OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# X Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery

X Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Horse Artillery which existed in the early part of the 20th century. It served as a training formation (as X (Reserve) Brigade, RHA) in the First World War before being dissolved at the end of the war.

## History
### Background

Royal Horse Artillery brigades did not exist as an organizational or operational grouping of batteries until 1 July 1859 when the Horse Brigade, Royal Artillery was formed. The brigade system was extended to five (later six) brigades when the horse artillery of the Honourable East India Company had been transferred to the British Army in 1861. These brigades were reduced to five in 1871, then to three (of 10 batteries each) in 1877 and to two (of 13 batteries each) in 1882. The brigade system was finally abolished in 1889.
As battery designations were tied to the brigade that the battery was assigned to, batteries were redesignated in a bewildering sequence as they were transferred between brigades. For example, E Battery of C Brigade (E/C Bty) might become N Battery of A Brigade (N/A Bty) upon transfer. Henceforth, batteries were designated in a single alphabetical sequence in order of seniority from date of formation.
The brigade system was revived in 1901. Each brigade now commanded just two batteries and a small staff (a Lieutenant-Colonel in command, an adjutant and a brigade sergeant major). Initially, batteries were not assigned to brigades in any particular order, but in 1906, at the insistence of Edward VII, brigades were redesignated so that batteries were roughly in order of seniority (hence I Brigade commanded A Battery and B Battery).

### Formation

X Brigade, RHA was formed on 1 March 1901 as XII Brigade-Division, RHA with P Battery and R Battery. In 1903 it was redesignated as XII Brigade, RHA and was stationed at Mhow, India. On 1 October 1906, it was redesignated as X Brigade, RHA.
By the time World War I broke out, the brigade was at Woolwich attached to 4th Cavalry Brigade. On mobilization, the brigade took on a training role and was redesignated X (Reserve) Brigade, RHA. It remained at Woolwich throughout the war. On 18 October 1916, AA Battery was reformed and joined the brigade.
At the end of the war, the brigade was broken up. P and R Batteries were transferred to IV Brigade, AA Battery transferred to VIII Brigade and the brigade ceased to exist by October 1919.
# Yeasin Arafat (cricketer)

Yeasin Arafat Mishu (born 7 October 1998) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Chittagong Division in the 2016–17 National Cricket League on 25 September 2016. He took a five-wicket haul in the first innings and was named man of the match. He made his List A debut for Brothers Union in the 2016–17 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League on 20 April 2017.

## Domestic career

On 14 March 2018, bowling for Gazi Group Cricketers against Abahani Limited in the 2017–18 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League, Arafat became the first Bangladeshi bowler to take eight wickets in a List A match. He finished with figures of 8 for 40 from 8.1 overs. It was the first eight-wicket haul in List A cricket since 2010.
In August 2019, he was one of 35 cricketers named in a training camp ahead of Bangladesh's 2019–20 season. He made his Twenty20 debut on 31 May 2021, for Mohammedan Sporting Club in the 2021 Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League.

## International career

In September 2019, he was named in Bangladesh's first two T20Is squad for the 2019–20 Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series. However, he could not play due to injury and he was replaced by Abu Haider. He was later dropped from the squad for the next two T20Is.
# Eudrilus

Eudrilus is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Eudrilidae.
Species:
* Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg, 1866)
* Eudrilus kamerunensis Michaelsen, 1903
* Eudrilus milliemosbyae Owa, 1996
* Eudrilus pallidus Michaelsen, 1891
* Eudrilus simplex Michaelsen, 1913
* Eudrilus sodeindei Owa, 1996
# Enno Dirksen

Enno Dirksen (3 January 1788 – 16 July 1850) was a German mathematician at the University of Berlin.

## Early life

Enno Dirksen was born on 3 January 1788 in Eilsum, Prussia, to Dirk Heeren Dirksen and Elisabeth Berends. Between 1803 and 1807, he obtained private lessons in mathematics, physics, astronomy and navigation from a teacher at the Emden Navigation School. Following this, he taught at local schools in Hatzum (until 1815) and in Hinte.

