OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ramazan Özkepir

Ramazan Özkepir (born January 2, 1955) is a Turkish jurist. He serves as chief judge of the Court of Cassation of Turkey Yargıtay 19th criminal circuit. He is a former member of the presidential council of the Court of Cassation.

## Early life

He was born in Aksaray, Turkey. He received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1981 from Istanbul University. After he served as prosecutor and judge in several provinces, he was appointed to Yargıtay, Court of Cassation of Turkey as an investigating judge. He was elected as a member of the Court of Cassation on April 15, 2007. Özkepir was also member of Court of Jurisdictional Disputes from 2007 to 2011 and member of the presidential council of the Court of Cassation from 2016 to 2018.,

## Author

Özkepir is the author of numerous books and articles.
Here are some of his other works:
* Mala Karşı Suçlar
* Belgelerde Sahtecilik ve Bilişim Alanında Suçlar,
* Hırsızlık Suçları,
* Kasten Adam Öldürme Suçları,
* Ağır Ceza Davaları,
* Açıklamalı-İçtihatlı Ceza Muhakemeleri Usulü Kanunu,
* İçtihatlı Türk Ceza Kanunu,
* Belediye Mevzuatı,
* Yeni TCK-CMK-CGİK Ceza ve Yargılamada Temel Yasalar,
* Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu Şerhi
* Özel Ceza Kanunları
# Arabella Holzbog

Arabella Laura Holzbog (born 1 October 1966) is a British-American actress and visual artist, occasionally credited as Arabella Tjye.

## Early life and education

Born in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, Holzbog is the daughter of Thomas Jerald Holzbog, an American architect, by his marriage to the Anglo-Norwegian artist, Wendy-Ann Wilson, whose parents were the painter Frank Avray Wilson and his wife Ivy Higford Eckbo. They were married in Surrey in 1958, and had an older daughter, Jessica, born in Kensington in 1963.
Holzbog graduated from Pomona College with a first degree in art, then studied performance art and theatre at Riverside Studios in London. She went on to work as an actress in films, television, and on stage.

## Career

Holzbog appeared in episodes of Alias, Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction, and Tales from the Crypt. She also appeared in the films Catalina Trust, Carnosaur 2, Stone Cold, Bad News Bears, and Across the Universe.

## Personal life

In 1995, Holzbog began to work with Daniel Ezralow, particularly on dance theatre projects, and they were married in 1999 and have two children.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1990 | The Last Samurai | Caro |
| 1991 | Stone Cold | Nancy |
| 1992 | Soulmates | Sara Foster |
| 1995 | Carnosaur 2 | Sarah Rawlins |
| 1995 | Hologram Man | Natalie |
| 1997 | Cupid | Linda |
| 2000 | Catalina Trust | Siobhan O'Riordan |
| 2002 | Ocean Park | Ellen Thorne |
| 2005 | Bad News Bears | Shari Bullock |
| 2007 | Across the Universe | Prankster |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1991 | Tales from the Crypt | Dead Corpse | Episode: "Easel Kill Ya" |
| 1993 | Riders | Helen Macaulay / Campbell-Black | Television film |
| 1995 | Red Shoe Diaries | Anna | Episode: "Tears" |
| 1995 | The Watcher | Kim | Episode: "Till There was You" |
| 1996 | Women: Stories of Passion | Young Madelaine | Episode: "As Always, Madelaine" |
| 1997 | Silk Stalkings | Janet Pearson | Episode: "A Question of Faith" |
| 1997 | L.A. Firefighters | Rebecca Hardy | Episode: "The Big One" |
| 1998 | Conan the Adventurer | Salea | Episode: "The Labyrinth" |
| 1999, 2000 | Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction | Mrs. Woodward | 2 episodes |
| 2001 | Alias | Laura Bristow | 2 episodes |
# Sergei Bakhrushin

Sergei Vladimirovich Bakhrushin (Russian: Сергей Владимирович Бахрушин; 8 October 1882 – 8 March 1950) was Russian Soviet historian, medievalist and university professor.

## Biography

Bakhrushin was a prominent Moscow family of entrepreneurs. He completed his secondary education at the Tsarevich-Nicholas Lyceum. A disciple of Vasily Klyuchevsky and Matvey Lyubavsky, he graduated in 1904 from the Imperial University of Moscow. From 1909 he pursued a doctorate, then taught from 1927 until the end of his life as a professor at Moscow State University. As an activist Bakhrushin was a member of the Cadet Party and was especially concerned with combating homelessness.
From 1924 Bakhrushin was a full member at the Institute of History of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. In 1930 Bakhrushin was arrested and exiled during the "Academic Affair" for being involved in an alleged monarchist conspiracy. He was amnestied in 1933 and was appointed a professor at the Institute of Red Professors.
From 1936 he continued his work at the Institute of History of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and from 1942 he was the head of the sector of history of the Soviet Union until the 19th century.

