OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# MINUIT

MINUIT, now MINUIT2, is a numerical minimization software library developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It provides several algorithms that search for parameter values that minimize a user-defined function, and compute confidence intervals for the parameters by scanning the function near the minimum.
The software was originally developed in the FORTRAN programming language by staff physicist Fred James in the 1970s, and maintained until 1996 (version 96.03). As part of the ROOT project, the software was ported using the C++ language, and renamed MINUIT2.
The software provides five minimization algorithms, that can be selected by simple input commands to the program. The recommended default algorithm MIGRAD is described as "a variable-metric method with inexact line search, a stable metric updating scheme, and checks for positive-definiteness".
The program is widely used in particle physics and thousands of published papers cite use of MINUIT. In the early 2000s, Fred James started a project to implement MINUIT in C++ using object-oriented programming. MINUIT2 is an optional package in the ROOT release. As of October 2014 the latest version is 5.34.14, released on 24 January 2014. A Java port was developed, and a Python frontend to the C++ code is available.
# C77H109N21O19S

The molecular formula C$_{77}$H$_{109}$N$_{21}$O$_{19}$S (molar mass: 1664.884 g/mol) may refer to:
* Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)
* Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
# Olav Georg Folkestad

Olav Georg Folkestad (1 February 1902 – 1 March 1976) was a Norwegian engineer.
He was born in Skien as a son of station manager Ole Folkestad (1875–1951) and Marianne Evensen (1878–1950), and was an older brother of civil servant Anker Folkestad. In 1927 he married Agnes Sofie Aspaas. They resided in Bærum.
He finished secondary school in 1920 and graduated in engineering from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1924. He started out as an assistant in the Norwegian State Railways bridge division, then at the Norwegian Institute of Technology from 1926, then in the company Ing. Bonde & Co from 1927. From 1937 he spent the rest of his career as co-owner of Ing. Bonde & Co.
Folkestad chaired the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute from 1953 to 1961, Byggtjeneste from 1966 to 1968 (board member since 1957) and Norges Betongtekniske Institutt from 1967 to 1970. He and was a board member of Norges Byggforskningsinstitutt from 1953 to 1961.
He was a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences, and was decorated as a Knight of the Order of St. Olav in 1962. In 1968 he won the "Bygg reis deg" statuette, and in 1969 he was given the Sam Eyde Award by the Norwegian Engineer Association. He died in March 1976 and was buried at Haslum.
# Milnor conjecture (Ricci curvature)

In 1968 John Milnor conjectured that the fundamental group of a complete manifold is finitely generated if its Ricci curvature stays nonnegative. In an oversimplified interpretation, such a manifold has a finite number of "holes". A version for almost-flat manifolds holds from work of Gromov.
In two dimensions $M^{2}$ has finitely generated fundamental group as a consequence that if $\operatorname {Ric} >0$ for noncompact $M^{2}$, then it is flat or diffeomorphic to $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$, by work of Cohn-Vossen from 1935.
In three dimensions the conjecture holds due to a noncompact $M^{3}$ with $\operatorname {Ric} >0$ being diffeomorphic to $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$ or having its universal cover isometrically split. The diffeomorphic part is due to Schoen-Yau (1982) while the other part is by Liu (2013). Another proof of the full statement has been given by Pan (2020).
In 2023 Bruè, Naber and Semola disproved in two preprints the conjecture for six or more dimensions by constructing counterexamples that they described as "smooth fractal snowflakes". The status of the conjecture for four or five dimensions remains open.
# Saunders Pitman

