OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Artemia parthenogenetica

Artemia parthenogenetica is a species of brine shrimp – aquatic crustaceans belonging to a different class, the Branchiopoda, than the true shrimps.

## Taxonomy

The name Artemia parthenogenetica is widely used in the relevant literature, although some taxonomists regard it as being used incorrectly to refer to parthenogenetic populations of Artemia that do not form a true species. A 2015 study based on microsatellite markers showed that parthenogenetic populations of different ploidy levels group together in a principal component analysis, and are distinct from related species such as Artemia sinica, Artemia tibetiana and Artemia urmiana.

## Description

A. parthenogenetica is an obligate parthenogenetic organism that is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia, from the Canary Islands in the far west of its known range, east to Australia. It lives in hypersaline water bodies mostly along coastal waters of these continents. In Australia, scientists are debating whether the organism is native or introduced from birds. In inland Australia, genetic information indicates that populations have been introduced by migratory birds. As A. parthenogenetica can more favorably survive in high salinities, when large bodies of water dry out, the introductions of cysts by migrating birds from coastal regions may allow populations to become established, as happened in the South Aral Sea in the late 1990s.

## Life cycle

A. parthenogenetica, as its specific name suggests, is an obligate parthenogenetic organism, one that reproduces without sexual reproduction. Like other brine shrimp, A. parthenogenetica produces cysts that are highly resistant to environmental changes, including large changes in temperature and salinity, and the stress of drying out and exposure to UV radiation. The organism displays different numbers of chromosomes or levels of ploidy, from diploid to 5n. A. parthenogenetica populations with 2n ploidy have some recombination of genes during meiosis then fuse the recombined cells to regain the 2n chromosomes. In populations with ploidies from 3n to 5n, the resultant offspring are clones of the parents.

## Automixis

Diploid A. parthenogenetica can undergo meiosis, but instead of producing haploid gametes as ordinarily occurs in sexual species, diploid meiotic products are most often produced by automixis. Automixis involves the fusion of nuclei derived from the same individual meiosis. The specific type of automixis occurring in A. partheogenetica is likely “central fusion”, that is fusion of the first two meiotic products (see Figure in Automixis). Automixis allows A. parthenogenetica to reproduce parthenogenetically. However, despite its species designation as “parthenogentica” implying obligate parthenogenesis, recent evidence indicates that this species is also capable of infrequently reproducing sexually.
# Teddy Boy (disambiguation)

Teddy Boy is a subculture.
Teddy Boy may also refer to:
* Teddy Boy (EP), an electro house recording Kavinsky
* "Teddy Boy" (song), a rock song by Paul McCartney
* Teddy boy cut, a hairstyle
* Teddy Boy, a manhua series best known in film adapted form as the Young and Dangerous franchise
* Teddy Boy Blues, a video game by Sega.
* "Teddy Boys", a song recorded by Kelly Willis
# Skane Nunatak

Skane Nunatak (64°43′02″S 64°16′36″W﻿ / ﻿64.71722°S 64.27667°W﻿ / -64.71722; -64.27667) is a distinctive nunatak rising to 130 metres (430 ft) 0.4 nautical miles (0.74 km) east of Cape Monaco on Anvers Island in the Palmer Archipelago. It was amed by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 2007 after Richard J. Skane, carpenter foreman in support of the US Antarctic Program at McMurdo Station for four field seasons from 1979; and at Palmer Station for ten field seasons including two winters, from 1986 to 1996.
# Tembetá

A tembetá (Guaraní language: tembe: lip, ita: stone.) or barbote (Argentina) is a metal or stone rod placed in lower lip piercings by members of some indigenous peoples in South America. It has been used since the Neolithic period by different human groups for body modification, spiritual protection, and indication of sexual maturity.

## Pre-Columbian use

According to the first studies of Jorge Fernández, tembetás originated in Planalto, Brazil. Their use expanded as far south as El Quisco, Chile, and they were adopted by indigenous groups such as the Guarani, Tupi, and Chiriguano peoples.

## Sociological importance

The tembetá played a part in initiation ceremonies, signifying the entry of young men into adult life. After these ceremonies, the men could marry and acquire the responsibilities of an adult male.

