OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Materiality (social sciences and humanities)

In the social sciences, materiality is the notion that the physical properties of a cultural artifact have consequences for how the object is used. Some scholars expand this definition to encompass a broader range of actions, such as the process of making art, and the power of organizations and institutions to orient activity around themselves. The concept of materiality is used across many disciplines within the social sciences to focus attention on the impact of material or physical factors. Scholars working in science and technology studies, anthropology, organization studies, or communication studies may incorporate materiality as a dimension of their investigations. Central figures in the social scientific study of materiality are Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan.

## Communication studies

Communication studies scholars use theories of materiality when investigating the impact of media such as newspapers, radio, television, personal computing and the Internet. Collectively, these are termed “media effects” studies. In conjunction with materiality, some communication scholars make use of the concept of affordance: the idea that the features of a particular technology may encourage certain behaviours from the technology's users. Other scholars explore how technologies and the communities that use them may be mutually determining (the way users respond to technology tends to drive both features and cultural norms among users of that technology) or they may behave as co-creators (the abilities and limitations of a technology may make it a part of the works created using that technology).

## Science and technology studies

Although science and technology studies (STS) are typically associated with a social constructivist viewpoint, some STS scholars (e.g. Langdon Winner) incorporate materiality into their studies of technology and explore how the affordances of technology may shape or even control their use. Actor-network theory, or ANT, is an example of an STS theory which incorporates both social and material interactions.

## Toronto School

The Toronto School view of materiality, also known as the ‘medium’ view, includes the intellectual legacies of Innis and McLuhan, who focused attention on the consequences of the medium, on what authors communicate and on what audiences experience. Innis explored the broad historical consequences of time-bound media (e.g. transportable but fragile media such as papyrus) and space-bound media (e.g. hard-to-transport but longer-lasting media such as stone tablets). Different cultures have used various media to store information and its availability and transportability through time impacts its use. In an extension of Innis' ideas, McLuhan wrote, “The medium is the message”, that is, the way people transmit ideas is consequential in and of itself. The influence of the medium can be invisible and difficult to characterize.
# Sandhill, Belize

Sandhill, Belize is a populated settlement located in the nation of Belize. It is a mainland village located in the Belize District.
17°38′N 88°22′W﻿ / ﻿17.633°N 88.367°W﻿ / 17.633; -88.367
# McAdam

McAdam or MacAdam may refer to:

## People

* McAdam (surname)

## Places
### Canada

* McAdam, New Brunswick
** McAdam station, a National Historic Site in the village.
* McAdam Parish, New Brunswick
* McAdams Lake, Nova Scotia

### United States

* McAdam, Virginia
* McAdam, Washington

## Other

* Macadam, a method of road building.
* MacAdam ellipse, the region of chromaticity representing just noticeable differences to the human eye.
* MacAdam Shield Shovel, a shovel used by the Canadian army during First World War.
# Václav Vydra (actor, born 1876)

Václav Vydra (29 April 1876 – 7 April 1953), was a Czech film and stage actor. He starred in 31 films between 1914 and 1953.
Vydra was also a noted stage actor, acting in the Vinohrady Theater and National Theater playing major roles of the characters in plays by William Shakespeare, Karel Čapek, and others. From 1945 to 1949, he was director of the National Theater; as both a member of the Communist Party and the head of the National Theater, Vydra was one of the most powerful figures in Czech theater in the post-war era. In 1946 he became the first actor awarded the National Artist title.
His grandson, Václav Vydra, born 1956, is also a notable actor.

## Selected filmography

* Když struny lkají (1930)
* Skeleton on Horseback (1937)
* Lawyer Vera (1937)
* The Merry Wives (1938)
* Enchanted (1942)
# Emmanuelle in Soho

Emmanuelle in Soho is a 1981 British sex film directed by David Hughes and produced by David Sullivan, and starring Angie Quick (under the name 'Mandy Miller'), Julie Lee and John M. East. Sullivan had originally intended Mary Millington to star in the film.
The film tells the story of half-Chinese Kate Benson (played by Lee) and her photographer husband Paul (Kevin Fraser) who share their Bayswater home with a nymphomaniac stripper, Emmanuelle (played by Quick). The two women attempt to find work in the sex industry in London's Soho district, and get mixed up with a sleazy, and unscrupulous theatrical agent, Bill Anderson (played by East).
The film premiered in Sheffield and transferred to London where it ran for 10 weeks at the Eros cinema on Piccadilly Circus followed by 25 weeks at the Moulin in Great Windmill Street. There is also a hardcore versions of this film - such a version was released in Hong Kong cinemas where it ran for nearly three years. The US release included a 6-minute mini-documentary prologue about the sex industry in Soho.

