# Promotion to the 2. Bundesliga

The Promotion to the 2. Bundesliga (German: Aufstiegsrunde zur 2. Bundesliga) are an end-of-season competition, held annually to determine the clubs that were promoted from the Amateurligas, later the Amateur Oberligas to the 2. Bundesligas. It is necessary because there are more third division champions than promotion spots available.
Originally there were fifteen Amateurligas which were reduced to eight Amateur Oberligas in 1978. From 1981 the 2. Bundesliga was reduced to one single league.
After the introduction of the Regionalliga in 1994, the promotion round was greatly reduced in length, generally only involving two teams. Eventually, after 2000, all promotion spots to the 2. Bundesliga were direct with no deciders necessary. Since the 2008–09 season, after the introduction of the 3. Liga, a promotion round was reintroduced.

## Leagues
### Tier two

Originally, there were two 2. Bundesligas, the second tier of the German football league system, these being:
* 2. Bundesliga Süd
* 2. Bundesliga Nord
In 1981, these were reduced to just one league, the 2. Bundesliga.

### Tier three

In 1975, there were 15 Amateurligas, the third level of German football, these being:

#### Southern Germany

* Amateurliga Bayern
* Amateurliga Hessen
* Amateurliga Nordbaden
* Amateurliga Südbaden
* Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee
* Amateurliga Württemberg
* Amateurliga Saarland
* Amateurliga Südwest
* Amateurliga Rheinland
In 1978, these were reduced to four Amateur Oberligas, these being:
* Amateur Oberliga Bayern
* Amateur Oberliga Hessen
* Amateur Oberliga Baden-Württemberg
* Amateur Oberliga Südwest

#### Northern Germany

* Oberliga Berlin
* Oberliga Nord
* Amateurliga Niederrhein
* Amateurliga Mittelrhein
* Amateurliga Westfalen 1
* Amateurliga Westfalen 2
In 1978, these were reduced to four Amateur Oberligas, these being:
* Amateur-Oberliga Berlin (disbanded in 1991)
* Amateur Oberliga Nord
* Amateur Oberliga Nordrhein
* Amateur Oberliga Westfalen

### North-Eastern Germany

The following three Oberligas were formed in 1991, after the German reunion.
* NOFV-Oberliga Nord
* NOFV-Oberliga Mitte
* NOFV-Oberliga Süd

## System and modus
### 2. Bundesliga South promotion modus

From 1975 until 1978 the champions of the Amateurligas Bayern and Hessen were directly promoted to the 2. Bundesliga. The winners of the Amateurligas Nordbaden, Südbaden, Schwarzwald-Bodensee and Württemberg played out a third promotion spot. The winners of the Amateurligas Saarland, Südwest and Rheinland played out a fourth spot. Both these rounds were played in a home-and-away round robin.
In 1979 and 1980 there was no play-offs as the nine southern Amateurligas had merged to four Oberligas and therefore each champion was promoted directly. This fact was actually the main reason for the merger.

### 2. Bundesliga North promotion modus

In 1975 and 1976 the champions of the Amateurligas Niederrhein, Mittelrhein and the second placed team in the Oberliga Nord played out two promotion spots. The champion of the Amateurliga Berlin, the champion of the Oberliga Nord and the winner of the decider of the two Westfalen champions played out another two spots.
In 1977 and 1978 the top four teams of the Oberliga Nord, the champions of the Amateurligas Niederrhein, Mittelrhein, Westfalen 1, Westfalen 2 and Berlin played out the four promotion spots in two groups of four. Beforehand, a decider between the 4th placed team from the North and the runners-up of Westfalen reduced the number to eight out of those nine.
In 1979 and 1980 there was no play-offs as the six northern leagues merged to form four Oberligas like in the south. The champions of the Oberligas Nord, Nordrhein and Westfalen were promoted directly, the winner of Oberliga Berlin had to play the runners-up of the Oberliga Nord for the last spot.

