OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paul A. Shapiro

Paul A. Shapiro is director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies. In 2010, he was presented with the Cross of the Order of Merit by the German Ambassador to the United States, Klaus Scharioth, at the German Embassy in Washington, D.C. The cross is Germany's highest civilian award.

## Selected publications

* The Kishinev Ghetto, 1941-1942: A documentary history of the Holocaust in Romania's contested borderlands. University of Alabama Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0817318642
# Chamaraja Wodeyar I

Chamaraja Wodeyar I (Bettada Chamaraja; 1408–1459) was the second raja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1423 (aged 24), after his father's death, until his own in 1459. He was the elder son of Yaduraya.

## Inheritance and expansion

He inherited a crown for which recognition and respect was growing. However, his realm had taken the form of a principality and a young kingdom. Further, Mysore Kingdom was a subordinate power to the Vijayanagara Empire and would not survive without aids and grants from the high command. When he ascended the throne, the Vijayanagara Empire, although prosperous and a militarily power, was in a political crisis, with successive and frequent assassinations of the Sangama emperors. His father faced similar problems, and their own power was called into question. In spite of political uncertainty, Mysore saw slow but steady expansion by accession of unincorporated villages and towns in and around Mysore, during both Yaduraya and Chamaraja Wodeyar's reigns.
Soon after Chamaraja Wodeyar I took power, Vijaya Bukka Raya died. However, his successor, Deva Raya II, proved to be an able politician and an administrator. Deva Raya, with Chamaraja Wodeyar I in Mysore, became a dominant ruler in his time in India, a noted ruler of the Sangama dynasty. Hence, Deva Raya II's reign, and transitively Chamaraja Wodeyar I's formed the golden era of South India under the Vijayanagara Empire.
Chamaraja Wodeyar took village-level organisations and other governing bodies beyond his domain under his control, without resorting to military action, thereby diplomatically accessing remote, uninhabited places and those with settlements. He is noted for containing the contempt of the remnant Dalvoys for the Vijayanagara Empire and the new Kingdom of Mysore.

## Death

Chamaraja Wodeyar I died in 1459. He ruled under three emperors, Vijaya Bukka Raya, Deva Raya II (for the most part of his rule), and under Mallikarjuna Raya for nearly a decade. His father's reign spanned 24 years while his own lasted 36, Mysore came to be recognised as Vijayanagara Empire's prodigy and a potential successor in case of the Empire's disintegration, which, in the course of a century and a half, took place. The focus began to shift on Mysore because a royal-family-feud in Vijayanagara, interim emperors, and other incompetent subordinate rulers parallel to the Mysore rajas. However, after Deva Raya II's ascension, both Vijayanagara and Mysore began to flourish.
# Veryard

Veryard is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charles Veryard (1900–1967), Australian politician, grandson of John
* John Veryard (1851–1924), Australian politician
* Richard Veryard (born 1955), British computer scientist, author, and business consultant
# Caxton and Arrington Rural District

52°06′N 0°17′E﻿ / ﻿52.1°N 0.28°E﻿ / 52.1; 0.28 Caxton and Arrington was a rural district in Cambridgeshire, England, from 1894 to 1934.
It was formed in 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894, covering the area of the previous Caxton rural sanitary district, save for the Huntingdonshire parishes of Great Gransden and Yelling, which were placed in the St Neots Rural District; to which was added Graveley from St Neots RSD. It therefore included the parishes of Arrington, Bourn, Caldecote, Caxton, Croxton, Croydon, East Hatley, Elsworth, Eltisley, Gamlingay, Graveley, Great Eversden, Hardwick, Hatley St George, Kingston, Knapwell, Little Eversden, Little Gransden, Longstowe, Orwell, Papworth Everard, Papworth St Agnes, Tadlow, Toft, and Wimpole.
In 1934 under a County Review Order, it was abolished, and its area divided between Chesterton Rural District and the new South Cambridgeshire Rural District.
# Parapsallus

Parapsallus is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Miridae.
Species:
# William Barrow (priest)

William Barrow (1754 – 1836) was an English churchman, who served as archdeacon of Nottingham from 1830 to 1832.

