OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Season cracking

Season cracking is a form of stress-corrosion cracking of brass cartridge cases originally reported from British forces in India. During the monsoon season, military activity was temporarily reduced, and ammunition was stored in stables until the dry weather returned. Many brass cartridges were subsequently found to be cracked, especially where the case was crimped to the bullet. It was not until 1921 that the phenomenon was explained by Moor, Beckinsale and Mallinson: ammonia from horse urine, combined with the residual stress in the cold-drawn metal of the cartridges, was responsible for the cracking.
Season cracking is characterised by deep brittle cracks which penetrate into affected components. If the cracks reach a critical size, the component can suddenly fracture, sometimes with disastrous results. However, if the concentration of ammonia is very high, then attack is much more severe, and attack over all exposed surfaces occurs. The problem was solved by annealing the brass cases after forming so as to relieve the residual stresses.

## Ammonia

The attack takes the form of a reaction between ammonia and copper to form the cuprammonium ion, formula [Cu(NH$_3$)$_4$]$^{2+}$, a chemical complex which is water-soluble, and hence washed from the growing cracks. The problem of cracking can therefore also occur in copper and any other copper alloy, such as bronze. The tendency of copper to react with ammonia was exploited in making rayon, and the deep blue colour of the aqueous solution of copper(II) oxide in ammonia is known as Schweizer's reagent.

## Materials

Although the problem was first found in brass, any alloy containing copper will be susceptible to the problem. It includes copper itself (as used in pipe for example), bronzes and other alloys with a significant copper content. Like all problems with hairline cracks, detection in the early stages of attack is difficult, but the characteristic blue coloration may give a clue to attack. Microscopic inspection will often reveal the cracks, and x-ray analysis using the EDX facility on the scanning electron microscope or SEM should reveal the presence of elemental nitrogen from ammoniacal traces.
# Jakub Skierka

Jakub Skierka (born 4 October 1998) is a Polish swimmer. He competed in the men's 200 meter backstroke event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.
# Rogalands Arbeiderblad

Rogalands Arbeiderblad was a Norwegian newspaper published in Stavanger in Rogaland county.

## History and profile

Rogalands Arbeiderblad was started on 20 November 1926 as the Communist Party organ in the county. It was published weekly. However, the party struggled economically and the newspaper went defunct after its last issue on 3 October 1927. Editor-in-chief was Elias Gabrielsen.
# Harry Hallam (football manager)

Harry Hallam was a football manager who managed Nottingham Forest between 1897 and 1909. He was the manager when Forest won the FA Cup in 1898 and for their successful tour of Argentina and Uruguay in 1905. Hallam managed Nottingham Forest for 462 games which is the third highest, only beaten by Brian Clough (968) and Billy Walker (650).
# Thespesia grandiflora

Thespesia grandiflora, most commonly known as Maga, and also referred to as Maga Colorada ("Red Maga") and Puerto Rican hibiscus, is a tree in the family Malvaceae of the rosids clade endemic to Puerto Rico, where its flower is officially recognized as the national flower of the archipelago. Although originally native to the humid mountains of limestone in the western and north-central portions of Puerto Rico, today it grows everywhere in the archipelago due to its extensive cultivation. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in Florida, Hawaii, Honduras and various Caribbean islands. The maga is mostly used as an ornamental plant, but like the related Thespesia populnea its wood is also valued for its durable timber.

## Flower

The flower of the tree, known as Flor de Maga, is the official national flower of Puerto Rico. Though this species is contained within the same family as Hibiscus and may sometimes be referred to as such in English, truly it belongs to a different genus and species from true hibiscus, and is more closely related to Cotton.

## Growth

The maga tree usually grows no larger than 20 meters. It is grown for timber and as an ornamental plant.
# Ted Juniper

Edward Juniper (born 3 December 1901, date of death unknown) was a footballer who played in The Football League for Clapton Orient. He was born in Shadwell, England.
# Johan Frederik Knudzen Nødbæk

Johan Frederik Knudzen Nødbæk (25 August 1787, Holum – 26 February 1871, Holum) was a Norwegian politician.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1842 and 1845, representing the rural constituency of Lister og Mandals Amt (today named Vest-Agder). He worked as a farmer.
# Howell Peacock

Howell Peacock (September 11, 1889 – 1962) was an American basketball coach, best known for being the head coach of men's college basketball at the University of Georgia and at the University of North Carolina.