## Corporal use and skill of placement

The tembetá is a male adornment in the lower lip. Several men and candidates would meet and drink chicha, a fermented beverage made from maize, to dull the pain. A specialist would perforate the lip with a thick wooden needle. The tembetá would be inserted, and the person would wear it for the remainder of his life.
Participants would ask during the ceremony that the tembetá protect its owner from death. To this end, it was placed near the mouth, a potential entry of damaging forces. Indeed, it was a very important amulet, more than an adornment.
El Molle culture used the adornment, made of rock, preferably of beautiful colors. It consists of a thin curved plate molded to the gums. In the centre was a button, either cylindrical or sharply-pointed, that penetrated the lip 5 to 7 cm.

## Geographical distribution

The tembetá is a cultural feature of very wide distribution. It has been used by peoples of Africa, Asia, and the Americas and often it had, apart from it decorative value, a social meaning. Another variant was a pipe of stone, often talc, in the shape of letter "T". These pipe-shaped tembetás could be used in rites to smoke herbs with hallucinogenic properties.

### Guarani people

The tembetá, called "labrete", was used by the tribes of the Guarani. According to archaeological findings, the Guarani tembetá was made of quartz in the shape of a "T", 10 cm in length. The working of the quartz was done by a shaman. Quartz correlates to ita-verá (brilliant stone) of the mythical one Tupá Overasú, and of the great one Tupá of the Storm.

### In Chile

The tembetá was used in several pre-Columbian cultures in Chile. The principal one was El Molle culture, which brought the tembetá from the Planalto of Brazil. Cultures derived from the Molle were the Diaguita, Llolleo, and Bato.
In the Llolleo culture the tembetá was of cardinal importance, but among the Bato, it was more on the level of a personal adornment, without any spiritual connotations.

## Social differentiation

The tembetá offers protection against the negative action of the "owners of the nature"; it is the ritual adornment of the "souls that travel towards the land of beyond". Many neolithic tribes of the Amazon demonstrated a deep scorn for peoples that did not use the tembetá.
# Singanamala

Singanamala is a village in Anantapur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is headquarters of Singanamala mandal in Anantapur revenue division.

## Geography

Singanamala is located at 14°48′00″N 77°43′00″E﻿ / ﻿14.8000°N 77.7167°E﻿ / 14.8000; 77.7167. It has an average elevation of 287 metres (942 ft).
# Regan Mandryk

Regan Lee Mandryk is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Saskatchewan. She specializes in Human-computer interaction.

## Early life and education

Mandryk was born on December 9, 1975, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Mandryk earned her Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Winnipeg in 1997. She completed her Master's degree and PhD at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia. Mandryk's PhD dissertation applied physiological measures to model user emotion in interactive play environments. She was awarded the 2005 Dean of Graduate Studies Convocation Medal in Applied Sciences and was nominated for the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies Distinguished Dissertation Award. She then completed post-doctoral fellowships at the University of British Columbia and Dalhousie University.

## Career

Upon completing her fellowships, Mandryk joined the University of Saskatchewan's Human-Computer Interaction Lab under the guidance of Carl Gutwin to research video games. She had originally never looked at the university for she had no family connections to Saskatoon but was convinced by Gutwin's work. As an assistant professor, she co-received a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council grant to study how to increase university-aged students physical activity. Alongside Kevin Stanley, they developed a game called Gemini which would incorporate a player's real-world activities such as walking, running or riding a bicycle into a role-playing computer game.
In January 2015, Mandryk was selected as an inaugural member of the Royal Society of Canada’s College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists. She later received the University of Saskatchewan's New Researcher Award. The following year, Mandryk and researchers at the Interaction Lab began developing concentration exercises to assist children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Their game involved the player's avatar runs endlessly forward, collecting coins and avoiding obstacles, while the player wore a headset to monitor their brain activity. Through the use of positive reinforcement, Mandryk's research team were attempting to train those with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder to focus. She also received a $1.65 million grant to create a graduate program in game-user research for the Saskatchewan Waterloo Games User Research Initiative.
Mandryk later began researching whether video games could be used to assess mental health. This project earned her a E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship, $250,000 over two years, by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to fund her research. During the COVID-19 pandemic in North America, Mandryk promoted the use of video games while isolating as a way to deal with stress, anxiety and other mental health challenges. She said that due to social isolation, children were missing out on interactions with their friends and video games were a way to socialize.
# Gwalchmai ap Meilyr

