OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ahmadiyya in Germany

The Ahmadiyya are movement that comprise a minority of Germany, numbering some 35,000–45,000 adherents and found in 244 communities as of 2013.

## History

The Ahmadis were one of the earliest Muslim communities to have been established in Germany and built the first central mosque, the Wilmersdorfer Moschee in Berlin-Wilmersdorf between 1923 and 1925. The mosque, run by the Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam, was open to all Muslims, published the Moslemische Revue (Muslim Review) between 1924 and 1940, and its first Imam, Maulana Sadr-ud-Din, wrote the first German translation of the Quran in cooperation with the German convert Hugo Marcus. This translation was published in 1939. Organised activities by the larger Ahmadiyya Muslim Community under the leadership of the Caliph began only after the Second World War when a centre was established. The movement has increasingly taken root in Germany since the 1980s through the arrival of South Asian immigrants and converts to Islam. The Ahmadi community in Germany consists mainly of Pakistani immigrants with a relatively small number of native German converts. Significant communities exist in Baden-Württemberg, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse and Bremen. The Khadija Mosque in Berlin, designed and financed by Ahmadi Muslim women in Germany was opened in 2008.

## Acknowledgement with Church status in Germany

Historically, due to the Landeskirchen concept, the organizational setup of the churches in Germany has always been in close interaction with the state administration and mirrored the territorial patchwork. As a legacy of the Prussian education system, the various confessions in Germany (including in the meanwhile Jewish and secular bodies as well) have contributed to primary and secondary education in Germany and do so still. The Ahmadiyya community outstanding organizational setup mirrors that system and allowed the German Ahmadiyya community to be (2013) acknowledged as first Islamic community with the status of Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts as legal entity of public law. Ahmadiyya applied for the status just to be able to offer religious education in Hessian state schools, but is allowed now to maintain their own cemeteries and have their members funds being collected by the German state's church tax system. It has been deemed as historical milestone and German daily Die Welt titled the event with Islam is a part of Germany now, quoting a famous speech of former President Christian Wulff.

## Notable German Ahmadis

Prominent German Ahmadi Muslims include:
* Abdullah Wagishauser – Ameer (president) of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Germany
* Hadayatullah Hübsch – German writer and journalist
* Khola Maryam Hübsch – German writer and journalist, daughter of Hadayatullah
# Amadeus William Grabau

Amadeus William Grabau (January 9, 1870 – March 20, 1946) was an American geologist, teacher, stratigrapher, paleontologist, and author who worked in the United States and China.

## Biography

Grabau's grandfather, J.A.A. Grabau, led a group of dissident Lutheran immigrants from Germany to Buffalo, New York. His education began in his father's parochial school in his birthplace of Cedarburg, Wisconsin, and then the public high school there. After his father became head of the Martin Luther Seminary in 1885, he finished high school in Buffalo. He took classes in the evenings while apprenticed to a bookbinder. His interest in local fossils grew. In a correspondence course in mineralogy, he impressed geologist William Otis Crosby enough to hire him at the Boston Society of Natural History in 1890, and arrange his education at Boston Latin, MIT, and Harvard.
He taught at MIT and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute early in his career. In 1901 he became a professor at Columbia University in New York. He married Barnard student Mary Antin on October 5, 1901. She would go on to become a prominent author. The pro-German attitudes during World War I led to an estrangement from his wife, and in 1919 he left Columbia for China. He traveled to China to become a professor at Peking University and a member of the Chinese Geological Survey in October 1920. As part of his life's work, he conducted a geologic survey of China, and is now known as the father of Chinese geology.
In 1936, the National Academy of Sciences awarded him the Mary Clark Thompson Medal from for most important service to geology and paleontology. During World War II he remained in Peking. Around 1941 he was interned by the Japanese Imperial Army. His health declined precipitously, and he died of an internal hemorrhage after his release.

