OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fredric Drum

Fredric Drum is a series of ten crime fiction novels by Norwegian author Gert Nygårdshaug that were published over the course of 21 years, starting in 1985. The series is named after the protagonist of the novels.
Outside Norway the Fredric Drum series has been published in Denmark, Germany, Poland and Russia.

## Character biography

The character Fredric Drum is a gourmet master chef, a connoisseur of fine wine, the proprietor of a small Michelin-starred restaurant in Oslo named Kasserollen, a cryptographer, and an amateur detective with a strong sense of curiosity. His adventures frequently take place in exotic locations such as France, Østerdalen, Italy, Egypt, Mexico and New Guinea, and with considerable focus on various ancient cultures, such as the Minoan civilisation or Ancient Egypt, whose myths and archaeological mysteries Drum are frequently drawn to.
Drum's uncle, Skarphedin Olsen, is a police investigator with the National Criminal Investigation Service.

## Response

The series has been called among Norwegian crime literature's most playful and original. Critics have claimed to identify references in the series to works by other authors such as Knut Hamsun and Umberto Eco.
With a stated target of completing ten books of the series, Nygårdshaug published the final Fredric Drum novel in 2006, and it was consensus among critics that the series maintained the same level of quality to the very end.
Though Nygårdshaug has worked within a wide range of genres throughout his career including poetry and children's literature, and won a people's award for "Best Norwegian Book of All Time" with Mengele Zoo, he is arguably best known for his Fredric Drum series.
In the wake of the series' success, there has been arranged theme tours with Nygårdshaug, "in the footsteps of Fredric Drum", to Saint-Émilion.

## Series bibliography

* Honningkrukken (1985, The Honey Jar)
* Jegerdukken (1987, The Hunter's Puppet)
* Dødens codex (1990, The Codex of Death)
* Det niende prinsipp (1992, The Ninth Principle)
* Cassandras finger (1993, Finger of Cassandra)
* Kiste nummer fem (1996, Coffin Number Five)
* Den balsamerte ulven (2000, The Embalmed Wolf)
* Liljer fra Jerusalem (2001, Lilies from Jerusalem)
* Alle orkaners mor (2004, The Mother of All Hurricanes)
* Rødsonen (2006, The Red Zone)
# Stigmella lediella

Stigmella lediella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found from Fennoscandia to the Alps. It is also present in Japan.
The wingspan is 5–6 mm.
The larvae feed on Rhododendron tomentosum. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Ronald Waterhouse

Ronald Waterhouse may refer to:
* Ronald Waterhouse (judge) (1926–2011), judge of the High Court of England and Wales
* Ronald Waterhouse (civil servant) (1878–1942), British Army and Air Force officer and private secretary
# John Hamilton, Lord Magdalens

John Hamilton, Lord Magdalens (1561–1632) was a 16th/17th century Scottish judge and Senator of the College of Justice.

## Life

He was the son of Thomas Hamilton, Lord Priestfield, 3rd Laird of Priestfield, and his second wife, Elizabeth Murray, daughter of Sir Andrew Murray of Black Barony. His elder brothers included Thomas Hamilton, 1st Earl of Haddington and Andrew Hamilton, Lord Redhouse.
He owned the Magdalens estate, east of Linlithgow. He later also had a house near Prestonpans.
In July 1622 he was created a Senator of the College of Justice: an Ordinary Lord of Session. He was also Lord Clerk Register of Scotland.
In 1626 he built Preston House in Preston village in East Lothian, south of Prestonpans, sometimes then called "Lord Magdalens House". The house is now called the "Hamilton House".
He died at Holyrood House (prior to it becoming a royal palace) on 28 November 1632 and is buried in Holyrood Abbey. His position as Lord Clerk Register was filled by John Hay, Lord Barra.

## Trivia

Dying with no sons the Magdalens estate was sold to the Dundas family. The estate is now home to the St Magdalene distillery.
His house in East Lothian was taken over by the National Trust for Scotland in 1937.