## Works

Bakhrushin's research areas were extremely broad: from Kievan Rus to the 19th century. Bakhrushin worked on the popularization of history, particularly through the supervision of school textbooks.
He was the editor and co-author of the collective work History of Moscow, Essays on the History of the USSR, participated in writing a History of Diplomacy and textbooks on the history of the USSR for secondary education.
# Sergei Starchenko

Sergei Stepanovich Starchenko (Сергей Степанович Старченко) is a mathematical logician who was born and grew up in the Soviet Union and now works in the USA.
Starchenko graduated from the Novosibirsk State University in 1983 with M.S. and then in 1987 received his Ph.D. (Russian Candidate degree) there. His doctoral dissertation Number of models of Horn theories was written under the supervision of Evgenii Andreevich Palyutin. Starchenko was an assistant professor of mathematics at Vanderbilt University and is now a full professor at the University of Notre Dame.
2013 he received the Karp Prize with Ya’acov Peterzil for collaborative work with two other mathematicians. With Peterzil he applied the theory of o-minimal structures to problems in algebra and real and complex analysis.
In 2010 Starchenko was, along with Peterzil, Invited Speaker with the talk Tame complex analysis and o-minimality at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Hyderabad. Starchenko became a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in the class of 2017.

## Selected publications

* with Y. Peterzil: Geometry, Calculus and Zil'ber Conjecture, Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, vol. 2, 1996, pp. 72–83. doi:10.2307/421047
* with Y. Peterzil: A trichotomy theorem for o-minimal structures, Proc. London Math. Soc., vol. 77, 1998, pp. 481–523 doi:10.1112/S0024611598000549
* with Y. Peterzil and A. Pillay: Definably simple groups in o-minimal structures, Transactions American Mathematical Society, vol. 352, 2000, pp. 4397–4419 doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-00-02593-9
* with Y. Peterzil: Uniform definability of the Weierstrass ℘-functions and generalized tori of dimension one, Selecta Math. (N.S.), vol. 10, 2004, pp. 525–550. doi:10.1007/s00029-005-0393-y
* with Y. Peterzil: Definability of restricted theta functions and families of abelian varieties, Duke Math. J., vol. 162, 2013, pp., 731–765. doi:10.1215/00127094-2080018
* with Peterzil: Mild manifolds and a non-standard Riemann existence theorem, Selecta Math. (N.S.), vol. 14, 2009, pp. 275–298. doi:10.1007/s00029-008-0064-x
* On the tomography theorem by P. Schapira: in: Model theory with applications to algebra and analysis. vol. 1, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., 349, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2008, pp. 283–292 doi:10.1017/CBO9780511735226.014
* with Rahim Moosa: K-analytic versus ccm-analytic sets in nonstandard compact complex manifolds, Fund. Math., vol. 198, 2008, pp. 139–148. doi:10.4064/fm198-2-4]
# GS50 projection

GS50, also hyphenated as GS-50, is a map projection that was developed by John Parr Snyder of the USGS in 1982.
The GS50 projection provides a conformal projection suitable only for maps of the 50 United States. Scale varies less than 2% throughout the area covered. Distortion is very low as well. It is not a standard projection in the sense that it uses complex polynomials (of the tenth order) rather than a trigonometric formulation, though it was developed from an oblique stereographic projection.
# Serjania pteleifolia

Serjania pteleifolia is a species of plant in the family Sapindaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.
# Stenohaline

Stenohaline describes an organism, usually fish, that cannot tolerate a wide fluctuation in the salinity of water. Stenohaline is derived from the words: "steno" meaning narrow, and "haline" meaning salt. Many fresh water fish, such as goldfish (Carassius auratus), tend to be stenohaline and die in environments of high salinity such as the ocean. Many marine fish, such as haddock, are also stenohaline and die in water with lower salinity.
Alternatively, fish living in coastal estuaries and tide pools are often euryhaline (tolerant to changes in salinity), as are many species which have life cycle requiring tolerance to both fresh water and seawater environments such as salmon and herring.
# Stenoidion apicatum

Stenoidion apicatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1962.
# James Fitton (priest)

James Fitton (10 April 1805 in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. – 15 September 1881 in Boston) was one of New England’s foremost Roman Catholic missionary priests.

