OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Topfmine

The Topfmines (German: "pot mines") were a series of German circular minimum metal anti-tank blast mines that entered service with the German army in 1944, during the Second World War.
The mines used a case made of compressed wood-pulp, cardboard and tar along with glass plugs and components designed to be undetectable by Allied mine detectors. Often the only metallic part of the mines was the detonator.
To enable the mines to be found by friendly forces, the mines were painted with a black sandy substance called Tarnsand (camouflage sand). Allied forces found that although the mines were undetectable by Allied mine detectors, German mine detectors could find the mines when they had been marked with Tarnsand. The secret of Tarnsand was maintained until after the end of the war, when it was discovered that it was a mildly radioactive substance and the German mine detectors incorporated a simple Geiger counter.

## Topfmine A

The Topfmine A had a flattened dome-shaped case with a raised flat circular pressure plate on the top surface surrounded by a circular shear groove. The case was normally made from pulped wood and cardboard mixed with tar for waterproofing. However, sometimes the case was made from bituminous coal waste. The SF 1 fuze was inserted into the underside of the mine and was placed inside a large glass plug which sealed the bottom of the mine. A secondary fuze well was provided on the bottom of this plug for installing anti-handling devices. The SF 1 fuze was constructed of glass and wood and contained a detonator and booster charge.
Pressure of approximately 330 pounds (150 kg) on the pressure plate caused the plate to shear off from the mine casing, collapsing down on the glass head of the pressure fuze. The glass head was driven downwards, crushing two glass vials of chemicals, which reacted together causing a flash, initiating the detonator, booster and finally the main charge of TNT.
Two versions of the mine were produced - a fully waterproofed version designated "To.Mi.A4531" and the normal "To.Mi.4531".

## Topfmine B

The Topfmine B (To.Mi.B4531) was broadly similar to the "A" version, the principal difference being a smooth case without a raised pressure plate. This version instead had an internal shear groove to prevent water from working its way into the mine and possibly deactivating it.

## Topfmine C

The Topfmine C (To.Mi.C4531 or Pappmine) changed the design to an eight-sided flattened cylinder shape, with a central glass fuze plug on the top. This design was very thin-walled and sympathetic detonation could occur if the mines were planted closer together than seven feet (2 m).

## Specifications

| | Topfmine A | Topfmine B | Topfmine C |
| Diameter | 33 cm (1 ft 1 in) | 32 cm (1 ft 1 in) | 34 cm (1 ft 1 in) |
| Height | 140 mm (5.5 in) | 140 mm (5.5 in) | 140 mm (5.5 in) |
| Weight | 9.5 kg (20 lb 15 oz) | 10 kg (22 lb 1 oz) | 9 kg (19 lb 13 oz) |
| Explosive content | 6 kg (13 lb 4 oz) | 6 kg (13 lb 4 oz) | 6 kg (13 lb 4 oz) |
| Operating pressure | 150 kg (330 lb) | 150 kg (330 lb) | 150 kg (330 lb) |
# Wojnowski

Wojnowski (feminine: Wojnowska; plural: Wojnowscy) is a Polish surname. It may refer to:
* Bob Wojnowski, American reporter and columnist
* Jan Wojnowski (1946-1990), Polish weightlifter
* John Wojnowski (born 1943), American anti-pedophile activist
# Vanadevatha

Vanadevatha is a 1976 Indian Malayalam film, directed and produced by Yusufali Kechery. The film stars Prem Nazir, Madhushala and Adoor Bhasi in the lead roles. This is remake of the Hindi movie Madhumati. The film had musical score by G. Devarajan.

## Cast

* Prem Nazir as Chandran/Suresh
* Madhushala as Devi/Nirmala/Parimala
* Adoor Bhasi as Kunju
* K. P. A. C. Azeez as Kannan
* Pattom Sadan as Velu
* T. S. Muthaiah as Prof Das
* Anandan as Sathram Watcher
* K. P. Ummer as Lohithakshan
* N. Govindankutty as Thankappan

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by G. Devarajan and the lyrics were written by Yusufali Kechery.
| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| 1 | "Husnu Chaahe To" | P. Madhuri | Yusufali Kechery |
| 2 | "Karuthalum Vendilla" | P. Madhuri, Chorus | Yusufali Kechery |
| 3 | "Manmadhante Kodiyadayaalam" | K. J. Yesudas | Yusufali Kechery |
| 4 | "Nin Mridumozhiyil Narutheno" | K. J. Yesudas | Yusufali Kechery |
| 5 | "Praneshwaraa" | P. Madhuri | Yusufali Kechery |
| 6 | "Praneswara" (No BGM) | P. Madhuri | Yusufali Kechery |
| 7 | "Swargam Thaanirangivannatho" | K. J. Yesudas | Yusufali Kechery |
| 8 | "Thuduthude Thudikkunnu" | P. Madhuri | Yusufali Kechery |
| 9 | "Vidarum Munpe" | K. J. Yesudas | Yusufali Kechery |
# Vanada

