OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muhammad Abbas (Emir of Kano)

Muhammad Abbaspronunciation was a regent and later emir of Kano. He was appointed regent by Lord Lugard after the pacification of Northern Nigeria, he presided over the transformation of the caliphal emirate into an emirate subject to the British throne under the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria.

## Early life

Little is known about the early life of Muhammad Abbas. During the Third Kanoan civil war, he was loyal to his brothers and later became the Wambai of Kano after Aliyu Babba led the Yusufawa to victory. He escorted Aliyu Babba to Sokoto for the autumn campaign of 1903, when Kano was captured by the British. After the Battle of Kwatarkwashi, he led section of the Kanoan force to surrender to Lugard, for his loyalty, Lugard appointed him Regent of Kano and in May 1903 confirmed him as the emir of Kano.
# William Thompson (New South Wales politician)

William Thompson (22 January 1862 – 6 October 1937) was an Australian politician.
He was born in Queanbeyan to surveyor James Banford Thompson and Margaret Carroll. From 1878 to 1885 he was a clerk in the Colonial Architect's office, before becoming a quantity surveyor and moving to Ryde in 1898. On 4 March 1885 he had married Florence Single, with whom he had three children. He owned a horse farm on the Hawkesbury River and was a founder of the William Thompson Masonic School at Baulkham Hills, New South Wales, which operated from 1922 to 1972, and the New South Wales Masonic Schools Welfare Fund which, as A Start in Life, continues to assist indigent youth. He was a Freemason and Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New South Wales from 1914 until 1924. In 1913 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for Ryde, serving until his retirement in 1920. In 1923 he established the Masonic Youth Welfare Fund. Thompson died at Ashfield in 1937.
# William Sherard (disambiguation)

William Sherard (1659–1728) was an English botanist.
William Sherard may also refer to:
# Mura uke seido

Mura uke seido (Japanese: 村請制度, Hepburn: mura uke seido), or mura uke sei (村請制), was a system for collecting taxes from villages during the Edo period of Japan. Under this system, tax payments, in the form of a portion of their crops, would be made by the village as a unit, and were therefore the collective responsibility of each respective village subjected to it. The amount would be collected by the village headman to be given to their local lord. If a household or individual were to be indigent or otherwise unable to provide tribute, the remaining residents of the village would have been required to contribute their portion of the village's tax burden. This contributed to the development of a communal culture characterized by altruism, mutual respect and sociality, as the system effectively compelled the affluent members of the village to assist the otherwise penurious members, so the tax burden could be met.

## History

Mura-uke-seido started under the Tokugawa Shogunate and was characterized by the fact that villagers paid taxes to their local lords based on crop yield, of which would be determined by a lesser person of the local court performing a land survey. The village head would then be delivered a letter annually demanding an amount be paid by his village.
The nature and specifics of this system varied on a village-by-village basis, typically falling into two categories. While in some villages, taxes would be paid based on a self-reported crop yield, after a baseline was established by the land survey, in other villages, the amount of tribute due would be determined by the initial survey without adjusting based on crop yield, unchanging until further notice. The choice of the method for each village would be made off the assumption that the method selected would generate more tax revenue for each respective village.
Under the fixed-system, villagers were encouraged to cultivate and develop more farmland, as any excess produced would not factor into the calculation for the amount of tribute to be given to the lord.
The increased productivity of villages, as well as the enhanced tax efficiency achieved by consolidating tax collection for the entire village through a single intermediary, obviating the need for verifying individual contributions, encouraged more lords to adopt this system.
The Meiji government supplanted mura-uke-seido with the Japanese Land Tax Reform of 1873, two years after the abolition of the feudal system, and thus establishing the right to privately own land.
# Murabbalı mecidiye

Murabbalı mecidiye (English: Apricot Murabba Stuffed Cookies) is a kurabiye from the Ottoman cuisine filled with apricot murabba.
# William II of Berg

William II (c. 1348 – 25 June 1408) was born in Jülich, as the son of Gerhard VI of Jülich, Count of Berg and Ravensberg, and Margaret, daughter and heiress of Otto IV, Count of Ravensberg, and Margaret of Berg.
Upon his father's death in 1360, William became Count of Berg and Ravensberg, a title that his father had gained by marrying the heiress of Berg and Ravensberg. In 1380, King Wenzel elevated him to the rank of Duke, thus becoming the first Duke of Berg.
William fought the counties of Mark and Cleves to prevent them from combining but in 1397 he was taken prisoner in the battle of Kleverhamm. He lost Remagen, Kaiserwerth and Sinzig to his nephew Adolf IV, Count of Kleve-Mark and due to these losses, his sons turned against him and imprisoned him in 1403/04. He ultimately forced them to submit and later supported his brother-in-law Rupert, King of Germany against Guelders-Jülich and won the county of Blankenburg. William died on 25 June 1408 and is buried in the Abteikirche in Altenberg.