## University of Georgia

Peacock played for the Georgia men's basketball team and was team captain for the 1909–10 and 1911–12 seasons. After playing on the team, Peacock became the head coach for Georgia in 1912 and coached the bulldogs for the next four seasons. Peacock amassed a 30–7 record while coaching for the University of Georgia.

## Coaching at North Carolina

After leaving the University of Georgia, Peacock became head coach at North Carolina while being simultaneously enrolled as a medical student there. Peacock took over after the departure of Charles Doak as head coach. When Doak left, many of his players also graduated, leaving Peacock to build the team mostly from scratch. In order to field a full team, Peacock recruited players from all over campus by posting signs up, asking men to come and try out for the team. Ten individuals showed up for try-outs and three made it onto the team. The 1916–17 team barely managed to earn a winning record, but did manage to beat Virginia, which was considered a moral victory. The 1916–17 team also included a future Governor of North Carolina Luther H. Hodges and General F. Carlylel Shepard.
The 1917–18 team managed to win all of its home games and became one of the best teams in the South. Peacock's third and final season with the Tar Heels was largely a disappointment, however, as the Tar Heels went 9–7 in the 1918–19 season.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall |
| Georgia Bulldogs (Independent) (1912–1916) ||||||
| 1912–13 | Georgia | 10–1 |
| 1913–14 | Georgia | 9–1 |
| 1914–15 | Georgia | 4–3 |
| 1915–16 | Georgia | 7–2 |
| Georgia: | Georgia: | 30–7 |
| North Carolina Tar Heels (Independent) (1916–1919) ||||||
| 1916–17 | North Carolina | 5–4 |
| 1917–18 | North Carolina | 9–3 |
| 1918–19 | North Carolina | 9–7 |
| North Carolina: | North Carolina: | 23–14 |
| Total: | Total: | 53–21 |

## Sources

* Powell, Adam (2005). University of North Carolina Basketball. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-4150-8.
* Rappoport, Ken (2002). Tales from the Tar Heel Locker Room. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 1-58261-489-X.
* "2008-09 North Carolina men's basketball media guide". UNC Athletic Communications. Archived from the original on September 17, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
* "Dawgs Basketball 2021–22 Media Guide". University of Georgia. 2021.
* "Orange County, NC - Old Chapel Hill Cemetery, Part 2". usgwarchives.net.
# Kharkara, Rajasthan

Kharkara is a village in Behror Tehsil in Alwar District in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is situated about 3 km west to Behror on Tasing road.
People in Kharkara are basically farmers in occupation.
20°32′N 80°10′E﻿ / ﻿20.533°N 80.167°E﻿ / 20.533; 80.167
* This article related to a location in Rajasthan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Jakub Skiba

Jakub Tadeusz Skiba (born 16 May 1961 in Kraków) is a Polish civil servant and diplomat who has been serving as a deputy Minister of Interior and Administration (2015–2017), ambassador of Poland to Brazil (2020–2023).

## Life

In 1986, Skiba graduated from history at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin; his Master thesis received the award of the Polish Historical Society. After the collapse of socialism in Poland, in the early 1990s, he has been engaged for a short time in the Centre Agreement political party. Finally, he chose career of the civil servant and entered the National School of Public Administration (KSAP) which he finished in 1993. In 2016, Skiba received Ph.D., defending at the Warsaw School of Economics thesis on history of Polish economy between 1936 and 1939.
He worked for the Supreme Audit Office (1993) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1993–1996, 2003–2005). Between 1996 and 1997, he was posted as First Secretary at the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Poland to the United Nations in New York. From 1997 to 1999, he was director at the Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland, later he was director general of the Central Statistical Office. Since 2005, he has been director general at the Ministry of Interior and Administration and Chancellery of the Prime Minister. He was member of the KSAP council (2000–2007), and Council for Foreigners. In November 2007 he was appointed member of the board of the National Bank of Poland for a six-year term. On 18 November 2015, he was nominated Secretary of State of the Ministry of Interior and Administration. On 20 October 2017 he became acting president of the Polish Security Printing Works. On 8 February 2018, he took the same post at the Polish Armaments Group, within two weeks becoming regular president of the company. Between 2019 and 2020, he was director of the War Studies Academy Center for Security Studies in Warsaw. In January 2020 Skiba was appointed Poland ambassador to Brazil, presenting his letter of credence in March 2020. He ended his term on 28 February 2023.
In 2012, Skiba published a book "Itinerarium. Moja podróż w głąb Europy" (Itinerarium. My journey to the heart of Europe). Besides Polish, he speaks English, French, and has passive knowledge of Spanish and Russian.
# Jim Osborne (American football)

