OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Szpiro's conjecture

In number theory, Szpiro's conjecture relates to the conductor and the discriminant of an elliptic curve. In a slightly modified form, it is equivalent to the well-known abc conjecture. It is named for Lucien Szpiro, who formulated it in the 1980s. Szpiro's conjecture and its equivalent forms have been described as "the most important unsolved problem in Diophantine analysis" by Dorian Goldfeld, in part to its large number of consequences in number theory including Roth's theorem, the Mordell conjecture, the Fermat–Catalan conjecture, and Brocard's problem.

## Original statement

The conjecture states that: given ε > 0, there exists a constant C(ε) such that for any elliptic curve E defined over Q with minimal discriminant Δ and conductor f,
    $\vert \Delta \vert \leq C(\varepsilon )\cdot f^{6+\varepsilon }.$

## Modified Szpiro conjecture

The modified Szpiro conjecture states that: given ε > 0, there exists a constant C(ε) such that for any elliptic curve E defined over Q with invariants c$_4$, c$_6$ and conductor f (using notation from Tate's algorithm),
    $\max\{\vert c_{4}\vert ^{3},\vert c_{6}\vert ^{2}\}\leq C(\varepsilon )\cdot f^{6+\varepsilon }.$

### abc conjecture

The abc conjecture originated as the outcome of attempts by Joseph Oesterlé and David Masser to understand Szpiro's conjecture, and was then shown to be equivalent to the modified Szpiro's conjecture.

## Consequences

Szpiro's conjecture and its modified form are known to imply several important mathematical results and conjectures, including Roth's theorem, Faltings's theorem, Fermat–Catalan conjecture, and a negative solution to the Erdős–Ulam problem.

## Claimed proofs

In August 2012, Shinichi Mochizuki claimed a proof of Szpiro's conjecture by developing a new theory called inter-universal Teichmüller theory (IUTT). However, the papers have not been accepted by the mathematical community as providing a proof of the conjecture, with Peter Scholze and Jakob Stix concluding in March 2018 that the gap was "so severe that … small modifications will not rescue the proof strategy".
# Sydney Raw

Vice Admiral Sir Sydney Moffatt Raw KBE CB (1898–1967) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Fourth Sea Lord.

## Naval career

Raw served in World War I and fought at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. He also served in World War II and led the naval work on the recovery of the submarine HMS Thetis off Anglesey in 1939 before being given command of the submarine tender HMS Medway in 1940 and being appointed Chief of Staff to the Admiral (Submarines) in 1942. He also commanded the cruiser HMS Phoebe during operations on the Burma coast from 1944.
In 1947 he was appointed Commodore at the Royal Naval Barracks Devonport before becoming Flag Officer Submarines in 1950 and Fourth Sea Lord and Chief of Supplies and Transport in 1952.
# Harris Franklin Rall

Harris Franklin Rall (1870 – October 13, 1964) was the first president of Iliff School of Theology in Denver, Colorado after it reopened in 1910 till 1915, and he also served as the Henry White Warren professor of Practical Theology. Rall later became president of Garrett Biblical Institute in Evanston, Illinois, and taught theology there. Rall was active in the social gospel movement, seeking to relate Christianity to the ills of society. Garrett named its lecture series after him.
Rall authored 24 books in the fields of theology and biblical studies including Teachings of Jesus, New Testament History, Christianity, an Inquiry into Its Nature and Truth, and A Working Faith. His work on the teachings of Jesus reflected the values of early liberalism.
Rall died in 1964 at the age of 94.

## Early life and education

Harris Franklin Rall was a native of Council Bluffs, Iowa. He had at least one sibling, a brother.
Rall received bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Iowa. While there, he was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa honor society. He later received a bachelor of divinity degree from Yale University. While studying in Germany, he attended the University of Berlin and received a doctorate from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg.

