OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gads Hill Train Robbery

The Gads Hill Train Robbery (also known as the Great Missouri Train Robbery) was a crime committed by the James–Younger Gang in Gads Hill, Missouri. In January 1874, five members of the James–Younger gang robbed a train and stole $12,000 (equivalent to $290,000 in 2023) in cash. All five escaped.
The robbery has since been recognized as one of the most infamous crimes committed by outlaws in the American Old West.

## James-Younger gang

The James–Younger Gang was a gang of outlaws consisting of well-known criminal Jesse James and his brother, Frank James; Cole, Jim, John and Bob Younger, as well as other gunslingers. After fighting for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War (1861–1865), the James brothers formed a gang in 1866 and committed crimes in Missouri, until their gang eventually collapsed in 1876 after a botched bank robbery in Minnesota.

## Previous train robbery

In July 1873, Jesse and Frank James robbed a train in Adair, Iowa, and stole $6,000 (equivalent to $140,000 in 2023) in cash. However, they soon ran out of money and began plotting a new train robbery. By now, the gang had acquired new members, including the three oldest Younger brothers.

## Robbery

On January 31, 1874, five men, believed to have been Jesse and Frank James, Cole Younger, Jim Younger and John Younger, entered the small town of Gads Hill, Missouri, and robbed the general store. Afterwards, they proceeded to hold the townspeople hostage inside the store. A train was expected to arrive there at 4:00 pm that day, but it ended up being forty-five minutes late. When it did arrive, the James-Younger gang created a bonfire on the train tracks and waved a red flag in front of it to make the train conductor stop immediately.
After entering the train, the gang proceeded with the robbery. However, they avoided robbing women and working men. It is said they did this by looking at every passenger's hands to see how much callus they had. While some of the gang members were handling the passengers, the rest broke open the safe and stole more money. All five robbers managed to escape unharmed, with a total of $12,000 (equivalent to $290,000 in 2023).

## Aftermath

Following one of the James-Younger gang's most successful robberies, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency began attempting to hunt down the members of the gang, particularly the ones responsible for the train robbery. In March 1874, John Younger was killed during a shootout with Jim Younger and three lawmen in Saint Clair, Missouri.
# Randori (album)

Randori is an album by Swiss pianist and composer Nik Bärtsch's band Ronin recorded in Switzerland in 2002 and first released on the Tonus Music label.

## Reception

On All About Jazz Budd Kopman noted "Listening to this would be deliciously unbearable in a live setting since you might not know whether to open your arms to the infinite or bang your head, but maybe that is also the point".

## Track listing

All compositions by Nik Bärtsch.
* "Modul 15" – 9:23
* "Modul 8_9 I" – 6:03
* "Modul 8_9 II" – 5:51
* "Modul 8_9 III" – 17:15
* "Modul 10" – 10:08
* "Modul 13" – 12:12
* "Modul 14" – 4:58
* "Modul 11" – 7:59
* "Modul 15_9" – 4:22

## Personnel

* Nik Bärtsch – prepared piano, synthesizer, electric piano, drums
* Björn Meyer – bass
* Kaspar Rast – drums, udu
* Andi Pupato – shaker, Indian bells
# Randowtal

Randowtal is a municipality in the Uckermark district, in Brandenburg, Germany.

