OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Ferguson (historian)

William Ferguson (19 February 1924 – 8 January 2021) was a Scottish academic and author who specialised in the history of Scotland. He studied history at Glasgow and Oxford, and spent most of his academic career at the University of Edinburgh. He retired from teaching in 1989, but continued his research and his writing, publishing The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest in 1998. He died on 8 January 2021, aged 96.

## Early life and education

Ferguson was born in Muirkirk in on 19 February 1924. His father worked on the railway line between Muirkirk and Lanark, and in the 1930s gained a promotion that caused him to move to Glasgow. Ferguson had intended to study medicine, and in the Second World War was called up to work as a naval medic; after the war however, he decided to study history. He completed his first undergraduate degree at the University of Glasgow, and in 1950 he went enrolled at Balliol College, Oxford where he spent two years, before returning to Glasgow to complete his PhD.

## Career

After completing his doctorate, Ferguson worked as an assistant lecturer at Glasgow before moving to Edinburgh in 1954. He was promoted to lecturer, then senior lecturer, and ultimately was awarded a readership in the 1970s. He retired from the University of Edinburgh in 1989, but continued to write, research, and review the work of other scholars.

## Works

Ferguson's first book, Scotland: 1689 to the Present, published in 1968, was an analysis of Scotland's history following the union with England in 1707. In 1977 he published Relations with England: A Survey to 1707, which explored Scotland's relationship with England prior to the union. His 1998 book The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest was awarded Saltire Society's award for Scottish history, although it was criticised by Roger Mason for what he perceived as the book's failure to engage with other scholars' contributions on the subject of Scottish identity.
# Tylecodon aurusbergensis

Tylecodon aurusbergensis is a species of plant in the family Crassulaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# 2020 UEC European Track Championships – Women's madison

The women's madison competition at the 2020 UEC European Track Championships was held on 15 November 2020.

## Results

120 laps (30 km) were raced with 12 sprints.
| Rank | Name | Nation | Lap points | Sprint points | Finish order | Total points |
| | Elisa Balsamo Vittoria Guazzini | Italy | 0 | 52 | 1 | 52 |
| | Diana Klimova Maria Novolodskaya | Russia | 20 | 31 | 2 | 51 |
| | Laura Kenny Elinor Barker | Great Britain | 0 | 38 | 3 | 38 |
| 4 | Nikol Płosaj Patrycja Lorkowska | Poland | 0 | 13 | 4 | 13 |
| 5 | Anna Nahirna Viktoriya Bondar | Ukraine | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 6 | Aline Seitz Michelle Andres | Switzerland | 0 | 4 | 6 | 4 |
| 7 | Tania Calvo Eukene Larrarte | Spain | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| 8 | Jarmila Machačová Petra Ševčíková | Czech Republic | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
# PPTA

PPTA may refer to:
* Ping Pong the Animation
* Post Primary Teachers' Association, a teachers' trade union in New Zealand
* Patliputra Junction railway station, in India
* para-Aramid or p-phenylene terephthalamide
* probabilistic, polynomial-time algorithm
# Nirmal Kumar Verma

Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma (born 14 November 1950) is a former senior naval officer who served as the Chief of the Naval Staff of Indian Navy, from 31 August 2009 to 31 August 2012. In November 2012, he was appointed the High Commissioner to Canada.

## Early life

Born on 14 November 1950, he joined the Indian Navy at the age of 19. He studied at Goethals Memorial School Kurseong, Royal Naval Staff College in the United Kingdom, and the Naval War College in 1993 in the United States.

## Military career

Verma took charge of the Naval Academy in Goa, and subsequently became commander of a series of Indian Navy ships, including INS Ranvir (D54) and INS Viraat, at that time India's only aircraft carrier. He then took over as the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief (FOC-in-C) of the Eastern Naval Command, and was appointed Chief of the Indian Navy upon the retirement of Sureesh Mehta on 31 August 2009. During his career he has been awarded several decorations, including the Param Vishisht Seva Medal and the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal. He took over as the Chairman, Chief's of Staff Committee on 30 July 2011 from the then outgoing Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal P V Naik.