## Ministerial career

From 1900 to 1910, Rall was a Methodist minister in Connecticut and at the Lovely Lane Methodist Church in Baltimore, Maryland.

## Academic career

In 1910, he began serving as president of Iliff School of Theology in Denver, Colorado. In 1915, he began teaching at the Garrett Biblical Institute in Evanston, Illinois, and remained there until his retirement in 1955.

## Writing career

In the 1930s, Rall edited a quarterly review titled the Garrett Tower. From 1941 to 1957, he wrote a column in the Christian Advocate.

## Personal life

Rall and his wife Maud had a daughter named Mary.
Rall died at a hospital in Evanston on October 13, 1964.
# Kaie Kõrb

Kaie Kõrb (born 1 April 1961, in Pärnu) is an Estonian ballet dancer and dance teacher. In 2006, she was described as "perhaps the country's most famous dancer today".
She graduated from the Tallinn Ballet School (Tallinna Balletikool) in 1980, and was prima ballerina of the Estonian National Opera. She is now director of the Tallinn Ballet School.
# The Great Theater of the World

The Great Theater of the World (El Gran Teatro del Mundo) is a c. 1634 play from Spanish writer Pedro Calderón de la Barca (17 January 1600 – 25 May 1681). The play is an allegorical explanation of man's place in world according to the Catholic Church doctrine.
In the play there is an Author (God) who writes the actual Play that is the world; humans are given characters according to the Author’s will: the King who has the power, the poor who suffers, the rich who enjoys very much his stay in the Play, etc., etc. These characters are just playing their roles in this “Play” that is the world and is just a test. Those who do a good performance of their characters will be rewarded by the Author at the end of the (brief, short, and fast) Play while those who do a bad performance will receive their just punishment.
The play is a depiction of the Catholic Church’s doctrine on how humans are on Earth just for a brief and fast test while the real (and eternal) existence is the one that begins with death as in the afterlife. Calderón uses again this doctrinal and philosophical concept of human existence in the world in his more famous play, Life Is a Dream.
This concept of human existence is today’s official Catholic doctrine and an argument against God’s nonexistence due to the suffering and evil present in the world. This doctrine states that only God and the afterlife are the source of absolute justice as they are the only guarantee that evil but powerful and rich people will receive just punishment and good but poor/ill people who suffer on Earth will receive just reward.
# Fred Schwarzbach

Fred Schwarzbach is an American academic. He is a professor of Victorian literature at New York University, and the former dean of NYU Liberal Studies.

## Selected works

* Schwarzbach, Fred (1979). Dickens and the City. London, U.K.: Athlone Press. ISBN 9780485111743. OCLC 891185199.
* Nadel, Ira; Schwarzbach, Fred, eds. (1980). Victorian Artists and the City: A Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Pergamon Press. ISBN 9780080233819. OCLC 768122855.
# Gnathoenia tropica

Gnathoenia tropica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Duvivier in 1891. It is known from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Gabon. It contains the varietas Gnathoenia tropica var. irrorata.
# Roderick H. Cox

Roderick Howard Cox (March 5, 1911 – August 25, 2000) was an American track and field athlete, football player, teacher, and environmentalist. He was the NCAA champion in the hammer throw in 1933 and also played for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1930 to 1932. Cox later served in the United States Navy and attained the rank of commander in the Naval Reserve. He was a teacher at the Sidwell Friends School for nearly 40 years.

## University of Michigan

Cox was born in the State of New York and grew up in Birmingham, Michigan. As a member of the Michigan Wolverines men's track and field team, he was a two-time All-American in 1932 and 1933. He won the 1933 NCAA Championship in the hammer throw with a distance of 156 feet, 3/4 inch. He also finished fifth in the event at the 1932 NCAA Championships.
Ketz also played college football at the end and fullback positions for the Michigan Wolverines football team during the 1930, 1931, and 1932 seasons. He was a teammate of President Gerald Ford on the undefeated 1932 Michigan Wolverines football team that won the national championship.
In 2012, Cox was posthumously inducted into the University of Michigan Track and Field Hall of Fame.

