OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Brenda Ekwurzel

Brenda Ekwurzel (born 1963) is an American climate scientist. She is director of climate science for the Union of Concerned Scientists. She is an American Association for the Advancement of Science fellow.

## Biography

Ekwurzel received a B.S. in geology from Smith College in 1985. In 1998 she received an M.S. from Rutgers University where she worked on the movement of sediment. She went on to earn a Ph.D. from Columbia University / Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory(1988) where she tracked water masses in the Arctic. Following her Ph.D. she was a postdoctoral researcher at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. She then moved to the University of Arizona.
In 2019, she was a keynote speaker at the Weber State University Sustainability Summit.
She testified before the United States Congress about climate change in 2019. She has spoken about the National Climate Assessment with the media.

## Selected publications

* Ekwurzel, B.; Boneham, J.; Dalton, M. W.; Heede, R.; Mera, R. J.; Allen, M. R.; Frumhoff, P. C. (2017). "The rise in global atmospheric CO2, surface temperature, and sea level from emissions traced to major carbon producers". Climatic Change. 144 (4): 579–590. doi:10.1007/s10584-017-1978-0. ISSN 0165-0009. S2CID 108287513.
* Ekwurzel, Brenda; Schlosser, Peter; Mortlock, Richard A.; Fairbanks, Richard G.; Swift, James H. (2001-05-15). "River runoff, sea ice meltwater, and Pacific water distribution and mean residence times in the Arctic Ocean". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 106 (C5): 9075–9092. doi:10.1029/1999JC000024.
* Ekwurzel, Brenda; Schlosser, Peter; Smethie, William M.; Plummer, L. Niel; Busenberg, Eurybiades; Michel, Robert L.; Weppernig, Ralf; Stute, Martin (1994). "Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3 H/ 3 He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85 Kr". Water Resources Research. 30 (6): 1693–1708. doi:10.1029/94WR00156.
* Moore, Keara B.; Ekwurzel, Brenda; Esser, Bradley K.; Hudson, G. Bryant; Moran, Jean E. (2006-06-01). "Sources of groundwater nitrate revealed using residence time and isotope methods". Applied Geochemistry. 21 (6): 1016–1029. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.03.008. ISSN 0883-2927.

## Awards and honors

In 2016 she was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
# Glenea quadriochreomaculata

Glenea quadriochreomaculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1966. It is known from the Philippines.
# Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions

The Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions (SACAU) is a not-for-profit farmer organization representing national agricultural unions in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. SACAU was originally formed in 1992 by six farmer organizations but has since expanded its membership to include 17 farmer organisations in 12 countries. In addition, there are associate members, including regional commodity organizations and private companies associated with agricultural value chains on a regional basis. SACAU's headquarters are in Centurion, Republic of South Africa.
SACAU aims to be the main voice of farmers within the region and to promote effective producers’ organizations in all regional countries. Its mandate is to foster understanding between farmers’ organisations and policymakers in southern Africa by providing a forum for the discussion of matters of common interest and by disseminating information about agriculture in the region to relevant agencies, organizations and companies. It has been very successful in obtaining external support for such activities, giving it an annual budget far in excess of that obtained from its annual membership fee. Funding bodies include:
* Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)
* Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)
* Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
* European Commission
* International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
* Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)
* Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA)
# Bidayuha

Bidayuha is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Araceae.
Its native range is Borneo.
Species:
# Swan Plain

Swan Plain is a hamlet in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Swan Plain had a population of 5 living in 6 of its 12 total private dwellings, a change of -66.7% from its 2016 population of 15. With a land area of 0.2 km$^2$ (0.077 sq mi), it had a population density of 25.0/km$^2$ (64.7/sq mi) in 2021.
# George Fincke

George Brian Fincke (November 21, 1953 – December 3, 2016) was an American Anglican bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church (REC).

## Early life

Fincke was born to a Presbyterian minister, the Rev. George W. Fincke Jr., and Mary Louise Patterson Fincke in Camden, New Jersey, in 1953.

