OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siegfried Scherer

Siegfried Scherer (born 7 April 1955, Oberndorf am Neckar) is a German biologist, since 1991 Professor of Microbiology at the Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephan since 1991, where he is Managing Director of the Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL. Scherer is not a prominent creationist as often purported. He believes that religion and science are two different ways of approaching reality. He is married to anthropologist Sigrid Hartwig-Scherer.

## Biography

Scherer studied biology, chemistry and physics at the University of Konstanz. In 1977, he passed the state examination in chemistry and physics, and in 1980, the diploma and state examination in biology. In 1983, he earned his PhD in plant physiology. From 1983 to 1988, he researched plant physiology and biochemistry at the University of Konstanz. In 1984, he received the Byk company's research award, and in 1986, he April assumed a research position for field studies at China and Mongolia with the Chinese Academy of Science. From 1988 to 1989, he was on a research scholarship from German Academic Exchange Service at the Virginia Tech Department of Biochemistry.
After this, Scherer had a post-doctoral position at the University of Konstanz from 1989 to 1991. That year, he was on habilitation at University of Konstanz in plant physiology and microbial ecology, then became Professor extraordinarius at the Technical University of Munich, a Director of the Microbiology Department at the Research Center for Milk and Food, Weihenstephan. In 1997, he became Managing Director of the Research Center for Milk and Food. In 2002, he accepted an invitation for a chair at the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, and next year, he became to the chair of microbial ecology at the Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL. 2003 ordained Managing Director of the ZIEL.
Scherer is researching on pathogens in food by use of genetic engineering. His team developed a method for early detection of microorganisms causing food deterioration and therefore received the 2005 Award of the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations "Otto von Guericke". Other research interests are taxonomy and evolution. Scherer authored numerous publications on plant physiology and microbiology.
Scherer is one of the most prominent German critics of evolutionary theory. Until 2006, he presided at the Studiengemeinschaft Wort und Wissen, an evangelical association of German creationists and critics of evolutionary theory. Together with Reinhard Junker he authored the textbook Evolution – ein kritisches Lehrbuch, which presents evolution theory from a creationist perspective. Until 2003, Scherer was Fellow of the Discovery Institute. He criticizes the institute's current activities towards implementing intelligent design in school science curricula by legal means.
# Chapal Skymark

Chapal Skymark is an under-construction tower in Karachi, expected to become Pakistan's tallest residential skyscraper. It will have 50 stories with an expected height of 210m.
# Samuel Howell Knight

Samuel Howell "Doc" Knight (31 July 1892 – 1 February 1975) was an American geologist who taught at the University of Wyoming and also served as a state geologist from 1933 to 1941. Known as "Doc" Knight, he was an influential teacher, noted for his use of multi-colour chalk illustrations to teach geology over a span of fifty years.

## Life and work

Knight was born to Wilbur Clinton Knight and Emma Howell who had both studied at the University of Nebraska. Wilbur took up a position as a mining engineer at Florence, Keystone, west of Laramie and later became a state geologist. His mother was a county superintendent of schools. At a young age Knight was introduced to geology, and collected fossils with Professor William Reed, curator of the University of Wyoming museum. His father was also a keen fossil hunter, collecting 70 tons of material for the collections and is credited with the production of the first geology map of Wyoming. The fossil Knightia was named in honour of Wilbur Clinton Knight. The After schooling at Laramie, he went to the University of Wyoming, graduating in 1913. He then joined Columbia University where he studied under A. W. Grabau and D.W. Johnson, receiving a PhD in 1916. He then became an assistant professor of geology. In 1917 he was recruited into World War I for studying the terrain in Europe for military requirements. A skilled artist and designer, he was involved in making a life-size cast of Tyrannosaurus rex. In 1933 he served as State Geologist for Wyoming. Knight also conducted outdoors science camps in geology at the Medicine Bow Mountains west of Laramie.
Knight married his fellow student from Columbia, Edwina Hall, in 1916 and they had two children. Knight died at Laramie and is buried at Greenhill Cemetery.
# Sapés comme jamais

