# Timeline of the Era of Attacks

This page presents all events related to the Era of Attacks (1892-1894).

### General overview

This timeline is largely based on the list provided by Hélène Millot, with additional references from the more comprehensive works of John M. Merriman and Vivien Bouhey. The start and end dates of the period follow Millot’s framework, beginning with the Saint-Germain bombing (11 March 1892) and ending with the massacre of anarchist convicts (22 October 1894). However, Bouhey offers a broader perspective, considering the period from 1890 to 1894, which is not adopted here. The Fourmies massacre and the Clichy affair are included in the timeline, as most sources regard these two events as immediate precursors to the Era of Attacks.

## Events

    Judicial affair - Legal repression
    Terrorist attack
    Execution - Massacre
| Date | Event | Place | Instigator(s) | Outcome |
| 1 May 1891 | Massacre at Fourmies | Fourmies | French state French army | Massacre of a dozen peaceful demonstrators in Fourmies 9 dead, 35 (at least) injured |
| 1 May 1891 | Clichy affair | Paris | French state French police | Violent arrest of three anarchists High-profile trial which radicalised the anarchists through its harshness |
| 10 February 1892 | Hanging of the Jerez anarchists | Jerez | Spanish state Arsenio Martínez Campos Guardia civil | Four anarchists hanged in Jerez. |
| 29 February 1892 | Saint-Dominique bombing | Paris | French anarchist (?) | Explosion in a wealthy residence on rue Saint-Dominique, in Paris 0 dead, 0 injured |
| 11 March 1892 | Saint-Germain bombing | Paris | François Koenigstein (Ravachol) Rosalie Soubère (Mariette) Joseph Jas-Béala (Béala) Charles Simon (Biscuit) | Symbolic start of the Era of Attacks They failed to kill or injure Benoît, the judge in the Clichy affair. 0 dead, 1 injured. Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism |
| 15 March 1892 | Lobau bombing | Paris | Théodule Meunier (Pied Plat) | 0 dead, 0 injured. Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism |
| 27 March 1892 | Clichy bombing | Paris | Ravachol | 0 dead, 6 injured. Failed to kill or injure Bulot, the prosecutor in the Clichy affair. Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism |
| 30 March 1892 | Arrest of Ravachol | Paris | French state French police Jean-Marie Véry | After being denounced by the owner of the restaurant Le Véry, Ravachol was arrested. The other members of Ravachol's group had already been arrested. |
| 25 April 1892 | Véry bombing | Paris | Théodule Meunier Jean-Pierre François (Francis) Pieds plats | Explosion at the restaurant Le Véry targeting the owner, who was killed. 2 dead, at least 1 injured. |
| 26 April 1892 | First trial of Ravachol | Paris | French state French justice system | Rosalie Soubère and Joseph Jas-Béala acquitted. Charles Simon and Ravachol sentenced to penal labour for life. High-profile trial that radicalised the anarchists |
| 21 June 1892 | Second trial of Ravachol | Montbrison | French state French justice system | Ravachol sentenced to death. |
| 30 June 1892- | Homestead strike | Homestead | American state American bourgeoisie Henry Clay Frick | Suppression of the Homestead strike Henry Clay Frick employed 300 armed men to break the strike |
| 11 July 1892 | Execution of Ravachol | Montbrison | French state | Ravachol was guillotined. He became a martyr for the anarchists, who radicalised in response to his execution |
| 23 July 1892 | Attempted assassination of Henry Clay Frick | Homestead | Alexander Berkman | Failed to kill Frick despite having shot him twice and stabbed him three times. |
| August 1892 | Carmaux strike | Carmaux | French state French army | The army intervened in the Carmaux mine to force the workers back to work. |
| 23 September 1893 | Attempted assassination of Arsenio Martínez Campos | Barcelona | Paulí Pallàs | Took revenge for the hanging of the anarchists of Jerez by throwing two bombs at the general (who survives) during a parade 1 soldier and 5 civilians killed. Beginning of a period of instability and terrorism in Spain, culminating in the assassination of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1897) |
