# Lucius Aelius Caesar

Roman imperial dynasties :
Aureus of Lucius Aelius Caesar :
Nerva–Antonine dynasty (AD 96–192) :
Chronology :
| Nerva | 96–98 |
| Trajan | 98–117 |
| Hadrian | 117–138 |
| Antoninus Pius | 138–161 |
| Lucius Verus | 161–169 |
| Marcus Aurelius | 161–180 |
| Commodus | 177–192 |
Family :
Nerva–Antonine family tree
Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty :
Succession :
| Preceded by Flavian dynasty | Followed by Year of the Five Emperors |
vte :
Lucius Aelius Caesar (13 January 101 – 1 January 138) was the father of Emperor Lucius Verus. In 136, he was adopted by the reigning emperor Hadrian and named heir to the throne. He died before Hadrian and thus never became emperor. After Lucius' death, he was replaced by Antoninus Pius, who succeeded Hadrian the same year.

## Life and family

Aelius was born Lucius Ceionius Commodus, and became Lucius Aelius Caesar upon his adoption as Hadrian's heir. He is sometimes referred to as Lucius Aelius Verus, though this name is not attested outside the Historia Augusta, where it probably was originally the result of a manuscript error. The young Lucius Ceionius Commodus was of the gens Ceionia. His father, also named Lucius Ceionius Commodus (the Historia Augusta adds the cognomen Verus), was consul in 106 and his paternal grandfather, also of the same name, was consul in 78. His paternal ancestors were from Etruria, and were of consular rank. His mother is surmised to have been an undocumented Roman woman named Plautia. The Historia Augusta states that his maternal grandfather and his maternal ancestors were of consular rank.
Before 130, the younger Lucius Commodus married Avidia, a well-connected Roman noblewoman who was the daughter of the senator Gaius Avidius Nigrinus. Avidia bore Lucius at least one son and two daughters, who were:
* Lucius Ceionius Commodus – The future Lucius Verus, co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius from 161 until his own death in 169. Verus would marry Lucilla, the second daughter of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger.
* Ceionia Fabia – at the time of Marcus Aurelius's adoption, she was betrothed, as part of the adoption conditions, to him. Shortly after Antoninus Pius' ascension, Pius came to Aurelius and asked him to end his engagement to Fabia, instead marrying Antoninus Pius’ daughter Faustina the Younger; Faustina had originally been planned by Hadrian to wed Lucius Verus.
* Ceionia Plautia

## Heir to Hadrian

For a long time, the emperor Hadrian had considered his brother-in-law Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus as his unofficial successor. As Hadrian's reign drew to a close, however, he changed his mind. Although the emperor certainly thought Servianus capable of ruling as an emperor after Hadrian's own death, Servianus, by now in his nineties, was clearly too old for the position. Hadrian's attentions turned to Servianus' grandson, Lucius Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. Hadrian promoted the young Salinator, his great-nephew, gave him special status in his court, and groomed him as his heir.
However, in the summer of 136, Hadrian almost died from a haemorrhage. Convalescent in his villa at Tivoli, he decided to change his mind, and selected Lucius Ceionius Commodus as his new successor, adopting him as his son. The selection was done invitis omnibus, "against the wishes of everyone"; in particular, Servianus and the young Salinator became very angry at Hadrian and wished to challenge him over the adoption. Even today, the rationale for Hadrian's sudden switch is still unclear. It is possible Salinator went so far as to attempt a coup against Hadrian in which Servianus was implicated. In order to avoid any potential conflict in the succession, Hadrian ordered the deaths of Salinator and Servianus.

