OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mrs. Miniver's problem

Mrs. Miniver's problem is a geometry problem about the area of circles. It asks how to place two circles $A$ and $B$ of given radii in such a way that the lens formed by intersecting their two interiors has equal area to the symmetric difference of $A$ and $B$ (the area contained in one but not both circles). It was named for an analogy between geometry and social dynamics enunciated by fictional character Mrs. Miniver, who "saw every relationship as a pair of intersecting circles". Its solution involves a transcendental equation.

## Origin

The problem derives from "A Country House Visit", one of Jan Struther's newspaper articles appearing in the Times of London between 1937 and 1939 featuring her character Mrs. Miniver. According to the story:
   She saw every relationship as a pair of intersecting circles. It would seem at first glance that the more they overlapped the better the relationship; but this is not so. Beyond a certain point the law of diminishing returns sets in, and there are not enough private resources left on either side to enrich the life that is shared. Probably perfection is reached when the area of the two outer crescents, added together, is exactly equal to that of the leaf-shaped piece in the middle. On paper there must be some neat mathematical formula for arriving at this; in life, none.
Louis A. Graham and Clifton Fadiman formalized the mathematics of the problem and popularized it among recreational mathematicians.

## Solution

The problem can be solved by cutting the lune along the line segment between the two crossing points of the circles, into two circular segments, and using the formula for the area of a circular segment to relate the distance between the crossing points to the total area that the problem requires the lune to have. This gives a transcendental equation for the distance between crossing points but it can be solved numerically. There are two boundary conditions whose distances between centers can be readily solved: the farthest apart the centers can be is when the circles have equal radii, and the closest they can be is when one circle is contained completely within the other, which happens when the ratio between radii is ${\sqrt {2}}$. If the ratio of radii falls beyond these limiting cases, the circles cannot satisfy the problem's area constraint.
In the case of two circles of equal size, these equations can be simplified somewhat. The rhombus formed by the two circle centers and the two crossing points, with side lengths equal to the radius, has an angle $\theta \approx 2.605$ radians at the circle centers, found by solving the equation $\theta -\sin \theta ={\frac {2\pi }{3}},$ from which it follows that the ratio of the distance between their centers to their radius is $2\cos {\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\approx 0.529864$.
# Albert Gelis

Albert Gelis Juanola (born 26 October 1981) is a vision-impaired S12 swimmer from Spain.

## Personal

Gelis was born on 26 October 1981 in Sant Joan les Fonts, Girona. He is from the Catalan region of Spain.

## Swimming

Gelis is a vision impaired S12 swimmer. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. He earned a silver medal at the 2004 Games in the 4 x 100 meter 49 Points Medley Relay. In 2007, he competed at the IDM German Open. From the Catalan region of Spain, he was a recipient of a 2012 Plan ADO scholarship. Prior to heading to London for the 2012 Games, he participated in a national vision impaired swim team training camp at the High Performance Centre of Sant Cugat from 6 to 23 August. Daily at the camp, there were two in water training sessions and one out of water training session.
# William M. Ruthrauff

William Morrison Ruthrauff (February 24, 1884 – August 5, 1969) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the fifth head football coach at the University of Arizona, coaching for one season in 1905 and compiling a record of 5–2.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall |
| Arizona (Independent) (1905) ||||||
| 1905 | Arizona | 5–2 |
| Arizona: | Arizona: | 5–2 |
| Total: | Total: | 5–2 |
# William M. Sinton

William Merz Sinton (April 11, 1925 – March 16, 2004) was a Harvard astronomer whose 1950s studies seemed to support the existence of Martian vegetation. A crater on Mars is named after him. He received many awards and recognitions, including the 1954 Adolph Lomb Medal from OSA. He was also elected an OSA Fellow in 1961. During his lifetime, he published over 100 scientific papers and two books.

## Works

* Sinton, William M.; Strong, John (1960). "Radiometric Observations of Mars". Astrophysical Journal. 131: 459–469. Bibcode:1960ApJ...131..459S. doi:10.1086/146852.
* Sinton, William M.; Strong, John (1960). "Radiometric Observations of Venus". Astrophysical Journal. 131: 470–490. Bibcode:1960ApJ...131..470S. doi:10.1086/146853.
* Miczaika, G.R.; Sinton, William M. (1961). Tools of the astronomer. Cambridge Harvard University Press. OCLC 977268803.
# William Main Page

William Main Page (8 October 1869 – 1 February 1940) was a British lawyer and Esperantist.