## Demography

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1875 | 1,955 | — |
| 1890 | 1,804 | −0.53% |
| 1910 | 1,950 | +0.39% |
| 1925 | 1,945 | −0.02% |
| 1933 | 1,762 | −1.23% |
| 1939 | 1,776 | +0.13% |
| 1946 | 2,492 | +4.96% |
| 1950 | 2,725 | +2.26% |
| 1964 | 2,099 | −1.85% |
| 1971 | 1,982 | −0.82% |
| 1981 | 1,523 | −2.60% |
| 1985 | 1,499 | −0.40% |
| 1989 | 1,396 | −1.76% |
| 1990 | 1,388 | −0.57% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1991 | 1,318 | −5.04% |
| 1992 | 1,284 | −2.58% |
| 1993 | 1,284 | +0.00% |
| 1994 | 1,259 | −1.95% |
| 1995 | 1,251 | −0.64% |
| 1996 | 1,249 | −0.16% |
| 1997 | 1,240 | −0.72% |
| 1998 | 1,236 | −0.32% |
| 1999 | 1,220 | −1.29% |
| 2000 | 1,192 | −2.30% |
| 2001 | 1,158 | −2.85% |
| 2002 | 1,137 | −1.81% |
| 2003 | 1,101 | −3.17% |
| 2004 | 1,084 | −1.54% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 2005 | 1,080 | −0.37% |
| 2006 | 1,082 | +0.19% |
| 2007 | 1,062 | −1.85% |
| 2008 | 1,058 | −0.38% |
| 2009 | 1,065 | +0.66% |
| 2010 | 1,045 | −1.88% |
| 2011 | 1,004 | −3.92% |
| 2012 | 970 | −3.39% |
| 2013 | 941 | −2.99% |
| 2014 | 932 | −0.96% |
| 2015 | 932 | +0.00% |
| 2016 | 920 | −1.29% |
| 2017 | 928 | +0.87% |
# Ralph Gräsbeck

Armas Ralph Gustaf Gräsbeck (July 6, 1930, Helsinki – January 22, 2016), best known as Ralph Gräsbeck, was a Finnish physician and clinical biochemist.

## Scientific achievements

Ralph Gräsbeck was best known for his contribution to the identification and naming of the Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome, simultaneously with Olga Imerslund. This a rare familial genetic condition, found in clusters in the Nordic countries and the Eastern Mediterranean, characterised by an inability to absorb vitamin B$_{12}$ from food and by the consequent development of megaloblastic anaemia.
He made numerous other observations on the metabolism of vitamin B$_{12}$, including studies on an anaemia caused by fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum), the purification and isolation of intrinsic factor from gastric juice (1965), and the description of R-protein (today called haptocorrin).
He is also known for the introduction and elaboration of the concept of reference values in the clinical analysis of bodily fluids.
In addition, he published studies on factors that cause white blood cell division (so-called lymphocyte mitogens).

## Academic career

He graduated as an MD from Helsinki University in 1953 and subsequently trained in the 1950s in biochemistry at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and at Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm. His PhD (DMSci) dissertation was presented in 1956 and in 1959 he became docent at Helsinki University and the years 1960-1990 he was Chief Physician of the Laboratory Department of Maria Hospital, Helsinki. He was one of the founders of the Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research at the University of Helsinki and served as its director from 1971 to 1993. He became Professor in 1982. He was a board member and chairman of many Finnish, Scandinavian and International organisations and received numerous honours including Charter Member, Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars, the junior Jahre prize of Oslo University, the silver medal of the Finnish Society (Academy) of Sciences and Letters, and Doctor honoris causa of Poincaré University, Nancy, France.
# Gadila

Gadila may refer to:
* MV Gadila, an Anglo Saxon Royal Dutch/Shell oil tankers converted to become a Merchant Aircraft Carrier
* Gadila (mollusc), a tusk shell genus in the family Gadilidae
# James Myer

James Myer (born October 19, 1951) is an American documentarist and educational filmmaker. He produced Multiple Personality: Reality and Illusion, a documentary that chronicled the life of Chris Costner Sizemore. Sizemore, who was depicted in the book and film The Three Faces of Eve, was diagnosed in the 1950s with multiple personality disorder. Other productions include The American Field Trip, an educational series that takes viewers behind the scenes of unique places across the US. He won the CINE competition Golden Eagle Award for the series in 1995.
# Stillingia saxatilis

Stillingia saxatilis is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was described in 1874 by Johannes Müller Argoviensis. It is native to Brazil, in Bahia and Minas Gerais.
# Raman Prinja

Prof. Raman K. Prinja is an astronomer, professor and author. He is professor of astrophysics at University College London (UCL) and has been awarded the Pol and Christiane Swings research prize by the Royal Academy of Belgium; UCL Faculty Teaching Award (2000, 2010); UCL Education Award 2018; American Institute of Physics Science Education Award (2019); Royal Society Young People's Book Prize (2019). In Sept. 2021 Prof Raman Prinja was a recipient of the UCL Leadership Award for Outstanding Contribution. The Institute of Physics 2021 Lise Meitner Medal and Prize has been awarded to Prof. Prinja for his distinguished long-term contributions to engage and inspire children in physics, including his highly motivating range of books, public lectures and interactive science events for young people.