## Later years

After receiving a bachelor's degree from Michigan in 1933, Cox worked as a reporter for The Pontiac Press in Pontiac, Michigan, and taught at the Cranbrook Educational Community in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. He later attended Harvard University and received a master's degree in teaching in 1941. During World War II, Cox served in the United States Navy, serving as a communications officer in Washington, D.C. After being discharged from active military duty, he remained active in the Naval Reserve and attained the rank of commander.
For almost 40 years, Cox taught world history and comparative religion at the Sidwell Friends School in Bethesda, Maryland, and eventually became head of the school's history department. He also served on the staff of Camp Keewaydin on Lake Temagami in Ontario, Canada for approximately 60 summers. He died in Bethesda in September 2000 at age 89.
# Harris Geodetic LW 108

The Harris Geodetic LW 108 is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed by J. Warren Harris of Vernal, Utah and made available in the form of plans for amateur construction.

## Design and development

The aircraft features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.
The aircraft is made from spruce and plywood, with the fuselage a geodetic airframe structure, producing a strong, lightweight and low-drag shape. Its wing has a span of 28.1 ft (8.6 m). The standard engine recommended was the 80 hp (60 kW) Continental A80.
The aircraft has an empty weight of 585 lb (265 kg) and a gross weight of 1,000 lb (450 kg), giving a useful load of 415 lb (188 kg). With full fuel of 16 U.S. gallons (61 L; 13 imp gal) the payload is 319 lb (145 kg).

## Operational history

By October 2013 no examples remained registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration and it is possible that none exist any more.

## Specifications (Geodetic LW 108)

Data from Plane and Pilot
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Capacity: one passenger
* Length: 19 ft 4 in (5.89 m)
* Wingspan: 28 ft 1 in (8.56 m)
* Empty weight: 585 lb (265 kg)
* Gross weight: 1,000 lb (454 kg)
* Fuel capacity: 16 U.S. gallons (61 L; 13 imp gal)
* Powerplant: 1 × Continental A80 four cylinder, air-cooled, four stroke aircraft engine, 80 hp (60 kW)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 150 mph (240 km/h, 130 kn)
* Cruise speed: 130 mph (210 km/h, 110 kn)
* Stall speed: 40 mph (64 km/h, 35 kn)
* Range: 400 mi (640 km, 350 nmi)
* Rate of climb: 1,500 ft/min (7.6 m/s)
# The Italian Secretary

The Italian Secretary is mystery fiction by Caleb Carr featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson. This literary pastiche had the approval of the Doyle estate having originally been commissioned as a short story for the collection Ghosts of Baker Street which then expanded into a novel.

## Plot summary

Architect Sir Alistair Sinclair and his foreman, Dennis McKay, have been slain in the midst of rehabilitating the medieval west tower of the Royal Palace of Holyrood—the very wing where Mary, Queen of Scots, had lived, and where David Rizzio had met his brutal, politically motivated end. Mycroft Holmes fears these murders portend new threats against Britain's present monarch—the elderly Queen Victoria, who occasionally lodges at the palace—by a known assassin, perhaps in nefarious league with the German Kaiser. En route north, Holmes and Watson are menaced aboard their train by a red-bearded bomb thrower (supposedly a rabid Scots nationalist), only to discover that still greater dangers await them, and others, at Holyroodhouse. The plaintive drone of a weeping woman, cruelly punctured and shattered corpses, a pool of blood "that never dries", and a disembodied Italian voice with unexpected musical tastes all imply the wrath of wraiths behind recent atrocities. But Holmes and Watson deduce that greed, rather than ghosts, may be to blame.

