OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Milkweed yellows phytoplasma

Milkweed yellows phytoplasma is a strain of phytoplasma in the class Mollicutes, a class of bacteria distinguished by the absence of a cell wall. The phytoplasma strain is denoted by the acronym MW1.
Like all phytoplasmas, milkweed yellows phytoplasma is an obligate intracellular parasite, that is, it can not live outside of host cells. It spreads by means of an insect vector, the identity of which is unknown. In general, phytoplasmas spread via leafhoppers and other sap-sucking insects that transmit the pathogen from one host plant to another.

## Taxonomy

In 1994, two strains of phytoplasmas that infect the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca (denoted MW1 and MW2) were shown to be members of the X-disease group (16Sr group III). Milkweed yellows phytoplasma (MW1) was later found to be a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni'-related strain of phytoplasma belonging to subgroup F (16SrIII-F). Other phytoplasmas in subgroup 16SrIII-F include Vaccinium witches' broom phytoplasma (VAC, VacWB) and potato purple top phytoplasma (AKpot7). As of November 2021, milkweed yellows phytoplasma has not been formally described.

## Milkweed yellows

Milkweed yellows is an infectious disease of milkweeds caused by the milkweed yellows phytoplasma. Other diseases caused by pathogens in subgroup 16SrIII-F include Vaccinium witches' broom, potato purple top, and a greening disorder of Trillium grandiflorum and other Trillium species.

### Hosts

The common milkweed Asclepias syriaca and the periwinkle Catharanthus roseus are known plant hosts for milkweed yellows phytoplasma. The insect host species for milkweed yellows is not known.
# Mikhail Guzhavin

Mikhail Markelovich Guzhavin (Russian: Михаил Маркелович Гужавин; 17 February 1888, Guzhavino, Urzhumsky District — 12 January 1931, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian landscape painter and graphic artist.

## Biography

He was born to a peasant family who became curates of the local church. His first art lessons were in the icon-painting workshop at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1911, he entered the landscape painting class led by Nikolay Dubovskoy at the Imperial Academy of Arts and was influenced by the style of Isaac Levitan.
In 1917, his painting "Quiet Night" earned him the title of "Artist" and a stipend to continue his studies abroad, which he did not take advantage of. That same year, he became the last recipient of the Yendogurov Prize (named after the landscape painting brothers, Sergey and Ivan Yendogurov), which was presented by the Academy.
He set up a studio and remained in Saint Petersburg (then Petrograd) until the early 1920s, when the Civil War made the situation there too difficult. He relocated to the Poltava region and set up a new studio with a workshop, where he gave lessons until 1924. Despite this attempt to flee the turmoil, there is evidence that he came close to being executed by the White Army. Shortly after, he returned to Saint Petersburg (then Leningrad). Some sources indicate that he died in 1929, but works with later dates exist.
During his career, he exhibited frequently, interrupted only by the Civil War; at the Spring exhibitions of the Imperial Academy, with the "Общины художников [ru]" (Community of Artists), the Kuindzhi Society [ru] and the Peredvizhniki. Most of his works are in regional museums or private collections.
# Carl Owen Dunbar

Carl Owen Dunbar (January 1, 1891 – April 7, 1979) was an American paleontologist who specialized in invertebrate fossils. He was a Professor of Geology at Yale University from 1920 until 1959. He was also Director of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University from 1942 until 1959. As editor of a textbook series on historical geology from the 1920s through the 1950s, his work was published and sold in over 1 million books.

## Early life

Dunbar was born 1 January 1891 in Hallowell, Cherokee County, Kansas. He was raised on his grandfather, Warder Dunbar’s ranch by his parents David Dunbar (1863–1941) and mother Emma Thomas Dunbar (née McNeil).
Dunbar enrolled at the University of Kansas in 1909 and finished his doctorate at Yale University in 1917. His dissertation was entitled, “The Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Devonian of Western Tennessee.” His doctoral advisor was Yale paleontologist, Charles Schuchert.

