OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charlton Hall, Northumberland

Charlton Hall near Ellingham, Northumberland is a building of historical significance and is listed Grade II* on the English Heritage Register. It was built in the late 18th century by the notable architect William Newton for the Cay family. It was the residence of several prominent people over the next three centuries and is now a luxury wedding venue.

## The Cay family

Jabez Cay (1666–1703) bought the Charlton estate in 1696. It then passed through the Cay family until 1782 when it was inherited by Robert Hodshon Cay (1758–1810) who commissioned William Newton to build the new hall.
Robert was born in 1758. His father was John Cay (1727–1782) and his mother was Frances Hodshon, daughter of Ralph Hodshon of Lintz Hall, Durham. He was educated at Glasgow University and obtained a law degree. He later became Judge of the High Court of Admiralty in Scotland.
In 1789, shortly after he built Charlton Hall, he married Elizabeth Liddell (1770–1831), daughter of John Liddell of North Shields. She was an accomplished artist and her work is still discussed today. The couple had nine children, one being the mother of the famous physicist James Clerk Maxwell.
When Robert died in 1810 his eldest son John Cay (1790–1865) inherited Charlton Hall. John was a lawyer, an antiquarian and a pioneer photographer. In 1819 he married Emily Bullock, the daughter of William Bullock of Jamaica. The couple had seven children. In 1849 he decided to sell Charlton Hall and he placed an advertisement in the newspaper which described the house in the following terms.
"Charlton Hall is a pleasantly situated mansion house containing entrance hall, drawing room, dining room, breakfast room, library, housekeeper’s room, seven bed rooms, two water closets, kitchen, three servants bedrooms, cellars and other conveniences, a double coach house, four stalled stable and harness room".

## Later residents

William Spours (1800-1878), a lawyer and landowner, bought the property. He was born in 1800 in Alnwick and married Mary Shepherd. He died in 1878 and the house was again advertised for sale. It was purchased by the Reverend William Tudor Thorp.
Reverend William Tudor Thorp (1841-1919) was born in 1841 in Alnwick. His father was Thomas Thorp (1805-1854), an Attorney, and his mother was Elizabeth Jane Tudor. He was educated at the University of Oxford and obtained his BA. In 1863 he married Emily Sarah West (1839-1871) and the couple had three children. She died in 1871 and in 1875 he married Mary Louisa Jones (1850-1904), who was the daughter of Dr John Jones of Langstone Court. They had six children: five sons and one daughter. Their youngest son was Reginald Pearce Thorp (1884-1980), who was the father of the penultimate Thorp family owner of Charlton Hall, Reginald William Tudor Thorp. (1915-2003) MBE.
Charlton Hall was acquired by the entrepreneur Richard Shell in May 2017 and is now a luxury wedding venue. He also operates Doxford Barns wedding venue on the neighbouring Doxford Estate.
# Bombus variabilis

Bombus variabilis is a critically endangered species of cuckoo bumblebee that occurs in North America. It has not been observed in the United States in at least 20 years and is potentially extirpated or extinct.
Bombus variabilis is a parasitic species. Females kill and replace the queens of B. pensylvanicus, taking over their nests in the process. The decline of the latter as hosts can partially be linked to the decline of B. variabilis. This species of bee can be distinguished by the lack of pollen baskets. The bee features have a dark face with yellow hair in its vertex and with dark brown wings. Its thorax has variations between black spots or patches. For females, they only have black abdomens but males can vary in their hair color patterns.
# Wilden

Wilden may refer to:
* Wilden, Bedfordshire, a village and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England
* Wilden, Worcestershire, a village in Worcestershire, England
# Upwood Meadows

Upwood Meadows is a 6 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Upwood in Cambridgeshire. It is also a National Nature Reserve and a Grade I Nature Conservation Review site. It is managed by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire.
The site has three fields on calcareous clay with poor drainage, a type of pasture now very rare, and was described by Derek Ratcliffe as having "an outstandingly rich and diverse flora". Other habitats are mature hedgerows, ponds and scrub. One of the fields is agriculturally unimproved, and the evidence of medieval ridge and furrow still survives. Flowering plants include pepper saxifrage and green-winged orchid.
There is access by a footpath from Bentley Close in Upwood.
# Fields Creek