Saunders Pitman (December 3, 1734 - 15 August 15, 1804), also known as Sanders Pitman, was an American silversmith, active in Providence, Rhode Island.
Pitman was born in Providence, Rhode Island, made a freeman of that city in May 1760, and there married Mary Kinnicutt on June 29, 1760. He later married Amy Kinnicutt on February 9, 1772, and served from 1773 to 1784 as a member of local Fire Company, and 1777-1784 as Scavenger. Pitman worked circa 1755-1792 as a silversmith in Providence, with his shop at North corner of Main and Otis Streets until 1770. He worked in partnership with Seril Dodge circa 1793, then with his son-in-law Samuel Dorrance 1795-1800 as Pitman & Dorrance, and finally with Nehemiah Dodge in 1800 as Pitman & Dodge. In the Providence Gazette of April 2, 1796, he advertised:
    PITMAN, SANDERS, Silversmith, &c. Takes this Method to acquaint his old Customers, and the Public, that he makes and sells, at his Shop, a few Doors North of the State-House, Gold and Silversmith's Ware, amongst which are the following Articles: Gold Necklaces from 7 to 10 Dollars, large and small Silver Spoons, and a Variety of the newest fashioned plated Shoe and Knee Buckles, plated Bridle Bitts in the newest Fashions, warranted to be superior for Service to any imported; also two Sets of elegant plated Mountings for Chaise, which would be sold on moderate Terms. Any Orders for plated or Brass Mountings for Chaise will be thankfully received, and executed in such a Manner as to insure Durability. Wanted, as an Apprentice to the above Business, an honest industrious Lad, about 14 Years of Age
He died in Providence, where he is buried in the North Burial Ground. His headstone reads:
    Sacred To the memory of Mr. SANDARS PITMAN Goldsmith, who finished a long and useful life on the 15th day of August, AD 1804 in the 74th year of his age. His works were useful standard weight & pure, But still his virtues were applauded more.
Pitman's work is collected in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the RISD Museum, and Winterthur Museum.
# Parrhasius

Parrhasius (Greek: Παρράσιος) may refer to:
* Persons:
** Parrhasius (painter), a famous painter who worked in Athens in the late 5th century BC
** Janus Parrhasius (1470–1522), Italian humanist scholar
** Parrhasius (son of Lycaon), in mythology, a son of Lycaon, from whom Parrhasia (Arcadia) was believed to have derived its name
* Taxonomy:
** Parrhasius (butterfly), a butterfly genus
# A. B. P. Lever

A. B. P. Lever is a Canadian chemist, and currently a Distinguished Research Professor Emeritus at York University. He is the founding editor of the Elsevier journal Coordination Chemistry Reviews. Lever is known for the Lever electronic parameter, which is similar to the Tolman electronic parameter that is used to characterize ligands in coordination compounds using electrochemistry.
# Epipactis atrorubens

Epipactis atrorubens, the dark-red helleborine or royal helleborine, is an herbaceous plant in the orchid family, Orchidaceae.
As with many other species of orchids, the species is legally protected in some countries. Plantlife designated the dark-red helleborine as the county flower for Banffshire, Scotland.

## Description

The plant is hardy and has a short rootstalk, often with multiple, fleshy roots. It blooms from June to August with erect, mostly purple inflorescences with dense hair on the tops, standing between 20–80 cm (7.9–31.5 in) in height. The blossoms emit a strong vanilla scent, especially in warm weather. The flowers sometimes vary in color, but are in general reddish-brown. The fruit is a capsule, out of which the light, dustlike seeds are spread by the wind. A number of natural hybrids with other Epipactis species are known.

## Taxonomy

Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser is an accepted species, though Epipactis atrorubens Rostk. ex Spreng. nom. illeg. is a synonym of Epipactis microphylla.

## Distribution and habitat

The dark-red helleborine is widespread across Europe, and is found in the north to the subarctic, in the south to the Mediterranean, and in the east to Western Siberia and the Caucasus. (Codes) The orchid grows at altitudes from sea level to 2,400 m (7,900 ft), and so can be found in mountainous regions such as the southern Alps. In Central Europe it has been in decline in recent decades. It is not, however, one of the most severely threatened species of orchid. The species is also reportedly naturalized in one location in the US State of Vermont.
The dark-red helleborine favours warm and dry locations, with soil basic to neutral in pH, nutrient-poor, and permeable. It grows in loose rock, scree, or sandy soils above a limestone substrate, including dunes, lawns, or open forest. It is also a pioneer species, which settles in fallow areas, road embankments, and waste dumps, in the early to middle stages of ecological succession, among communities of grass and bush and light birch stands.

## Ecology

Epipactis atrorubens relies upon mycorrhizal associations with several fungi species in the order Pezizales. Pezizales are some of the least abundant fungal species in the forests where this orchid species grows.
The flowers of this orchid species are often pollinated by insects, particularly bees.