## Death

After a year's stationing on the Danube frontier, Aelius returned to Rome to make an address to the senate on the first day of 138. The night before the speech, however, he grew ill, and died of a haemorrhage late the next day. On 24 January 138, Hadrian selected Titus Aurelius Antoninus as his new successor.
After a few days' consideration, Antoninus accepted. He was adopted on 25 February 138. As part of Hadrian's terms, Antoninus adopted both Lucius Aelius's son, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, and Hadrian's great-nephew by marriage, Marcus Annius Verus. Marcus became "Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus" (later Marcus Aurelius Antoninus); and Lucius became "Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus" (later Lucius Aurelius Verus). At Hadrian's request, Antoninus' daughter Faustina was betrothed to Lucius.
Marcus Aurelius later co-ruled with Lucius Verus as joint Roman Emperors, until Lucius Verus died in 169, after which Aurelius was sole ruler until his own death in 180.
In his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon tells of Aelius's brief time as Hadrian's successor-designate in these terms:
   After revolving in his mind several men of distinguished merit, whom he esteemed and hated, [Hadrian] adopted Ælius Verus a gay and voluptuous nobleman, recommended by uncommon beauty to the lover of Antinous. But whilst Hadrian was delighting himself with his own applause, and the acclamations of the soldiers, whose consent had been secured by an immense donative, the new Cæsar was ravished from his embraces by an untimely death.

## Sources

The major sources for the life of Aelius are patchy and frequently unreliable. The most important group of sources, the biographies contained in the Historia Augusta, claim to be written by a group of authors at the turn of the 4th century, but are in fact written by a single author (referred to here as "the biographer") from the later 4th century (c. 395).
The later biographies and the biographies of subordinate emperors and usurpers are a tissue of lies and fiction, but the earlier biographies, derived primarily from now-lost earlier sources (Marius Maximus or Ignotus), are much more accurate. For Aelius, the biographies of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus and Lucius Verus are largely reliable, but that of Avidius Cassius, and even Lucius Aelius' own, is full of fiction.
Some other literary sources provide specific detail: the writings of the physician Galen on the habits of the Antonine elite, the orations of Aelius Aristides on the temper of the times, and the constitutions preserved in the Digest and Codex Justinianus on Marcus' legal work. Inscriptions and coin finds supplement the literary sources.

