OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sculpey

Sculpey (often misspelled as Sculpy) is the brand name for a type of polymer clay that can be modeled and put into a conventional oven to harden, as opposed to typical modeling clays, which require a much hotter oven, such as a kiln. Until it is baked, Sculpey has a consistency somewhat like Plasticine. Its main competitor is the German brand Fimo. It is sold in many colors, but can also be painted once it’s baked. Sculpey has become popular with modeling artists, jewellery makers, and other craft work.
The primary ingredient in Sculpey is polyvinyl chloride, augmented with fillers, plasticizers and colorants. Aside from the hazards of overheating and combustion, which can generate hydrochloric acid and other toxins, Sculpey is nontoxic both before and after hardening.

## History

Sculpey is a brand of polymer clay made by Polyform Products in the United States. The compound was first created in the early 1960s, with the original idea being to use the clay as a thermal transfer compound which would conduct heat away from the cores of electrical transformers. However, the usage of the compound for this purpose turned out to be unsuccessful. The material was neglected for a period of time, until the late 1960s, when it was discovered that the compound could be molded, baked, sanded, drilled, carved and painted. It became a highly versatile medium for the craft industry. The clay was marketed directly to people at craft shows, street fairs and demonstrations in small art stores.
Sculpey closely resembles Fimo, another brand of polymer clay. Sculpey has a less rigid composition which better suits modeling, while Fimo is better suited for twisting into cane and bead making because the colors do not blend together as readily. The plasticity is controlled by the amount of oil suspending the polymers in the "clay".
Today, Sculpey offers six variations of polymer clay: Sculpey Soufflé, Sculpey Premo, Sculpey III, Sculpey BakeShop, Super Sculpey and Sculpey Original. It also manufactures various liquid clay products and polymer clay tools.

## Techniques

Many techniques exist for working with polymer clay. Caning is a technique borrowed from glass artisans, who used the name millefiori, meaning "a thousand flowers". It involves making a picture from thick pieces of polymer clay, which are then extruded so the picture becomes smaller, and the cane much longer. The original picture can then be seen running throughout the length of the cane, though smaller. It can then be sliced, with the slices used to cover other objects or blobs of scrap polymer clay.
Marbling is one of the simplest techniques used with polymer clay. It involves mixing different colors of polymer clay together to form a pattern. As the clay is mixed, the pattern becomes smaller and smaller, until the two colors are completely blended.
Colors can be mixed by combining various colors of clay, alcohol inks, mica powder or paints.
Mokume-Gane is a technique borrowed from metalworking. It involves placing several sheets of clay on top of each other and then pushing an object through it.
# Jack Scatchard

Vice Admiral John Percival Scatchard, CB, DSC & Two Bars (5 September 1910 – 22 June 2001) was a senior officer in the Royal Navy. He served for a time as Flag Officer Second-in-Command of the Far East Fleet.

## Naval career

Educated at Aysgarth School in Yorkshire and the Royal Naval College Dartmouth, Scatchard joined the Royal Navy in 1923. He fought in the Second World War, initially as First Lieutenant in the destroyer HMS Kashmir until it was bombed and sunk on 23 May 1941. He went on to command the destroyer HMS Garth and then, from late in 1943, the destroyer HMS Termagant. He served with distinction and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross & two Bars.
After the war, Scatchard became Executive Officer of RNAS Easthaven and was then appointed First Lieutenant of the battleship HMS Vanguard in September 1946. He went on to serve in the Plans Division of the Admiralty, as Captain (D) Portsmouth and as then as Chief Officer (Administration) to the Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth. After attending the Imperial Defence College, he was appointed Captain 5th Destroyer Squadron in 1957. He became Director of Naval Equipment at the Admiralty in 1958 and Commandant of the Joint Service Defence College in 1960. He went on to be Flag Officer Second-in-Command of the Far East Fleet in 1962, was promoted to vice admiral on 14 August 1963, and retired in 1964.

