OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spread of a matrix

In mathematics, and more specifically matrix theory, the spread of a matrix is the largest distance in the complex plane between any two eigenvalues of the matrix.

## Definition

Let $A$ be a square matrix with eigenvalues $\lambda _{1},\ldots ,\lambda _{n}$. That is, these values $\lambda _{i}$ are the complex numbers such that there exists a vector $v_{i}$ on which $A$ acts by scalar multiplication:
    $Av_{i}=\lambda _{i}v_{i}.$
Then the spread of $A$ is the non-negative number
    $s(A)=\max\{|\lambda _{i}-\lambda _{j}|:i,j=1,\ldots n\}.$

## Examples

* For the zero matrix and the identity matrix, the spread is zero. The zero matrix has only zero as its eigenvalues, and the identity matrix has only one as its eigenvalues. In both cases, all eigenvalues are equal, so no two eigenvalues can be at nonzero distance from each other.
* For a projection, the only eigenvalues are zero and one. A projection matrix therefore has a spread that is either $0$ (if all eigenvalues are equal) or $1$ (if there are two different eigenvalues).
* All eigenvalues of a unitary matrix $A$ lie on the unit circle. Therefore, in this case, the spread is at most equal to the diameter of the circle, the number 2.
* The spread of a matrix depends only on the spectrum of the matrix (its multiset of eigenvalues). If a second matrix $B$ of the same size is invertible, then $BAB^{-1}$ has the same spectrum as $A$. Therefore, it also has the same spread as $A$.
# Barbara Jaruzelska

Halina Barbara Jaruzelska (née Ryfa; 23 January 1931 – 29 May 2017) was a Polish academic, philologist, and professor of German studies and language. Jaruzelska was the First Lady of Poland from 1985 to 1990 during the government of her husband, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, the President of the Polish People's Republic (1985–1989) and the President of the Republic of Poland (1989–1990). Professionally, Jaruzelska worked as a lecturer and German philology professor at the Institute of Applied Linguistics at the University of Warsaw.
Jaruzelska died in on 29 May 2017, aged 86. Her funeral was held at Saint Charles Borromeo Church in Warsaw on 6 June 2017. She was interred in Powązki Cemetery.
# Synchronized swimming at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's duet

The women's duet synchronized swimming competition at the 1998 Asian Games in Bangkok was held on 14 December and 15 December at the Thammasat Aquatic Center.

## Schedule

All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Monday, 14 December 1998 | 12:00 | Technical routine |
| Tuesday, 15 December 1998 | 17:00 | Free routine |

## Results

| Rank | Team | Technical (35%) | Free (65%) | Total |
| | Japan (JPN) Miya Tachibana Miho Takeda | 34.230 | 63.960 | 98.190 |
| | South Korea (KOR) Jang Yoon-kyeong Yoo Na-mi | 33.670 | 62.834 | 96.504 |
| | China (CHN) Li Min Long Yan | 33.413 | 62.530 | 95.943 |
| 4 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) Aliya Karimova Galina Shatnaya | 30.077 | 56.810 | 86.887 |
| 5 | Uzbekistan (UZB) Marina Abrashkina Olga Bistrova | 29.587 | 55.206 | 84.793 |
| 6 | Thailand (THA) Katesaya Kaewsrimuang Augkana Roysuwan | 25.527 | 49.010 | 74.537 |
# Taungbyu

Taungbyu is a village in Mingin Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma. It is located on the Chindwin River, east of Kywegya.
# Stachlerkopf

Stachlerkopf is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps, close to the towns of Steg and Malbun, with a height of 2,071 metres (6,795 ft).
# Shannonvale, New Brunswick

Shannonvale is a community in Restigouche County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is part of the village of Eel River Crossing.
# Johann Jacob Schütz

Johann Jakob Schütz (7 September 1640, Frankfurt – 22 May 1690, Frankfurt) was a German lawyer and hymnwriter. One of his hymns was reworked by Johann Sebastian Bach as a movement in BWV 117.
# Spring Valley (Nevada)

Spring Valley may refer to two locations in the U.S. state of Nevada:
* Spring Valley, Nevada, a town in Clark County
* Spring Valley (White Pine County, Nevada), a basic in northeastern Nevada
** Spring Valley Wind Farm, built in the valley in 2012
# Star Trek: The Music

Star Trek: The Music is conducted by Erich Kunzel of the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, and hosted/narrated by John de Lancie (Q from The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine and Voyager) and Robert Picardo (The Doctor from Voyager, and Dr. Zimmerman in various episodes of DS9 and VOY).