## Research

Prof. Prinja's area of research includes studies of outflows at the extremes of stellar evolution. Current projects aim to investigate the nature of mass-loss via stellar winds in a broad range of astrophysical settings, including: the structure of fast outflows from the central stars of planetary nebulae, mass-loss, clumping and the origin of structure in the winds of luminous OB stars, accretion-disc outflows in cataclysmic variables and, the origin and nature of mass outflows from young classical T Tauri stars. The work relates to many fundamental astrophysical processes, including radiation hydrodynamics and plasma physics, accretion discs, the evolution of stars, the dynamics and enrichment of the interstellar medium, star formation, and the functioning of galaxies. The studies are based on line-synthesis analyses coupled with multi-wavelength data sets, spanning far-UV, optical and near-IR spectroscopy, plus radio and mm observations.

## Publications

Prinja has written over 150 research papers.
He is the author of popular science books Understanding the Universe (2003), Visions of the Universe. The Latest Discoveries in Space Revealed (2004), Wonders of the planets. Visions of Our Solar System in the 21st Century (2006) and Stars: A Journey through stellar birth, life and death (2008) and has written a series of astronomy books for children, including his latest books Science Crazy (2012), The Universe Rocks (2012), Night Sky Watcher (2016) and Planetarium: Welcome to the Museum (2018).
# Stigmella longicornuta

Stigmella longicornuta is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is known from the northern region of Oman.
# Stigmella sanguisorbae

Stigmella sanguisorbae is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found from Germany and Poland to Switzerland, Austria and Hungary.
The larvae feed on Sanguisorba officinalis. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Stigmella sakhalinella

Stigmella sakhalinella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found from Scandinavia to the Pyrenees, Italy and Serbia, and from Great Britain to central Russia, east to the eastern part of the Palearctic realm. It is also found in the Near East.
The wingspan is 4-4.6 mm. Adults are on wing in May and again from July to August.
The larvae feed on Betula pendula, Betula pubescens and Betula utilis. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Pupation takes place outside of the mine.
# Stigmella rosaefoliella

Stigmella rosaefoliella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found in North America in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, New York, Michigan, Missouri and Ontario.
The wingspan is about 4.5 mm. There are three generations per year with full grown larvae in June and early July, in August and in October.
The larvae feed on Rosa species. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
This species was first described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1861.

## Subspecies

* Stigmella rosaefoliella rosaefoliella (Ohio, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, New York, Michigan, Missouri, Ontario)
* Stigmella rosaefoliella pectocatena (Ontario)
# James Parmelee

James Parmelee (1855-1931) was a Cleveland financier.
In 1886, he co-founded the National Carbon Company as part of a group that included Webb C. Hayes, the son of U.S. president Rutherford B. Hayes. The company figured prominently in the history of the battery.
Parmelee was also the fourth president of the Cleveland General Electric Company.
He and his wife Alice Maury Parmelee were benefactors of the Washington National Cathedral and Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., as well as Ohio charities. He was one of the founders of a predecessor institution of Case Western Reserve University. Their Cleveland house, on what was then called Millionaires Row (Euclid Avenue), no longer exists. Their Washington, D.C., home, which they called "the Causeway", was renamed "Tregaron" by a successor owner, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and after some controversy remains fairly intact.
# Sternacutus doctus

Sternacutus doctus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1863.
# Arlein Ford Straw

Arlein Ford Straw (January 15, 1920 – February 10, 2009) was an American music teacher and composer. She helped create The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) songbook.

## Early life and education

Ford was born in New York City, the second daughter of Arnold Josiah Ford and Olive Nurse Ford. Her father was from Barbados, a musician and religious leader known as "Rabbi Ford". After her parents separated in 1924, she lived in Barbados for a few years, then in Harlem, where she played piano with her father and her sister Enid.
Ford graduated from Wadleigh High School for Girls in 1936, and won a Rachel Herstein Scholarship from the NAACP to attend Hunter College. She graduated from Hunter in 1940, and earned a master's degree there in 1962; her thesis was a composition, a musical setting of Psalm 139.