## Books

Grabau was also a prolific author, publishing at least 10 books in the first half of the 20th century. Grabau developed various theories during his lifetime, among them the theory of rhythms concerning the growth of the Earth's crust and a theory concerning mountain building and creation. The Dorsum Grabau, a wrinkle ridge on the Moon was named after him in 1976. A list of books written by Grabau, and their publication dates includes:
* North American Index Fossils (1909, 1910)
** Grabau A. W. & Shimer H. W. 1909. Invertebrates. Volume I.. A. G. Seiler & Company, New York. (alternate scan)
** Grabau A. W. & Shimer H. W. 1910. Invertebrates. Volume II.. New York.
* Principles of Stratigraphy (1913)
* Textbook of Geology (1920–21) Two volumes: Part I; Part II.
* Silurian Fossils of Yunnan (1920)
* Ordovician Fossils of North China (1922)
* Paleozoic Corals of China (1921)
* Stratigraphy of China (1924–25)
* Migration of Geosynclines (1924)
* Early Permian Fossils of China (1934)
* Rhythm of the Ages (1940)
# Ingeborg Breines

Ingeborg Breines (born 14 August 1945 in Singerfjord) is a Norwegian peace educator. She is senior advisor to the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates. She served as director of the Women and a Culture of Peace Programme of UNESCO and from 2009 to 2016 was President of the International Peace Bureau.

## Education

Breines studied philosophy and French literature at the University of Nantes and the University of Oslo.

## International Men's Day

Breines was one of the advocators in the creation of International Men's Day while serving UNESCO.

## Selected publications

* Towards a Women's Agenda for a Culture of Peace.
* Creating an Active Disgust for War.
* 60 women contributing to the 60 years of UNESCO.
# Pomponio

Pomponio is a historic Italian first name which may refer to a number of Italian historical figures:

## Historic

* Julius Pomponius Laetus
* Pomponio Algerio
* Pomponio Amidano
* Pomponio Nenna
* Pomponio Amalteo
Additionally Pomponio is the common name of an early California rebel/bandit:
* José Pomponio Lupugeym

## Contemporary

* Dion Pomponio (musician)
# Wickenburg Mountains

Wickenburg Mountains is a mountain range located in Maricopa and Yavapai Counties in Arizona. Denver Hill, at an altitude of 4,406 feet or 1,343 meters, is the tallest peak in the range. 34°02′02″N 112°33′59″W﻿ / ﻿34.03389°N 112.56639°W﻿ / 34.03389; -112.56639
34°02′02″N 112°33′58″W﻿ / ﻿34.03389°N 112.56611°W﻿ / 34.03389; -112.56611
# Primula capillaris

Primula capillaris is a rare species of flowering plant in the primrose family known by the common name Ruby Mountains primrose, or Ruby Mountain primrose. It is endemic to Nevada in the United States, where it is limited to the Ruby Mountains of Elko County.
This small plant is a few centimeters tall, growing from a short rhizome. The thick, hairless leaves are linear or somewhat lance-shaped, 1 to 6 centimeters long and no more than half a centimeter wide with rounded tips. The delicate, showy flower has a bell-shaped calyx of green sepals. The corolla is reddish or bluish purple with a yellow center. Blooming occurs in July and August.
This plant occurs in subalpine climates at elevations between 2710 and 3160 meters, in meadows and coniferous forest and woodland habitat. It grows on soils derived from glacial till, sometimes in mats of Selaginella, such as Watson's spikemoss (Selaginella watsonii). Other plants in the habitat include fewseed draba (Draba oligosperma), alpine avens (Geum rossii), shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), orpine stonecrop, mountain sorrel (Oxyria digyna), smooth prairie star (Lithophragma glabra), Pacific woodrush (Luzula comosa), bluebells (Mertensia ciliata), and whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis).
Threats to this attractive plant include poaching.
# Symphony No. 1 (Villa-Lobos)

Symphony No. 1 O Imprevisto (The Unforeseen) is a composition by the Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos, written in 1916. A performance lasts about twenty-five minutes.

