OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert Graham (botanist)

Robert Graham FRSE FRCPE MWS (3 December 1786 – 7 August 1845) was a Scottish physician and botanist.

## Life

Graham was born in Stirling the son of Dr Robert Graham, physician. After studying at Stirling Grammar School he continued first to the University of Glasgow and then to the University of Edinburgh where he graduated around 1806, and completed his MD in 1808. He trained further at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, where he qualified as a surgeon. He then returned to Scotland to practice at Glasgow Royal Infirmary 1812-3 and 1816–19.
In 1816 he began lecturing in botany at the University of Glasgow, taking over from Thomas Brown of Lanfine and Waterhaughs following his resignation. He was a major figure in the creation of Glasgow Botanic Gardens, and was the inaugural Chair of Botany at the Glasgow in 1818. In 1820 he moved to Edinburgh to take up the position of Professor of Botany and Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, a role he continued until 1845. He was also physician to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, and the 6th Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (1820–1845).
In 1820 he was elected a member of the Aesculapian Club. In 1821 Graham was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Thomas Charles Hope. In 1821 Graham was also elected a member of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh and served as President in 1825.
In the 1830s he is listed as living at 62 Great King Street in Edinburgh's New Town.
From 1840 to 1842 he served as President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
He died at Coldoch in Perthshire on 7 August 1845.

## Memberships and positions held

* Member of the Highland Society, 1821–45
* Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1821–1845
* President of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, 1840–42
* First President of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1836
* President of the Medico-Chirugical Society, 1842

## Botanical contributions

He wrote descriptions of new and rare plants cultivated in the gardens which were published in Edinburgh New Philosophical Magazine, Curtis's Botanical Magazine and Hooker's Companion to the Botanical Magazine.
Among plants he described was the Australian shrub Lasiopetalum macrophyllum.

## In fiction

Robert Graham features as a character in Sara Sheridan's novel The Fair Botanists (2021).
# Robert Graham (physicist)

Robert Graham (born 11 February 1942, Berlin) is a German theoretical physicist.

## Biography

Graham attended the Karls-Gymnasium in Stuttgart and studied at the University of Stuttgart, where in 1967 he earned under Hermann Haken his physics Diplom (quantum fluctuations of the optical parametric oscillator) and in 1969 his PhD (Lichtausbreitung in laseraktiven fluktuierenden Medien, "Light Propagation in Laser-active Fluctuating Media"). Continuing this work, he applied the theory of cooperative systems publicized by Haken as "Synergetik" (Synergetics) in quantum optics. As a post-doc, he was a guest scientist at New York University and, after his Habilitation in 1971, scientific advisor and professor at the University of Stuttgart. From 1975 he was a professor at the Universität Duisburg-Essen, where he is now retired as professor emeritus. He was there also dean and prorector for research.
He worked on extremely diverse areas of quantum theoretical statistical mechanics, apart from laser theory also in the 1990s with the theory of Bose–Einstein condensate. In 2009 he received the Max Planck medal, the highest honor of the DPG in theoretical physics for his contributions in the areas of quantum optics, the statistical mechanics of open stationary systems outside thermodynamic equilibrium, quantum fluids and quantum gases as well as quantum chaos (according to the Laudatio of the Max Planck medal 2009) and his contributions to quantum aspects of cosmology and gravitation.

## Selected works

* Von der Laserschwelle zum Quantenphasenübergang - Photonen und Atome als Quantengase im Fließgleichgewicht. In: Physik Journal. 2009, No. 8/9 (prize acceptance speech for the Max Planck medal)
* Statistical theory of instabilities in stationary nonequilibrium systems with applications to lasers and nonlinear optics (= Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 66). 1973 (Habilitation 1971)
* Macroscopic potentials, bifurcations and noise in dissipative systems. In: F. Moss und P.V.E. McClintock (eds.): Noise in nonlinear dynamical systems. Band 1, Cambridge University Press 1989, pages 225–278
# Sir Richard Howe, 2nd Baronet

Sir Richard Grobham Howe, 2nd Baronet (28 August 1621 – 3 May 1703), was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1656 and 1695.

