# List of philosophers born in the 19th century

Philosophers born in the 19th century (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
       Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* See also
* Notes

## A

* Muhammad Abduh, (1849–1905)
* Robert Adamson, (1852–1902)
* Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839–1897)
* Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890–1963)
* Konstantin Sergeyevich Aksakov, (1817–1860)
* Samuel Alexander, (1859–1938)
* B. R. Ambedkar, (1891–1956)
* Henri-Frédéric Amiel, (1821–1881)
* John Anderson, (1893–1962)
* Roberto Ardigò, (1828–1920)
* Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894–1975)
* Sri Aurobindo, (1872–1950)
* Richard Avenarius, (1843–1896)

## B

* Gaston Bachelard, (1884–1962)
* Alfred Baeumler, (1887–1968)
* Alexander Bain, (1818–1903)
* Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)
* Mikhail Bakunin, (1814–1876)
* James Mark Baldwin, (1861–1934)
* Karl Barth, (1886–1968)
* Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, (1805–1895)
* Georges Bataille, (1897–1962)
* Bruno Bauer, (1809–1882)
* David Baumgardt, (1890–1963)
* Oskar Becker, (1889–1964)
* Vissarion Belinsky, (1811–1848)
* Gustave Belot, (1859–1929)
* Julien Benda, (1867–1956)
* Walter Benjamin, (1892–1940)
* Nikolai Berdyaev, (1874–1948)
* Henri Bergson, (1859–1941)
* Eduard Bernstein, (1850–1932)
* Nathan Birnbaum, (1864–1937)
* Brand Blanshard, (1892–1987)
* Ernst Bloch, (1885–1977)
* Maurice Blondel, (1861–1949)
* Benjamin Paul Blood, (1832–1919)
* Hermann Blumenau, (1819–1899)
* George Boas, (1891–1980)
* Alexander Bogdanov, (1873–1928)
* Niels Bohr, (1885–1962)
* Ludwig Boltzmann, (1844–1906)
* John Elof Boodin, (1869–1950)
* George Boole, (1815–1864)*
* Bernard Bosanquet, (1848–1923)
* Emile Boutroux, (1845–1921)
* Oets Kolk Bouwsma, (1898–1978)
* Borden Parker Bowne, (1847–1910)
* F. H. Bradley, (1846–1924)
* Franz Brentano, (1838–1917)
* Percy Williams Bridgman, (1882–1961)
* Edgar S. Brightman, (1884–1953)
* C. D. Broad, (1887–1971)
* Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881–1966)
* Orestes Brownson, (1803–1876)
* Constantin Brunner, (1862–1937)
* Emil Brunner, (1889–1966)
* Leon Brunschvicg, (1869–1944)
* James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (1838–1922)
* Martin Buber, (1878–1965)
* Ludwig Büchner, (1824–1899)
* Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov, (1871–1944)
* Rudolf Bultmann, (1884–1976)
* Jacob Burckhardt, (1818–1897)
* Samuel Butler, (1835–1902)

## C

* Cai Yuanpei, (1868–1940)
* Edward Caird, (1835–1908)
* Mary Whiton Calkins, (1863–1930)
* Norman Robert Campbell, (1880–1949)
* Georg Cantor, (1845–1918)
* Pantaleo Carabellese, (1877–1948)
* Rudolf Carnap, (1891–1970)*
* Lewis Carroll, (1832–1898)
* Paul Carus, (1852–1919)
* Ernst Cassirer, (1874–1945)
* Carlo Cattaneo, (1801–1869)
* Emile Auguste Chartier, (1868–1951)
* Nikolai Chernyshevsky, (1828–1889)
* Ch'ien Mu, (1895–1990)
* Leon Chwistek, (1884–1944)
* August Cieszkowski, (1814–1894)
* William Kingdon Clifford, (1845–1879)
* Chapman Cohen, (1868–1954)
* Hermann Cohen, (1842–1918)*
* R. G. Collingwood, (1889–1943)
* Josephus Flavius Cook, (1838–1901)
* John Cook Wilson, (1849–1915)
* Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, (1877–1947)
* Hans Cornelius, (1863–1947)
* Antoine Augustin Cournot, (1801–1877)
* Louis Couturat, (1868–1914)
* James Edwin Creighton, (1861–1924)
* Benedetto Croce, (1866–1952)
* Tadeusz Czezowski, (1889–1981)
* Heinrich Czolbe, (1819–1873)