## Family

In 1602 he married his cousin, Agnes Hamilton. They had two daughters: Anna and Elizabeth.
# Tamalia coweni

Tamalia coweni, also known as the manzanita leaf gall aphid and the fold-gall aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. Tamalia coweni induces galls on most species of glabrous manzanita tree. This aphid actually induces two types of galls: a midrib or margin leaf gall, and a less common inflorescence gall.
Tamalia coweni is common on the Pacific coast of North America and east to Nevada and Colorado. Tamalia inquilina, an inquiline of this species, is found in the Californias. Recently described species Tamalia glaucensis induces leaf galls on big-berry manzanita specifically.
# Svetla Vassileva

Svetla Vassileva may refer to:
* Svetla Vassileva (opera singer)
* Svetla Vassileva (publicist)
# Jacob A. Westervelt (pilot boat)

Jacob A. Westervelt was a 19th-century Sandy Hook pilot boat designed by naval architect John W. Griffiths and built by Jacob A. Westervelt in 1853. She was one of the fastest pilot-boats in the fleet. In 1858, while attempting to board the British steamer Saxonia she was fatally run into and sank outside of Sandy Hook. The Edmund Blunt, was built to replace her.

## Construction and service

The pilot-boat, Jacob A. Westervelt, No. 19, was designed by John W. Griffiths, who wrote a Treatise on Marine and Naval Architecture. In the Westervelt, Griffiths cut out the traditional drag of the keel, that produced a fast shoal-draught boat. She was built in December 1853 by Aaron J. Westervelt, of the Jacob A. Westervelt Sons & Company for Sullivan & Pratt and the New York pilots: John O’Keefe, John E. Johnson, Charles L. McCummisky, Peter McEnany, Eugene Sullivan, Daniel Baker and William Smith. She was launched on February 4, 1854, for a company of New York Pilots.
On May 26, 1857, John L. Roff, boatkeeper on the Jacob A. Westervelt, No. 9, picked up a drowned man at Coney Island and brought the body to the Brooklyn Coroner.

## Out of service

The Westervelt spotted the British screw steamer Saxonia on Tuesday morning, April 20, 1858, 270 miles east of Sandy Hook. While attempting to board her, the Westervelt was struck by the steamer. The men on the Westervelt were able to climb the robes thrown over the steamer's bow. Her captain, John O’Keefe, went missing and later reported as drowned. The pilots on board the Westervelt were: John E. Johnson, John Wright, John Hines, Charles L. McCummisky, and Peter McEnany.$^{:p82}$ On, April 21, 1858, Maurice O'Keefe placed an ad giving a reward to any person recovering the body of her husband, John O'Keefe.
New York pilot-boat Edmund Blunt, No. 2, was launched on 18 August 1858, by Edward F. Williams to replace the Jacob L. Westervelt, that was run down by the steamship.
# Gold digging

Gold digging may refer to:
* Gold digger, a person, usually female, who enters a relationship purely for monetary gain
* Gold mining, the process of mining for gold ore
* Gold panning
# Mold (album)

Mold is the fourth studio album made by experimental music group Praxis, released in 1998. Despite being released under the Praxis name the group's usual musicians, guitarist Buckethead and drummer Brain, are absent; frontman Bill Laswell is the only member that appeared on earlier releases to be included on the album.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Bill Laswell

## Personnel

* Praxis:
** Alex Haas - keyboards, producer, engineer, mixing
** Bill Laswell - bass, scratching, producer
** Pat Thrall - guitar
** Peter Wetherbee - synthesizer, guitar, drums, vocals, producer, loops, mixing, beats
* Julian Joyce - assistant engineer
* Joe Lambert - mastering
* Aldo Sampieri - art direction, photography
# Ranthenus

Ranthenus is a subgenus of the genus Anthrenus of the subfamily Megatominae within the family of skin beetles. Species of subgenus are present only in Asia and Turkey. Subgenus is distinguished by antennae with 4 segments.

## Species

According to World Dermestidae catalogue, these species currently belong to subgenus Ranthenus:
* Anthrenus alatauensis (Mroczkowski, 1962) – Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan
* Anthrenus kryzhanovskii (Sokolov, 1979) – Kyrgyzstan; Turkmenistan
* Anthrenus prudeki (Háva, 2002) – Turkey; Iran; Syria
* Anthrenus zeravshanicus (Sokolov, 1979) – Tajikistan
# Joe Gormley

Joseph or Joe Gormley may refer to:
* Joe Gormley (baseball) (1866–1950), pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies (1891)
* Joe Gormley (footballer) (born 1989), football player (Cliftonville FC, Peterborough United, St Johnstone)
* Joe Gormley (trade unionist) (1917–1993), President of the National Union of Mineworkers (1971–82)
* Joseph L. Gormley (1914–2004), American forensic scientist
# Anna Catharina Materna

Anna Catharina Materna (née von der Lühe) (1731–1757) was a Danish actor and playwright. She belonged to the first pioneer-troupe of actors at the Royal Danish Theatre, and later became one of the first female playwrights to have her plays performed there.