## Biography

William Page was born in London. He went to Lasswade in his youth, and worked as an analytical chemist with an oil company in the Lothians. Later, he entered the legal profession, and joined the firm of Cairns, McIntosh, & Morton. At his death he left a widow and one son, the Rev. W. H. D. Page, minister of Kirk on the Green, Leslie.

## Legal/civil work

* Senior partner of the firm of Cairns, McIntosh, & Morton, W.S., 31 Queen Street, Edinburgh at time of death.
* Solicitor in the Scottish High Court
* Vice-consul of Czechoslovakia in eastern Scotland.

## Religion

He was a prominent layman in the Church of Scotland, and a well-known member of the General Assembly. Originally a member of the Episcopal Church, he became a Presbyterian, and was for many years connected with the Chalmers Church, West Port. In the General Assembly he was regarded as an authority on hymnology, and was secretary of the Public Worship and Aids to Devotion Committee. As a member of the join committee of the Presbyterian Churches he took an active part in the preparation of the revised Church Hymnary which was published a few years before 1940.

## Roles in Esperanto

Page was an Esperantist from 1905 and wrote many magazine articles on the subject of Esperanto. He was:
* Secretary of Edinburgh Esperanto Society 1906–14 and president 1914–15 and 1920–21.
* Editor of "Esperanto Monthly", 1914–19.
* Authored "Pitman's Commercial Esperanto", 1919.
* Editor of "The British Esperantist" 1920.
* Adviser of the International Central Committee in 1923–26.
* President of the World Congress in Edinburgh in 1926.
* President of the Scottish Esperanto Federation in 1927.
* Vice president of the Esperanto Association of Britain.
* Chief collaborator of the Encyclopedia of Esperanto.
(Sources, except death date: The Scotsman obituary and Encyclopedia of Esperanto)
# William Mahony (New South Wales politician)

William Henry Mahony (9 February 1856 – 26 July 1918) was an Australian politician.
He was born on 9 February 1856, in Adelaide, to builder Timothy Mahony and Elizabeth Johns. He was educated at Sydney Grammar School and was articled as a solicitor's clerk to Robert Burdett Smith in 1877. In 1882 he was admitted to practice as a solicitor. In 1894, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Free Trade member for Annandale. He held his seat until 1910, when he retired from politics. Mahony died at Glebe Point on 26 July 1918.
# Aleksandr Mastyanin

Aleksandr Mastyanin (28 November 1952 – 28 May 2020) was a Soviet sports shooter. He competed in the mixed 50 metre rifle prone event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# William Payne-Gallwey (cricketer)

William Thomas Payne-Gallwey MVO (25 March 1881 – 14 September 1914) was a British Army officer and first-class cricketer. A career military officer, he was commissioned into the York and Lancaster Regiment before transferring to the Grenadier Guards and serving in the Second Boer War. He played first-class cricket in 1912, before being killed in action in the First World War in September 1914.

## Life and military career

The son of Ralph Payne-Gallwey and his wife, Edith Alice Usborne, he was born at Blackrock in Ireland. He was educated at Eton College, before enlisting in the 4th (Hallamshire) Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment as a second lieutenant in February 1900. He was transferred to the Grenadier Guards in August 1900, with whom he served in South Africa during the Second Boer War. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in April 1904, while in June 1908 he was made a member of the Royal Victorian Order (fifth class). He was promoted to the rank of captain in July 1908 and was seconded to the Macedonian Gendarmerie.
He made his debut in first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Yorkshire in May 1912 at Lord's. Later in the same month he played a first-class match for the British Army cricket team against the Royal Navy at Lord's. He scored 37 runs across his two matches and took 2 wickets with his right-arm fast bowling.
He served during the opening stages of the First World War, travelling to France with the 2nd Grenadier Guards in August 1914. He was reported missing in action in September 1914, and despite rumours that he had been taken prisoner by the Germans, these proved to be unfounded and he is believed to have been killed in action on 14 September at Vendresse-Beaulne. His body was never recovered and he was commemorated on the La Ferté-sous-Jouarre memorial.
# Alejandro Vega Matus

Alejandro Vega Matus (August 17, 1875 – November 26, 1937) was a Nicaraguan composer. He founded his own orchestra in 1894, which grew to become one of Nicaragua's most prominent groups. Matus was a prolific composer, particularly known for his waltzes.

