OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Little general

Little General may refer to:
* Dick Advocaat (born 1947), Dutch football manager and former player
* Garnet Campbell (curler) (1927–2011), Canadian curler
* Avery Johnson (born 1965), American basketball player and coach
* Stacey Jones (born 1976), New Zealand rugby league footballer
* Ron Lancaster (1938–2008), an American-Canadian football player and coach
* Allan Langer (born 1966), Australian rugby league footballer
* Óscar Pareja (born 1968), a Colombian professional football manager
* Aimé Picquet du Boisguy (1776–1839), a French chouan general during the French Revolution
* Lars-Erik Sjöberg (1944–1987), a Swedish ice hockey player
* Frederick Traill-Burroughs (1831–1905), a British Army officer
* Andre Turner (born 1964), an American basketball player
# Paul M. Wassarman

Paul Michael Wassarman (born March 26, 1940) is an American biologist who has been Professor in the Dept. of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai since 1996 (Chairman 2000-2007). His laboratory identified and characterised proteins that make up the zona pellucida (ZP) of mammalian eggs and determined their role in fertilisation.

## Education

He earned his B.S. and M.S. from the University of Massachusetts, a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Brandeis University (1963–1967; Advisor, N.O.Kaplan), and was a postdoctoral fellow at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England (1967–1970; Sponsor, J.C.Kendrew).

## Career

He was a faculty member in the Dept. of Biological Chemistry at Harvard Medical School (1972–1986) and in the Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology at the Roche Institute of Molecular Biology (1986–1996; Chairman 1987-1992) before joining the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

## Academic work

His main research contributions lie in the areas of mammalian oogenesis and fertilization, particularly on the structure and function of the egg's ZP. His laboratory identified and characterised proteins that make up the ZP, identified growing oocytes as the site of synthesis of ZP proteins, demonstrated that two ZP proteins serve as sperm receptors during fertilization and are inactive following fertilization, identified regions of ZP polypeptides involved in ZP protein secretion and assembly, and proposed a structure for fibrils that constitute the ZP
He edited six volumes of Methods in Enzymology and four volumes of Current Topics in Developmental Biology, was series editor of Advances in Developmental Biology/Biochemistry, has been series editor of Current Topics in Developmental Biology since 2007, and authored "A Guide to Zona Pellucida Domain Proteins" (Wiley, 2015) and "A Place in History: the Biography of John C. Kendrew" (Oxford University Press, 2020).

## Awards and honors

He was an NIH predoctoral fellow, Helen Hay Whitney Foundation postdoctoral fellow, Rockefeller Foundation special research fellow, and Lillian and Henry M. Stratton Professorial Chair. He has been an advisor to NIH, NSF, ERC, NSC, WHO, Wellcome Trust, Schering AG, and Hoffmann-La Roche and delivered the Helen Mangelsdorph, M.C. Chang, James E. Leatham, Ernst Schering, Alan S. Parkes, and Luigi Mastroianni memorial lectures.
# 2021 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's shot put

The women's shot put event at the 2021 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 4 March at 19:15 (qualification) and 5 March at 19:06 (final) local time.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Auriol Dongmo Portugal | Fanny Roos Sweden | Christina Schwanitz Germany |

## Records

Standing records prior to the 2021 European Athletics Indoor Championships :
| World record | Helena Fibingerová (TCH) | 22.50 | Jablonec nad Nisou, Czechoslovakia | 19 February 1977 |
| European record | Helena Fibingerová (TCH) | 22.50 | Jablonec nad Nisou, Czechoslovakia | 19 February 1977 |
| Championship record | Helena Fibingerová (TCH) | 21.46 | San Sebastián, Spain | 13 March 1977 |
| World Leading | Auriol Dongmo (POR) | 19.65 | Karlsruhe, Germany | 29 January 2021 |
| European Leading | Auriol Dongmo (POR) | 19.65 | Karlsruhe, Germany | 29 January 2021 |