## D

* Nikolay Danilevsky (1822–1885)
* Charles Darwin, (1809–1882)
* Augustus De Morgan, (1806–1871)
* Francesco de Sanctis, (1817–1883)
* Richard Dedekind, (1831–1916)
* Galvano Della Volpe, (1895–1968)
* Paul Deussen, (1845–1919)
* John Dewey, (1859–1952)
* Albert Venn Dicey, (1835–1922)
* Wilhelm Dilthey, (1833–1911)
* Hugo Dingler, (1881–1954)
* Juan Donoso Cortés (1809–1853)
* Herman Dooyeweerd, (1894–1977)
* Fyodor Dostoevsky, (1821–1881)
* Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch, (1867–1941)
* Emil du Bois-Reymond, (1818–1896)
* Curt Ducasse, (1881–1969)
* Pierre Duhem, (1861–1916)
* Eugen Dühring, (1833–1921)
* Émile Durkheim, (1858–1917)
* Manilal Dwivedi, (1858–1898)

## E

* Julius Ebbinghaus, (1885–1981)
* Arthur Eddington, (1882–1944)
* Mary Baker Eddy, (1821–1910)
* Christian von Ehrenfels, (1856–1932)
* Albert Einstein, (1879–1955)
* George Eliot, (1819–1880)
* Ralph Waldo Emerson, (1803–1882)
* Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)
* Rudolf Christoph Eucken, (1846–1926)
* Julius Evola, (1898–1974)

## F

* Thome H. Fang, (1899–1976)
* Gustav Fechner, (1801–1887)
* Feng Youlan, (1895–1990)
* Ernest Fenollosa, (1853–1908)
* Giuseppe Ferrari, (1812–1876)
* James Frederick Ferrier, (1808–1864)
* Ludwig Feuerbach, (1804–1872)
* Kuno Fischer, (1824–1907)
* John Fiske, (1842–1901)
* Franciszek Fiszer, (1860–1937)
* Robert Flint, (1838–1910)
* Pavel Aleksandrovich Florenskii, (1882–1937)
* Georges Florovsky, (1893–1979)
* Jerome Frank, (1889–1957)
* Philipp Frank, (1884–1966)
* Semën Liudvigovich Frank (1877–1950)
* Gottlob Frege, (1848–1925)
* Sigmund Freud, (1856–1939)
* Hans Freyer, (1887–1969)
* Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov, (1829–1903)

## G

* Mahatma Gandhi, (1869–1948)
* Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, (1887–1964)
* Nārāyana Guru, (1856–1928)
* Giovanni Gentile, (1875–1944)
* Otto von Gierke, (1841–1921)
* Charlotte Perkins Gilman, (1860–1935)
* Étienne Gilson, (1884–1978)
* Asher Ginsberg (or Ahad Ha'am), (1856–1927)
* Vincenzo Gioberti, (1801–1852)
* Arthur de Gobineau, (1816–1882)
* Henry George, (1839–1897)
* Antonio Gramsci, (1891–1937)
* Thomas Hill Green, (1836–1882)
* Kurt Grelling, (1886–1942)
* John Grote, (1813–1866)
* D. V. Gundappa, (1889–1975)
* G. I. Gurdjieff, (1872–1949)
* Edmund Gurney, (1847–1888)

## H

* Paul Häberlin, (1878–1960)
* Ernst Haeckel, (1834–1919)
* Axel Hägerström, (1868–1939)
* Béla Hamvas, (1897–1968)
* Eduard Hanslick, (1825–1904)
* Friedrich Harms, (1819–1880)
* William Torrey Harris, (1835–1909)
* Eduard Von Hartmann, (1842–1906)
* Nicolai Hartmann, (1882–1950)*
* Charles Hartshorne, (1897–2000)
* Friedrich Hayek, (1899–1992)
* Rudolf Haym, (1821–1901)
* Martin Heidegger, (1889–1976)*
* Hermann von Helmholtz, (1821–1894)
* Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, (1857–1894)
* Alexander Herzen, (1812–1870)
* Moses Hess, (1812–1875)
* Sergei Hessen, (1887–1950)
* David Hilbert, (1862–1943)
* Dietrich von Hildebrand, (1889–1977)
* Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, (1864–1929)
* William Ernest Hocking, (1873–1966)
* Shadworth Hodgson, (1832–1912)
* Eric Hoffer, (1898–1983)
* Harald Høffding, (1843–1931)
* Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, (1879–1918)
* Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., (1841–1935)
* Max Horkheimer, (1895–1973)
* Hsiung Shih-li, (1885–1968)
* Hu Shih, (1891–1962)
* Elbert Hubbard, (1856–1915)
* Edmund Husserl, (1859–1938)
* Thomas Henry Huxley, (1825–1895)