## Family and children

On 28 September 1363, William married Anna of the Palatinate (1346 – 30 November 1415), daughter of Rupert II, Elector Palatine and Beatrice of Sicily. They had the following children:
* Beatrice (c. 1364 – 16 May 1395), married in 1385 Rupert I, Elector Palatine, his second wife, no issue
* Margarete (c. 1364 – 18 July 1442), married in 1379 Otto I (the Evil), Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen (died 13 December 1394)
* Rupert (died 29 July 1394), Bishop of Passau and Paderborn
* Adolf (died 14 July 1437), married Yolande de Bar and Elisabeth of Bavaria, ruled Ravensburg (1395-1403) and Berg (1408-1437)
* Gerhard (died 22 October 1435), Archdeacon of Cologne
* William (c. 1382–1428), married Adelheid of Tecklenburg, ruled Ravensberg (1403-1428)
# William Lettsom

William Lettsom may refer to:
* William Nanson Lettsom, English man of letters
* William Garrow Lettsom, British diplomat, mineralogist and spectroscopist
# William Lethbridge

William Lethbridge (1825–1901) was a lawyer in England. When bookseller W H Smith owner William Henry Smith II decided to become involved in politics in 1864, he enlisted Lethbridge as a managing partner. He sat for a portrait by Frederick Sandys (1829-1904) in 1882 (see illustration).
Lethbridge was the first president of North Western Coal and Navigation Company, a mining company based out of Lethbridge, Alberta, in 1882. The city of Lethbridge was named after him by Alexander Tilloch Galt in an effort to convince him to invest in the new company. However, Lethbridge never went to Canada.
* This United Kingdom business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This Lethbridge-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Muneyoshi

Muneyoshi is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Tamura Muneyoshi (田村 宗良, 1637–1678), Japanese daimyō
* Muneyoshi Tokugawa (徳川 宗敬, 1897–1989), Japanese agricultural scholar
* Kotonofuji Muneyoshi (琴乃富士 宗義, born 1951), Japanese sumo wrestler
# William Kelly

William, Willie, Will or Bill Kelly may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Bill Kelly (writer), American screenwriter
* William Kelly (artist), American artist
* Roosevelt Sykes (1906–1983), American blues musician, stage name "Willie Kelly"

## Politics

* William Kelly (Alabama politician) (1786–1834), Alabama politician and U.S. senator
* William Kelly (New York state senator) (1807–1872), New York politician
* William W. J. Kelly (1814–1878), Lieutenant Governor of Florida
* William Moore Kelly (1827–1888), businessman and politician in New Brunswick
* William Kelly (New Zealand politician) (1840–1907), New Zealand Member of Parliament
* William Kelly (Labour politician) (1874–1944), British Labour politician
* William Kelly (New South Wales politician) (1875–1932), Australian politician
* Willie Kelly (politician) (1877–1960), Australian politician
* William Osmund Kelly (1909–1974), mayor of Flint, Michigan
* William McDonough Kelly (1925–2013), political strategist and retired Canadian Senator
* Bill Kelly (politician), politician in Lapeer, Michigan

## Sports
### American football

* Bill Kelly (quarterback) (1905–1931), American football player at the University of Montana and in the NFL
* Bill Kelly (American football, born 1947), American football player and coach
* Kenneth Kelly (1905–1984), nicknamed "Bill", American football player and coach, head coach at Central Michigan University, 1951–1966

### Australian rules football

* Bill Kelly (footballer, born 1882) (1882–1961), Australian rules footballer for Fitzroy
* Bill Kelly (footballer, born 1930) (born 1930), Australian rules footballer for Footscray
* Will Kelly (Australian footballer) (born 2000), Australian rules footballer for Collingwood