## Results
### Qualification

Qualification: Qualifying performance 18.40 (Q) or at least 8 best performers (q) advance to the Final.
| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | #1 | #2 | #3 | Result | Note |
| 1 | Christina Schwanitz | Germany | 18.86 | | | 18.86 | Q |
| 2 | Aliona Dubitskaya | Belarus | 18.00 | 18.74 | | 18.74 | Q, SB |
| 3 | María Belén Toimil | Spain | 18.64 | | | 18.64 | Q, NR |
| 4 | Auriol Dongmo | Portugal | 17.78 | 18.55 | | 18.55 | Q |
| 5 | Jessica Schilder | Netherlands | 18.24 | 17.78 | 18.48 | 18.48 | Q, PB |
| 6 | Fanny Roos | Sweden | 17.78 | 18.45 | | 18.45 | Q |
| 7 | Sara Gambetta | Germany | x | 18.43 | | 18.43 | Q, PB |
| 8 | Markéta Červenková | Czech Republic | 17.93 | 18.16 | 17.59 | 18.16 | q, PB |
| 9 | Sophie McKinna | Great Britain | 17.59 | 17.95 | x | 17.95 | |
| 10 | Katharina Maisch | Germany | 17.93 | 17.72 | 17.59 | 17.93 | |
| 11 | Emel Dereli | Turkey | 17.83 | 17.59 | 17.60 | 17.83 | |
| 12 | Klaudia Kardasz | Poland | 17.57 | x | 17.81 | 17.81 | |
| 13 | Amelia Strickler | Great Britain | 17.12 | 16.91 | x | 17.12 | |
| 14 | Chiara Rosa | Italy | 16.30 | 16.56 | 16.90 | 16.90 | |
| 15 | Frida Åkerström | Sweden | 16.17 | 16.86 | 16.72 | 16.86 | |
| 16 | Senja Mäkitörmä | Finland | 16.71 | 16.74 | 16.76 | 16.76 | |
| 17 | Sara Lennman | Sweden | 16.01 | x | 16.08 | 16.08 | |

### Final

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | Result | Note |
| | Auriol Dongmo | Portugal | x | 19.21 | 19.07 | 19.08 | 19.34 | x | 19.34 | |
| | Fanny Roos | Sweden | x | 18.53 | 18.59 | x | 19.29 | x | 19.29 | NR |
| | Christina Schwanitz | Germany | 18.21 | 18.71 | 18.39 | 18.41 | 18.29 | 19.04 | 19.04 | |
| 4 | Aliona Dubitskaya | Belarus | 18.11 | 18.44 | 18.70 | 18.61 | 18.46 | 18.86 | 18.86 | SB |
| 5 | Jessica Schilder | Netherlands | x | 18.02 | 18.02 | 18.29 | 18.69 | x | 18.69 | PB |
| 6 | Sara Gambetta | Germany | 18.30 | x | 18.34 | x | 18.13 | 17.94 | 18.34 | |
| 7 | María Belén Toimil | Spain | x | 17.41 | x | 17.80 | x | 18.01 | 18.01 | |
| 8 | Markéta Červenková | Czech Republic | 16.85 | 17.28 | 17.75 | 17.55 | 17.47 | 17.42 | 17.75 | |
# Frederick Whitaker (disambiguation)

Frederick Whitaker (1812–1891) was the 5th Premier of New Zealand. The name may also refer to:
* Frederick Alexander Whitaker (1847–1887), member of the New Zealand House of Representatives and son of the Premier
* Frederick Arthur Whitaker (1893–1968), British civil engineer
# Boring machine (carpentry)

A carpenters boring machine is a hand-driven machine to bore holes in beams such in the process of making a mortise or making holes for the wooden pegs which hold mortise and tenon joints together.

## History

Before boring machines were invented, carpenters used hand-powered augers to bore holes. Most common were T-handled augers. The shape of the drill bits changed over time, with the spoon bit and shell bit being common before the invention of the spiral or twist bit in 1771 which removes the cuttings as it turns. The exact origin of this invention is not known, but the earliest patent is in the United States in 1830 by J. Beckwith and was as tall as a man and operated by a large wheel from the side.
Boring machines use twist auger bits usually ranging in size from 7⁄8 inch to 2 inches. The machines hold the bit perpendicular (square) to the face of the timber and are operated with both hands while the operator sits on the base to keep the machine from moving. Some machines can be set at an angle.
American manufacturers included “…Boss, Ajax, Snell Manufacturing Co., Sweet, Jennings, Saunders, R. Ball & co., Roswell Buck, Phillips, Millers Falls, Riley Smith, James Oppenheimer, and the Square Hole Auger Company. Some companies made 10 or 12 different models…”.