## Ministry career

He was ordained as a presbyter in 1981 and was received into the Reformed Episcopal Church in 1986. He had an M.Div. from Reformed Episcopal Seminary and served in the Diocese of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic before his election as bishop ordinary of the nascent Missionary Diocese of the West. In addition to serving as a bishop, Fincke also served as a parish pastor in California.
In October 2000, Fincke suffered a stroke and was substantially disabled. As a result, his office as bishop ordinary of the Missionary Diocese of the West was declared vacant. After his recovery, Fincke served as an assisting bishop in the Diocese of Mid-America and a rector in Fargo, North Dakota. In 2015, Fincke became rector of an Anglican Province of America congregation in Prescott, Arizona.

## Personal life

Fincke was married for 37 years to Ann Caskey. They had three daughters and one son. Fincke died on December 3, 2016, in Prescott.
# Bismarck Monument (Bad Kissingen)

The Bismarck Monument in Bad Kissingen is located in Hausen (a quarter of the German spa town, Bad Kissingen), which Chancellor Otto von Bismarck visited 14 times to "take the cure" between 1876 and 1893. The monument was built in 1877, during his lifetime. It was the first statue to be erected in Bismarck's honour.

## History

In 1877, the Committee for the Erection of a Statue of the German Chancellor Bismarck in Kissingen (Comité für die Aufstellung einer Statue des deutschen Reichskanzlers Fürst Bismarck in Kissingen), founded in 1875, commissioned the artist, Heinrich Manger, to create a Bismarck monument. The erection of a statue to a living person required the permission of the Bavarian king. In giving his approval, King Ludwig II of Bavaria, directed that the monument should not be located at the spot where an assassination attempt on Bismarck had been carried out in 1874, but rather near the Untere Saline ("Lower Saltworks") on the Franconian Saale river, where Bismarck had relaxed during his cures. The majority of the cost of the statue, amounting to 7,800 Mark, was covered by contributions collected by spa guests.
The monument's unveiling, on Sunday 29 April 1877 at 10 o'clock, was covered in detail by the local newspaper, the Saale-Zeitung. Chancellor Bismarck expressed his gratitude in a telegramme during the formal dinner at the Englischer Hof, during which master builder, Manger, Privy Councillor, Dr. Stöhr, and the Lord Mayor, Dr. Full, gave speeches honouring Emperor William I. Nevertheless, Bismarck probably never saw the monument himself because, as he said in a speech on 28 November 1881, he would be highly embarrassed to pass by his own statue. In addition, he said it would have disturbed him "to stand next to himself like a fossil".
The monument, which inspired the design of the Bismarck Monument in Cologne, amongst others, had to be galvanised with a layer of bronze for reasons of durability shortly before Bismarck's 100th anniversary in 1915. This was carried out by the Württembergische Metallwarenfabrik in Geislingen an der Steige.
# K52

K52 or K-52 may refer to:
* K-52 (Kansas highway)
* K-52 trailer, an American military trailer
* HMS Puffin, a sloop of the Royal Navy
* Monroe City Regional Airport, in Monroe County, Missouri
* Potassium-52, an isotope of potassium
* Shin-Fuji Station (Hokkaido)
# Kamalapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency

Kamalapur Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of Bidar Lok Sabha constituency.

## Members of Assembly
### Hyderabad State

| Year | Member | Party | Party |
| 1952 | Chandrashekhar S. Patil | | Indian National Congress |

### Mysore State

| Year | Member | Party |
| 1962 | Lalithabai Chandrashekhar | Indian National Congress |
| 1967 | Lalithabai Chandrashekhar | Indian National Congress |
| 1972 | Subhash Shankershetty | Indian National Congress |

### Karnataka

| Year | Member | Party |
| 1978 | Govind P. Vadeyaraj | Janata Party |
| 1983 | Govind P. Vadeyaraj | Indian National Congress |
| 1985 | G. Ramkrishna | Indian National Congress |
| 1989 | G. Ramkrishna | Indian National Congress |
| 1994 | Revu Naik Belamgi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 1999 | Revu Naik Belamgi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2004 | Revu Naik Belamgi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2008 onwards: Seat does not exist. See Gulbarga Rural Assembly constituency ||||
# Pseudaptinus lecontei

Pseudaptinus lecontei is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.
# Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.

Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc., 359 U.S. 520 (1959), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Illinois law requiring trucks to have unique mudguards was unconstitutional under the Commerce clause.