## Family

In 1943 Scatchard married Margaret Niven: they had one daughter.
# Jack Scarry

John L. Scarry (May 29, 1917 – November 3, 1983) was an American professional basketball player. Scarry played in the National Basketball League for the Pittsburgh Raiders during the 1944–45 season. In six career games, he averaged 1.2 points per game. Jack Scarry was the brother of professional football player Mike Scarry.
# RFA Easedale

RFA Easedale (A105) was a Dale-class fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.
She was decommissioned on 5 February 1959 and was laid up at Devonport Dockyard.
# Frogmore, Concordia Parish, Louisiana

Frogmore is an unincorporated community in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, United States.
# RNAs present in environmental samples

A wide variety of non-coding RNAs have been identified in various species of organisms known to science. However, RNAs have also been identified in "metagenomics" sequences derived from samples of DNA or RNA extracted from the environment, which contain unknown species. Initial work in this area detected homologs of known bacterial RNAs in such metagenome samples. Many of these RNA sequences were distinct from sequences within cultivated bacteria, and provide the potential for additional information on the RNA classes to which they belong.
The distinct environmental sequences were exploited to detect previously unknown RNAs in the marine bacterium Pelagibacter ubique. P. ubique is extremely common in marine sequences. So sequences of DNA extracted from oceans, many of which are inevitably derived from species related to P. ubique, were exploited to facilitate the analysis of possible secondary structures of RNAs predicted in this species.
Subsequent studies identified novel RNAs exclusively using sequences extracted from environmental samples.
The first study determined the sequences of RNAs directly extracted from microbial biomass in the Pacific Ocean. The researches found that a large fraction of the total extracted RNA molecules did not appear to code for protein, but instead appear to conserve consistent RNA secondary structures. A number of these were shown to belong to known small RNA sequence families, including riboswitches. A larger fraction of these microbial small RNAs appeared to represent novel, non-coding small RNAs, not yet described in any databases. A second study used sequences of DNA extracted from various environments, and inferred the presence of conserved RNA secondary structures among some of these sequences. Both studies identified RNAs that were not present in then-available genome sequences of any known organisms, and determined that some of the RNAs were remarkably abundant. In fact, two of the RNA classes (the IMES-1 RNA motif and IMES-2 RNA motif) exceeded ribosomes in copy number, which is extremely unusual among RNAs in bacteria. IMES-1 RNAs were also determined to be highly abundant near the shore in the Atlantic Ocean using different techniques.
RNAs that were identified in environmental sequence samples include the IMES-1, IMES-3, IMES-4, Whalefall-1, potC, Termite-flg and Gut-1 RNA motifs. These RNA structures have not been detected in the genome of any known species. The IMES-2 RNA motif, GOLLD RNA motif and manA RNA motif were discovered using environmental DNA or RNA sequence samples, and are present in a small number of known species. Additional non-coding RNAs are predicted in marine environments, although no specific conserved secondary structures have been published for these other candidates. Other conserved RNA structures were originally detected using environmental sequence data, e.g., the glnA RNA motif, but were subsequently detected in numerous cultivated species of bacteria.
The discovery of RNAs that are not detected among currently known species mirrors findings of protein classes that are currently unique to environmental samples.
# Stafford Gordon

Stafford Gordon is a British actor.
Gordon has played various character roles in British television series such as Crown Court, Minder, Prime Suspect and The Bill. His longest running role was as Company Sergeant Major Gilby in all three series of Spearhead (1979–1981).
# Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity

Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity is the change in reactivity of the nuclear fuel per degree change in the fuel temperature. The coefficient quantifies the amount of neutrons that the nuclear fuel (such as uranium-238) absorbs from the fission process as the fuel temperature increases. It is a measure of the stability of the reactor operations. This coefficient is also known as the Doppler coefficient due to the contribution of Doppler broadening, which is the dominant effect in thermal systems.

## Contributing effects
### Doppler broadening

Increased thermal motion of atoms within the fuel results in a broadening of resonance capture cross-section peaks, resulting in an increased neutron capture rate in the non-fissile portions of the fuel, resulting in an overall reduction of neutron flux.