## Decline in use

Traditional timber framing in North America went into a slow decline after the invention and spread of balloon framing (1832) and what was called plank framing in barn construction in the mid-to-late 19th century. Combined with electrification of hand-held tool carpenters, boring machines became obsolete.
# Carnot's theorem (conics)

Carnot's theorem (named after Lazare Carnot) describes a relation between conic sections and triangles.
In a triangle $ABC$ with points $C_{A},C_{B}$ on the side $AB$, $A_{B},A_{C}$ on the side $BC$ and $B_{C},B_{A}$ on the side $AC$ those six points are located on a common conic section if and only if the following equation holds:
    ${\frac {|AC_{A}|}{|BC_{A}|}}\cdot {\frac {|AC_{B}|}{|BC_{B}|}}\cdot {\frac {|BA_{B}|}{|CA_{B}|}}\cdot {\frac {|BA_{C}|}{|CA_{C}|}}\cdot {\frac {|CB_{C}|}{|AB_{C}|}}\cdot {\frac {|CB_{A}|}{|AB_{A}|}}=1$.
# Cameraria saccharella

Cameraria saccharella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Ontario and Quebec in Canada, and Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio, Maine, New York, Connecticut and Vermont in the United States.
The wingspan is 5–7 mm.
The larvae feed on Acer species, including Acer nigrum, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum and Acer saccharum. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Empire Savings Bank

Empire Savings Bank was formed as the result of a merger between Excelsior Savings Bank and Empire City Savings Bank in 1967. It was declared insolvent in 1990, and had 125 branches in New York, California, Florida, Michigan, and Texas, making it the 12th-largest bank in the United States in 1989. It was said that its problems were caused by the purchase of several insolvent banks during the 1980s from the support of federal regulators. In 1992 it was sold to Ridgewood Savings Bank and liquidated in 1995.
# Paul Maar

Paul Maar (German: ; born 13 December 1937) is a German novelist, playwright, translator, and illustrator notable for his contributions to children's literature.

## Life

Maar was born in Schweinfurt. After the early death of his mother he lived with his grandfather in the rural area of Theres in northern Bavaria. He went to school at the Gymnasium in Schweinfurt, and later studied at the State Academy of Arts in Stuttgart. He then worked as a stage designer and stage photographer for the Franconian castle theatre Massbach. After that he spent ten years as an art teacher. Since 1976, he has worked as a freelance writer. He lives in Bamberg with his wife and three children.
# Cache River

Cache River may refer to:
* Cache River (Arkansas)
** Cache River National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas
* Cache River (Illinois), site of the Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge
# Ankaraobato, Marovoay

Ankaraobato is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Marovoay, which is a part of Boeny Region. The population of the commune was 10,723 in 2019.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 60% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 29% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are bananas and maize. Services provide employment for 1% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 10% of the population.
Twelve villages (fokontany) belong to this municipality:
* 01 – ANKARAOBATO - 00 km distance to the seat of the municipality
* 02 – BEANAMAMY/MALAO - 15 km
* 03 – SOAGOAGO - 12 km
* 04 – TSIANALOKA - 02 km
* 05 – ANTAMBARA/BEHANITRA - 02 km
* 06 – MORAFENO - 01 km
* 07 – MAVOZAZA - 18 km
* 08 – BEMAHOGO - 22 km
* 09 – ANDROTRA - 25 km
* 10 – BETSIKIRY - 45 km
* 11 – BEKORATSAKA - 40 km
* 12 – AMBATOFALIA - 62 km
# Botrychium pinnatum

Botrychium pinnatum is a species of fern in the family Ophioglossaceae, known by the common name northwestern moonwort. It is native to North America from Alaska to northern Canada to California and Arizona, where it is generally scattered and uncommon, growing in coniferous forests and grassy meadows. This is very small plant growing from an underground caudex and sending one thin, shiny, green leaf above the surface of the ground. The leaf is less than 8 centimeters tall and is divided into a sterile and a fertile part. The flat sterile part of the leaf has oval to widely lance-shaped leaflets. The fertile part of the leaf is very different in shape, with grapelike clusters of sporangia by which it reproduces.
# Empire Slovak Open

The Empire Slovak Open (previously known as the Empire Trnava Cup) is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a $100,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and has been held in Trnava, Slovakia, since 2009.