## Life

From a Westmorland family, he went to Queen's College, Oxford, where in 1778 he gained the chancellor's English essay prize on academic education. This essay was afterwards enlarged and published as An Essay on Education; in which are particularly considered the Merits and the Defects of the Discipline and Instruction in our Academies, in two volumes, 1802 (and again in 1804). In 1799 he took the degree of DCL.
He preached as the Bampton lecturer for 1799, on Answers to some Popular Objections against the Necessity or the Credibility of the Christian Revelation. He was indebted to William Paley's writings for the argument; he popularised arguments for the necessity and probability of a divine revelation to man, that the doctrines and precepts of the Christian religion are favourable to the enjoyments of the present life, and, with regard to prayer, deemed it probable that "the Almighty in consequence of our prayers interferes with the laws of nature".
His brother Richard was vicar-choral of Southwell (a post which he held for 64 years), and in 1815 Barrow himself became prebendary of Eaton in the Collegiate Church of Southwell. In 1821 he was vicar-general of the same church, and was appointed on 3 April 1830 Archdeacon of Nottingham. This was not separated at that time from the province of York, and was held by Barrow for two years, until age and infirmity caused him to resign it to Dr. George Wilkins in 1832.
Barrow married Mrs. E. A. Williams, who died childless in 1823. He died 19 April 1836, aged 82. There is a tablet to his memory in the nave of Southwell Minster. His nephew William Hodgson Barrow was for many years M.P. for South Nottinghamshire.

## Works

Barrow was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He also published two sermons which had been preached at Southwell before the loyal volunteers of that place during the panic of 1803–4, and another on Pecuniary Contributions for the Diffusion of Religious Knowledge; a treatise on the Expediency of translating our Scriptures into several of the Oriental Languages and the means of rendering those Translations useful (1808), Familiar Dissertations on Theological and Moral Subjects (1819), and three volumes of Familiar Sermons (1818–21).
# Washburn v. Commissioner

In Washburn v. Commissioner, 5 T.C. 1333 (T.C. 1945), the United States Tax Court attempted to set down some guidelines to determine whether a prize or award qualified as a gift. During 1941, Mrs. Washburn's telephone number was randomly selected and the radio program Pot O'Gold called her and awarded her $900 for simply answering the phone. The check was delivered within a half hour by a messenger with a telegram that read: "Herewith draft for nine hundred dollars outright cash gift with our compliments presented by Tum's Pot O'Gold program. Congratulations from Tommy Tucker and ourselves. [Signed] Lewis Howe Company, Makers of Tums." 36
The court concluded that the radio show giveaway prize constituted a nontaxable gift since there was no expectation or effort on the part of the recipient, no subsequent obligation on her part to perform any services or to make any commercial endorsement, no wager made by the recipient, and since the prize transferor had denominated the payment as an "outright cash gift." 37 This case became known as the "Pot O'Gold" case. The criteria set forth by the court, including the donor's subjective intention and the lack of effort or obligation on the part of the recipient, became standards by which subsequent courts analyzed the taxability of prizes and awards. 38

## Aftermath

In response to this and other cases (e.g. the "Ross Essay Contest" case, McDermott v. Commissioner) holding that prizes constituted nontaxable gifts, Congress added § 74 to the 1954 Code. See S. REP. NO. 1622, 83d Cong., 2d Sess. 13, 178 (1954), reprinted in 1954 U.S. CODE CONG. & AD. NEWS 4621, 4813. Since enactment of § 74, courts have rejected the gift theory for prizes and awards. See, e.g., Simmons v. United States, 197 F. Supp. 673 (D. Md. 1961), aff'd, 308 F.2d 160 (4th Cir. 1962); Hornung v. Commissioner, 47 T.C. 428 (1967).
# Patriarch Silvester of Alexandria

Silvester served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1569 and 1590.
# Trams in Rijeka

Tram traffic in Rijeka (Fiume) was introduced in 1899. The first electric tram appeared on the streets of Rijeka (Fiume) on November 7, 1899, replacing horse-drawn vehicles, and thus marking the beginning of organised public transport in the town. A single-track line that was 4,400 metres long carried passengers from the bridge on Rječina to the Railway Station. Each of the eight existing trams could take twenty-eight passengers.
In 1907, the tram started to run also from Školjić to the place where today’s shipyard "3. maj" is, while three years later it went all the way to Kantrida. In 1921, the double-track line was finished.
During the Second World War it was the only means of public transport in the town. After the war new buses were acquired and they gradually took over the public transport in the town. Tram tracks that were in a poor condition became a danger for the traffic safety so that on June 15, 1952 the Rijeka tram had to be redesigned. Instead of renovation however, the city council at the time opted to install a bus system to replace it, which has served as the sole means of public transport in the city since.

