OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hiram Township, Cass County, Minnesota

Hiram Township is a township in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 334 as of the 2000 census. Hiram Township was named for Hiram Wilson, a pioneer settler.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.6 square miles (92 km$^2$), of which 27.1 square miles (70 km$^2$) is land and 8.5 square miles (22 km$^2$) (23.90%) is water.

### Lakes

* Birch Lake (west three-quarters)
* Chub Lake
* Crystal Lake
* Jackpine Lake
* Perch Lake
* Perry Lake
* Tenmile Lake (south three-quarters)
* Tripp Lake
* Variety Lake
* Wegwos Lake

### Adjacent townships

* Shingobee Township (north)
* Turtle Lake Township (northeast)
* Birch Lake Township (east)
* Powers Township (southeast)
* Deerfield Township (south)
* Badoura Township, Hubbard County (southwest)
* White Oak Township, Hubbard County (west)

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 334 people, 157 households, and 118 families residing in the township. The population density was 12.3 inhabitants per square mile (4.7/km$^2$). There were 630 housing units at an average density of 23.3 per square mile (9.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.60% White, 0.30% Native American, and 2.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population.
There were 157 households, out of which 12.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.4% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.44.
In the township the population was spread out, with 13.2% under the age of 18, 2.4% from 18 to 24, 15.0% from 25 to 44, 43.1% from 45 to 64, and 26.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 56 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $34,000, and the median income for a family was $36,563. Males had a median income of $29,500 versus $11,964 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,217. About 14.5% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.
# Victoria Bridge, Devonport

The original Victoria Bridge on the Mersey River Devonport, Tasmania, Australia was opened in 1901 thus reducing the reliance on boat and ferry traffic.
The Victoria Bridge partly collapsed as a result of the continuous boring by teredo worms in 1924.
In 1973 a new concrete bridge replaced the old, battered Victoria Bridge, with the Bass Highway, a national highway (Highway 1), being the main arterial road dividing the suburb of Devonport from the suburbs of Miandetta and Stony Rise on the western side of the city and East Devonport and Ambelside on the eastern side of the city.
A permanent speed camera at East Devonport near Victoria Bridge was installed 18 November 2015.
On a crossing of the Victoria Bridge there is a good view of the port and its facilities. Most travellers look out to see if the Spirit of Tasmania I or Spirit of Tasmania II are in port or the trader vessels Searoad Mersey or Searoad Tamar. Enhancing the view of the boats in port is the Julie Burgess a wooden tall ship.
The Victoria Bridge is used by the Port of Devonport Authority as its boundary for the port.
Inland Fisheries (Recreational Fishing) Regulations 1999 lists waters of the Mersey River, below the Victoria Bridge at Devonport that it is allowable for a person may to take indigenous fish without an angling licence.
Local Businesses have taken on the name of the bridge incorporating it into their business name.

## Incidents

Deputy Commissioner Lewis was the only passenger in a motor vehicle which left the road at the eastern end of the Victoria Bridge at Devonport and plunged into the Mersey River on 3 August 1959.
# William de Ros of Helmsley

William de Ros, Lord of Helmsley, was an English noble. He was the eldest son of Robert de Ros and Isabella Mac William.
With his father he opposed King John of England, during the First Barons War between 1215 and 1217. Both he and his father were excommunicated during the rebellion. William was captured during the battle of Lincoln on 19 May 1217 and became a prisoner, before paying 20 marks to be released into his fathers care in October 1217.
He was buried in Kirkham Priory, Kirkham, North Yorkshire, England.

## Marriage and issue

He married Lucy FitzPeter, the daughter of Peter FitzHerbert and Alice FitzRoger, they are known to have had the following issue:
* Robert de Ros (died 1285), married Isabel d'Aubigny, had issue.
* Peter de Ros
* William de Ros (died about 28 May 1310), married Eustache FitzHugh, had issue.
* Alexander de Ros
* Herbert de Ros
* John de Ros
* Lucy de Ros
* Alice de Ros, married John Comyn of Badenoch, had issue.