## History

Villa-Lobos composed his First Symphony in 1916, to a philosophical argument written by himself under the pseudonym "Epaminondas Villalba Filho". It is the first in a cycle of five symphonies written in the style of Vincent d'Indy. It was given a partial performance (the second and third movements, according to some sources; the first and fourth movements according to another) on 20 September 1919 in the Theatro Municipal in Rio de Janeiro by the Grande Companhia Italiana, conducted by Gino Marinuzzi. The complete symphony was first performed on 30 August 1920, again in the Theatro Municipal, by the Orquestra da Sociedade de Concertos Sinfônicos do Rio de Janeiro, conducted by the composer. At some later date, Villa-Lobos revised the score, adding tam-tam, glockenspiel, and side drum to the percussion section
Villa-Lobos had written the romantic-symbolic program text for this symphony already in 1907. It concerns the mystic relationship of the artist's soul with fate and the universe, but these philosophically effusive ideas are both difficult to understand and virtually imperceptible in the music. According to the text, the soul of the artist
   watches the painful fall of the constellations of other worlds, the reverberation of transitory matter, the transfusion of mortal tears into trembling drops of undulating dew. He sees coils of halos that limply sprawl, baring surprises of falling stars, and he will thus ascend, with his gaze, slowly, to the vast curve of the sunset ...
   By uniting, slowly, with the silent harmony of nature, with its joy and its suffering, letting fall tears of Pleasure and Pain, to the rising changes of the enraptured senses ...
   So Consciousness, awakening to this sweet and terrible lethargy, shows him the level line, telling him: It is condemned by Fate to suffer the doom of monotony. It is humanity itself! ...
   It does not bend nor does it adapt, it does not vibrate and will not move ...
   And the soul of the artist, with the blaze of his own light that emanates from him – glimpses, through a subtle and ethereal crystal a vast landscape. Figures, masses, and things that are balanced in a mutual attraction of their own gravity (claimants perhaps to being images, beings, and souls) move in the distressing rhythm of ridiculous puppets, unable to rise up to the cosmic level, where the souls wander ...

## Instrumentation

The symphony is scored for a large orchestra consisting of 2 piccolos, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, tam-tam, bass drum, cymbals, triangle, side drum, glockenspiel, celesta, 2 harps, and strings.

## Analysis

The symphony has four movements:
* Allegro assai moderato
* Adagio
* Scherzo (Allegro vivace)
* Allegro con brio
# Symphony No. 1 (Tippett)

The Symphony No. 1 by the British composer Michael Tippett was completed in 1945.

## Instrumentation

The symphony is scored for 3 flutes (all doubling piccolos), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion (1 player): bass drum, cymbals and strings.

## Form

The symphony is in four movements, marked as follows:
* 1. Allegro vigoroso, quasi alla breve
* 2. Adagio
* 3. Presto
* 4. Allegro moderato ma con brio

## History

Tippett began to think about writing a symphony while in prison in 1943. He had already written one symphony (in B flat) but rejected it as immature and over-influenced by Sibelius.
The new symphony was completed on 25 August 1945 and received its first performance on 10 November 1945 by the Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Sir Malcolm Sargent.

## Musical elements

Tippett himself said that the symphony was exuberant rather than refined: "... it's got drive and it's highly wrought". After an energetic and rhythmically insistent opening movement, the Adagio is a darkly mysterious ground bass with variations, in Purcellian manner. The third movement (Presto) is a vigorous scherzo with a pavan-like trio scored for the strings. The finale is a double fugue based on two very different, contrasting subjects, which Tippett then combines in intricate contrapuntal figuration. At the climax, however, the music falls apart, and the work ends in a wholly unexpected way.
# Jeremy Chappell

Jeremy Lamar Chappell (born June 10, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who last played for New Basket Brindisi of the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) and FIBA Basketball Champions League. He played college basketball at Robert Morris University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## College career

A 6'3" swingman from Cincinnati, Ohio, Chappell played college basketball at Robert Morris under coaches Mark Schmidt and Mike Rice. A four-year starter for the Colonials, Chappell led the team to a 24–11 overall record and both regular-season and tournament Northeast Conference (NEC) titles. Chappell emerged as one of the brightest stars in the NEC, averaging 16.7 points and 6.3 rebounds per game on the year and was named the Northeast Conference Player of the Year at the close of the season. In the 2009 NEC tournament, Chappell scored 15 points in the final, earning tournament MVP honors and sending Robert Morris to the NCAA tournament for the first time in 17 years.