### Baseball

* Bill Kelly (outfielder), 19th-century American baseball player
* Bill Kelly (first baseman) (1898–1990), American baseball player
* William Kelly (baseball), Negro league baseball player

### Other sports

* Bill Kelly (rugby league) (1892–1975), New Zealand rugby league footballer and coach
* Will Kelly (rugby union) (born 1997), Canadian rugby union player
* William Kelly (Victoria cricketer) (1875–1968), Australian cricketer
* William Harvey Kelly (1883–1944), Australian cricketer
* William Kelly (1910s footballer) (1890-1920), English footballer for Newcastle United and Manchester City, see List of Manchester City F.C. players (1–24 appearances)
* William Kelly (footballer, born 1937), English footballer known as 'Brian'
* Willie Kelly (footballer) (1922–1996), Scottish footballer for Airdrieonians and Blackburn Rovers

## Others

* William Kelly (biblical scholar) (1821–1906), classicist and Biblical expositor
* William Kelly (inventor) (1811–1888), American inventor of a steel smelting process
* William Russell Kelly, founder of the American temporary staffing agency, Kelly Services
# William Stanford Grignon

William Stanford Grignon was a planter and slave owner in Jamaica. He was elected to the House of Assembly of Jamaica in 1820.
# William Raymond

William Raymond may refer to:
* William Forbes Raymond (1785–1860), Archdeacon of Northumberland
* William H. Raymond (1844–1916), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
* William Gawtress Raymond (1855–1942), member of the House of Commons of Canada
* Bill Raymond (born 1938), American actor
* William Gould Raymond (1819–1893), American pastor, chaplain and soldier
* William O. Raymond (1853–1923), Canadian clergyman and historian
# William Roberts (screenwriter)

William S. Roberts (September 4, 1913 – March 5, 1997) was a screenwriter.
His screenplays include: The Mating Game (1959), The Magnificent Seven (1960), The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962), Ride the High Country (1962; uncredited), The Bridge at Remagen (1969), Posse (1975).
Roberts was the creator of ABC's sitcom, The Donna Reed Show.
William Roberts died on March 5, 1997, in Los Angeles, California, of respiratory failure.
# Muireadhach II, Earl of Menteith

Muireadach II of Menteith (also written as Murethach, Murdoch or Maurice), ruled 1213–1231, was the son of Gille Críst and the third known Mormaer of Menteith. Muireadach gained the Mormaerdom by challenging the rights of the current Mormaer, his elder brother, also called Muireadhach, hence Muireadhch Mór (in English, "the elder"). The case apparently went to arbitration, and the king decided on the right of Muireadhch Óg. On 13 December 1213, Muireadhach Mór resigned the Mormaerdom, taking lesser lands and titles in compensation.
Muireadhach Óg was one of the seven mormaers present at the coronation of King Alexander II of Scotland in 1214, and Muireadhach accompanied the king in the funeral cortège of his father and predecessor, King William of Scotland. Muireadhach Óg appears again in the company of the king in 1224, when he appears on a charter issued at Stirling granting rights to Paisley Abbey. In a document dating to 1226, Muireadach is referred to as "Sheriff of Stirling". He had no legitimate sons, but two daughters, Isabella (Iosbail), who married a Comyn, and Maria (Màire), who married a Stewart; both became countesses in their own right.
Muireadach died before January 1234, when his successor appears with the comital title for the first time.
# William Thomas Porter

William Thomas Porter (21 June 1877 – 11 January 1928) was a British barrister and colonial judge.

## Early life and education

Porter was born on 21 June 1877 in Lancashire. He was educated privately and at Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1901, he was called to the Bar of the Inner Temple.

## Career

After joining the North Eastern Circuit he left England in 1907 and went to the East Africa Protectorate. That year he served as magistrate in Mombasa and Acting Administrator-General. In 1908, he was magistrate for the provinces of Kisumu and Naivasha.
In 1911, he went to Cyprus where he served as President of the District Court, and Puisne Judge. In 1915, he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Gold Coast Colony where he served until 1921. From 1921 to 1924, he served as Judge and as Acting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. He retired to Eastbourne due to poor health in 1924.
Porter died on 11 January 1928, aged 50.
# Murder at Mt. Fuji

Murder at Mt. Fuji (Wの悲劇, Daburyū no Higeki, The Tragedy of W) is a Japanese novel by author Shizuko Natsuki, originally published in 1982. It has been adapted into several Japanese television dramas and a film.

