OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vateria indica oil

Vateria indica oil is extracted from the seeds of the Vateria indica plant, a species in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The Vateria indica plant is indigenous to the Western Ghats, Kerala and Tamil Nadu regions of India. It thrives in the evergreen forests, surviving up to 800 meters above sea level. Oil from the seeds of the plant is extracted through a chemical refining process which makes the plant edible.

## Common names in Indian languages

* Sanskrit: Dupa, Kundura, Ajakarna, Sarjaks.
* Hindi: Kharub, Safed Damar, Sundras.

## Kernel

Dhupa kernels are approximately 47% of the fruit, with the average kernel weighing 55 grams. The color of the kernel is reddish white or green, and it has a thick brown covering/hull and is hard, brittle, and aromatic. The moisture content in a fresh kernel is about 41-47%; it also contains 19-23% of pale yellow fat/oil having a tallow-like consistency that turns white over time. Kernels are generally dried in sunlight or by steam to enable extraction of the fat/oil, which is generally around 25% of the dried kernel by weight.

## Collection and processing

Seeds are collected immediately after the fruit falls to avoid germination in the wet soil or infestation by worms. Seeds are collected by hand and it usually it takes 4–5 weeks for the crop to be collected. The germ is removed by hand and the fruits are decorticated with wooden mallets; the kernels are broken and sterilized in the process. The kernels are dried by agitating them in a layer 4–5 feet deep under the sun in a godown. The kernel is broken up to 6–7 mm size and crushed through an expeller; 8-9% oil is recovered from the seed, then the oil cake is processed by solvent extraction to yield the remaining oil from the oil cake.

## Oil and fat

Vateria indica oil is known as piney tallow or dhupa fat. Because Dhupa oil contains more than 55.0% saturated fatty acids, it remains solid at lower temperatures and so is known as fat. The fat contains up to 40-45% stearic acid, 10-13% palmitic acid and 43-48% oleic acid. The linoleic acid content is only 0.5%. Also arachidic acid, a saturated fatty acid with 20 carbons, is present up to 5.0%.
Fatty acid composition
| Fatty Acid | Percentage |
| Myristic acid(C14:0) | 0.0-1.0 |
| Palmitic acid(C16:0) | 9.7-13.0 |
| Stearic acid(C18:0) | 38.0-45.0 |
| Arachidic acid | 0.4-4.6 |
| Oleic acid | 42.0-48.0 |
| Linoleic acid | 0.2-2.3 |
| Linolenic acid | up to 0.5 |
Dhupa fat is greenish yellow to white, fairly soft with a pleasant odor. It can be bleached by exposure to light.
Specification for dhupa fat
| Character | Range |
| Refractive index at 60$^0$C | 1.4577-1.4677 |
| Iodine value | 36-51 |
| Saponification value | 186-193 |
| Unsaponifiable matter | 1.0-2.0 |
| Titer | 53$^0$C min |

## Uses of oil

Refined fat is obtained after chemical conventional refining and is edible. It is used as a component for filling, as a substitute or extender for cocoa butter, after proper processing, and in yarn-sizing and manufacture of candles, soaps and other cosmetics. The fat is also refined for edible use in confectionery and as an adulterant of ghee.
# William Bullen

William Bullen was a leading English cricketer throughout the last quarter of the 18th century, his known career spanning the years 1773 to 1800. He was an all-rounder who probably batted right-handed. He played mainly for Kent sides although he also appeared for England XIs and a variety of other sides.
Arthur Haygarth, writing in the 1860s, describes Bullen as a "close set, strong built man" and a "crack" (i.e. expert) player, who was a "renowned batsman and bowler". He was a fast bowler, in the underarm style, and a hard-hitting batsman who was a "powerful" player. He is reputed to have "frequently bowled the sixth part of a mile (about 300 yards), or the whole length of the Artillery Ground in London". He was possibly a native of Deptford in Kent and is known to have played for Dartford Cricket Club as well as teams organised by landowners from the western parts of the county.
Bullen is known to have played in 113 matches retrospectively recognised as first-class. In these matches, Bullen totalled 1,777 runs with a highest score of 54, his only half-century. He held 119 catches and is credited with 181 wickets. His best known performance was six wickets in an innings.
Bullen played in nearly every season from 1773 to 1800. The first match he is known to have played in was for an England XI against a Hampshire side on the Artillery Ground in July 1773. He batted in both the England innings, scoring 1 in each. In July 1774, playing again for England against Hampshire at Sevenoaks Vine, he took five wickets in Hampshire's first innings, the earliest recorded instance of a bowler taking five wickets in an innings. He played for Kent sides from 1774, including matches against Maidstone teams in 1777, and his final known matches were in four odds matches for Kent sides against England teams in 1800.
# Henwick railway station