## Geology at Yale University & Peabody Museum of Natural History

Between 1918 and 1920, Dunbar taught geology at the University of Minnesota. In 1920, when Charles Schuchert retired from his professorship at Yale University, he recommended Dunbar as his replacement. Dunbar taught at Yale University from 1920 to 1959.
Dunbar was a worldwide expert on the evolution of fusulines during the Pennsylvanian and Permian periods of the late Paleozoic age. In 1927, his work, published with G. E. Condra, is considered the first definitive study on fusulinids and Foraminifera. Dunbar published a series of textbooks at Yale University on historical geology. These books "dominated the field through the 1920s and 1930s and made a major contribution to professional education in earth science." At the end of his career, Dunbar’s textbooks had sold close to a million copies.
Dunbar is also notable for his seventeen years as the Director of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University. Dunbar and his predecessor A. E. Parr were responsible overseeing Rudolph Zallinger and his work on one hundred-foot mural of the Age of Reptiles, a project that earned Zallinger a Pulitzer Prize.
Dunbar was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1942, U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1944, American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1950. In 1946, Dunbar was selected by The National Academy of Sciences as one of a twenty-man committee of civilian scientists to observe Operation Crossroads, the atom bomb tests at Bikini atoll. He was made an honorary member of the Geological Society of Mexico in 1944, a corresponding fellow of the Geological Society of London in 1950, and an honorary life member of the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists in 1965. He received the Hayden Memorial Geological Medal of the Academy of Natural Sciences in 1959, the Paleontological Society Medal in 1967, and the William H. Twenhofel Medal of the Society of Sedimentary Geology in 1978.
# Acianthera decipiens

Acianthera decipiens is a species of orchid plant native to Costa Rica .
# Paraproto spinosa

Paraproto spinosa is a species of marine amphipod in the family, Caprellidae, and was first described in 1885 by William Aitcheson Haswell as Proto spinosa. In 1903 Paul Mayer transferred the species to the newly erected genus, Paraproto, and the species became Paraproto spinosa.
This species is found at depths of about 200 m in waters off South Australia, and Victoria.
# 2003 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States handed down seven per curiam opinions during its 2003 term, which began October 6, 2003 and concluded October 3, 2004.
Because per curiam decisions are issued from the Court as an institution, these opinions all lack the attribution of authorship or joining votes to specific justices. All justices on the Court at the time the decision was handed down are assumed to have participated and concurred unless otherwise noted.

## Court membership

Chief Justice: William Rehnquist
Associate Justices: John Paul Stevens, Sandra Day O'Connor, Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer

## Yarborough v. Gentry

540 U.S. 1 Decided October 20, 2003. Ninth Circuit reversed.

## Mitchell v. Esparza

540 U.S. 12 Decided November 3, 2003. Sixth Circuit reversed and remanded.

## Illinois v. Fisher

540 U.S. 544 Decided February 23, 2004. Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, reversed and remanded.
Stevens filed a concurrence.

## Muhammad v. Close

540 U.S. 749 Argued December 1, 2003. Decided February 25, 2004. Sixth Circuit reversed and remanded.

## Johnson v. California

541 U.S. 428 Argued March 30, 2004. Decided May 3, 2004. The Court dismissed the case for want of jurisdiction.

## Middleton v. McNeil

541 U.S. 433 Decided May 3, 2004. Ninth Circuit reversed and remanded.

## Holland v. Jackson

542 U.S. 649 Decided June 28, 2004. Sixth Circuit reversed and remanded.
Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer noted without separate opinion that they would deny the petition for a writ of certiorari.
# U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Human Services

The U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Human Services is a department of the government of the U.S. Virgin Islands. It has its headquarters in the Knud Hansen Complex Building A in St. Thomas. It also has offices in Christiansted, St. Croix and St. John.
The department of Children, Youth, and Families operates juvenile justice services, including the Youth Rehabilitation Center (YRC). The division provides juvenile justice services for pre-trial and adjudicated youth.
# Blues March

"Blues March" is a composition by Benny Golson. It was first recorded for Blue Mitchell's Riverside album Big 6 on July 2 and 3, 1958, and has become a jazz standard.