## First set

* Alexander Courage – Suite from "The Menagerie"
* Alexander Courage – Main Theme from "Star Trek" (TV Series)
* Jerry Goldsmith – Main Theme from "Star Trek: The Motion Picture"
* Jerry Goldsmith – Klingon Battle from "Star Trek: The Motion Picture"
* James Horner – Main Title from "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan"
* James Horner – Epilogue from "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan"
* James Horner – End Credits from "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan"
* James Horner – Main Theme from "Star Trek III: The Search for Spock"
* Leonard Rosenman – Main Title from "Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home"

## Second set

* Dennis McCarthy/arr. Reineke – Main Theme from "Star Trek: The Next Generation"
* Jerry Goldsmith – A Busy Man from "Star Trek V: The Final Frontier"
* Cliff Eidelman – End Title from "Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country"
* Dennis McCarthy/arr. Reineke – Main Theme from "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine"
* Dennis McCarthy/arr. McKenzie – End Title from "Star Trek Generations"
* Jerry Goldsmith/arr. Mann – Main Theme from "Star Trek: Voyager"

## Dates/locations

Star Trek: The Music had its original performances in Dallas, Texas on Tuesday, June 5, 2007 and Wednesday, June 6, 2007 at the Meyerson Symphony Center.
The second show was performed on June 20 and June 21, 2008 at The Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto, Ontario by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra.
The third show was in Cincinnati, Ohio on June 28, 2008,
The fourth show was in Denver, Colorado on November 1, 2008.
The fifth show was in Calgary, Alberta on January 13 to 15, 2010.
There were two shows in Kitchener, Ontario on June 2 and 3, 2010 at The Centre In The Square by the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony.

## Photos
### Toronto

* Robert Picardo, narrating during the second "Star Trek: The Music" show.
* John de Lancie, Robert Picardo, during their second performance of "Star Trek: The Music" narrating.
# Trackslistan

Tracks, or Trackslistan, was a top-20 song list and a program on the Swedish radio channel SR P3. It premiered on 8 September 1984 and was broadcast on Saturday afternoons. The program had a listener vote-in format and was one of the top music charts in Sweden. The show's predecessor was Poporama, which ran from 1974 to 1984. Trackslistan was discontinued in 2011.
# Moor Road tram stop

Moor Road is a tram stop for Phase 3b of the Manchester Metrolink. It opened on 3 November 2014. and is on the Airport Line on Moor Road at the junction of Bideford Drive.

## Services

Trams run every 12 minutes north to Victoria and south to Manchester Airport.
| Preceding station | Manchester Metrolink | Manchester Metrolink | Manchester Metrolink | Following station |
| Baguleytowards Manchester Airport | | Manchester Airport–Victoria | | Wythenshawe Parktowards Victoria |

### Ticket zones

Moor Road is located in Metrolink ticket zone 3.
# Stacher

Stacher is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ally Stacher (born 1987), American cyclist
* Joseph Stacher (c. 1902–1977), American mobster
* Joshua Stacher (born 1975), American political scientist
# Shannonvale, County Cork

Shannonvale or Shannon Vale is a small rural village near Clonakilty in County Cork, Ireland. It lies in the civil parishes of Kilnagross and Templebryan. Evidence of ancient settlement in the area include stone circle, ogham stone and bullaun stone sites in a large ecclesiastical enclosure in the townland of Templebryan North. Shannonvale takes its name from the Earls of Shannon, who owned much of the land in the area and built a large house and mill locally in the mid-18th century. This flour mill was once served by a short spur line from the Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway. The Battle of the Big Cross took place just north of the village during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
# Johann Jacob Vitriarius

Johann Jacob Vitriarius (8 June 1679 - 12 December 1745) was a Dutch jurist of German descent.

## Life

Johann Jacob Vitrarius was the son of the German jurist Philipp Reinhard Vitriarius, who between 1675 and 1682 taught law at the Geneva Academy. At the age of 2 or 3 he moved to Leiden in the Dutch Republic when his father became professor at Leiden University. Eventually, Vitriarius studied law at the same university, earning a doctorate there in 1701 with the thesis Disputio juridica inauguralis de acquisitione rerum originaria.
Vitrarius became a professor of law at Heidelberg University in 1706 and was appointed to the law faculty at Utrecht University on 4 June 1708, commencing on 17 September 1708. During 1714-15 he was Rector Magnificus at Utrecht. He left Utrecht in 1719 to take up a position at Leiden. Here he took the place of his father, and was equally widely acclaimed, particularly by the German students who at that time often studied at Dutch universities. He taught at Leiden until 15 January 1720.
Vitrarius died on 12 December 1745 in Leiden, aged 66.
# Screen Gems Network