## Conservation

This species is assessed as conservation status "least concern" in Europe and in the United Kingdom, however, its distribution in some countries is scarce and it has been noted to be threatened in some areas by overgrazing and quarrying.
* Plant
* Inflorescence
# Microtropis argentea

Microtropis argentea is a species of tree in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to Borneo, where it is confined to Sarawak.
# United States Post Office (Kemmerer, Wyoming)

The Kemmerer Main Post Office in Kemmerer, Wyoming was built in 1934 as part of a facilities improvement program by the United States Post Office Department. The post office in Kemmerer was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as part of a thematic study comprising twelve Wyoming post offices built to standardized USPO plans in the early twentieth century.
# Pietro Barone

Pietro Barone (Modica, 9 April 1881 – Naples, 28 November 1975) was an Italian admiral during World War II. He was the naval commander of Sicily for most of the war.

## Biography

Born in Modica on April 9, 1881, he entered the Naval Academy of Livorno in 1899 and graduated in 1902 with the rank of ensign. In 1905 he was in the Far East with the protected cruiser Calabria; in 1911-1912, with the rank of lieutenant, he was military commander of the hired steamer Enrichetta during the Italo-Turkish war. During the First World War he was commander of torpedo boats (10 PN, 54 AS, Procione) and received a War Merit Cross.
During the 1920s he held various command positions on land and at sea, including the direction of the surveillance office in the Armstrong plants in Naples, the command of the Saseno naval detachment, the direction of the technical office in Pola and the command of the CREM depot of Taranto. After promotion to captain, in the 1930s he was in command of the heavy cruiser Pola and later became Chief of Staff of the Naval Department of Naples, before assuming command of the Arsenal of Taranto.
During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War he was superior naval commander in East Africa, with the rank of rear admiral, upgrading the port of Massawa to receive the huge influx of troops and supplies from Italy, an activity for which he received the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Savoy. He was later promoted to vice admiral, receiving command of the 4th Cruiser Division (with flag on Giovanni delle Bande Nere and later on Alberto Di Giussano) in 1937-1938.
From 1939 to 1943 he was commander of the Autonomous Naval Command of Sicily, with headquarters in Messina, being promoted to admiral. For his activity in the convoy war in the Strait of Sicily he was awarded the decoration of Officer of the Military Order of Savoy, the Order of the German Eagle and of the Iron Cross Second Class. In August 1943, in the final stages of the Allied invasion of Sicily, he organized the evacuation of the surviving Italian troops, leaving Messina before it was occupied by the Allied forces. After the armistice of Cassibile he remained loyal to the royal government, assuming the position of undersecretary and then general director of the Merchant Navy from September 1943 to May 1944, after which he was discharged from active service.
He died in Naples on November 28, 1975.
# C73

C73 or C-73 may refer to :
* Boeing C-73, a 1933 military aircraft
* C-73 (Michigan county highway)
* Ruy Lopez chess openings ECO code
* Thyroid cancer ICD-10 code
* Caldwell 73 (NGC 1851), a globular cluster in the constellation Columba
# Old Guangxi clique

The Old Guangxi Clique (simplified Chinese: 旧桂系; traditional Chinese: 舊桂系; pinyin: Jiù Guìxì), was a powerful warlord clique in China based in Guangxi that grew after the founding of the Republic of China. Led by Lu Rongting, the clique was able to take control of neighbouring Hunan and Guangdong provinces as well. Along with the Yunnan clique, they formed the core of opposition to Yuan Shikai's monarchist ambitions during the National Protection War. With Yunnan and Sun Yat-sen's Chinese Revolutionary Party, they started the Constitutional Protection Movement. They quickly came to disagree with Sun and squeezed him out of power. Sun, Chen Jiongming, and the Yunnan clique defeated them in the Guangdong-Guangxi War. With the defeat of Lu Rongting by the Guangdong Army, the Old Guangxi Clique crumbled in the early 1920s, and was replaced by the pro-Sun New Guangxi Clique.
# Milnor–Thurston kneading theory

The Milnor–Thurston kneading theory is a mathematical theory which analyzes the iterates of piecewise monotone mappings of an interval into itself. The emphasis is on understanding the properties of the mapping that are invariant under topological conjugacy.
The theory had been developed by John Milnor and William Thurston in two widely circulated and influential Princeton preprints from 1977 that were revised in 1981 and finally published in 1988. Applications of the theory include piecewise linear models, counting of fixed points, computing the total variation, and constructing an invariant measure with maximal entropy.