## Cast

* Angie Quick as Emmanuelle of Soho
* Julie Lee as Kate Benson
* John M. East as Bill Anderson
* Kevin Fraser as Paul Benson
* Gavin Clare as Mr. Cole
* Timothy Blackstone as Derek
* Geraldine Hooper as Jill
* Anita Desmarais as Sheila Burnette
* Georges Waser as Tom Poluski
* Erika Lea as Judy
* Kathy Green as Sammy
* Suzanne Richens as a Showgirl
* John Roach as Albert

## Reception

Emmanuelle in Soho was one of the last British softcore films to receive a theatrical release before the abolition of the Eady Levy and the growth of home video led to the virtual disappearance of British low-budget exploitation film-making. In a contemporary review, the Monthly Film Bulletin described the film as "of marginal interest for its unabashed portrait of the neighbourhood's tawdry illicit wares". The review noted that the "slipshod scripting is about par for the course".
# Wanda Zabłocka

Wanda Zabłocka (December 20, 1900 in Tarnów – November 30, 1978 in Toruń) was a Polish botanist, phytopathologist and mycologist. She was a professor at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (1954–1970). Zabłocka was the author of mycology and phytopathology works, including mycorrhiza of Viola (1935, 1936). She is also the author of several books about fungi for the general public.

## Career

Zabłocka started doctoral studies at the Jagiellonian University, Kraków supervised by Władysław Szjnocha (maybe geologist Władysław Szajnocha) while teaching in the State Gymnasium for Girls for financial support. In 1925 she was awarded her doctorate. She was then employed as a senior assistant in the Department of Botany of the Faculty of Agriculture and supervised laboratory classes. Later, she visited the Institute of Botany and the Natural History Museum in Vienna and the Natural History Museum in Paris to further her research. In the mide-1930s she published on mycorrhizal fungi that formed symbiotic relationships with the plant genus Viola.
During the Second World War, she took an active part in securing and storing the property of the university.
In 1945, she defended her habilitation thesis on her mycorrhizal research and the following year moved to the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. She was involved in establishing the Department of General Botany and Department of Microbiology. She became Head of the Department of Mycology. She was promoted to professor in 1954. She retired in 1970.
She initiated the Phytopathology Laboratories at the Experimental Centre of Applied Biology in the village of Koniczynka.
Zabłocka specialized in mycology and phytopathology. Her most important research concerned Gasteromycetes, Hypholoma and mycorrhiza. She also made mycology more accessible to the public through publishing the first scientific guide to mushrooms in Polish (Grzyby kapeluszowe Polski, 1949) and a book on parasitic fungi in 1950.
She collected specimens for the university's herbarium. Some remain at the Nicolaus Copernicus University while others have been transferred to the Herbarium of the University of Warsaw.

## Awards

Zabłocka was awarded the Medal for Long Service, the Gold Cross of Merit, the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta and the Gold Badge of the Nicolaus Copernicus University.

## Early and personal life

Wanda Heitzman was born December 20, 1900, in Tarnów in what was then the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. She attended secondary school in Kraków and in 1918 she passed the school-leaving examination with honours. She then took a one-year horticulture course at the Faculty of Agriculture of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. She continued her studies and in 1923 graduated in natural science from the Faculty of Philosophy.
In September 1925 she married fellow botanist Jan Wojciech Zabłocki.
# Wojnowice, Ostrowiec County

Wojnowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ćmielów, within Ostrowiec County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Ćmielów, 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, and 67 km (42 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.
# Walter of Speyer

Walter of Speyer (Walt(h)er von Speyer, Gualterus Spirensis) (967–1027) was a German bishop of Speyer and a poet.

