, 1748–
* William Baillie, 1772–1793
* David Hume, 1793–>1808
* Joshua Henry MacKenzie, 1811–?1822
* John Cay, 1822–1865

## Sheriffs of Linlithgow, Clackmannan and Kinross, (1865)

* John Tait, 1865–1866
* George Monro, 1866–1881
* Sheriffdom divided in 1881 between the three new sheriffdoms of The Lothians, Stirling, Dumbarton & Clackmannan and Fife & Kinross
# Stromboid notch

The stromboid notch is an anatomical feature which is found in the shell of one taxonomic family of medium-sized to large sea snails, the conches.
Marine gastropods in the family Strombidae have a notch in the edge of the shell aperture not far from the siphonal canal. This indentation is called the stromboid notch. Its function is to enable the animal to extend one of its two stalked eyes out through the notch when the animal is active.
* This Strombus alatus shows its siphon in front and stalked eyes behind. The eye stalk on the left in the image is protruding through the stromboid notch.
# Arunus

Arunus is a genus of beetles in the family Monotomidae, containing the following species:
* Arunus magnus Sen Gupta & Pal, 1995
* Arunus tenuis Sen Gupta & Pal, 1995
# Garland O'Shields

Garland Lee O'Shields (May 23, 1921 – January 17, 2001) was an American basketball player. He was an All-American college player at Tennessee and played briefly in the National Basketball League (NBL) and Basketball Association of America (BAA), predecessor leagues to the National Basketball Association.
O'Shields played for Spartanburg Community College and Tennessee. Following his college career, he played for the Chicago Stags of the BAA, scoring four points in 9 games. The next season, he played for the Syracuse Nationals in the competing NBL, scoring 9 points in 5 games.

## BAA career statistics
### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | FG% | FT% | APG | PPG |
| 1946–47 | Chicago | 9 | .182 | .000 | .1 | .4 |
| Career | Career | 9 | .182 | .000 | .1 | .4 |
# Reginald Weaver (disambiguation)

Reginald Weaver was an Australian politician. It is also the name of:
* Reginald Weaver (footballer) (1905–1970), English footballer
* Reg Weaver, American labor leader
# Arytenoid muscle

The arytenoid muscle /ærɪˈtiːnɔɪd/ or interarytenoid muscle is a composite intrinsic muscle of the larynx, consisting of a transverse part and an oblique part - the two parts may be considered as separate muscles: an unpaired transverse arytenoid muscle, and a bilaterally paired oblique arytenoid muscle.
The two constituent parts differ in their attachments, structure and actions. Both receive motor innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve(s) (each nerve being a branch of one vagus nerve (CN X)).

## Clinical significance
### Electromyography

Function of the arytenoid muscle is a good method to determine function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Continuous electromyography of the arytenoid muscle can provide confidence to surgeons that the recurrent laryngeal nerve is not damaged during neck surgeries, such as thyroidectomy.

## Other animals

The arytenoid muscle is found in many animals, including dogs.

## Additional images

* The cartilages of the larynx. Posterior view.
* Muscles of larynx. Side view. Right lamina of thyroid cartilage removed.
* Aryepiglotic muscle
* Muscles of the larynx, seen from above.
* Dissection of the muscles of the palate from behind.
# Gary Young

Gary Young may refer to:
* Gary Young (Australian musician) (born 1947), founding member of Australian rock band Daddy Cool
* Gary Young (footballer) (born 1958), Australian rules footballer
* Gary Young (drummer) (1953–2023), first drummer of the 1990s alternative rock band Pavement
* Gary Young (poet) (born 1951), American poet and printer
* Gary F. Young (born 1945), American politician from Idaho
* Gary Young (screenwriter), British screenwriter
* Gary Young (wrestler), American professional wrestler
* D. Gary Young (1949–2018), founder of Young Living Essential Oils
# Gasbag

Gasbag may refer to:
* Balloon, a bag filled with gas
* Hot air balloon for manned flight uses a fabric gas bag or "lifting envelope".
* Gas bladder, contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy
# Garnet Ault

Garnet Walter Ault (November 1, 1905 – September 10, 1993) was a Canadian competition swimmer and Olympic medallist. At the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Ault competed in the 4×200-metre, 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle events, and won a bronze medal in the relay; he finished sixth in the 1500-metre final, and did not advance past the preliminary heats in the 400-metre. The same year he set a Canadian record in the mile at 23:36.6.
In 1930 Ault graduated from the University of Michigan with a medical degree. He specialized in proctology, and in 1937 became member of the American Proctologic Society. Next year, while working as a surgery professor at the Georgetown University, he started his own practice in Washington, D.C.
Ault was president of the American Proctologic Society from 1964 to 1965, vice-president of the American Board of Colorectal Surgery in 1962–1963, and chief of proctology at the Washington Hospital Center. He retired in 1974, and moved to Florida, and then to Michigan, where he died of a heart attack aged 87.
# Gastrodes grossipes