## Professional career

Chappell was not selected in the 2009 NBA draft, instead heading to Poland to play for Znicz Jarosław. He spent the next three seasons playing in Ukraine for Hoverla and Ferro-ZNTU before moving to Russia to play for Triumph Lyubertsy. After averaging 10.8 points and 4.2 points per game in VTB United League play in the 2013–14 season, he signed with Avtodor Saratov for 2014–15.
On August 28, 2018, Chappell signed a deal with Italian club New Basket Brindisi.
On July 22, 2019, he has signed with Reyer Venezia of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). Chappell signed a one-year contract extension on June 29, 2020.
After two season with Venezia, on July 12, 2021, Chappel returns to Brindisi signing a 2-years contract.
# Axoniderma corona

Axoniderma corona is a species of demosponge in the family Cladorhizidae. It is known from type specimens found near the Aleutian Islands.

## Etymology

The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn), "wheel", and δέρμα (dérma), "skin". The specific epithet comes from the Latin corona, meaning "crown", in reference to the fact that the species' distal appendages resemble a crown.
# Robert Oxenbridge (died 1574)

Sir Robert Oxenbridge (1508–1574) was an English Member of Parliament and Constable of the Tower.

## Career

Robert Oxenbridge was the son of Sir Goddard Oxenbridge of Brede, Sussex, who was three times High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex. Robert inherited the house at Brede from his cousin in 1550.
He was an Esquire of the Body by 1541. He was a Justice of the Peace for Sussex by 1541 until 1558, Constable of Pevensey Castle, Sussex from 1550 until his death and High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex for 1551–52. He was knighted by 1553. He was also appointed a Lieutenant of the Tower of London in 1556 and Constable of the Tower in 1557–58.
He was elected MP for East Grinstead in March 1553 and elected Knight of the Shire (MP) for Sussex in April 1554, 1555 and 1558. He moved to Hampshire in 1558 where he bought Hurstbourne Priors, near Whitchurch and was appointed High Sheriff of Hampshire for 1567–68.
He died in 1574, leaving Hurstbourne to his wife and his other properties to be shared between her and his son.

## Marriages and issue

Oxenbridge married Alice Fogge, widow of Edward Scott (son of Sir William Scott), and daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Fogge of Ash, Kent, sergeant porter of Calais during the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII, by whom he had a son and two daughters.
Their son, also named Robert, married Elizabeth Cocke, though some sources claim that it is Robert Oxenbridge snr who married her. As the latter predeceased his wife Alice, this is obviously incorrect.
# Synalpheus

Synalpheus is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 160 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed.

## Taxonomy

Although the genus Zuzalpheus was proposed for S. gambarelloides, S. brooksi, and their closest relatives, this has not been adopted and is not considered a monophyletic clade within the genus Synalpheus.
Over 160 species are recognised in the genus Synalpheus. For a complete listing, see List of Synalpheus species.

## Distribution

In the narrower sense, Synalpheus occur in the eastern Pacific where they are most plentiful and probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean; the species placed in Zuzalpheus occur mainly in the western Atlantic where their lineage probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the eastern Atlantic and Indian Ocean, and the eastern Pacific. It may thus be that the closure of the Isthmus of Panama in the Piacenzian (about 3 million years ago) was a key factor in separating the two lineages, as species referred to Synalpheus sensu stricto are most plentiful in the western Pacific.

## Behaviour and ecology
### Snapping

The snapping behaviour of Synalpheus is rather well studied. In Synalpheus parneomeris, peak to peak source levels of 185–190 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m were measured, depending on the size of the claw.

### Eusociality

The only known eusocial aquatic species occur within the genus Synalpheus. The species known to be eusocial are S. brooksi, S. chacei, S. elizabethae, S. filidigitus, S. rathbunae, S. regalis, S. microneptunus, and S. duffyi as well as potentially S. riosi. Eusociality has evolved at least three times within Synalpheus. It appears that there were multiple rapid radiations between 3 and 9 mya from which the ancestors of these eusocial species appeared. Eusociality is thought to have arisen due to competition for space, because among the species that host Synalpheus, empty sponges are rarely found. It also appears that kin selection was necessary for this evolution to occur because the only species in which eusociality has appeared are non-dispersing shrimp that hatch directly into crawling individuals. Until recently, eusocial species of Synalpheus have appeared in far greater abundance than, and appear to outcompete, less social species for space in sponges.
# Symphony in F (Dohnányi)

