OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Toronto-Addis Ababa Academic Collaboration

The Toronto-Addis Ababa Academic Collaboration is a university educational program to teach medicine in Ethiopia.
The Toronto-Addis Ababa Academic Collaboration was launched in 2008, as a wider program that grew from an earlier 2003 collaboration called the Toronto Addis Ababa Psychiatry Program.
The Toronto-Addis Ababa Academic Collaboration involves the University of Toronto providing teaching support to Addis Ababa University. Both universities pay costs, the program is run frugally, and it does not receive any external funding.
Since it started, the scope of the collaboration has grown to include 24 medical and non-medical academic disciplines.

## History

The Toronto-Addis Ababa Academic Collaboration is the successor to the original, and ongoing, Toronto Addis Ababa Psychiatry Program. The Psychiatry Program has a syllabus designed by Addis Ababa University faculty, delivered by University of Toronto faculty.
The Psychiatry Program provides training in physiatry to medical students at Addis Ababa University and works with priests to encourage referral to, and acceptance of, medical care for people with mental illness.
Following discussions that started in 2008, in 2013, the collaboration grew into the Toronto-Addis Ababa Academic Collaboration in Emergency Medicine, and the partnership expanded to include the University of Wisconsin. The Emergency Medicine teaching is done at the Black Lion Hospital (also known as Tikur Anbessa Hospital) in Addis Ababa. The first graduates of the emergency medicine program graduated in 2016.

## Outcomes

As of 2017, 222 Ethiopian graduates have become university faculty due to assistance from the collaboration and a further 143 were enrolled in ongoing education.
The program has increased the number of psychiatry graduates in Ethiopia and reduced the percentage of Ethiopian medical graduates who leave the country after graduation.
# Aldermanshaw Priory

Aldermanshaw Priory is a former Cluniac Priory, located within the Charnwood Forest, in Leicestershire, England.

## History

Aldermanshaw Priory was founded c.1220-1235. It was a cell (a small monastery dependent upon a motherhouse) of Bermondsey Abbey, in London. The name is thought to refer to Alwin (or Alwinus) Child, the founder of the priory's motherhouse at Bermondsey.
The priory was in ruins by 1450.
The priory was in the hamlet of Woodhouse. In the 17th century a cottage, known as Alderman's Haw, was built on the site. The age of some of the stones used to construct the two-story rubble cottage suggests it may incorporate materials from the earlier priory.
# Reginald Goff

Sir Reginald William Goff, PC (22 March 1907 – 17 January 1980) was a British judge. He was a Lord Justice of Appeal between 1975 and his death in 1980, when he was known as Lord Justice Goff.

## Biography

The son of William Kingsley Goff and Louisa Goff, Reginald Goff was educated at Sutton County Grammar School, King's College London (Fellow, 1970) and University College London (Fellow, 1968). He took an LL.B. with first-class honours in 1928, and won the Certificate of Honour in the Bar examination the same year. He was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1929 (Bencher, 1959; Treasurer, 1974). During the Second World War, he served in the Auxiliary Fire Service until 1942, then in the Royal Air Force until 1946; he was an assistant judge advocate general from 1945 to 1946.
Goff was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1953 and was elected to the General Council of the Bar in 1958. He was appointed a Justice of the High Court in 1965 and received the customary knighthood, and was assigned to the Chancery Division. On the High Court bench, he was judicially known as Mr Justice Goff. He was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1975 and was sworn of the Privy Council.
Goff died on 17 January 1980; the next day, his judgment in McIlkenny v Chief Constable of the West Midlands [1980] QB 283, a case concerning the Birmingham Six, was read out in court by Sir George Baker.
Goff is sometimes confused with the better-known Robert Goff, Baron Goff of Chieveley, who was a Lord Justice of Appeal between 1982 and 1986, and who was known judicially as Mr Justice Robert Goff and Lord Justice Robert Goff. See the judgment of Lord Scott of Foscote in Cobbe v Yeoman's Row Management Ltd [2008] UKHL 55, at [24].

## Family

Goff married in 1944 Marjorie Morwenna Curnow, daughter of the Rev. A. Garfield Curnow; they had two daughters.

