OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wolfschlugen

Wolfschlugen is a town in the district of Esslingen in the Filder Plain in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.

## History

Wolfschlugen was first mentioned in documents on April 2, 1318 when a local named Benz from Kirchheim unter Teck sold some products of his farm in Wolfschlugen. It is however commonly assumed that people have settled there long before. A strong indication is provided by the close presence of the Waldhauser Schloss, an old Latin estate in a forest nearby Wolfschlugen.
* 1380 the town became official by a declaration of Eberhard II, Count of Württemberg.
* 1603 the Protestant church was reconstructed and obtained the shape which still can be seen today.
* 1608/09 construction of the town hall by the builders Michel Knell and Jerg Mercklin.
* 1776 construction of the first school.
* 1866 foundation of the voluntary fire department.
* 1899 first telegraph office.
* 1903 foundation of the music society.
* 1906 first telephone connection.
* 1914 first electrical lights on the streets.
* 1938 Wolfschlugen became a member of the district of Nürtingen.
* 1970 dedication of the festival hall and the sports field.
* 1973 the district of Nürtingen ceased to exist and the municipality Wolfschlugen was absorbed into the district of Esslingen.
* 1993 dedication of the new sports hall.

## Demographics
### Number of residents

The numbers of inhabitants are census results (¹) or official data from statistical office, Stuttgart.
| Date | Number of residents |
| 3. December 1834 ¹ | 1.206 |
| 1. December 1871 ¹ | 1.281 |
| 1. December 1900 ¹ | 1.407 |
| 17. May 1939 ¹ | 1.762 |
| 13. September 1950 ¹ | 2.239 |
| 6. June 1961 ¹ | 2.689 |
| 27. May 1970 ¹ | 3.547 |
| 25. May 1987 ¹ | 5.212 |
| 31. December 1995 | 5.710 |
| 31. December 2000 | 6.082 |
| 31. December 2005 | 6.264 |
| 31. December 2010 | 6.309 |
| 31. December 2015 | 6.340 |
# Üğümü, Pasinler

Üğümü is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Pasinler, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 261 (2022).
# Brodine

Brodine is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Karen Brodine (1947–1987), American dancer
* Mason Brodine (born 1988), American football player
* Norbert Brodine (1896–1970), American cinematographer
# Navy Medical Service Corps

The United States Navy Medical Service Corps is a staff corps of the U.S. Navy, consisting of officers engaged in medical support duties. It includes healthcare scientists and researchers, comprising around 60% of its personnel, and healthcare administrators, comprising the remaining 40%. Many of the latter are former enlisted hospital corpsmen, the Medical Service Corps Inservice Procurement Program (MSC-IPP) being one of several routes from enlisted service to commissioned status. The Medical Service Corps has around 2,600 serving commissioned officers.

## Mission of the Medical Service Corps

The Medical Service Corps actively supports the Navy and Marine Corps team and Navy Medicine’s readiness and health benefits missions with a community of active duty and reserve component professionals.
| Name | Term |
| RDML Matthew Case | 2022–Present |
| RDML Timothy H. Weber | 2019–2022 |
| RDML Anne M. Swap | 2015-2019 |
| RDML Terry J. Moulton | 2012-2015 |
| RDML Eleanor V. Valentin | 2009-2012 |
| RADM Michael Mittelman | 2006-2009 |
| CAPT Brian G. Brannman | 2004-2006 |
| RADM J. Philip Van Landingham | 1999-2004 |
| RADM H. Edward Phillips | 1995-1999 |
| RADM S. Todd Fisher | 1993-1995 |
| RADM Charles Loar | 1991-1993 |
| RADM Donald Shuler | 1987-1991 |
| RADM Lewis Angelo | 1982-1978 |
| CAPT Paul Nelson | 1978-1982 |
| CAPT William Green Jr. | 1976-1978 |
| CAPT Albert Schwab | 1973-1976 |
| CAPT Emmett VanLandingham | 1968-1973 |
| CAPT Robert Hermann | 1962-1968 |
| CAPT Leo J. Elsasser | 1958-1962 |
| CAPT Willard C. Caukins | 1954-1958 |