Vanada is an early musical composition by Michael Torke. A chamber piece, Vanada was composed in 1984 while Torke was still a student. Published in 1986, the piece is scored for a musical ensemble of twelve musicians using a mix of acoustic and electric instruments.

## Information

   "In nearly all of Torke's music there's an implicit tension between a kind of free-form spontaneity and the tight structural control that he likes to impose on his material. An early work, the jazz-inspired Vanada (1984) bustles with a restless urban energy but, like fast-moving people in a modern city, each element knows precisely where it is heading. It's one of Torke's harshest scores, close in spirit to the aggressive European minimalism of Louis Andriessen"
– Staines, p. 588.
While written in the key of B Major/G♯ Minor, the piece is based around an eight-note chord with a non-key bass note of D natural. While the keyboards produce the chord all at once, the other instruments have it as a center for their phrasings.
Vanada begins with two bars in fortissimo, only to restart with a pianissimo and piano section punctuated with contrasting forte notes (bars 3 to 22). Later sections continue with dynamically contrasting material. The piece ends with the synthesizers rising in crescendo to a final blast at fffff or fortississississimo (bars 353 & 354). The piece has been described as "a romp for student chamber orchestra".
While the piece has received critical acclaim, Torke's ideas for the piece were opposed by the musical establishment at the time he composed it. The guest composer at the Eastman School of Music, where Torke was studying at the time, dismissed the material as "dangerously close to the corruption that's happening to all American music." The piece represents the freer approach of post-minimalism as compared to the austerity of serialism and minimalism. Vanada is Torke's first example of this approach, and the composer has consistently used it since.
Torke was influenced by Milton Babbitt's time-point system in his composition of Vanada, but added four extra notes to create a piece with a $^4$ $_4$ time signature, rather than using $^{12}$ $_8$ or $^{12}$ $_{16}$ time which is normal for Babbitt's system. Torke was also influenced by pop musician Madonna's 1983 self-titled album, including the song "Physical Attraction". Vanada has been described as instantiating a "metallic sound world", similar in character to the work of the Dutch, minimalist composer Louis Andriessen.
A performance of the piece by the London Sinfonietta, conducted by Kent Nagano, was recorded in November, 1989 at CBS Studio 1 in London, and originally released by Argo Records (UK). This recording was re-released by Ecstatic Records in 2004.

## Instrumentation

* Horn in F
* Trumpet in C
* Trombone
* Xylophone
* Vibraphone and Glockenspiel, played by a single musician
* Marimba
* Piano
* Electric piano
* Two polyphonic synthesizers, one with glissando
* Electric bass
* Auxiliary percussion or electronic drums
# Wiley, Georgia

Wiley is an unincorporated community in Rabun County, Georgia, United States. The community is located along U.S. Route 23/441, 5.6 miles (9.0 km) south of Clayton. Wiley has a post office with ZIP code 30581.
# Helvibotys

Helvibotys is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

## Species

* Helvibotys freemani
* Helvibotys helvialis (Walker, 1859)
* Helvibotys pseudohelvialis
* Helvibotys pucilla
* Helvibotys sinaloensis
# Donald Bell

Donald Bell may refer to:
* Donald Simpson Bell (1890–1916), English school teacher and professional footballer
* Donald Bell (German journalist) (1901–1978), pseudonym of German journalist Hermann Budzislawski
* Donald Bell (bass-baritone) (born 1934), Canadian bass-baritone
* Donald Bell (writer) (1937–2003), Canadian journalist and writer
# Helen Nussey

Helen Georgiana Nussey OBE (27 November 1875 – 6 February 1965) was an early British welfare worker and writer on gardening.