## Notable cases

* Re Gulbenkian's Settlements Trusts - overturned on appeal
* Re Denley's Trust Deed [1969] 1 Ch 373
* Re West Sussex Constabulary's Widows, Children and Benevolent (1930) Fund Trusts [1971] Ch 1
* Aluminium Industrie Vaassen BV v Romalpa Aluminium Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 676
* DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets LBC [1976] 1 WLR 852
* Daulia Ltd v Four Millbank Nominees Ltd [1978] Ch 231
* Re Osoba [1979] 1 WLR 247
* Re Gray's Inn Construction Co Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 711
* Belmont Finance Corp Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd (No 2) [1980] 1 All ER 393
* Stonegate Securities Ltd v Gregory [1980] Ch 576
# Vayala

Vayala is a village located in the Meenachil (Pala) Taluk of Kottayam district, Kerala, India. It is approximately 5 kilometers from the village Kuravilangad, about 11 kilometers from Pala municipality town and about 24 kilometers away from district capital Kottayam.

## History

It is believed that the name Vayala is derived from the Malayalam word vayal meaning "paddy field".

## Transportation network

Vayala is connected with the district headquarters Kottayam and other major cities. Public transport in the town is largely dependent on buses, run by private operators.

## Schools

* Govt:V H S S Vayala

## Churches & temples

Vayala is located 10 km from Ettumanoor town and 6 km from Kuravilangdu Town. Vayala has four Hindu temples (Paruthurthikavu, Njaralappuzha Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Thrikkayil Sree Subrahmanya Swami Temple, SNDP Balasubrahmaanya kshetram) and a Roman Catholic church Syrian church (St. George Church, Vayala), a Catholic Latin church (St. Marys Church, Vayala-Puthenangady), three Catholic Syrian chapels: St Joseph (Puthenangady, Vayala), St Xavier (Saviour Giri, Vayala), St Sebastian chapel (Thuruthimukku, Vayala), and a Sacred Heart Convent.

## Hospitals

Sacred Heart Catholic Nuns operated St. George Mount Hospital, is the only Allopathic Hospital Facility available with Vayala. Also Vayala has a Govt. Veterinary Hospital, Govt. Ayurvedic Hospital and two private operated Ayurvedic Hospitals (Vedasudha and Omsree).

## Neighbouring major cities & towns

vteMajor Cities & Towns From Vayala
Thalayolaparambu
Muvattupuzha
Thodupuzha
Vaikom
Vayala
Pala
Alappuzha
Ettumanoor, Kottayam
Kanjirappally :
# Welsh Hawking Centre

51°24′54″N 3°18′29″W﻿ / ﻿51.415°N 3.308°W﻿ / 51.415; -3.308
The Welsh Hawking Centre and Children's Animal Park is a hawking centre on Weycock Road on the northwestern outskirts of Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, in southern Wales. It contains the largest collection of birds of prey in Wales, with over 200 birds on site including eagles, owls, hawks, falcons and buzzards.
In 2007 seven falcon chicks were stolen from the centre.
# Mongla

Mongla may refer to:
* Mong La town in Shan State, Burma
* Mong La Township
* Mongla Upazila, in Khulna Division, Bangladesh
** Mongla Export Processing Zone, an economic zone in Bangladesh
* Port of Mongla in Bangladesh
# Vespula arisana

Vespula arisana, also known as the Taiwan yellowjacket, and Taiwan hornet, is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae. It was described by Jinhaku Sonan in 1929. The species is endemic to the island of Taiwan, where its range covers the entire island. Not much is known about the species, because of its exclusivity and endemicity.
# Memories Off After Rain

Memories Off After Rain (メモリーズオフ After Rain, Memorīzu Obu Afuta Raenu) is a set of three Japanese romance visual novels developed by KID for the PlayStation 2. They are the sequels to Memories Off and Memories Off 2nd. The game volumes were released for the PlayStation 2 on January 27, 2005.

## Media
### Music

The opening for the game is Ribbon and the ending song is After Rain, both sung by Ayane.
# Mr. Putsami

Mr. Puttaswamy is a 1998 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed by V. Umakanth and produced by H. C. Srinivas. The film features Shiva Rajkumar, Laali and Suman in the lead roles. The film's score and soundtrack is composed by V. Manohar.

## Cast

* Shiva Rajkumar
* Laali
* Suman
* Avinash
* Srinath
* Lokesh
* Bank Janardhan
* Jyothi
* M. S. Umesh
* Sanket Kashi
* Mandeep Roy
* Rangayana Raghu

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack of the film was composed by V. Manohar.
# Volumetric path tracing

Volumetric path tracing is a method for rendering images in computer graphics which was first introduced by Lafortune and Willems. This method enhances the rendering of the lighting in a scene by extending the path tracing method with the effect of light scattering. It is used for photorealistic effects of participating media like fire, explosions, smoke, clouds, fog or soft shadows.
Like in the path tracing method, a ray is followed backwards, beginning from the eye, until reaching the light source. In volumetric path tracing, scattering events can occur along with ray tracing. When a light ray hits a surface, a certain amount gets scattered into the media.