### 2. Bundesliga promotion modus

From 1982 until 1991 the play-offs were split into a north and a south group.
In the southern group the four Oberliga champions of Bayern, Baden-Württemberg, Hessen and Südwest played out two promotion spots. In 1982 this was done in a single round system, afterwards in a home-and-away round robin.
In the northern group the winners of the four Oberligas Berlin, Westfalen, Nordrhein and Nord played out two promotion spots. In 1982 this was done in a single round system, afterwards in a home-and-away round robin. From 1984 the runners-up of the Oberliga Nord was also included in this play-off, taking the number of teams to five.
After the reunification of Germany the number of teams was extended.
In 1991 there was an additional two groups of four teams from East Germany. The winner of each of those four groups were promoted.
In 1992 there was 13 teams in four groups with the group winner gaining promotion. Qualified to this play-off were the ten Oberliga champions, the runners-up from Oberliga Nord and two teams from 2. Bundesliga.
In 1993 and 1994 the ten Oberliga champions and the runners-up from Oberliga Nord played in three groups, two times four and one time three, for three promotion spots.
in 1994 the four Regionalliga were introduced as an intermediate between 2. Bundesliga and the Oberligas. Oberliga teams were now promoted to the Regionalligas instead.

### Modus from 1994

With the introduction of the four Regionalligas in 1994, the system for promotion was somewhat simpler. The champions of the Regionalligas Süd and West/Südwest were always directly promoted. The Regionalligas Nord and Nordost were considered a single entity for the purpose of promotion, therefore only one of the two winners could get directly promoted. From 1996, the two winners of the league had to play a home-and-away decider. The reason for this was that each of the first two Regionalligas covered areas with a population and playing strength roughly equal to the combined second two. The fourth promotion spot was allocated the following way:
* 1995: To the Nord/Nordost region, therefore both league winners promoted.
* 1996: To the West/Südwest region, runners-up of that region promoted.
* 1997: To the Süd region, runners-up of that region promoted.
* 1998 to 2000: The runners-up of West/Südwest and Süd plus the losing team from the Nord/Nordost area play a group round-robin to determine the fourth promoted team.
With the reduction of the numbers of Regionalligas in 2000 to two, play-offs became unnecessary and two teams from each league were directly promoted.

### Modus from 2000

After the changes in the league system in 2000, the reduction of the numbers of Regionalligas from four to two, direct promotion was available to the 2. Bundesliga once more. The champions and runners-up of the two Regionalligas moved up without having to play a promotion round. In some instances, a promotion spot was held by a reserve team of a Bundesliga or 2. Bundesliga side, in those cases, the next-best placed first team was promoted instead.
In 2008, the 3. Liga was established as the new third tier, between Regionalligas and 2. Bundesliga. The top-two teams out of the third division are directly promoted. The third placed club has to play the 16th placed team of the 2. Bundesliga in a home and away round to determine who receives the last spot in the second division. Reserve sides, which also play in the 3. Liga, can not earn promotion.

## Clubs taking part in the promotion round
### Southern Germany (1975–1978)

* Directly promoted clubs from Hesse and Bavaria
| Season | Amateurliga Bayern | Amateurliga Hessen |
| 1974–75 | Jahn Regensburg | FSV Frankfurt |
| 1975–76 | Würzburger FV | KSV Baunatal |
| 1976–77 | Würzburger Kickers | VfR Bürstadt |
| 1977–78 | MTV Ingolstadt | FC Hanau 93 |
* Promotion round: Southwestern group
| Season | Amateurliga Saarland | Amateurliga Südwest | Amateurliga Rheinland |
| 1974–75 | ASC Dudweiler | Eintracht Bad Kreuznach | Eintracht Trier |
| 1975–76 | Borussia Neunkirchen | Wormatia Worms | Eintracht Trier |
| 1976–77 | Borussia Neunkirchen | Wormatia Worms | TuS Neuendorf |
| 1977–78 | Borussia Neunkirchen | Mainz 05 | TuS Neuendorf |
* Promotion round: Baden-Württemberg group
| Season | Amateurliga Nordbaden | Amateurliga Südbaden | Amateurliga Württemberg | Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee |
| 1974–75 | VfB Eppingen | Offenburger FV | VfR Aalen | SSV Reutlingen |
| 1975–76 | VfR Mannheim | FC 08 Villingen | SpVgg Ludwigsburg | BSV Schwenningen |
| 1976–77 | SV Neckargerach | Freiburger FC | SSV Ulm | SSV Reutlingen |
| 1977–78 | FV Weinheim | SC Freiburg | SSV Ulm | SSV Reutlingen |