## Life

Nussey was born in Richmond, London in 1875. Her parents were Mary Anne (born Charrington) and Antony Foxcroft Nussey who was a solicitor. She was educated at the Cheltenham Ladies' College boarding school and went on to work for Westminster Hospital where she was their first almoner looking after the needs of patients. She worked there for seven years.
In 1909 she and Olive J. Cockerell published, "A French garden in England: a record of the successes and failures of a first year of intensive culture".
Before war broke out London decided to create a school care service that would be modelled on the pioneering work of school manager Margaret Frere and her Charitable Funds Committee who had realised in 1898 that handing out missing goods like shoes did not benefit poor children unless the parents were visited and assisted too. Frere believed that a care service should "unite the home with the school education". The new school care service relied on volunteers but they were initially organised by two women employed by London County Council and Nussey was one of them. Theodora Morton was their boss and responsible for the new service. Morton divided the service into twelve regions where care committees staffed by volunteers identified children in need of school dinners or other assistance.
In 1930 Theodora Morton retired and Nussey was appointed as her replacement as "Principal Organiser". She valued the work and her departments Independence. Gladly children were now shod, but children and families still needed support. In 1939 when war broke out there was 158 employed staff and 5,000 volunteers servicing every elementary school in London. And every school had a care committee.
In 1940 she was recognised for her work with an OBE and although she retired she continued to volunteer. Other activities included gardening and writing. She had published "London Gardens of the Past " the year before when she had been made an honorary organiser of the London Gardens Society. She continued her interest and in 1950 the London Garden Society published her short guide to "Miniature Alpine Gardens".
Nussey died in 1965 in Beckenham Hospital.
# Heidi Kackur

Heidi Kackur (born 31 October 1978) is a Finnish former football striker. She played for Naisten Liiga club FC United Pietarsaari and Malmö FF and Göteborg FC of Sweden's Damallsvenskan.
Kackur married Henrik Wilson in June 2005 and in October 2005 retired from football to run a clothes shop. In April 2006 Kackur emerged from retirement to play for Swedish lower division club Näsets SK.
She was a member of the Finnish national team, making her debut in October 1999; a 3–1 defeat by Brazil in the 1999 Women's U.S. Cup. At the 2005 European Championship she scored a winner against Denmark that earned Finland's spot in the semi-finals.
# Helpsen

Helpsen is a municipality in the district of Schaumburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
# Nathan Miller (Rhode Island shipbuilder)

Nathan Miller (March 20, 1743 – May 20, 1790) was an American shipbuilder and merchant from Rhode Island. He was a delegate for Rhode Island to the Confederation Congress in 1788. Although reappointed to the Congress in 1789, he did not attend that year.
Born in Warren, Rhode Island, Miller attended private school and became a shipbuilder and merchant. He served as a member of the Rhode Island Legislature from 1772 to 1774, and in 1780, 1782, 1783, and 1790. In 1772, he was also commissioned a brigadier general in the Rhode Island Militia, serving in this capacity until 1778, although having duties "of an administrative nature, rather than as a field general".
On January 8, 1764, Miller married Rebecca Barton, with whom he had four children. Miller died in Warren at the age of 47.
# Dohnsen-Siddernhausen Dolmen

The dolmen (German: Großsteingrab) on a low elevation between the villages of Dohnsen and Siddernhausen near the town of Bergen in North Germany, was originally 500 m further north. It was excavated in 1977 and reconstructed in its present location. This dolmen from the New Stone Age is believed to have been destroyed in the 17th or 18th century, because its large stones lay scattered on the fields. Several of the stones were sunk into the ground, others had been carried away. As a result, a considerable amount of the original material has been lost.
Excavations revealed that the burial chamber originally comprised 20 to 24 upright stones and about 8 capstones. It had a side entrance; this type of grave is known as a passage grave. The open space between the uprights and the capstones was sealed in with dry stonework. The entire grave was probably covered by an earth mound originally. This site may have served as a burial ground for several generations. The dead were laid on the floor of the burial chamber and prepared for the afterlife by being buried with their traditional jewellery (Trachtenschmuck), earthenware jars and everyday implements.

## Sources

* Infotafel des Instituts für Denkmalpflege – Außenstelle Lüneburg – in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Landkreis Celle
52°49′31.40″N 10°01′37.15″E﻿ / ﻿52.8253889°N 10.0269861°E﻿ / 52.8253889; 10.0269861
# Brian McGinlay

Brian McGinlay (born 24 August 1945) is a retired football referee from Scotland, who officiated in 98 European club competition and international matches.

## Refereeing career

At the domestic level McGinlay has refereed 21 Old Firm derbies, during which he never sent off a player, but he considers his most nerve-racking match to be the Rangers–Aberdeen title decider match at the climax of the 1990–91 season. In European club football he judged his most exciting match to be the Real Madrid–Borussia Mönchengladbach third-round second-leg UEFA Cup match. In international football he has taken charge of matches at the 1980 European Championships, the Home Championship and the 1984 Summer Olympics. He was placed on the referees' list for the 1986 World Cup but was later removed after being struck off the SFA list for personal reasons.