## Works

* De sizzugiis
* Vita et Passio Sancti Christophori Martyris
# Peter Browne (MP)

Peter Browne (1794-1872) was an Irish politician.
Browne was born in Dublin and educated at Trinity College there. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Rye from 1818 until 1826.
# Cairn na Burgh Mòr

Cairn na Burgh Mòr (also Cairnburgh More) is one of the Treshnish Isles in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland.
Cairn na Burgh Mòr is the larger of the two "Carnburgs" (as they are nicknamed) at the northeastern end of the Treshnish Isles in the Inner Hebrides - the other being "Cairn na Burgh Beag". The larger of a pair guards the entrance to Loch Tuath on the west coast of Mull. These grassy islands are both remnants of ancient lava flows, and have a distinctive profile: flat-topped and trimmed with cliffs. Cairn na Burgh Mòr has fortifications on the grassy slope. Cairnburgh Castle and a chapel are located on the isle.
It is no longer inhabited.

## Footnotes

* ↑ 2001 UK Census per List of islands of Scotland
* ↑ Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
* ↑ Ordnance Survey
* ↑ Iain Mac an Tailleir. "Placenames" (PDF). Pàrlamaid na h-Alba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
* ↑ "Overview of Burgh More, Cairn na". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
56°31′6″N 6°22′52″W﻿ / ﻿56.51833°N 6.38111°W﻿ / 56.51833; -6.38111
* This Argyll and Bute location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# Masterton (disambiguation)

Masterton is a large town in New Zealand.
Masterton may also refer to:
* Masterton (New Zealand electorate), an electoral district based around Masterton, New Zealand
* Masterton (soccer), a soccer club based in Masterton, New Zealand that merged with Carterton in 1996 to form Wairarapa United
* Masterton Aerodrome, an airfield in Masterton, New Zealand
* Masterton railway station, a railway station in Masterton, New Zealand
* Masterton Trophy, a National Hockey League award named after Bill Masterton

## Surname

* Bill Masterton (1938–1968), ice hockey player
* Danny Masterton (1954–2020), Scottish footballer
* Graham Masterton (born 1946), British horror author
* James Masterton (born 1973), music writer and columnist
* Nancy Masterton (1930–2015), American legislator
* Rebecca Masterton, British Islamic scholar
* Steven Masterton (born 1985), Scottish footballer
# McAdam, Virginia

McAdam is an unincorporated community in Pulaski County, in the U.S. state of Virginia.
# Emmanuelli

Emmanuelli is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Henri Emmanuelli (1945–2017), French politician
* Laurent Emmanuelli (born 1976), French rugby union player
* Miguel Emmanuelli, Puerto Rican sports shooter
# Tucker P. Smith

Tucker Powell Smith (January 29, 1898 – June 25, 1970) was an American academic and political activist. He was an economics professor at Brookwood Labor College and Olivet College. He was the Socialist Party of America's nominee for Vice President in the 1948 United States presidential election alongside presidential nominee Norman Thomas.

## Background

Circa 1930, Smith graduated from the University of Missouri with a bachelor's degree and master's degree in political science. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Delta Sigma Rho, and Alpha Zeta Pi.

## Career

In the 1930s, Smith was a faculty member at Brookwood Labor College. On June 5, 1933, with the departure of A.J. Muste, Smith was appointed director of the college until it closed in 1937.
Smith was a long-time pacifist. He was a member of the Committee on Militarism in Education and the Fellowship of Reconciliation (both major pacifist organizations during and after World War I).
In 1948, Smith was selected as the Socialist vice presidential candidate to run along with Norman Thomas. The 1948 Socialist ticket garnered 139,569 votes. In 1930 Tucker was the Socialist candidate for U.S. Representative from New York 2nd District. Tucker finished third of four candidates with 6,144 votes for 3.8% of the total vote.
On January 8, 1949, Smith was dismissed from his position at Olivet College because he had organized a teachers' union following the dismissal of colleague and professor of political science T. Barton Akeley. In May 1949 Socialist Party dinner, New York University philosophy professor Sidney Hook attacked Smith's dismissal, arguing that teachers should be judged on merit only by their peers.
# Calospila

Calospila is a butterfly genus in the family Riodinidae. They are resident in the Americas.