## Career

During and after college, Ford and her older sister Enid played piano for children's shows called Ella Gordon's "Peter Pan Kiddies". She taught music at schools in Queens, and chaired Negro History and Brotherhood Week observances for the Jamaica branch of the NAACP. In 1952, her work was performed at the annual meeting of the National Association of Negro Musicians. She contributed music to a 1958 event organized by composer Margaret Bonds, in tribute to poet Langston Hughes. She served on the committee to develop Lift Ev'ry Voice, the NAACP's official songbook. She was a church music director in her later years.
Straw composed several works, including "Sudan" (1951), "Lullaby Little One" (1953), with Rena Greenlee Govern, "Crucifixion" (1957) for three female voices, "Two Songs of Freedom" (1967), with lyrics by her NAACP colleague Florence V. Lucas, and Bent Twig (1998), a "folk opera" with lyrics by her neighbor, social work professor Helen Roberts Williams. When Bent Twig was performed in Baltimore in 1998, she and other members of her church in Queens took a bus together to attend the performance.

## Personal life

Arlein Ford married railroad worker Irving Straw in 1940. They had two children, Clyde and Gerald. She died in 2009, at the age of 89, in New York City.
# Arkadian Warriors

Arkadian Warriors is an action role-playing game published by Vivendi Games under the Sierra Online division and developed by Wanako Games for the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service. The title was officially announced during the 2007 Leipzig Games Convention and was later released on December 12, 2007.

## Gameplay

Players select one of three different character classes to play as from the choices of "Soldier", "Archer", and "Sorcerer". Players can play alone, or cooperatively with another player locally or over Xbox Live.
During play, characters are tasked with saving the land of Arkadia by completing a series of 19 quests, ultimately defeating the evil Gorgon. Quests are received at a town hub where other activities can also be carried out. Most of these quests are relatively straightforward in nature, such as recovering some quantity of a certain item, or defeating certain foes.
Within the randomly generated dungeon, players battle large numbers of enemies using abilities specific to their class. Upon gaining a certain amount of experience, characters increase in power and gain additional spells or skills. Additionally, while battling foes, a meter slowly fills which allows players to temporarily morph into a beastly form. These alter egos take the shape of a phoenix, lion or dragon, depending on class.

## Reception

Arkadian Warriors met with an icy reception at IGN, where it earned a grade of "Mediocre" (5.7/10). The review concludes, "We can handle repetitious gameplay in our dungeon crawlers -- it’s generally mindless fun. When you add in a total lack of variety in dungeon and mission design and toss a bunch of generic monsters our way, it just becomes mindless." The GameSpot review also blasted the title for its generic and repetitive gameplay, earning it a similar "Mediocre" (5.0/10) score. Trigames.NET contributor Patrick Hickey Jr. said that Arkadian Warriors "feels like a haphazard clone of a dozen other good games and leaves its owner wanting to play something else."
# James Riley (footballer)

James Edward Riley (1880-1938) was an English professional footballer who played as a full back. He played in the Football League for Burnley.
# Stirling Miners' County Union

The Stirling Miners County Union was a trade union representing coal miners in the Stirlingshire area of Scotland.
The union originated the Stirlingshire, Forth and Clyde Valley Miners' Association. Founded in 1886, it was initially led by Chisholm Robertson and in 1894 was a founder constituent of the Scottish Miners' Federation. However, it withdrew the following year after Robertson fell out with the leadership of the Federation over strike pay. William Webb took over as secretary, but membership fell from 3,000 to only 800 and in 1899 the Stirlingshire miners reconstituted their union separately from the Forth and Clyde Valley miners.
Although the Stirling Miners County Union initially had only 342 members, it reached a peak membership of 7,500 in 1910. In 1945, it was merged with other unions to form the Stirling and Lothians Area of the National Union of Mineworkers.