## I

* Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in, (1883–1954)
* Roman Ingarden, (1893–1970)
* William Ralph Inge, (1860–1954)
* Muhammad Iqbal, (1877–1938)

## J

* Henry James Sr., (1811–1882)
* William James, (1842–1910)
* Alfred Jarry, (1873–1907)
* Karl Jaspers, (1883–1969)*
* William Stanley Jevons, (1835–1882)*
* Rudolf von Jhering, (1818–1892)
* Krishnamurti Jiddu, (1895–1986)
* C.E.M. Joad, (1891–1953)
* William Ernest Johnson, (1858–1931)
* Jørgen Jørgensen, (1894–1969)
* Carl Jung, (1875–1961)
* Ernst Jünger, (1895–1998)

## K

* Kang Youwei, (1858–1927)
* Mordecai Kaplan, (1881–1983)
* Michael Ivanovich Karinski (1840–1917)
* Karl Kautsky, (1854–1938)
* Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885)
* Hans Kelsen, (1881–1973)
* Norman Kemp Smith, (1872–1958)
* John Maynard Keynes, (1883–1946)
* Hermann von Keyserling, (1880–1946)
* Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860)
* Søren Kierkegaard, (1813–1855)
* Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945)
* Wolfgang Köhler, (1887–1967)
* Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949)
* Alejandro Korn, (1860–1936)
* Tadeusz Kotarbiński, (1886–1981)
* Alexandre Koyre, (1892–1964)
* Karl Kraus, (1874–1936)
* Jiddu Krishnamurti, (1895–1986)
* Leopold Kronecker, (1823–1891)
* Richard Kroner, (1884–1974)
* Peter Kropotkin, (1842–1921)
* Kuki Shūzō, (1888–1941)

## L

* Antonio Labriola, (1843–1904)
* Jules Lachelier, (1832–1918)
* Pierre Laffitte, (1823–1903)
* Friedrich Albert Lange, (1828–1875)
* Susanne Langer, (1895–1985)
* Ferdinand Lassalle, (1825–1864)
* Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov, (1823–1900)
* Moritz Lazarus, (1824–1903)
* Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy, (1870–1954)
* Adrian LeMors, (1893–1956)
* Vladimir Lenin, (1870–1924)
* Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev, (1831–1891)
* Jules Lequier, (1814–1862)
* Stanisław Leśniewski, (1886–1939)
* Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, (1857–1939)
* George Henry Lewes, (1817–1878)
* Kurt Lewin, (1890–1947)
* Clarence Irving Lewis, (1883–1964)*
* C. S. Lewis, (1898–1963)
* John Lewis, (1889–1976)
* Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao), (1873–1929)
* Liang Sou-ming, (1893–1988)
* Karol Libelt, (1807–1875)
* Israel Lipkin, (1810–1883)*
* Émile Littré, (1801–1881)
* Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i), (1898–1969)
* Karl Nickerson Llywelyn, (1893–1962)
* Alain LeRoy Locke, (1886–1954)
* Alfred Loisy, (1857–1940)
* Jakob Lorber, (1800–1864)
* Aleksei Fedorovich Losev, (1893–1988)
* Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky, (1870–1965)
* Hermann Lotze, (1817–1881)
* Arthur O. Lovejoy, (1873–1962)
* Georg Lukács, (1885–1971)
* Jan Łukasiewicz, (1878–1956)
* Rosa Luxemburg, (1871–1919)