Gwalchmai ap Meilyr (fl. 1130 – 1180) was a Welsh-language court poet, connected with Trewalchmai in Anglesey. He was one of the earliest of the Gogynfeirdd ("less early poets") or Beirdd y Tywysogion ("Poets of the Princes"). He composed poems in praise of Owain Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd, and his brothers. He was the son of another poet, Meilyr Brydydd, and father of the poets Meilyr ap Gwalchmai and Einion ap Gwalchmai. He shares his name with Gwalchmei ap Gwyar, a figure from Welsh legend described as the nephew of Arthur and known in English as Gawain.
His most important work is perhaps Gorhoffedd Gwalchmai ("Gwalchmai's praise poem"), one of the greatest medieval Welsh poems.
# Janet Biddlecombe

Janet Biddlecombe (24 April 1866 – 15 February 1954) was an Australian pastoralist and philanthropist.

## Life

Biddlecombe was born in 1866 in Melbourne. Her parents were Euphemia Leslie (born Carstairs) and George Russell and she was the last of their eight children. She had only one brother and her mother died when she was young. Her father was a pastoralist. Golf Hill Station at Shelford in Victoria state had been established in 1836 on the banks of a river. In 1839, her father bought land from the crown to build a home and move his HQ to Shelford. Most of the local squatters and her parents had come from Scotland so the town had a strong Presbyterian feel. The small town expanded as her father rented out space for new businesses. Shelford had two schools by 1853.
In 1888 her father died, and after two years Biddlecombe started to manage the Golf Hill station taking over from her brother. This was a task, as the station was not profitable. However she wanted to preserve her families work and she had sisters. In 1890 Matthew William Webb exhibited a portrait of her. That painting is now in the State Library of Victoria.
She married Commander John Biddlecombe who had been in the British Navy in 1900. Her new husband became the station's manager. He died in 1929 and they had won many prizes for their cattle. The two of them had created a stud for Hereford cattle and she continued as a widow. Her station was managed by men but if necessary she would intercede.
The prize winning bulls were all sold in 1953 in the hope that they would improve Australian bloodlines. The sale raised a substantial sum and Biddlescombe donated it to charity in. Janet, who was then a childless widow, died in 1954.

## Death and legacy

Biddlecombe died in 1954 at Golf Hill near Shelford, Victoria. Her body was not allowed to be buried at Golf Hill but her ashes were cast there. She had a small funeral as her family had died, although several organisations sent representatives in gratitude for her generosity. The philanthropy was largely unknown in her lifetime even though it was her own money that she was donating. The gifts came from the proceeds of her success in business. Several buildings were named after her. She left the contents of her house including her paintings to the National Gallery of Victoria and the Geelong Art Gallery.
# Jorge Rubio

Jorge Rubio may refer to:
* Jorge Rubio (boxing trainer), Cuban trainer
* Jorge Rubio (baseball) (1945–2020), Major League Baseball pitcher
# The American Heiress

The American Heiress is a 1917 British silent crime film directed by Cecil M. Hepworth and starring Alma Taylor, Violet Hopson and Stewart Rome.

## Cast

* Alma Taylor as Bessie
* Violet Hopson as Cynthia Hunks
* Stewart Rome as Parker
* Lionelle Howard as Bob Summers
* John MacAndrews as Viper Smith
* Johnny Butt as Sir John Higgins
# Straß in Steiermark

Straß in Steiermark is a municipality in the district of Leibnitz in the Austrian state of Styria.

## Geography

Straß in Steiermark is situated in the south of Styria, on the border with Slovenia.
vtePlaces adjacent to Straß in Steiermark :
Wagna
Gabersdorf
Sankt Veit in der Südsteiermark
Ehrenhausen an der Weinstraße
Straß in Steiermark
Mureck (District Südoststeiermark)
Kungota (Slovenia)
Šentilj (Slovenia) :

### Constituent parts of Straß municipality

The municipality comprises the communities of:
* Gersdorf an der Mur (393)
* Grassnitzberg (177)
* Lichendorf (506)
* Obegg (37)
* Oberschwarza (156)
* Obervogau (893)
* Spielfeld (683)
* Straß in Steiermark (1571)
* Unterschwarza (214)
* Vogau (1164)
* Weitersfeld an der Mur (555)