### Southern Germany (1982–1994)

| Season | Oberliga Bayern | Oberliga Hessen | Oberliga Baden-Württemberg | Oberliga Südwest |
| 1981–82 | FC Augsburg | FSV Frankfurt | SSV Ulm | FC Homburg |
| 1982–83 | SpVgg Unterhaching | VfR Oli Bürstadt | SSV Ulm | 1. FC Saarbrücken |
| 1983–84 | 1860 Munich | VfR Oli Bürstadt | Freiburger FC | FC Homburg |
| 1984–85 | SpVgg Bayreuth | Viktoria Aschaffenburg | SV Sandhausen | FSV Salmrohr |
| 1985–86 | 1860 Munich | Kickers Offenbach | SSV Ulm | FSV Salmrohr |
| 1986–87 | SpVgg Bayreuth | Kickers Offenbach | SV Sandhausen | Eintracht Trier |
| 1987–88 | SpVgg Unterhaching | Viktoria Aschaffenburg | FV 09 Weinheim | Mainz 05 |
| 1988–89 | SpVgg Unterhaching | Hessen Kassel | SSV Reutlingen | SV Edenkoben |
| 1989–90 | Schweinfurt 05 | Rot-Weiss Frankfurt | SSV Reutlingen | Mainz 05 |
| 1990–91 | 1860 Munich | Hessen Kassel | 1. FC Pforzheim | Borussia Neunkirchen |
| 1991–92 | SpVgg Unterhaching | Viktoria Aschaffenburg | SSV Reutlingen | FSV Salmrohr |
| 1992–93 | 1860 Munich | Kickers Offenbach | SSV Ulm | Eintracht Trier |
| 1993–94 | FC Augsburg | FSV Frankfurt | SSV Ulm | Eintracht Trier |

### Northern Germany (1975–1978)

* Promotion round: Group A
| Season | Amateurliga Mittelrhein | Amateurliga Niederrhein | Oberliga Nord |
| 1974–75 | Bayer Leverkusen | Union Solingen | Arminia Hannover |
| 1975–76 | Bonner SC | 1. FC Bocholt | VfL Wolfsburg |
| Season | Amateurliga Westfalen | Amateurliga Mittelrhein | Oberliga Nord | Oberliga Nord |
| 1976–77 | Rot-Weiß Lüdenscheid | Siegburger SV 04 | Union Salzgitter | Holstein Kiel |
| 1977–78 | DSC Wanne-Eickel | Viktoria Köln | VfL Wolfsburg | Göttingen 05 |
* Promotion round: Group B
| Season | Amateurligas Westfalen | Oberliga Berlin | Oberliga Nord |
| 1974–75 | Westfalia Herne | Spandauer SV | VfB Oldenburg |
| 1975–76 | SC Herford | Union 06 Berlin | Arminia Hannover |
| Season | Amateurliga Niederrhein | Oberliga Berlin | Oberliga Nord | Qualifier |
| 1976–77 | 1. FC Bocholt | Spandauer SV | TuS Bremerhaven | SVA Gütersloh |
| 1977–78 | Olympia Bocholt | Wacker Berlin | OSV Hannover | Holstein Kiel |

### Northern Germany (1982–1994)

| Season | Oberliga Nordrhein | Oberliga Westfalen | Oberliga Berlin | Oberliga Nord (1st) | Oberliga Nord (2nd) |
| 1981–82 | BV Lüttringhausen | TuS Schloß Neuhaus | Tennis Borussia Berlin | Arminia Hannover | — |
| 1982–83 | Rot-Weiß Oberhausen | Eintracht Hamm | SC Charlottenburg | FC St. Pauli | — |
| 1983–84 | 1. FC Bocholt | FC Gütersloh | Blau-Weiß Berlin | FC St. Pauli | SV Lurup |
| 1984–85 | Rot-Weiss Essen | Eintracht Hamm | Tennis Borussia Berlin | VfL Osnabrück | Hummelsbütteler SV |
| 1985–86 | Rot-Weiß Essen | ASC Schöppingen | SC Charlottenburg | FC St. Pauli | VfB Oldenburg |
| 1986–87 | BVL Remscheid | SpVgg Erkenschwick | Hertha BSC | SV Meppen | Arminia Hannover |
| 1987–88 | MSV Duisburg | Preußen Münster | Hertha BSC | Eintracht Braunschweig | VfL Wolfsburg |
| 1988–89 | MSV Duisburg | Preußen Münster | Reinickendorfer Füchse | TSV Havelse | Göttingen 05 |
| 1989–90 | Wuppertaler SV | Arminia Bielefeld | Reinickendorfer Füchse | VfB Oldenburg | TSV Havelse |
| 1990–91 | FC Remscheid | SC Verl | Tennis Borussia Berlin | VfL Wolfsburg | Göttingen 05 |
| 1991–92 | Wuppertaler SV | Preußen Münster | — | VfL Wolfsburg | TSV Havelse |
| 1992–93 | Rot-Weiß Essen | Preußen Münster | — | VfL Herzlake | SC Norderstedt |
| 1993–94 | Fortuna Düsseldorf | TuS Paderborn-Neuhaus | — | Kickers Emden | Eintracht Braunschweig |