## Organization

The Navy Medical Service Corps was created on 4 August 1947 by act of the United States Congress. Originally it had four specialist sections: Supply and Administration, Optometry, Allied Sciences, and Pharmacy. Currently the Navy Medical Service Corps has three sections: Healthcare Administration, Healthcare Sciences, and Clinical Care Providers.
Healthcare Sciences are subdivided into the following fields of specialty:
* Aerospace Experimental Psychology
* Aerospace Physiology
* Biochemistry
* Entomology
* Environmental Health
* Industrial Hygiene
* Medical Technology
* Microbiology
* Research Physiology
* Radiation Health
* Research Psychology
Clinical Care Providers are subdivided into the following fields of specialty:
* Audiology
* Clinical Psychology
* Dietitian/Food Management
* Occupational Therapy
* Optometry
* Pharmacy
* Physical Therapy
* Physician Assistant
* Podiatry
* Social Work
# Čakov

Čakov may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
* Čakov (Benešov District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
* Čakov (České Budějovice District), a municipality and village in the South Bohemian Region
# Hladík

Hladík (feminine: Hladíkova) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aneta Hladíková (born 1984), Czech cyclist
* Ivan Hladík (born 1993), Slovak footballer
* Petr Hladík (born 1948), Czech cyclist
* Radim Hladík (1946–2016), Czech guitarist
* Tereza Hladíková (born 1988), Czech tennis player
* Václav Hladík (1868–1913), Czech writer, journalist and translator
# Biochemical Pharmacology (journal)

Biochemical Pharmacology is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier. It covers research on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs and non-therapeutic xenobiotics. The editor-in-chief is Jacques Piette, University of Liege.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* BIOSIS
* Chemical Abstracts
* Current Contents
* EMBASE
* Elsevier BIOBASE
* MEDLINE
* PASCAL
* Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal received a 2019 impact factor of 5.858.
# Dynamical heterogeneity

Dynamical heterogeneity describes the behavior of glass-forming materials when undergoing a phase transition from the liquid state to the glassy state. In dynamical heterogeneity, the dynamics of cooling to a glassy state show variation within the material.

## Polymers

Polymer properties include viscoelasticity and may be synthetic or natural. When a polymeric liquid is cooled below its freezing temperature without crystallizing, it becomes a supercooled liquid. When the supercooled liquid is further cooled, it becomes a glass.
The temperature at which a polymer becomes a glass by fast cooling is called the glass transition temperature T$_g$. At this temperature, viscosity reaches up to 10$^{13}$ poise depending upon cooling-rate.

## Phase transitions

It is possible for a phase transition from polymer to glassy state to take place. Polymer glass transitions have many determinants including relaxation time, viscosity and cage size. At low temperatures the dynamics become very slow (sluggish) and relaxation time increases from picoseconds to seconds, minutes, or more. At high temperatures, the correlation function has a ballistic regime for very short times (when particles do not interact) and a microscopic regime. In the microscopic regime, the correlation functions decay exponentially at high temperatures. At low temperatures the correlation functions have an intermediate regime in which particles have both slow and fast relaxations. The slow relaxation is an indication of cages in the glassy system. In glassy state density is not homogeneous i.e. particles are localized in different density distributions in space. It means that density fluctuations are present in the system. Particle dynamics become very slow because temperature is directly proportional to kinetic energy causing the particles trapped in local regions by each other. Particles are doing rattling motion inside these cages and cooperate with each other. These regions in the glassy polymer are called cages. In the intermediate regime each particle has its own and different relaxation time.
The dynamics in all these cases are different, so at a small scale, there are a large number of cages in the system relative to the size of the whole system. This is known as dynamical heterogeneity in the glassy state of the system. A measurement of dynamical heterogeneity can be done by calculating correlation functions like Non-Gaussian parameter, four point correlation functions (Dynamic Susceptibility) and three time correlation functions.
# Tom Price Senior High School

Tom Price Senior High School is a government comprehensive secondary school located in Tom Price, a regional centre 1,092 kilometres (679 mi) north east of Perth, Western Australia.
The school is operated by the WA Department of Education. The school principal is Trevor Henderson.
Established as a district high school in 1971 it enrolled students from Year 1 to Year 10. With an enrolment of 700 students, the school became a senior high school in 1995, switching to enrolling students from Year 8 to Year 12. Enrolments at the school have been reasonably steady over the past few years with 242 students enrolled in 2007, 254 in 2008, 250 in 2009, 238 in 2010, 245 in 2011, 246 in 2012 and 312 in 2018. In 2023, 32 percent of enrolled students identified as Indigenous Australians and 15 percent as being from a language background other than English.
# Zaira (fly)

Zaira is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae. Larvae are parasitoids of adult beetles.