## Past finals
### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2024 | Moyuka Uchijima | Mona Barthel | 7–6$^{(7–3)}$, 6–3 |
| 2023 | Yanina Wickmayer | Greet Minnen | 6–0, 6–3 |
| 2020–22 | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2019 | Bernarda Pera | Anna Blinkova | 7–5, 7–5 |
| 2018 | Viktória Kužmová | Verónica Cepede Royg | 6–4, 1–6, 6–1 |
| 2017 | Markéta Vondroušová | Verónica Cepede Royg | 7–5, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$ |
| 2016 | Kateřina Siniaková | Anastasija Sevastova | 7–6$^{(7–4)}$, 5–7, 6–0 |
| 2015 | Danka Kovinić | Margarita Gasparyan | 7–5, 6–3 |
| 2014 | Anna Karolína Schmiedlová | Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová | 6–4, 6–2 |
| 2013 | Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová | Karin Knapp | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 2012 | Anastasija Sevastova | Ana Savić | w/o |
| 2011 | Yvonne Meusburger | Elitsa Kostova | 0–6, 6–2, 6–0 |
| 2010 | Sandra Záhlavová | Lenka Juríková | 2–6, 6–3, 6–1 |
| 2009 | Yvonne Meusburger | Sandra Záhlavová | 7–6$^{(7–0)}$, 7–5 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 2024 | Veronika Erjavec Tamara Zidanšek | Dalila Jakupović Sabrina Santamaria | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 2023 | Amina Anshba Anastasia Dețiuc | Estelle Cascino Suzan Lamens | 6–3, 4–6, [10–4] |
| 2020–22 | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2019 | Anna Blinkova Xenia Knoll | Cornelia Lister Renata Voráčová | 7–5, 7–5 |
| 2018 | Jessica Moore Galina Voskoboeva | Xenia Knoll Anna Smith | 0–6, 6–3, [10–7] |
| 2017 | Naomi Broady Heather Watson | Chuang Chia-jung Renata Voráčová | 6–3, 6–2 |
| 2016 | Anna Kalinskaya Tereza Mihalíková | Evgeniya Rodina Anastasija Sevastova | 6–1, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$ |
| 2015 | Yuliya Beygelzimer Margarita Gasparyan | Aleksandra Krunić Petra Martić | 6–3, 6–2 |
| 2014 | Stephanie Vogt Zheng Saisai | Margarita Gasparyan Evgeniya Rodina | 6–4, 6–2 |
| 2013 | Mervana Jugić-Salkić Renata Voráčová | Jana Čepelová Anna Karolína Schmiedlová | 6–1, 6–1 |
| 2012 | Elena Bogdan Renata Voráčová | Marta Domachowska Sandra Klemenschits | 7–6$^{(7–2)}$, 6–4 |
| 2011 | Janette Husárová Renata Voráčová | Jana Čepelová Lenka Wienerová | 7–6$^{(7–2)}$, 6–1 |
| 2010 | Iveta Gerlová Lucie Kriegsmannová | Michaela Hončová Lenka Wienerová | 6–2, 6–1 |
| 2009 | Sandra Klemenschits Vladimíra Uhlířová | Michaela Paštiková Darina Šeděnková | 6–4, 6–2 |
# Espiche

Espiche is a village of the civil parish of Luz, in the municipality of Lagos, in Algarve region, Portugal.