## Citations

* ↑ Richardson III 2011, pp. 444–6.
* ↑ Buck, J. Orton; Beard, Timothy Field (1978). Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants. Volume III. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. p. 247. ISBN 0-8063-1211-4. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
# Hiraethog

Hiraethog may refer to:
* Gruffudd Hiraethog (died 1564), Welsh language poet
* Hiraethog Rural District, rural district in Denbighshire, Wales, from 1935 to 1974
* Mynydd Hiraethog, upland region in Conwy and Denbighshire in north-east Wales
* William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog) (1802–1883), Welsh poet and author
# Hiraga Genshin

Hiraga Genshin (平賀 源信, died 1536) was a retainer to the Takeda family towards the beginning of Japan's Sengoku period (1467–1615). He was attacked by Takeda Nobutora at Un no Kuchi in 1536, and forced Nobutora to retreat. But Nobutora's son, Takeda Shingen, then 15 years old, and called 'Takeda Harunobu', rallied the Takeda forces and led them to victory, killing Hiraga in the process.
# Viktorija Daniliauskaitė

Viktorija Daniliauskaitė (born 23 April 1951 in Yakutsk, Russia) is a Lithuanian printmaker, and book illustrator.
She studied at Vilnius Academy of Arts from 1968 to 1974. Since 1983, she is a member of Lithuanian Artists' Association.
Her work is in the collection of The Lithuanian Art Museum. Vilnius, M. K. Čiurlionis Art Museum. Kaunas, M. K. Čiurlionis Art Gallery. Chicago, and Lithuanian Museum of Art.

## Awards

* Prize from the Lithuanian Ministry of Culture. Vilnius, 1989.
* Diploma in XXVI Baltic State book art competition. Vilnius, 1994.
* First prize in the International Bookplate Competition "Lietuviškai knygai – 450". Vilnius, 1997.

## Illustrated books

* 1986 m. Jonas Strielkūnas, Rinktinė, Vilnius . 1986 John Locomotive, team, Vilnius .
* 1990–1992 m. One thousand nine hundred and ninety of -1992 Tremties archyvas" (žurnalo „Metai“ biblioteka, Nr. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6), Vilnius. Exile Archive "(the magazine" The Year of the Library, no. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6), Vilnius.
* 1992 m. 1992 Kryžius Šiaurėje, Vilnius. Cross the north, Vilnius.
* 1993 m. Vytautas Mačernis, Sielos paveikslas, Vilnius. 1993 of Vytautas Mačernis, soul painting, Vilnius.
* 1993 m. 1993 Jonas Strielkūnas, Trečias brolis, Vilnius. John Locomotive, third brother, Vilnius.
* 1994 m. Antanas Kalanavičius, Ne akmenys guli, Vilnius. 1994 in Anton Kalanavičius, no stones, Vilnius.
* 1997 m. Gintaras Grajauskas, Katalogas 1997 The Amber Grajauskas, Products
* 1999 m. 1999 on Elgetaujanti saulė Elgetaujanti sun
* 2002 m. 2002 on Naktiniai sodai Night Garden

## Individual exhibitions

* 1981, 1983 m. 1981, 1983 Lietuvos dailininkų sąjungos salonas, Vilnius. Lithuanian Artists' Salon, Vilnius.
* 1988 m. 1988 on Lietuvos menininkų rūmai, Vilnius. Lithuanian Artists' House, Vilnius.
* 1989 m. 1989 on Gallery Siverts, Bergenas, Norvegija . Gallery Siewert, Bergen, Norway.
* 1991, 1995 m. 1991, 1995 Dailės parodų rūmai, Klaipėda . Fine Arts Exhibition Hall, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
* 1992, 1996 m. 1992, 1996, the Lietuvos muziejus, Lemontas, JAV . Lithuanian Museum, Lemont, USA.
* 1992 m. 1992 Šiuolaikinio meno centras, Vilnius. Contemporary Art Centre, Vilnius.
* 1992 m. 1992 Medalių galerija, Vilnius. Medal Gallery, Vilnius.
* 1994 m. 1994 Galerija „Lietuvos Aidas“, Vilnius. Gallery Echo of Lithuania, Vilnius.
* 1994 m. 1994 Auksakalių galerija, Vilnius. Goldsmiths Gallery, Vilnius.
* 1995 m. 1995 Ekslibrisų paroda, Vilnius, Medicinos biblioteka. Bookplate exhibition in Vilnius, the Medical Library.
* 1996 m. 1996 Piešinių paroda: Giedraičių tėvonijai 630. Drawing Exhibition: Giedraičių patrimony 630th Vilniaus universitetas, Molėtų kultūros namai. University, Moletai House of Culture.
# Villadeati

Villadeati is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Turin and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Alessandria.
Villadeati borders the following municipalities: Alfiano Natta, Murisengo, Odalengo Grande, Odalengo Piccolo, Montiglio Monferrato, and Tonco.
# Burkhard Schittny

Burkhard Schittny is a German visual artist.