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 4,820 | — |
| 1880 | 4,936 | +2.4% |
| 1890 | 5,031 | +1.9% |
| 1900 | 5,064 | +0.7% |
| 1910 | 5,237 | +3.4% |
| 1923 | 5,622 | +7.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1934 | 5,924 | +5.4% |
| 1939 | 5,276 | −10.9% |
| 1951 | 5,724 | +8.5% |
| 1961 | 5,471 | −4.4% |
| 1971 | 5,762 | +5.3% |
| 1981 | 5,550 | −3.7% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1991 | 5,681 | +2.4% |
| 2001 | 6,090 | +7.2% |
| 2011 | 6,106 | +0.3% |
| 2020 | 6,349 | +4.0% |
# Teatro dell'Aquila, Fermo

The Teatro dell'Aquila is the town's opera house Located on Via Mazzini in Fermo, region of Marche, Italy.
The building was built starting in 1780 and completed in 1790, was based on designs by Cosimo Morelli; the prior theater, located in what is now the Sala dei Ritratti in the Palazzo dei Priori and built of wood, had burned in a fire. The first performance here was on 26 September 1790. The theater has 124 boxes over five orders tall. The ceiling frescoes were completed by Luigi Cochetti, and depict The Gods of Olympus, including Jove, Juno, three graces, and six Nightime hours (dancing) listen to the Song of Apollo. The theater curtain was also painted by Cochetti, and depicts Armonia che consegna la cetra al genio fermano. Other paintings now in the entrance, were painted in 1830 by Alessandro Sanquirico. The theater underwent restoration in 1997. The Teatro dell'Aquila now takes part in presenting performances by the Rete Lirica delle Marche.
# Skybaby

Skybaby or Sky baby may refer to:
* Fisher FP-606 Sky Baby, ultralight aircraft
* Skyhigh Skybaby, ultralight aircraft
* Stits SA-2A Sky Baby 1952 home built aircraft considered one of the world's smallest.
# Behind the Sun

Behind the Sun may refer to:
* Behind the Sun (film), a 2001 film directed by Walter Salles
* Behind the Sun (Chicane album), 2000
* Behind the Sun (Eric Clapton album), and the title song, 1985
* Behind the Sun (Dive album), and the title song, 2004
* Behind the Sun (Motorpsycho album), 2014
* "Behind the Sun" (Red Hot Chili Peppers song), 1987
* "Behind the Sun" (Alexander Klaws song), 2004
* "Behind the Sun", a song by The Good, the Bad & the Queen from the 2007 album The Good, the Bad & the Queen
* "Behind the Sun", a song by Living Colour from the 2009 album The Chair in the Doorway
* "Behind the Sun", a song by Meshuggah from the 2012 album Koloss
* "Behind the Sun", a song by Sylosis from the 2012 album Monolith
# Singanallur Lake

Singanallur Lake is a lake in Singanallur, Coimbatore, South India. It is spread over an area of 1.153 km$^2$ (0.445 sq mi) and has an average depth of 4.25 m (13.9 ft). It is one of the 9 large lakes in the city.

## Hydrography

The lake is fed by canals derived from Noyyal river. The lake also receives water from Sanganur drain and sewage water. The water can be released through two sluice gates on the lake. In 2010, pipes were laid to connecting the lake to Valankulam Lake to drain excess water during floods.

## Flora and fauna

Eichornia crassipes is the main aquatic plant species causing eutrophication of the lake. The insect species included four orders Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Odonata.
The lake supports a rich bio-diversity consisting of plankton, butterflies, resident and migratory birds. Various species of butterflies including common Mormon, joker butterfly, glassy tiger and plain tiger have been spotted in the lake. Over 110 species of birds have been spotted in the lake. The spot-billed pelican, painted stork, openbill stork, ibis, Indian spot-billed duck, teal and black-winged stilt visit the lake during their migration. Various families of birds recorded include cormorants, herons, storks, ibis, kites, ducks, francolin, crakes, jacanas, plovers, sandpipers, terns, doves and pigeons, parakeet, cuckoos, owls, swifts, kingfishers, bee-eaters, rollers, barbets, woodpeckers, larks, swallows, wagtails, shrikes, bulbul, robin, babblers, warblers, flycatchers, flowerpecker, sunbirds, munias, sparrows, weavers, myna, orioles, drongos and crows.

## Fishing

Fishing is carried out by local fishermen and enthusiasts. In the 2000s, due to encroachment and the fishes were infected with metals and pathogens from polluted waste water discharged from the sewage.

## Transport

A railway track connecting Podanur and Irugur passes over the lake.