Fields Creek may refer to:
* Fields Creek (Missouri), a stream in Missouri
* Fields Creek (Kanawha River tributary), a stream in West Virginia
# Edgehill, King George County, Virginia

Edgehill is an unincorporated community in King George County, Virginia, United States. The main roads in Office Hall are U.S. Route 301 and Virginia State Route 205.
# Édouard Thilges

Jules Georges Édouard Thilges (17 February 1817 – 9 July 1904) was a Luxembourgish politician. He was the seventh prime minister of Luxembourg, serving for over three years, from 20 February 1885 until 22 September 1888.
Born in 1817 in Clervaux, from 1833 to 1838 he studied law at the universities of Brussels and Liège. In 1841 he became a lawyer at the tribunal of Diekirch.
From 22 September 1854 to 21 May 1856 he was the Administrator General of Communal Affairs.
For several periods from 1857 to 1904, he was a member of the Council of State.
He was the Director General for the Interior and for Justice from 15 July 1859 to 26 September 1860.
He was once again Director General for Communal Affairs from 3 December 1867 to 7 February 1870.
He was the head of government, Minister of State, and Director General for Foreign Affairs, from 20 February 1885 to 22 September 1888.
Thilges died in Luxembourg in 1904.
# Peñitas

Peñitas refers to:
* Peñitas, Texas
* Las Peñitas, Nicaragua
# Wasp, Pleasants County, West Virginia

Wasp is an unincorporated community in Pleasants County, West Virginia, United States. The Wasp post office no longer exists.
# Pierre Mallet

Pierre Mallet (1836–1898) was a French artist known for painted designs on ceramic ware, who mainly worked in England.

## Life

Mallet was born in 1836 in at Jussey in Haute-Saône, France. He was trained in etching. He married and had two daughters, but was a widower by 1891. By 1873 he had moved to London, describing himself as a 'Painter on Porcelain' and working at Borgen and Co. in collaboration with Léonce Goutard. Both artists also produced work for Wedgwood and Mintons. From at least 1879 to 1877 he was a regular exhibitor at an annual exhibition and competition 'Painting on China' where reviews praised his imagination. The Pottery Gazette described some work as "...one of the finest specimens in the entire galleries. For depth of tone and colour, and delicacy of workmanship, it is one of the best specimens of china painting that we have ever seen." In about 1885 he moved to Leeds to work on Burmantofts Pottery, then in 1887 he moved to Brighton (though his designs continued to be produced in Leeds) and exhibited an etching at the Royal Academy, the first of many. He died in 1898, at Boulogne-sur-Seine.
# Akpafu-Todzi

Akpafu-Todzi is a village in the Akpafu traditional area of the Jasikan Municipality District in the Oti Region of Ghana. The inhabitants of Todzi (around 600–700 in total) call themselves the Mawu and speak Siwu, a Kwa language that is quite distinct from the dominant regional languages Ewe and Twi. The Siwu name for the village is kaa i kato, or "home up high". The oldest of the five Akpafu villages, Todzi functions as the capital of the traditional area and its chief is the paramount chief of Akpafu.
In the past, Akpafu-Todzi was one of the sites of the traditional iron industry of the Akpafu people. Some ancient mines can still be visited in the vicinity of the village, but the iron industry collapsed in the late nineteenth century. Nowadays, the inhabitants of Todzi are mostly peasant farmers.
# Fields End

Fields End is a hamlet to the North West of Hemel Hempstead, just beyond Warner's End on Boxted Road, in Hertfordshire, England. At the 2011 Census the population of the hamlet was included in the Dacorum ward of Chaulden and Warner's End.
The village is formally recognised as village within Hertfordshire by Hertfordshire County Council.
Fields End consisted largely of agricultural fields until planning permission was granted for a new residential estate to begin construction on green belt land between Warner's End and Potten End in the 1980s. The estate was completed in the late 1990s, with Dacorum council having made several attempts to continue to develop the remaining agricultural land of Fields End Farm in the intervening years.
Attempts to develop the fields around Fields End continue to be investigated by Dacorum council, with formal objections being registered at recently as December 2008.
Local schools are Potten End School, Micklem Primary and formerly Martindale Primary schools (closed 2008), and the John F Kennedy Catholic School. The sites of Fields End Infants and Junior School and The Halsey School, the neighbouring High School both formerly on the south-east side of Polehanger Lane near the lower spur of Fields End Lane from the end of Boxted Road now lies beneath the Fields End estate housing development which was constructed in the early 1990s.
Neighbouring towns are the Hemel Hempstead district of Warner's End and the villages of Potten End and Little Heath.
# Édouard Thibaudeau