## Life

Howe was the eldest son of Sir John Howe, 1st Baronet, of Little Compton, Withington, Gloucestershire, and his wife Bridget Rich, daughter of Thomas Rich of North Cerney, Master in Chancery. He was educated at Hart Hall, Oxford, in 1640 and at Lincoln's Inn in 1641. From 1650 to 1652 and from 1656 to 1680, he was J.P. for Wiltshire.
In 1656, Howe was elected Member of Parliament for Wiltshire in the Second Protectorate Parliament. He was commissioner for assessment for Wiltshire in 1657. In 1659 he was elected MP for Wilton in the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was commissioner for assessment for Wiltshire from January 1660 to 1680, commissioner for militia for Wiltshire in March 1660 and captain of militia horse for Wiltshire in April 1660. In June 1660 he was returned as MP for Wilton in the Convention Parliament.
He became Gentleman of the Privy Chamber (extraordinary) in July 1660. He was knighted in around 1665 and was High Sheriff of Wiltshire from 1668 to 1669. In 1670 he became Deputy Lieutenant until June 1688. He succeeded his father in the baronetcy in 1671. In 1672 he was made freeman of Salisbury. He was commissioner for assessment for Gloucestershire from 1673 to 1680. In May 1675 he was elected MP for Wiltshire in the Cavalier Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Wiltshire in March 1679 and was elected MP for Hindon in October 1679. He was elected MP for Hindon in 1681. In 1685 he was made freeman of Wilton and in 1686 he was a commissioner for rebels’ estates in Wiltshire. He became Deputy Lieutenant again in October 1688 and JP for Wiltshire again in 1689. In 1689 and 1690 he was commissioner for assessment for Gloucestershire and Wiltshire. In 1690 he was re-elected MP for Wilton.
Howe died at the age of 81.

## Family

Howe married firstly before 1642 Lucy St John, daughter of Sir John St John, 1st Baronet, of Lydiard Tregoze, Wiltshire, and had five sons and four daughters. Lucy died in 1658 and he married secondly Anne Dutton /née King), widow of John Dutton of Sherborne, Gloucestershire, and daughter of John King, Bishop of London. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son Richard. His brother John was MP for Gloucestershire.
# Gergana Slavcheva

Gergana Slavcheva (Bulgarian: Гергана Славчева), married Simeonov (Bulgarian: Симеонов) (born 20 October 1979) is a Bulgarian former basketball player.
# Robert Benham

Robert Benham may refer to:
* Robert Benham (judge) (born 1946), first African-American to serve on the Supreme Court of Georgia
* Robert Benham (politician) (1750–1809), frontier pioneer; member of the first elected legislature for the State in Ohio
# George Henriquez

George Patrick Henriquez Cassayo (born c. 1986) is a Nicaraguan activist. Hailing from Nicaragua's Caribbean Coast, Henriquez is a former YATAMA party activist and served on its behalf as a member of the executive committee unified National Coalition opposition group in 2020. In 2021 he was a pre-candidate for president in the Nicaraguan general election with the Citizens for Liberty Alliance (ACxL).

## Early life

George Patrick Henriquez Cassayo was born in Laguna de Perla and resides in Bluefields, Nicaragua. He is a native Creole speaker. He graduated from Bluefields Indian and Caribbean University (BICU) where he studied tourism and hotel business administration. He also earned a master's degree in gender, ethnicity and intercultural citizenship from University of the Autonomous Regions of the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast (UCCRAN).

## Career

In the 2016 general elections, Henriquez was a candidate for South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCS) regional deputy for YATAMA to the National Assembly.
He was a member of national council of the Blue and White National Unity movement, and is a member of the Autoconvened Coastal Movement of Bluefields; he has been subject to police surveillance and harassment of those activities. In 2019, judging him to be at risk of grave, urgent and irreparable harm, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights issued precautionary measures intended to protect his life.
On February 25, 2020, Henriquez signed the proclamation of unity of the National Coalition, on behalf of the YATAMA regional party. The signatory organizations pledged to work to develop a unified opposition to mount an electoral challenge to Daniel Ortega, following on years of protest in the country. The other representatives signing the document were Jesús Tefel, Medardo Mairena, Carlos Tünnerman, Saturnino Cerrato, Luis Fley, and María Haydee Osuna.
In July 2020, he became a member of the executive committee of the National Coalition, likewise representing the YATAMA party.
On June 3, 2021, Henriquez formalized his intention to become a pre-candidate for president with the Citizens for Liberty Alliance (ACxL), and announced he had disaffiliated from the YATAMA party and presented as an independent candidate. The split came over YATAMA leader, National Assembly Deputy Brooklyn Rivera’s vote to re-elect FSLN loyalist Lumberto Campbell to the Supreme Electoral Council. If nominated, Henriquez would have faced FSLN incumbent Daniel Ortega, who seeks a fourth re-election to the presidency in the general election of November 7, 2021. Henriquez would have been the first black candidate for the presidency of Nicaragua; he was the youngest (35) in the contest.
Henriquez has expressed his position on issues such as the rights of the LGBTIQ community and women, the autonomy of the Caribbean Coast including; sanitation, advancement of the agricultural and livestock frontier, territorial demarcation, economic decentralization, educational decentralization and his vision of the country's political class.
# Izumonauta