## Awards

| Param Vishisht Seva Medal | Ati Vishisht Seva Medal | Poorvi Star | Paschimi Star |
| Special Service Medal | Sangram Medal | Operation Parakram Medal | Videsh Seva Medal |
| 50th Anniversary of Independence Medal | 25th Anniversary of Independence Medal | 25th Anniversary of Independence Medal | 30 Years Long Service Medal |
| | 20 Years Long Service Medal | 9 Years Long Service Medal |

## Post Retirement

Adm Verma was appointed High Commissioner of India to Canada in 2012. He is currently a CNO Distinguished International Fellow at the US Naval War College.
# Valery Dvoryaninov

Valery Dvoryaninov (born 6 November 1947) is a Soviet equestrian. He competed in two events at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Moussa Foyo

Moussa Foyo is a sub-prefecture of Moyen-Chari Region in Chad.
# Elsie

Elsie may refer to:

## People and fictional characters

* Elsie (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Lily Elsie (1886–1952), English actress and singer born Elsie Hodder
* Robert Elsie (1950–2017), Canadian expert in Albanian culture and affairs
* Hahm Eun-jung (born 1988), South Korean singer and actress known professional as Elsie, a member of T-ara

## Places
### United States

* Elsie, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
* Elsie, Michigan, a village
* Elsie, Nebraska, village
* Lake Elsie, in North Dakota

### Canada

* Elsie Island, Nunavut
* Elsie Lake, in British Columbia

## Music

* Elsie (album), the 2011 début album by The Horrible Crowes
* Elsie (musical)
** "Elsie", a song from Elsie (musical)

## Other uses

* USS Elsie III (SP-708), a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919, later USC&G Elsie III, a United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ship from 1919 to 1944
* Elsie (robot), an autonomous robot built by William Grey Walter
* Elsie mine, also known as the C3A1 mine, a type of anti-personnel mine
* Elsie, nickname for Searchlight Control radar (SLC radar)
* Elsie Refuge, the first women's shelter to protect women from domestic violence in Australia
# Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's team foil

The women's team foil was one of eight fencing events on the fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics programme. It was the ninth appearance of the event. The competition was held from 3 to 4 August 1992. 60 fencers from 12 nations competed.

## Results
### Round 1
#### Round 1 Pool A

| Pos | Team | W | L | BW | BL | Qual. |
| 1 | Italy | 2 | 0 | 18 | 2 | QQ |
| 2 | Poland | 1 | 1 | 10 | 13 | QQ |
| 3 | South Korea | 0 | 2 | 5 | 18 | |

#### Round 1 Pool B

| Pos | Team | W | L | BW | BL | Qual. |
| 1 | Unified Team | 2 | 0 | 18 | 5 | QQ |
| 2 | Hungary | 1 | 1 | 13 | 10 | QQ |
| 3 | Great Britain | 0 | 2 | 2 | 18 | |

#### Round 1 Pool C

| Pos | Team | W | L | BW | BL | Qual. |
| 1 | Germany | 2 | 0 | 18 | 5 | QQ |
| 2 | Romania | 1 | 1 | 14 | 9 | QQ |
| 3 | Canada | 0 | 2 | 0 | 18 | |

#### Round 1 Pool D

| Pos | Team | W | L | BW | BL | Qual. |
| 1 | China | 2 | 0 | 17 | 10 | QQ |
| 2 | France | 1 | 1 | 15 | 13 | QQ |
| 3 | United States | 0 | 2 | 9 | 18 | |

### Elimination rounds

| Fifth place | Fifth place | Fifth place | Consolation semifinals | Consolation semifinals | Consolation semifinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final |
| | | | | | | A1 | Italy | 9 | | | | |
| | | | | | | B2 | Hungary | 2 | | | | | | |
| | | | B2 | Hungary | 8 | | | | A1 | Italy | 9 | |
| | | | D1 | China | 8 | | | | C2 | Romania | 3 | |
| | | | | | | C2 | Romania | 8 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | D1 | China | 7 | | | | | |
| D1 | China | 5 | | | | | | | | | A1 | Italy | 9 |
| D2 | France | 9 | | | | | | | | | A1 | C1 | Germany | 6 |
| | | | | | | D2 | France | 8 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | C1 | Germany | 8 | | | | | | |
| Seventh place | Seventh place | Seventh place | D2 | France | 9 | | | | C1 | Germany | 9 | Third place | Third place | Third place |
| | | | A2 | Poland | 4 | | | | B1 | Unified Team | 4 | | | |
| B2 | Hungary | 9 | | | | B1 | | | Unified Team | 9 | | C2 | Romania | 8 |
| A2 | Poland | 7 | | | | A2 | Poland | 7 | | | | B1 | Unified Team | 8 |
# Pacific Rim Uprising (soundtrack)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metro UK | |
| TribLive | |
| Movie Wave | |
Pacific Rim: Uprising – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film score to the 2018 film of the same name, composed by Lorne Balfe. The score was recorded at the Synchron Scoring Stage in Vienna with the Synchron Stage Orchestra conducted by Johannes Vogel. The soundtrack was released by Milan Records digitally on iTunes on March 23, 2018, while the physical soundtrack was released on April 6, 2018.