## Plot

"I've stabbed Grandpa to death." With these words, rich heiress Chiyo Wada incriminated herself in the murder of her grandfather, Yohei Wada, the patriarch of a rich family owning a large conglomerate. Chiyo had brought along her friend Jane Prescott to spend the New Year holidays with her family: Yohei, grandmother Mine, grand-uncle Shigeru, mother Yoshie, stepfather Sawahiko, cousin Takuo, and Dr. Shohei Mazaki, who's rumored to be an illegitimate member of the family.
When Yohei is killed, the investigation is undertaken by detectives Ukyo Nakazato and Katsubei Aiura, who have more questions than answers. Did Chiyo really murder her own grandfather, a known playboy who often groped her? Or was she set up by another family member? The answers will be decisive for the Wada family to stay together - or break apart...
# Murtiya

Murtiya is a village development committee in Sarlahi District in the Madhesh Province of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6,485 people living in 1,120 individual households.

## Famous for

Murtiya is a Historical place due to the Mukteshwor Temple and also known as a Sport City. Important Place:  Mukteshwor Temple  Mukteshwor Pokhari  Bihani Ban, Picnic Sport  Malhaniya Pokhari  Foot Ball Ground  Covered Hall
# Murder in Idaho law

Murder in Idaho law constitutes the intentional killing, under circumstances defined by law, of people within or under the jurisdiction of the U.S. state of Idaho.
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that in the year 2021, the state had a murder rate somewhat below the median for the entire country.

## Definitions

Idaho has three homicide offenses in total, including the two degrees of murder. The most serious form of homicide, first-degree murder, constitutes the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought or the intentional application of torture to a human being, which results in the death of a human being, with one of the following circumstances present:
* The murder was perpetrated by means of poison, lying in wait, torture, or willful, deliberate, or was premeditated.
* It was the murder of any peace officer, executive officer, officer of the court, fireman, judicial officer, or prosecuting attorney who was acting in the lawful discharge of an official duty.
* The murder is committed by a person under a sentence for murder of the first or second degree, including such persons on parole or probation from such sentence.
* The murder was committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate, aggravated battery on a child under 12 years of age, arson, rape, robbery, burglary, kidnapping, mayhem, an act of terrorism, or the use of a weapon of mass destruction, biological weapon, or chemical weapon.
* The murder was committed by a person incarcerated in a prison upon a person employed by the prison, another inmate of the prison or a visitor to the prison.
* The murder was committed by a person while escaping or attempting to escape from a penal institution.
Second-degree murder constitutes the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought or the intentional application of torture to a human being without any of the above circumstances present.
First-degree murder is punishable by life in prison with the possibility of parole after at least 10 years, life-without-parole, or death. Second-degree murder is punished by 10 years to life-without-parole.

## Penalties

The sentences for homicide offenses in Idaho are listed below.
| Offense | Mandatory sentence |
| Manslaughter | Up to 10 years in prison |
| Second-degree murder | 10 years to life-without-parole |
| First-degree murder | Death or Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole or Life-with-parole after at least 10 years |
# Relex

Relex may refer to:
* DG RELEX, a Directorate-General of the European Commission
* Operation Relex
* RELEX Group, the developer of Linter SQL RDBMS
* ReLEx SMILE, a type of laser surgery
* Relex Software, acquired by software company PTC
# Alison Carnwath

Dame Alison Jane Carnwath DBE (born January 1953) is a British businesswoman, and former chairman of Land Securities.

## Early life and education

Alison Jane Carnwath was born in January 1953. She received a bachelor's degree in economics and German from the University of Reading in 1975.

## Career
### Executive

Carnwath began her career with Peat Marwick Mitchell, now KPMG, where she qualified and practiced as a chartered accountant from 1975 to 1980.
She then moved into corporate finance. She worked from 1980 to 1982 at Lloyds Bank International, and from 1982 to 1993 at J. Henry Schroder Wagg & Co in London and New York. In 1993 she became a senior partner at the financial advisory firm Phoenix Partnership. The firm was taken over by Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette (DLJ) in late 1997; she continued working for DLJ until 2000.

