OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Phosphinooxazolines

Phosphinooxazolines (often abbreviated PHOX) are a class of chiral ligands used in asymmetric catalysis. Colorless solids, PHOX ligands feature a tertiary phosphine group, often diphenyl, and an oxazoline ligand in the ortho position. The oxazoline, which carries the stereogenic center, coordinates through nitrogen, the result being that PHOX ligands are P,N-chelating ligands. Most phosphine ligands used in asymmetric catalysis are diphosphines, so the PHOX ligands are distinctive. Some evidence exists that PHOX ligands are hemilabile.

## Synthesis

The synthesis of phosphinooxazolines is modular. Methods exist for installing the phosphine ligand before the oxazoline and the reverse. Commonly a phenyloxazoline is combined with a source of diphenylphosphine. Methods for doing this depend on the nature of the substituent in the X position:
* When X = fluorine coupling involves anionic displacement with a alkali metal diphenylphosphide.
* 2-Bromoaryl oxazolines can be converted into a Grignard reagent, which react with chlorodiphenylphosphine. Alternatively, the aryl bromide can be coupled with diphenylphosphine via a copper iodide-catalysed reaction.
* Aryl oxazolines undergo directed ortho lithiation, and the resulting 2-lithio derivative then can be treated with chlorodiphenylphosphine.
Of these methods, the copper iodide catalysed reaction method is popular.

## Catalysis

Phosphinooxazoline complexes have been widely tested in homogeneous catalysis.

### Allylic substitutions

PHOX-based palladium complexes catalyse enantioselective allylic substitutions.
Substitutions include allylic alkylations (Tsuji-Trost reaction), aminations, and sulfonylations.

### Heck Reaction

Palladium complexes containing chiral phosphinooxazolines are efficient catalysts for the Heck reaction. Pd-PHOX catalysts have also been used for intramolecular Heck reactions and examples exist where they have been shown to be superior to more common ligands such as BINAP.

### Asymmetric Hydrogenation

In asymmetric hydrogenation iridium complexes of phosphinooxazolines catalyse 'classic' hydrogenation. Related ruthenium and palladium catalysts effect transfer hydrogenation. In addition to theoretical studies, the structural and kinetic properties
# Phosphinous acid

Phosphinous acid is the inorganic compound with the formula H$_2$POH. It exists, fleetingly, as a mixture with its less stable tautomer H$_3$PO (phosphine oxide). This mixture has been generated by low temperature oxidation of phosphine with ozone. H$_2$POH is mainly of pedagogical interest. Organophosphinous acids are more prevalent than the parent H$_2$POH.

## Organophosphinous acids

Phosphinous acids exist mainly as minor tautomers of secondary phosphine oxides. For example diphenylphosphinous acid, which is not detectable directly, is invoked as the tautomer of diphenylphosphine oxide.
Highly electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize the phosphinous acid tautomer as illustrated by (CF$_3$)$_2$POH.
# Phlegmon

A phlegmon is a localized area of acute inflammation of the soft tissues. It is a descriptive term which may be used for inflammation related to a bacterial infection or non-infectious causes (e.g. pancreatitis). Most commonly, it is used in contradistinction to a "walled-off" pus-filled collection (abscess), although a phlegmon may progress to an abscess if untreated. A phlegmon can localize anywhere in the body. The Latin term phlegmōn is from Ancient Greek φλέγω (phlégō) 'burn'.

## Signs and symptoms

As with any form of inflammation, phlegmon presents with inflammatory signs dolor (localized pain), calor (increase local tissue temperature), rubor (skin redness/hyperemia), tumor (either clear or non-clear bordered tissue swelling), functio laesa (diminish affected function). There may be systemic signs of infection, such as fever, general fatigue, chills, sweating, headache, loss of appetite.

## Cause

Commonly caused by bacterial infection, as in the case of cellulitis or diverticulitis. Non-infectious causes of phlegmon include acute pancreatitis, where inflammation is caused by leaking of pancreatic digestive enzymes into the surrounding tissues.
Factors affecting the development of phlegmon are virulence of bacteria and immunity strength.

## Diagnosis

In modern medicine, phlegmon is mostly used descriptively in the fields of surgery/surgical pathology and medical imaging. The ultrasound and CT imaging findings of phlegmon are those of focal tissue edema, with no loculated fluid collection to suggest the formation of an abscess.