### North-Eastern Germany (1991–1994)

| Season | NOFV-Oberliga Nord | NOFV-Oberliga Mitte | NOFV Oberliga Süd |
| 1991–92 | FC Berlin | Union Berlin | FSV Zwickau |
| 1992–93 | Tennis Borussia Berlin | Union Berlin | Bischofswerdaer FV |
| 1993–94 | BSV Brandenburg | Energie Cottbus | FSV Zwickau |

## Promoted teams from the Regionalliga (1995–2008)
### 1995–2000

| Season | Regionalliga Süd | Regionalliga West/Südwest | Regionalliga Nord | Regionalliga Nord-Ost |
| 1994–95 | SpVgg Unterhaching | Arminia Bielefeld | VfB Lübeck | Carl Zeiss Jena |
| 1995–96 | Stuttgarter Kickers | FC Gütersloh Rot-Weiss Essen | VfB Oldenburg | Tennis Borussia Berlin |
| 1996–97 | 1. FC Nürnberg Greuther Fürth | SG Wattenscheid | Hannover 96 | Energie Cottbus |
| 1997–98 | SSV Ulm | Rot-Weiß Oberhausen | Hannover 96 | Tennis Borussia Berlin |
| 1998–99 | Waldhof Mannheim Kickers Offenbach | Alemannia Aachen | VfL Osnabrück | Chemnitzer FC |
| 1999–2000 | SSV Reutlingen | 1. FC Saarbrücken LR Ahlen | VfL Osnabrück | Union Berlin |

### The Nord versus Nordost play-off games

These were staged in the five seasons from 1996 to 2000 to determine which team was directly promoted. From 1998, the loser of this games got a second chance for promotion by playing the runners-up of the other two Regionalligas.
| Date | Team A | Team B | Game 1 | Game 2 |
| 1995–96 | Tennis Borussia Berlin | VfB Oldenburg | 1–1 | 1–2 (a.e.t.) |
| 1996–97 | Hannover 96 | Energie Cottbus | 0–0 | 1–3 |
| 1997–98 | Tennis Borussia Berlin | Hannover 96 | 2–0 | 0–2 (1–3 p) |
| 1998–99 | VfL Osnabrück | Chemnitzer FC | 1–0 | 0–2 |
| 1999–2000 | Union Berlin | VfL Osnabrück | 1–1 | 1–1 (7–8 p) |
* Winner in bold.

### 2000–2008

All listed teams were promoted:
| Season | Regionalliga Süd | Regionalliga Süd | Regionalliga Nord | Regionalliga Nord |
| 2000–01 | Karlsruher SC | FC Schweinfurt 05 | 1. FC Union Berlin | SV Babelsberg 03 |
| 2001–02 | Wacker Burghausen | Eintracht Trier | VfB Lübeck | Eintracht Braunschweig |
| 2002–03 | SpVgg Unterhaching | SSV Jahn Regensburg | Erzgebirge Aue | VfL Osnabrück |
| 2003–04 | Rot-Weiß Erfurt | 1. FC Saarbrücken | Rot-Weiß Essen | Dynamo Dresden |
| 2004–05 | Kickers Offenbach | Sportfreunde Siegen | Eintracht Braunschweig | SC Paderborn 07 |
| 2005–06 | FC Augsburg | TuS Koblenz | Rot-Weiß Essen | FC Carl Zeiss Jena |
| 2006–07 | SV Wehen | TSG 1899 Hoffenheim | FC St Pauli | VfL Osnabrück |
| 2007–08 | FSV Frankfurt | FC Ingolstadt 04 | Rot-Weiß Ahlen | Rot-Weiß Oberhausen |

