# Elliptic rational functions

In mathematics the elliptic rational functions are a sequence of rational functions with real coefficients. Elliptic rational functions are extensively used in the design of elliptic electronic filters. (These functions are sometimes called Chebyshev rational functions, not to be confused with certain other functions of the same name).
Rational elliptic functions are identified by a positive integer order n and include a parameter ξ ≥ 1 called the selectivity factor. A rational elliptic function of degree n in x with selectivity factor ξ is generally defined as:
    $R_{n}(\xi ,x)\equiv \mathrm {cd} \left(n{\frac {K(1/L_{n}(\xi ))}{K(1/\xi )}}\,\mathrm {cd} ^{-1}(x,1/\xi ),1/L_{n}(\xi )\right)$
where
* cd(u,k) is the Jacobi elliptic cosine function.
* K is a complete elliptic integral of the first kind.
* $L_{n}(\xi )=R_{n}(\xi ,\xi )$ is the discrimination factor, equal to the minimum value of the magnitude of $R_{n}(\xi ,x)$ for $|x|\geq \xi$.
For many cases, in particular for orders of the form n = 2$^a$3$^b$ where a and b are integers, the elliptic rational functions can be expressed using algebraic functions alone. Elliptic rational functions are closely related to the Chebyshev polynomials: Just as the circular trigonometric functions are special cases of the Jacobi elliptic functions, so the Chebyshev polynomials are special cases of the elliptic rational functions.

## Expression as a ratio of polynomials

For even orders, the elliptic rational functions may be expressed as a ratio of two polynomials, both of order n.
    $R_{n}(\xi ,x)=r_{0}\,{\frac {\prod _{i=1}^{n}(x-x_{i})}{\prod _{i=1}^{n}(x-x_{pi})}}$ (for n even)
where $x_{i}$ are the zeroes and $x_{pi}$ are the poles, and $r_{0}$ is a normalizing constant chosen such that $R_{n}(\xi ,1)=1$. The above form would be true for even orders as well except that for odd orders, there will be a pole at x=∞ and a zero at x=0 so that the above form must be modified to read:
    $R_{n}(\xi ,x)=r_{0}\,x\,{\frac {\prod _{i=1}^{n-1}(x-x_{i})}{\prod _{i=1}^{n-1}(x-x_{pi})}}$ (for n odd)

## Properties
### The canonical properties

* $R_{n}^{2}(\xi ,x)\leq 1$ for $|x|\leq 1\,$
* $R_{n}^{2}(\xi ,x)=1$ at $|x|=1\,$
* $R_{n}^{2}(\xi ,-x)=R_{n}^{2}(\xi ,x)$
* $R_{n}^{2}(\xi ,x)>1$ for $x>1\,$
* The slope at x=1 is as large as possible
* The slope at x=1 is larger than the corresponding slope of the Chebyshev polynomial of the same order.
The only rational function satisfying the above properties is the elliptic rational function (Lutovac, Tošić & Evans 2001, § 13.2). The following properties are derived:

### Normalization

The elliptic rational function is normalized to unity at x=1:
    $R_{n}(\xi ,1)=1\,$

### Nesting property

The nesting property is written:
    $R_{m}(R_{n}(\xi ,\xi ),R_{n}(\xi ,x))=R_{m\cdot n}(\xi ,x)\,$
This is a very important property:
* If $R_{n}$ is known for all prime n, then nesting property gives $R_{n}$ for all n. In particular, since $R_{2}$ and $R_{3}$ can be expressed in closed form without explicit use of the Jacobi elliptic functions, then all $R_{n}$ for n of the form $n=2^{a}3^{b}$ can be so expressed.
* It follows that if the zeroes of $R_{n}$ for prime n are known, the zeros of all $R_{n}$ can be found. Using the inversion relationship (see below), the poles can also be found.
* The nesting property implies the nesting property of the discrimination factor:
       $L_{m\cdot n}(\xi )=L_{m}(L_{n}(\xi ))$

### Limiting values

The elliptic rational functions are related to the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind $T_{n}(x)$ by:
    $\lim _{\xi =\rightarrow \,\infty }R_{n}(\xi ,x)=T_{n}(x)\,$