Izumonauta is an extinct genus of shelled octopods from the Mid to Late Miocene of Japan and New Zealand.
The keels of Izumonauta eggcases lack tubercules and are intermediate in morphology between those of the earlier Obinautilus and later Argonauta.
The New Zealand fossil material was described from the Kapitean Stage (uppermost Miocene).
# Seui

Seui (Sardinian and Italian:) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of South Sardinia in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Cagliari and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of Tortolì. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,525 and an area of 148.3 square kilometres (57.3 sq mi).
Seui borders the following municipalities: Arzana, Escalaplano, Esterzili, Gairo, Perdasdefogu, Sadali, Seulo, Ulassai, Ussassai.
# Someone Here Is Missing

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Rock Sound | |
Someone Here Is Missing is the eighth studio album by The Pineapple Thief, featuring cover art by Storm Thorgerson.

## Track listing

All songs written by Bruce Soord.

## Personnel

* Bruce Soord: vocals, acoustic & electric guitars, keyboards, programming
* Steve Kitch: keyboards, synthesizers
* Jon Sykes: acoustic & electric bass, vocals
* Keith Harrison: drums, percussion, vocals

## Production

* Arranged by The Pineapple Thief
* Produced & engineered by Bruce Soord
* Mixed by Mark Bowyer & Steve Kitch
* Mastered by Dave Turner
* Artwork by designer Storm Thorgerson
# Sybromimus

Sybromimus obliquatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Sybromimus. It was described by Breuning in 1940.
# Roboastra rubropapulosa

Roboastra rubropapulosa is a species of sea slug, a polycerid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Polyceridae.

## Distribution

This species was described from Pulu Pasi Tanette, Sulawesi, Indonesia, 5°45′22″S 120°29′21″E﻿ / ﻿5.756238°S 120.489166°E﻿ / -5.756238; 120.489166.
# Inside I'm Singing

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Inside I'm Singing, released in 2007, is the ninth album by Secret Garden. Unlike previous albums, Inside I'm Singing is mostly composed of vocal music. Instrumental tracks given new lyrics.
The first track, "Nocturne", won the Eurovision Contest in 1995 and also appeared on the first album Songs from a Secret Garden.
"Theme from the Mermaid Chair" was featured in the 2005 TV movie The Mermaid Chair.
"You Raise Me Up", a popular song by Secret Garden, appeared first on Once in a Red Moon with guest vocals by Brian Kennedy who also did the same work on this album.

## Charts

Chart performance for Inside I'm Singing :
| Chart (2007–2009) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 92 |
| Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) | 1 |
# Cardinal assignment