## 3. Liga

With the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008, the first two teams of this league earned promotion to the 2. Bundesliga while the third placed team had to go through a promotion round.
| Season | Champions | Runners-up | Promotion Playoff | Standings |
| 2008–09 | Union Berlin | Fortuna Düsseldorf | SC Paderborn | Table |
| 2009–10 | VfL Osnabrück | Erzgebirge Aue | FC Ingolstadt | Table |
| 2010–11 | Eintracht Braunschweig | Hansa Rostock | Dynamo Dresden | Table |
| 2011–12 | SV Sandhausen | VfR Aalen | Jahn Regensburg | Table |
| 2012–13 | Karlsruher SC | Arminia Bielefeld | VfL Osnabrück | Table |
| 2013–14 | 1. FC Heidenheim | RB Leipzig | Darmstadt 98 | Table |
| 2014–15 | Arminia Bielefeld | MSV Duisburg | Holstein Kiel | Table |
| 2015–16 | Dynamo Dresden | Erzgebirge Aue | Würzburger Kickers | Table |
| 2016–17 | MSV Duisburg | Holstein Kiel | Jahn Regensburg | Table |
| 2017–18 | 1. FC Magdeburg | SC Paderborn | Karlsruher SC | Table |
| 2018–19 | VfL Osnabrück | Karlsruher SC | Wehen Wiesbaden | Table |
| 2019–20 | Würzburger Kickers | Eintracht Braunschweig | FC Ingolstadt | Table |
| 2020–21 | Dynamo Dresden | Hansa Rostock | FC Ingolstadt | Table |
| 2021–22 | 1. FC Magdeburg | Eintracht Braunschweig | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | Table |
| 2022–23 | SV Elversberg | VfL Osnabrück | Wehen Wiesbaden | Table |
| 2023–24 | SSV Ulm | Preußen Münster | Jahn Regensburg | Table |
* Bold denotes team earned promotion.

### 3. Liga promotion round

From the 2008–09 season onwards, the third placed team in the 3. Liga had to play the 16th placed team in the 2. Bundesliga for one more spot in the second division:

#### 2008–09

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| SC Paderborn (3L) | 2–0 | VfL Osnabrück (2B) | 1–0 | 1–0 |

#### 2009–10

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| FC Ingolstadt (3L) | 3–0 | Hansa Rostock (2B) | 1–0 | 2–0 |

#### 2010–11

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Dynamo Dresden (3L) | 4–2 | VfL Osnabrück (2B) | 1–1 | 3–1 (a.e.t.) |

#### 2011–12

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Jahn Regensburg (3L) | 3–3 (a) | Karlsruher SC (2B) | 1–1 | 2–2 |

#### 2012–13

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| VfL Osnabrück (3L) | 1–2 | Dynamo Dresden (2B) | 1–0 | 0–2 |

#### 2013–14

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Darmstadt 98 (3L) | 5–5 (a) | Arminia Bielefeld (2B) | 1–3 | 4–2 (a.e.t.) |

#### 2014–15

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Holstein Kiel (3L) | 1–2 | 1860 Munich (2B) | 0–0 | 1–2 |

#### 2015–16

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Würzburger Kickers (3L) | 4–1 | MSV Duisburg (2B) | 2–0 | 2–1 |

#### 2016–17

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Jahn Regensburg (3L) | 3–1 | 1860 Munich (2B) | 1–1 | 2–0 |

#### 2017–18

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Karlsruher SC (3L) | 1–3 | Erzgebirge Aue (2B) | 0–0 | 1–3 |

#### 2018–19

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Wehen Wiesbaden (3L) | 4–4 (a) | FC Ingolstadt (2B) | 1–2 | 3–2 |

#### 2019–20

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| 1. FC Nürnberg (2B) | 3–3 (a) | FC Ingolstadt (3L) | 2–0 | 1–3 |

#### 2020–21

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| FC Ingolstadt | 4–3 | VfL Osnabrück | 3–0 | 1–3 |

#### 2021–22

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Dynamo Dresden | 0–2 | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | 0–0 | 0–2 |

#### 2022–23

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Wehen Wiesbaden | 6–1 | Arminia Bielefeld | 4–0 | 2–1 |

#### 2023–24

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Jahn Regensburg (3L) | 4–3 | Wehen Wiesbaden (2B) | 2–2 | 2–1 |
* Winner in bold.
| Symbol | Key |
| (2B) | 2. Bundesliga – 16th placed team |
| (3L) | 3. Liga – 3rd placed team |