## Biography

Matus was born on August 17, 1875, in Masaya, Nicaragua. His father was Pablo Vega y Raudes, a composer. His family included many musicians, including the composer of "Salve a ti, Nicaragua", the Nicaraguan national anthem. Matus studied music as a child with Don Carmen and later moved to Guatemala where Giovanni Aberle taught him at the Guatemalan Conservatory of Music. However, Grove Music Online describes him as "essentially self-taught".
He eventually returned to Nicaragua in 1894, founding and conducting an orchestra, Orquesta Vega Matus. Grove Music Online writes that the group grew to become the "unrivalled musical performance group of dance and semi-classical music in the nation." He died on November 26, 1937, in Masaya. Matus was well known and respected during his lifetime, and was one of the first composers in the region seeing their music recorded and distributed.
Matus composed numerous works, predominantly funeral marches and church music; including 4 symphonic poems, 2 string quintets, 3 operettas, 10 zarzuelas, 5 overtures, 107 funeral marches, and 9 intermezzos. His waltzes were particularly well known and popular. In 2008 Matus was described in Culture and Customs of Nicaragua as one of the "four most important academic composers in the history of music in Nicaragua", together with Luis Abraham Delgadillo, Carlos Alberto Ramirez, and José de la Cruz Mena. He has been cited as one of the most important composers in the country of his era, along with Mena.
# William Miller (South Australian politician)

William Miller (1850 – 20 June 1922) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly multi-member seat of Burra Burra from 1902 to 1918. He represented the Farmers and Producers Political Union (1905–1910), the Liberal Union (1910–1918) and the Farmers and Settlers Association (1918).
Miller was born at Stronsay in the Orkney Islands, and with his parents Peter (died 1906) and Janet Miller (died 1908) arrived in South Australia on the ship Amazon in February 1852. He was raised at Mount Crawford until 1857, at the Hundred of South Rhine until 1860, and thereafter near Springton, following his father's work as a farm overseer and manager and later farmer in his own right. Miller settled in the Hundred of Belalie when it was first opened up for settlement, farming wheat, and a year later moved to Golden Gully (in modern-day Minvalara), near Peterborough. Miller would continue to farm until selling his property in 1909. He was chairman of the District Council of Yongala from 1895 to 1908, and was chairman of the South Australian Farmers Co-operative Union from 1912 until his death.
He was elected to the House of Assembly for Burra Burra at the 1902 election. He joined the Farmers and Producers Political Union when it was founded in 1905, which subsequently merged with other parties to form the Liberal Union in 1910. He resigned from the Liberal Union in early 1918, alongside two colleagues, and joined the new Farmers and Settlers Association; however, he was defeated as an FSA candidate at the 1918 election.
# Albig

Albig is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in Rhenish Hesse in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## Geography
### Location

The municipality lies in Rhenish Hesse and belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Alzey-Land, whose seat is in Alzey.

## History

Traces of New Stone Age (Spiral Ceramic) and Iron Age settlers, believed to be Celts, have been found in Albig. Some finds, such as fibulae, rings and vessels from a La Tène-era grave, are displayed in the Landesmuseum Mainz. On a hill near Albig, the foundations of a Roman villa rustica were unearthed, and because it was mistakenly believed that they were a mediaeval castle ruin, they were named Schloss Hammerstein, “Schloss” being a German word for castle.
Albig had its first documentary mention in 767 in a document donating a vineyard to Lorsch Abbey.
Since 1975 there has been a partnership with the French municipality of Signy-l'Abbaye in the department of Ardennes.

## Politics
### Mayor

Albig's current mayor is Wilfried Best.

### Coat of arms

The municipality's arms might be described thus: Per fess, sable a demi-lion rampant Or armed, langued and crowned gules, and argent the letter A of the third.

## Economy and infrastructure

Winegrowing is an important part of local economic life.