## Nerva–Antonine family tree

vteNerva–Antonine family tree :
| Q. Marcius Barea Soranus | Q. Marcius Barea Soranus | Q. Marcius Barea Soranus | Q. Marcius Barea Soranus | Q. Marcius Barea Soranus | Q. Marcius Barea Soranus | | | Q. Marcius Barea Sura | Q. Marcius Barea Sura | Q. Marcius Barea Sura | Q. Marcius Barea Sura | Q. Marcius Barea Sura | Q. Marcius Barea Sura | | | Antonia Furnilla | Antonia Furnilla | Antonia Furnilla | Antonia Furnilla | Antonia Furnilla | Antonia Furnilla | | | | | | | | | | | M. Cocceius Nerva | M. Cocceius Nerva | M. Cocceius Nerva | M. Cocceius Nerva | M. Cocceius Nerva | M. Cocceius Nerva | | | Sergia Plautilla | Sergia Plautilla | Sergia Plautilla | Sergia Plautilla | Sergia Plautilla | Sergia Plautilla | | | | | | | | | | | P. Aelius Hadrianus | P. Aelius Hadrianus | P. Aelius Hadrianus | P. Aelius Hadrianus | P. Aelius Hadrianus | P. Aelius Hadrianus |
| Titus (r. 79–81) | Titus (r. 79–81) | Titus (r. 79–81) | Titus (r. 79–81) | Titus (r. 79–81) | Titus (r. 79–81) | | | Marcia Furnilla | Marcia Furnilla | Marcia Furnilla | Marcia Furnilla | Marcia Furnilla | Marcia Furnilla | | | Marcia | Marcia | Marcia | Marcia | Marcia | Marcia | | | Trajanus Pater | Trajanus Pater | Trajanus Pater | Trajanus Pater | Trajanus Pater | Trajanus Pater | | | | | | | Nerva (r. 96–98) | Nerva (r. 96–98) | Nerva (r. 96–98) | Nerva (r. 96–98) | Nerva (r. 96–98) | Nerva (r. 96–98) | | | | | | | Ulpia | Ulpia | Ulpia | Ulpia | Ulpia | Ulpia | | | Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus | Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus | Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus | Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus | Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus | Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus |
| | | | | Flavia | Flavia | Flavia | Flavia | Flavia | Flavia | | | Marciana | Marciana | Marciana | Marciana | Marciana | Marciana | | | C. Salonius Matidius | C. Salonius Matidius | C. Salonius Matidius | C. Salonius Matidius | C. Salonius Matidius | C. Salonius Matidius | | | Trajan (r. 98–117) | Trajan (r. 98–117) | Trajan (r. 98–117) | Trajan (r. 98–117) | Trajan (r. 98–117) | Trajan (r. 98–117) | | | Plotina | Plotina | Plotina | Plotina | Plotina | Plotina | | | P. Acilius Attianus | P. Acilius Attianus | P. Acilius Attianus | P. Acilius Attianus | P. Acilius Attianus | P. Acilius Attianus | | | P. Aelius Afer | P. Aelius Afer | P. Aelius Afer | P. Aelius Afer | P. Aelius Afer | P. Aelius Afer | | | Paulina Major | Paulina Major | Paulina Major | Paulina Major | Paulina Major | Paulina Major |
| Lucius Mindius (2) | Lucius Mindius (2) | Lucius Mindius (2) | Lucius Mindius (2) | Lucius Mindius (2) | Lucius Mindius (2) | | | Libo Rupilius Frugi (3) | Libo Rupilius Frugi (3) | Libo Rupilius Frugi (3) | Libo Rupilius Frugi (3) | Libo Rupilius Frugi (3) | Libo Rupilius Frugi (3) | | | | | Salonia Matidia | Salonia Matidia | Salonia Matidia | Salonia Matidia | Salonia Matidia | Salonia Matidia | | | L. Vibius Sabinus (1) | L. Vibius Sabinus (1) | L. Vibius Sabinus (1) | L. Vibius Sabinus (1) | L. Vibius Sabinus (1) | L. Vibius Sabinus (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Paulina Minor | Paulina Minor | Paulina Minor | Paulina Minor | Paulina Minor | Paulina Minor | | | L. Julius Ursus Servianus | L. Julius Ursus Servianus | L. Julius Ursus Servianus | L. Julius Ursus Servianus | L. Julius Ursus Servianus | L. Julius Ursus Servianus |
| | | | | Matidia Minor | Matidia Minor | Matidia Minor | Matidia Minor | Matidia Minor | Matidia Minor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sabina | Sabina | Sabina | Sabina | Sabina | Sabina | | | Hadrian (r. 117–138) | Hadrian (r. 117–138) | Hadrian (r. 117–138) | Hadrian (r. 117–138) | Hadrian (r. 117–138) | Hadrian (r. 117–138) | | | Antinous | Antinous | Antinous | Antinous | Antinous | Antinous | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C. Fuscus Salinator I | C. Fuscus Salinator I | C. Fuscus Salinator I | C. Fuscus Salinator I | C. Fuscus Salinator I | C. Fuscus Salinator I | | | Julia Serviana Paulina | Julia Serviana Paulina | Julia Serviana Paulina | Julia Serviana Paulina | Julia Serviana Paulina | Julia Serviana Paulina |
| M. Annius Verus | M. Annius Verus | M. Annius Verus | M. Annius Verus | M. Annius Verus | M. Annius Verus | | | Rupilia Faustina | Rupilia Faustina | Rupilia Faustina | Rupilia Faustina | Rupilia Faustina | Rupilia Faustina | | | | | | | | | | | Boionia Procilla | Boionia Procilla | Boionia Procilla | Boionia Procilla | Boionia Procilla | Boionia Procilla | | | Cn. Arrius Antoninus | Cn. Arrius Antoninus | Cn. Arrius Antoninus | Cn. Arrius Antoninus | Cn. Arrius Antoninus | Cn. Arrius Antoninus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | L. Ceionius Commodus | L. Ceionius Commodus | L. Ceionius Commodus | L. Ceionius Commodus | L. Ceionius Commodus | L. Ceionius Commodus | | | Appia Severa | Appia Severa | Appia Severa | Appia Severa | Appia Severa | Appia Severa | | | C. Fuscus Salinator II | C. Fuscus Salinator II | C. Fuscus Salinator II | C. Fuscus Salinator II | C. Fuscus Salinator II | C. Fuscus Salinator II |