## Description

The algorithm is based on the volumetric rendering equation, which extends the rendering equation with a scattering term. It is composed of an absorption, out-scattering, emission and an in-scattering part. The absorption and out-scattering together form the extinction term. The in-scattering is the most expensive part to calculate because it needs an integration over all paths in the scene that consist of radiance. Therefore, thousands of paths need to be traced to achieve a result with good quality and without much noise. For a better handling, the in-scattering term can be split into two components, the single scattering and the multiple scattering.

## Algorithm

In volumetric path tracing, a distance between the ray and the surface gets sampled and compared with the distance of the nearest intersection of the ray with the surface. If the sampled distance is smaller, a scatter event occurs. In that case the path is evaluated and traced from the scatter point in the media, not from the surface point on which it falls. The rest of the procedure continues in the same manner, until reaching the light source.

## Sampling

A possible way of sampling distances is the ray marching method, which works similarly to ray tracing but operates on a distance field of the scene and acts in discrete steps. The scattering inside the media can be determined by a phase function using importance sampling. Therefore, the Henyey–Greenstein phase function — a non-isotropic phase function for simulating the scattering of materials like oceans, clouds or skin — can be applied.
# William Kelly (Victoria cricketer)

William Kelly (20 January 1875 – 27 December 1968) was an Australian cricketer. He played one first-class cricket match for Victoria in 1908.
Kelly played for the Richmond Cricket Club in Victorian district cricket bowling left-hand spin and he topped the clubs bowling average in three seasons. He was also described as a "punishing" batsman. After his playing career he worked in cricket administration serving as chairman of the Victorian Cricket Association and as a member of the national cricket Board of Control. In 1930 he managed the Australian Test team when it toured England and he served as a delegate for the Richmond Cricket Club until 1934.
# Reginald Brade

Sir Reginald Herbert Brade GCB (1864 – 1933) was a British civil servant.

## Life

Brade was educated at Bradfield College. He entered the War Office as Clerk of the Higher Division of the Civil Service in 1884. He was a Private Secretary between 1892 and 1896, first to Lord Sandhurst and Lord Monkswell when they were Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for War, and then to Joseph Powell Williams when he was Financial Secretary to the War Office. Between 1901 and 1914, Brade was a Secretary of the Army Council and Assistant Secretary of the War Office. He was the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for War from 1914 to 1920. He also was Secretary and Registrar of the Distinguished Service Order in 1906. He was Gentleman Usher to the Sword of State from 1924 until his death.

## Honours and awards

* Order of the Bath (UK)
** Knight Grand Cross (GCB) 1919
** Knight Commander (KCB) 1914
** Companion (CB) 1906
* King George V Coronation Medal (UK)
* Commander (Commandeur) of the Legion of Honour (Légion d'honneur), France
* Commander (Commandeur) of the Order of Leopold (Leopoldsorde/Ordre de Léopold), Belgium
# Picnochile

Picnochile is a genus of beetles in the family Cicindelidae. This genus has a single species, Picnochile fallaciosa. It is found in Argentina and Chile.
# Mohammad Rashid Khilji

Mohammad Rashid Khilji is a Pakistani politician who had been a Member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from August 2018 till August 2023 and from May 2013 to May 2018.

## Early life and education

He was born on 12 June 1973 in Hyderabad, Pakistan.
He has a degree of Bachelor of Engineering from Mehran University of Engineering and Technology.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of Mutahida Quami Movement (MQM) from Constituency PS-46 HYDERABAD-II in 2013 Pakistani general election.
He was re-elected to Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of MQM from Constituency PS-66 (Hyderabad-V) in 2018 Pakistani general election.
# Well Oh Well

"Well Oh Well" is a song written by Lois Mann, Tiny Bradshaw, and Henry Bernard. The song was based on Bing Crosby's "San Fernando Valley". It was performed by Bradshaw and released on the King label (catalog no. 4357-AA). It debuted on Billboard magazine's R&B chart on May 20, 1950, peaked at No. 2 (best seller and jukebox), and remained on the chart for 21 weeks. It was ranked No. 7 on Billboard's year-end list of the best-selling R&B records of 1950 (No. 11 based on jukebox plays). Singer pianist Moon Mullican covered the song, also on the King label, in 1950.
# Feyerabend