### Thermal expansion

Thermal expansion of the fuel at higher temperatures results in a lower density which reduces the likelihood of a neutron interacting with the fuel.
# Scoophead

The scoophead (Sphyrna media) is a little-known species of hammerhead shark, part of the family Sphyrnidae. It inhabits the tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean, from Panama to southern Brazil, and in the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of California to Ecuador, and probably northern Peru, as well. It is found in shallow, inshore habitats.
One of the smaller hammerheads, the scoophead measures 150 cm long; adult males measure 90 cm long and adult females 100–133 cm. It is distinguished by its moderately broad, mallet-shaped head (22–33% as wide as the body is long). The forward margin of the head is arched, with weak medial and lateral indentations and no prenarial grooves, traits that this species shares with the scalloped bonnethead (Sphyrna corona). It is distinguished from the scalloped bonnethead by its shorter snout, broadly arched mouth, and deeply concave anal fin. The first dorsal fin is moderately falchate, and the second dorsal fin is as tall as the anal fin. The pelvic fins are not falchate, with a straight to moderately concave rear margin. Its coloration is grey-brown above, light below, with no fin markings.
Off the coast of Trinidad, the scoophead coexists with two other small hammerheads, the bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo) and the golden hammerhead (S. tudes). These species avoid competition by diet and habitat differences; the scoophead feeds on small elasmobranchs, octopus, squid, and flounders. Like other hammerheads, the scoophead is viviparous, with the pups measuring 34 cm or less at birth. It is taken with bottom longlines, gillnets, and hook and line throughout its range. It is caught commercially and sold as fresh fish or turned into fishmeal. The scoophead is also a common bycatch of the gillnet mackerel fishery off Trinidad.
* Head
* Jaws
* Upper teeth
* Lower teeth
# Scoop wheel

A scoop wheel or scoopwheel is a pump, usually used for land drainage.
A scoop wheel pump is similar in construction to a water wheel, but works in the opposite manner: a waterwheel is water-powered and used to drive machinery, a scoop wheel is engine-driven and is used to lift water from one level to another. Principally used for land drainage, early scoop wheels were wind-driven but later steam-powered beam engines were used. It can be regarded as a form of pump.
A scoop wheel produces a lot of spray. They were frequently encased in a brick building. To maintain efficiency when the river into which the water was discharged was of variable level, or tidal, a 'rising breast' was used, a sort of inclined sluice. The basic construction is, of necessity, similar to an undershot water wheel.
The individual blades were frequently called ladles.
Scoop wheels have been used in land drainage in Northern Germany, in the Netherlands, and in the UK, and occasionally elsewhere in the world. They began to be replaced in the mid 19th century by centrifugal pumps. The East and West Fens to the north of Boston, Lincolnshire were drained by such pumps in 1867, but although they were smaller and more economical to install, a Mr. Lunn was still arguing that scoop wheels were a better solution if the initial cost did not rule them out, they were employed in situations where the water did not need to be raised by more than 8 feet (2.4 m), and where the water levels of the input and output did not vary much.
An interesting comparison between the two types of pumps is available, because a 60-horsepower (45 kW) vertical spindle centrifugal pump was installed at Prickwillow on the River Lark in Cambridgeshire, alongside an existing 60-horsepower (45 kW) scoop wheel. A series of tests were carried out in 1880, to check their efficiency. The scoop wheel lifted 71.45 tons per minute through 9.78 feet (2.98 m), with the engine indicating that it was developing 103.33 hp (77.05 kW), while the newer installation was developing 106 hp (79 kW), and raised 75.93 tons per minute through 10.84 feet (3.30 m). Efficiency was calculated as 46 per cent for the scoop wheel and 52.79 per cent for the centrifugal pump. The most significant difference was the coal consumption, which was reduced from 11.64 pounds (5.28 kg) per hour to 6.66 pounds (3.02 kg) per hour for the newer system.
# Anthony Hallam

Anthony Hallam, aka Tony Hallam, (23 December 1933 – 23 October 2017) was a British geologist, palaeontologist and writer. His research interests concentrated on the Jurassic Period, with particular reference to stratigraphy, sea level changes and palaeontology. He was also interested in mass extinctions, especially the end Triassic event.