## Life and career

Materna was the child of the noble but poor Lieutenant Friedrich Siegfried Johann Hans von der Lühe (1705–50) and Mechtilde Siegfriede Jullern (d. 1763), and joined the theatre in 1748 when it advertised for female actors, which were in short supply for the newly opened national stage in Copenhagen. It was unusual, and considered a great shame, for a member of nobility to perform on stage, and she took the stage name Materna to hide her identity.
Anna Catharina Materna was not in reality considered to have much talent as an actor, but she knew how to portray a noblewoman, and was considered perfect for this on the stage, and she became a primadonna of the theatre in such parts, used much as a stage-ornament, and sometimes considered the first to interpret the soubrette role on the Danish stage. She was also the subject of many rumors and intrigues among her colleagues, especially from her great rival Anna Dorothea Lund. She was also regarded and talked about as a courtesan, and had a long list of lovers; in 1753, she was offered an allowance to become a kept woman, negotiations being handled by her mother, and in the same year, she retired from the stage. In her farewell letter to Ludvig Holberg, which she sent to him when she left the theatre, she said that her colleagues had never let a moment pass which they did not take to embarrass her; she also wrote about them; "I Know I have been more of a burden for them than an asset", but she also thanked Holberg; "For the always towards me directed kindness", and tells him, that: "I have you to thank for a great deal of my happiness, a memory which will always remain with me." The same year, Holberg wrote a code of behaviour for the theatre and lectured those who mistreated their colleagues.
In that year, she instead married the nobleman Christian Albrecht von Passow (1732–1777) (but keeping the surname Materna), a marriage that produced a child, which was kept a secret. Passow then left Denmark for Tranquebar in India, and, although Materna was meant to follow him, this never came about. Instead, she began a new career as a translator and writer of plays. She became one of the first writers in Europe to use the old Nordic gods of her own country, rather than the Roman gods and goddesses, in her plays; she stated that she did not see the reason to use Roman or Greek gods, when Denmark had so many of their own. Three of her plays were performed on the stage at the Royal Danish Theatre; she was one of the first native female writers to have her plays performed there.
# Specific thrust

Specific thrust is the thrust per unit air mass flowrate of a jet engine (e.g. turbojet, turbofan, etc.) and can be calculated by the ratio of net thrust/total intake airflow.
Low specific thrust engines tend to be more efficient of propellant (at subsonic speeds), but also have a lower effective exhaust velocity and lower maximum airspeed. High specific thrust engines are mostly used for supersonic speeds, and high specific thrust engines can achieve hypersonic speeds.

## Low specific thrust engines

A civil aircraft turbofan (with high-bypass ratio) typically has a low specific thrust (~30 lbf/(lb/s)) to reduce noise, and to reduce fuel consumption, because a low specific thrust helps to improve specific fuel consumption (SFC). This is usually achieved with a high bypass ratio. Additionally low specific thrust implies a relatively large cross-sectional engine area given its net thrust. Consequently, such aircraft engines are normally located externally, in a separate nacelle or pod, attached to the wing, or the rear fuselage.

## High specific thrust engines

By contrast, low-bypass ratio military turbofans often feature high specific thrust (45-110 lbf/(lb/s)), which reduces the engine's cross-sectional area, which more easily accommodates a narrow fuselage, which minimizes drag. A high specific thrust usually results in higher noise levels.

## Maximum airspeed

Specific thrust has significant bearing on thrust lapse rate: the low jet velocity associated with a low specific thrust engine implies large reductions in net thrust with increasing flight velocity, which can only be partially offset by throttle changes at rated conditions (e.g. maximum recommended climb rating).

## Supersonic aircraft

Supersonic aircraft require high specific thrust engines to reach a high exhaust speed.

