OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Hard Way (Mary Chapin Carpenter song)

"The Hard Way" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Mary Chapin Carpenter. It was released in March 1993 as the fourth single from her album Come On Come On. The song reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in July 1993. It was nominated at the 36th Grammy Awards for Best Country Song.

## Background

The song became the de facto theme song of the 1993 CBS television special Women of Country, which closed with a performance of the song featuring Carpenter and the rest of the special's all-star cast of female country entertainers.

## Personnel

* Mary Chapin Carpenter–acoustic guitar, vocals
* Jon Caroll–synthesizer
* Denny Dadmun-Bixby–bass guitar
* John Jennings–electric guitar and background vocals
* Matt Rollings–piano
* Robbie Magruder–drums
* Indigo Girls (Amy Ray and Emily Saliers) and Shawn Colvin–background vocals

## Chart performance

| Chart (1993) | Peak position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 11 |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 11 |
# Saratoga Victory Mill

The Saratoga Victory Mill on Gunter Avenue in Guntersville, Alabama was built in 1928 when the company moved from Victory, Saratoga County, New York. It was a work of architectural and engineering firm Robert & Company. It has also been known as Guntersville Mill and as Standard-Coosa-Thatcher Mill. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
# Murus gallicus

Murus gallicus or Gallic wall is a method of construction of defensive walls used to protect Iron Age hillforts and oppida of the La Tene period in Western Europe.

## Basic features

The distinctive features are:
* earth or rubble fill
* transverse cross beams at approximately 2 ft (60 cm) intervals
* longitudinal timbers laid on the cross beams and attached with mortice joints, nails, or iron spikes through augered holes
* outer stone facing
* cross beams protruding through the stone facing

## Technique and utility

The technique of construction and the utility of the walls was described by Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on the Gallic War:
   But this is usually the form of all the Gallic walls. Straight beams, connected lengthwise and two feet distant from each other at equal intervals, are placed together on the ground; these are morticed on the inside, and covered with plenty of earth. But the intervals which we have mentioned, are closed up in front by large stones. These being thus laid and cemented together, another row is added above, in such a manner, that the same interval may be observed, and that the beams may not touch one another, but equal spaces intervening, each row of beams is kept firmly in its place by a row of stones. In this manner the whole wall is consolidated, until the regular height of the wall be completed. This work, with respect to appearance and variety, is not unsightly, owing to the alternate rows of beams and stones, which preserve their order in right lines; and, besides, it possesses great advantages as regards utility and the defense of cities; for the stone protects it from fire, and the wood from the battering ram, since it [the wood] being mortised in the inside with rows of beams, generally forty feet each in length, can neither be broken through nor torn asunder.

## Examples

About 30 structures of this type have been excavated, mainly in Gaul, but extending to the upper reaches of the Rhine and Danube. The example at the sea promontory fort of Le Camp d'Artus, at Huelgoat, was excavated and reported by Mortimer Wheeler.
At Manching an earlier murus gallicus wall was rebuilt in the pfostenschlitzmauer style.

## Comparison with other construction styles

The murus gallicus contrasts with other construction styles:
* Pfostenschlitzmauer – characterised by upright wooden posts in the outer wall, typical in central Europe.
* Dacian Wall – inner and outer stone walls reinforced with inner horizontal timber tie beams.
# Murus Dacicus

Murus Dacicus (Latin for Dacian Wall) is a construction method for defensive walls and fortifications developed in ancient Dacia sometime before the Roman conquest. It is a mix between traditional construction methods particular to Dacian builders and methods imported from Greek and Roman architecture and masonry, and – although somewhat similar construction techniques were used before, during and long after the period – it has peculiarities that make it unique.