## Biography

Born in Leicester and having attended local schools, Hallam won an exhibition to St John's College, Cambridge, graduating with a double first class degree in geology in 1955. He remained at Cambridge University as researcher under the supervision of the late William Joscelyn Arkell, widely regarded as the expert on the Jurassic Period at that time. His thesis involved the study of the alternating limestone – shale rhythms of the Lower Jurassic of Southern England. He also published work on the evolution of Gryphaea, an extinct species of oyster. He was awarded a PhD in 1959.
Following a period as lecturer at the University of Edinburgh (1958–67), Hallam moved to the University of Oxford as lecturer in geology. He was also a Fellow of New College, Oxford. It was during this time that he continued his research into the controversial evolution of Gryphaea, publishing several papers with the late Stephen Jay Gould.
Hallam was appointed Lapworth Professor of geology at the University of Birmingham in 1977. This prestigious chair was named in honour of Charles Lapworth, the first Professor of geology at that university. Following retirement in 1999, Hallam remained at Birmingham University as professor emeritus.
He directly supervised over 35 graduate research students, including Bruce Sellwood (1967–70) and Geoff Townson (1968–71).

## Publications

He has written over 200 research papers and is the author or editor of more than twelve books, including Jurassic Environments, Great Geological Controversies and Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities: The Causes of Mass Extinctions.
* Phanerozoic sea-level changes, (Columbia University Press 1992) ISBN 978-0-231-07424-7

## Awards

He was awarded the Lyell Medal by the Geological Society of London in 1990. In 2007, he was awarded the Lapworth Medal, by the Palaeontological Association, that Society's highest award.

## Personal life

Hallam was a very active researcher, undertaking field trips and attending conferences well into retirement. In his spare time he enjoyed watching football, the arts, cinema and travel.
# Stanisław Korab-Brzozowski

Stanisław Korab-Brzozowski (1876 - 1901 in Warsaw) was a Polish poet and translator, brother of the poet Wincenty Korab-Brzozowski and son of the romantic bard Karol Brzozowski. Representative of Polish decadence. One of the greatest poets of Young Poland.
There is no information about the personal life of Stanisław Korab-Brzozowski. He was a member of Stanisław Przybyszewski's bohema called children of Satan. In 1901 Korab-Brzozowski committed suicide, probably because of his tragic love for Dagny Juel.
His poems were published in the book Nim serce ucichło (Before the Heart died away) in 1910 and he translated Charles Baudelaire's Fleurs du Mal into Polish.
# R v Belnavis

R v Belnavis, [1997] 3 S.C.R. 341, is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the right against unreasonable search and seizure under section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court held that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in the backseat of a car.

## Background

Three young women were stopped by police for speeding. The police officer noticed bags in back which were found to contain new clothes with price tags still on them. More bags were found in the trunk. Two of the girls gave differing stories as to who owned which bag. They were all charged with possession of stolen property.
At trial, it was held that the search was unreasonable and violated section 8 of the Charter. The evidence was excluded under section 24(2) and the girls were acquitted. On appeal the acquittal was quashed and a new trial was ordered.
The question before the Supreme Court was whether the officer violated a reasonable expectation of privacy under section 8 by searching the back seat, and if so, whether the evidence should be excluded under section 24(2).

## Reasons of the court

Justice Cory wrote for the majority.
On the first question, Cory found that there was no expectation to privacy as she did not own the vehicle, she did not have any control over it, nor did she ever in the past, as well she had no relationship with the driver. She did not control access to the vehicle, nor was there any subjective evidence that she had expected there to be privacy in the vehicle.
On the second issue, Cory found that the evidence should not be excluded under section 24(2). An objective observer would find that the officer had reasonable and probable ground to suspect that the bags contained stolen property. Likewise, the officer had reasonable subjective belief in his grounds.
The violation would not affect trial fairness, the breach was isolated and brief and so was not serious. Consequently, the breach would not tend to bring the administration of justice into disrepute.