## Afterburners

Specific thrust has impact upon the performance of afterburning turbofans.
A low (dry) specific thrust engine has a low tailpipe temperature, which means that the temperature rise across the afterburner can be high, boosting thrust. Nevertheless, the afterburning specific thrust is still relatively low. The total fuel flow (main combustor plus afterburner) is fixed by the temperature rise from air intake to nozzle and, for a given airflow and changes little with dry specific thrust. Consequently, the low afterburning thrust implies a high afterburning SFC. However, the dry SFC is low.
The situation is completely reversed for a high (dry) specific thrust.
Consequently, engine designers must select a level of dry specific thrust that is suitable for the application
# Stanley Howard Weitzman

Stanley Howard Weitzman (born March 16, 1927, in Mill Valley, California; died February 16, 2017) was a Research Scientist Emeritus at Division of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.

## Life and career

He received his Bachelor's (1951) and Master's (1953) degrees in biology from the University of California, Berkeley, and his PhD (1960) from Stanford University as a student of the venerable killifish expert, George Sprague Myers. Weitzman began his long and distinguished career as a Curator in the Division of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History, in 1962. At that time he moved from California with his wife Marilyn and their two children.

## Awards and recognition

Weitzman's outstanding research was recognized by his peers: he received the Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. Memorial Award for Excellence in Systematic Ichthyology for an outstanding body of published work in systematic ichthyology from the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists in 1991, and was honored at an international symposium on neotropical fishes in Brazil with an award for his “Invaluable Contributions to Neotropical Ichthyology” in 1997.

## Taxa named in his honor

Numerous taxa have been named after Weitzman:
* Lophiobrycon weitzmani R. M. C. Castro, A. C. Ribeiro, Benine & A. L. A. Melo, 2003 is a species of small characin endemic to Brazil, where it is found in the upper Paraná River basin.
* the darter Microcharacidium weitzmani Buckup, 1993
* the darter Poecilocharax weitzmani Géry, 1965.
* the Two Saddle cory cat Corydoras weitzmani Nijssen, 1971.
* the Atlantic pearlside or Weitzman's pearlside Maurolicus weitzmani Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993.
* the small freshwater fish Knodus weitzmani (Menezes, Netto-Ferreira & K. M. Ferreira, 2009)
* Jenynsia weitzmani Ghedotti, A. D. Meisner & Lucinda, 2001.
* Pseudocorynopoma stanleyi Malabarba, Chuctaya, Hirschmann, Oliveira & Thomaz, 2020

## Taxon described by him

* See Category:Taxa named by Stanley Howard Weitzman
# Tao, Mali

Tao is a commune in the Cercle of Koutiala in the Sikasso Region of southern Mali. The commune covers an area of 67 square kilometers and includes 3 villages. In the 2009 census it had a population of 7,047. The village of Fonfona, the administrative centre (chef-lieu) of the commune, is 45 km northwest of Koutiala.
# Quantum money

A quantum money scheme is a quantum cryptographic protocol that creates and verifies banknotes that are resistant to forgery. It is based on the principle that quantum states cannot be perfectly duplicated (the no-cloning theorem), making it impossible to forge quantum money by including quantum systems in its design.
The concept was first proposed by Stephen Wiesner circa 1970 (though it remained unpublished until 1983), and later influenced the development of quantum key distribution protocols used in quantum cryptography.

## Wiesner's quantum money scheme

Wiesner's quantum money scheme was first published in 1983. A formal proof of security, using techniques from semidefinite programming, was given in 2013.
In addition to a unique serial number on each bank note (these notes are actually more like cheques, since a verification step with the bank is required for each transaction), there is a series of isolated two-state quantum systems. For example, photons in one of four polarizations could be used: at 0°, 45°, 90° and 135° to some axis, which is referred to as the vertical. Each of these is a two-state system in one of two bases: the horizontal basis has states with polarizations at 0° and 90° to the vertical, and the diagonal basis has states at 45° and 135° to the vertical.
At the bank, there is a record of all the polarizations and the corresponding serial numbers. On the bank note, the serial number is printed, but the polarizations are kept secret. Thus, whilst the bank can always verify the polarizations by measuring the polarization of each photon in the correct basis without introducing any disturbance, a would-be counterfeiter ignorant of the bases cannot create a copy of the photon polarization states, since even if he knows the two bases, if he chooses the wrong one to measure a photon, it will change the polarization of the photon in the trap, and the forged banknote created will be with this wrong polarization.
For each photon, the would-be counterfeiter has a probability $3/4$ of success in duplicating it correctly. If the total number of photons on the bank note is $N$, a duplicate will have probability $(3/4)^{N}$ of passing the bank's verification test. If $N$ is large, this probability becomes exponentially small. The fact that a quantum state cannot be copied is ultimately guaranteed by its proof by the no-cloning theorem, which underlies the security of this system.