The Screen Gems Network (SGN) was an American afternoon television program which ran in syndication from September 20, 1999, to September 9, 2002, launched by Columbia TriStar Television Distribution and produced by Evolution Media. The concept for the program was announced on January 11, 1999 and it began airing on September 20, 1999; for the block's first season, only half-hour sitcoms were part of the block, with the second season expanding to include hour-long drama shows. (While not part of the Screen Gems Network itself, CTTD and Evolution also produced 130 half-hour compilations of shorts featuring The Three Stooges in a similar manner to that of the Screen Gems Network.)
SGN was the first broadcast-based service airing classic shows from the Columbia Pictures Television vault, airing shows with a resource base of 58,000 episodes of 350 television series from the 1950s to 1980s, included were shows created by Columbia Pictures Television, Tandem Productions, and ELP Communications. The announcer of the program was Billy West, who was tapped by CTTD to be the announcer for the program on August 11, 1999.
Programs were creatively grouped for theme weeks such as "Love is in the Air", "Pilots", "Best Music Videos" and "Before They Were Stars". Holiday based theme weeks include promotions for Halloween, Christmas, Mother's Day and Father's Day, among others.
The block was intended to be carried by stations in daytime slots, primarily afternoon and early evenings; for instance, WNYW in New York ran the block at 2 p.m., while WUAB in Cleveland aired it at 11 a.m. The block covered 62% of the country by March 1999; this number had risen to 80% of the stations carrying it by January 2000. The block was still being advertised by CTTD as late as May 2001.

## List of series aired
### Screen Gems

* Father Knows Best (1954–1960)
* The Donna Reed Show (1958–1966)
* Hazel (1961–1966)
* Bewitched (1964–1972)
* I Dream of Jeannie (1965–1970)
* Gidget (1965–1966)
* The Monkees (1966–1968)
* The Flying Nun (1967–1970)
* Here Come the Brides (1968–1970)
* The Partridge Family (1970–1974)
* The Paul Lynde Show (1972–1973)
* The Farmer's Daughter (1963–1966)
* HAWK (1966)
* Batfink (1966–1967)
* Iron Horse (1966–1968)

### Columbia Pictures Television

* Starsky & Hutch (1975–1979)
* Charlie's Angels (1976–1981)
* What's Happening!! (1976–1979)
* Fantasy Island (1977–1984)
* Benson (1979–1986)
* What's Happening Now!! (1985–1988)

### Tandem Productions

* All in the Family (1971–1979)
* Maude (1972–1978)
* Sanford and Son (1972–1977)
* Good Times (1974–1979)
* Diff'rent Strokes (1978–1986)
* Sanford (1980–1981)

### ELP Communications

* The Jeffersons (1975–1985)
* One Day at a Time (1975–1984)
* The Facts of Life (1979–1988)
* Silver Spoons (1982–1987)

## Paired series

* Bewitched & I Dream of Jeannie
* The Partridge Family & The Monkees
* The Jeffersons & Benson
# Spring Valley, Stafford County, Virginia

Spring Valley is an unincorporated community in Stafford County, in the U.S. state of Virginia.
# Barbara Sattler (philosopher)

Barbara Michaela Sattler (born 1974) is a Senior Lecturer in philosophy at St Andrews University. Her area of research is metaphysics and natural philosophy in the ancient Greek world.

## Career

From January to March 2017, she was an Institute of Advanced Study Fellow at St John's College, Durham.
Sattler was assistant professor at Yale University from 2007 to 2013, where she was a Fellow of the Whitney Humanities Center. She is a member of the editorial boards for The Philosophical Quarterly, Les Études platoniciennes and Archai: Journal on the origins of Western thought.

## Selected publications

* Sattler, Barbara Michaela (2016), "How natural is a unified notion of time? Temporal experience in early Greek thought", in Ian Philips (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Temporal Experience, Routledge, ISBN 9781138830745
* Sattler, Barbara (January 2014), "Contingency and Necessity: Human agency in Musil's The Man without Qualities", The Monist, vol. 97, Open Court for the Hegeler Institute, OCLC 808753315
* Sattler, Barbara (2013), "The Eleusinian Mysteries in Pre-platonic Thought. Metaphor, Practise and Imagery for Plato's Symposium", in Adluri, Vishwa (ed.), Philosophy and salvation in Greek religion, Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten, Bd. 60., De Gruyter, pp. 151–190, ISBN 978-3110276350
* Sattler, Barbara (April 2012). "A Likely Account of Necessity, Plato's Receptacle as a Physical and Metaphysical Basis of Space". Journal of the History of Philosophy: 159–195. ISSN 0022-5053.
* Sattler, Barbara (2011), "Parmenides' System – the Logical Origins of his Monism", in Gurtler, Gary M; Wians, William Robert (eds.), Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy, vol. 26, Brill, pp. 25–70, ISBN 978-9004207073
* Sattler, Barbara (2006), The emergence of the concept of motion : Aristotle's notion of kinesis as a reaction to Zeno's paradoxes and Plato's Timaeus, OCLC 180050479
# James Chalmers