Édouard Thibaudeau (March 7, 1797 – August 21, 1836) was a lawyer and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Bonaventure in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1830 to 1836. His surname also appears as Thibodeau.
He was born in Pointe-Claire, Quebec, the son of Louis Thibodeau and Marguerite Bro. Thibaudeau studied law in Montreal, was admitted to the bar in 1823 and set up practice in Gaspé. He served as inspector of schools for Gaspé and Bonaventure counties. Thibaudeau generally supported the Parti patriote but was not present for the session where the vote on the Ninety-Two Resolutions was held. He died in office in Bonaventure at the age of 39.
# Peñerúes

Peñerúes is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in Morcín, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

## Villages

* L'Artusu
* Barrea
* La Roza
* Campo
* La Cotina
* La Gantal
* El Palacio
* Requexo

### Small population entities

* El Caleyón
* La Casona
* La Escalera
* El Fontán
* El Navalón
* El Recuestru
* La Roza
* Treslafonte
# Trochetiopsis ebenus

Trochetiopsis ebenus, the dwarf ebony or Saint Helena ebony, is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is not related to the ebony of commerce (Diospyros spp.), but is instead a member of the mallow family, Malvaceae. Saint Helena ebony is now critically endangered in the wild, being reduced to two wild individuals on a cliff, but old roots are sometimes found washed out of eroding slopes (relicts of its former abundance). These are collected on the island and used for inlay work, an important craft on Saint Helena. A related species, Trochetiopsis melanoxylon, is now completely extinct.
It can be propagated from cuttings, and many island gardens now boast a fine ebony bush. It is related to the Saint Helena redwood (Trochetiopsis erythroxylon), and a hybrid between them (Trochetiopsis × benjamini) is also now often planted. Trochetiopsis ebenus has staminodes that are dark maroon or "black".
# Bomachoge Borabu Constituency

Bomachoge Borabu is a constituency in Kenya. It is one of nine constituencies in Kisii County. The constituency was hived off from the former Bomachoge constituency and it was established for the 2013 general elections.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | Member of Parliament | Party |
| 2013 | Joel Onyancha | TNA |
| 2017 | Zadoc Ogutu | Independent |
| 2022 | Obadiah Barongo | ODM |

## Kenyenya Sub-county

The constituency has one sub-county (Kenyenya sub-county) which is the main administrative area in the Constituency.

## Wards

The Constituency is divided into four (4) electoral wards namely;
1. Magenche.
2. Borabu Masaba.
3. Bokimonge.
4. Boochi Borabu.
# Pleiku (Province)

Administrative units of Pleiku province$^{:447}$ :
| Districts (Quận) | Number of communes (xã) |
| Lệ Trung | 65 |
| Lệ Thanh | 34 |
| Phú Nhơn | 9 |
| Total | 108 |
Pleiku was a province of South Vietnam. It was separated from Kontum Province on February 12, 1929.$^{:443}$
# Edge FM 102.1

Edge FM 102.1 is a commercial radio station broadcasting from Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia. It is currently owned by Ace Radio & broadcasts an Adult Contemporary (AC) format. It features both locally produced content & content from the ACE network.
There is a repeater at Mount Beauty (93.3FM).
In 2017 Edge FM 102.1 (then branded as 102.1 The Edge) came under the ownership of Ace Radio as its parent company North East Broadcasters was acquired by Ace.
# Édouard Toulouse

Édouard Toulouse (10 December 1865 in Marseille – 19 January 1947 in Paris) was a French psychiatrist, journalist, and director of the literary magazine Demain.