## Design

Murus Dacicus consisted of two outer walls made out of stone blocks carved in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped; apparently no mortar was used, thus making them examples of ashlar masonry – but typically done with regular sized, bigger-than-average blocks, due to technological requirements. After each layer of the outer walls was completed, the gap between them would be filled with gravel and rocks cemented together with clay and compacted (cf. also rammed earth technique). The structure was strengthened and consolidated at the level of each layer by horizontal, singed/scorched wood tie beams connected to the outer walls by means of a dovetail joint at the upper surface of the stone block (hence the need for big stone blocks of the same size). Due to its higher flexibility, this structure had a distinct advantage over the 'classical', solid dry stone wall (as seen, e. g., in the cyclopean and ashlar walls in Mycenae): a higher capability of shock absorption and dissipation of kinetic energy from an incoming projectile thrown by a siege weapon. However, archaeological and historical evidence suggests that the wall might have been topped by a wooden palisade instead of stone battlements, which had the obvious disadvantage of being vulnerable to fire.
A properly built Dacian Wall would be both labor-intensive and time-consuming. A typical wall for the late period, hastily built in the years between the two Dacian Wars (when Dacia had to rebuild, repair, enlarge or reinforce the defenses of many of its key fortresses), would be about 3–4 meters thick and 10 m tall, an outstanding achievement in the given conditions.
The Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains, UNESCO World Heritage Sites are examples of citadels built using this method. Also the Dacian walls are depicted on the Trajan's column in Rome.
* Sarmizegetusa Regia, Romania
* Sarmizegetusa Regia, Romania
* Sarmizegetusa Regia, Romania
* Dacian Fortress "Blidaru", Romania
* Wall from Piatra Craivii Dacian Fortress in display at the National Museum of the Union, Alba Iulia
* Dacian fortress of Tilișca, Romania
* Dacian fortress of Tilișca, Romania
* Wall of Thracian tomb near Starosel, Bulgaria
* Dacian fortress of Căpâlna, Romania
# Mururata

Mururata is a mountain in the Cordillera Real of Bolivia. Approximately 35 km East of La Paz, the Mururata lies to the North of the Illimani. The Mururata offers accessible climbing, as its shape does not contain difficult obstacles.
Local legend states that the shape of Mururata, a fairly flat-top as compared to neighbouring Illimani, became that way due to an act of jealousy. Apparently Mururata was taller than the Illimani, so Illimani chopped off Mururata's head.
Another version says that Mururata looked down on the Inca. As a result the Inca was so outraged that he shot Mururata with his catapult and sent the top of Mururata away to the Altiplano to create the tallest mountain in Bolivia called Sajama.
# William Young (playwright)

William Wallace Young (7 September 1847 – 2 October 1920) was an American playwright, writer, and actor, best known for his play adaptation of the novel Ben-Hur in 1899.
Young was born in Monmouth, Illinois, on 7 September 1845, the son of Dr. John A. Young and Isabella Hogue Wallace. He was valedictorian and last surviving member of Monmouth College class of 1863, and married Arvilla Joan Parry there in 1866. He was still at home with his parents in the 1870 census of Monmouth, with "literature" listed as his occupation. He was shown as a playwright with his wife and two children in the 1880 census of Monmouth, Illinois; his obituary stated he left Monmouth 30 years prior to his death (circa 1890), but always considered it his home.
His first play, Jonquil, opened at Booth's Theatre in New York in 1871. His first play to receive significant attention was Pendragon in 1881. His 1883 comedy The Rajah was panned by critics but commercially successful, playing for 256 shows in New York before going on the road.
He also acted some roles, and published a number of poems, including a volume titled Wishmaker's Town in 1885 which was republished in 1898 with an introduction by Thomas Bailey Aldrich.
Young died at his summer residence, Burkhaven, Lake Sunapee, New Hampshire, on 2 October 1920, and was buried in Monmouth, Illinois, on 10 October 1920. Knowing that his time was short, he had just finished a historical play prior to his death (title unknown), asking that his daughter Nina transcribe it and ready it for publication.

## Selected works

* Jonquil (1871)
* Pendragon (1881) (featuring actor Lawrence Barrett on Broadway)
* The Rajah (1883)
* Wishmaker's Town (poems) (1885)
* Ganelon (1889) (featuring actor Lawrence Barrett on Broadway)
* Joan of Arc (1890) (adaptation of Jules Barbier)
* If I Were You (1892)
* Ben-Hur (adaptation of novel) (1899)
* A Chinese Nightingale (1903) (from Winnifred Eaton novel)
# Murder at Scotland Yard

Murder at Scotland Yard is 1953 British crime film directed by Victor M. Gover and starring Tod Slaughter, Patrick Barr and Tucker McGuire. It is a sequel to King of the Underworld (1952).