"Sapés comme jamais" (English: Dressed like never) is a song by Congolese-French singer and rapper Maître Gims and Niska released in 2015.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Belgium (BEA) | Gold | 10,000$^‡$ |
| France (SNEP) | Diamond | 333,333$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Result |
| 2016 | Victoires de la Musique (Original Song of the Year) | Won |
| 2016 | W9 d'or de la musique (Most streamed French song) | Won |
| 2016 | W9 d'or de la musique (Most viewed French music video on the internet) | Won |
| 2016 | NRJ Music Awards (Francophone Song of the Year) | Nominated |
# George Courtenay

George Courtenay may refer to:
* George Courtenay (politician) (1666–1725), English MP
* George Courtenay (actor), actor in the 1913 film Ivanhoe
* Sir George Courtenay, 1st Baronet (c. 1583–1644), Irish landowner and soldier
# T. Patrick Reid

Thomas Patrick Reid (born January 2, 1943) is a businessman and former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal-Labour member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1984 who represented the northern Ontario riding of Rainy River. He served as president of the Ontario Mining Association from 1987 to 2004 and has served on the boards of several mining companies.

## Background

Reid was born in Fort Frances, Ontario, and educated in Atikokan and at the University of Manitoba. He is married to Maureen and together they have two daughters, Aislinn and Kyla. His older brother, John Reid was a Liberal member of federal parliament from 1965 to 1984.

## Politics

Reid ran in the 1967 provincial election as the Liberal candidate in the riding of Rainy River. He defeated Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario candidate John McKey by 41 votes. Reid identified himself as a Liberal-Labour candidate, and caucused with the Ontario Liberal Party.
Reid was re-elected by comfortable margins in 1971, 1975 and 1977, and defeated Progressive Conservative candidate Jack Pierce by 426 votes in 1981. He was the last Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in Ontario to be elected under the "Liberal-Labour" banner, although the distinction from the official Liberal Party was mostly symbolic by this stage. In some elections, he campaigned as a Liberal candidate. Reid was also the only Liberal MPP from Northern Ontario in the early 1980s.
In 1976, he was elected president of the Ontario Liberal Party.

## Later life

Reid resigned from the legislature in November 1984 to become executive director of the Ontario Mining Association. He was promoted to president of the OMA in 1987, and retained this position until 2004. He was instrumental in creating "Ontario Mining Week" to draw attention to the industry among the public, industry and government.
As of 2006, he serves as chairman of Probe Mines Limited, and is a director of such companies as Canstar Resources Inc., Valencia Ventures Inc. and Gammon Lake Resources Inc. Reid has also served on the executive committee of the Toronto Branch of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.
# Julia Rodzińska

Maria Julia Rodzińska, OP (born Stanisława Maria Józefa Rodzińska; 16 March 1899 – 20 February 1945) was a Polish Dominican Sister and is venerated as a Blessed in the Roman Catholic Church.

## Life

Julia Rodzińska was born on 16 March 1899 in Nawojowa. She was one of five children of the organist Michał and Marianna née Sekuła. Rodzińska orphaned at the age of ten and became a ward of the Dominican Sisters convent in Nawojowa. There she finished school and then started her studies in the Teachers' Seminar in Nowy Sącz but didn't complete them because she began her religious formation in Wielowieś. At the age of 17, she entered the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Dominika in Tarnobrzeg-Wielowieś and there (5 August 1924) made her religious vows and completed her interrupted education.
As a qualified teacher, she carried out her ministry in Mielżyn, Rawa Ruska and Vilnius (from 13 December 1922, for 22 years). From 1934, she was the head of a house in Vilnius and ran an orphanage. After the outbreak of World War II, she secretly taught Polish language, history and religion, and conducted humanitarian activities. On 12 July 1943, Rodzińska was jailed by the Gestapo in Łukiszki prison in Vilnius. In a year, Rodzińska was sent to German concentration camp Stutthof, registered as number 40992. There she was subjected to torture, isolation and humiliation.