## Biography

His father, Abraham Fitton, went to Boston from Preston, England; his mother, Sarah Williams Fitton, was of Welsh origin and a Catholic convert. Abraham Fitton was a wheelwright. He became an altar boy at Holy Cross Cathedral where Bishop John de Cheverus encouraged him to enter the priesthood.
His primary education was received in the schools of his native city, and his classical course was made at Claremont, New Hampshire, at an academy conducted by Virgil Horace Barber, a Catholic convert. He learned theology from Bishop of Boston, Benedict Joseph Fenwick, by whom he was ordained priest, 23 December 1827.
In 1828, he was sent as a missionary to the Passamaquoddy people. He subsequently labored among the scattered Roman Catholics of New Hampshire and Vermont, and soon the territory between Boston and Long Island was placed under his charge, with Hartford, Connecticut, as the center of his district. There he edited a Catholic newspaper. He was instrumental in establishing the first Roman Catholic newspaper in the United States.
He traveled, often on foot, from Eastport and the New Brunswick line on the northeast, to Burlington and Lake Champlain on the northwest; from Boston in the east, to Great Barrington and the Berkshire Hills in the west; from Providence, Rhode Island and Newport, Rhode Island in the southeast, to Bridgeport and the New York State line in the southwest. During his missionary career, he was pastor of the first Catholic church at Hartford, and at Worcester, Massachusetts. By 1836, he had stationed his headquarters in Worcester. This was also the same year that the Penobscot Indians began making annual visits to St. John’s Parish, camping on Vernon Hill before returning to Maine.
In 1840, while pastor of the church at Worcester, he purchased the site of the College of the Holy Cross, and erected a boarding school for the advanced education of Catholic young men. In 1842, he sold the grounds and building to Bishop Fenwick, who placed it under the care of the Jesuits.
In 1848, he erected the Church of the Holy Name of Mary, Our Lady of the Isle at Newport. The church was designed by noted Brooklyn architect Patrick Keely. While serving at Fort Adams in Newport, Officer William Rosecrans, of the Corps of Engineers, volunteered his services as the engineer for the construction. Rosecrans had converted to Catholicism in 1845 while at West Point. St. Mary's was one of the largest churches constructed in the United States at that time, and is the oldest Catholic parish in the state.
In 1855 he was appointed by Bishop Fenwick pastor of the church of the Most Holy Redeemer in East Boston. Here he worked for the remaining twenty-six years of his life, and built four more churches.
# Sequential function chart

Sequential function chart (SFC) is a visual programming language used for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It is one of the five languages defined by IEC 61131-3 standard. The SFC standard is defined as Preparation of function charts for control systems, and was based on GRAFCET [fr] (itself based on binary Petri nets).
It can be used to program processes that can be split into steps.
Main components of SFC are:
* Steps with associated actions;
* Transitions with associated logic conditions;
* Directed links between steps and transitions.
Steps in an SFC diagram can be active or inactive. Actions are only executed for active steps. A step can be active for one of two motives:
* It is an initial step as specified by the programmer.
* It was activated during a scan cycle and not deactivated since.
Steps are activated when all steps above it are active and the connecting transition is superable (i.e. its associated condition is true). When a transition is passed, all steps above are deactivated at once and after all steps below are activated at once.
Actions associated with steps can be of several types, the most relevant ones being Continuous (N), Set (S), and Reset (R). Apart from the obvious meaning of Set and Reset, an N action ensures that its target variable is set to 1 as long as the step is active. An SFC rule states that if two steps have an N action on the same target, the variable must never be reset to 0. It is also possible to insert LD (Ladder Diagram) actions inside an SFC program (and this is the standard way, for instance, to work on integer variables).
SFC is an inherently parallel programming language in that multiple control flows — Program Organization Units (POUs) in the standard's parlance — can be active at once.
Non-standard extensions to the language include macroactions: i.e. actions inside a program unit that influence the state of another program unit. The most relevant such macroaction is "forcing", in which a POU can decide the active steps of another POU.
# James Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton

James George Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton and 3rd Duke of Brandon, KT (10 July 1724 – 17 January 1758) was a Scottish peer.