## M

* Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)
* Ernst Mach, (1838–1916)
* John Macmurray, (1891–1976)
* Philipp Mainländer, (1841–1876)
* Ernst Mally, (1879–1944)
* Karl Mannheim, (1893–1947)
* Henry Longueville Mansel, (1820–1871)
* Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung), (1893–1976)
* Gabriel Marcel, (1887–1973)
* Herbert Marcuse, (1898–1979)
* Jacques Maritain, (1882–1973)
* Harriet Martineau, (1802–1876)
* James Martineau, (1805–1900)
* Karl Marx, (1818–1883)
* Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, (1850–1937)
* Fritz Mauthner, (1849–1923)
* James Clerk Maxwell, (1831–1879)12
* James McCosh, (1811–1894)
* William McDougall, (1871–1938)
* John Ellis McTaggart, (1866–1925)
* George Herbert Mead, (1863–1931)
* Georg Mehlis, (born 19th century)
* Friedrich Meinecke, (1862–1954)
* Alexius Meinong, (1853–1920)*
* Gregor Mendel, (1822–1884)
* Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo, (1856–1912)
* Désiré-Joseph Mercier, (1851–1926)
* Franklin Merrell-Wolff, (1887–1985)
* Emile Meyerson, (1859–1933)
* Carlo Michelstaedter, (1887–1910)
* Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii, (1842–1904)
* Miki Kiyoshi, (1897–1945)
* John Stuart Mill, (1806–1873)
* Ludwig von Mises, (1881–1973)
* William Mitchell, (1861–1962)
* Dimitrije Mitrinovic, (1887–1953)
* W. H. S. Monck (1839–1915)
* Maria Montessori (1870–1952)
* Addison Webster Moore, (1866–1930)
* G. E. Moore, (1873–1958)
* Gaetano Mosca, (1858–1941)
* John Henry Muirhead, (1855–1940)
* Max Müller, (1823–1900)

## N

* Paul Gerhard Natorp, (1854–1924)
* John Neihardt, (1881–1973)
* Leonard Nelson, (1882–1927)
* Otto Neurath, (1882–1945)
* John Henry Newman, (1801–1890)
* H. Richard Niebuhr, (1894–1962)
* Reinhold Niebuhr, (1892–1971)
* Friedrich Nietzsche, (1844–1900)
* Nishi Amane, (1829–1897)
* Nishida Kitaro, (1870–1945)
* Shalva Nutsubidze, (1888–1969)
* Anders Nygren, (1890–1978)

## O

* Georges Ohsawa, (1893–1966)
* Karl Olivecrona, (1897–1980)
* John Wood Oman, (1860–1939)
* José Ortega y Gasset, (1883–1955)
* Rudolf Otto, (1869–1937)
* P. D. Ouspensky, (1878–1947)

## P

* Vilfredo Pareto, (1848–1923)
* Giuseppe Peano, (1858–1932)
* Benjamin Peirce, (1809–1880)
* Charles Sanders Peirce, (1839–1914)
* Ralph Barton Perry, (1876–1957)
* Leon Petrazycki, (1867–1931)
* Branislav Petronijević, (1875–1954)
* Jean Piaget, (1896–1980)
* Max Planck, (1858–1947)
* Georgi Plekhanov, (1856–1918)
* Konstantin Pobedonostsev, (1827–1907)
* Henri Poincaré, (1854–1912)
* Michael Polanyi, (1891–1976)
* Emil Leon Post, (1897–1954)
* Roscoe Pound, (1870–1964)
* Karl von Prantl, (1820–1888)
* Henry Habberley Price, (1899–1984)
* Harold Arthur Prichard, (1871–1947)
* Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, (1809–1865)

## R

* Gustav Radbruch, (1878–1949)
* Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, (1888–1975)
* Hastings Rashdall, (1858–1924)
* Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, (1813–1900)
* Paul Rée, (1849–1901)
* Wilhelm Reich, (1897–1957)
* Hans Reichenbach, (1891–1953)
* Adolf Reinach, (1883–1917)
* Karl Renner, (1870–1950)
* Charles Bernard Renouvier, (1815–1903)
* I. A. Richards, (1893–1979)
* Heinrich Rickert, (1863–1936)*
* Bernhard Riemann, (1826–1866)
* George Croom Robertson, (1842–1892)
* Erwin Rohde, (1845–1898)
* Francisco Romero (1891–1962)
* Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz, (1805–1879)
* Franz Rosenzweig, (1886–1929)
* Alf Niels Christian Ross, (1899–1979)
* William David Ross, (1877–1971)
* Josiah Royce, (1855–1916)
* Vasily Rozanov, (1856–1919)
* Arnold Ruge, (1802–1880)
* Bertrand Russell, (1872–1970)