Henwick railway station was a station in Henwick, Worcestershire, England. The station was opened on 25 July 1859 and closed on 3 April 1965.
# William Crooks

William Crooks may refer to:
* William Crooks (Canadian politician) (1776–1836), businessman and political figure in Upper Canada
* William Crooks (locomotive), the first steam locomotive to operate in Minnesota
* Will Crooks (1852–1921), Labour member of the British House of Commons
* William Crooks (colonel) (1832–1907), American Civil War veteran for the Union
# Henry Jollye

Henry Clarke Jollye (12 October 1841 – 17 December 1902) was an English first-class cricketer, educator and clergyman.
The son of Hunting Jollye, he was born in October 1841 at Broome, Norfolk. He was educated at Bradfield College, matriculating at Merton College, Oxford in 1861, and graduating B.A. in 1866, M.A. in 1873. While studying at Oxford, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Oxford University against the Gentlemen of England at Lord's in 1862. Batting once in the match, he was dismissed without scoring by Henry Arkwright in the Oxford first-innings.
After graduating B.A. from Oxford, Jollye took holy orders in the Church of England and returned to Bradfield College in the capacity of assistant master from 1867. He died in December 1902 at Walton, Wiltshire.
# William Duffy (bishop)

William Duffy was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Bishop of Ascalon (1531–?), suffragan bishop to the Bishop of St Asaph (1531–1535) and suffragan bishop to the Archbishop of York (1535–?).

## Biography

William Duffy was ordained a priest in the Order of Friars Minor. On 10 July 1531, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul II as Titular Bishop of Ascalon and Auxiliary Bishop of St Asaph. On 16 July 1531, he was consecrated bishop by Octavio de Cesi, Bishop of Cervia, with Bernardo Ruggieri, Bishop Emeritus of Sora serving as one of the co-consecrators. He served as suffragan bishop to the Bishop of St Asaph until his appointment as suffragan bishop to the Archbishop of York in 1535. Probably to be identified with William Duffield, Bishop of "Ascalensis," and Vicar of Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, who functioned as a suffragan (auxiliary) bishop in the dioceses of Lincoln and York 1535–38. He was executed for treason in 1538 after repudiating the royal supremacy.
# Veniamin Romov

Veniamin Romov (1881–1929) was a Russian and Soviet cartoonist.

## Biography

Veniamin Romov was born in 1881 in the village of Malaya Sila, Perm Governorate. His father was a priest.
In 1906, he entered the Medical Faculty of the Tomsk University. During this period he studied painting with Mikhail Shcheglov.
In December 1909, the artist became editor of the satirical magazine Silhouettes of Hometown Life.
In 1920, the artist was invited to the Sibgosteater in Novonikolayevsk (modern. Novosibirsk), and a year later he went to work with M. M. Basov in the regional publishing house. It was at that time that his cartoons under the pseudonym "Romov" began to appear in local newspapers. Romov's drawings, with witty captions, appeared in the newspaper Sovetskaya Sibir, and the magazines "Comrade" and "Siberia". The artist illustrated the magazine "Hunter and Fool of Siberia", according to contemporaries, increasing the circulation of this publication.
In 1922, the newspaper's employees came up with the idea of creating a satirical magazine Skorpion, which would criticize such phenomena as petty bourgeoisie, philistinism, formalism, and bureaucracy. The artists of Skorpion were A. Ivanov and V. Romov. Romov's cartoons, published in the headings "Nep Grimaces" and "Grimaces of life", reflected the characteristic types of that era: a smug Nepman and combine dealers who used "air" and "smoke" as profit.
The artist died in January 1929.

## Gallery
### Novonikolayevsk Types

In 1922, the artist created a series of drawings Novonikolaevsk Types, which were published by Sibkrayizdat as postcards.
# Doubravka

Doubravka is a female given name of Slavic origin. It derives from the Slavic word doubrava meaning oak grove and is pronounced dow-brahf-kah in Czech.