## Species

* Zaira adscripta (Wulp, 1890)
* Zaira angustifrons (Reinhard, 1930)
* Zaira argentina (Townsend, 1931)
* Zaira arrisor (Reinhard, 1959)
* Zaira aurigera (Coquillett, 1895)
* Zaira calosomae (Townsend, 1916)
* Zaira cinerea (Fallén, 1810)
* Zaira duplaris (Reinhard, 1964)
* Zaira eleodivora (Walton, 1918)
* Zaira flavipes (Thompson, 1968)
* Zaira georgiae (Brauer & von Bergenstamm, 1891)
* Zaira grisea (Thompson, 1968)
* Zaira lateralis (Curran, 1925)
* Zaira leechi (Curran, 1932)
* Zaira medeola (Reinhard, 1961)
* Zaira mutabilis (Coquillett, 1904)
* Zaira neomexicana (Townsend, 1892)
* Zaira nocturnalis (Reinhard, 1930)
* Zaira nubecula (Wulp, 1890)
* Zaira robusta (Wulp, 1890)
* Zaira sordicolor (Townsend, 1891)
* Zaira sordida (Walker, 1853)
* Zaira sublucens (Wulp, 1890)
# Orioles family

The Orioles are or were a Sicilian noble family. They came to Sicily from Spain in the time of the Aragonese. At various times they were princes of Castelforte and Roccapalumba, counts of Bastiglia, and barons of Baglia, Xiari and Collabascia, of Cabica, of Campobianco, of Comiso, of Comitini and Pietra di Caltasudeni, of Luchito, of Raccuja and of San Pietro sopra Patti.
# Brodina

Brodina is a commune located in Suceava County, Romania. It is composed of ten villages: Brodina, Brodina de Jos, Cununschi, Dubiusca, Ehrește, Falcău, Norocu, Paltin, Sadău, and Zalomestra.
At the 2002 census, 88% of inhabitants were Romanians and 11.4% Ukrainians. 80.2% were Romanian Orthodox, 17% Pentecostal, and 1.2% Roman Catholic.
# Navy League of New Zealand

Navy League of New Zealand is a maritime organisation established in 1896 in New Zealand.

## Navy League of New Zealand Branches

As of 2012 there are five constituent branches of Navy League of New Zealand:
* Navy League Northland
* Navy League Auckland
* Navy League Wellington
* Navy League Nelson
* Navy League Canterbury

## Purpose & Objects

The Navy League in New Zealand has a number of general goals or objectives. The primary one is the support and development of the Sea Cadet Corps.

## Activities
### Navy League Auckland

The Auckland Navy League branch supports and funds a regatta (known as The Navy League Regatta) for the four Auckland Sea Cadet Units (TS Achilles (Central City), TS Bellona (Hobsonville), TS Gambia (Otahuhu), and TS Leander (Devonport) ).

### Navy League Canterbury

* The John Pallot Memorial Scholarship was established to recognise a sea cadet in the Christchurch/Canterbury area between 16 and 18 years who has made a significant contribution to their unit and demonstrates leadership potential.
* The Navy League Canterbury Prize in Diplomacy & International Relations is an award to the top student in the BA (Hons) programme in Diplomacy & International Relations at the University of Canterbury.

## Navy League of New Zealand Special Service Medal

The Navy League Special Service Medal is awarded by the National Executive for long or exceptional service to the Navy League movement in New Zealand.

## Notable Navy League of New Zealand Members
### Navy League Canterbury

* George Laurenson
* Phineas Selig
# Þingeyrakirkja

Þingeyrakirkja is an Icelandic church situated between lakes Hóp and Húnavatn at Þingeyrar in Iceland's Northwestern Region.
It was consecrated on 9 Sept. 1877 by the Reverend Eiríkur Briem from Steinnes. Þingeyrakirkja is a stone church which replaced an old turf church, the objects from which were moved to Þingeyrakirkja . Among the valuable items are an alabastar altarpiece most likely dating from the 13th century, and a pulpit estimated to be of Dutch origin from the year 1696. The pulpit was a gift from Lárus Gottrúp, a lawyer who resided at Þingeyrar Monastery (Þingeyraklaustur) from 1683 to 1721. He also gave a silver baptismal font inscribed with the dates 1663 and 1697. A silver chalice and an altar linen from 1763 are also among the church's historically valuable possessions.
Ásgeir Einarsson (1809–1885) was largely responsible for the church's construction. Einarsson was a local farmer and a member of the Icelandic Parliament ( Alþingi). Construction of the church took 13 years and required transporting stone from Nesbjörg throughout the winter of 1864–65, by sled over the ice-covered lake Hóp on an 8-km journey. Stonemason Sverrir Runólfsson assisted with the planning and built the church walls. Each stone used was put in stowage or tied down and also glued with chalk, and the stones have not moved to this day.
# Binucleated cells

Binucleated cells are cells that contain two nuclei. This type of cell is most commonly found in cancer cells and may arise from a variety of causes. Binucleation can be easily visualized through staining and microscopy. In general, binucleation has negative effects on cell viability and subsequent mitosis.
They also occur physiologically in hepatocytes, chondrocytes and in fungi (dikaryon).