## Life and career

Schittny first studied fashion design at the University of the Arts in Bremen, then he shifted the focus of his studies to photography. He graduated in 1997 with a photographic work inspired by the painter Francis Bacon.
His clients have included The New York Times Magazine, New York Magazine, Wired, and Fortune.

## Awards

* 1999: Reinhart Wolf Preis 99, Award
* 2010: London Photographic Association, Urbanscape, Bronze Winner
# Casimir J. Grotnik

Casimir J. Grotnik (1935–2005) was a priest and bishop of the Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC).
Casimir Grotnik was born in 1935 in Jeziorzany, Poland, to Franciszek and Apolonia Jablonski Grotnik. He was ordained a priest on April 20, 1958, by the bishop of Lublin, Piotr Kalawa. Grotnik immigrated to the United States in 1969 and served as a priest in the Central Diocese of the Polish National Catholic Church. In 1996, Grotnik received a doctorate in Old Catholic historical theology at the Christina Theological Academy in Warsaw, Poland. He was consecrated a bishop in November 1999. From that point, he served as the bishop ordinary of the Central Diocese and the pastor of St. Stanislaus Polish National Catholic Cathedral in Scranton, Pennsylvania, until his death on December 9, 2005.
As the bishop ordinary of the Central Diocese, Grotnik was preceded by Bishop Anthony Rysz, and succeeded by Bishop Anthony Mikovsky.

## Works

* A Fifty Year Index to Polish American Studies, 1944–1993, East European Monographs, 1998, ISBN 978-0-88033-392-4
* The Polish National Catholic Church, East European Monographs, 2002, ISBN 978-0-88033-501-0
* The Polish National Catholic Church of America: Minutes of the Supreme Council, 1904–1969, East European Monographs, 2004, ISBN 978-0-88033-561-4
* Synods of the Polish National Catholic Church, East European Monographs, 1993, ISBN 978-0-88033-269-9
# Sida javensis

Sida javensis, common name in Taiwan translating as "Java golden flower noon" is a plant species apparently native to Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Taiwan, but naturalized in the West Indies and parts of Africa.
Sida javensis is an annual, procumbent herb up to 70 cm (28 inches) tall, rooting at the nodes. Leaves are ovate or subcordate, up to 30 cm (1.2 inches) long. Flowers are yellow, solitary, forming in the axils of the leaves. Fruit is spherical, about 3 mm in diameter. The species is closely related to S. cordata, differing by having fewer hairs along the stems, roots forming at the nodes, a glabrous filament tube, and 2 awns on the mericarp.
A subspecies, Sida javensis subsp. expilosa Borss.Waalk., has been named and accepted in some publications, but the name is now considered a synonym of S. repens
# Bistriflimide

Bistriflimide, also known variously as bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate (and variations thereof), informally and somewhat inaccurately as triflimide or triflimidate, or by the abbreviations TFSI or NTf$_2$, is a non-coordinating anion with the chemical formula [(CF$_3$SO$_2$)$_2$N]$^−$. Its salts are typically referred to as being metal triflimidates.

## Applications

The anion is widely used in ionic liquids (such as trioctylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide), since it is less toxic and more stable than more "traditional" counterions such as tetrafluoroborate. This anion is also of importance in lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries (LiTFSI) because of its high dissociation and conductivity. It has the added advantage of suppressing crystallinity in poly(ethylene oxide), which increases the conductivity of that polymer below its melting point at 50 °C.

## Bistriflimidic acid

The conjugate acid of bistriflimide, which is frequently referred to by the trivial name bistriflimidic acid (CAS: 82113-65-3), is a commercially available superacid. It is a crystalline compound, but is hygroscopic to the point of being deliquescent. Owing to its very high acidity and good compatibility with organic solvents it has been employed as a catalyst in a wide range of chemical reactions.
Its pK$_a$ value in water cannot be accurately determined but in acetonitrile it has been estimated as −0.10 and in 1,2-dichloroethane −12.3 (relative to the pK$_a$ value of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid), anchored to zero to crudely approximate the aqueous pK$_a$ scale), making it more acidic than triflic acid (pK$_a$$^{MeCN}$ = 0.70, pK$_a$$^{DCE}$(relative to picric acid) = −11.4).