## Nicknames

* Czech: Doubra, Doubravuše, Doubruše, Duběnka, Doubí (dow-bee), Duba, Doubinka, Dubi, Dobra

## Name Days

* Czech: 19 January

## Other variants

* Доубравка: Bulgarian
* Dubravka: Bosnian, Croatian
* Dúbravka: Slovak
* Dąbrówka: Polish (pronounced: dam-bruf-kah)
* Дубравка: Serbian, Russian

## Famous bearers

* Doubravka Přemyslovna, Bohemian princess, member of the Přemyslid dynasty and by marriage Duchess of the Polans
* Doubravka Svobodová, Czech director of Divadlo Na zábradlí (from 1993)
* Mgr. Doubravka Olšáková, Czech historian

## Fictional Doubravka’s

* Psychologist Doubravka, a character from Czech film comedy Léto s kovbojem (The Summer with Cowboy)
# Vegas (band)

VEGAS is a Greek group formed in 2008 and consists of three members: vocalists ZeRaw and Katerina Koukouraki, and DJ Airth on the consoles.

## Discography
### Albums

* 2009: Vegas
* 2011: Season 2
* 2012: VEGAS...THE STORY SO FAR

### Singles

* Hrthe i Stigmi (2010) (feat finalist of Greece's Next Top Model)
* Tous Ponaei (2009)
* Mi Stamatas (2010)
* Fsssst! Vegas! (2010)
* Tis Manas Sou (I Agkalia) (2009)
* De Tha Fygeis (2009)
* Fili (2010)
* You Killed Me (2010)
* Mad About You (2011)
* Gia sena (2011)
* Pio Psila (2012)
* Panta Kalokairi (2012)
* Prospatho (2012)
* Osa Eixa (2012)
* Akoma (2013)
* Xilies Fores (2013)
* Pedio Maxis (2014)
* Paidia tis Nixtas (2014)
* Solo (2015)
* Apopse (2015)
* Otan Me Filas (2018) / Music credits: Tim Aeby, Claydee, Zeraw, Sofia Papavasileiou

## Awards and nominations
### Mad Video Music Awards

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| 2010 | Tous Ponaei | Video Clip Hip-Hop/Urban | Won |
| 2010 | Tous Ponaei | Mad Radio 106.2 Track of the Year | Nominated |
| 2010 | Tous Ponaei | Stixos-Ataka | Nominated |
| 2010 | Hrthe H Stigmi | Sexy Video Clip | Nominated |
| 2010 | Hrthe H Stigmi | Fashion Icon in Video-Clip | Nominated |
| 2010 | Vegas | Best New Artist | Nominated |
| 2010 | Vegas | Best Group | Nominated |
| 2011 | Mi Stamatas | Video Clip Hip-Hop/Urban | Nominated |
| 2011 | Mad About You(with Tomer G) | Best Collaboration | Nominated |
| 2012 | Gia Sena | Video of the Year | Nominated |
| 2012 | Gia Sena | Video Clip Hip-Hop/Urban | Nominated |
| 2012 | Fili | Fashion Icon in Video-Clip | Nominated |
| 2012 | Vegas | Group of the Year | Won |
| 2012 | Vegas | Artist of the Year | Nominated |

### MTV EMA

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| 2010 | Vegas | Best Greek Act | Nominated |
| 2012 | Vegas | Best Greek Act | Won |
| 2012 | Vegas | Best European Act | Nominated |
# Vegas (duo)

Vegas was a musical outfit, active in the early 1990s. The band was formed by the former Specials and Fun Boy Three singer Terry Hall and Eurythmics member David A. Stewart, with Swedish music producer Olle Romö and Emmanuel Guiot making up the group (though like Tears for Fears and OMD before them, promotion was focused on the main duo). They released their self-titled album for RCA Records in 1992 as well as a trio of singles, including a cover of Charles Aznavour's number one hit "She".

## Discography
### Albums

| Year | Album details |
| 1992 | Vegas Released: 1992 Label: RCA/BMG |

### Singles

| Year | Title | UK Singles Chart |
| 1992 | "Possessed" | 32 |
| 1992 | "She" | 43 |
| 1993 | "Walk into the Wind" | 65 |
# William Cotter (pirate)

William Cotter (c. 1670-1702) was a former pirate who lived in Maryland in the late 17th-century. He became notable due to his association with the Gresham Estate.