## Treatment

Since phlegmon describes an area of inflammation, and not a specific disease process, the treatment depends on the cause and severity of the inflammation. Bacterial infections such as cellulitis may be treated by antibiotic therapy, depending on the severity.
# Phlegmatized explosive

A phlegmatized explosive is an explosive that has had an agent (a phlegmatizer) added to stabilize or desensitize it. Phlegmatizing usually improves the handling properties of an explosive (e.g. when munitions are filled in factories.)
TNT explosive can itself be used to phlegmatize more sensitive explosives such as RDX (to form Cyclotol), HMX (to form Octol), or PETN (to form Pentolite). Other typical phlegmatizing agents include paraffin wax (5% used in OKFOL and Composition H6), paper, or even water (used in water gel explosives). Such agents are nearly always flammable themselves (therefore adding fuel to the blast) or will at least boil off easily. Typically, a small amount of phlegmatizing agent is used e.g. Composition B, which has 1% paraffin wax added, or the Russian RGO hand grenade which contains 90 grams of "A-IX-1" explosive, comprising 96% RDX and 4% paraffin wax by weight. Another example of use is the VS-50 antipersonnel mine, which contains an explosive filling of 43 grams of RDX, again phlegmatized by combining it with 10% paraffin wax by weight.
# Vatica odorata

Vatica odorata is a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The specific epithet odorata means 'scented', referring to the flowers.

## Description

Vatica odorata grows as a canopy tree up to 40 metres (130 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 60 cm (24 in). The twigs are often flaky. The leathery leaves are ovate to elliptic and measure up to 16 cm (6 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

Vatica odorata is native to an area from China to Indochina and south to Malesia. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests, to elevations of 1,900 m (6,200 ft).

## Subspecies

Plants of the World Online recognises the following subspecies:
* Vatica odorata subsp. brevipetiolata P.H.Hô – Vietnam
* Vatica odorata subsp. mindanensis (Foxw.) P.S.Ashton – Borneo, Philippines
* Vatica odorata subsp. odorata
# 2020 Polish protests

2020 Polish protests may refer to:
* Rainbow Night in August 2020
* 2020–2021 women's strike protests in Poland
# Phunoichelys

Phunoichelys is an extinct genus of xinjiangchelyid turtle that inhabited Thailand during the Jurassic period and is known from a single species, P. thirakhupti.
# FK Čadca

FK Čadca is a Slovak football team, based in the town of Čadca. The club was founded in 1921.
# Phyllis Deane

Phyllis Mary Deane FBA (13 October 1918 – 28 July 2012) was a British economic historian and a historian of economic thought. She served as Professor of Economic History at the University of Cambridge from 1981 to 1983.

## Life and career

Deane was born in Hong Kong in October 1918, the daughter of an Admiralty engineer. She attended Chatham County School in Kent, then Hutchesons' Grammar School in Glasgow, before gaining a master's degree (MA) in Economic Science from the University of Glasgow in 1940. She later received an MA from the University of Cambridge.
Deane worked as a research officer, first at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) from 1941 to 1945, then at the Colonial Office until 1949. She left in 1950 for Cambridge University, where she was a researcher, then lecturer, in applied economics until 1971. She was then a reader in economic history until 1981, and Professor of Economic History from 1981 to 1983.
Among other academic honours, Deane was president of the Royal Economic Society from 1980 to 1982, a fellow of the British Academy, and was made an Honorary Doctor of Letters (DLitt) by Glasgow University in 1989. She was emeritus professor of economic history until her death in July 2012, aged 93. She never married.

## Publications

Deane contributed numerous papers and reviews to economic and other academic journals, and was editor of The Economic Journal from 1968 to 1975. Her books included British Economic Growth 1688–1959 (with W.A. "Max" Cole), which A. J. H. Latham described as "a milestone in British economic history, and indeed in economic history in general".
Her key works include:
* (1945) The Future of the Colonies, (with J. Huxley) London: Pilot Press.
* (1948) The Measurement of Colonial National Incomes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* (1953) Colonial Social Accounting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* (1962) British Economic Growth 1688–1959, (with W. A. Cole) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* (1965) The First Industrial Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* (1978) The Evolution of Economic Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* (1989) The State and the Economic System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* (2001) The Life and Times of J. Neville Keynes: A Beacon in the Tempest. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing
# Factoring