James Chalmers may refer to:
* James Chalmers (loyalist) (c. 1730–1806), Scottish-born Loyalist officer from Maryland in the American Revolutionary War
* James Chalmers (inventor) (1782–1853), Scottish inventor of the adhesive postage stamp
* James Ronald Chalmers (1831–1898), American politician
* James Chalmers (missionary) (1841–1901), Scottish-born missionary to New Guinea
* James Chalmers (actor) (born 1974), British actor
* James Chalmers (footballer) (1877–?)
# Whatever Will Be, Will Be (1997 film)

Whatever Will Be, Will Be is a 1997 Hong Kong erotic drama film directed by Barry Chu and starring Michael Tse and Teresa Mak. The film was rated Category III by the Hong Kong motion picture rating system.

## Cast

* Michael Tse
* Teresa Mak
* Danny Summer
* Stephen Ho
* Lanna Wong
* Joanna Chan
* Cheung Hung-on
* Law San-wing
* H Yuen-ngai
* Lam Wai-ling
* Hui Sze-man
# What You're Made Of

"What You're Made Of" is the first single from British singer Lucie Silvas' debut album, Breathe In (2004). Released on 4 October 2004, the song debuted and peaked at number seven on the UK Singles Chart and reached the top 30 in Austria, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Sweden.
Silvas subsequently recorded two different versions of the song: one with French singer Grégory Lemarchal and another with Spanish singer Antonio Orozco. The French version—titled "Même si (What You're Made Of)"—peaked at number two in France and charted strongly in Wallonia and Switzerland. In 2006, Silvas recorded a third version with the Dutch Metropole Orchestra that became a minor hit in the Netherlands.

## Credits and personnel

Credits are lifted from the UK CD1 liner notes.
Studios
* Recorded at Studio 360
* Strings recorded at Abbey Road Studios (London, England)
* Mixed at Quad Studios (New York City)
Personnel
# Taubacrex

Taubacrex is an extinct genus of birds of the family Quercymegapodiidae from the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Deseadan) Tremembé Formation of the Taubaté Basin in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The type species is Taubacrex granivora. In the original description, Herculano Alvarenga classified it as a member of family Rallidae. It provides the earliest fossil record of gastroliths in birds of the order Galliformes.
# Schülp

Schülp may refer to the following places in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany:
* Schülp, Dithmarschen, in the district of Dithmarschen
* Schülp bei Rendsburg, in the district of Rendsburg-Eckernförde
* Schülp bei Nortorf, in the district of Rendsburg-Eckernförde
# Strike Command

Strike Command, a military formation, can mean either:
* Air Force Global Strike Command, a major command of the United States Air Force
* RAF Strike Command (1968-2007)
* United States Strike Command (1961-1972)
# Talata

Talata may refer to:
* Talata Embalo (born 1963), Guinea-Bissauan amateur wrestler
* Talata Ampano, a town and commune in Madagascar
* Talata Mafara, a Local Government Area in Zamfara State, Nigeria
* Talata Vohimena, a town and commune in Madagascar
# Stanisław Konturek

Stanisław Jan Konturek (8 October 1931 – 8 August 2019) was a Polish physiologist and gastroenterologist, a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Learning, and professor of Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum.

## Honors and awards (selection)

* Gold Cross of Merit (1974)
* Knight's Cross of Polonia Restituta (1982)
* Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science (1995)
* honoris causa degree of Medical University of Białystok (1995)
* City of Kraków Award (1997)
* honoris causa degree of Wrocław Medical University (1998)
* Officer's Cross of Polonia Restituta (2001)
* honoris causa degree of Warsaw University of Life Sciences (2008)
* honoris causa degree of Medical University of Łódź (2008)
# Ted Juggins

Eleader Juggins (15 June 1882 – 17 August 1966), sometimes known as Ted Juggins or Eli Juggins, was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for Wolverhampton Wanderers.