James Henry Osborne (born September 7, 1949) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle for the Chicago Bears in the National Football League (NFL). He attended Southern University, and spent his entire 13-year pro career with Bears. Osborne retired in 1984, one year shy of the Bears Super Bowl win. At the time of his retirement he lived in Olympia Fields. He won the Brian Piccolo Award from the Bears organization in 1972.
# Harry Hallenberger

Harry Hallenberger (October 24, 1877 – March 4, 1954) was an American cinematographer who was nominated at the 14th Academy Awards for Best Cinematography-Color, along with Ray Rennahan. This was for the film Louisiana Purchase.

## Filmography as cinematographer

(He also was a camera operator on other films.)

### Feature-length films

* Pirates of Monterey (1947)
* The Virginian (1946)
* Riding High (1943)
* Louisiana Purchase (1941)
* Arizona (1940)
* Night Work (1939)
* El Trovador de la radio (1938)
* Forlorn River (1937)
* Redskin (1929) (uncredited)
* Special Delivery (1927)
* In Hollywood with Potash and Perlmutter (1924)
* Peck's Bad Boy (1921)

### Shorts

* College Queen (1946)
* Movieland Magic (1946)
* Golden Slippers (1946)
* A Tale of Two Cafes (1946)
* Boogie Woogie (1945)
* Isle of Tabu (1945)
* You Hit the Spot (1945)
* Bonnie Lassie (1944)
* Star Bright (1944)
* Mardi Gras (1943)
* Women at War (1943)
# Kessenich (Bonn)

Kessenich is a district of the former German capital city Bonn. It is best known for the German confectionery company Haribo.

## Geography

Kessenich is one of the southern districts of the Stadtbezirk Bonn in Bonn, with Venusberg and Poppelsdorf bordering to the west, Gronau to the east, Südstadt to the north and Dottendorf to the south. It is connected with the inner city (Bonn-Zentrum) and Bonn central station by tramlines 61 and 62. The railway station Bonn UN Campus is located on the border between Kessenich and the district of Gronau.

## History

Kessenich is one of the oldest districts of today's Bonn. The first documented mention dates from the ninth century. In the 15th century it was the largest village of the Amt Bonn. Kessenich was incorporated into Bonn in 1904.
When Bonn was the capital of West Germany the Rosenburg in Kessenich was the location of the German Ministry of Justice.

## Haribo

The confectionery company Haribo was founded in 1920 in Kessenich by Hans Riegel. The first production site was in the Bergstraße. In April 2019 Haribo moved its headquarters to Grafschaft.
# Goães (Amares)

Goães is a parish in Amares Municipality in the Braga District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 557, in an area of 3.03 km².
# Johan Frederik Schlegel

Johan Frederik Schlegel (22 January 1817, Copenhagen – 8 June 1896, Copenhagen) was a Danish lawyer and civil servant. He was Governor-General of the Danish West Indies from 1855 to 1860, and Gehejmekonferensraad (Privy Counsellor) from 1860. In 1873, he was elected to the Copenhagen City Council.
He was married to Regine Olsen, who was formerly engaged to the philosopher and theologian Søren Kierkegaard.
# Howell Observatory

The Howell Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Mississippi State University's Astronomy and Physics department. It is located in Starkville, Mississippi.

## Equipment

* 14" Schmidt-Cassegrain
* 8" Schmidt-Cassegrain
* 10" Newtonian reflector
# Glasson Dock railway station

Glasson Dock railway station served the town of Glasson Dock, in Thurnham, Lancashire, England, with trains to nearby Conder Green and Lancaster along the Glasson Dock branch line.

## History

Glasson Dock was opened by the London & North Western Railway on 9 July 1883. The station passed to the London, Midland & Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923, only to be closed seven years later on 7 July 1930.

## The site today

The trackbed through the former station is now part of the Lancashire Coastal Way and the longer Bay Cycle Way. However, the station itself was demolished after goods services stopped in 1964.
# Harry King (footballer)

Henry Edward King (4 January 1886 – 6 February 1968) was an English footballer who made more than 100 appearances in the Football League.