Feyerabend is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gerhard Feyerabend (1898–1965), German WWII general in the Wehrmacht
* Henry Feyerabend (1931–2006), Canadian Adventist evangelist, singer, and author
* Markus Feyerabend (born 1971), German glider aerobatic pilot
* Paul Feyerabend (1924–1994), Austrian philosopher of science
* Sigmund Feyerabend (1528–1590), German printer
# 441 Bathilde

441 Bathilde is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 8 December 1898 in Nice. 441 Bathilde is orbiting close to a 5:2 mean motion resonance with Jupiter, which is located at 2.824 AU.
10μ radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 64 km.
# Albert Premier Hut

45°59′46″N 6°59′10″E﻿ / ﻿45.996°N 6.986°E﻿ / 45.996; 6.986
The Albert Premier Hut (French: refuge Albert-Ier ), sometimes known as Albert 1er, is located on the Haute Route between Chamonix, France and Zermatt, Switzerland. It is at 2,702 metres (8,865 ft) above sea level. It is a popular hut with day hikers because of the short hike (2 to 3 hours) and views of Chamonix Valley. The hut is usually used less by hikers attempting the entire Haute Route, but is popular as a base for climbers attempting the Aiguille du Chardonnet and the Aiguille du Tour. The hut is named after King Albert I of Belgium, who was a passionate alpinist.
The main, newer hut (built in 1959) can hold 137 people and the older hut, for winter use, can hold 30 people. The main hut is staffed from June to September and is operated by Chamonix section of the Club alpin français.

## Access

The hut can be accessed from the small village of Le Tour in the Chamonix valley. From Le Tour one can either take a steep 3 to 4 hour hike to the hut or take the Charamillon-Balme to the top then walk a short way or follow the lifts on the ground to the top. From the top of the lift, visitors can follow the path under the Tête de Charamillon to the hut.

## Sources

* SummitPost.org
* Official page FFCAM
# Philip Philipse

Philip Philipse (1663–1699) was the eldest son and heir of Frederick Philipse, a Dutch-born merchant trader, slaver, land baron, and 1st Lord of Philipsburg Manor. However, he died before his father.

## Early life

Philip Philipse was the eldest son of Frederick Philipse (1626–1702), Lord of Philipsburg Manor and Margaret Hardenbroeck (c.1637–c.1690).

## Personal life

Philipse married Maria, daughter of John Sparke(s) of Devon, England, and Barbados, said but not proven to be the Governor of Barbados, in 1697. The couple had two children:
* Maritje Maria Philipse (1687-1732), who married Jacobus Cromwell
* Frederick Philipse (1698-1751), who married Johanna Brockholst in 1726.
# Topfstedt

Topfstedt is a municipality in the district Kyffhäuserkreis, in Thuringia, Germany.
# Alex Shaw (basketball)

Alex Shaw (July 8, 1907 – November 29, 2009) was a college men's basketball coach. He was the head coach of the Williams College Ephs from 1950 to 1973. He coached Williams to a 312–171 record, making three NCAA tournament appearances, one Division I appearance (1955) and two Division II appearances (1959 and 1961). Shaw also served as an assistant football coach at Williams. He played his college basketball at Michigan.
# Vatica parvifolia

Vatica parvifolia is a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, native to Borneo. The specific epithet parvifolia means "small leaf".

## Description

Vatica parvifolia grows up to 35 metres (110 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 35 cm (14 in). Its coriaceous leaves are lanceolate to ovate and measure up to 6 cm (2 in) long. The inflorescences bear cream flowers.

## Distribution and habitat

Vatica parvifolia is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is kerangas forest, at elevations to 300 m (1,000 ft).

## Conservation

Vatica parvifolia has been assessed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. It is mainly threatened by logging for its timber. In Kalimantan, it is also threatened by land conversion for tree plantations and urban settlement.
# Wedge strategy (diplomacy)

Wedge strategies in diplomacy are used to prevent, divide, and weaken an adversary coalition. Wedge strategies can take the shape of reward-based or coercive-based. Alignment abnormalities can arise because of wedge strategies.
Wedge strategies may be a subset or similar to Divide and rule strategies, however, there may be a slight optical difference. With the divide and rule strategy, there is a clear winner, whereas with the wedge strategy, attention is not focused on the winner but instead against the discredited coalition.