## Characters in The Italian Secretary

* Sherlock Holmes
* John H. Watson M.D.
* Mycroft Holmes

## Release details

* 2005, United States, publisher ISBN 0-7867-1548-0, Pub date 2005, binding

## Reception

Geoff Nicholson, writing for The New York Times, called the action "rip-roaring stuff" and called it "good honest hokum." Colin Greenland of The Guardian praised Carr's characterization of Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft but found the book longwinded at times, saying "Carr's version reproduces superbly the peculiar éclat of Holmes's often absurd but spectacularly correct "deductions", though he's a terrible windbag. The mystery isn't much of a mystery, and it's interrupted far too much by explanations of things Doyle could take as read: who Mary Queen of Scots was, for instance." Publishers Weekly found the book underwhelming compared to earlier efforts saying "while the novel captivates, it matches neither of Carr's previous megasellers in plot invention or depth of character." Kirkus Reviews also criticized the book saying "It’s fun for about a hundred pages, because Carr apes Conan Doyle’s plummy storyteller’s voice quite ably...But the successive disclosures become increasingly preposterous."
# Kaj Skagen

Kaj Skagen (born October 23, 1949, in Strandebarm) is a Norwegian writer. He received the Riksmål Society Literature Prize in 1991. His first book Gatedikt was published in 1971. From 1978 to 1989, he published and edited the periodical "Arken". In 1982 he won the first prize of a national novel contest with the novel Broene brenner. In 1983 he published Bazarovs barn, a harsh critique of contemporary Norwegian literature.
# Sixtus Signati

Sixtus Signati (died 1540) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Trevico (1521–1540).
On 10 May 1521, Sixtus Signati was appointed during the papacy of Pope Leo X as Bishop of Trevico. He served as Bishop of Trevico until his death in 1540.
# Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department

The Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department (SEERAD) was a civil service department of the Scottish Executive. SEERAD was responsible for the following areas in Scotland: agriculture, rural development, food, the environment and fisheries. Following the change of administration in May 2007, a restructuring exercise led to most SEERAD functions being continued under the new Scottish Executive Environment Directorate.
SEERAD was directly responsible for various agencies of the Scottish Executive and other public bodies relating to these areas of responsibility. From early 2005 the Department was headed by Richard Wakeford. The Minister for Environment and Rural Development was Ross Finnie and he was assisted by the Deputy Minister for Environment and Rural Development, Sarah Boyack.
A concordat set out agreed frameworks for co-operation between it and the United Kingdom government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Many of the functions of SEERAD were subsumed into the Environment Directorate in 2007.

## Structure

The department had three executive agencies:
* Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, which is responsible for scientific research into agriculture
* Fisheries Research Services, which carries out scientific research into the fisheries and aquaculture areas
* Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency, responsible for enforcing fisheries regulations in Scottish waters, and monitoring compliance
The department sponsored several non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs) including:
* Crofters Commission
* Deer Commission for Scotland
* Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
* Scottish Environment Protection Agency
* Scottish Natural Heritage
* The Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park Authority
* The Macaulay Institute
The department also worked with Scottish Water.
# Gnathoenia flavovariegata

Gnathoenia flavovariegata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1935. It is known from the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Sierra Leone.
# Jerónimo Manrique de Lara

Jerónimo Manrique de Lara may refer to:
* Jerónimo Manrique de Lara (bishop of Ávila) (1538–1595), Spanish Roman Catholic bishop and inquisitor
* Jerónimo Manrique de Lara (bishop of Salamanca) (1530–1593), Spanish Roman Catholic bishop
* Jerónimo Manrique de Lara y de Herrera (1581–1644), Spanish Roman Catholic bishop
# Austinochernes andrewaustini

Austinochernes andrewaustini is a species of pseudoscorpion in the Chernetidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2021 by Australian arachnologist Mark Harvey. The specific epithet andrewaustini honours Professor Andy Austin.