## Career

On the suggestion of Jabbo Oltmanns [de], he enrolled at Göttingen University in 1817 to study mathematics. He pursued his doctorate there advised by Johann Tobias Mayer and Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut.
He went to Berlin in 1820 and started working for the astronomer Johann Elert Bode. He habilitated at the University of Berlin's mathematics department as an expert in astronomy. In August 1820, he was appointed by the Prussian Ministry as an extraordinary professor in the university. Four years later, in June 1824, he was appointed as a full Professor of Mathematics. The noted mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi was one of the students he advised.
He was an elected member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences from 1825.
He retired from teaching in 1848–49 due to illness, and moved to Paris. He died there on 16 July 1850.
# Callosa

Callosa may stand for:
* Callosa d'En Sarrià, a town in the comarca of La Marina Baixa, in the province of Alicante, Spain
* Callosa de Segura, a town in the comarca of El Baix Segura, in the province of Alicante, Spain
* Callosa, a genus of dwarf spiders
* Callosa, a species name
# Jaakko Wallenius

Jaakko J. Wallenius (January 30, 1958 – June 11, 2013) was a Finnish writer and journalist.

## Biography

Jaakko Wallenius was born in Hämeenlinna in 1958.
He taught himself to read in Finnish at the age of 6, and later learned German, Swedish, and English.
In 1990, he married Marjaliisa Wallenius, and they remained together until his death.
He was diagnosed with inoperable cancer in November 2011. In his last entry to his blog Being Human on April 14, 2013, he wrote:
   I am still here thanks to chemotherapy that has given me an additional year and a half, but the therapies were terminated a week ago because their ability to fight my cancer has waned off. I am on my own now, but nobody knows how soon the end will come. However, it is quite certain that I will not see my 56th birthday in January of 2014.
He died on June 11, 2013.

## Work

Jaakko Wallenius worked mainly in journalism and blogging, as well as computer repair. He had eight blogs in two languages and nearly 40 Facebook fan pages for secular philosophers, writers, and scientists.
The Finnish publishing company Edita published in the year 2002 Jaakko Wallenius's book on OpenOffice.org– productivity suite called ”OpenOffice tehokäyttöön” of which the second edition was published with the name ”OpenOffice – koulutuspaketti” in the year 2004. In the year 2005 Jaakko Wallenius published a website called ”Rakasta tietokonettasi –kansalaisen tietotekniikkatieto” or ”Love your computer”with the financial aid of Journalistisen kulttuurin edistämissäätiö Jokes-foundation. This work has been published as a web-site Jaakko Wallenius was awarded in year 2008 a grant by The Finnish Association Of Non-Fiction Writers society to write ”Jäähyväiset jumalille – tieteen haaste uskonnoille”. These essays have been translated to English and they have been published in the Being Human blog.
Jaakko Wallenius was the economics editor in the newspaper Länsi-Uusimaa, which is published in Lohja, from 1990. In the year 2001 Jaakko Wallenius started a private enterprise called Bittitohtori, which concentrated on the maintenance of home computers and web-design.

## Political and philosophical views

Jaakko Wallenius considered himself an Epicurean Stoic Humanist as well as an atheist.
# Felix Galimir