## Short description

Kneading theory provides an effective calculus for describing the qualitative behavior of the iterates of a piecewise monotone mapping f of a closed interval I of the real line into itself. Some quantitative invariants of this discrete dynamical system, such as the lap numbers of the iterates and the Artin–Mazur zeta function of f are expressed in terms of certain matrices and formal power series.
The basic invariant of f is its kneading matrix, a rectangular matrix with coefficients in the ring $\mathbb {Z} [[t]]$ of integer formal power series. A closely related kneading determinant is a formal power series
    $D(t)=1+D_{1}t+D_{2}t^{2}+\cdots \,$
with odd integer coefficients. In the simplest case when the map is unimodal, with a maximum at c, each coefficient $D_{k}$ is either $+1$ or $-1$, according to whether the $(k+1)$th iterate $f^{k+1}$ has local maximum or local minimum at c.
# Pyralis perversalis

Pyralis perversalis is a species of snout moth. It is found from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania east into Asia, including Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia.
The wingspan is about 16 mm.
# A. B. Rajendra

Mudaliyar Arulappu Bastiampillay Rajendra (1884–1963) was a Ceylon Tamil civil servant and member of the Senate of Ceylon.

## Early life and family

Rajendra was born in 1884. He was educated at St. Patrick's College, Jaffna.
Rajendra had seven children.

## Career

After school Rajendra joined the Government Clerical Service. After a series of promotions he became an Administrative Officer at the Education Department. He worked at the department for nearly 35 years.
Rajendra was an official translator for the government and Interpreter Mudaliyar to the British Governor. He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 1953 New Year Honours.

## Later life

After retirement Rajendra was appointed to the Senate of Ceylon. He died in 1963.
# Uni (letter)

Uni (asomtavruli ႭჃ, later Ⴓ, nuskhuri ⴍⴣ, later ⴓ, mkhedruli უ, mtavruli Უ) is the 23rd letter of the three Georgian scripts.
In the system of Georgian numerals it has a value of 400 as letter Vie.
Uni commonly represents the close back rounded vowel /u/, like the pronunciation of ⟨oo⟩ in "boot".

## Letter

| asomtavruli | nuskhuri | mkhedruli |

### Stroke order
## Computer encodings

| asomtavruli | nuskhuri | mkhedruli |
| U+10B3 | U+2D13 | U+10E3 |

## Braille

* mkhedruli
# Microtropis keningauensis

Microtropis keningauensis is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sabah.
Microtropis keningauensis is a shrub or small tree.
It is restricted to the Ulu Sungai Milian Forest Reserve in Keningau District. It is an uncommon tree in lowland rain forest at approximately 440 metres elevation.
# Lithium Corporation of America

Lithium Corporation of America was a mining company which mined lithium-bearing spodumene and pegmatite ores near Bessemer City, Gaston County, North Carolina, United States and in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
In 1954, economist Armen Alchian used sudden increases in the stock price of Lithium Corporation to deduce that the new American h-bomb used lithium in its fusion fuel; this result was one of the first "event studies".
In September 1959, Lithium Corporation of America was sued for breach of contract by a Canadian producer of lithium concentrate, Quebec Lithium Corporation, from which it had been buying lithium concentrate.
In 1985, Lithium Corporation of America was acquired by FMC Corporation, formerly known as Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation. At the time it was acquired, the company was the world's largest producer of lithium. FMC's lithium operations were known as FMC Lithium. In 2019 FMC completed the spin-off of its lithium operations as a new company, Livent Corporation.
# MRP2

MRP2 may refer to:
* Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
* Manufacturing resource planning (MRP2 or MRP II)
# Merrill Avenue Historic District

Merrill Avenue Historic District may refer to:
* Merrill Avenue Historic District (Glendive, Montana), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Dawson County
* Merrill Avenue Historic District (Beloit, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP in Rock County
# Olga Sedakova

Olga Sedakova may refer to:
* Olga Sedakova (poet) (born 1949), Russian poet
* Olga Sedakova (synchronized swimmer) (born 1972), Olympic synchronized swimmer competing for Soviet Union and Russia
# Carlton Midstrength

Carlton Midstrength (or Carlton Mid) is an Australian lager, brewed by Carlton & United Beverages, a subsidiary a subsidiary of Asahi Breweries. The beer is currently one of the three mid-strength beers available, which is the second largest beer segment in Australia.
The alcohol content is 3.0%, and they are available in 375ml Bottles, 375ml Cans which are 0.9 standard drink and 750ml Bottle and they are 1.8 standard drink. Bittering hops and hop extracts are combined to give the hop-character like tastes in the drink.
# Partula incrassa exigua

Partula incrassa exigua, commonly known as the Moorean viviparous tree snail, was a subspecies of air-breathing tropical land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Partulidae. This subspecies was endemic to the island of Moorea in French Polynesia. It is now extinct.
# A. B. Morrison Jr.