In set theory, the concept of cardinality is significantly developable without recourse to actually defining cardinal numbers as objects in the theory itself (this is in fact a viewpoint taken by Frege; Frege cardinals are basically equivalence classes on the entire universe of sets, by equinumerosity). The concepts are developed by defining equinumerosity in terms of functions and the concepts of one-to-one and onto (injectivity and surjectivity); this gives us a quasi-ordering relation
    $A\leq _{c}B\quad \iff \quad (\exists f)(f:A\to B\ \mathrm {is\ injective} )$
on the whole universe by size. It is not a true partial ordering because antisymmetry need not hold: if both $A\leq _{c}B$ and $B\leq _{c}A$, it is true by the Cantor–Bernstein–Schroeder theorem that $A=_{c}B$ i.e. A and B are equinumerous, but they do not have to be literally equal (see isomorphism). That at least one of $A\leq _{c}B$ and $B\leq _{c}A$ holds turns out to be equivalent to the axiom of choice.
Nevertheless, most of the interesting results on cardinality and its arithmetic can be expressed merely with =$_c$.
The goal of a cardinal assignment is to assign to every set A a specific, unique set that is only dependent on the cardinality of A. This is in accordance with Cantor's original vision of cardinals: to take a set and abstract its elements into canonical "units" and collect these units into another set, such that the only thing special about this set is its size. These would be totally ordered by the relation $\leq _{c}$, and =$_c$ would be true equality. As Y. N. Moschovakis says, however, this is mostly an exercise in mathematical elegance, and you don't gain much unless you are "allergic to subscripts." However, there are various valuable applications of "real" cardinal numbers in various models of set theory.
In modern set theory, we usually use the Von Neumann cardinal assignment, which uses the theory of ordinal numbers and the full power of the axioms of choice and replacement. Cardinal assignments do need the full axiom of choice, if we want a decent cardinal arithmetic and an assignment for all sets.

## Cardinal assignment without the axiom of choice

Formally, assuming the axiom of choice, the cardinality of a set X is the least ordinal α such that there is a bijection between X and α. This definition is known as the von Neumann cardinal assignment. If the axiom of choice is not assumed we need to do something different. The oldest definition of the cardinality of a set X (implicit in Cantor and explicit in Frege and Principia Mathematica) is as the set of all sets that are equinumerous with X: this does not work in ZFC or other related systems of axiomatic set theory because this collection is too large to be a set, but it does work in type theory and in New Foundations and related systems. However, if we restrict from this class to those equinumerous with X that have the least rank, then it will work (this is a trick due to Dana Scott: it works because the collection of objects with any given rank is a set; see Scott's trick).
# Cardinal cloak

A cardinal cloak is a style of women's cloak that was popular in the last third of the eighteenth century.

## Description

The cardinal cloak was made out of wool and featured a hood. The wool was typically so dense that the edge of the cloak could be left raw without fraying. The hood was often gathered so as not to crush the wearer's hairstyle.
The exact definition of the garment is uncertain because fashion terms of the day did not always have a fixed meaning. For example, the cardinal cloak is said to have taken its name from its cardinal red color but a 1762 runaway advertisement in the Pennsylvania Gazette mentioned a black silk cardinal cloak. The cardinal cloak is said to have been a variation on a capuchin, or monk's habit.

## History

In eighteenth-century England, cardinal cloaks along with straw hats and pattens were associated with the country lifestyle of the nascent landed gentry class. They subsequently became popular with women in colonial America. Following the rise of industrialization, the cloaks could be mass-produced. American women often imported these ready-made garments from England.
The cardinal cloak appears frequently in European and American historical accounts from roughly 1740 to 1840. In the last few decades of this time span, the cloak is mostly worn by older women.
# Mike Brown (Negro leagues outfielder)

Mike Brown was an American professional baseball outfielder who played in the Negro leagues in the 1900s and 1910s.
Brown made his professional debut in 1905 with the Brooklyn Royal Giants, and went on to play for several teams, finishing his career in 1914 with the Lincoln Stars.
# Mike Brooks (journalist)

Mike Brooks (March 29, 1955 – June 23, 2021) was a television news correspondent for CNN. He appeared regularly on HLN's Nancy Grace show, and Prime News and gave significant coverage of the Anna Nicole Smith paternity controversy, as well as the Virginia Tech massacre. Brooks was also seen on Tru TV's In Session (formerly Court TV), where he provided commentary as their law-enforcement analyst.

## Early life

Michael Joseph Brooks was born on March 29, 1955. Originally of Arlington, Virginia, Brooks was the son of Clarence Joseph "Joe" Brooks (1927–1999) and Margaret Mary Brooks. He graduated from Bishop Denis J. O'Connell High School in Arlington, before joining the DC Metropolitan Police Department in 1973.