Felix Galimir (May 20, 1910, Vienna – November 10, 1999, New York) was an Austrian-born American violinist and music teacher.
Born in a Sephardic Jewish family Vienna; his first language was Ladino. He studied with Adolf Bak and Simon Pullman at the Vienna Conservatory from the age of twelve and graduated in 1928. With his three sisters he founded the Galimir Quartet in 1927 to commemorate the centenary of the death of Ludwig van Beethoven. During the early 1930s Galimir studied with Carl Flesch in Berlin. In 1936, the Galimir Quartet recorded the Lyric Suite of Alban Berg and the String Quartet of Maurice Ravel under the supervision of the composers, who were present during the rehearsals and recording sessions.
In 1936, he joined the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. He was harassed because of his Jewish ethnicity – at one performance, writes Allan Kozinn, "just as the lights went down, the principal clarinetist called out, in a voice audible throughout the theater, 'Galimir – have you eaten your matzos today?'" The next season, the orchestra expelled him because he was Jewish. He then emigrated to Palestine to join the newly founded Palestine Symphony Orchestra.
"My mother was Austrian, but as my father was Romanian, we were considered enemy aliens and lived in fear of internment", he said of his family's plight in World War I.
In 1938, Galimir moved to New York, where he founded another quartet and served as member of the NBC Symphony Orchestra from 1939 to 1956.(later, when the NBC ensemble was disbanded, Galimir was concertmaster of the Symphony of the Air.) In the 1950s he began acquiring a reputation as a music teacher and began teaching at The Juilliard School in New York in 1962 and from 1972 at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. In 1976 he began teaching at Mannes College of Music in New York.
In 1952, after the death of Adolf Busch, pianist Rudolf Serkin asked Galimir to join the faculty of the Marlboro Music Festival, where he was in residence every year from 1954 until his death in 1999.
Galimir died on November 10, 1999, aged 89, of natural causes and has since been honoured with memorial concerts and competitions in his name.
# Micrixalus fuscus

Micrixalus fuscus (dusky torrent frog or brown tropical frog) is a species of small frog found in dense forested hill streams in the Western Ghats of India. M. herrei was formerly synonymized within this species.

## Description

Males measure 27.9–28.8 mm (1.10–1.13 in) and females 30.0–33.1 mm (1.18–1.30 in) in snout–vent length. Male Micrixalus fuscus have a single vocal sac, a white patch on the lower jaw, and a prominent nuptial pad on the first finger. Characteristic for the genus, they display the "foot-flagging" behavior, where males tap their hindfeet and extend it, then stretching it out and shaking the foot at prospective mates and rival males. Male-male combats also involve kicking.
Description from G. A. Boulenger's (1890) "Fauna of British India":
    Snout pointed, prominent, generally longer than the orbital diameter; canthus rostralis angular: loreal region flat, vertical; nostril halfway between the eye and the tip of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum small, indistinct. Toes nearly entirely webbed; disks moderate; subarticular tubercles small; a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin smooth above and beneath; a narrow glandular lateral fold; a fold from the eye to the shoulder. Brown or pinkish above; sides of head and body generally darker; limbs with dark cross bands; hinder side of thighs dark brown, with a more or less accentuated light median stripe; whitish beneath, marbled with brown. Male with two internal vocal sacs, the openings of which are very small. From snout to vent 1.2 inches.

## Habitat

The natural habitats of this species are fast-flowing streams covered by forest canopy. It is relatively abundant where it has been found.
# Abul Barakat

* Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, a golden age philosopher
* Abul barakat ibn Kabar, a mameluke Coptic encyclopaedist
* Abul Barkat (economist), from Bangladesh
# London Caledonians F.C.

London Caledonians F.C. was an amateur football club based in London, primarily for Scottish players. They were founder members of the Isthmian League, which they won in its inaugural season. They remained in the league until 1939 when the club folded.