## Gallery

* Monument commemorating the first public transport system in Rijeka.
* Close up of the monument.
* Close up of the monument.
# Very special relativity

Ignoring gravity, experimental bounds seem to suggest that special relativity with its Lorentz symmetry and Poincaré symmetry describes spacetime. Surprisingly, Bogoslovsky and independently Cohen and Glashow have demonstrated that a small subgroup of the Lorentz group is sufficient to explain all the current bounds.
The minimal subgroup in question can be described as follows: The stabilizer of a null vector is the special Euclidean group SE(2), which contains T(2) as the subgroup of parabolic transformations. This T(2), when extended to include either parity or time reversal (i.e. subgroups of the orthochronous and time-reversal respectively), is sufficient to give us all the standard predictions. Their new symmetry is called very special relativity (VSR).
# Verrucaria funckii

Verrucaria funckii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), semi-aquatic, crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It occurs on inundated or submerged rocks (typically siliceous rocks) and pebbles in streams and lakeshores. It is widespread in Europe, including Northern Europe and Iceland, central Europe including the Carpathians and the Alps, and southern Europe. It is also found in Asia and North America.
The lichen was first formally described in 1826 by Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel, as a species of Pyrenula. The species epithet honours German botanist Heinrich Christian Funck, who published the taxon in his series Kryptogamische Gewächse des Fichtelgebirges ("Cryptogamous plants of the Fichtel Mountains"). Alexander Zahlbruckner transferred the taxon to the genus Verrucaria in 1922.
Verrucaria funckii is an example of a xantholichen; that is, a lichen in which the photobiont partner is yellow-green algae (class Xanthophyceae), in this case, Heterococcus caespitosus.
# Paraprotopteryx

Paraprotopteryx is a genus of enantiornithean birds from the Mesozoic of China.
In 2007, the type species Paraprotopeteryx gracilis was named and described by Zheng Xiaoting, Zhang Zihui and Hou Lianhai. The generic name means "near Protopteryx", in reference to a presumed similarity with that genus. The specific name is intended to mean "pretty".
The holotype is specimen STM V001. It consists of a skeleton with skull on a plate and counterplate. The investigation preceding the description of the species proved that fossil traders had added the skull of a different individual to the torso. The description is based on the rump parts. Feathers have been preserved. The rump represents a subadult individual.
Though initially reported to be from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, later investigation showed that the fossil actually came from the Qiaotou Member of the Huajiying Formation of Fengning, Hebei Province, China, and is therefore of uncertain age. While much of the Huajiying Formation underlies the Yixian Formation, Ji and colleagues suggested in 2008 that the Qiaotou Member correlates with the Dawangzhangzi beds of the Yixian Formation, dated to approximately 122 million years ago by Zhou Zhonghe in 2006.

## Distinguishing characteristics

The original description suggested a number of distinguishing traits. Paraprotopteryx would have had a furcula (wishbone) which is shaped like a Y with a narrow angle between the clavicles. It also was described as having an unusually shaped breastbone, distinguishing it from other birds in the Enantiornithines. The carpometacarpus is only partially fused.
Paraprotopteryx has four, ten centimetres long, rectrices (flight feathers on the tail), more than doubling the total body length, which may represent an important step in feather evolution. They have a very elongated ribbon-like shaft and only the tips are barbed and expanded. In Paraprotopteryx they may have served as a secondary sex characteristic. This was the first time a tail fan was reported for Enantiornithes. Later such a double pair was reported for Shanweiniao. However, although the presence of two ribbon-like rectrices is certain (as in the related enantiornithean bird Protopteryx) the describers of Shanweiniao in 2012 voiced a suspicion that the second pair of rectrices in Paraprotopteryx might be the result of artifice.
# Bullock Creek

Bullock Creek may refer to:
* Bullock Creek (New Zealand), a river valley in the Buller District of New Zealand
* Bullock Creek (Northern Territory), a fossil site in Australia
* Bullock Creek (South Carolina), a stream in York County
* Bullock Creek, South Carolina, an unincorporated community in York County
# Warren Gold

Warren Allen Gold (17 January 1938 – 2015) was a British fashion retailer, and with his brothers Harold and David founded the fashion chain Lord John.