## Dissent

Justice La Forest wrote the dissent.
La Forest began by observing that a warrantless search is presumed to be unreasonable. La Forest looked to the American Fourth Amendment and noted that the constitutional right protected privacy, not property as was suggested by the majority. He warns of the dangers in allowing "open season" on vehicles.
# Staple (wool)

A wool staple is a cluster or lock of wool fibres and not a single fibre.
For other textiles, the staple, having evolved from its usage with wool, is a measure of the quality of the fibre with regard to its length or fineness.

## Etymology

Of uncertain origin but possibly a back-formation arising because part of the business of a wool-stapler was to sort and class the wool according to quality.

## Staple strength

Staple strength is calculated as the force required to break per unit staple thickness, expressed as newtons per kilotex.
The staple strength of wool is one of the major determining factors of the sale price of greasy wool.
Virtually all fleece and better grade wool skirtings sold at auction in Australia are objectively measured prior to the sale with the average results printed in a catalogue.
At least 40 staples must be measured to in order to conform to the Australian Standard. Wools under 30 newtons per kilotex are considered tender. Currently wools over 40 newtons per kilotex are preferred and attract a premium. Seasonal conditions or the health of the sheep may influence the soundness (strength) of the wool.

## Staple length

The staple length of the wool is the length of the staple, and highly correlated with mean fibre length in the top (hauteur).
Staple length generally determines the end use of wool, that is, whether it will be used in weaving or knitting. The longer wools, generally around 51 mm and longer and called combing types, are processed to worsted yarn. Short-stapled wools are more profitably used in the woollen section where high-grade material may be produced from superfine wool.
The Australian Standard requires that a sale lot has a minimum of 55 staples measured with the average calculated and produced. The variability of this measure is reported as the coefficient of variation (CV%).
# Aubervilliers–Pantin–Quatre Chemins station

Aubervilliers–Pantin–Quatre Chemins (French pronunciation:) is a station of the Paris Métro. It is at the crossroads of the Roman road that led from Lutetia to east Flanders (now the N2) and the road between the communes of Aubervilliers and Pantin.

## History

Aubervilliers–Pantin–Quatre Chemins opened on 4 October 1979 as part of an extension from Porte de la Villette to Fort d'Aubervilliers.
In 2019, the station was used by 7,215,915 passengers, making it the 37th busiest of the Métro network, out of 302 stations.
In 2020, the station was used by 4,131,018 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 27th busiest of the Métro network, out of 305 stations.

## Passenger services
### Access

The station has 5 entrances along avenue de la République and avenue Jean-Jaurès.

### Station layout

Street Level :
| B1 | Mezzanine | Mezzanine |
| Line 7 platforms | Side platform, doors will open on the right | Side platform, doors will open on the right |
| Line 7 platforms | Southbound | ← toward Villejuif – Louis Aragon or Mairie d'Ivry (Riquet) |
| Line 7 platforms | Northbound | → toward La Courneuve–8 mai 1945 (Corentin Cariou) → |
| Side platform, doors will open on the right ||

### Platforms

The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

### Other connections

The station is also served by lines 150, 152, 170, and 249 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by line N42 of the Noctilien bus network.

## Nearby

* Église Sainte-Marthe des Quatre-Chemins

## Gallery

* MF 77 at Aubervilliers–Pantin–Quatre Chemins
* One of the entrances of the station
# Adelius

Adelius is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, first described in 1833 by Alexander Henry Haliday.

## Species

* Adelius angustus (Papp, 1997)
* Adelius australiensis (Ashmead, 1900)
* Adelius clandestinus Foerster, 1851
* Adelius determinatus Foerster, 1851
* Adelius dubius Foerster, 1851
* Adelius erythronotus Foerster, 1851
* Adelius germanus (Haliday, 1834)
* Adelius hyalinipennis Foerster, 1851
* Adelius parvulus Foerster, 1851
* Adelius pyrrhia (Beirne, 1945)
* Adelius subfasciatus Haliday, 1833
* Adelius viator Foerster, 1851