## Plot

Master criminal Terence Reilly has escaped from prison. He steals diamonds and is responsible for a series of murders. Inspector Morley of Scotland Yard is called in to recapture him.

## Cast

* Tod Slaughter as Terence Reilly
* Patrick Barr as Inspector Morley
* Tucker McGuire as Eileen Trotter
* Dorothy Bramhall as Maria Flame
* Tom Macaulay as Inspector Grant

## Production

The film was made at Bushey Studios. It was Slaughter's last feature film.

## Critical reception

The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "A very indifferently made crime melodrama. The succession of sketchy and barely related characters and incidents fails to arouse sympathy or excitement; and the technique – particularly the recording – is surprisingly poor. The only consolation lies in the few appearances of Tod Slaughter in one of his traditional villain roles."
# William Summers (jeweller)

William Hamilton Summers LVO (4 October 1930 – 19 June 2002), was the British Crown Jeweller for almost 30 years, a post he held as a director of the London jewellery firm Garrard & Co.
Summers was born in Burnham, Buckinghamshire, and attended King's School, Bruton. He did National Service with the 13th/18th Hussars then joined Garrard as an apprentice where he succeeded Cecil Mann as the Crown Jeweller in 1962, a post he held until his retirement in 1991. He was succeeded by David V. Thomas.
# Murder in Hong Kong law

The Offences against the Person Ordinance (Cap.212) and the Homicide Ordinance (Cap.339) are the main statutes that govern homicide. However, no definition of any type of unlawful homicide is available in the Ordinances. As a result, common law definitions remain largely relevant to Hong Kong.

## Murder

The definition of murder is identical to that in England and Wales.
The "year and a day" rule has also been abolished. Contrary to the position in England and Wales, there is no time limit beyond which the consent of the Secretary of Justice would be required.
The retention of intention to cause grievous bodily harm as a form of "malice aforethought" (the other form being the intention to kill) was challenged in the case HKSAR v Lau Cheong as being both insufficient in common law and in contrary to the Basic Law and the Hong Kong Bill of Rights. The five judges, sitting on the Court of Final Appeal, unanimously rejected both arguments.
Murder carries a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment, except in relation to offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the murder, who are subject to a discretionary sentence.

## Attempted murder

The Offences against the Person Ordinance prescribes a number of specific types of attempted murder, including by using poison, wounding another (§ 10), by destroying or damaging building (§ 11), setting fire to or casting away ship (§ 12) and attempting to shoot or drown (§ 13), which are all punishable by life imprisonment.
Attempted murder by other means not specified in the statute (§ 14) shall be liable to imprisonment for life.
# Alexander Kholminov

Alexander Nikolaevich Kolminov (Александр Николаевич Хо́лминов; 8 September 1925 — 26 November 2015), PAU, was a Soviet and Russian composer.
He is best known for the Soviet opera An Optimistic Tragedy based on the play of the same name by Vsevolod Vishnevsky. The role of the commissar was created by Anna Arkhipova.

## Operas

* An Optimistic Tragedy (Optimisticheskaya tragediya) 1965, after the play by Vishnevsky
* Anna Snegina (1967), after the poem by Sergey Esenin
# Alexander Jones

Alexander Jones may refer to:

## Politicians

* Alexander H. Jones (1822–1901), U.S. representative
* Alexander Jones (MP), 16th century British Member of Parliament for Bridgewater (1597–1598)

## Others

* Alexander Jones (footballer) (1854–1878), Welsh international footballer
* Alexander Delos "Boss" Jones (1818–1897), American master carpenter and architect
* Alexander C. Jones (1830–1898), American businessman and Confederate soldier
* Alexander Jones (classicist), on List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2005
* Alexander Jones (officer), on HMS Naiad
* Rev. Alexander Jones, general editor of the Jerusalem Bible (1966)
# Alexander Johnstone

Alexander Johnstone may refer to:
* Sandy Johnstone (1916–2000), British air marshal
* Alex Johnstone (1961–2016), Scottish Conservative & Unionist politician
* Alex Johnstone (footballer) (1896–1979), Scottish footballer (Rangers, Hearts)
# Mukha-Dora language