### Non-executive

Carnwath has held several board roles. These have included Vitec Group plc (as chair), Welsh Water, Friends Provident plc, Gallaher Group, MF Global Inc (as chair), Barclays, Man Group plc, Land Securities Group plc (as chair), UK private equity firm Livingbridge (as chair), Zurich Insurance, Paccar, BASF, and BP (she resigned from BP 'for personal and professional reasons' in January 2021).
She is also a senior advisor to Evercore Partners.

## Honours

She was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2014 New Year Honours for her services to business.
# George Irumbayam

George Irumbayam is an Indian literary critic and literature researcher. Author of 39 literary and 7 spiritual books.

## Early life

He was born on 19 December 1938 as the eldest child of Irumbayam Poovathunkal Varkey and Annamma, who totally had four children. He studied in the Kaarikkodu-Pothi-Thalayolapparambu schools between 1945 and 1956, and at St. Thomas College Pala from 1956 to 1957. He also studied at Sacred heart college Thevara (1958-1961), University college, Trivandrum (1961-1962) and at aMaharajas College (1962-1963). He received his Masters from Kerala University for Malayalam and English, and the Masters Gandhism from Madhura university, Ph.D from Calicut university, and passed B.A. and M.A. with first rank.

## Career

George worked as the president of the Malayalam Protection Council (Malayala Samrakshana Vaedi) from 1989 onwards
He got T.K.Joseph gold medal for first rank in BA and Dr. Godavarma award for first rank in MA (Malayalam). Then he became a Malayalam college lecturer in 1963 at Sacred heart college, Thevara and from 1966 onwards in Government colleges at Madappally, Kozhikode, Palakkad and as professor at Thalassery, Calicut. He retired from Ernakulam Maharaja's as head of department in 1994 after his start there in 1986.
He edited novels and wrote many literary criticism books. He was a member of the editors' committee of periodicals such as Kerala digest, Kolaya, Sahithya Niroopanam and the Keralsamskara. He served as president of Calicut Book Club. He was a member of many government -university committees and academic councils. Gaandhi's autobiography was translated into Malayalam by George Irumbayam, which sold over 400,000 copies in 4 years. Also, he has translated one of the Sherlock Holmes books. He has written and published many spiritual books as well.

## Personal life

George is married to Theresa Valavi, and he has three children - Two sons named Jaison and Jesus, and a daughter named Sindhu. The couple live in Kochi.
# George F. Moore (lieutenant governor)

George F. Moore (March 9, 1861 – May 24, 1938) was a Democratic politician from Idaho. He served as the fifth lieutenant governor of Idaho. Moore was elected in 1897 along with Governor Frank Steunenberg. He died in 1938 in Seattle, Washington.
# Metalamia cuprea

Metalamia cuprea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940. It is known from New Zealand.
# Rhabdochaeta gladifera

Rhabdochaeta gladifera is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Rhabdochaeta of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

The species is commonly found in India.
# Proteuxoa heterogama

Proteuxoa heterogama is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in New South Wales.
# Myostaurida

Myostaurida is one of two suborders of stalked jellyfishes, the other being Amyostaurida. Species in Myostaurida have—unlike those in Amyostaurida—interradial, longitudinal muscles in their stalks. Myostaurida contains nine genera across four families.
# Alexander Joseph Daiwaille

Alexander Joseph Daiwaille (21 January 1818 – 1888) was a Dutch portrait painter.
Daiwaille was born at Amsterdam, and his father was the painter Jean Augustin Daiwaille. Alexander specialized in painting portraits, like his father, although he later in life painted landscapes. He traveled and worked all around the Netherlands and Germany, including Hilversum (1833-1834), Kleve (1834-1835), Nijmegen (1835-1836), The Hague (1836-1839), and back to Kleve (1840-1848), where he worked with his brother-in-law the landscape painter Barend Cornelis Koekkoek. Daiwaille then moved and settled in Brussels where he lived until his death in 1888.
# Regrouping of the Live Forces of Youth for Change

The Regrouping of the Live Forces of Youth for Change (Regroupement des Forces Vives de la Jeunesse pour le Changement) is a political party in Togo. The party participated in the October 2007 parliamentary election, but did not win any seats.