## Biography

William Cotter is believed to have been born in England around 1670. He was an active pirate from 1690 to 1692 and sailed under George Raynor, the captain of the Bachelor's Delight, described as a "man of war." Cotter sailed from Jamaica to the Red Sea for two years attacking ships before returning to the colonies.
In 1691, Cotter was sailing under Raynor when they arrived at Adam Baldridge's pirate trading post in Madagascar after they had attacked a Moorish ship. They resupplied there and renamed their ship the Loyal Jamaica. Cotter and Raynor shared the looted treasure and then headed to the Providence of South Carolina.
After arriving in South Carolina, Raynor's crew attacked a ship that belonged to plantation owner Jonathan Amory. Once in the colonies, Cotter migrated to Maryland where, in 1693, he married Jane Gassaway, the daughter of Nicholas Gassaway, a prominent colonial official.
Following the death of Nicholas Gassaway around 1692, Cotter inherited the Gresham estate. He renamed it "Cotter's Desire." The estate reverted to the name Gresham when it fell back into the hands of the Gresham family many years later.
In 1698, Cotter's past as a pirate was disclosed. He confessed to having sailed on a private man-of-war vessel under Raynor and was convicted of piracy in court. Cotter was described by the English Crown to "be of good behavior as to any acts of piracy." Nothing further came of this piracy conviction.
In 1702, Cotter died of natural causes. He left his estate to his four children.
# William Cotter

William Cotter may refer to:
* William Richard Cotter (1882–1916), English soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross
* William R. Cotter (politician) (1926–1981), Democratic Party member of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
* William R. Cotter (college president), lawyer and President of Colby College
* William Cotter (bishop) (1866–1940), Irish-born Roman Catholic bishop of Portsmouth, England
* Bill Cotter (born 1943), Irish Fine Gael politician, former TD and Senator
* William Cotter (pirate) (1670–1702), was a pirate who once owned the Gresham Estate in Edgewater, Maryland.
# Dracaena hanningtonii

Dracaena hanningtonii, synonym Sansevieria ehrenbergii, (blue sansevieria, sword sansevieria, oldupai, or East African wild sisal) is a flowering plant which grows in northeastern and eastern tropical Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Tanzania) and the Arabian Peninsula (Oman and Saudi Arabia). It occurs notably in proliferation along the Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania.

## Description

Dracaena hanningtonii bears its leaves in two opposite rows (distichous), forming a sparse fan-shape. It develops a short stem of maximum 18 cm length (unlike stemless species such as D. patens or D. pearsonii).
Mature leaves are rounded in cross-section, though with grooved channel on the inner side, dark green and usually range between 0.5 and 1.5 m in length and 2.45 and 8.0 cm in width.
The plant offsets by rhizomes, eventually forming tight, relatively dense clusters.

## History

The epithet ehrenbergii in the synonym Sansevieria ehrenbergii refers to Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, a naturalist who travelled through Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia and Arabia in the years 1820–25.
In 1911, the German entomologist Wilhelm Kattwinkel, while searching for butterflies, stumbled into a gorge. He asked the indigenous Maasai people what the gorge was called. They did not understand what he was saying and thought he was referring to the plants of Dracaena hanningtonii, to which they responded oldupaai. Kattwinkel misinterpreted and mispronounced what they were saying by referring to the gorge as "Olduvai Gorge".

## Uses

The Maasai have used Dracaena hanningtonii for antiseptics, natural bandages, rope, baskets, roofs and clothes. They were also useful for stitching and sewing as well as patching and repairing leatherwork. To make the rope, the leaves were cut, then taken and left to soak in water until the outer layer had split and rotted down which would allow it to be easily separated from the fibrous matter inside. They were then removed from the water and taken to a hard flat surface to be beaten with heavy clubs until the fibres were loosened. The fibrous material was then extracted, separated into strands and worked into cordage of various thicknesses. Fibres from the D. hanningtonii were short but very strong threads which were popular when making slingshots
During the 1970s, paleoanthropologist Bill Montagne was working in Olduvai Gorge and became injured. He received treatment in the form of a natural bandage made from D. hanningtonii, after which he was so impressed, he began pharmaceutical research.
Dracaena hanningtonii was also traditionally used to treat circular weeping sores with the juice squeezed out from a snapped off leaf. In years of drought, this plant was also vital in sustaining cattle until the next rains.
* D. hanningtonii has a short stem with leaves in two opposite rows. Leaves are rounded but with channels on the inside.
* Clusters grow in abundance throughout Olduvai Gorge in Northern Tanzania.
* Mature plants
# Beinsdorp

Beinsdorp (Dutch pronunciation:) is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southwest of Hoofddorp along the Ringvaart, adjacent to Hillegom. Beinsdorp is named after a former island in the former Haarlemmer Lake.
The village was first mentioned in 1851 as Beinsdorp, and means "Ben's village".