Ernő Dohnányi completed his first symphony, unnumbered and entitled Symphony in F, in 1896, while a student of Hans von Koessler. It was never formally published, and although awarded the Hungarian King's Prize, it did not achieve significant critical acclaim. The work, like many of Dohnányi's early compositions, bears the imprint of Johannes Brahms, who had championed the young composer after hearing a performance of Dohnányi's Piano Quintet No. 1. The Symphony in F was given moderate attention after being recorded in 2011. It is approximately thirty minutes in length.
It requires 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani and strings and while not published in his lifetime, exists in sketches and score at the National Széchényi Library, Budapest. It was premiered 2 June 1897, in Budapest with Gyula Erkel (son of Ferenc) conducting.

## Form

Dohnányi wrote the work in the traditional four-movement symphonic format. He marks the score with the following:
* Allegro
* Adagio
* Scherzo – Prestissimo
* Andante

## Recording

In 2011, the symphony's premiere recording (and only recording to date) was conducted by László Kovács.
# Symphony in G

Symphony in G can refer to:
* List of symphonies in G minor
* List of symphonies in G major
# Jerry Houghton

Gerald Haines Houghton (April 18, 1926 – June 1, 2002) was an American football offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins and the Chicago Cardinals. He played college football at Washington State University and was drafted in the seventh round of the 1950 NFL draft.
# Symmetrischema nanum

Symmetrischema nanum is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1989. It is found in Argentina.
# Aydınyayla, Yığılca

Aydınyayla is a village in the Yığılca District of Düzce Province in Turkey. Its population is 191 (2022).
# Aye, Dark Overlord!

Aye, Dark Overlord! (Italian: Sì, Oscuro Signore!) is a storytelling card game designed by Fabrizio Bonifacio and Massimiliano Enrico. Riccardo Crosa illustrated the cards for the public release. This game won the award as the best card game in Lucca Comics and Games 2005.
Each player is a goblin servant of the evil Dark Overlord Rigor Mortis ("the Master of all Evils"), and must try to avoid punishment when an evil mission fails.

## Gameplay

The game begins when all epic tales end, that is when the good guys won and the evil servants go back to their palace defeated. How will they face the wrath of the Dark Overlord in front of their clear failure? In the game, one player will act as Rigor Mortis, the Dark Overlord, while the others will be his inept servants, back to the palace without having accomplished their mission; to save themselves, they will try to justify themselves, blaming the others, until the Dark Overlord decides whom to punish.
# Gerard Lee Bevan

Gerard Lee Bevan (9 November 1869 – 24 April 1936) was a British financier, the man "most responsible for the entire City Equitable debacle", and "a daring and unprincipled scoundrel". In December 1922 he was convicted at the Old Bailey of fifteen charges of fraud and sentenced to seven years' penal servitude.

## Early life

Gerard Lee Bevan was born on 9 November 1869. He was the fourth son of Francis Bevan, chairman of Barclays Bank from 1896 to 1916.
He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.

## Career

Bevan had "magnetic charm" and became a stockbroker with Ellis & Co, an old-established and reputable City firm. He was very successful and highly respected until his "crash" in the 1920s.
He was chairman of the City Equitable Fire Insurance Co. In a major 1925 court case, Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co, the company lost £1,200,000 (equivalent to £86,450,000 in 2023) in failure of investments and the large scale fraud of the chairman, ‘a daring and unprincipled scoundrel’. The liquidator sued the other directors for negligence. The auditors were sued too, but the Court of Appeal held they were honest and exonerated by provisions in the company’s articles.
The story has been written up in Martin Vander Weyer's 'Fortune's Spear: The Story of the Blue-Blooded Rogue Behind the Most Notorious City Scandal of the 1920s'. 2012. Elliott & Thompson.

## Personal life

He married Sophie Kenrick, also from a wealthy family, Midlands industrialists related to the Chamberlains. They bought a house in Upper Grosvenor Street in Mayfair, London, and Bevan collected Chinese porcelain. He was also a "serial adulterer, treating glamorous mistresses ostentatiously".
He married twice, had issue and died in Havana, Cuba on 24 April 1936.