## Early life

Warren Allen Gold was born in January 1938.

## Career

The first Lord John boutique was opened by Warren, Harold and David Gold in London's Carnaby Street in 1963, and the choice of name led to litigation from John Stephen who already owned several fashion shops in the street.
In 1967, the store had a three-storey high giant psychedelic mural on the outside of the building, painted by the artist group Binder Edwards & Vaughan, known as BEV.
Lord John was very popular with mods, and regular customers included the pop groups The Small Faces, The Who, and Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones.
Lord John had eight shops by 1970, and grew to about 30 in the early 1970s, before being acquired by the retail group Raybeck, who sold it to Next in the mid-1980s, when they became Next stores.
In the 1980s, the Gold brothers opened the Big Red Building on Petticoat Lane, and became early pioneers of the discount factory shop, before later relocating to Golders Green as Gold's Factory Outlet, now run by Warren's son Jamie Gold.

## Personal life

Gold married Valerie Levey, a fashion model, and they had three children, Lauren Gold is a model and actress. His first wife was Barbara Sugarman and he had three daughters.
# Umbrellawort

Umbrellawort is a common name for several flowering plants and may refer to:
* Mirabilis, a genus of plants in the family Nyctaginaceae
* Tauschia, a genus of flowering plants in the carrot family
# Chan Sai Kau

Chan Sai Kau (Chinese: 陳世九; Cantonese Yale: Chàn Saigáu, born 26 August 1952) is a retired Hong Kong professional football player. He is regarded as one of the best defenders in the 1970s. He played for South China for many years. He then transferred to Happy Valley with teammates Choi York Yee and Fung Chi Ming in 1978-79 season by signing a contract of HKD$5,500 per month. This was a big contract value at the time.
In 1977-78 season, he helped South China to create the record of unbeaten in Hong Kong First Division League for the season. It was the first time ever that a team achieved this record.
He represented Hong Kong to compete in the first Guangdong-Hong Kong Cup in 1978-79.
Chan was selected in the Hong Kong First Division League Best Squad for 6 times. (1978, 79, 81, 83, 83, 86)
He immigrated to Britain after finishing his career but has now moved back to Hong Kong.
# Venkatesh Rao

Venkatesh Rao (born 16 June 1939) is an Indian former cricketer. He played 56 first-class matches for Hyderabad between 1955 and 1968.
# Vexillum pedroi

Vexillum pedroi is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 38 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines.
# Tommy Engstrand

Tommy Clarence Engstrand (30 September 1939 – 18 July 2021) was a Swedish sports journalist, sports commentator, and television host of general interest shows like Razzel and Zick-Zack.

## Early life

Engstrand was born on 30 September 1939 in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of Viktor Engstrand, a sheet metal worker, and his wife Svea (née Jacobsson). He grew up on Tomtebogatan in Vasastan in Stockholm together with future journalists Lars-Gunnar Björklund and Åke Wilhelmsson [sv]. Engstrand passed realexamen in 1955.

## Career

Engstrand began his sports career at Idrottsbladet from 1960 to 1966. He then worked for Se from 1966 to 1969 and Aftonbladet in 1969. He was employed by Sveriges Radio, Sveriges Television, and Sveriges Riksradio [sv] between 1969 and 1987 where he became one of "Hyland's boys", together with Lars-Gunnar Björklund, Fredrik Belfrage, and Ingvar Oldsberg, who were young sports journalists educated by Lennart Hyland. Engstrand was head of Sveriges Riksradio's sports editorial from 1979 to 1987 and worked as a freelancer, among other things, with assignments for Sweden's Radio from 1987.
Engstrand provided commentary on the FIFA World Cup 1978 final between Argentina and the Netherlands (3–1 after extra-time) for the only Swedish television company at that time, Sveriges Radio. He and Björn Borg became personal friends. Within sports, his radio commentary of the last minutes of the World-Cup qualifier between West Germany and Portugal on 16 October 1985, which ended with a single goal win for Portugal, is a bit of Swedish radio history, because the result meant that Portugal went ahead for the FIFA World Cup 1986 instead of Sweden. With two minutes left, he declared whilst close to crying "Portugal is leading 1–0, and I can't give you any hope". Sweden had earlier that day taken the lead by 1–0 against Czechoslovakia away, but lost 2–1; however, the hope was still alive, if only West Germany (that by this time had not lost any such game, and was playing at home) just took a single point, that would have been enough; but West Germany did not. The event became known as "Den svarta onsdagen" in Sweden ("The Black Wednesday").
Engstrand also commented on the Ice Hockey World Championships and The Rumble in the Jungle, the boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Zaire in 1974.