Factoring can refer to the following:
* Factoring (finance), a form of commercial finance
* Factorization, the mathematical concept of splitting an object into multiple parts multiplied together
* Integer factorization, splitting a whole number into the product of smaller whole numbers
* Decomposition (computer science)
* A rule in resolution theorem proving, see Resolution (logic)#Factoring
# Lübbe

Lübbe is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ann Cathrin Lübbe (born 1971), Norwegian Paralympic equestrian
* Heinrich Lübbe, German engineer
* Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist tried, convicted and executed for setting fire to the German Reichstag building in 1933
* Melanie Lubbe (born 1990), German chess grandmaster
* Vollrath Lübbe, highly decorated World War II Wehrmacht general
# Lü Zushan

Lü Zushan (born November 1946) is a politician of the People's Republic of China. He succeeded Xi Jinping as Governor of Zhejiang province in 2003. After retiring from provincial leadership in 2011, he has served as Vice-Chairman of the Financial and Economic Committee of the National People's Congress.

## Early life and career

Lü was born in November 1946 in Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province. In 1963 he entered the Nanjing Aeronautical Institute (now Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics), and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in March 1966.
After graduating from university in 1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Lü was sent to do manual labor on a People's Liberation Army farm until 1970, before becoming a technician at the Shaoyang Water Generator Plant in Shaoyang, Hunan province. Later he returned to Zhejiang and worked for the Zhejiang Automobile Industry Company, first as a technician and later as a manager. He then worked for the Machinery Department of the Zhejiang provincial government, first as an engineer, and later becoming deputy director and then director of the department.

## Provincial leadership

In 1995, Lü became a member of the Standing Committee of the CCP Zhejiang Provincial Committee. In January 1998, he became Executive Vice-Governor of Zhejiang, and CCP Deputy Committee Secretary of the province.
In January 2003, the Zhejiang People's Congress elected Lü Zushan as Governor of Zhejiang, replacing Xi Jinping who became the Communist Party Secretary of Zhejiang. He served under Xi, who later became General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, during Xi's five-year term as the provincial party committee secretary, and retired as governor in 2011 when he reached 65, the mandatory retirement age for provincial party secretaries and governors. After serving as governor, Lü was appointed Vice-Chairman of the Financial and Economic Committee of the National People's Congress.
Lü was an alternate member of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and a full member of the 17th Central Committee. Like many other provincial governors, he holds a master's degree in engineering from the Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party.
# Phú Bình district

Phú Bình is a rural district of Thái Nguyên province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 139,753. The district covers an area of 249 km². The district capital lies at Hương Sơn.

## Administrative divisions

Hương Sơn, Bàn Đạt, Bảo Lý, Dương Thành, Đào Xá, Điềm Thụy, Đồng Liên, Hà Châu, Kha Sơn, Lương Phú, Nga My, Nhã Lộng, Tân Đức, Tân Hòa, Tân Khánh, Tân Kim, Tân Thành, Thanh Ninh, Thượng Đình, Úc Kỳ, Xuân Phương.
# Faisalabad Canal Expressway

The Faisalabad Canal Expressway (Urdu, Punjabi: فیصل آباد نہر بزرگرہ) is a 27-km city district expressway located in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
In July 2015, Rana Sanaullah, Punjab Law Minister told news reporters in Faisalabad that the new 25-kilometre Faisalabad Canal Expressway would offer signal-free travel from Sahianwala to Samundari.
# M. leonina

M. leonina may refer to:
* Macaca leonina, the northern pig-tailed macaque, a primate species
* Melibe leonina, the hooded nudibranch or the lion nudibranch, a predatory sea slug species
* Mirounga leonina, the southern elephant seal, an elephant seal species
# Piano Works (Craig Armstrong album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| Music Box | link |
Piano Works is the third album of Craig Armstrong, containing solo piano pieces from different soundtracks played by himself.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Craig Armstrong
# FRCN

FRCN may stand for:
* Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria
* Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing
* Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria
# Pierre Charles Huguier