| | | | | | | | | L. Caesennius Paetus | L. Caesennius Paetus | L. Caesennius Paetus | L. Caesennius Paetus | L. Caesennius Paetus | L. Caesennius Paetus | | | | | | | | | | | Arria Antonina | Arria Antonina | Arria Antonina | Arria Antonina | Arria Antonina | Arria Antonina | | | Arria Fadilla | Arria Fadilla | Arria Fadilla | Arria Fadilla | Arria Fadilla | Arria Fadilla | | | | | T. Aurelius Fulvus | T. Aurelius Fulvus | T. Aurelius Fulvus | T. Aurelius Fulvus | T. Aurelius Fulvus | T. Aurelius Fulvus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | L. Caesennius Antoninus | L. Caesennius Antoninus | L. Caesennius Antoninus | L. Caesennius Antoninus | L. Caesennius Antoninus | L. Caesennius Antoninus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | L. Commodus | L. Commodus | L. Commodus | L. Commodus | L. Commodus | L. Commodus | | | Plautia | Plautia | Plautia | Plautia | Plautia | Plautia | | | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | | | C. Avidius Nigrinus | C. Avidius Nigrinus | C. Avidius Nigrinus | C. Avidius Nigrinus | C. Avidius Nigrinus | C. Avidius Nigrinus |
| M. Annius Verus | M. Annius Verus | M. Annius Verus | M. Annius Verus | M. Annius Verus | M. Annius Verus | | | Calvisia Domitia Lucilla | Calvisia Domitia Lucilla | Calvisia Domitia Lucilla | Calvisia Domitia Lucilla | Calvisia Domitia Lucilla | Calvisia Domitia Lucilla | | | | | | | Fundania | Fundania | Fundania | Fundania | Fundania | Fundania | | | M. Annius Libo | M. Annius Libo | M. Annius Libo | M. Annius Libo | M. Annius Libo | M. Annius Libo | | | Faustina | Faustina | Faustina | Faustina | Faustina | Faustina | | | Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161) | Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161) | Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161) | Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161) | Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161) | Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161) | | | | | | | L. Aelius Caesar | L. Aelius Caesar | L. Aelius Caesar | L. Aelius Caesar | L. Aelius Caesar | L. Aelius Caesar | | | | | | | | | | | Avidia | Avidia | Avidia | Avidia | Avidia | Avidia |
| Cornificia | Cornificia | Cornificia | Cornificia | Cornificia | Cornificia | | | Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) | Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) | Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) | Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) | Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) | Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) | | | | | Faustina Minor | Faustina Minor | Faustina Minor | Faustina Minor | Faustina Minor | Faustina Minor | | | C. Avidius Cassius | C. Avidius Cassius | C. Avidius Cassius | C. Avidius Cassius | C. Avidius Cassius | C. Avidius Cassius | | | | | Aurelia Fadilla | Aurelia Fadilla | Aurelia Fadilla | Aurelia Fadilla | Aurelia Fadilla | Aurelia Fadilla | | | Lucius Verus (r. 161–169) (1) | Lucius Verus (r. 161–169) (1) | Lucius Verus (r. 161–169) (1) | Lucius Verus (r. 161–169) (1) | Lucius Verus (r. 161–169) (1) | Lucius Verus (r. 161–169) (1) | | | Ceionia Fabia | Ceionia Fabia | Ceionia Fabia | Ceionia Fabia | Ceionia Fabia | Ceionia Fabia | | | Plautius Quintillus | Plautius Quintillus | Plautius Quintillus | Plautius Quintillus | Plautius Quintillus | Plautius Quintillus | | | Q. Servilius Pudens | Q. Servilius Pudens | Q. Servilius Pudens | Q. Servilius Pudens | Q. Servilius Pudens | Q. Servilius Pudens | | | Ceionia Plautia | Ceionia Plautia | Ceionia Plautia | Ceionia Plautia | Ceionia Plautia | Ceionia Plautia |
| Cornificia Minor | Cornificia Minor | Cornificia Minor | Cornificia Minor | Cornificia Minor | Cornificia Minor | | | M. Petronius Sura | M. Petronius Sura | M. Petronius Sura | M. Petronius Sura | M. Petronius Sura | M. Petronius Sura | | | Commodus (r. 177–192) | Commodus (r. 177–192) | Commodus (r. 177–192) | Commodus (r. 177–192) | Commodus (r. 177–192) | Commodus (r. 177–192) | | | Fadilla | Fadilla | Fadilla | Fadilla | Fadilla | Fadilla | | | M. Annius Verus Caesar | M. Annius Verus Caesar | M. Annius Verus Caesar | M. Annius Verus Caesar | M. Annius Verus Caesar | M. Annius Verus Caesar | | | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus (2) | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus (2) | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus (2) | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus (2) | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus (2) | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus (2) | | | Lucilla | Lucilla | Lucilla | Lucilla | Lucilla | Lucilla | | | | | M. Plautius Quintillus | M. Plautius Quintillus | M. Plautius Quintillus | M. Plautius Quintillus | M. Plautius Quintillus | M. Plautius Quintillus | | | Junius Licinius Balbus | Junius Licinius Balbus | Junius Licinius Balbus | Junius Licinius Balbus | Junius Licinius Balbus | Junius Licinius Balbus | | | Servilia Ceionia | Servilia Ceionia | Servilia Ceionia | Servilia Ceionia | Servilia Ceionia | Servilia Ceionia |