## Environmental concerns

In 2006, the lake was encroached by water hyacinth and contaminated due to effluents released into the lake. In 2014, Coimbatore Corporation unveiled a plan to clear the encroachments and use the lake for recreation. In January 2015, the lake was cleared and made ready for commercial tourism purposes.

## Recreation

Singanallur boat house was opened in 2005 and was closed in 2009 due to poor maintenance. In 2014, after the Coimbatore Corporation plan to de-silt the lake, the boat house was renovated. The Government of Tamil Nadu will introduce water sports and boating on the lake. Despite the increased inflow of tourists since renovation, tourists complain of unavailability of boats.
* Cormorant and egrets
* Little grebes
* Glossy ibises
# Gandhi House

Gandhi House is the nickname of several buildings where Mahatma Gandhi lived or which use Gandhi as their inspiration:
* Satyagraha House, a house built for Gandhi and Hermann Kallerbach in Johannesburg
* Gandhi House, Troyeville, a former home and heritage site in Troyeville, Johannesburg
* Gandhi House, Nandi Hills, India
* Kaba Gandhi No Delo, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
# João Afonso do Estreito

João Afonso do Estreito, from Funchal, Madeira, was a partner and co-captain in the Dulmo-Estreito expedition of 1487, a proposed pre-Columbian voyage of exploration across the Atlantic. Although licensed by King João II of Portugal, there is no evidence that the voyage ever took place.
Estreito partnered up with the Flemish Fernão Dulmo (Ferdinand Van Olm), and asked João II to approve their 40-day voyage to the fabled island Antillia, which the Portuguese called the Seven Cities. The King agreed to fund the exploration, under certain circumstances: Dulmo shall command the fleet to Antillia for the first forty days, and Estreito shall take over afterwards and be responsible for everything discovered until their return home. The Dulmo-Estreito voyage sparked an intense interest in later Portuguese westward voyages. Christopher Columbus had also proposed a similar journey to João II, yet his bargain was inferior to that of Dulmo. The king's rejection of Columbus left him to go to Spain in search of support for his proposed voyage.
# Stuart Park, British Columbia

Stuart Park is a park located near Okanagan Lake in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. In winter, part of the park is turned into an ice rink for public skating.
In 2015, the Canadian Institute of Planners named it the greatest public space in Canada.
What do I need to do before skating at Stuart Park?
The rink is open for drop-in use. No reservations are needed to skate in the park. It is recommended to check the live cam before heading down to the rink. Rentals for skates and bars are available on-site. For added COVID-19 Safety, please bring your own protective gear such as helmets, hand sanitizer, and face coverings. Rentals are open from 11 am to 8 pm daily, depending on the weather. If the temperature is below -10 degrees celsius, the rental shop will be closed.
Skate Rental Prices :
| Rents | Price |
| Kids Skates | $4.00 |
| Adult Skates | $5.00 |
| Helmets | $2.00 |
| E-Z Bars | $2.00 |
# SS Gustavus Victory

SS Gustavus Victory was constructed in Bethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard in Baltimore, Maryland. The 75th Victory ship, it was named for Gustavus Adolphus College in Saint Peter, Minnesota, which was named for the 17th century King of Sweden Gustav II Adolf. The college made a gift towards furnishing a ship library, which comprised two 40-book units and was managed by the American Merchant Marine Library Association.

## History

Gustavus alumna of 1924, Marion Logan of New York, sponsored the ship. Marion was the wife of Rufus T. Logan, Captain in the Army Air Force, and daughter of former Gustavus professor Dr. John A. Youngquist.
Construction of the vessel took 38 days, and it was launched from the shipyard on July 9, 1945 at 4 p.m. Gustavus Victory was boarded and operated by A. L. Burbank & Company, Ltd, including Captain J. M. Delhome and Chief Engineer Albert L. Hayes. It was converted to a troopship for returning European veterans at the end of World War II before being transferred to the Pacific theater of war. The ship had a carrying capacity of 750 passengers with an 85-person crew. During its career, crew members produced a ship publication titled Atlantic agony: the Landlubber's journal.

### Postwar

Gustavus Victory was sold after World War II and renamed Santa Fe (ELMA). The ship was converted to an emigrant ship to transport European emigrants to Argentina. The Santa Fe sailed as part of the Compañía Argentina de Navegación Alberto Dodero.