## Career

Brooks was also a retired police detective, employed for 26 years by the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Police Department. He was assigned to the Federal Bureau of Investigation Joint Terrorism Task Force, and also served as an instructor for several public safety courses. His work on the FBI Evidence Response and Rapid Deployment Team included assignments to the Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia, the United States Embassy bombing in Kenya, and the crash of TWA Flight 800. Brooks left Turner Broadcasting in October 2014.

## Personal life

Brooks was 6'7" tall.
He died on June 23, 2021, at the age of 66.
# Abd al-Aziz ibn Nuh

Abd al-Aziz ibn Nuh (died 10th-century) was amir of the Samanids briefly in 992. He was the son of Nuh I.
In 992, the Karakhanids under Bughra Khan invaded the domains of amir Nuh II, and briefly wrested Bukhara from Samanid control. However, during his stay in Bukhara, Bughra Khan fell sick, and in order to ensure that the city remained under Karakhanid control, he installed Nuh's uncle Abd al-Aziz as the Samanid ruler, effectively as a Karakhanid puppet. Bughra Khan then left Bukhara for Samarkand, but died before he reached the city. Nuh quickly used the opportunity to reconquer Bukhara, and had Abd al-Aziz blinded and imprisoned. After the event, Abd al-Aziz disappeared from sources, and probably died some years later.
# Miho Hamada

Miho Hamada (濱田 美穂, Hamada Miho) is a former Japanese international table tennis player.

## Table tennis career

She won a bronze medal at the 1969 World Table Tennis Championships in the women's singles. Two years later she won another bronze at the 1971 World Table Tennis Championships in the women's doubles with Yukie Ozeki.
She won a gold medal in the women's doubles with Maria Alexandru, and another bronze in the team event at the 1973 World Table Tennis Championships.
# Carex oligocarpa

Carex oligocarpa, common name richwoods sedge, eastern few-fruited sedge, few-fruit sedge, and few-fruited sedge is a Carex species that is native to North America. It is a perennial.

## Conservation status in the United States

It is endangered in New Jersey and Vermont, threatened in Michigan, and a species of special concern in Connecticut.
# Yapacaní Airport

Yapacaní Airport (ICAO: SLYI) is an airport serving the town of Yapacaní in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia. The airport is by the village of Los Pozos, 47 kilometres (29 mi) north of Yapacaní.
# Yenakiieve Iron and Steel Works

Yenakiieve Iron and Steel Works, Public Joint Stock Company (PJSC) “Yenakiieve Iron and Steel Works” (ticker EMZ) is an integrated steelmaking enterprise comprising OJSC Yenakiieve Iron and Steel Works and JV Metalen LLC. Yenakiieve Iron and Steel Works (Yenakiieve Steel) is a major employer of the city Yenakiieve in Donetsk Oblast of Ukraine. The works is located in the vicinity of the railway station Yenakiieve and is 60 km from Donetsk.
A trade blockade by Ukrainian activists during the War in Donbas has all but halted production since February 2017. On 1 March 2017 the separatist Donetsk People's Republic nationalized (along with all Ukrainian enterprises located in territory it controlled) the company. The Commercial Court of Donetsk Oblast declared the enterprise bankrupt in July 2019.

## History

The enterprise has more than 100 years' working experience.
November 1897 - The first blast furnace was blown and first cast iron produced. This date is considered to be the date when Petrovskiy (Yenakiievskiy) steel works was established. Another blast furnace, Bessemer, and rail rolling shops were introduced in December.
1898 - The surrounding area was named Yenakiieve after the name of engineer Fedir Yenakiev [uk].
1914 - A total of 6 blast furnaces and 7 open-hearth furnace, 2 converters, 8 rolling mills were operating at the steel works.
1931 - First domestic casting machine was introduced.
1938 - First sintering plant was launched
1968 - The steel works received the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.

## Production

Key types of products producing at Yenakiyeve Steel:
* hot metal and pig iron;
* steel in ingots;
* concast square billets;
* shapes and rolled section
Yenakiyeve Iron and Steel Works was one of the world’s leading square billet producers. Yenakiyeve Steel is a part of Metinvest Group Steel and Rolled Products Division.
# Yenan (disambiguation)

Yenan may refer to:
* Wade–Giles romanization (Yen-an) of the city name Yan'an in China
* SS Yenan, a Burmese coastal tanker
* The Yenan faction, a group of pro-China communists in the North Korean government after the division of Korea