## US examples

* 1948: George Kennan argued that the United States should "wean a Chinese coalition government from the Soviets"
* 1952 CIA's national covert strategy objective "should be to drive a wedge between the Communist government of China and the Communist government of the USSR to the point where hostilities actually break out or are on the constant verge of breaking out...so that they are no longer a menace to the West and to their Asiatic neighbors."

## Great Britain examples

* 1930s: Great Britain's defensive attempts to accommodate Italy
* 1940–1941: Great Britain used a wedge strategy to keep Spain from entering World War II on the side of the Axis

## Soviet examples

* 1950: Moscow inciting Mao to actions guaranteed to sustain Sino-American friction

## Russian examples

* 2016: Interference by Russia in the UK Brexit referendum, driving wedges between the EU member states

## Contemporary Chinese examples

* Against the Australia-US alliance
* Against the EU
** Against the EU-US alliance
* Against the Japan-US alliance
* Against the Pakistan-US alliance
* Against the Philippines-US alliance
* Against the ROK-US alliance
** Against the ROK-Japan-US security trilateral
* Against the Taiwan-US alliance
* Against the Vietnam-US partnership
# Ännu doftar kärlek (album)

Ännu doftar kärlek is a 1985 Curt Haagers studio album. It peaked at No. 36 in the Swedish albums chart.

## Track listing

* Ännu doftar kärlek
* Barndomstiden (Han har öppnat pärleporten)
* Romance de amor (Du är den ende)
* Krasch bang bom och pang
* Med dej i mina armar
* Hör min sång Violetta (Violetta, based on a Giuseppe Verdi theme)
* Hon tror på mej (She Believes in Me)
* Sista dansen (Love is in Your Eyes)
* Här är vi (Live is Life)
* La novia (bröllopet)
* Det bor en ängel i dej
* Om du vill (Young and Beautiful)
* Du och jag (Au revoir madeleine)
* Der rattenfänger (köp ringar)

## Charts

| Chart (1985) | Peak position |
| Sweden | 36 |
# Feyisetan Fayose

Feyisetan Fayose is a Nigerian philanthropist, human rights activist, and former first lady of Ekiti State as the wife of Ayo Fayose.
Feyisetan Fayose was born 8 January 1964. She is also the grand patron of Ekiti state chapter of National Union of Female Journalists.
She has also advocated against child marriage and have called on the government to ensure the protection of human rights, she has also advised young people to desist from pre-marital and unprotected sex as to prevent HIV/AIDS.
# 30 cm Nebelwerfer 42

The 30 cm Nebelwerfer 42 (30 cm NbW 42) was a German multiple rocket launcher used in the Second World War. It served with units of the Nebeltruppen, the German equivalent of the U.S. Army's Chemical Corps. Just as the Chemical Corps had responsibility for poison gas and smoke weapons that were used instead to deliver high-explosives during the war so did the Nebeltruppen. The name "Nebelwerfer" is best translated as "Smoke Mortar". It saw service from 1943 to 1945 in all theaters except Norway and North Africa.

## Description

The 30 cm NbW 42 was a six-barreled rocket launcher mounted on a two-wheeled carriage converted from the launcher for the 28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41 by changing the open metal launcher frame. Its 30 cm Wurfkörper 42 Spreng (explosive missile) rocket was spin-stabilized and electrically fired. The rockets had a prominent exhaust trail that kicked up a lot of debris, so the crew had to seek shelter before firing. This meant that they were easily located and had to displace quickly to avoid counter-battery fire. The rockets were fired one at a time, in a timed ripple, but the launcher had no capability to fire single rockets.
The same rocket was used in the 30 cm Raketenwerfer 56 launcher.

## Organization and use

The 30 cm NbW 42 was organized into batteries of six launchers with three batteries per battalion. These battalions were concentrated in independent Werfer-Regiments and Brigades. It saw service on the Eastern Front, Italian Campaign and the defense of France and Germany from 1943 to 1945.
# William Foulis

William Foulis may refer to:
* Sir William Foulis, 4th Baronet (1659–1741), of the Foulis baronets
* Sir William Foulis, 5th Baronet (c. 1680–1756), of the Foulis baronets
* Sir William Foulis, 6th Baronet (1729–1780), of the Foulis baronets
* Sir William Foulis, 7th Baronet (1759–1802), of the Foulis baronets
* Sir William Foulis, 8th Baronet (1790–1845), of the Foulis baronets
* Sir William Liston-Foulis, 8th Baronet (1812–1858), of the Foulis baronets
* Sir William Liston-Foulis, 10th Baronet (1869–1918), of the Foulis baronets