Pierre Charles Huguier (4 September 1804 – 12 January 1873) was a French surgeon and gynecologist born in Sézanne.
In 1834 he received his medical doctorate at Paris, and was later a surgeon at the Hôpital Beaujon. In 1835 he became an associate professor of the faculty of medicine at Paris.
Huguier is remembered for his pioneer work with genitourinary diseases such as lymphogranuloma venereum and uterine fibroma, with the latter disorder being formerly referred to as "Huguier's disease". He provided an early description of the anastomosis around the isthmus of the uterus, which is sometimes referred to as "Huguier's circle". His name is also lent to two anatomical structures associated with the ear:
* "Huguier's canal", or the "anterior canaliculus of chorda tympani": A canal at the medial end of the petrotympanic fissure, through which the chorda tympani nerve exits the tympanic cavity. Also known as the "canal of Huguier", or "iter chordae anterius".
* "Huguier's sinus": or the "fossula fenestrae vestibuli": A depression on the medial wall of the middle ear which has the vestibular window in its lower portion. Also called the little fossa of the vestibular window.
He is also credited with development of a specialized hysterometer (uterine sound).

## Selected writings

* Des opérations de pupille artificielle, 1841.
* Mémoire sur les kystes de la matrice et sur les kystes folliculaires du vagin. Lu à la Société de Chirurgie le 5 May 1847.
* Mémoire sur l'esthiomène, ou darte rongeante de la région vulvo-anale. Extrait du tome XIV des Mémoires d l'Académie Nationale de Médecine. 1849.
* Mémoire sur les maladies des appareils sécréteurs des organes génitaux externes de la femme. Extrait des Mémoires de l'Academie Nationale de Médecine. 1850.
* Mémoire sur les appareils sécréteurs des organes génitaux externes chez la femme et chez les animaux. Extrait des Annales des Sciences Naturelles, April 1850.
* Traitement des kystes de l'ovaire, 1856 – Treatment of ovarian cysts.
* Mémoire sur les allongements hypertrophiques du col de l'uterus, 1860 – Treatise on hypertrophic elongation of the cervix.
* De l'hystérométrie et du cathétérisme utérin, etc. 1865 – Hysterometry and uterine catheterization.
# Pike County Gulch

37°55′54″N 122°41′20″W﻿ / ﻿37.93167°N 122.68889°W﻿ / 37.93167; -122.68889
Pike County Gulch is a coastal valley in Marin County, California, United States, which is associated with a small stream. It is located between Wilkins Gulch (to the northwest) and Audubon Canyon (to the southeast).
The stream descends the western slope of the Bolinas Ridge, crosses State Route 1 about 3 miles (5 km) north of Stinson Beach, California, and drains into the northern tip of Bolinas Lagoon.
The gulch contains an ore vein 4 feet (1.22 m) thick containing pyrite, located a mile (1.6 km) south of the Union Gulch Mine.
# MKS1

Meckel syndrome, type 1 also known as MKS1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MKS1 gene.

## Function

The MKS1 protein along with meckelin are part of the flagellar apparatus basal body proteome and are required for cilium formation.

## Clinical significance

Mutations in the MKS1 are associated with Meckel syndrome or Bardet–Biedl syndrome.
# Fallon, Haute-Saône

Fallon (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
# Pierre Guillemot

Pierre Guillemot, called "the King of Bignan" was a military leader in Brittany after the French Revolution.
Pierre Guillemot was born on 1 November 1759 at a place called Kerdel, in Bignan, and died on 5 January 1805 in Vannes.
As a Chouan military leader who held Republican troops in respect of a large part of Morbihan from year 1794 to 1800. He is the father of Julien Guillemot.

## Career

He was at the beginning of the Revolution only a simple farmer from Donnan, hamlet of Plumelec. He was, however, a scholar since he had begun studies in Vannes, which he had to abandon when his father died to keep the land of Kerdel. Recruited by Georges Cadoudal, he began his career with the occupation of Grand Champ, the felling of the Tree of Liberty, the seizure of the tax office and the release of a refractory priest, Father Leclerc, rector of Saint-Jean-Brévelay. The latter was being forced to Josselin by eighty Republicans with about thirty peasants, Guillemot attacked the escort in the Colledo wood at Guéhenno, puts them to flight and frees the vicar who, wounded in the leg, will die a few days later. Joseph of Boulainvilliers Croÿ who deserted the Morbihan and passed in Ille-et-Vilaine in September with 50 000 books entrusted by Joseph de Puisaye was arrested by the men of Pierre Guillemot. The latter made him judge by an improvised council of war which condemned him to death: Boulainvilliers was shot by the Chouans de Guillemot on 17 January 1795 in the village of Kerhervy in Saint-Jean-Brévelay.
He showed his great military abilities by dislodging Locminé's blue troops, fighting General Lazare Hoche and trying to prevent General Brune from liberating Vannes in 1799. For his success he was nicknamed the King of Bignan and he became colonel of the Royalist Army and Chief of Legion for the whole department. After an exile in England with Cadoudal, he returned to France and, to liberate Cadoudal, devised a plan which failed. On 13 June 1804 the prefect Jullien was informed by one of his spies that Guillemot had been seen in Plumelec. Hidden from Plaudren, he was arrested soon after. He was tried by a military commission and shot in Vannes on 5 January 1805.
There is an association, Pierre Guillemot whose head office is in Bignan and whose purpose is to safeguard the historical memory of the Chouan chief.
# Pilke House