## Death and beatification

Rodzińska died of exhaustion and disease on 20 February 1945 in Stutthof, two months before the concentration camp was liberated by the Red Army. Her beatification process began on 26 January 1992. In 1999, she was proclaimed blessed by Pope John Paul II in a group of 108 blessed martyrs.

## Honors

Rodzińska is the patron of the primary school Blessed Julia Rodzińska in Nawojowa and kindergarten of Blessed Julia Rodzińska in Poznań. In 2019, on the occasion of 120th anniversary of Rodzińska's birthday her family home in Nawojowa was open for visitors.
# Sara Lane

Sara or Sarah Lane may refer to:

## People

* Sara Malakul Lane, Thai-American actress and model
* Sarah Lane (born 1984), American ballet dancer
* Sarah Lane (theatre manager) (c. 1822 – 1899), British actress, playwright and theatre manager
* Sarah Lane, host on Daily Tech News Show and former host on TWiT.tv and Revision3 podcasts
* Sara Lane (actress) (1949–2023), American actress

## Fictional characters

* Sara Lane, character in The Edge of Night
* Sara Lane, character in I Kissed a Vampire
# Interpersonal Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Interpersonal Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (I-CBT) is a branch of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that is mainly used to treat anxiety, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and autism spectrum disorder. It was developed by Thomas Cordier of Glastonbury Connecticut, USA (An Introduction to The Interpersonal Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Treatment System: A 21st Century Recipe for Mental Health Treatment Success, T.A. Cordier, 2016).

## Description

I-CBT seeks to help patients overcome their psychiatric/mental health problems by teaching them — through the utilization of emotional intelligence (EI) — to dismiss irrational thoughts by helping them to understand and define their emotional states. Emotional intelligence is thought to be a better indicator for success than intelligence quotient (IQ) test scores.

### Core beliefs

Clients are also taught to challenge negative core beliefs by challenging assumptions based on these beliefs. The treatment system focuses on the relationship between the patient and provider as a primary source for the patient's improvement. I-CBT also draws on other proven treatment modalities, (e.g., psychodynamic principals and group therapy) and utilizes mindfulness, yoga, art therapy, and social skills training to help behaviorally challenged adolescents and adults find calmness. I-CBT is a structured treatment approach based on a workbook/manual that can be tailored for an individual patient's needs. The program also utilizes the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Beck Youth Inventory (BYI) to help track clients progress, and ensure an effective treatment program.

### Family

I-CBT also focuses on treating the family unit as a whole, by including mandatory behavioral parent training (BPT), to teach good parenting skills, and how to encourage positive behavior/thinking — while discouraging negative behavior/thinking.
# Java Pacific Film

Java Pacific Film (alternatively, Java Pasific Film) was a short-lived film production company that helped make significant contributions to Indonesian cinema in the 1930s.

## Background

During 1934 and early 1935, all feature films released in the Dutch East Indies had been directed by The Teng Chun, based on Chinese mythology or martial arts, and targeted at low-class audiences, generally ethnic Chinese. This situation was created by the Great Depression, which had led to the Dutch East Indies government collecting higher taxes, advertisers asking for more money, and cinemas selling tickets at lower prices; this ensured that there was a very low profit margin for local films. During this period cinemas in the country mainly showed Hollywood productions.

## History

Java Pacific Film was founded in 1934 in Bandoeng, in what was then the Dutch East Indies, by Dutch-Indonesian journalist Albert Balink working with the Wong brothers. Balink, who intended to target high-class audiences, had found financial support for the new company, took control, while the Wongs brought a studio and film equipment to the endeavour. The studio, an old tapioca flour factory, featured simple film editing equipment, several buildings to serve as living quarters for the employees, and a veranda surrounded by trees used for editing. The smokestack had the company's initials, JPF, in large letters. Their first production was a documentary about Mount Merapi, entitled De Merapi Dreight (Mount Merapi Looms), in 1934.
Dutch filmmaker Mannus Franken was brought to the country in 1934 to help make the movie Pareh between 1934 and 1936. Franken had previously had success with documentary filmmaking in the Netherlands. The production cost 75,000 gulden, with its star Rd. Mochtar receiving 250 gulden monthly. A commercial flop which bankrupted the producers and company, Pareh is credited with shifting the focus of Indonesian cinema from Chinese productions and subject matter to a more local industry. The film is also praised for its cinematic quality. and its audio.