## Gallery

* Village house
* Restaurant in Beinsdorp
# Margarinotus harrisii

Margarinotus harrisii is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America.
# Braničevo

Braničevo may refer to:
* Braničevo (region) [sr], a region in Serbia
* Braničevo Fortress, a fortress in Serbia, in Selo Kostolac
* Braničevo District, a district in Serbia
* Braničevo (Golubac), a village in Serbia, in the municipality of Golubac
* Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Braničevo, an eparchy (diocese) of the Serbian Orthodox Church
* Siege of Braničevo (1154)
* Braničevo (magazine), a literary magazine published in Požarevac since 1955
# Village Telco

Village Telco is an initiative to build low-cost community telephone network hardware and software. It is based on a suite of open-source applications that enable entrepreneurs to set up and operate a telephone service in a specific area or supporting the needs of a specific community.
The first Village Telco network was established by Dabba at Orange Farm, a township in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (South Africa). Users can make free local calls to other Dabba subscribers, as well as use pay-as-you-go vouchers to make calls to 'phones on other networks.
Technically, a Village Telco system consists of:
* a mesh network made up of Wi-Fi mini-routers combined with an analogue telephone adaptor (aka 'Mesh Potato')
* SIP phones
* a pay-as-you-go billing and management system
* a SIP/VOIP server
* least cost routing equipment
These components together comprise an easy-to-use, standards-based, wireless, local, do-it-yourself, telephone company toolkit. The goal of bringing these together is to make local telephony in developing countries to be so cheap as to be virtually free. This has become possible thanks to advances in open source telephony software and the dramatic decrease in the cost of wireless broadband technology.
# Page of Coins

Page of Coins (or jack or knave of coins or pentacles) is a card used in Latin-suited playing cards which include tarot decks. It is part of what tarot card readers call the "Minor Arcana".
Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play tarot card games. In English-speaking countries, where the games are largely unknown, tarot cards came to be utilized primarily for divinatory purposes.

## Divination usage

Often used to represent a young person, in tarot the Jack of Coins can mean a changing of your line of work and/or taking on more responsibility. But primarily, this is the card for students.
# Bradley Battersby

Bradley Battersby is an American film director and screenwriter. He is the former chair of the Film Department at the Ringling College of Art and Design in Sarasota, Florida.
He was named "Mentor of the Year" by Variety magazine in 2017.

## Filmography
### Writer & director

* Jesus the Driver (2004)
* Red Letters (2000)
* The Joyriders (1999)
* Blue Desert (1991)
# Dracaena mannii

Dracaena mannii Baker or small-leaved dragon tree, is a small to medium-sized tree, though recorded up to 30 m tall with stem to 2 m in diameter in Cameroon and Gabon. It occurs from Senegal to Angola along the African west coast, is widespread in tropical Africa and is found along the African east coast from Kenya to Kosi Bay in northern KwaZulu-Natal. It prefers lowland, submontane and montane forests which are either moist and evergreen, swampy or on coastal dunes. It is also found along forest edges, in clearings and on river banks from sea level to 1,800 metres. It is one of some 120 species currently recognised in its genus, which occur primarily in Africa and southern Asia with a single vagrant species in Central America. The species is named after Gustav Mann (1836–1916), a German botanist, who corresponded with John Gilbert Baker.
This species is evergreen, single-stemmed or much branched from near the ground, sometimes stilt-rooted, and has linear to narrowly oblong-elliptic leaves with numerous parallel nerves, up to 400 x 20 mm, mostly in terminal clusters, clasping the stem for half its circumference (half-amplexicaul). Flowers are in terminal spikes or panicles (racemose to paniculate), cream or pure white in colour, yellow-green on the outside, and sweetly fragrant when opening at night. The fruit is some 30 mm in diameter, berry-like, brown at first turning bright red when ripe. Bark is white, papery and smooth, with prominent, crescent-shaped leaf scars. Old bark is smooth and grey, and longitudinally fissured, producing resin when damaged.

## Ethnic uses

Substances have been isolated from this species that inhibit fungal growth and the development of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. It is also used against nausea and vomiting, parasitic infections, both cutaneous and subcutaneous, swelling, oedema and gout, mouth sores, worms, lung ailments. Extracts of leaves containing glycosides, saponins and steroids are used against pain, and bark extracts as an arrow-poison, while leaf-ash is used in the making of soap. Pulverised roots are soaked in cold water and the infusion is used against stomach-ache, gonorrhoea and chest pains.
Young leaves and sprouts are cooked and eaten as a vegetable, or with rice and beans. Found in Kenya, Tanzania, Senegal, Gambia, South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Cameroun and Nigeria, it may be propagated from seed, leaf cuttings, rhizomes or suckers. Ripe fruits are used as a fish poison.
# Heringita dentulata

Heringita dentulata is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by László Anthony Gozmány in 1967. It is found in Algeria.