## S

* Émile Saisset, (1814–1863)
* George Santayana, (1863–1952)
* Ferdinand de Saussure, (1857–1913)
* Max Scheler, (1874–1928)
* F. C. S. Schiller, (1864–1937)
* Moritz Schlick, (1882–1936)
* Carl Schmitt, (1888–1985)
* Erwin Schrödinger, (1887–1961)
* Joseph Schumpeter, (1883–1950)
* Alfred Schütz, (1899–1959)
* Albert Schweizer, (1875–1965)
* Charles Secrétan, (1815–1895)
* Roy Wood Sellars, (1880–1973)
* Lev Shestov, (1866–1938)
* Gustav Gustavovich Shpet, (1879–1937)
* Henry Sidgwick, (1838–1900)
* Georg Simmel, (1858–1918)
* Thoralf Skolem, (1887–1963)
* Vladimir Solovyov, (1853–1900)
* Georges Sorel, (1847–1922)
* William Ritchie Sorley, (1855–1935)
* Othmar Spann, (1878–1950)
* Herbert Spencer, (1820–1903)
* Thomas Spencer Baynes, (1823–1887)
* Oswald Spengler, (1880–1936)
* Afrikan Spir, (1837–1890)
* Lysander Spooner, (1808–1887)
* Walter Terence Stace, (1886–1967)
* Henry Stanton, (1805–1887)
* Olaf Stapledon, (1886–1950)
* L. Susan Stebbing, (1885–1943)
* Edith Stein, (1891–1942)
* Rudolf Steiner, (1861–1925)
* Leslie Stephen, (1832–1904)
* James Hutchison Stirling, (1820–1909)
* Max Stirner, (1806–1856)
* George Frederick Stout, (1860–1944)
* David Friedrich Strauss, (1808–1874)
* Leo Strauss, (1899–1973)
* Carl Stumpf, (1848–1936)
* James Sully, (1842–1923)
* Sun Yat-sen, (1866–1925)

## T

* Debendranath Tagore, (1817–1905)
* Rabindranath Tagore, (1861–1941)
* Hippolyte Taine, (1828–1893)
* T'an Ssu-t'ung, (1864–1898)
* Tanabe Hajime, (1885–1962)
* Władysław Tatarkiewicz, (1886–1980)
* Harriet Taylor Mill, (1807–1858)
* Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888)
* Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, (1881–1955)
* William Temple, (1881–1944)
* Frederick Robert Tennant, (1866–1957)
* Henry David Thoreau, (1817–1862)
* Paul Tillich, (1886–1965)
* Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805–1859)
* Leo Tolstoy, (1828–1910)
* Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, (1802–1872)
* Ernst Troeltsch, (1865–1923)
* Leon Trotsky, (1879–1940)
* Benjamin Tucker, (1854–1939)
* Kazimierz Twardowski, (1866–1938)

## U

* Pietro Ubaldi, (1886–1972)
* Hermann Ulrici, (1806–1884)
* Miguel de Unamuno, (1864–1936)
* Dimitri Uznadze, (1886–1950)

## V

* Hans Vaihinger, (1852–1933)
* John Veitch, (1829–1894)
* John Venn, (1834–1923)
* Milan Vidmar, (1885–1962)
* Lev Vygotsky, (1896–1934)
* Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev, (1877–1954)

## W

* Jean Wahl, (1888–1974)
* Friedrich Waismann, (1896–1959)
* Alfred Russel Wallace, (1823–1913)
* James Ward, (1843–1925)
* John B. Watson, (1878–1958)
* Watsuji Tetsuro, (1889–1960)
* Max Weber, (1864–1920)*
* Otto Weininger, (1880–1903)
* Christian Hermann Weisse, (1801–1866)
* Victoria, Lady Welby, (1837–1912)
* Felix Weltsch, (1884–1964)
* Edvard Westermarck, (1862–1939)
* Hermann Weyl, (1885–1955)
* Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr), (1879–1951)
* Alfred North Whitehead, (1861–1947)
* Wilhelm Windelband, (1848–1915)*
* Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, (1885–1939)
* Ludwig Wittgenstein, (1889–1951)
* Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui), (1865–1953)
* Chauncey Wright, (1830–1875)
* Dorothy Maud Wrinch, (1894–1976)
* Wilhelm Wundt, (1832–1920)*

## Z

* Peter Wessel Zapffe, (1899–1990)
* Eduard Zeller, (1814–1908)
* Ernst Zermelo, (1871–1953)
* Zhang Dongsun, (1886–1973)
* Florian Znaniecki, (1882–1958)
* Xavier Zubiri, (1889–1983)