## Successor

Balink collected funds from numerous sponsors and established the Dutch Indies Film Syndicate (Algemeen Nederlandsch Indisch Filmsyndicaat, or ANIF) in late 1936. This government-owned company involved all major figures from JPF. Working mostly on newsreels and documentaries, in 1937 it produced the commercial success Terang Boelan. In 1938 it released Franken's documentary Tanah Sabrang and in 1940 closed.
# Chapel Allerton Open

The Chapel Allerton Open was a combined men's and women's grass court tennis tournament founded in 1884 as the Chapel Allerton LTC Tournament. The tournament was organised by the Chapel Allerton Lawn Tennis & Squash Club, Chapel Allerton, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The tournament ran as part of the worldwide circuit until 1981 when it was branded as the Mobil 1 Tournament for sponsorship reasons.

## History

Chapel-Allerton LTC Tournament was founded in 1884. The tournament was staged at the Chapel Allerton Lawn Tennis Club (f.1880.). By the 1890s the tournament was branded as the Chapel Allerton Open Tournament. By the late 1930s the tournament was branded as the Chapel Allerton (Leeds) Open. By the 1950s the event was rebranded as the Chapel Allerton Open. The tournament ran as part of the worldwide circuit until 1981 when its final edition was sponsored by the American oil company Mobil, and was branded as the Mobil 1 Tournament. The event is still being staged today as the Chapel Allerton Seniors Open Tournament.
Notable winners of the men's singles title included; John Hartley (two time Wimbledon Champion), Tony Mottram, Ip Koon Hung, Don Black, Bob Rheinberger and John Alexander. Previous winners of women's singles title included Phyllis Carr Satterthwaite, Elsie Goldsack, Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling, Helena Straubeova, Jane O'Hara, Sally Holdsworth, and Elaine Shenton.

## Venue

The tournament was established at the Chapel Allerton Lawn Tennis Club that was founded in 1880 at the heart of Chapel Allerton with 17 members. Today the tennis club has grown from five grass tennis courts and a wooden pavilion, to three indoor tennis courts, nine artificial tennis courts, four grass courts, and a clubhouse.
# Bettina Herlitzius

Bettina Herlitzius (born 8 July 1960 in Bad Salzuflen, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German politician, specifically a Green Party representative in the Bundestag.

## Political career

Herlitzius is the Bundestag representative for Kreis Aachen which is located along Germany's borders with Belgium and the Netherlands, 65 km (40 mi) west of Cologne. . Her initial term began in 2007 but she was re-elected as MP in September 2009. She is currently Green Party's spokesperson on tourism and housing policy. Her political career so far:-
* Member of the Bündnis 90/Die Grünen since 1989.
* Member of the Rhineland Regional Council (until September 2007 Group vice-president).
* Member and vice chairman of the Regional Cologne.
* Members of the Bundestag since September 2007. Tourism and housing sector Group spokesperson, coordinator for the Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan, and Member of the LAG Transport committee.
Like fellow party member Gerhard Schick, Herlitzius is a committed environmentalist and the pair have taken steps to introduce environmental taxes within the German Parliament.

## Education & Work History

After school, Herlitzius studied architecture at the RWTH Aachen in Aachen where she graduated in 1989. She then worked as an independent architect until 1993 when she began her Referendariat or Training programme at the State Building Authority in the Ministry of Construction and Housing. After completing her final state exams she became director of the Office of Traffic, housing, building and road construction for Aachen county.