Mukha-Dora (Nuka-Dora) is one of the Dravidian languages spoken in India. It is spoken by a scheduled tribe, who use Telugu as their primary language. It is spoken by the eponymous Scheduled Tribe in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sathupati Prasanna Sree has developed a unique script for use with the language.
# William W. Mushin

William Woolf Mushin FRCS 1966, CBE 1971 (September 1910 – 22 January 1993) was Director and Professor of Anaesthetics Welsh National School of Medicine, University of Wales, 1947 to 1975. He was also the dean of the Royal College of Anaesthetists from 1961 to 1964.
He authored the books Physics for the Anaesthetist (1946), Anaesthesia for the Poor Risk (1948) and Automatic Ventilation of Lungs (1959)
# Aleksas Miliulis

Aleksas Miliulis, also known by his codenames Neptūnas or Algimantas (1923 – 8 June 1949) was a Lithuanian partisan and a commander of the Kęstutis military district. In addition to being a partisan, he was also a teacher and a captain in the Lithuanian interwar army. From 1946 he was a part of the Kęstutis military district, and in 1949 was chosen as its short-lived leader.

## Biography

Aleksas or Aleksandras Miliulis was born in 1923 in the town of Batakiai in the Tauragė district. He was a captain in the Lithuanian army in the interwar period as well as a teacher in the villages of Budviečiai and later Purvėnai. He taught English. Later on he became a soldier in the Lithuanian Liberty Army. In 1945 he organized his first partisan group near Žygaičiai. In 1946 he substituted a partisan company of the Kęstutis military district. After a few months, he became the head of the company's propaganda sector, and in 1948 he was chosen leader of his own subdivision of the military district. During this period Miliulis succeeded in establishing the underground organization Raketa in Tauragė, whose members included employees of Soviet repressive structures. In April of 1949, he was appointed commander of the military district, as the previous commander Henrikas Danilevičius left for Kaunas.
During Miliulis's tenure, the military district increased its capabilities of integrity and confidentiality, however, the location of the short-lived fourth headquarters of the military district was revealed shortly. MGB agent under the codename Platonas successfully pretended to be captain in the Lithuanian army, after which he set up a meeting with the leadership in the forest of Kaziškė. Miliulis died on 8 June 1949 in the ensuing fight, along with others. Their bodies were displayed in Šubertine, an NKVD interrogation headquarters in Tauragė. They are believed to be buried in its yard.

## Remembrance

He was posthumously awarded the rank of colonel in 1998. The following year in 1999 he was awarded the Order of the Cross of Vytis.
# Alekseevsky Orphanage

Alekseevsky orphanage of the Mariinsky department is a building of the historical significance in Pushkin, Saint Petersburg. It was built in 1905. Nowadays it is an object of cultural heritage. The building is located on 20/49 Oktyabrsky Boulevard.

## History

The shelter building was erected for money, bequeathed by the secret adviser NS Adamovich. The land was allocated for free by the Tsarskoye Selo Palace. The construction was conducted by the technician A. V. Drucker, it began in 1904, and the shelter was opened on October 5, 1905 (consecrated on November 15, 1905). On the first two floors of the building there was a shelter, named in memory of Adamoviches, for 90 children coming. The third floor houses the former Tsarskoe Selo shelter (which existed since 1842), called the orphanage, for 40 boys.
After the October Revolution, the building housed an orphanage, its first inhabitants were children who suffered from hunger in the Volga region. In time, the orphanage received the name of Stalin. During the Great Patriotic War, the children were evacuated. After the occupation of Pushkin by the Soviet army, the headquarters of the 42nd Army was located in the house. After the war, the building was empty, then it was transferred to accommodate the Leningrad Head Area Computing Center of the Ministry of Communications.

## Architecture

The building is brick, three-storeyed on a high basement. In its decoration, red facing brick and light plastering parts, in particular profiled cornices, rods, platbands, rust at the corners of the building and rezalitov are used. The yard facade of the building was rebuilt during the post-war reconstruction.
# William Tinsley

William Tinsley may refer to:
* William Tinsley (publisher) (1831–1902), British publisher
* William Tinsley (architect) (1804–1885), Irish-born architect in the United States
# Alexander Rybakov

Alexander Rybakov may refer to:
* Alexander Rybakov (ice hockey) (born 1985), Russian ice hockey forward
* Alexander Rybakov (cyclist) (born 1988), Russian cyclist
# Alexander Moncur

Alexander Francis Moncur (8 March 1888 – 16 June 1976) was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party.