### Symmetry

    $R_{n}(\xi ,-x)=R_{n}(\xi ,x)\,$ for n even
    $R_{n}(\xi ,-x)=-R_{n}(\xi ,x)\,$ for n odd

### Equiripple

$R_{n}(\xi ,x)$ has equal ripple of $\pm 1$ in the interval $-1\leq x\leq 1$. By the inversion relationship (see below), it follows that $1/R_{n}(\xi ,x)$ has equiripple in $-1/\xi \leq x\leq 1/\xi$ of $\pm 1/L_{n}(\xi )$.

### Inversion relationship

The following inversion relationship holds:
    $R_{n}(\xi ,\xi /x)={\frac {R_{n}(\xi ,\xi )}{R_{n}(\xi ,x)}}\,$
This implies that poles and zeroes come in pairs such that
    $x_{pi}x_{zi}=\xi \,$
Odd order functions will have a zero at x=0 and a corresponding pole at infinity.

### Poles and Zeroes

The zeroes of the elliptic rational function of order n will be written $x_{ni}(\xi )$ or $x_{ni}$ when $\xi$ is implicitly known. The zeroes of the elliptic rational function will be the zeroes of the polynomial in the numerator of the function.
The following derivation of the zeroes of the elliptic rational function is analogous to that of determining the zeroes of the Chebyshev polynomials (Lutovac, Tošić & Evans 2001, § 12.6). Using the fact that for any z
    $\mathrm {cd} \left((2m-1)K\left(1/z\right),{\frac {1}{z}}\right)=0\,$
the defining equation for the elliptic rational functions implies that
    $n{\frac {K(1/L_{n})}{K(1/\xi )}}\mathrm {cd} ^{-1}(x_{m},1/\xi )=(2m-1)K(1/L_{n})$
so that the zeroes are given by
    $x_{m}=\mathrm {cd} \left(K(1/\xi )\,{\frac {2m-1}{n}},{\frac {1}{\xi }}\right).$
Using the inversion relationship, the poles may then be calculated.
From the nesting property, if the zeroes of $R_{m}$ and $R_{n}$ can be algebraically expressed (i.e. without the need for calculating the Jacobi ellipse functions) then the zeroes of $R_{m\cdot n}$ can be algebraically expressed. In particular, the zeroes of elliptic rational functions of order $2^{i}3^{j}$ may be algebraically expressed (Lutovac, Tošić & Evans 2001, § 12.9, 13.9). For example, we can find the zeroes of $R_{8}(\xi ,x)$ as follows: Define
    $X_{n}\equiv R_{n}(\xi ,x)\qquad L_{n}\equiv R_{n}(\xi ,\xi )\qquad t_{n}\equiv {\sqrt {1-1/L_{n}^{2}}}.$
Then, from the nesting property and knowing that
    $R_{2}(\xi ,x)={\frac {(t+1)x^{2}-1}{(t-1)x^{2}+1}}$
where $t\equiv {\sqrt {1-1/\xi ^{2}}}$ we have:
    $L_{2}={\frac {1+t}{1-t}},\qquad L_{4}={\frac {1+t_{2}}{1-t_{2}}},\qquad L_{8}={\frac {1+t_{4}}{1-t_{4}}}$
    $X_{2}={\frac {(t+1)x^{2}-1}{(t-1)x^{2}+1}},\qquad X_{4}={\frac {(t_{2}+1)X_{2}^{2}-1}{(t_{2}-1)X_{2}^{2}+1}},\qquad X_{8}={\frac {(t_{4}+1)X_{4}^{2}-1}{(t_{4}-1)X_{4}^{2}+1}}.$
These last three equations may be inverted:
    $x={\frac {1}{\pm {\sqrt {1+t\,\left({\frac {1-X_{2}}{1+X_{2}}}\right)}}}},\qquad X_{2}={\frac {1}{\pm {\sqrt {1+t_{2}\,\left({\frac {1-X_{4}}{1+X_{4}}}\right)}}}},\qquad X_{4}={\frac {1}{\pm {\sqrt {1+t_{4}\,\left({\frac {1-X_{8}}{1+X_{8}}}\right)}}}}.\qquad$
To calculate the zeroes of $R_{8}(\xi ,x)$ we set $X_{8}=0$ in the third equation, calculate the two values of $X_{4}$, then use these values of $X_{4}$ in the second equation to calculate four values of $X_{2}$ and finally, use these values in the first equation to calculate the eight zeroes of $R_{8}(\xi ,x)$. (The $t_{n}$ are calculated by a similar recursion.) Again, using the inversion relationship, these zeroes can be used to calculate the poles.