Gastrodes grossipes, the pine cone bug, is a true bug found in most of Europe except in the far north. To the east, the distribution area extends over Asia minor and the Caucasus, and then across the Palearctic to Siberia. The food plant is Scots pine.
# Styloptygma cereum

Styloptygma cereum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Japan.
# Styloptygma jaculum

Styloptygma jaculum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The white sharp-pointed shell has a length of 8 mm. The teleoconch contains 11 straight and smooth whorls. These a very slightly channeled at the sutures. The aperture is oblique. The outer lip is simple; The columella is once plaited.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Loyalty Islands.
# Sub-Tenon injection

Sub-Tenon injection is an ocular route of drug administration. It involves administration of a medication to the area between the sclera and the Tenon's capsule.
Posterior sub-Tenons steroid injections (PSTSI) is used in the treatment of posterior ocular inflammation, such as chronic uveitis. This route is also reported to be used to administer triamcinolone acetonide (a corticosteroid) in the treatment of macular telangiectasia type 1.
Also, it is used in the ocular anesthesia.
# Arzashkun

Arzashkun or Arṣashkun was the capital of the early kingdom of Urartu in the 9th century BC, before Sarduri I moved it to Tushpa in 832 BC. Arzashkun had double walls and towers, but was captured by Shalmaneser III in the 850s BC.

## Name

Arzashkun seems to be the Assyrian form of an Armenian name ending in -ka formed from a proper name Arzash. The root of Arzashkun may ultimately be Proto-Indo-European *harg- or *h₂erǵ-, meaning "bright, white", by way of Proto-Armenian intermediaries "Arcesk'o" and then "Arčešo" (genitive: "Arčišoy").
Arzashkun was hidden, and protected from attack, by a dense forest almost impassable to a regular army.

## Location

The precise location of the city is uncertain. It has been located variously by different scholars as along the shore of Lake Van, near Lake Urmia, near Malazgirt, or at Bostankaya between Malazgirt and Patnos. The name of Adduri Mountain, which was used in the Urartian period, is today Cemalverdi Mountains.
According to Robert Hewsen and Armen Petrosyan, Arzashkun was at the northeastern shore of Lake Van, probably near the site of old Arjesh, now inundated by the waters of Lake Van. Arzashkun recalls the names Arsene and Arsissa, applied by the ancients to part of Lake Van. This is likely modern Erciş. It may also be connected to Lake Erçek, located to the immediate east of Lake Van.
Alternately, Arzashkun might represent the Ardzik of the Armenian historical records, located west of Malazgirt.

## Fall of Arzashkun

At the headwaters of the river Tigris, there appears in the ninth century, B.C., an organized state of Urartu. Shalmaneser regarded it as so menacing to Assyria's interest that he undertook an expedition in 857, claimed to have destroyed the capital Arzashkun, penetrated as far as Lake Van, and left his inscription on Mount Irritia.
Shalmaneser on his Black Obelisk records this campaign:
    (35-44) In the third year of my reign, Ahuni, son of Adini, was frightened before my mighty weapons and retreated from Til-barzip, his royal city. I crossed the Euphrates. I seized for myself the city of Ana-Assur-utir-asbat, which lies on the other side of the Euphrates, on the Sagur river, which the Hittite people called Pitru. When I returned, I entered the passes of the land of Alzi; the lands of Alzi, Suhni, Daiaeni, Tumme, Arzashkunu, the royal city of Arame, the Armenian (king), Gilzânu, and Hubushkia (I conquered).
# Shimoni Primary Teachers College

Shimoni Primary Teachers College (SPTC), is a public college that trains primary school teachers in Uganda. The college has an attached primary school, Shimoni Demonstration School, where the trainee teachers practice and sharpen their teaching skills.

## Location

The college is located in a neighborhood called Kitikifumba, in Kira Municipality, in Wakiso District, in the Central Region of Uganda. This location is approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi), by road, north-east of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. The geographical coordinates of the teachers college are:0°25'24.0"N, 32°37'57.0"E (Latitude:0.423333; Longitude:32.632500).

## History

The college and demonstration school were started by Ugandan Asians in 1952. In 2006, the college was temporarily relocated to Mbale, approximately 222 kilometres (138 mi), by road, east of Kampala, and the demonstration school temporarily relocated to Kololo Primary School in Kampala.
The 15 acres (6.1 ha) piece of land in the city center, where the institution was originally housed, was leased to an investor, who started to erect Kampala Intercontinental Hotel on the site. The government of Uganda, acquired 25 acres (10 ha) in Kitifumba, where it constructed a new college at an estimated cost of US$4 million (UGX:8 billion at that time), with capacity of 450 student-teachers. During the construction, the Shimoni student-teachers were accommodated at Nyondo Teacher Training College in Mbale. The teacher training college opened in January 2011.
In January 2018, the construction of the new Shimoni Demonstration School in Kitikifumba was completed and the school was opened.