Archibald Bostwick Morrison Jr. (June 4, 1878 – June 15, 1967) was an American football and basketball player and coach of football and baseball. He served as the head football coach at Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (VPI)—now known as Virginia Tech—for one season in 1901, compiling a record of 6–1.

## Playing career

Before coaching, Morrison played halfback as an undergraduate at Cornell University for three seasons and also captained the basketball team in his senior year.

## Coaching career
### VPI

The 1901 season was the most successful season for the program up to that time, and would continue to hold that mark until 1909 under head coach Branch Bocock, who tied that mark that year and later would improve the season win/loss percentage in the 1913 season. The season included victories over Clemson and Georgetown. The team's only defeat came from Virginia on October 26, 1901, by a score of 0–16. This was the only game of the season that the Hokies did not score.

### Assistant coaching

After coaching at VPI for one year, he returned to Cornell as an assistant coach in 1902.

## Late life

Morrison enter a career in municipal bonds in 1915. In 1931, he moved from Detroit, Michigan to Coral Gables, Florida, where he opened A. B. Morrison & Co. Morrison died on June 15, 1967.

## Head coaching record
### Football

| Year | Team | Overall |
| VPI (Independent) (1901) ||||||
| 1901 | VPI | 6–1 |
| VPI: | VPI: | 6–1 |
| Total: | Total: | 6–1 |
# Paul D'Ambrosio

Paul D'Ambrosio is an American journalist and novelist. He is the former executive editor of the Asbury Park Press, and creator of DataUniverse.com, a public records site used by multiple Gannett newspapers. He is currently a senior editor at The Marshall Project.

## Education

D'Ambrosio graduated from the George Washington University. In 2018, he received an M.A. in journalism and strategic communications from the University of Memphis.

## Career
### Journalism

In October 1981, D'Ambrosio joined the Asbury Park Press as a reporter responsible for covering Jackson Township, New Jersey. He was later promoted to an investigations editor, senior regional news strategist, and director of investigations and news director for the newspaper before becoming the executive editor in 2019.
D'Ambrosio works in a field of journalism called computer-assisted reporting, which uses various programs to analyze government data. An unnamed precursor to DataUniverse was launched in the Spring of 2005 by D'Ambrosio, and the full DataUniverse was launched on the Asbury Park Press's website, on December 1, 2006. The site is programmed and maintained by D'Ambrosio. DataUniverse contains more than two dozen databases from crime records to property sale information, and garners about 1 million page views a week. The DataUniverse model has been widely duplicated throughout the Gannett newspaper chain and other news outlets.
As both editor and writer, he has won and shared in the Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, the Farfel Prize for Excellence in Investigative Reporting, the National Headliner awards for Public Service and Series Writing, two Associated Press Managing Editors' awards for Public Service, the Clark Mollenhoff Memorial Award for Investigative Reporting, three National Press Club awards for consumer journalism, and three Brechner Freedom of Information awards.
"Fighting New Jersey's Tax Crush" (2009), which D'Ambrosio edited and co-wrote, was named a finalist for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. He was named executive editor of the Press in February 2019 and departed the company in November 2022. He joined The Marshall Project criminal justice news site as senior editor in April 2023.

## Selected works
### News articles

* Vital Signs (1996) (D'Ambrosio, Linsk, McEnry, Becker)
* House of Cards (1997–98) (Asbury Park Press Staff)
* Right to Know Nothing (1999) (D'Ambrosio)
* Profiting from Public Service (2003–2004) (D'Ambrosio and Gannett New Jersey staff)
* Pay to Play and The Power Brokers (2004) (D'Ambrosio, Prado Roberts, and Gannett Staff)
* Fighting New Jersey's Tax Crush (2009) (D'Ambrosio, Mikle, Clurfeld, Bates, Mullen)

### Novels

* Cold Rolled Dead (2007), Down the Shore Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-59322-035-8
* Easy Squeezy (2013), Down the Shore Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-59322-080-8