## Description

The body length of the male holotype is 2.87 mm; that of female paratypes 2.66–2.82 mm. The colour of the pedipalps, coxae and carapace is deep red-brown, the legs yellow-brown.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in south-eastern Australia. The type locality is the summit of Mount Barker in the Mount Lofty Ranges east of Adelaide, where the holotype was collected from beneath a rock, with ants. The species has also been recorded from Sherbrooke Forest in the Dandenong Ranges, 40 km east of Melbourne.

## Behaviour

The pseudoscorpions are terrestrial predators.
# The Only Way Is Up (disambiguation)

The Only Way Is Up may refer to:
* "The Only Way Is Up", a 1988 hit dance song performed by Yazz and the Plastic Population
* The Only Way Is Up (EP), a 2000 extended play by The Drugs
* "The Only Way Is Up" (Martin Garrix and Tiësto song), 2015
# Black Alien & Speed

Black Alien & Speed was an independent Brazilian Hip hop duo active between 1993 and 2001. Made up of singer Black Alien and the late producer/musician/rapper Speed, they started out using the name Speedfreaks and around 1998 became Black Alien & Speed.
The group performed and recorded in Brazil with artists such as Afrika Bambaataa, De La Soul, Beastie Boys, Chad Smith (Red Hot Chili Peppers), Carlos Lyra, Roberto Menescal, Nação Zumbi, Otto, Marcelo D2 and many others. In 2001, 80.000 copies of the hit "Quem Que Caguetou?"/"Follow Me, Follow Me" were released in a magazine in Brazil, and later in 2003, this song was in a commercial for a Nissan car called "Le Marathon". With the advertisement success, famous DJ Fatboy Slim remixed the track and the remixed version became another hit.
In 2005 the group separated and both members started working on solo careers. Black Alien has recorded a successful solo album, Babylon By Gus, Vol. 1 (2004). Speed released a number of independent albums until his death in 2010.
# Black-Eyed

"Black-Eyed" is a song by English alternative rock band Placebo. It was released as a single from their third studio album, 2000's Black Market Music. The song tells the story of a character with a troubled childhood, bitterly affecting their development: "I'm forever black-eyed/A product of a broken home".
The official music video includes scenes from the 2001 German film Engel & Joe.
Reviews of the song ranged between it being called "clumsy posturing" and applauded that as "things start getting mellower and darker [...] One of the nicest [is] Black-Eyed, which sees the electronics politely let the guitars have a go between wailed choruses. In fact, alongside current single Slave To The Wage, this is possibly a favourite moment on the album."

## Live performance history

The song was played throughout the Black Market Music and Sleeping With Ghosts tours. It has made intermittent appearances on the Meds and Battle for the Sun tours, at shows in the earlier legs of said tours. The song was also being performed as part of the band's 2012 tour.

## Track listing

* "Black-Eyed"
* "Pure Morning (MBV Remix)"
* "Black-Eyed (Le Vibrator Remix)"
# Bulbophyllum capillipes

Bulbophyllum capillipes is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Bob MacDonald (journalist)

Bob MacDonald (1929–2006) was a Toronto journalist and conservative columnist.
MacDonald was part of the team that founded The Toronto Sun newspaper after the demise of The Toronto Telegram. His scoop on government bungling was the tabloid's first front-page story on November 1, 1971.
MacDonald's and Robert Reguly's investigations of RCMP wrongdoing in the 1970s feature prominently in the newspaper's history. Eventually, this work resulted in a police search of the Sun newsroom for leaked documents (1978) and charges against Sun editor Peter Worthington under the Official Secrets Act. These were dismissed at a preliminary hearing. MacDonald was a vocal critic of the Trudeau government and of Liberal and NDP governments in Ontario. He began his career with the Halifax Chronicle-Herald in 1951, wrote for the Toronto Daily Star from 1953 to 1959 before moving to the Telegram.
MacDonald died February 26, 2006, after a 14-year battle with prostate cancer.
His daughter Moira MacDonald was The Toronto Sun's education columnist from 2000 to 2012.