## Background

John Paesano had originally been attached as composer for the film, based on past collaborations with director Steven S. DeKnight on the Marvel television series Daredevil. Paesano had been recording his score at the Synchron Scoring Stage, but was replaced by Lorne Balfe on January 24, 2018. No official reason was given about Paesano's removal.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Lorne Balfe, except where noted
The following tracks appear in the film, but are not credited on the film's soundtrack with the exception of "Come Down".
* "Come Down" by Anderson .Paak - Plays in the cadet's room when Amara shows up.
* "Trololo Song" by Eduard Khil - Plays when Cadet Llya and Cadet Suresh are deployed in the Jaeager.
* "I Want to Know What Love Is" by Foreigner - Plays in the background during Newt's evening with Alice.

## Personnel

* Music Supervisors — Peter Afterman & Margaret Yen
* Associate Music Supervisor — Alison Litton
* Music Coordinator — Oriana Pedone
* Music Production Coordinator — Queenie Li
* Score Technical Assistants — Max Aruj
* Score Programmers — Clay Duncan, Jon Aschalew & Ed Buller
* Solo Cello — Peter Gregson
* Music Editor — Richard Ziegler
* Orchestrator — Shane Rutherfoord-Jones
* Score Mixer — John Chapman
* Score Mix Assistant — Alfredo Pasquel
* Recording Engineer — Bernd Mazagg
* Pro Tools Operator — Martin Weismayr
# 2011 in Chile

The following lists events that happened during 2011 in Chile.

## Incumbents

* President: Sebastián Piñera (RN)

## Events
### March

* March 11 – Arms dealer Italo Nolli assassinates two members of the Investigations Police of Chile and wounds another six policeman as a result of the ongoing chase, before being shot and killed by police.

### June

* June 4 – Puyehue Volcano erupts, forcing the evacuation of more than a thousand residents.
# Brest University Hospital Centre

48°23′35″N 4°29′13″W﻿ / ﻿48.393°N 4.487°W﻿ / 48.393; -4.487 Brest University Hospital Centre, (CHRU de Brest), based in Brest runs:
* Augustin-Morvan hospital;
* Cavale Blanche Hospital;
* Bohars hospital;
* Carhaix hospital;
* René-Fortin center;
* care and rehabilitation centre of Guilers;
* EHPAD Delcourt-Ponchelet, Keravel, Persivien.
It has nine specialized hospitality sites, 2,200 beds, 760,000 people hospitalized each year, 6,500 professionals and 1,300 students and is prominent in development of research and innovation in the medical field, particularly in the management of autoimmune diseases and the treatment of medical imaging.
# Nimrod (1810 ship)

Nimrod was launched in 1799 in Delaware or Philadelphia, possibly under another name. She first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1810 as a West Indiaman. In 1815 she was listed as being employed in the South Seas Fishery. She was last listed in 1820.

## Career

Nimrod first appeared in LR in 1810.
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
| 1810 | W.Burke | Robertson | Greenock–St Barts | LR |
| 1815 | W.Burke | Robertson | London–South Seas | LR; good repair 1811 |
| 1820 | W.Burke | Robertson | London–South Seas | LR; good repair 1811 |
Lloyd's List's Ship arrival and departure (SAD) information carries no mention of her.

## Fate

Nimrod was last listed in the Register of Shipping in 1816 and in LR in 1820.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 LR (1810), Supple. pages "N", Seq.№N22.
* ↑ Clayton (2014), p. 183.
# 2020 Inter-Provincial Championship

The 2020 Inter-Provincial Championship, known for sponsorship reasons as the Test Triangle Inter-Provincial Championship, was scheduled to be the eighth edition of the Inter-Provincial Championship, a first-class cricket competition played in Ireland. It was scheduled to take place from 2 to 27 August 2020. It would have been the fourth edition of the competition to be played with first-class status. The number of fixtures were halved from the previous year, with each team playing two matches instead of four. Leinster Lightning were the defending champions.
On 26 March 2020, Cricket Ireland confirmed that domestic competitions would be pushed back to 28 May 2020 at the earliest, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Government restrictions prevented any cricket, including training, from starting before June 2020. The Irish government announced a provisional date of 20 July 2020 for a possible restart of sporting fixtures in the country. Plans of a possible start of domestic cricket in Ireland, with matches taking place during August and September, were looked at in July 2020. However, on 22 July 2020, Cricket Ireland confirmed that only the 20-over and 50-over tournaments would take place in 2020 due to the pandemic. In February 2021, Cricket Ireland confirmed that there would be no first-class competition in 2021, with the focus on limited overs cricket instead.
# William Charles Anthony Frerichs