## Career

As a young man, Toulouse worked for a number of newspapers in Marseille as a drama critic.
He later headed the Clinic for Mental Illness at the Paris Faculty.$^{:14}$ Toulouse believed artistic creativity had an important role to play in psychological treatment. He considered himself a novelist, 'and said that he had come to science through literary activity'$^{:14}$ In 1896 he conducted a survey of men of exceptional genius where he profiled writer Émile Zola and French luminaries to identify shared, explainable characteristics. Following this project, Toulouse was named the director of a modern clinic in the Parisian suburb of Villejuif in 1898.
In 1912 he established the fortnightly literary journal Demain, which covered a wide array of topics. A number of important figures worked on the journal, including Antonin Artaud and Jean Paulhan.
At the beginning of World War I, Toulouse conducted a survey of asylum care in France, and looked to "transform asylums of confinement into hospitals of mental health care."
He founded the League of Hygiene and Mental Prophylaxis in December 1920$^{:14}$
# Washington State Department of Financial Institutions

Washington State Department of Financial Institutions is an agency of the State of Washington charged with regulating financial institutions including banks, and prevention of financial fraud such as bank fraud, credit card fraud and payday loan issues. It is authorized by Revised Code of Washington (RCW) Title 43, Chapter 320.
The agency regulates the following types of institutions: under the Division of Credit Unions, credit unions; under the Division of Banks, state-chartered commercial banks, savings banks, savings associations and non-depositary trust companies; under the Division of Consumer Services non-depositary mortgage lenders, servicers and brokers, consumer lenders, and money services businesses; under the Division of Securities, issuers of private placement equity, debt securities, and derivatives products, securities and derivatives broker-dealers, investment advisers, and franchisors.

## Footnotes

* ↑ In 2010, 70 regulated, state-chartered banks held one third of deposits in Washington.
# 2009 Columbia Lions football team

The 2009 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University during the 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Columbia tied for fourth in the Ivy League. Columbia averaged 4,027 fans per game.
In their fourth season under head coach Norries Wilson, the Lions compiled a 4–6 record but outscored opponents 225 to 220. Alex Gross, Taylor Joseph, Austin Knowlin, Lou Miller, M.A. Olawale and John Seiler were the team captains.
The Lions' 3–4 conference record placed them in a tie with Princeton for fourth in the Ivy League standings. Columbia outscored Ivy opponents 151 to 146.
Columbia played its homes games at Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium in Upper Manhattan, in New York City.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 19 | at Fordham* | Coffey FieldBronx, NY (Liberty Cup) | W 40–28 | 6,449 |
| September 26 | Central Connecticut* | Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien StadiumNew York, NY | L 13–22 | 3,089 |
| October 3 | at Princeton | Powers Field at Princeton StadiumPrinceton, NJ | W 38–0 | 10,738 |
| October 10 | at Lafayette* | Fisher StadiumEaston, PA | L 21–24 | 5,843 |
| October 17 | Penn | Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien StadiumNew York, NY | L 13–27 | 7,301 |
| October 24 | at Dartmouth | Memorial FieldHanover, NH | L 6–28 | |
| October 31 | Yale | Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien StadiumNew York, NY | L 22–23 | 2,461 |
| November 7 | Harvard | Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien StadiumNew York, NY | L 14–34 | 2,896 |
| November 14 | at Cornell | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY (rivalry) | W 30–20 | 4,593 |
| November 21 | Brown | Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien StadiumNew York, NY | W 28–14 | 4,390 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecoming ||||||
# White test

White test is a statistical test that establishes whether the variance of the errors in a regression model is constant: that is for homoskedasticity.
This test, and an estimator for heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors, were proposed by Halbert White in 1980. These methods have become widely used, making this paper one of the most cited articles in economics.
In cases where the White test statistic is statistically significant, heteroskedasticity may not necessarily be the cause; instead the problem could be a specification error. In other words, the White test can be a test of heteroskedasticity or specification error or both. If no cross product terms are introduced in the White test procedure, then this is a test of pure heteroskedasticity. If cross products are introduced in the model, then it is a test of both heteroskedasticity and specification bias.