## Personal life

Juggins served as a gunner in the Royal Garrison Artillery during the First World War. After his retirement from football, he returned to Coventry City as a ground superintendent.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Coventry City | 1907–08 | Southern League First Division | 0 | 0 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
| Coventry City | 1908–09 | Southern League First Division | 28 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 29 | 2 |
| Coventry City | 1909–10 | Southern League First Division | 20 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 21 | 0 |
| Coventry City | 1910–11 | Southern League First Division | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| Coventry City | 1911–12 | Southern League First Division | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Coventry City | 1913–14 | Southern League First Division | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 68 | 2 | 12 | 4 | 80 | 6 |
# Traynor Ridge Capital Inc.

Traynor Ridge Capital Inc. was a Canadian hedge fund firm, based in Toronto, Ontario, that was placed into receivership in November 2023, shortly after the unexplained death of its 30-year old founder, Christopher Callaghan. The firm allegedly had $94 million in assets as of September 30, 2023 but the Ontario Securities Commission ("OSC") stated in early December that the entire amount may be lost in a series of failed trades executed in October.
Shortly after being notified of Callaghan's death, the OSC applied for a cease trade order on the firm. Callaghan was the portfolio manager, trader and compliance officer for Traynor Ridge. With his passing, the firm was non-functional and subject to claims for settlements from at least three brokers. Virtu Financial Inc., Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. and JonesTrading Canada all executed trades on behalf of Traynor Ridge but then Traynor Ridge did not settle (i.e., pay for) the trades.
# Morten Øen

Morten Øen (born 21 March 1969 in Stavanger) is a prize-winning Norwegian poet and author; his first work, I grønnskyggene ("The Green Shadows") was published in 1990. He has also worked in translation of poetry from Norwegian to English, and from English to Norwegian.
He won the Oktober Prize in 2001, and the Halldis Moren Vesaas Prize in 2004.
# Sporogonites

Sporogonites was a genus of Lower Devonian land plant with branching axes. It is known from Europe, Australia and Newfoundland. It resembles a moss in that many straight axes, which grew to about five centimetres in height and possess terminal sporangia, grow from a planar basal surface. Its spores were trilete and around 30 μm across.
# Shelden

Shelden is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Carlos D. Shelden (1840-1904), American soldier and politician
* Copeland Shelden (1907-1977), American orthodontist
* Michael Shelden (born 1951), American biographer and teacher
* Ransom B. Shelden Sr. (1814-1878), American city founder
# Banner grabbing

Banner grabbing is a technique used to gain information about a computer system on a network and the services running on its open ports. Administrators can use this to take inventory of the systems and services on their network. However, an intruder can use banner grabbing in order to find network hosts that are running versions of applications and operating systems with known exploits.
Some examples of service ports used for banner grabbing are those used by Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP); ports 80, 21, and 587 respectively. Tools commonly used to perform banner grabbing are Telnet, Nmap and Netcat.
For example, one could establish a connection to a target web server using Netcat, then send an HTTP request. The response will typically contain information about the service running on the host:
This information may be used by an administrator to catalog this system, or by an intruder to narrow down a list of applicable exploits.
To prevent this, network administrators should restrict access to services on their networks and shut down unused or unnecessary services running on network hosts.
Shodan is a search engine for banners grabbed from port scanning the Internet.
# Stade Michel-Amand

The Stade Michel-Amand, formerly the Stade de la Pépinière, is a stadium in Poitiers, France. It is currently used for football matches and is the home stadium of Stade Poitevin FC. It has a capacity of 12,000.
# Sri Lanka Army Ordnance Corps International Cricket Stadium

The Sri Lanka Army Ordnance Corps International Cricket Stadium is a cricket ground in Horana, Sri Lanka, which was opened in November 2018. In February 2019, it hosted matches in the 2018–19 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.
# Rubus dorcheei

Rubus dorcheei is an Asian species of thorny fruiting shrub in Rosaceae family, first described in 2021. It is endemic to Nepal, found only in the subtropical forests of Kathmandu. The samples of the new plant were collected for the first time from Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park in 2018 at an altitude of 1,930m. The taxon is named after plant enthusiast La Dorchee Sherpa who first came across the plant. The published name was Rubus dorcheae, but as La Dorchee Sherpa is a man, the epithet was corrected to dorcheei.

## Description

It closely resembles similar taxa like Rubus kumaonensis and Rubus rugosus. It can usually be distinguished from them by its taller height. In addition, it has "both leaf surfaces green, upper surface more hairy than lower surface, leaf blade margins biserrate, sepal deltoid, tomentose on both sides, margin with 7–10 appendages, apex bifurcate or trifurcate, petals spathulate, and calyx, corolla and stamens persistent in fruit." It grows as tall as 10 meters in height and flowers from August to November while fruiting/ripening from October–November.
# GPSI

GPSI may refer to:
* GTP diphosphokinase, an enzyme
* General Purpose Serial Interface