## Composition and recording

The composition is in 4/4 time. It was influenced by New Orleans marching bands, and "starts in long meter form and transforms back into regular time." Its straightforward harmony and separate sections make it ideal for improvisation. In the view of Leonard Feather, "the theme, with its slight bugle-call orientation, has a period quality that ties the work together".
Although some sources state that its first recorded version is the well known one by Art Blakey's band on his album Moanin' (recorded on October 30, 1958), the first version was on trumpeter Blue Mitchell's Big 6, which was recorded on July 2 and 3, 1958. This album was also Mitchell's first as leader.

## Influence

"Blues March" is commonly played by military and other marching bands.
# Heurnia

Heurnia is a genus of snakes belonging to the family Homalopsidae.

## Species

Species:
* Heurnia ventromaculata Jong, 1926
# Elegeia

Elegeia was a city of ancient Armenia located in modern Erzurum Province in northeastern Turkey; several important episodes between the Roman Empire, Armenia and the Parthians took place there.

## Location

The exact location of Elegeia is not known. It is usually located near Ilıca, between Erzurum and Askale. Ptolemy located Elegeia at roughly the same latitude as Artaxata; Pliny the Elder placed it on the Euphrates river; Stephen of Byzantium indicates that Elegeia was beyond the Euphrates and that it was mentioned in book VIII of the Parthica of Arrian. In any case, Elegeia was an important stage in the road to Satala at the heart of the kingdom of Armenia.

## History

Due to its strategic location, Elegeia was often the scene of confrontations between Rome, Armenia and the Parthian or Persian empire. At least two important episodes took place there.
In 114, King Parthamasiris of Armenia came to meet Emperor Trajan there to receive his investiture. Trajan refused to make him king, and instead conquered Armenia. It was also from Elegeia that Trajan led campaigns against the northern neighbors of Armenia.
It was also in Elegeia that at the end of 161 Marcus Sedatius Severianus was defeated by the Parthian army of Vologases IV of Parthia.
# Local Boy

"Local Boy" is the second single from the British indie rock band The Rifles, from their debut record No Love Lost. The single was released via Right Hook Recordings in November 2005 and reached number 36 in the UK singles chart.

## Track listings

* This 2000s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Penna Sant'Andrea

Penna Sant'Andrea (Abruzzese: La Pònnë) is a town and comune in the province of Teramo in the Abruzzo region of south-eastern Italy.
# Pelinka

Pelinka is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anton Pelinka (born 1941), Austrian political scientist
* Rob Pelinka (born 1969), American lawyer, basketball executive, and former player
# Esther Coleman

Esther Coleman (8 October 1900 – 28 February 1989), who also performed under the stage name Diana Clare, was a British singer who appeared in numerous radio shows including Band Waggon. She sang with a contralto voice.
She used the name Diana Clare for her performances of blues songs.
She performed with Jack Hylton and his orchestra, and had her own radio show, Come to Sunday Afternoon at Diana Clare's, broadcast on Radio Luxembourg, sponsored by Lux Toilet Soap.
She also appeared on television, and took part in some of the earliest tests of British television.
# Live at the Apollo

Live at the Apollo may refer to:

## Albums
### James Brown

* Live at the Apollo (1963 album), by James Brown
* Live at the Apollo, Volume II, by James Brown, 1968
* Revolution of the Mind: Live at the Apollo, Volume III, by James Brown, 1971
* Live at the Apollo 1995, by James Brown, 1995

### Other artists

* Live at the Apollo (B. B. King album), 1991
* Live at the Apollo (Ben Harper and The Blind Boys of Alabama album), 2005
* Live at the Apollo (Hall & Oates album), 1985
* Live at the Apollo (Robert Palmer album), 2001
* Live at the Apollo: The Proclamation, by Byron Cage, 2007
* Live at the Apollo 2010, a video by the Stranglers, 2010

## Television

* Live at the Apollo (TV series), a 2000s–2020s British stand-up comedy program
# Lockey

Lockey is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charles Lockey (1820-1901), English singer
* Justin Lockey (born 1980), British musician
* Rowland Lockey (1565-1616), English painter and goldsmith
* Thomas Lockey (c. 1602–1679), English librarian and Anglican priest
* Tilly Lockey (born 2005), British amputee
# Esigodini

Esigodini, originally known as Essexvale, is a town in the Matabeleland South Province of Zimbabwe. It is the administrative centre for Umzingwane District, one of the seven administrative districts in Matabeleland South. It was originally an estate of Frederick Selous, a British explorer, officer, professional hunter, and conservationist.