## Background

The state of Illinois enacted a statute requiring curved mud guards, instead of straight mudflaps on trucks driven in Illinois. Although there was no federal regulation requiring mudflaps or mudguards, Arkansas required straight mudflaps, which were legal in at least 45 states. The Illinois legislature asserted that the unique curved mudguards would be more useful in preventing stones and other debris to be kicked up from the back of trucks, thus preventing more accidents than other types of mudflaps. The plaintiffs were trucking companies who drove through Illinois and would have to use one form of mudflap equipment while in Illinois, but other mudflap equipment while in other states. The named plaintiff was Navajo Freight Lines, Inc., of New Mexico.
The only issue was whether in the absence of federal regulation, in this context did the Commerce Clause allow one State to prescribe standards that would affect interstate carriers in a way that would conflict with the standards of another State.

## Opinion of the Court

The Supreme Court held that the Illinois law was unconstitutional under the Commerce clause, technically the Dormant Commerce Clause.
In Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, 359 U.S. 520, 524 (1959), the Supreme Court stated:
   These safety measures carry a strong presumption of validity when challenged in court. If there are alternative ways of solving a problem, we do not sit to determine which of them is best suited to achieve a valid state objective. Policy decisions are for the state legislature, absent federal entry into the field. Unless we can conclude on the whole record that "the total effect of the law as a safety measure in reducing accidents and casualties is so slight or problematical as not to outweigh the national interest in keeping interstate commerce free from interferences which seriously impede it we must uphold the statute."
The court was unanimous, but Justice Harlan filed a concurrence, which was joined by Justice Stewart. To find the statute unconstitutional, the Court balanced the benefit of the regulation to the state (in the form of increased safety) against the burden on interstate commerce arising from out of state truck drivers having to stop at the Illinois border and change mudguards. Because the benefit to Illinois was small and the burden on interstate commerce large, the Court held that
   This is one of those cases—few in number—where local safety measures that are nondiscriminatory place an unconstitutional burden on interstate commerce.

## Subsequent developments

It is considered one of the leading precedents on the law of Interstate commerce.
# Audubon Place

Audubon Place may refer to:
* Audubon Place, in Audubon Place Historic District, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
* Audubon Place (New Orleans, Louisiana)
# Simon Willard (Connecticut colonist)

Sergeant Simon Willard was a founding father of Old Saybrook, Connecticut. Sergeant Willard along with Lieutenant Edward Gibbons, were sent by John Winthrop the Younger. to occupy the mouth of the Connecticut River with 20 carpenters and workmen. On November 24, 1635, the group landed on the west bank at the mouth of what is now the Connecticut River. They located the Dutch coat of arms and replaced it with a shield that had a grinning face painted on it. The group established a small fort with a cannon. When the Dutch returned to the mouth of the river they spotted the English fort and withdrew. The fort was one of the first military establishments in the Connecticut Colony.
# The Kansas Boxed Set

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
The Kansas Boxed Set is the third compilation from the band Kansas. It was originally released in 1994, and was the band's first boxed set overview. It focuses solely on the original line-up of the band, from their first album in 1974 to Audio-Visions in 1980. It also includes a new track "Wheels". The release was supervised by all the original band members, unlike the first release of The Best of Kansas in 1984.

## Track listing

All songs written by Kerry Livgren, except where noted.

### Disc one

* "Can I Tell You" (Rich Williams, Phil Ehart, Dave Hope, Steve Walsh) – 4:20 (1973 demo)
* "Death of Mother Nature Suite" (live) – 9:00
* "Journey from Mariabronn" (Livgren, Walsh) – 7:57
* "Song for America" – 10:02
* "The Devil Game" (Walsh, Hope) – 5:04
* "Incomudro - Hymn to the Atman" (live) – 16:08
* "Child of Innocence" – 4:33
* "Icarus - Borne on Wings of Steel" – 6:04
* "Mysteries and Mayhem" (Livgren, Walsh) – 4:20
* "The Pinnacle" – 9:36