## Early years and education

Hamilton was the son of the 5th Duke of Hamilton, by his first wife, the former Lady Anne Cochrane, and was styled as Marquess of Clydesdale from his birth until his father's death. He was educated at Winchester College from 1734 to 1740. He matriculated at St Mary Hall, Oxford on 23 February 1741, knighted into the Order of the Thistle in or around 1742, and created a DCL on 14 April 1743.
On 14 February (St. Valentine's Day) 1752, Hamilton met the society beauty Elizabeth Gunning at Bedford House in London. According to Horace Walpole, the duke wished to marry her that night and he called for a local parson to perform the ceremony. However, without a licence, calling of banns and a ring, the parson refused and they were eventually married that night in Mayfair Chapel (which did not require a licence) in a clandestine marriage, with a ring from a bed curtain. The couple had three children:
* Lady Elizabeth Hamilton (26 January 1753 – 14 March 1797), married Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby
* James Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton (18 February 1755 – 7 July 1769)
* Douglas Hamilton, 8th Duke of Hamilton (24 July 1756 – 2 August 1799)
On 2 March 1743, he succeeded to his father's title of Duke of Hamilton.

## Death

He died on 17 January 1758, aged 33, at Great Tew, Oxfordshire from a cold caught whilst out hunting. He was buried in February 1758 at the family mausoleum at Hamilton, South Lanarkshire.

## Holyrood Palace and Abbey

The Duke was hereditary keeper of the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, but all but his apartments in the building had been reduced to a state of dereliction by the time of his death. He was responsible for commissioning the reroofing of Holyrood Abbey with stone slabs. The excessive weight of the new roof caused it to collapse in 1768, taking more of the building with it.

## Freemasonry

The 6th Duke of Hamilton held the position of Right Worshipful Master of the local Masonic Lodge, Hamilton Kilwinning No.7 for three consecutive years from 1753 to 1755.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of James Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton :
# Stephen Lawlor

Stephen Lawlor (born 1958 in Dublin) is an honours graduate of its National College of Art and Design from 1980-1983. During the 1980s he taught in Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology Dublin, his work during this time was based on the figure of the horse which he developed through drawings etchings, lithographs and monotypes. An accomplished painter as well as a master printer, Lawlor has recently started to make sculpture in bronze. He has had solo shows in Ireland, England and the U.S.A. and has participated in numerous International Group exhibitions. His work is in private collections in the United States, Australia, The Far East and most of Europe.
He has been a member of Graphic Studio Dublin since 1984 and is its current Chairman.

## Selected solo exhibitions

* 2006 Landscape, Hillsboro Fine Art, Dublin
* 2005 Hillsboro Fine Art, Dublin
* 2005 Graphic Studio Gallery, Dublin
* 2003 Recent Paintings Hillsboro Fine Art, Dublin
* 1997 Graphic Studio Gallery, Dublin
* 1997 Yello Gallery, Chicago
* 1997 Hillsborough Fine Art, Dublin
* 1993 Pantheon Gallery, Dublin
* 1990 Droichead Arts Centre, Drogheda
* 1990 Talent Store Gallery, London

## Selected group exhibitions

* 2004 Paintings and Prints, Stockholm, Sweden
* 2002 Northern Ljus Stockholm, Sweden
* 2001 Galleri Hippo, Stockholm, Sweden
* 2000 Triennale Mondiale Paris, France
* 1999 Boyle Arts Festival, Roscommon
* 1999 R.H.A. Gallagher Gallery, Dublin
* 1999/8 The Original Print Fair, Royal Academy, London
* 1998 Irish Heritage, Hodges Taylor Gallery, Charlottesville, N. Carolina
* 1998 Art into Art, National Gallery, Dublin
* 1998 International Ex., Stockholm, Sweden
* 1998 5 Printmakers, Frank Lewis Gallery, Killarney
* 1997 The Original Print Fair, Royal Academy, London
* 1997 Trinnale Mondiale Chamalieres, France
* 1997 Out of Ireland, Keenesaw State University, Georgia, U.S.
* 1996 Yello Gallery, Cork
* 1995 The Print Initiative, (8 shows around Ireland)
* 1994 A Sense of Ireland, Hong Kong
* 1993 Dublin Graphics, Alvar Aalto Museum, Finland
* 1992 Edition One, Graphic Studio Gallery, Dublin
* 1991 European Large Format Printmaking, Guinness Hop Store, Dublin
* 1989 International Miniprint Exhibition, R.H.A. Gallery, Dublin
* 1989 Ernesto Besso Foundation, Rome
* 1986 A Sense of Ireland, Singapore
* 1985 Central Academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China

## Awards

* 1989 Award Winner, International Miniprint Exhibition, R.H.A. Gallery, Dublin
* 1989 Arts Council Travel Award, Finland
* 1993 Dept. of Foreign Affairs, Travel Award, Singapore
* 1997 Arts Council Travel Award, Chicago
* 1999 Print Award, Prizewinner, R.H.A. Dublin