## History

The village has seen major developments since the 1980s, with the increase of the tourism industry in the region. The land value has increased dramatically, but the populational density is still relatively low. In the summer months the town has the most of its economic activity, and also most of the housing space, occupied by tourists. Since the town is very near the ocean (2 km) it was mostly a fishing community, and relatively poor, before the 1980s.
The community is known for its local golf course.
# Capaya

Capaya is a town and parish in Acevedo Municipality, Miranda, Venezuela. It is located about 12 miles (19 km) east north east of the Caribbean Sea. Capaya is at an elevation of 259.2 feet (79.0 meters) in relation to sea level. As of 2011 census the town's population was 13,151.
# 2015–16 Biathlon World Cup – World Cup 5

The 2015–16 Biathlon World Cup – World Cup 5 was held in Ruhpolding, Germany, from 13 January until 17 January 2016.

## Schedule of events

| Date | Time | Events |
| January 13 | 14:15 CET | Men's 20 km Individual |
| January 14 | 14:15 CET | Women's 15 km Individual |
| January 15 | 15:30 CET | Men's 4x7.5 km Relay |
| January 16 | 11:45 CET | Women 12.5 km Mass Start |
| January 16 | 16:10 CET | Men 15 km Mass Start |
| January 17 | 11:00 CET | Women's 4x6 km Relay |

## Medal winners
### Men

| Event: | Gold: | Time | Silver: | Time | Bronze: | Time |
| 20 km Individual details | Martin Fourcade France | 50:53.9 (0+0+1+0) | Simon Eder Austria | 51:11.4 (0+0+0+1) | Anton Shipulin Russia | 51:22.8 (0+0+1+0) |
| 15 km Mass Start details | Erik Lesser Germany | 40:29.3 (0+0+0+0) | Martin Fourcade France | 40:39.1 (0+0+0+1) | Evgeniy Garanichev Russia | 40:42.4 (0+0+0+1) |
| 4x7.5 km Relay details | Norway Ole Einar Bjørndalen Johannes Thingnes Bø Tarjei Bø Emil Hegle Svendsen | 1:17:05.0 (0+3) (0+2) (0+0) (0+0) (0+3) (0+1) (0+1) (0+2) | Russia Alexey Volkov Evgeniy Garanichev Maxim Tsvetkov Anton Shipulin | 1:17:19.6 (0+0) (0+1) (0+0) (0+2) (0+1) (0+2) (0+0) (0+0) | Austria Sven Grossegger Julian Eberhard Simon Eder Dominik Landertinger | 1:17:40.8 (0+0) (0+2) (1+3) (0+0) (0+0) (0+0) (0+0) (0+2) |

### Women

| Event: | Gold: | Time | Silver: | Time | Bronze: | Time |
| 15 km Individual details | Dorothea Wierer Italy | 40:19.9 (0+0+0+0) | Kaisa Mäkäräinen Finland | 41:14.7 (1+0+0+0) | Gabriela Soukalová Czech Republic | 41:29.8 (0+1+0+0) |
| 12.5 km Mass Start details | Gabriela Soukalová Czech Republic | 41:13.2 (0+0+0+0) | Franziska Hildebrand Germany | 41:27.1 (0+0+0+1) | Laura Dahlmeier Germany | 41:37.6 (0+1+0+1) |
| 4x6 km Relay details | Ukraine Iryna Varvynets Juliya Dzhyma Valj Semerenko Olena Pidhrushna | 1:16:14.2 (0+0) (0+0) (0+0) (0+0) (1+3) (0+1) (0+0) (0+0) | Germany Karolin Horchler Miriam Gössner Maren Hammerschmidt Laura Dahlmeier | 1:16:15.4 (0+1) (0+1) (2+3) (0+2) (0+2) (0+1) (0+0) (0+1) | Italy Lisa Vittozzi Karin Oberhofer Alexia Runggaldier Dorothea Wierer | 1:16:58.0 (0+1) (0+2) (0+0) (0+3) (0+1) (0+2) (0+0) (0+1) |
# Cabo Matapalo

Cabo Matapalo is a village located at the outermost point of the Osa Peninsula in the southern Pacific coastal area of Costa Rica. The village is located in the Puntarenas Province.
Cabo Matapalo is a small beach community on the Osa Peninsula that is approximately 30-40 minutes south of Puerto Jimenez, the nearest major town. The village is 700 square miles (1,813 square kilometers) large.