## Personal life

Engstrand was married to Kersti Blomgren (born 1943) from 1965 to 1969. From 1974, he was cohabiting with Britt-Marie Karlén (born 1948), the daughter of Arne Larsson and Margareta (née Holmberg).

## Death

Tommy Engstrand died in 2021 in Stockholm from complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The funeral service was held in Gustaf Vasa Church in Stockholm. Among the guests were many retired and active television sports commentators and executives from various media companies, including: Arne Hegerfors, Christer Ulfbåge, Fredrik Belfrage, Lasse Kinch [sv], Artur Ringart [sv], Ralf Edström, Jacob Håård [sv], Pamela Andersson, Håkan Södergren, Åke Unger [sv], Niklas Holmgren [sv], Marcus Leifby [sv], Bengt Skött [sv], and Ulf Elfving.
# Cardan

Cardan may refer to:
* Gerolamo Cardano or Jerome Cardan (1501–1576), Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer, and gambler
* Cornelius Castoriadis (1922–1997), Greek-French philosopher who used the pseudonym Paul Cardan
* Cardan, Gironde, a commune of the Gironde département, in France
# Bundesautobahn 831

Bundesautobahn 831 (translates from German as Federal Motorway 831, short form Autobahn 831, abbreviated as BAB 831 or A 831) is an autobahn in Germany.
The A 831 is one of the shortest autobahns in Germany, measuring 2.3 km and containing two junctions. Originally, the A 831 continued another 15 km to Gärtringen, where an intersection with a planned section of the A 81 would have been located. The A 81 north of Gärtringen was eventually cancelled, leaving a half-finished interchange that is one of the few in Germany that requires traffic to leave from the passing lane. As a result, for consistency, the A 81 took over the A 831's routing up to the Kreuz Stuttgart interchange with the A 8, where it heads west (concurrent with the A 8) to rejoin the original route.
The 2.3 km of autobahn that remained was initially not signed as the A 831. Heading northbound, travelers were told they were on the B 14; those coming from Stuttgart only saw signs for the A 8/A 81 once they passed Stuttgart-Vaihingen. The A 831 was again fully signed in mid-2009.

## Exit list

| B 14 | B 14 | Road continues as the B 14 towards Stuttgart |
| | (-) | Stuttgart-Vaihingen |
| | (-) | 4-way interchange Kreuz Stuttgart 4-way interchange A 8 E52 A 81 E41 |
| A 81 B 14 E41 | A 81 B 14 E41 | Road continues as the A 81, B 14 and E 41 towards Sindelfingen |
# Washington Daily News

The Washington Daily News is an American, English-language daily newspaper headquartered in and serving Washington, North Carolina and Beaufort County, North Carolina.

## History

The newspaper was established in 1909. The paper also uses Facebook for sharing news and interacting with readers.
The paper won the 1990 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for a series of articles that showed the city's water was contaminated and had been for eight years. The newspaper was then family-owned. It had a circulation of 8,644 Monday through Saturday and 8,829 on Sunday as of Sept. 30, 2019. The newspaper was owned and published by the Futrell family from 1949 until 2010.
On June 16, 2010, the Futrell family announced the sale of the Washington Daily News to Washington Newsmedia LLC, a new company affiliated Boone Newspapers, Inc. of Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Boone Newspapers also owns the Tryon Daily Bulletin, The Stanley News and Press, the Salisbury Post, The Coastland Times, The Roanoke-Chowan News-Herald, The Davie County Enterprise-Record and the Clemmons Courier.
# El Lay

El Lay may refer to:
* a song from the 1981 Los Illegals album Internal Exile
* a song from the 1991 NOFX album Ribbed
* a song from the 2011 Snoop Dogg album Doggumentary