## Secretaries

    1886: Chisholm Robertson
    1896: William Webb
    c.1920: James Barbour
# Army Model and Simulation Executive Council

The Army Model and Simulation Executive Council (AMSEC) last convened in 2005; soon after it was discontinued by the Army M&S Office (AMSO).
All public access to any AMSEC-related documents were removed at that time. Any documents provided by non-AMSO personnel should not be considered current.
AR 5–11, which formerly references the AMSEC, has been rewritten.
# Go Uru

Go Uru (Korean: 고우루; Hanja: 高優婁; ? – 230) was the prime minister of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo during the reigns of Kings Sansang and Dongcheon during a period of 24 years.

## Background

Go Uru was a descendant of Goguryeo's founder, King Jumong, and of noble origins. However, the exact line of his ancestry or his family are unknown.

## Successor of Eul Pa-So

After the death of prime minister Ŭl P'a-so in the year 203, King Sansang gave the position of Prime Minister to Go Uru. Go Uru remained prime minister for 24 years until his death in 230. Go Uru was succeeded by Wutae Myeongnim Eosu.
# Wibault 8 Simoun

The Wibault 8 or Wib 8 Simoun (Simoon) was a tandem seat, parasol wing fighter aircraft designed and built in France to a 1925 specification which was later withdrawn; only one Wib 8 was completed.

## Design

The Wib 8 Simoun was designed around a 1925 specification from the Service Technique de l'Aéronautique (S.T.Aé, Technical Department of Aeronautics) for a two-seat fighter. Wibault's submission was one of a series of parasol wing aircraft, beginning with the Wibault Wib 3 and including the successful Wib 7. Along with the later Wib 12 and the single seat Wib 170, which also used the water-cooled upright V-12 500 hp (373 kW) Hispano-Suiza 12Hb engine, it was the most powerful of the group.
The design and construction of the Wib 8 was similar to that of the earlier aircraft. It was an all- metal machine, the structure mostly Duralumin and the covering narrow aluminium strips applied longitudinally. The parasol wing, built around box spars, was straight edged and of constant chord, braced to the lower fuselage with a pair of parallel struts on each side which met the wing at about mid-span. There were cabane struts over the fuselage and a trailing edge cut-out in the wing over the pilot's cockpit to enhance his visibility. A pair of synchronised 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Vickers machine guns fixed to the fuselage fired forwards through the propeller arc; in addition the rear cockpit was fitted with a pair of Lewis guns of the same calibre on a Scarff ring. The gunner also had auxiliary flight controls. A braced tailplane was mounted towards the top of the fuselage, together with an angular fin and rudder.
The Wib 8's engine was totally enclosed and drove a two blade propeller. The Mercedes was cooled by a retractable, half-cylindrical radiator on the fuselage underside at the back of the engine. Behind the engine the fuselage was flat sided, like that of the Wib 7. The fighter had a fixed conventional undercarriage with mainwheels on a split axle attached to the fuselage underside, supported by a pair of V-struts; there was a small tailskid.
It was flown for the first time in May 1926 but like other contenders for the contract it failed to meet the S.T.Aé's expectations. The two seat specification was then withdrawn and development of the sole Wib 8 ended.

## Specifications

Data from Green & Swanborough p.596
General characteristics
* Crew: Two
* Length: 8.95 m (29 ft 4 in)
* Wingspan: 12.63 m (41 ft 5 in)
* Height: 3.20 m (10 ft 6 in)
* Wing area: 29.60 m$^2$ (318.6 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,233 kg (2,718 lb)
* Gross weight: 2,064 kg (4,550 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Hispano-Suiza 12Hb water-cooled upright V-12, 370 kW (500 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed
Performance
* Maximum speed: 236 km/h (147 mph, 127 kn) at 2,000 m (6,650 ft)
* Range: 600 km (370 mi, 320 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 7,000 m (23,000 ft)
* Time to altitude: 18.8 min to 5,000 m (16,405 ft)
Armament
* Forward firing guns: 2×7.7 mm (0.303 in) synchronised Vickers machine guns in fuselage, 2×7.7 mm (0.303 in) Darne machine guns in wings.
* Rear cockpit: 2×7.7 mm (0.303 in) Lewis guns on Scarff ring.