## Species list

* Calospila antonii Brévignon, 1995 French Guiana
* Calospila apotheta (Bates, 1868) French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Colombia, Brazil
* Calospila asteria (Stichel, 1911) Costa Rica, Colombia
* Calospila byzeres (Hewitson, 1872) Brazil
* Calospila candace (Druce, 1904) Brazil
* Calospila cerealis (Hewitson, [1863]) Brazil
* Calospila cilissa (Hewitson, [1863]) Nicaragua, Honduras, Colombia
* Calospila cuprea (Butler, 1867) Brazil
* Calospila emylius (Cramer, 1775) French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru
* Calospila fannia (Godman, 1903) Guyana
* Calospila gallardi Brévignon, 1995 French Guiana
* Calospila gyges (Stichel, 1911) French Guiana, Peru
* Calospila hemileuca (Bates, 1868) Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil
* Calospila idmon (Godman & Salvin, 1889) Panama
* Calospila irene (Westwood, 1851) Brazil
* Calospila latona (Hewitson, 1853) Venezuela, Brazil
* Calospila lucetia (Hübner, 1821) Brazil
* Calospila lucianus (Fabricius, 1793) Venezuela, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Colombia
* Calospila maeon (Godman, 1903) Colombia
* Calospila maeonoides (Godman, 1903) Guyana
* Calospila martialis (C. & R. Felder, 1865) Suriname
* Calospila parthaon (Dalman, 1823) Brazil
* Calospila pelarge (Godman & Salvin, 1878) Mexico, Panama, Guatemala
* Calospila pirene (Godman, 1903) Peru
* Calospila rhesa (Hewitson, [1858]) Brazil
* Calospila rhodope (Hewitson, 1853) French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru
* Calospila satyroides (Lathy, 1932) Guyana
* Calospila siaka (Hewitson, [1858]) Brazil
* Calospila simplaris (Stichel, 1911) Brazil
* Calospila thara (Hewitson, [1858]) French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru
* Calospila urichi (May, 1972) Trinidad and Tobago
* Calospila zeanger (Stoll, [1790]) French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago

### Sources

* Calospila
# Masterton Ure

Masterton Ure (3 April 1777 – 10 March 1863) was a Scottish lawyer and Tory politician, serving as the Member of Parliament for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis.

## Early life

Ure was born to the Rev. Robert Ure, a minister in Airth, Stirling. He attended the University of Glasgow.

## Political career

Ure made his maiden speech on the topic of the West Indies on 9 March 1818.
Ure was opposed to Catholic emancipation, Jewish emancipation, parliamentary reform and was a supporter of slavery.

## Death

Ure died on 10 March 1863, aged 85, in Middlesex, London leaving his estate divided up between his nephews and nieces.
# Santa Marta, Lecco

Santa Marta is a Roman Catholic church building located in the town of Lecco, region of Lombardy, Italy.
A church at the site was present by the 13th century, originally dedicated to St Calimero. In 1386, it housed the flagellant Confraternity of the Disciplini of St Marta, who added a hospice and rededicated the church. The church has been refurbished over the centuries. The facade dates to the 1720s.
The interior ceiling has a late 17th-century fresco, depicting the Glory of St Martha, by Giovanni Battista and Carlo Pozzo, and the church houses a 17th-century processional statue on the main altar of the Madonna of the Rosary and Child. The altar has 16th century marble sculpture busts of the apostles; the altar was refurbished in 1816 likely by Giuseppe Bovara. The lateral altars have statues of Santa Marta and San Antonio di Padova.
# William Hampton Parlby

General William Hampton Parlby was a senior British Army officer, who served in British cavalry regiments in India and the Crimean War.

## Family background

William Parlby was born in India in what was known as the Bengal Presidency in 1801; his parents were Colonel James Templer Parlby, an engineer in the East India Company (but originally from Plymouth) and Lousia Munt (she was originally from London). He was one of five siblings, four of which survived childhood. His grandfather was Thomas Parlby a master mason and architect from Plymouth.
William's mother Louisa was a collector of locally commissioned pictures of scenes of colonial and local life around their residence in India, i.e. the cantonment at Maidapur (near the administrative centre of Berhampore, West Bengal).
William Parlby died a bachelor in Hubberston, near Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire on 26 October 1881, none of his relatives were named in the will and probate record.