## Nature

The Matapalo area is recognized for its sustainability initiatives, as most of the lodges and cabins rely on solar energy. The beaches in the area received the Blue Ecological Flag for not disturbing the nature of the area surrounding Matapalo and minimizing the carbon footprint of those visiting and living in the area. The Playa Matapalo area includes secluded, untouched beaches with abundant plant life and animal activity, including howler monkeys and various birds. Cabo Matapalo is also home to tourist attractions such as Corcovado National Park, King Louis Waterfall, and Canilooeters Island, an island 20 km off the mainland used mainly for fishing.
There is an active lighthouse on the point.
# Vemgo-Mabas language

Vemgo-Mabas is an Afro-Asiatic language of Cameroon and Nigeria. Dialects are Vemgo, Mabas. Blench (2006) considers these to be separate languages. Ethnologue lists a third dialect, Visik in Nigeria, which is not well attested; Blench suspects it may be a dialect of Lamang instead.
In Cameroon, Mabas is spoken only in one village on the Nigerian border, namely Mabas village (Mokolo arrondissement, Mayo-Tsanaga department, Far North Region) by about 5,000 speakers (ALCAM 1984). Although closely related, Mabas is distinct from Hdi (78% lexical similarity, 36% mutual intelligibility).
# Ankaratra

Ankaratra is a cinder cone volcano range located about 50 km (30 mi) southwest of Antananarivo, the capital city of Madagascar. It lies between the towns of Arivonimamo to the north, Ambatolampy to the east, Faratsiho to the west and Betafo to the south. It is located in the Central Highlands. The highest peak in Ankaratra is Mount Tsiafajavona ("never out of the fog"), at 2,644 metres (8,668 ft.) above sea level. Some trace of activity remains in the southernmost part of the range, creating hot springs in the area around Antsirabe. The last eruption of Ankaratra took place in the very recent Quaternary.
# Botrydial

Botrydial is secondary metabolite secreted by the fungus Botrytis cinerea which is phytotoxic. Chemically it is a sesquiterpene. Botrydial was first isolated and described in 1974. B. cinerea is the causal agent of gray mold disease and is known to attack a wide range of plants (over 200 species) producing leaf-spot diseases and mildews on lettuces and tomatoes as well as rotting berries. For this reason, botrydial, as well as other B. cinerea originated sesquiterpene metabolites, represent an economically important disease for ornamental and agriculturally important crops. From all the metabolites produced by this fungus, Botrydial exhibits the highest phytotoxic activity.

## Biosynthesis

Botrydial originates from the BcBOT2 (Botrytis cinerea BOTrydial biosynthesis) mediated cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to key intermediate tricyclic alcohol presilphiperfolan-8β-ol. Pinedo et al. demonstrated that BcBOT2 is in fact a sesquiterpene synthase by incubation of FPP with recombinant BcBOT2 protein, which yielded the expected presilphiperfolan-8-ol as the major product.
4 other genes are then involved in the biosynthesis of botrydial: 3 genes that encode for a P450 monooxygenase (BcBOT3, BcBOT1, BcBOT4) and a BcBOT5 gene whose amino acid sequence showed high homology to known acetyl transferases.
This brought Pinedo et al. to the conclusion that BcBOT5 is probably responsible for introducing the acetyl group on C-4. They also concluded from quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis that the five consecutive genes are co-regulated by the same BCG1-calcineurim transduction pathway.

## Mechanism of enzymatic formation of presilphiperfolan-8β-ol

Recently in an ASAP article in The Journal of the American Chemistry Society, Cane et al. confirmed experimentally, using deuterium labeling and NMR spectroscopy, the mechanism by which FPP cyclizes into presilphiperfolan-8β-ol. The mechanism consist of elimination of the diphosphate group followed by carbocation mediated cyclizations and rearrangements.
After the formation of presilphiperfolan-8β-ol, BcBOT5 gives way to acetylation of C-4 position, then hydroxylation of the probotryane skeleton occurs in a two-step process followed by oxidative cleavage of the new formed diol to yield botrydial.

## Mechanism of action

Botrydial is produced by Botrytis cinerea when the host plant is infected. As a result, botrydial induces chlorosis and cell collapse. Additionally, aggressive strains of the fungus secrets polyketides such as botcinic acid that exhibit phytotoxic and antifungal activity.