## Personal life

Herlitzius is openly lesbian and she has championed equal rights for LGBT couples since the 1990s. She lives with her partner in a civil union and has one son.
# Billy Adamson

Billy Adamson (27 May 1944 – 11 November 2013) was a Scottish musician, best known as the longtime drummer and percussionist for the English pop rock band The Searchers. He joined them shortly after their most famous period in 1969 and remained with them until 1998. He also worked with Lulu, The Nashville Teens and Junior Campbell.

## Early life

William Adamson was born on 27 May 1944 in Peebles and grew up in Glasgow. His band, the Bellrocks, had featured a talented young singer Marie Lawrie who was eventually to become a major star known by the name of Lulu. Adamson was even a member of Lulu & The Luvvers for some time. He also worked or recorded with Emile Ford & the Checkmates, Jet Harris, The Nashville Teens, P. P. Arnold, Screaming Lord Sutch, black American soul singer Sonny Child & the TNT, or The Clan (incl. Marmalade's Junior Campbell or Cliff Bennett). "Billy was a brilliant, stylish drummer of the old school who could read drum parts," Junior Campbell said about him.

## The Searchers years

In 1969, he replaced John Blunt in The Searchers and became the longest serving drummer in the group. "We set up an audition at my house in Harlington and ran through a few numbers with the bespectacled, afro-coiffeured drummer in the small living room," Frank Allen wrote. "After a bit of humming and haahing we decided to offer him the job." Adamson played on the last Searchers' hit single "Desdemona" as well as the band's LP Second Take, and some more singles sessions. The Searchers were three partners at the time (Mike Pender, John McNally, Frank Allen) and Billy Adamson was an employee of the band. That means he played on all tours and shows, but in the 1970s and 1980s he did not record with the band, although Mike Pender and Frank Allen both admired his drumming skills and style in their autobiographies. That was also the reason for his leaving of the band, he felt his position within the set-up should be different. Nevertheless, he played with the band for 30 years.

## Later years and death

Adamson made the decision to leave the Searchers in 1998, officially to spend more time with his family. He died on 11 November 2013 in France, aged 69.
# Surface Air Lifted

Surface Air Lifted (SAL) is a postal service used to send international mail items. Thirty-nine postal authorities provide this service. It is a cost-effective international mail. At first SAL mail is processed and transported by surface in the origin country. Then it is transported by air to the destination country and finally processed and delivered as standard-type mail by the destination postal administration. The service is faster than surface mail while the cost is lower than air mail. SAL is more economical for sending heavy items; with light items, it sometimes costs more than air mail.

## History

Prior to World War II a number of European countries adopted the practice of forwarding letters to distant destinations at no extra cost to the sender (such as British mail sent to most parts of the British Empire). The consistently high costs of air mail curtailed this trend after the war. During the mid-1960s in response to the continuing increase of aircraft capacity, the UPU adopted the policy of maximizing air conveyance of mail and in the mid-1970s the concept of “surface air lifted” mail was developed in conjunction with the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
This arrangement allows some mail to receive, for little or no surcharge, speedier transmission than by surface but without the priority of fully surcharged mail.
# Social Contract (disambiguation)

Social contract is a broad class of theories that try to explain the ways in which people form states and/or maintain social order.
Social Contract may also refer to:

## Policies

* Social Contract (Britain), a policy of the British Labour party in the 1970s
* Social contract (Malaysia), an agreement concerning citizenship rights
* Social Contract (Ontario), a 1993 wage restraint initiative in Ontario

## Books

* The Social Contract, a book Jean-Jacques Rousseau published in 1762
* The Social Contract (1970 book), a paleoanthropology book by Robert Ardrey
* A New Social Contract, a 2021 manifesto by Dutch politician Pieter Omtzigt

## Other

* "The Social Contract" (House), an episode of House
* The Social Contract Press, a printing company
* Debian Social Contract, which frames the moral agenda of the Debian project
* New Social Contract, a Dutch political party