## History

In 1885, Hugh Macpherson, a player with Champion Hill F.C., a London club with a number of Scots members, founded the club, because of the "scant success" of United London Scottish, the first London club aimed solely at exiled Scots. Macpherson brought together more Scots players for the new club, including some of the U.L.S. players such as Bill Stirling (a forward converted into a goalkeeper) and captain W.E. Fry, with the result that U.L.S. was both no longer needed and no longer competitive. In the 1886-87 London Senior Cup, U.L.S. went down 7–1 at St Martin's Athletic of Priory Farm in the first round, whereas London Caledonians reached the quarter-finals. By 1888, U.L.S. was defunct and London Caledonians became the only "exile" club in the capital.
The club won the first of their five Middlesex Senior Cups in 1889–90 and the first of their five London Senior Cups in 1899–1900. They were founder members of the Isthmian League in 1905 and were champions in its first season. They won the league again in 1907–08 and then three times in a row between 1911–12 and 1913–14.
The club's best run in the FA Cup came in 1886–87, reaching the third round, where they were drawn with the Old Carthusians. The game was scheduled for the Princess Victoria ground in Shepherd's Bush, but, as a heavy frost had fallen, the club sent a telegram to P.M. Walters of the Carthusians, saying that it would not turn up. The Carthusians nevertheless did attend, and the tie was awarded to them.
After qualifying rounds were brought in two years later, the club reached the first round of the FA Cup in 1912–13, but lost 3–1 at Wolverhampton Wanderers. The following season they started in the first round, but lost 3–0 at Huddersfield Town.
In 1922–23 the club reached the final of the FA Amateur Cup, in which they defeated Evesham Town 2–1. The following season they reached the semi-finals again, but lost in a second replay. A sixth Isthmian League title was won in 1924–25. The following season they again entered the FA Cup in the first round, but lost to Ilford. In 1926–27 they again lost in the first round, this time to Luton Town. However, the following season they reached the third round, where they lost 3–2 at home to Crewe Alexandra. The club did not return to the league after World War II.

## Colours

The club wore black and white jerseys with dark blue knickers.

## Ground

The club's Caledonian Park ground was on Monnery Road in Holloway.

## Honours

* FA Amateur Cup
** Winners 1922–23
* Isthmian League
** Champions 1905–06, 1907–08, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1913–14, 1924–25
* London Senior Cup
** Winners 1899–1900, 1907–08, 1914–15, 1922–26, 1927–28
* Middlesex Senior Cup
** Winners 1889–90, 1890–91, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1934–35
* London Charity Cup
** Winners 1895–96, 1907–08, 1908–09, 1912–13
* East London Senior Cup
** Winners 1886–87
# Parmigiano (disambiguation)

Parmigiano-Reggiano, or parmesan cheese, is a type of Italian cheese.
Parmigiano may also refer to:

## People

* Parmigianino, also called Parmigiano (1503 – 1540), Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker
* Fabrizio Parmigiano (1555 – 1629), Italian Baroque painter

## Other

* From the Province of Parma
* Parmigiano dialect of the Emilian language
# Erigeron uniflorus

Erigeron uniflorus is a Eurasian and North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name one-flower fleabane. It is widespread in Arctic and alpine regions in Eurasia and North America (northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland).
# Michael Doyle (Lord Mayor of Dublin)

Michael Doyle (c. 1840s – 1920) was an Irish Parliamentary Party politician. He was a member of Dublin Corporation, and served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1910 to 1911.
He was High Sheriff of Dublin in 1909.
# Minuscule 48

Minuscule 48 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A$^{232}$ (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has complex contents with some marginalia.

## Description

The codex contains the complete text of the four Gospels on 145 leaves (size 28.5 cm by 22.5 cm) with a commentary. The text is written in two columns per page, 30 lines per page.
The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin.
It contains the Eusebian Canon tables at the beginning, subscriptions at the end of the Gospels, with numbers of ρηματα, and numbers of στιχοι, some notes from the first scribe, scholia from the later hand, and pictures.
It has errors with iota subscriptum.

## Text

Kurt Aland the Greek text of the codex did not place in any Category. It was not examined by using the Claremont Profile Method. In result the textual character of the codex is unknown.

## History

The manuscript was dated by Scholz the 13th and by Gregory to the 12th century. Currently it has been assigned by the INTF to the 12th century.
The manuscript was used by Mill (as Bodl. 7). Scholz dated the manuscript to the 13th century. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 12th century.
It was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by J. J. Wettstein. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1883.
It is currently housed at the Bodleian Library (MS. Auct.D.2.17), at Oxford.
# Ja'afaru Dan Isiyaku

Ja'afari Dan Isiyaku was the sixteenth Emir of Zazzau, he reigned from 1937 to 1959. As Emir of Zazzau he was administrative head of Zaria Emirate Native Authority which consisted of seventeen districts and he was responsible for the maintenance of law and order within the emirate.