### Transport

Within municipal limits lies the Autobahnkreuz Alzey, an Autobahn interchange. The nearest access to the two Autobahnen in question, though, is a good two to three kilometres away. These are Biebelnheim for the A 63 and Bornheim for the A 61.
In the municipality is a stop for Alzey–Mainz and Bingen–Alzey–Worms (Rheinhessenbahn) Regionalbahn trains.

## Culture and sightseeing
### Regular events

Albig holds a Wine and Sunflower Festival on the second-last weekend in July. There is also a kermis (church consecration festival, locally known as the Kerb) on the second Sunday in September.
# Muchan

Muchan may refer to:
* Muchan, Alborz, a village in Iran
* Muchan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, a village in Iran
* Muchan, Markazi, a village in Iran
* Kalarippayattu stick fighting
* Muchan, a surname in the West of Scotland e.g. Ryan Muchan
# William Leeds

William Leeds may refer to:
* William B. Leeds, American businessman
* William Henry Leeds, English architectural critic and journalist
* Billy Leeds, Australian rules footballer
# Muhammad Aamir Siddiqui

Muhammad Aamir Siddiqui is a Pakistani politician who has been a Member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh since 2024.

## Political career

He was elected to the 16th Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan from constituency PS-102 Karachi East-VI in the 2024 Pakistani general election.
# MuchMusic Video Award for Best Watched Video

The award for MuchMusic.com Most Watched Video is an award presented at the MuchMusic Video Awards. The award is presented to an artist whose music video had the most views on the MuchMusic website. The award was first handed out at the 2008 MuchMusic Video Awards.

## Winners

| Year | Artist | Video |
| 2008 | Rihanna | "Umbrella" |
| 2009 | Girlicious | "Like Me" |
| 2010 | Young Artists for Haiti | "Wavin' Flag" |
| 2011 | Taio Cruz | "Dynamite |
| 2012 | Carly Rae Jepsen | "Call Me Maybe" |
# Albertina (disambiguation)

The Albertina is a museum in Vienna, Austria, containing the world's best collection of old master prints and drawings.
Albertina, a feminine adjectival form of Albert (given name), may also refer to:

## Places

* Albertina, Minas Gerais, a town in Brazil
* Albertina, Western Cape, a town in South Africa's Western Cape province

## People

* Albertina Berkenbrock (1919–1931), Brazilian Roman Catholic virgin-martyr
* Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930), Swedish zoologist
* Albertina Dias (born 1965), Portuguese runner
* Albertína Friðbjörg Elíasdóttir (born 1980), Icelandic politician
* Albertina Sisulu (1918-2011), South African anti-apartheid activist
* Albertina Martínez Burgos (1981-2019), Chilean photojournalist
* Albertina Walker (1929–2010), American gospel singer

## Libraries

* Albertina, a nickname for the Royal Library of Belgium
* Bibliotheca Albertina, the Leipzig University Library

## Schools

* University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg before the year 1820
* University of Königsberg, or Königsberg Albertus University, the former University in East Prussia
# Store Langvasstinden

Store Langvasstinden is a mountain in Lesja Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 2,085-metre (6,841 ft) tall mountain lies within Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of the village of Dombås. The mountain is located in the Svånåtindene mountains and it is surrounded by several other mountains including Drugshøi which is about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the northwest, Nordre Svånåtinden which is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the southwest, Storstyggesvånåtinden which is 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) to the south, Larstinden which is about 1.1 kilometres (0.68 mi) to the east, and Snøhetta which is about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the east.
# Más madera

Más madera is the second studio album by the Spanish hard rock band Leño. It was recorded in March 1980, produced and arranged by Teddy Bautista and published by Chapa Discos that same year. The Spanish magazine Efe Eme ranked Más madera as the 142nd best Spanish rock album ever.

## Track listing

    All songs written by Rosendo Mercado, Chiqui Mariscal and Ramiro Penas

## Personnel
### Leño

* Rosendo Mercado: Guitar and vocals
* Ramiro Penas: Drums and backing vocals
* Tony Urbano: Bass guitar and backing vocals

### Additional personnel

* Teddy Bautista: Keyboards
* Manolo Morales: Saxophone
* Luz Casal: Backing vocals
* Jaime Asúa: Backing vocals
# Siempre Pendientes

"Siempre Pendientes" is a song by Mexican singers Peso Pluma and Luis R. Conriquez. It was released on August 15, 2022, through Prajin Parlay, Kartel Music, and Worms Music and was written by Peso Pluma's cousin, Roberto "Tito" Laija.
After the song's release, it attained controversy. The song would possibly be part of a series of death threats sent to Peso Pluma, who praises Mexican drug lord Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán in his songs, forcing him to cancel his October 14, 2023 show in Tijuana.