### Disc two

* "Carry On Wayward Son" – 5:22
* "The Wall" (Livgren, Walsh) – 4:47
* "What's on My Mind" – 3:27
* "Opus Insert" – 4:25
* "Magnum Opus" (Livgren, Walsh, Williams, Hope, Ehart, Robby Steinhardt) – 8:25
* "Point of Know Return" (Walsh, Ehart, Steinhardt) – 3:12
* "Portrait (He Knew)" (Livgren, Walsh) – 4:34
* "Dust in the Wind" – 3:29
* "Closet Chronicles" (Walsh, Livgren) – 6:31
* "People of the South Wind" – 3:39
* "On the Other Side" (live) – 6:43
* "A Glimpse of Home" – 6:36
* "Relentless" – 4:57
* "Loner" (Walsh) – 2:30
* "Hold On" – 3:53
* "Wheels" (Livgren, Walsh) – 4:32 (new track)

## Personnel
### Kansas

* Steve Walsh - keyboards, vocals
* Kerry Livgren - guitars, keyboards
* Robby Steinhardt - violin, vocals
* Rich Williams - guitar
* Dave Hope - bass guitar
* Phil Ehart - drums
* David Ragsdale - violin on "Wheels"

### Production

* Jeff Glixman, Vic Anesini - remastering
* "Wheels" produced by Ehart, Livgren and Walsh, mixed by Jeff Glixman
# K. G. P. Gnanamoorthy

K. G. P. Gnanamoorthy is an Indian politician and was a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) candidate from Thirunavalur constituency in the 2001 election.
# Kamenetz

Kamenetz may refer to:
* Kamianets-Podilskyi, a city in southwestern Ukraine
* Anya Kamenetz, American writer
* Rodger Kamenetz, American writer
* Kevin Kamenetz (1957-2018), American politician and lawyer
* Dov Kamenetz, Brazilian entrepreneur
* Solange Kamenetz Szwarcbarg, French fine art painter
# Maria Gambarelli

Maria Gambarelli (7 April 1900 – 4 February 1990) was an Italian-American ballerina and actress. She was born in La Spezia, but raised in the United States. Between 1938 and 1941 she was prima ballerina at the Metropolitan Opera. She was considered to be the greatest dancer trained at the Metropolitan Opera ballet school.

## Selected filmography

* La Fiesta de Santa Barbara (1935)
* Here's to Romance (1935)
* Hooray for Love (1935)
* Doctor Antonio (1937)
* Le Amiche (1955)
* The Prince with the Red Mask (1955)
# Pseudapospasta

Pseudapospasta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
# Sanmen, Longsheng County

Sanmen (simplified Chinese: 三门镇; traditional Chinese: 三門鎮; pinyin: Sānmén Zhèn) is a town in Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County, Guangxi, China. As of the 2018 census it had a population of 14,500 and an area of 327.88-square-kilometre (126.60 sq mi).

## Administrative division

As of 2016, the town is divided into thirteen villages and one community:
* Sanmenjie Community (三门街社区)
* Jiaoqi (交其村)
* Datan (大滩村)
* Hongzhai (洪寨村)
* Ankang (安康村)
* Shuanglang (双朗村)
* Shuangjiang (双江村)
* Jizhua (鸡爪村)
* Guping (古坪村)
* Tonglie (同列村)
* Daluo (大罗村)
* Huaqiao (花桥村)
* Dadi (大地村)
* Huaping (花坪村)

## History

In the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), it belonged to Xituan (西团).
In early Republic of China, it came under the jurisdiction of the West District (西区). Sanmen Township was formed in 1933. In 1947 it was under the jurisdiction of Guangfu Township (广福乡).
After the establishment of the Communist State, it was renamed many times. In December 1994 it was upgraded to a town.
On June 6, 2019, the villages of Daluo and Tonglie was listed among the fifth group of "List of Traditional Villages in China" by the State Council of China.

## Geography

The town is located in southwestern Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County. The town shares a border with Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County to the west, Lingui District and Piaoli Town to the east, Piaoli Town and Longsheng Town to the north, and Yongfu County and Rong'an County to the south.
The Sanmen River (三门河) flows through the town.

## Economy

The region is rich in soapstone.