## Causes

* Cleavage furrow regression: Cells divide and almost complete division but then the cleavage furrow begins to regress and the cells merge. This is thought to be caused by nondisjunction in chromosomes but the mechanism by which it occurs is not well understood.
* Failed cytokinesis: The cell can fail to form a cleavage furrow, leading to both nuclei remaining in one cell.
* Multipolar spindles: Cells contain three or more centrioles, resulting in multiple poles. This leads to the cells pulling chromosomes in many directions that end in multiple nuclei found in one cell.
* Merging of newly formed cells: Two cells that have just finished cytokinesis merge into one another. This process is not entirely understood.

## Medical relevance
### Detection

Binucleated cells can be observed using microscopy. Cells must first be fixed to arrest them wherever they are in the cell cycle and to keep their structures from degrading. Their nuclei and tubulin must next be made visible so that binucleation can be identified. DAPI is a dye that binds to DNA and fluoresces blue. For this reason, it is particularly useful at labeling nuclei. Antibody probes can be used to label tubulin fluorescently. The immunofluorescence may then be observed with microscopy. Binucleated cells are most easily identified by viewing tubulin, which surrounds the two nuclei in the cell. Binucleated cells may be mistaken for two cells in close proximity when viewing only nuclei.

### Cancer

Binucleation occurs at a much higher rate in cancer cells. Other identifying features of cancer cells include multipolar spindles, micronuclei, and chromatin bridge. However, the increased rate of binucleation is usually not high enough to make it a conclusive diagnostic tool.

## Effects

The fate of binucleated cells depends largely on the type of cell they originated from. A large percentage of binucleated cells arising from normal cells remain in interphase and never enter mitosis again. Cells that contain many mutations before they become binucleate are much more likely to proceed through subsequent rounds of mitosis. One study found that more than 50% of binucleated cells never entered mitosis again while greater than 95% of cancer cells were able to proceed through mitosis. Subsequent rounds of mitosis in binucleated cells have much higher rates of errors in chromosomal disjunction making it much more likely for cells to accumulate mutations.
# New Providence Football League

The New Providence Football League was the highest form of football on the island of New Providence.
Before 2008, the champion of the New Providence Football League would compete with the champion of the Grand Bahama Football League to determine the national title. In 2008, the two leagues merged to form the BFA Senior League.
# Tom Güldemann

Tom Güldemann (born 1965) is a German linguist and Africanist. He is currently a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin's Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften (IAAW, Institute of Asian and African Studies). He specializes in the languages of Africa, particularly Khoisan languages, Bantu languages, and comparative surveys of African languages and linguistics.

## Education

Güldemann completed his doctoral studies at the Institute for African Studies of the University of Cologne in 1995. He completed his habilitation at Leipzig University.

## Career

He has been a full professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin since 2006, where he specializes in African linguistics and sociolinguistics.

## Publications

Güldemann has edited several volumes, including The Languages and Linguistics of Africa (2018).

### Edited volumes

* Güldemann, Tom (2018). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. Berlin Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-042166-8.
* Güldemann, Tom; Fehn, Anne-Maria (2014). Beyond "Khoisan". Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-4849-7.
* Güldemann, Tom; Roncador, Manfred von (2002-01-01). Reported Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-2958-8.
# Charter of 1815

The Charter of 1815, signed on 22 April 1815, was the French constitution prepared by Benjamin Constant at the request of Napoleon I when he returned from exile on Elba. Officially named the Additional Act to the Constitutions of the Empire, the document extensively amended (in fact virtually replacing) the previous Napoleonic Constitutions (Constitution of the Year VIII, Constitution of the Year X and Constitution of the Year XII). The Additional Act reframed the Napoleonic constitution into something more along the lines of the Bourbon Restoration's Charter of 1814 of Louis XVIII, while otherwise ignoring the Bourbon charter's existence. It was very liberal in spirit, and gave the French people rights which had previously been unknown to them, such as the right to elect the mayor in communes of less than 5,000 in population. Napoleon treated it as a mere continuation of the previous constitutions, and it therefore took the form of an ordinary legislative act "additional to the constitutions of the Empire".