The Pilke House is a combined office building and science centre in Rovaniemi, Finland. It was built in 2011 and is notable for its low carbon footprint and the use of sustainable wood products in its design.

## Science Centre Pilke

Science Centre Pilke, opened in June 2011, has interactive exhibits, presentations and short tours, and is designed for people of all ages. The exhibition at the Science Centre focuses on the sustainable use of northern forests: the growth and management of forests and forest-based products and commodities.

## Office building

The Pilke House also houses the offices of Metsähallitus, the organization which manages Finland's 37 national parks, providing workspace for 135 people.

## Architecture

The building is a wooden beam-column structure, an example of ecological wood construction and Finnish architecture. The carbon dioxide emissions of the wooden Pilke House are about one third of those of a steel or concrete building of the same size. In 2011 Pilke House was presented with the Wooden Structure of the Year Award by the Puuinfo organization. The facade of the building consists of wooden bearing exterior wall blocks. The rooms and spaces inside the building can be altered and resized flexibly. The Pilke House is designed by the architectural studio Arkkitehtityöhuone Artto Palo Rossi Tikka Oy (APRT). The chief designer was Architect Teemu Palo; Juhani Suikki worked as the project's architect.
# Fan Llia

Fan Llia is a subsidiary summit of Fan Fawr in the Fforest Fawr section of the Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales. In common with other peaks in the Fforest Fawr uplands it lies within the county of Powys.
The hill has the form of a broad ridge aligned south-south-west to north-north-east peaking at an altitude of 632 m. It has a subsidiary top to the north which is known as Fan Dringarth and which attains a height of 617 m. Its broad northern ridge is eventually truncated by the cliffs of Craig Cwm-du.
A number of features of archaeological interest are to be found on its flanks including several house platforms.

## Geology

The hill is formed largely from sandstones of the Brownstones Formation of the Old Red Sandstone dating from the Devonian period. Its southernmost slopes (around Cefn Perfedd) are formed in Plateau Beds Formation sandstones and an area in the north-east is underlain by sandstones and mudstones of the Senni Beds Formation. Rock exposures are infrequent − the hill being draped with glacial till and accumulations of peat. The most significant feature is a post-glacial landslip which extends from near the summit of Fan Dringarth down its eastern slopes almost to the Afon Dringarth and which may be responsible for the name of this subsidiary peak. Craig Cwm-du to the north hosted a small glacier in the ice age.
The hill is drained to the west by a number of streams flowing into the Afon Llia and to the east by streams flowing into the Afon Dringarth, part of which has been impounded directly to the east of the hill as Ystradfellte Reservoir. The hill is within the Fforest Fawr Geopark designated in 2005 in recognition of the area's geological heritage.

## Access

The entire hill is designated as open country so walkers may wander at will though most choose to ascend the hill from the Natural Resources Wales car park at Blaen Llia (OS grid ref SN 926165) just off the minor road between the villages of Ystradfellte and Heol Senni. This ridge route is also followed by the Beacons Way long-distance footpath.
# Fairhaven, Anne Arundel County, Maryland

Fairhaven is an unincorporated community in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. Maryland Route 423 connects Fairhaven with Maryland Route 2, which goes north to Annapolis, the state capital, and south to Prince Frederick, the county seat of Calvert County.
# Pine Grove Cemetery

Pine Grove Cemetery may refer to:
* Pine Grove Cemetery (Leominster, Massachusetts), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Worcester County
* Pine Grove Cemetery (Lynn, Massachusetts)
* Pine Grove Cemetery (Truro, Massachusetts), listed on the NRHP in Barnstable County