## Location

Esigodini is situated approximately 44.5 kilometres (28 mi), by Gwanda road, southeast of Bulawayo, the nearest large city and largest urban centre in the province. The town sits along the Bulawayo–Beitbridge Road, approximately 82.5 kilometres (51 mi) northwest of the town of Gwanda. The geographical coordinates of the town are:20°17'33.0"S, 28°56'17.0"E (Latitude:-20.292500; Longitude:28.938056). Esigodini is located at an average elevation of 1,182 metres (3,878 ft), above mean sea level.

## Overview

Esigodini is the district capital of Umzingwane Rural District Council, which is responsible for running the affairs of the district as a whole. The trading centre is surrounded by ranches and mixed farms. The surrounding communities also host gold, dams and tungsten mines. The area has many rivers, although it suffers from long dry season and drought is common in this area. Average annual rainfall is approximately 30 inches (762 mm).

## Population

According to the 1982 population census, Esigodini had a population of 1,492. The 2012 national population census and household survey enumerated 2,228 inhabitants in the town.

## History

The town was officially known as Essexvale until 1982, when the name changed to Esigodini. It was founded in 1894. Prior to the coming of European settlers, the surrounding area was settled by Rozi Moyo people, who had moved here from the area near Gwanda.

## Schools

Nearby schools include Falcon College, a renowned secondary school for boys and Mzingwane High School, Mvuthu High School, Esikhoveni Secondary, Mawabeni Secondary, Longfied Secondary, and Mlomotsha while primary schools are Bayethe, Bezha, Bonjeni, Carlisle, Dobi, Doyana, Dula, Esigodini, Glen Grey, Godlwayo Annex, How Mine, Impu, Inyankuni, Irisvale, Isotsha, Kumbudzi, Longfield, Malungwane, Nsezi, Shale, Bezha, Zhilo, Swazi, Matshetshe, Mawabeni, Mbalabala, Mbizingwe, Mzinyathini, Mlomoliwoto, Mpisini, Mpofini, Mtshede, Munkula, Mvuthu,. Also nearby, is the Roman Catholic mission school known as Sacred Heart Girls School, a boarding secondary school. This school was founded in 2014 and is run by the Sisters Of The Precious Blood who fall under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bulawayo, and came mainly from Germany shortly after the Second World War.
# Local maximum intensity projection

In scientific visualization, a local maximum intensity projection (LMIP, Local MIP) or Closest Vessel Projection (CVP) is a volume rendering method for 3D data, that is proposed as an improvement to the maximum intensity projection (MIP). Where the MIP projects the maximum intensity that falls in the way of parallel rays traced from the viewpoint, LMIP takes the first local maximum value, that is above a certain threshold.
Local maximum intensity projection has been proposed as in visualization of data from computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. It also can be used to extract a 3-dimensional vascular network from the data from a knife-edge scanning microscope at a significantly reduced computational demand (65% reduced).

## Footnotes

* ↑ Preim, Bernhard. Visualization in Medicine: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Graphics.
* 1 2 Sato Y.; Shiraga N.; Nakajima S.; Tamura S. & Kikinis R. (1998). "Local Maximum Intensity Projection (LMIP): A New Rendering Method for Vascular Visualization" (PDF). Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 22 (6): 912–917. doi:10.1097/00004728-199811000-00014. PMID 9843232.
* ↑ Han, Donghyeop; Keyser, John & Choe, Yoonsuck. "A LOCAL MAXIMUM INTENSITY PROJECTION TRACING OF VASCULATURE IN KNIFE-EDGE SCANNING MICROSCOPE VOLUME DATA" (PDF). Texas A&M University. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
* This computer science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This computer graphics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# University of the State of Pennsylvania