## Preparation

Napoleon, having returned from the Island of Elba for the Hundred Days, was not able to re-establish the First Empire as it had been before his restoration. He asked the liberal Benjamin Constant to prepare a new Constitution. It was adopted by a plebiscite on June 1, 1815 by an immense majority of the five million voters, although a great many eligible voters abstained. It was promulgated in the Champ de Mai ceremony at the Champ de Mars. The rapid fall of Napoleon prevented it from being fully applied.

## Principles

The legislative power was to be exercised by the Emperor together with the Parliament, which was to be composed of two chambers: the Chamber of Peers composed of hereditary members appointed by the Emperor, and the Chamber of Representatives, composed of 629 citizens elected for 5 year terms by electoral colleges in the individual departments. The ministers were to be responsible to the Parliament for their actions. The liberalization dealt both with the guarantees of rights and the end of censorship. In the end, the two chambers held sessions for only one month, from June 3 to July 7, 1815.
# Édouard Timbal-Lagrave

Édouard-Pierre-Marguerite Timbal-Lagrave (4 March 1819, Grisolles – 17 March 1888, Toulouse) was a French pharmacist and botanist. He specialized in the flora of southwestern France, including the Pyrénées and Corbières Massif.
He studied chemistry and pharmacy in Toulouse and Montpellier, subsequently obtaining the degree of pharmacist 1st class. During his career he worked as a pharmacist in Toulouse and served as a substitute professor at the local École de médecine et de pharmacie. In 1854 he became a member of the Société botanique de France.
In 1871 the plant genus Timbalia (family Rosaceae) was named in his honor by Dominique Clos. Reportedly, many of the plants that he described were based on minor local differences, and as such, were later reduced to intraspecific rankings. His herbarium, as well as specimens collected by his son Albert Timbal-Lagrave, is housed at the Jardin botanique Henri Gaussen (TL) in Toulouse.

## Selected works

* Recherches sur les cépages cultivés dans les départements de la Haute-Garonne, du Lot, de Tarn-et-Garonne, de l'Aude, de l'Hérault et des Pyrénées Orientales (with Édouard Filhol), 1863 – Research on grapes grown in the departments of Haute-Garonne, Lot, Tarn-et-Garonne, Aude, Hérault and Pyrénées Orientales.
* Précis des herborisations faites par la Société d'histoire naturelle de Toulouse pendant l'année 1870, 1871 – Specific herborizations made by the Natural History Society of Toulouse during the year 1870.
* Une excursion botanique à Cascastel, Durban, et Villeneuve dans les Corbières, 1874 – A botanical excursion in Cascastel, Durban, and Villeneuve in Corbières.
* Deuxième excursion dans les Corbières orientales, Saint-Victor, le col d'Ostrem, Tuchan, Vingrau, 1875 – Second excursion in the eastern Corbières Massif, Saint-Victor, the col of Ostrem, Tuchan, Vingrau.
* Exploration scientifique du massif d'Arbas (Haute-Garonne); with Édouard Filhol and Ernest-Jules-Marie Jeanbernat, 1875 – Scientific exploration of the massif of Arbas.
* Reliquiæ Pourretianæ, 1875.
* Le massif du Laurenti, Pyrénées française : géographie, géologie, botanique (with Ernest Jules Marie Jeanbernat), 1879 – The Laurenti massif, French Pyrénées.
* Essai monographique sur les Dianthus des Pyrénées françaises, 1881 – Monograph on Dianthus of the French Pyrénées.
* Essai monographique sur les espèces françaises du genre Héracleum, 1889 – Monograph on French species within the genus Heracleum.
# List of 2015–16 Pro12 transfers

This is a list of player transfers involving Pro12 teams before or during the 2015–16 season.
# Vitaliy Lilichenko

Vitaliy Lilichenko (born 13 February 1976) is a ski-orienteering competitor from Kazakhstan. He competed at the 2009 World Ski Orienteering Championships in Rusutsu, where he placed 30th in the sprint, 45th in the middle distance, 35th in the long distance, and 9th in the relay with the Kazakhstani team. He won a silver medal in the middle distance at the 2011 Asian Winter Games, behind Mikhail Sorokin.
# Brusy railway station

Brusy is a PKP railway station in Brusy (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

## Lines crossing the station

| Start station | End station | Line type |
| Chojnice | Kościerzyna | Passenger/Freight |

## Train services

The station is served by the following services:
* Regional services (R) Chojnice - Brusy - Lipusz - Koscierzyna