## Biography

King was born in Northampton, Northamptonshire. He began his career at Evesham Star and Worcester City before joining Second Division club Birmingham in 1907. A centre forward, he scored 7 goals from 30 games over three seasons, but could not cement a first team place and left in 1910. Over the next four years, he had spells at non-league Crewe Alexandra and then Northampton Town.
In April 1914 he joined Arsenal for a £1,000 fee, returning to League football. Arsenal had just missed out on promotion on goal average to the First Division, and in 1914–15 King spearheaded their attack, scoring 26 goals in the League and another three in the FA Cup. These included the first hat trick scored at their new Highbury stadium (against Grimsby Town on 14 November 1914), and two four-goal hauls against Wolverhampton Wanderers and Nottingham Forest. King's 29 goals that season were an all-time club record at the time, remaining so until Jimmy Brain broke it in 1925–26. However, Arsenal's defence let them down and they only finished fifth, outside of the promotion places; eventually, they were re-elected back to the First Division when football resumed after the end of the First World War.
King had spent the war with the Royal Garrison Artillery in Italy, and also made over 30 appearances in unofficial wartime matches for Arsenal. By the time Arsenal's league campaign resumed in 1919, he was 33 and despite his heroics before the war, Arsenal decided to release him. He had played 39 official first-class matches in all for Arsenal, scoring 29 times. He joined Leicester City (scoring once in eight League appearances) for a £900 fee and finished his career at Brentford (16 goals in 33 appearances).
# Kharkhar

Kharkhar may refer to:
* Xarxar, Azerbaijan
* Kharkhar, Iran
* Kharkhar, Markazi, Iran
# State Highway 21 (Karnataka)

State Highway 21 also known as SH-21 is a state highway connecting Halebeedu of Hassan and Ane Chowkur forest of Mysuru district, in the south Indian state of Karnataka. It has a total length of 123.17 kilometres (76.53 mi).
Major towns and villages on SH-21 are: Halebeedu, Rajagere, Kyathanakere, Ramadevarahalla kaval, Kondajji, Salagame, ISRO Master Control Facility-Govindapura, Mavinahalli, Dasara Koppalu, Hassan, Hanumanthapura, Agile, Kattaya, Gorur, Ankanayakana halli, Arkalgudu, Mokali, Baraguru, Dodda Magge, Mugaluru, Ramanathapura, Maradi, Raagimaruru, Mallapura, Halaganahalli, Gorahalli, Bettadapura, Coorgal, Eechuru, Hitnehebbagilu, Periyapatna, Boodithittu and Ane Chowkur (Nagarahole).

## Junctions

    NH 73 Terminal at Halebeedu
    NH 373 at Hassan
    NH 75 at Hassan
    SH 109 at Agile
    SH 8 at Arakalgudu
    SH 85 at Ramanathapura
    NH 275 at Periyapatna
    SH 90 Terminal at Ane Chowkur
# T. australis

T. australis may refer to:
* Tadarida australis, the white-striped free-tailed bat, a bat species found in Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
* Telmatobufo australis, a frog species endemic to Chile
* Terminalia australis, a large shrub or tree species found in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay
* Treron australis, a pigeon
# Shahpur, Phillaur

Shahpur is a medium size village in Phillaur tehsil of Jalandhar District of Punjab State, India. It is located 7.7 km away from Goraya, 41 km from Jalandhar and 122 km from state capital Chandigarh. Shahpur has postal head office in Phillaur which is 11 km away from the village. The village is administrated by Sarpanch who is the elected representative of village.

## Caste

The village has schedule caste (SC) constitutes 54.01% of total population of the village and it doesn't have any Schedule Tribe (ST) population.

## Education

The village has a Punjabi Medium, Co-educational Upper Primary school (GMS Shahpur School). The school provide mid-day meal as per Indian Midday Meal Scheme and the meal prepared in school premises. The school was founded in 1954.

### Colleges

Below is the list of college/institutes in Shahpur:
* Ct Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* M.k. College Of Education

## Transport
### Rail

Phillaur Junction is the nearest train station however, Bhatian Railway Station is 4 km away from the village.

### Air

The nearest domestic airport is located 38 km away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 136 km away in Amritsar.
# Grand Portage–Pigeon River Border Crossing

The Grand Portage–Pigeon River Border Crossing connects the cities of Grand Portage, Minnesota, and Neebing, Ontario. It is the main route between the larger cities of Duluth, Minnesota, and Thunder Bay, Ontario.