## Practical implementations

At this time, quantum money is not practical to implement with current technology because the quantum bank notes require to store the quantum states in a quantum memory. Quantum memories can currently store quantum states only for a very short time.
# Armee-Abteilung Gronau

Armee-Abteilung Gronau (Army Detachment Gronau) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I. It was formed from Armee-Gruppe Gronau on 18 September 1916 and was disbanded on 27 March 1918. It served on the Eastern Front throughout its existence.

## Armee-Gruppe Gronau

Armee-Gruppe Gronau was formed from XXXXI Reserve Corps on 20 September 1915. It was named for its commander, General der Artillerie Hans von Gronau, former commander of XXXXI Reserve Corps. It was assigned to the Army of the Bug throughout its existence. On 18 September 1916 it was raised to the status of an Armee-Abteilung.

## Armee-Abteilung Gronau

On 18 September 1916 Armee-Gruppe Gronau was raised to the status of an Army Detachment as Armee-Abteilung Gronau. It remained on the Eastern Front until dissolved on 27 March 1918.

## Commanders

Armee-Gruppe / Armee-Abteilung Gronau was commanded throughout its existence by General der Artillerie Hans von Gronau.

## Glossary

* Armee-Abteilung or Army Detachment in the sense of "something detached from an Army". It is not under the command of an Army so is in itself a small Army.
* Armee-Gruppe or Army Group in the sense of a group within an Army and under its command, generally formed as a temporary measure for a specific task.
* Heeresgruppe or Army Group in the sense of a number of armies under a single commander.
# Specialist (arena football)

In arena football, a specialist was a player, other than a quarterback or placekicker, who was exempt from the league's one-platoon system ("Iron Man"). Under the original Arena football system, six of the eight players on each team were required to play both offense and defense.
One of the two offensive positions was required to be a quarterback or, in the event of a kick, a placekicker. The other was known as an offensive specialist (OS). Offensive specialists usually played wide receiver, either as a flanker or a slotback. The defense was allowed two defensive specialists (DS), who almost universally played in the secondary. Players were referred to as "specialists" instead of their more traditional positional designations (example, a player would be called a defensive specialist, and be designated as "DS" on a position chart, instead of a cornerback or CB).
Specialists were usually required to participate on special teams, a requirement that was not extended to quarterbacks.
The specialist designation was eliminated after both the Arena Football League and af2 abandoned the one-platoon system prior to the 2007 season. Most other indoor football leagues have used free substitution since their inception.
# Rosalia funebris

The Banded Alder Borer (Rosalia funebris) is a member of the very diverse family of longhorn beetles.

## Appearance

Like many other species in the family Cerambycidae, R. funebris has strikingly colored wing covers (elytra). The elytra are dark with three white bands. The thorax (pronotum) is white with a large black spot. The alder borer's antennae are banded white and black. The male's antennae are longer than the body; the female's are shorter. Long and narrow, the body of R. funebris may grow to be 38 millimetres (1.5 in).

## Distribution

They are found in western North America, from Alaska through California, and in New Mexico. The banded alder borer may be found in the spring and summer on the bark of alder trees.
The exact reason is unknown, but R. funebris is drawn to recently painted buildings and may be found, in multitudes, resting on the paint.

## Larvae

The adult wood-boring beetles lay their eggs in a crevice in the bark of hardwood trees, such as Oregon ash, New Mexico willow, and California laurel/Oregon myrtle. From there the larvae bore into the wood. Unlike the oval (in cross-section) tunnels of the Buprestidae larva, larval Cerambycidae tunnels are circular (in cross-section) and will generally go straight for short distances between turns.

## Food

Most mature Cerambycidae feed on flowers. The larvae consume wood. Rosalia funebris generally lays its eggs on downed trees rather than living trees, so it is not considered a significant pest.

## Sound

When handled or threatened R. funebris makes an audible noise similar to that of a squeaky running shoe, or a hissing sound much like air being let out of a bike tire.

## Other Rosalia species

* Rosalia alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) – Rosalia longicorn
* Rosalia batesi Harold, 1877
* Rosalia coelestis Semenov, 1911
* Rosalia houlberti Vuillet, 1911
* Rosalia lameerei Brogn, 1890
# Scythris subgaleatella

Scythris subgaleatella is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt Å. Bengtsson in 2002. It is found in Yemen.