The institution now known as the University of Pennsylvania was founded as a secondary school in Philadelphia in 1740. By the time the American Revolution commenced, it had grown to include a college and medical school called the College of Philadelphia.
While it operated under a state charter, it was a private institution with its own board of trustees, many of whom were Loyalists, and when the revolutionary government of Pennsylvania regained control Philadelphia following the British occupation of it in 1777 and 1778,.
It rechartered the institution as the "University of the State of Pennsylvania," appointed new trustees, and dismissed Provost William Smith. In 1789, following repeated lawsuits by Smith and the original trustees, the state restored the college's charter, but the university continued to operate on the original campus. The two competing institutions merged in 1791, forming the University of Pennsylvania.
# Lomatium shevockii

Lomatium shevockii is a rare species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common name Owens Peak desertparsley, or Owens Peak lomatium. It is endemic to Kern County, California, where it is known from only two occurrences at Owens Peak, one of the highest points of the Sierra Nevada. It is a plant of the talus and wooded slopes of the high mountains. This species was discovered in 1984 and first described to science in 1988.
This is a perennial herb growing no more than about 12 centimeters tall from a thin taproot. There is generally no stem, the leaves and inflorescence emerging at ground level. The waxy gray-green leaf blades are made up of several very small, sharp-toothed, fleshy segments. The inflorescence is a small umbel of tiny purple flowers.
# Pen y Castell

Pen y Castell is a summit in the Carneddau mountains in north Wales. It tops the east ridge of Drum (Wales). The summit consists of rocky outcrops amid a small boggy plateau. Views of the higher Carneddau ridge to the west, Craig Eigiau to the south, Tal y Fan to the north and the Conwy valley to the east can be seen.
# Pennsylvania Line

The Pennsylvania Line was a formation within the Continental Army. The term "Pennsylvania Line" referred to the quota of numbered infantry regiments assigned to Pennsylvania at various times by the Continental Congress.
These, together with similar contingents from the other twelve states, formed the Continental Line. The concept was particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers. Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state.

## History and notable features

Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota, however. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These "dictatorial powers" included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large.
Early in 1777, Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to Thomas Hartley of Pennsylvania, who accepted. Hartley had formerly been lieutenant colonel of the 6th Pennsylvania Battalion. Hartley's Additional Continental Regiment was allotted to the Pennsylvania Line on March 27, 1778. On January 13, 1779, it absorbed Patton's Regiment and was designated the 11th Pennsylvania Regiment. The latter was called the "New Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment" as the original 11th Pennsylvania Regiment had been consolidated with the 10th Pennsylvania Regiment on July 1, 1778.
Washington also offered command to John Patton of Pennsylvania, who accepted leadership of Patton's Additional Continental Regiment. In 1776, Patton had commanded a battalion of the Pennsylvania State Rifle Regiment.
Half of Malcolm's Additional Continental Regiment was drawn from New York and half from Pennsylvania.
Still other Continental infantry regiments and smaller units, also unrelated to a state quota, were raised as needed for special or temporary service. Nelson's and Doyle's Independent Rifle Companies were examples of such "extra" units.

## Pennsylvania Line, 1776

* 1st Pennsylvania Battalion
* 2d Pennsylvania Battalion
* 3d Pennsylvania Battalion
* 4th Pennsylvania Battalion
* 5th Pennsylvania Battalion
* 6th Pennsylvania Battalion

## Pennsylvania Line, 1777

* 1st Pennsylvania Regiment
* 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment
* 3rd Pennsylvania Regiment
* 4th Pennsylvania Regiment
* 5th Pennsylvania Regiment
* 6th Pennsylvania Regiment
* 7th Pennsylvania Regiment
* 8th Pennsylvania Regiment
* 9th Pennsylvania Regiment
* 10th Pennsylvania Regiment
* 11th Pennsylvania Regiment
* 12th Pennsylvania Regiment
* 13th Pennsylvania Regiment
* 14th Pennsylvania Regiment