William Charles Anthony Frerichs (1829 – March 16, 1905) was an American landscape painter. Born in Ghent, he emigrated to the United States, taught at Greensboro Female College, and served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. After the war, he settled in Staten Island, New York state. His work is in the collections of the Asheville Art Museum, North Carolina Museum of Art, and the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art at the State University of New York at New Paltz.
# Elst, Gelderland

Elst is a town in the municipality of Overbetuwe in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is situated in the Betuwe, between the cities of Arnhem and Nijmegen. In January 2022 the town had 22,509 inhabitants.
Elst is known for its Roman temples, which are situated under St Martin's (or the St Werenfried) church. Elst was a separate municipality until 2001, when it became a part of Overbetuwe.
Elstar is an apple cultivar that was developed in Elst in the 1950s.

## History

A number of archeological finds have been made in Elst. In 1947, while repairing war damage, the remains of two Roman temples were discovered under St Martin's Church, including one of the largest found north of the Alps. Further Roman buildings have since been found in the town, as have prehistoric items.
The missionary Saint Werenfried of Elst, was buried in Elst in circa 780. In the middle ages his tomb attracted pilgrims, as his intercession was believed to cure disorders, especially those related to arthritis.
In September 1944, Elst was the scene of fighting between Allied and German troops during Operation Market Garden. During this, the tower of St Martin's Church was used as an observation post, and was largely destroyed by shelling. The church was rebuilt after the war.
The municipality of Elst has existed since 1812. In January 2001 it became a part of the new municipality of Overbetuwe, when it merged with of Heteren and Valburg. Since then, Elst has expanded with the building of new housing and industrial estates.
H. J. Heinz Company's sauce factory for the European market is located in Elst. In 2006 Heinz moved production of HP Sauce here from Birmingham, England. Seen as a traditional British sauce, the decision received adverse publicity in the UK at the time.

## Education

Elst is home to three high schools: Het Westeraam, Lyceum and Over Betuwe College Elst (OBC Elst).

## Sports

There are several sports clubs in Elst, including:
* Spero (Football)
* BCE (badminton)
* Elistha (Football)
* ETV (tennis)
* EZ & PC (swimming)
* Gaviiformes (scuba diving)
* Gemini (Volleyball)
* HCOB (field hockey)
* Unlimited (basketball)
* Budo vereniging (martial arts)

## The Linge near Elst

The river Linge flows just north of Elst.
* The Linge from the Welsh Guardsbrug
* The Linge in the autumn
* The Linge in the winter
* The Linge near the viaduct across the railway
* The Linge near the first Weteringswal
* The Linge at the second Weteringswal
* The Linge in the fog near Romeins Lint Oost
* The Linge from the bridge (the Raaijebrug)
* The Linge near the bridge (the Raaijebrug)
* The Linge from the bridge (the Langstraatbrug)

## People born in Elst

* Pierre Kartner (1935–2022), singer and composer
* Frits Kuipers (1899–1943), footballer
* Paul Kuypers (1939–1971), agricultural scientist
* Henk "Henkie" Leeuwis (1945–2022), singer
* Jeffrey Leiwakabessy (born 1981), footballer
* Dirk Proper (born 2002), footballer
* Hans Weijs (born 1986), rally driver
* Peter J. Williamson (1823–1907), architect, American Civil War adjutant to General William T. Sherman
* Jan Zwartkruis (1925–2013), footballer

## Transportation

* Elst railway station
# PW

PW may refer to:

## Arts and media

* PW (rapper) (born 1992), English hip-hop artist
* Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, a 2010 video game
* Pauly-Wissowa, a short name for the Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
* Pee Wee (singer) (born 1988), Mexican American singer and actor
* Perfect World (video game), an online roleplaying game
* Persistent world, a type of virtual world
* Philadelphia Weekly, a newspaper
* Practical Wireless, a UK-based amateur radio magazine
* Production Workshop, a Brown University theater
* Publishers Weekly, a trade magazine
* Palworld, a 2024 survival video game

## Businesses and organizations

* Warsaw University of Technology, Politechnika Warszawska, a university in Poland
* Price Waterhouse, an accounting firm
* Pratt & Whitney, an aerospace manufacturer
* Protest Warrior, a political activist group
* Physics Wallah, an online and offline education platform