## History

The Port of Entry at Grand Portage was established in 1964 when the International Bridge spanning the Pigeon River and connecting highways were completed.

### Original crossing

Prior to 1964, the international border was located 5.5 miles to the west at Outlaw Bridge via the Old Border Road. The route, which was started in 1913, was completed by 1916. It was initially known as the "Scott Highway" after a local lumberman William Scott. but no bridge existed to connect them. The first crossing was constructed from wood in 1916; which was replaced in 1930 by a steel truss bridge, which was paid-for jointly by the American and Canadian governments. The steel bridge was longer and had safer approaches.
Settlements developed at Outlaw bridge near the custom posts on both the Canadian and American sides of the Pigeon River. The Minnesota town was known as Sextus City, named after Wisconsin assemblyman Sextus Lindahl. The Ontario town was called Pigeon River. These small towns contained hotels, gas stations and other businesses catering to travellers crossing the border.
Within weeks of the new International Bridge opening in 1964, the settlements had become ghost towns as the businesses relocated or closed. Ryden's Border Store, which had been located at the old crossing since 1947, moved to Grand Portage when the new bridge was completed. The towns' remains can be still be found at the old crossing.

### Modern bridge

Plans to move the crossing from Outlaw Bridge to a more direct route between Duluth and Port Arthur (now Thunder Bay) began as early as 1935 but efforts of the Minnesota government to acquire the necessary land for the roadway from the US government, which held it on behalf of the Chippewa tribe, proved challenging and ended up at the US Supreme Court in 1939. Congress finally approved the condemnation request in 1943 but it took another 20 years before the bridge was prioritized, funded and completed. It would take another four years to complete the roadway leading to it.
Both the US and Canada border stations are open 24 hours per day. The time zone changes at this crossing: the Canadian side of the border is in the Eastern Time Zone and the American side is in the Central Time Zone.
# C. Lamont Smith

Charles Lamont Smith is an American football sports agent, the founder and president of sports and entertainment representation firm All Pro Sports and Entertainment. Black Enterprise selected him as one of the top 50 black sports professionals in the country. Smith has been described by The New York Times as one of the most powerful sports agents in the country. Smith was honored by the Black Sports Agents Association as Agent of the Year in July 2001.

## Biography

Smith graduated magna cum laude from Clark Atlanta University. Smith worked for a time at the Atlanta television station WATL-TV as a production assistant; he also ushered at Atlanta Hawks basketball games. Smith decided to go back to school and graduated from Howard University Law School in 1984. Smith worked at the Denver law firm of Gorsuch, Kirgis, Campbell, Walker & Grover for three years in their sports marketing branch.
Smith started All Pro Sports and Entertainment (APSE) with $10,000 of his own money and $100,000 from an investor. In 1991, APSE grossed an estimated $2 million in revenues ($4.47 million adjusted for inflation).

## Clients

Smith represented former Tennessee Titans running back Eddie George, and negotiated him a six-year, $42 million contract that made him the highest-paid running back in the NFL. He represented Jerome Bettis with the Pittsburgh Steelers and got him a six-year $30 million contract extension; he represented Trevor Pryce, whose seven-year, $70 million deal with the Denver Broncos made him the highest-paid NFL defensive player as of 2000. Smith's firm has represented Barry Sanders (retired, Detroit Lions), Kevan Barlow (running back, San Francisco 49ers), Willie Roaf (offensive tackle, New Orleans Saints), Derrick Alexander (wide receiver, Kansas City Chiefs), Chad Brown (linebacker, Seattle Seahawks), Jason Gildon (linebacker, Pittsburgh Steelers), Pierre Thomas (Star running back/kickoff-returner for the New Orleans Saints) and others.

## Racial equity in sports representation

USA Today calls Smith a pioneer. Smith serves on the advisory board of the Black Entertainment and Sports Lawyers Association, an organization trying to increase minority participation in sports and entertainment.
Smith expressed frustration that although 14 of the 15 players selected in the first round of the 2004 NFL draft were black, only one selected a black agent to represent him. "What kind of message are we sending to African-American athletes when on the first day of the draft they turn on the TV and all they see are white guys in decision-making roles?" Smith said in an interview with ESPN. "The mentality of the player and decision-maker has to change," he said. "It can only change through education—becoming aware that if you get someone competent to do your deals, no matter their skin color, you'll pretty much be OK. But you have to give African-Americans a chance to come in and compete for the business."