## Collections

* Allied Irish Banks
* Citibank
* Gilbeys Ireland Ltd
* Irish Computers
* Irish Management Institute
* Great Southern Hotels Group
* Dublin City University:
** Dark Horse (Hyperion)
* Office of Public Works
* Butler Gallery, Kilkenny
* The Smurfit Group
* The Hastings Group
* Irish Intercontinental Bank
* National Gallery Of Ireland
# James Cranfield, 2nd Earl of Middlesex

James Cranfield, 2nd Earl of Middlesex (1621 – 16 September 1651), styled Lord Cranfield from 1622 until 1645, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1640 and inherited his peerage in 1645.
Cranfield was the son of Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex and was baptised on 27 December 1621.
In April 1640, Cranfield was elected Member of Parliament for Liverpool in the Short Parliament. He inherited the earldom on the death of his father in 1645. Middlesex was nominated as Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire in 1646 and Keeper of Kingswood Forest in 1647. In 1648, he was a Parliamentary commissioner to the Treaty of Newport.
Cranfield married Lady Anne Bourchier, daughter of Edward Bourchier, 4th Earl of Bath. His daughter Elizabeth married John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater. He was succeeded by his brother Lionel who became the 3rd Earl of Middlesex.
# James Heywood

James Heywood or Haywood may refer to:
* Jamie Heywood (born 1966), American mechanical engineer who co-founded the ALS Therapy Development Institute
* James Heywood (philanthropist) (1810–1897), British MP, philanthropist and social reformer
* James Heywood (cricketer) (born 1982), English cricketer
* James Modyford Heywood (c. 1729–1798), English MP and plantation owner in Jamaica
# Ramphocaenus

Ramphocaenus is a genus of passerine bird from South America.

## Species

Ramphocaenus contains the following species:
* Chattering gnatwren (Ramphocaenus sticturus)
* Trilling gnatwren (Ramphocaenus melanurus)
# Stephen Leonard

Stephen Leonard may refer to:
* Stephen B. Leonard (1793–1876), U.S. Representative from New York
* Steve Leonard (born 1972), British veterinarian and television personality
# Ramon Martí Alsina

Ramón Martí i Alsina (10 August 1826, Barcelona - 21 December 1894, Barcelona) was a Spanish painter in the Realistic style.

## Biography

He was born to the humble family of a city official and was orphaned at the age of eight. He was then raised by his godfather, who was opposed to his plans to become an artist. Accordingly, he began to study philosophy (and eventually earned a bachelor's degree in that subject) but also attended night classes at the Escola de la Llotja. His first attempts at being a professional artist took place in his mother's home town of Mataró, where he gained a modest reputation with the local bourgeoisie as a portrait painter. At this time, his primary inspiration still came from nature; spending his free time painting in the mountains and along the coast of Maresme.
In 1848, he went to París, where he visited the Louvre and acquainted himself with the works of Horace Vernet and Eugène Delacroix. Later, he discovered the works of Gustave Courbet and came under the influence of the Barbizon school. Four years later, he became a professor of drawing at La Llotja. He was also one of the first to introduce the concept of plein-air painting to his students. His first major exhibition was at the Exposición General de Bellas Artes of Barcelona in 1851. He became a corresponding member of the Reial Acadèmia Catalana de Belles Arts de Sant Jordi in 1855.

### Difficulties

As a result of his earlier philosophical studies, he was attracted to Positivism, Republicanism and Anti-clericalism and identified with the ideals of the Revolution of 1868. During the reign of King Amadeo I, he resigned from La Llotja (although some sources say he was dismissed) because he wouldn't swear allegiance to the Spanish Constitution of 1869. After the declaration of the First Spanish Republic, he was among those rehabilitated by general order of President Francisco Pi y Margall.
During the Seventies, his work entered what was perhaps his most creative phase while his personal life was touched by tragedy. In 1872, his son and daughter both died within a few days of each other and he lost his wife in 1878. At the same time, he went heavily into debt. This forced him to increase his artistic output, almost to the point of creating on an assembly line. He briefly had seven separate workshops open to accommodate his works in progress. Most of them were largely produced by his employees, and only the finishing touches were provided by the artist himself. Over 4,000 paintings from this period bear his signature. Eventually, in 1889, he was able to remarry, but economic problems hounded him for the rest of his life.
Despite all that, a large part of his life was spent obsessed with completing his cycle of paintings on the Peninsular War and the two sieges of Girona, which he had begun in 1863 with "The Great Day of Girona"; measuring an impressive 16 x 35 feet. The cycle was never completed.

## Selected paintings
### From the Girona Cycle

* The Third Siege of Girona
* The Great Day of Girona

### Other works

* Stormy Sea
* Urban Cityscape
* Country landscape
* Rural Landscape with Figures