## Life

Ja'afaru was born into the house of emir of Zazzau Abdullahi and his wife Malama Aishatu. His father was the grandson of Sarkin Zazzau Hammada and great-grandson of Sarki Yamusa (1821-1834) Ja'afaru's early education consisted of teachings and recitation of the Quran at an Islamic learning center in the neighborhood. He spent his first seven years in the district of Sabon Gari in his father house, thereafter, he journeyed to Zaria for additional Quranic studies. When he was around the age of 24 and had married, he was selected by his father to attend a school in Kano founded by a Swedish educationist, Hanns Vischer, the school was popularly called makarantar Dan Hausa in local parlance. He was among a few students from royal lineage who attended the school as Western education was treated with suspicion by many Northern emirs as a vehicle to preach Christianity at that time.
After a year attendance at the school, he returned to Zaria and continued with Islamic jurisprudence, learning the Maliki law. He also worked as a property rater with responsibility to assess the value of properties owned by households for taxation purposes. Ja'afaru was soon asked by the colonial resident to handle communications between the office of the resident and the Emir of Zazzau. In discharging the duties of his job Ja'afaru developed a relationship with the sitting emir, Aliyu Dan Sidi who sometimes delegated some responsibilities to Ja'afaru in matters affecting native authority administration. After about four years in the provincial office, he was promoted to the position of chief scribe to the resident. When the district head of Zangon Katab removed from office for embezzling funds from the cattle tax, Ja'afaru was selected as his replacement in 1918. Ja'afaru served as the district head for 19 years. In late 1936, Sarkin Ibrahim Dan Kwasau fell ill and died. The British resident appointed Ja'afaru as Sarkin Zazzau in March 1937 after consultation with the traditional kingmakers: Galadiman, Dokaje and Limamin.

### Emir of Zazzau

Ja'afaru was crowned in June 1937 at the grounds within the emir's palace. Under Nigeria's indirect rule, British colonial government administered the colony of Nigeria through the traditional leaders and in the north it was through the emirs. Ja'afaru as emir became head of Zaria's Native Authority, he was in charge of maintaining law and order and the appointment of district heads within the emirate. Zaria in 1950 had seventeen district heads to assist the native authority in administration. As head of the native authority, he was involved in development works to expand the district of Tudun Wada.
During the pre-independence period, Ja'afaru was a member of the Northern Regional House of Chiefs and a minister without portfolio.
# Fear Factor (British game show)

Fear Factor is a British game show based on the Dutch game show Now or Neverland and part of the international Fear Factor franchise. It was broadcast on Sky One from 3 September 2002 to 22 August 2004 and was presented by Ed Sanders.

## Format

As the show started, Sanders gives an opening statement, and this is one most commonly used:
   Imagine a world where your greatest fears become reality. Welcome to Fear Factor.
Then, he gives a verbal disclaimer. The wording has changed with certain versions, but also, this is one most commonly used:
   The stunts you're about to see are designed and supervised by trained professionals. They are extremely dangerous, and they should not be attempted by anyone, anywhere, anytime.
This version has two teams of three contestants. They are known as the red team and the green team. They all take part individually in the first stunt, chosen randomly by Ed. In the second stunt, two contestants from each team chosen by their opponents do it, and in the third and final stunt, it can vary.
In the first stunt, the four contestants from any team that complete a stunt in the fastest time would bank their teams £3,000. In the second stunt, the contestants who completes a stunt would bank their teams £3,000. And in the third and final stunt, the person from any team, or the team that complete a stunt in the fastest time would bank their teams £5,000 and win the total money.
For its third and final series, the programme became Celebrity Fear Factor, with each team now consisting of three celebrities playing for charity.

## Filming

The first series was filmed in Cape Town, South Africa, while the 2nd & 3rd series was filmed in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

## Transmissions

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| 1 | 3 September 2002 | 26 November 2002 | 13 |
| 2 | 18 September 2003 | 11 December 2003 | 13 |
| 3 | 18 July 2004 | 22 August 2004 | 6 |