## Tourist attractions

The Huaping National Nature Reserve (花坪国家级自然保护区) is located in the town.
# George Stagg

George Stagg may refer to:
* George Stagg (died 1966), former policeman who murdered English footballer Tommy Ball
* George T. Stagg, a limited-production bourbon whiskey distributed by Buffalo Trace Distillery
# Kajiwara

Kajiwara (written: 梶原) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Kajiwara Heima (梶原 平馬, c. 1842 – 1889), Japanese samurai
* Ikki Kajiwara (梶原 一騎, 1936–1987), Japanese writer
* Kajiwara Kagesue (梶原 景季, 1162–1200), Japanese samurai
* Kajiwara Kagetoki (梶原 景時, c. 1162 – 1200), Japanese samurai
* Noriko Kajiwara (梶原 紀子), Japanese Paralympic swimmer
* Takeo Kajiwara (梶原 武雄, 1923–2009), Japanese Go player
* Takuma Kajiwara (梶原 琢磨, ca. 1877–1960), American artist and photographer
* Tetsuya Kajiwara (musician) (梶原 徹也, born 1963), Japanese musician
* Zen Kajiwara (梶原 善, born 1966), Japanese actor
* Daiki Kajiwara (梶原 大暉, born 2001), Japanese para badminton player
# Pterolophia wittmeri

Pterolophia wittmeri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1975. It is known from Bhutan.
# Gerald Ratner (lawyer)

Gerald Ratner (December 17, 1913 – June 20, 2014) was a lawyer in Chicago and benefactor to the University of Chicago, his alma mater.

## Early life and education

Ratner was born on December 17, 1913. He grew up in the Brighton Park neighborhood of Chicago. His mother, an immigrant from what is now known as Belarus, owned and operated a small grocery store. She raised three kids on her own after Ratner's father left the family when Gerald Ratner was five years old. Because he was a tough kid, people used to call him "Red."
Ratner was the valedictorian of Marshall High School, and earned a scholarship, which covered his first year's tuition at the University of Chicago. Ratner played Varsity baseball, became a member of Phi Beta Kappa and graduated in 1935 with a bachelor's degree from the University of Chicago School of Business. In 1937, he graduated cum laude, Order of the Coif from the University of Chicago Law School.

## Career

Ratner served in World War II, entering in November 1942. He was a United States Army policeman stationed in Casablanca. His duty was to process German and Italian prisoners of war. He left the service as Captain in April 1946. Ratner practiced law for more than 75 years, starting in 1937. He cofounded the law firm Gould and Ratner with his U. of C. classmate, Benjamin Gould, in 1949. For over 50 years, Ratner was the counselor to the Crown family. He advised them on deals including the 1961 sale of the Empire State Building.
Ratner was a donor to the University of Chicago. In 1961, he established a student loan fund at the Booth School of Business in memory of his brother J.E. Ratner, former editor-in-chief of Better Homes and Gardens and a former faculty member at the University of Chicago. He donated $15 million for the athletic center that bears his name, Gerald Ratner Athletic Center. He also donated $6 million to the Chicago Initiative, which provides funds for faculty support, community programs, graduate fellowships, and college scholarships. This donation is shared between U. of C.'s Law School and Smart Museum of Art. In April 2006, he funded a gallery in the Smart Museum of Art in honor of his late wife. The University of Chicago gave him the Law School's Distinguished Law Alumni Award in 1999 and the highest honor from the university, the University of Chicago Medal, in 2005.

## Personal life

In 1948, Ratner married Eunice Payton. She died in 2005. On June 20, 2014, Ratner died in his sleep at the age of 100 from natural causes.
# Richman

Richman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adam Richman (born 1974), American actor and TV host
* Adam Richman (singer) (born c.1983), American indie pop singer-songwriter
* Alfred A. Richman (c.1892–1984), American orthopedic surgeon
* Boomie Richman (1921–2016), American saxophone player
* Caryn Richman (born 1956), American actress
* Chaim Richman, rabbi in Israel
* Charles Richman (actor) (1865–1940), American film actor
* Charles Richman (commissioner), American community affairs worker
* David Richman (born 1978), American basketball head coach
* Douglas Richman (born 1943), American medical virologist
* Frank Richman (1881–1956), Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
* Harry Richman (1895–1972), American entertainer
* Ike Richman (1913–1965), American attorney and sports executive
* Jeffrey Richman, American writer, producer and actor
* John Henry Richman (1791–1864), South Australian lawyer
* Jonathan Richman (born 1951), American indie musician
* Josh Richman (born 1965), American actor and director
* Keith Richman, American politician from California
* Larry L. Richman (born 1955), American author on project management and social media strategist
* Peter Mark Richman (1927–2021), American actor
* Simon Richman (born 1990), English footballer
* Tommy Richman (born 2000), American rapper