### Transportation

* Pacific Western Transportation, a bus transport company
* Providence and Worcester Railroad (reporting mark PW)
* Precision Air (IATA code PW), a current Tanzanian airline
* German Wings (IATA code PW), a 1983-1990 German airline
* Pacific Western Airlines (IATA code PW), a 1946-1987 Canadian airline

## Places

* Palau (ISO code PW), an island nation
* Puerto Williams, a port in Chile

## Science and technology

* .pw, the Internet domain for Palau
* Password, a code for authentication
* Pathetic Writer, a word processor software application
* Pennyweight, a unit of mass
* Petawatt (PW), a unit of power
* Picowatt (pW), a unit of power
* Precipitable water, a meteorological measure of the amount of water in the atmosphere
* Pseudo-wire, in computer networking and telecommunications

## Other uses

* P. W. Botha (1916–2006), prime minister of South Africa
* Prisoner of war, a legal status in warfare
* Paul Walker (1973-2013), actor known for the Fast And Furious franchise.
* Kotwica, a World War II emblem of the Polish Underground State and Armia Krajowa.
# Thubana chanthaburiensis

Thubana chanthaburiensis is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Kyu-Tek Park in 2003. It is found in Thailand.
# Ophioleuce

Ophioleuce is a genus of brittle stars.
# Brežani (Srebrenica)

Brežani (Cyrillic: Брежани) is a village in the municipality of Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Phan Huy Ích

Phan Huy Ích (chữ Hán: 潘輝益; 1751–1822) was a Vietnamese poet. Phan Huy Ich served two dynasties, both the Le dynasty then the Tay Son uprising. About the time of the collapse of the Tay Son dynasty he wrote the preface to Ngô Thì Nhậm's last book on Buddhism True Lam Tong Chi Nguyen Thanh. He was father of Phan Huy Chú (1782–1840) author of Lich Trieu Hien Chuong Loai Chi (1819).
Phan Huy Ích was in 1926 claimed as the true translator into Vietnamese of Đặng Trần Côn's Chinh phụ ngâm. The translation from chữ Hán into vernacular chữ Nôm had traditionally been ascribed to poet Đoàn Thị Điểm.
# Edward Kellogg (economist)

Edward Kellogg (October 18, 1790, in Norwalk, Connecticut – April 29, 1858, in New York) was a businessman and economist. Influenced by his experience in the Panic of 1837, he became an early advocate of fiat money. His ideas later influenced the Greenback movement and the Populist Party.

## Life and career

After a brief stint in business in Norwalk, he relocated to New York City and established Edward Kellogg & Co., a wholesale dry goods firm, which he operated until 1837. By that time, he was heavily invested in real estate in Brooklyn and moved his family there to facilitate the management of his properties. This, together with his financial studies, would occupy most of his time for the remainder of his life.

## Economic ideas

Following the Panic of 1837, he began to think about the monetary system and he believed it was faulted. He was especially concerned about interest, which could often reach usurious levels. His first proposal was that all paper money should be issued by the government. (At that time, most banks issued their own private paper notes.) The government's notes would be low interest and backed by real estate. Simultaneously, the government would issue bonds (at the same interest rate) that could be exchanged for the notes. This, he believed, would keep interest rates tied to actual economic growth. The notes could also be redeemed for gold or silver, twice yearly, and would be insured by a National Safety Fund.
In 1843, Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, convinced Kellogg to publish his opinions. They were issued in tabloid form under the title "Usury: the Evil and Remedy". With a few additions and changes, it was reprinted the next year as a pamphlet, under the pseudonym Godek Gardwell, and renamed "Currency: the Evil and Remedy". In 1849, it was given the title "Labor and Other Capital" and published as a book. His daughter put out a new edition in 1861, and it was retitled again, as "A New Monetary System",

## Influence on later movements

During his own lifetime, Kellogg's ideas garnered interest from Greeley and some other public figures, but they never came close to being adopted. Kellogg's proposals gained new attention during the American Civil War, when the United States began printing banknotes as a matter of wartime necessity. After the war, Alexander Campbell adopted aspects of Kellogg's proposals, calling for the permanent usage of fiat money. Campbell's approach served as the intellectual basis for the rise of the Greenback movement and would later influence the Populist Party.
# Vanzau

Vanzau is a village in the Champhai district of Mizoram, India. It is located in the Khawbung R.D. Block.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Vanzau has 149 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 87.16%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 657 | 345 | 312 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 112 | 60 | 52 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 649 | 341 | 308 |
| Literates | 475 | 263 | 212 |
| Workers (all) | 242 | 166 | 76 |
| Main workers (total) | 242 | 166 | 76 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 213 | 145 | 68 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 28 | 20 | 8 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Non-workers | 415 | 179 | 236 |