## Testing constant variance

To test for constant variance one undertakes an auxiliary regression analysis: this regresses the squared residuals from the original regression model onto a set of regressors that contain the original regressors along with their squares and cross-products. One then inspects the R$^2$. The Lagrange multiplier (LM) test statistic is the product of the R$^2$ value and sample size:
    ${\text{LM}}=nR^{2}.$
This follows a chi-squared distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to P − 1, where P is the number of estimated parameters (in the auxiliary regression).
The logic of the test is as follows. First, the squared residuals from the original model serve as a proxy for the variance of the error term at each observation. (The error term is assumed to have a mean of zero, and the variance of a zero-mean random variable is just the expectation of its square.) The independent variables in the auxiliary regression account for the possibility that the error variance depends on the values of the original regressors in some way (linear or quadratic). If the error term in the original model is in fact homoskedastic (has a constant variance) then the coefficients in the auxiliary regression (besides the constant) should be statistically indistinguishable from zero and the R$^2$ should be “small". Conversely, a “large" R$^2$ (scaled by the sample size so that it follows the chi-squared distribution) counts against the hypothesis of homoskedasticity.
An alternative to the White test is the Breusch–Pagan test, where the Breusch-Pagan test is designed to detect only linear forms of heteroskedasticity. Under certain conditions and a modification of one of the tests, they can be found to be algebraically equivalent.
If homoskedasticity is rejected one can use heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors.

## Software implementations

* In R, White's Test can be implemented using the white function of the skedastic package.
* In Python, White's Test can be implemented using the het_white function of the statsmodels.stats.diagnostic.het_white
* In Stata, the test can be implemented using the estat imtest, white function.
# Palavakkam

Palavakam is a locality in the south of Chennai and census town in Chennai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the East Coast Road about 6 km south of Adyar.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Palavakam had a population of 14,369. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Palavakam has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 68%. In Palavakam, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Educational institutions

The First bilingual International School in Chennai, German International School Chennai is situated in 4/391, Ram Garden, Anna Salai, Palavakkam.
# Fernandocrambus euryptellus

Fernandocrambus euryptellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Carlos Berg in 1877 and is found in Argentina.
# YMCA F.C. (Belfast)

YMCA Football Club was an Irish football club based in Belfast, formed by the members of the Belfast YMCA.

## History

It was founded in 1883 and competed as a senior club in the Irish Cup. Its best season was 1888–89, when the club reached the final of both the Irish Cup and the first County Antrim Shield, losing to Distillery on both occasions. The club also competed that season in the 1888-89 FA Cup. Later in 1889, however, the club folded, with most players joining Cliftonville, in what was described as an "amalgamation". In 1891, however, the YMCA Athletic Club acquired the Enfield ground on the Crumlin Road with a view to reviving the football team for the 1891-92 season. The revival was not a success, however, and the team, bottom of the league, resigned before Christmas. The club appears to have folded in 1892.

## Colours

The club wore Cambridge blue shirts and white knickers.
# VSP

VSP may refer to:
* V. S. Pritchett (1900–1997), author
* Valley State Prison in Chowchilla, California
* Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians, a noise warning system for electric vehicles developed by Nissan
* Vehicle-specific power, a formalism used in the evaluation of vehicle emissions
* Vermont State Police
* Vertical seismic profile (geophysics)
* Very Serious People, a phrase referring to commentators who retain a respectable reputation despite making regular or major errors, popularized by Paul Krugman
* Victoria Socialist Party, of Australia
* Videsha Seva Padakkama, a military decoration in Sri Lanka
* Virginia State Police
* Virtual Storage Platform, from Hitachi Data Systems
* Virtuoso Server Pages; see Virtuoso Universal Server
* Visakhapatnam Steel Plant
* Vision Service Plan, a vision insurance company
* VoIP, service provider
* Voith Schneider Propeller, a marine propulsion system
* Voitures sans permis, low-speed vehicles not requiring a driving licence to operate in France
* Voltage Sensitive Phosphatase, a family of voltage-regulated proteins
# Charltona interstitalis

Charltona interstitalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1919. It is found in Nigeria.