## Lyrics

Lyrically, it is apologia for drug trafficking and organized crime. The lyrics in the song mention El Chapo or his son, Iván Archivaldo Guzmán Salazar, using his initials "JGL" or "Don Iván" and are directed to the Sinaloa Cartel and the rivals of the Jalisco Cartel. They are further mentioned in following single "El Gavilán".

## Music video

A music video was originally released on the same day of release, on YouTube. It was directed by César Acosta and it stars both artists holding rifles in a desert with a large crew, receiving 2 million views in its first 24 hours. The video was removed from the video platform three days later due to outrage.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Siempre Pendientes" :
| Chart (2023) | Peak position |
| Global 200 (Billboard) | 174 |
| Mexico (Billboard) | 9 |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) | 11 |
| US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) | 27 |

## Certifications

Certifications for "Siempre Pendientes" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Mexico (AMPROFON) | 4× Platinum | 560,000$^‡$ |
| United States (RIAA) | 5× Platinum (Latin) | 300,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Aspiraculata

Sorberacea were a monoorder and monofamilial class of benthic Tunicates. The single order of the class was Aspiraculata, and the single family of that order was Hexacrobylidae. In a taxonomic revision of the Tunicata in 2007, the name "Hexacrobylidae" was declared invalid and members of the family were included in the family Molgulidae in the class Ascidiacea.
They superficially resemble sea squirts but prey on invertebrates such as crustaceans. They also have some unique physical features that distinguish them from the ascidiaceans, including a severely reduced pharynx, the retention of the dorsal nerve cord as adults, the superficial position of their ganglion and the unique histology of the cells of their digestive tracts. The branchial syphon is large and surrounded by six large lobes; the cloacal syphon is small. They live exclusively in deep water and range in size from less than one inch (2 cm) to 2.4 inches (6 cm).
Contrary to almost all tunicates, the members of this group are not filter-feeders, and instead capture and eat nematodes and small crustaceans. They are solitary animals, found only in the deep sea.

## Taxonomy

Order Aspiraculata
* Family Hexacrobylidae
** Genus Gasterascidia - accepted as Oligotrema Bourne, 1903
*** Gasterascidia lyra - accepted as Oligotrema lyra Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1973
*** Gasterascidia sandersi - accepted as Oligotrema sandersi (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1968)
** Genus Hexadactylus - accepted as Asajirus Kott, 1989
*** Hexadactylus arcticus - accepted as Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913)
*** Hexadactylus eunuchus - accepted as Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913)
*** Hexadactylus ledanoisi - accepted as Asajirus ledanoisi (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1990)
** Genus Oligotrema - now included in the family Molgulidae
*** Oligotrema lyra
*** Oligotrema psammites
** Genus Sorbera - accepted as Oligotrema Bourne, 1903
*** Sorbera unigonas - accepted as Oligotrema unigonas (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974)
*** Sorbera digonas - accepted as Oligotrema psammites Bourne, 1903
# The Clown Died in Marvin Gardens

The Clown Died in Marvin Gardens is the second album from Beacon Street Union, a psychedelic rock group based in Boston, Massachusetts. The album was released in 1968. The dead clown on the cover was also used previously in 1967, by Joel Brodsky on The Doors's album Strange Days.

## Track listing

* "The Clown Died in Marvin Gardens"
* "The Clown's Overture"
* "Angus of Aberdeen"
* "Blue Suede Shoes"
* "A Not Very August Afternoon"
* "Now I Taste the Tears"
* "King of the Jungle"
* "May I Light Your Cigarette"
* "Baby, Please Don't Go"

## Personnel

* John Lincoln Wright - vocals
* Paul Tartachny - guitars
* Robert Rhodes - keyboards, brass
* Wayne Ulaky - bass
* Richard Weisberg - drums