## Personal life

In 1991 McGinlay was banned from driving for a year and fined £250 for failing to provide a sample when stopped on his way home from the Scottish Cup Final.

## Retirement

Since retirement as a referee McGinlay has been a director of Stenhousemuir Football Club, an after-dinner speaker, and a columnist for the Daily Mirror, the Daily Record and the Sunday Mail.
# Whiteness (colorimetry)

In colorimetry, whiteness is the degree to which a surface is white. An example of its use might be to quantitatively compare two pieces of paper which appear white viewed individually, but not when juxtaposed.
The International Commission on Illumination describes it in the following terms:
   To promote uniformity of practice in the evaluation of whiteness of surface colors, it is recommended that the formulæ for whiteness, W$_2$ or W$_{10}$, and for tint, T$_{w,2}$ or T$_{w,10}$, given below, be used for comparisons of the whiteness of samples evaluated for CIE standard illuminant D65. The application of the formulae is restricted to samples that are called "white" commercially, that do not differ much in color and fluorescence, and that are measured on the same instrument at nearly the same time. Within these restrictions, the formulæ provide relative, but not absolute, evaluations of whiteness, that are adequate for commercial use, when employing measuring instruments having suitable modern and commercially available facilities.

## Calculation

$W_{2}=Y_{2}+800(x_{n,2}-x_{2})+1700(y_{n,2}-y_{2})$
$W_{10}=Y_{10}+800(x_{n,10}-x_{10})+1700(y_{n,10}-y_{10})$
$T_{w,2}=1000(x_{n,2}-x_{2})-650(y_{n,2}-y_{2})$
$T_{w,10}=900(x_{n,10}-x_{10})-650(y_{n,10}-y_{10})$
where
* $Y$ is the Y tristimulus value (relative luminance),
* $(x,y)$ is the chromaticity coordinate in the CIE 1931 color space
* $(x_{n},y_{n})$ is the chromaticity coordinate of the perfect diffuser (reference white)
The numbers in the subscript indicate the observer: two for the CIE 1931 standard observer and ten for the CIE 1964 standard observer.
# Wilhelm Adolfovich Kurz

Wilhelm Adolfovich Kurz (1892 – 10 May 1938) was an Austrian-born politician in the Soviet Union. He was a prominent member of the Volga German community and served as the head of government of the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1922 to 1924.

## Biography

Wilhelm Adolfovich Kurz was born in 1892 in Vienna. His father emigrated to Russia with his family when Wilhelm was a child.
After the outbreak of World War I, he was exiled to Kazan. Following the February Revolution, he was released from exile and began organizing for the Communist Party among the German-speaking residents of Kazan. He later moved to Moscow and led the Austrian-Hungarian Council for Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. In 1920, the Central Committee of the Communist Party sent him to the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to participate in the region's Congress of Soviets. He became the chairman of the economic committee for the Republicans in 1921. In 1922, he was tapped to become the Chairman of the Councils of People's Commissars, which was the Prime Minister of the Republic.
In 1931, Kurz was appointed as the head of Intourist, which organized tourism for foreign visitors. In 1933, he became the first Soviet official to visit the United States after its recognition of the Soviet Union.
In 1937, Kurz, along with other leaders of the Volga German ASSR were arrested and charged with membership in a counterrevolutionary nationalist organization. He was tried and sentenced to death by the Politburo on 27 April 1938. He was executed on 10 May 1938 in Kommunarka.
He was rehabilitated in 1957.
# Wiebesia

Wiebesia is a genus in the family Agaonidae (fig wasps). The scientific name of this genus was first published in 1988 by Boucek.
Pollinating fig wasps are specific to specific figs. Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang, the source of aiyu jelly, is pollinated by Wiebesia pumilae.