| | | | | Petronius Antoninus | Petronius Antoninus | Petronius Antoninus | Petronius Antoninus | Petronius Antoninus | Petronius Antoninus | | | L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) | L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) | L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) | L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) | L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) | L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) | | | Aurelia Sabina | Aurelia Sabina | Aurelia Sabina | Aurelia Sabina | Aurelia Sabina | Aurelia Sabina | | | L. Antistius Burrus (1) | L. Antistius Burrus (1) | L. Antistius Burrus (1) | L. Antistius Burrus (1) | L. Antistius Burrus (1) | L. Antistius Burrus (1) | | | Plautius Quintillus | Plautius Quintillus | Plautius Quintillus | Plautius Quintillus | Plautius Quintillus | Plautius Quintillus | | | Plautia Servilla | Plautia Servilla | Plautia Servilla | Plautia Servilla | Plautia Servilla | Plautia Servilla | | | | | C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus | C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus | C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus | C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus | C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus | C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus | | | Antonia Gordiana | Antonia Gordiana | Antonia Gordiana | Antonia Gordiana | Antonia Gordiana | Antonia Gordiana | | | Junius Licinius Balbus? | Junius Licinius Balbus? | Junius Licinius Balbus? | Junius Licinius Balbus? | Junius Licinius Balbus? | Junius Licinius Balbus? |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Furia Sabina Tranquillina | Furia Sabina Tranquillina | Furia Sabina Tranquillina | Furia Sabina Tranquillina | Furia Sabina Tranquillina | Furia Sabina Tranquillina | | | | | Gordian III (r. 238–244) | Gordian III (r. 238–244) | Gordian III (r. 238–244) | Gordian III (r. 238–244) | Gordian III (r. 238–244) | Gordian III (r. 238–244) |
* (1) = 1st spouse
* (2) = 2nd spouse
* (3) = 3rd spouse
* Reddish-purple indicates emperor of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty  lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned  grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants  bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties
* dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships
* Small Caps = posthumously deified (Augusti, Augustae, or other)
Notes:
Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.
↑ Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
↑ Giacosa (1977), p. 8.
1 2 Levick (2014), p. 161.
↑ Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.
1 2 Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
1 2 3 DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian".
1 2 Giacosa (1977), p. 9.
↑ Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.
↑ Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus".
↑ Smith (1870), "Hadrian", pp. 319–322.
↑ Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.
↑ Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.
1 2 3 4 Levick (2014), p. 163.
↑ It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.
1 2 3 4 Levick (2014), p. 162.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Levick (2014), p. 164.
↑ Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
↑ Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.
1 2 3 4 5 Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
↑ The epitomator of Cassius Dio (72.22) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in HA "Marcus Aurelius" 24.
↑ Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.
1 2 3 Levick (2014), p. 117. :
References:
DIR contributors (2000). "De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families". Retrieved 14 April 2015.
Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. ISBN 0-8390-0193-2.
Lambert, Royston (1984). Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-15708-2.
Levick, Barbara (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537941-9.
Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. :