## Biography

Moncur was born in Melbourne in 1888, and arrived in New Zealand in 1906. He was a miner on the West Coast and Waihi, then in 1910 joined the New Zealand Railways as a guard. He was in the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, and was Auckland branch president 1912–1921. He worked at Rotorua, and owned a taxi business at Whakatane where he became a Borough Councillor 1925–1935.
He was the unsuccessful Labour candidate for the Bay of Plenty electorate in 1928, running against Kenneth Williams who had been returned unopposed in 1922 and 1925 (and was again unopposed in 1931).
He then ran for the Rotorua electorate in 1931. He represented the Rotorua electorate from 1935 to 1943, when he was defeated by Geoffrey Sim. He was in the RNZAF 1941–1942.
Later he was the Mayor of Rotorua from 1947 to 1953.
Moncur died in 1976 and was buried at Maunu Cemetery, Whangārei.
# Murder of Frauke Liebs

The murder of Frauke Liebs (February 21, 1985 – after June 27, 2006) is an unsolved criminal case in Germany.

## Disappearance

On June 20, 2006, the 21-year-old student nurse Frauke Liebs disappeared under mysterious circumstances. The last known sighting of her was at a pub in Paderborn's city center, where she and a friend watched the FIFA World Cup match between England and Sweden. While Liebs was still at the pub, she borrowed a friend's mobile phone battery, as the battery on her own phone had been drained. She later returned her friend's battery before leaving the pub at around 11 p.m. Since she probably had no more than five Euro with her, she is believed to have been heading home on foot. The pub was about 1.5 kilometers away from her home.
At 12:49 a.m., her housemate received a text message from Liebs' mobile phone, saying that she would be home later. However, she did not return home that night, and when she also failed to appear at work the day after, her mother reported her missing. The police discovered that the text message had been sent from Nieheim, a small city about 35 km north-east of Paderborn.
In the following days, Liebs called her housemate five times via her mobile phone. Police were able to locate the calls, which all came from different industrial areas in Paderborn. During these calls, Liebs continued to say that she would return home soon, but did not communicate any information about her situation. She provided only vague or evasive answers to questions. Liebs' last phone call was on June 27 in the presence of her sister, who also talked to her. During this conversation, she is said to have answered the question of whether she was being held captive with a faint "yes", immediately followed by a loud "no". Contact broke off after this phone call.

## Discovery and investigation

On October 4, 2006, Liebs' skeletonized body was found by a hunter in a forested area next to a Landesstraße ("state road") near Lichtenau. The body was found with the clothes she was wearing on the day of her disappearance. Her mobile phone, handbag, wallet and wrist watch were not found. Due to the condition of the body, the time and cause of Liebs' death could not be determined.
A case analysis by the police came to the conclusion that Liebs was probably held captive in the area around Nieheim and that the phone calls from Paderborn may have been diversionary maneuvers. No motive for the crime has been determined. Over 900 people who were connected to the victim were questioned by the police, and the initial investigation produced a list of five initial suspects. All five were eventually cleared after producing alibis.
The case aroused nationwide interest and was among others presented on the popular television show Aktenzeichen XY… ungelöst ("Case number XY … Unsolved").
# Alexandra Mandrycky

Alexandra Mandrycky (born 1991) is a data scientist and current Assistant General Manager for the Seattle Kraken of the National Hockey League.

## Career

Mandrycky has a degree in industrial engineering from Georgia Tech, where she became a hockey fan watching Atlanta Thrashers games. After graduating, she spent two years working for War-On-Ice, a public hockey analytics site. In 2015, she was hired as a data analyst for the NHL's Minnesota Wild.
In June 2019, she left the Wild to join the Seattle expansion franchise as Director of Hockey Administration. As director of the Seattle franchise, she was charged with analysing potential candidates for the role of general manager, the position eventually going to former NHL player Ron Francis.
She was named one of the 25 most powerful women in hockey by Sportsnet in 2020 and has been named as a potential future NHL general manager by The Hockey News.