## Types

The genus Wiebesia includes the following species:
* Wiebesia boldinghi (Grandi, 1916)
* Wiebesia callida (Grandi, 1927)
* Wiebesia clavata (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia contubernalis (Grandi, 1927)
* Wiebesia corneri (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia flava (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia gomberti (Grandi, 1928)
* Wiebesia Isabella (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia macula (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia minuta (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia nuda (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia partita (Boucek, 1988)
* Wiebesia planocrea (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia pumilae (Hill, 1967)
* Wiebesia punctatae (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia sensillata (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia Vechti (Wiebes, 1993)
* Wiebesia vidua (Wiebes, 1980)
# Brihaspa autocratica

Brihaspa autocratica is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1933. It is found in the former Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# Nataly Kogan

Nataly Kogan is a Russian-born American author, entrepreneur, keynote speaker, expert on emotional fitness, and artist. She has written three books: Happier Now, Gratitude Daily, and The Awesome Human Project; hosts The Awesome Human Podcast; and is a frequent keynote speaker. In her 2013 presentation for TEDxBoston on How Pancakes Can Make You Happier and Change the World, she talks about the power of gratitude for the small, good moments we experience on a daily basis rather than any huge achievements.
She is the founder of the online community for working moms called Work It, Mom and is the co-founder and CEO of Happier Inc., a wellness brand launched in 2012 that includes books, courses, media, and the Happier @ Work program for teams and organizations.
Kogan speaks and writes about emotional well-being, emotional fitness, leadership, and happiness, as well as creativity and overcoming burnout. She is the creator of the Happier Method™, which helps people improve their emotional fitness by improving five skills: gratitude, acceptance, self-care, intentional kindness, and what she calls the Bigger Why.
She has been featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, Forbes, Entrepreneur, Inc., Fast Company, and other national news outlets, and has appeared on CNBC, The Bloomberg Businessweek Podcast, The Kelly Clarkson Show, and on WGBH Boston Public Radio.

## Early life and education

Kogan was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. When she was 13, her family immigrated to the United States as refugees and settled in Ypsilanti, Michigan. She graduated from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, with a B.A. degree from its College of Social Studies.

## Career

After graduating from college, Kogan joined the consulting firm McKinsey & Company as a Business Analyst. She went on to launch her first startup, a publishing company called Natavi Guides, Inc. In 2002, she joined the New York–based venture capital firm Hudson Ventures as managing director. She has also held senior- and executive-level positions at Microsoft and Where (a company that was acquired by PayPal in 2011).
In 2012, Nataly Kogan founded Happier Inc., a company described by Inc. as a "learning platform helping people to optimize their emotional health." Happier publishes courses, video and written content, and other media based on scientific research about well-being. The company provides tools for "finding more joy in everyday moments and being more resilient in the face of difficulty."
Happier @ Work was launched in 2017 as a platform for educating employees, teams, and leaders about emotional fitness, well-being, and avoiding burnout at work.

## Books

* Happier Now: How to Stop Chasing Perfection and Embrace Everyday Moments (Even the Difficult Ones) ISBN 9781683641100
* Gratitude Daily: 21 Days to More Joy and Less Stress ISBN 9781683643159
* The Awesome Human Project: Break Free from Daily Burnout, Struggle Less, and Thrive More in Work and Life ISBN 9781683647850
# Nataly von Eschstruth

Nataly von Eschstruth (17 May 1860, Hofgeismar, Electorate of Hesse – 1 December 1939, Schwerin) was the pen name of the German novelist Nataly von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff.

## Biography

She was daughter of a Hessian officer and was educated in Berlin. In 1880, she married Captain Franz Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, and after some travel lived at Schwerin. She started writing short stories and plays early in her life. Of these plays, Karl Augusts Brautfahrt and Die Sturmnixe, found their way to the stage. Her rapidly sketched novels and stories soon gained popularity and some reached several editions.

## Works

* Wolfsburg (Jena, 1884)
* Gänseliesel, eine Hofgeschichte (Berlin, 1886; 5th ed. 1891)
* Katz und Maus (Berlin, 1886)
* Pot-pourri (1886)
* Humoresken (1887)
* Polnisch Blut (1887, 2 vols.; 4th ed. 1894)
* Die Erlkönigin (1887)
* Hazard (1888, 2 vols.)
* Hofluft (1889; 9th ed., 1899)
* Sternschnuppen (1890)
* Im Schellenhemd (1894, 2 vols.)
* Von Gottes Gnaden (1894, 2 vols.)
* Jung gefreit (1897)
* Der Stern des Glucks (1897, 2 vols.)
* Der Majoratsherr (1898, 2 vols.)
* Aus vollem Leben (1900)
* Sonnenfunken (1901)
* Der verlorene Sohn (1902, 2 vols.)
* Die Bären von Hohen-Esp (1902, 2 vols.; 8th ed., 1904)
* Wegekraut (poems; Dresden, 1887)
An illustrated collection of her works was published serially after 1899 in Leipzig.