## Particular values

We may write the first few elliptic rational functions as:
    $R_{1}(\xi ,x)=x\,$
    $R_{2}(\xi ,x)={\frac {(t+1)x^{2}-1}{(t-1)x^{2}+1}}$
          where
          $t\equiv {\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{\xi ^{2}}}}}$
    $R_{3}(\xi ,x)=x\,{\frac {(1-x_{p}^{2})(x^{2}-x_{z}^{2})}{(1-x_{z}^{2})(x^{2}-x_{p}^{2})}}$
          where
          $G\equiv {\sqrt {4\xi ^{2}+(4\xi ^{2}(\xi ^{2}\!-\!1))^{2/3}}}$
          $x_{p}^{2}\equiv {\frac {2\xi ^{2}{\sqrt {G}}}{{\sqrt {8\xi ^{2}(\xi ^{2}\!+\!1)+12G\xi ^{2}-G^{3}}}-{\sqrt {G^{3}}}}}$
          $x_{z}^{2}=\xi ^{2}/x_{p}^{2}$
    $R_{4}(\xi ,x)=R_{2}(R_{2}(\xi ,\xi ),R_{2}(\xi ,x))={\frac {(1+t)(1+{\sqrt {t}})^{2}x^{4}-2(1+t)(1+{\sqrt {t}})x^{2}+1}{(1+t)(1-{\sqrt {t}})^{2}x^{4}-2(1+t)(1-{\sqrt {t}})x^{2}+1}}$
    $R_{6}(\xi ,x)=R_{3}(R_{2}(\xi ,\xi ),R_{2}(\xi ,x))\,$ etc.
See Lutovac, Tošić & Evans (2001, § 13) for further explicit expressions of order n=5 and $n=2^{i}\,3^{j}$.
The corresponding discrimination factors are:
    $L_{1}(\xi )=\xi \,$
    $L_{2}(\xi )={\frac {1+t}{1-t}}=\left(\xi +{\sqrt {\xi ^{2}-1}}\right)^{2}$
    $L_{3}(\xi )=\xi ^{3}\left({\frac {1-x_{p}^{2}}{\xi ^{2}-x_{p}^{2}}}\right)^{2}$
    $L_{4}(\xi )=\left({\sqrt {\xi }}+(\xi ^{2}-1)^{1/4}\right)^{4}\left(\xi +{\sqrt {\xi ^{2}-1}}\right)^{2}$
    $L_{6}(\xi )=L_{3}(L_{2}(\xi ))\,$ etc.
The corresponding zeroes are $x_{nj}$ where n is the order and j is the number of the zero. There will be a total of n zeroes for each order.
    $x_{11}=0\,$
    $x_{21}=\xi {\sqrt {1-t}}\,$
    $x_{22}=-x_{21}\,$
    $x_{31}=x_{z}\,$
    $x_{32}=0\,$
    $x_{33}=-x_{31}\,$
    $x_{41}=\xi {\sqrt {\left(1-{\sqrt {t}}\right)\left(1+t-{\sqrt {t(t+1)}}\right)}}\,$
    $x_{42}=\xi {\sqrt {\left(1-{\sqrt {t}}\right)\left(1+t+{\sqrt {t(t+1)}}\right)}}\,$
    $x_{43}=-x_{42}\,$
    $x_{44}=-x_{41}\,$
From the inversion relationship, the corresponding poles $x_{p,ni}$ may be found by $x_{p,ni}=\xi /(x_{ni})$