## Naming

Developing an IUPAC name for bistriflimide that indicates the structure and reactivity is challenging, and changes to current names have been proposed. The main difficulty arises from the ambiguous use of the word amide to mean an acylated (including sulfonylated) amine or the anionic form of an amine. Likewise, imide can refer to a bisacylated amine or a twice deprotonated amine. Thus, depending on the system used, there is ambiguity as to whether amide or imide is being used to refer to the parent acid or the anion. (The anion has been referred to as an amidate or imidate in an attempt to distinguish it from the acid.) The complications in naming these compounds was highlighted in an article by the IUPAC. Since then, the IUPAC has recommended (2013) that derivatives of anionic nitrogen can be named as azanides, so bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)azanide would be an acceptable and unambiguous name for the bistriflimide anion. The parent acid, whose trivial name is triflimidic acid, would then be called bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)azane.
The name 1,1,1-trifluoro-N-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)methanesulfonamide is also an unambiguous IUPAC-acceptable name, though the symmetry of the molecule is not apparent from this construction.
# List of football clubs in Samoa

* AST Central United
* Adidas
* Gold Star Sogi
* Gruz Azull
* Kiwi FC
* Konica
* Lepea
* Lupe o le Soaga (Magiagi)
* Moata'a FC
* Moaula United
* Sinamoga
* Sogi
* University of South Pacific
* Vaipuna
* Vaiusu
* Vaivase-Tai
* Vaitele Uta
# USS Damon Cummings

USS Damon Cummings may refer to more than one United States Navy ship:
* USS Damon Cummings (DE-756), a destroyer escort cancelled in 1943
* USS Damon M. Cummings (DE-643), a destroyer escort in commission from 1944 to 1947
# Zinaida Khvolesova Jewish Girls' High School

Zinaida Khvolesova Jewish Girls' High School – school for girls founded in 1911 in Białystok.

## History

Initially, the junior high school operated at Fabryczna Street (in a house belonging to the Trylling family). In 1913, it was moved to the Chwoles building at Pałacowa 3. I was closed after World War I. A school for Polish and Jewish children was opened in the junior high school building. Currently, there is the Podlaskie branch of NFZ.
The building of Zinaida Khvolesova Girls' High School is a one of points of opened in June 2008 y. Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok, developed by the group of doctoral student and students of UwB – volunteers of Foundation of the University in Białystok.
The object is entered to list of heritage registers at number A-364 of 26.01.1988.
# Perfluoroether

Perfluoroethers are a class of organofluorine compound containing one or more ether functional group. In general these compounds are structurally analogous to the related hydrocarbon ethers, except for the distinctive properties of fluorocarbons.
The introduction of an ether function to a perfluoro-polymer chain also provides thermoplastic properties to the polymer, making thermal forming possible. This is a great technological advantage for producing a large variety of shapes (e.g., beakers, funnels, flasks for laboratory uses, etc...) and allows extrusion of highly chemically-resistant tubing. It also confers on the polymer a translucent appearance.

## Low molecular weight fluorinated ethers

Acyclic perfluoroethers are analogues of diethylether, e.g. O(C$_2$F$_5$)$_2$, such perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid (PFEESA).
Of practical utility are the fluorinated epoxides. Tetrafluoroethylene oxide and hexafluoropropylene oxide. These are precursors of perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) (CF$_2$=CFOCF$_3$) and perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether), and are used as comonomers with tetrafluoroethylene, where they improve the properties of the resulting polytetrafluoroethylene (e.g., Teflon).

## Polymeric perfluoroethers

Perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFAs) are fluoropolymers with properties similar to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Methylfluoroalkoxy (MFA) is a polytetrafluoroethylene perfluoro methylvinylether prepared with a different ratio of PTFE and MVE monomers to that used for PFA. In these materials, the ether groups are pendant from the polymer backbone.
Krytox is a grease generated by the polymerization of hexafluoropropylene oxide. Its chemical formula is F−(CF(CF$_3$)−CF$_2$−O)$_n$−CF$_2$CF$_3$. The ether groups are integral to the polymer chain.
Nafion is a perfluorinated polyether with pendant sulfonic acid groups (RSO$_3$H).