## Military career

William Parlby was commissioned as a cornet in the 4th (Queen's Own) Light Dragoons on 3 October 1816; he was promoted to lieutenant on 17 May 1824 and then to captain on 28 September 1826. He is recorded as being a brevet major in 1841 and in 1845. In 1843 he commanded a detachment of his regiment in Wales during the Rebecca Riots. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the 4th Light Dragoons on 30 January 1846 (by purchase), although he only commanded the regiment for seven months.
In terms of his overseas and campaign service, William Parlby served with his regiment in India and then as a colonel he commanded other regiments in India e.g. the 10th (The Prince of Wale's Own) Royal Regiment of Light Dragoons (Hussars) based in Kirkee, India. In 1854 after the disastrous Charge of the Light Brigade he was ordered to bring his regiment (then the 10th Hussars) from India to the Crimea (via Egypt), the 680 strong regiment arrived on 15 April 1855 to join Allied troops laying siege to the city of Sebastopol. During the latter stages of the Crimea War he commanded the British Cavalry Division from 17 April to 30 June 1855 and then the Cavalry Division's Hussar Brigade from 1 July to 2 September 1855. He was also present with Turkish forces at the Battle of the Chernaya. He was thoroughly involved in cavalry operations around Sevastopol and Lord Raglan complimented him in despatches. He was awarded the Crimea Medal with Clasp for Sebastopol, the Sardinian and Turkish Crimea Medals and 4th Class Order of the Medjidie.
On home service as a major general he commanded the Cavalry Brigade of the Dublin Division in Ireland, based at Curragh Camp (1860–1861).
He was promoted to major general in 1860, then lieutenant general on 21 March 1869 and then promoted to general on 22 May 1876.
General Parlby would become the Regimental Colonel of the 21st Regiment of Hussars on 24 October 1865; until on 1 July 1880 he was appointed as Colonel of his old regiment (the 4th (Queens Own) Hussars) a post he was still holding in 1881 when he died (albeit an honorary post).
# WIN.COM

WIN.COM is the executable file used to load versions of Windows that run from DOS. In Windows 3.11 and its predecessors, it is executed either manually from the DOS prompt or as a line in AUTOEXEC.BAT. In Windows 95 and onward it is automatically invoked by IO.SYS after AUTOEXEC.BAT is processed. The file is present in the SYSTEM32 directory of some Windows NT-based versions of Windows (such as Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Vista) for backwards compatibility purposes.

## Usage

WIN.COM has several parameters that facilitate system recovery and diagnostics.

## Issues

Corruption or deletion of WIN.COM caused many issues for users of Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me, and some early Windows viruses targeted WIN.COM. Corruption of WIN.COM would cause the system to be unable to load the graphical user interface. In all these versions (except for Windows Me without a boot disk), the system could still be booted to the underlying DOS prompt.
# Shokugoshūi Wakashū

The Shokugoshūi Wakashū (続後拾遺和歌集, "Later Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems Continued", a title which recollects the Shokushūi Wakashū), is a Japanese imperial anthology of waka poetry. It was finished somewhere around 1325 or 1326 CE, two or three years after the Retired Emperor Go-Daigo first ordered it in 1323. It was compiled initially by Fujiwara no Tamefuji, but had to be finished by Fujiwara no Tamesada (both members of the older conservative Nijō). It consists of twenty volumes containing 1,347 poems.
# Chen Mei-feng

Chen Mei-feng (Chinese: 陳美鳳; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tân Bí-hông) or MeiFen is a Taiwanese actress. She was the female lead in The Spirits of Love and Night Market Life.
# Membury Castle

50°49′16″N 3°01′08″W﻿ / ﻿50.821°N 3.019°W﻿ / 50.821; -3.019 Membury Castle is an Iron Age hillfort situated above the village of Membury in Devon. The fort occupies a commanding hilltop position some 204 metres above sea level with views across both the Yarty and Axe valleys.