## Precautions

At high temperatures or in a fire, perfluoroethers decompose and may release hydrogen fluoride. Any residue must be handled using protective equipment.
# Acervularia pentagona

Acervularia pentagona is an extinct species of tabulate coral. It is described as the smallest Acervularia species known, and most closely resembles A. coronata.
# Acervulus

An acervulus (pl. acervuli) is a small asexual fruiting body that erupts through the epidermis of host plants parasitised by mitosporic fungi of the form order Melanconiales (Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes). It has the form of a small cushion at the bottom of which short crowded conidiophores are formed. The spores escape through an opening at the top.

## Sources

* Trigiano, Robert Nicholas, Mark Townsend Windham, Alan S. Windham. (2004) Plant Pathology: Concepts and Laboratory Exercises. CRC Press. pp. 11,129,137.
* This plant morphology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Carl Christoffer Gjörwell Sr.

Carl Christoffer Gjörwell (the elder) (born 10 February 1731 in Landskrona, died 26 August 1811 in Stockholm), was a Swedish journalist, a prolific editor of some twenty journals and a psalmist whose hymns were published in the Moravian hymnal Sions Nya Sånger ("New songs of Zion") and elsewhere. His name is alternatively rendered as Carl Christoffersson Gjörwell, Carl Christopher Gjörwell or Karl Kristofer Gjörwell.
Gjörwell studied at Lund University and at Germany's University of Greifswald before coming to Stockholm to become a librarian at the National Library of Sweden.

## Early life and education

Gjörwell was an illegitimate son of lieutenant-colonel Christoffer Donatson Feif (b. 1694). Feif had been knighted by the new Queen Ulrika Eleonora in 1719 under the name Ehrensparre for his services in the Norwegian campaign of 1716-1718. He was the grandson of Scottish émigré merchant Donald Fyfe, who had set up business in Stockholm.
Enrolling at Lund University and still unacknowledged by Feif, he consulted with history professor Sven Lagerbring (1707–1787) about what name he should use. The professor replied: "It means little what name you choose. Do well (Swedish: Gjör well, with modern spelling gör väl) what you do, and you will have a good name." The young man liked the advice and, from those two words, devised his last name.

## Literary career

After a few years in Lund, he undertook (1750–51) a scientific expedition to the Netherlands and France, after which he initially wanted to go as a missionary to the Khoikhoi people of South Africa or to the Lenape Native Americans of Pennsylvania. Later he changed plans and in 1756 began service at the National Library of Sweden in Stockholm. From 1755 he was editor of Den Svenska Mercurius, the first significant Swedish journal of literary criticism.
Gjörwell married Brita-Nora Müllern in 1765, and they had a son and two daughters. The son was the architect Carl Christoffer Gjörwell Jr. (1766—1837). Daughter Britt-Louise married Krigskommissar (Colonel) Karl Gustaf Almqvist and was mother of Carl Jonas Love Almqvist. The second daughter, Gustava, married John Lindahl of Norrköping.
In 1772 Gjörwell had to cede control of his bookstore to his creditors over an unpaid debt of 140,000 daler. Probably it was the publishing enterprise, which was bound up with his bookselling business, that caused Gjörwell's catastrophe, but he nevertheless continued to work as the editor of journals and books. Gjörwell was chiefly occupied with history and literary history, and was especially taken with German literature. Despite changing public tastes, various twists of fate and whichever wandering turns his life took, he bore all reverses with stoic calm, happy in his family, his employment and his religious life in the prayer halls of the Moravian Herrnhut brethren.
Gjörwell died in 1811 and is buried at Solna Church.
# Acrocercops mechanopla

Acrocercops mechanopla is a moth of the family Gracillariidae, known from Maharashtra, India. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1934. The hostplant for the species is Gmelina arborea.
# Acrocercops melantherella

Acrocercops melantherella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Cuba.
The larvae feed on Melanthera aspera and Melanthera deltoidea. They probably mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Carinapex alisonkayae

Carinapex alisonkayae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Horaiclavidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 2.7 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Red Sea and off Hawaii.
# Carinapex chaneyi

Carinapex chaneyi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Horaiclavidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 2.8 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Japan, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands.
# Yoksan

Yoksan is the romanization of unrelated Indonesian and Thai given names and surnames. Notable people with the name include:
* Yoksan Ama (born 1986), Indonesian footballer
* Sutee Yoksan (born 1949), Thai research physician