| 6 October 1893 | Execution of Paulí Pallàs | Barcelona | Spanish state Spanish army | Pallàs summarily tried and then shot. |
| 7 November 1893 | Liceu bombing | Barcelona | Santiago Salvador | Took revenge for the execution of Pallàs by throwing two bombs in the Liceu theatre in Barcelona. Between 20 and 30 people were killed. Between 27 and 35 were injured. A founding attack of modern terrorism, the first indiscriminate attack in history. |
| 8 November 1893 | Carmaux-Bons Enfants bombing | Paris | Émile Henry | Henry sent a bomb to the headquarters of the Compagnie minière de Carmaux in response to the strike; it exploded at the police station. 5 dead (4 police officers and 1 civilian), no injuries. Most lethal attack of the French side of the Era of Attacks. |
| 13 November 1893 | 13 November 1893 stabbing | Paris | Léon Léauthier | Stabbed diplomat Rista Georgievich ‘because he looked bourgeois’. 0 dead, 1 wounded. A founding attack of modern terrorism, one of the first indiscriminate attacks in history. |
| 9 December 1893 | French National Assembly bombing | Paris | Auguste Vaillant | Threw his bomb into the French National Assembly. Several people were slightly injured (including Vaillant) but no one was killed. The session of the Assembly continued even after the attack. |
| 12 December 1893 | First loi scélérate ('vilainous law') | France | French state French lawmakers | Law against freedom of the press. Introduced the criminalisation of the 'incitment to terrorism' and cutted out parts of the presumption of innocence. |
| 18 December 1893 | Second loi scélérate ('vilainous law') | France | French state French lawmakers | Law against criminal organisations. Any agreement to commit terrorist acts, even if they are not committed, is criminalised. |
| 10 January 1894 | Trial of Auguste Vaillant | Paris | French state French justice system | Auguste Vaillant was condemned to death. |
| 5 February 1894 | Execution of Auguste Vaillant | Paris | French state | Auguste Vaillant was guillotined. |
| 12 February 1894 | Café Terminus bombing | Paris | Émile Henry | Attempted to assassinate President Sadi Carnot to avenge Vaillant but failed, chosing instead to detonate his bomb in a Parisian café. A founding act of modern terrorism, one of the first indiscriminate attacks in history. 1 dead, 17 injured. |
| 15 February 1894 | Greenwich Observatory bombing | Greenwich | Martial Bourdin | Attempted to plant a bomb at the Greenwich Observatory but died from the explosion. Louise Michel gave the eulogy at his funeral. 1 dead, 0 injured. |
| 20 February 1894 | 20 February bombings | Paris | Désiré Pauwels | Sought to avenge Ravachol and Henry, who was his friend. Bomb trapped two rooms and asked the police to come. 1 dead (the concierge), 1 injured (a police officer) |
| 23 February 1894 | Trial of Léon Léauthier | Paris | French state French justice system | Léon Léauthier sentenced to life in penal labor. |
| 15 March 1894 | Madeleine bombing | Paris | Désiré Pauwels | Pauwels went to the Madeleine church with a bomb but blew himself up with it. He probably committed suicide shortly afterwards. 1 dead, Pauwels, 0 injured. Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism |
| 4 April 1894 | Foyot bombing | Paris | ? | ? |
| 27 April 1894 | Trial of Émile Henry | Paris | French state French justice system | Émile Henry sentenced to death. |
| 19 May 1894 | 1894 Marseille stabbing | Marseille | Célestin Nat | Nat stabbed a bourgeois on the Quai des Augustins in Marseille to avenge Henry's death sentence. 0 dead, 1 injured. |
| 21 May 1894 | Execution of Émile Henry | Paris | French state | Émile Henry is guillotined. |
| 24 June 1894 | Assassination of Sadi Carnot | Lyon | Sante Geronimo Caserio | Caserio stabbed and killed the President of the French Republic, Sadi Carnot. |
| 26 July 1894 | Trial of Théodule Meunier | Paris | French state French justice system | Théodule Meunier sentenced to life in penal labour. |
| 28 July 1894 | Third loi scélérate ('vilainous laws') | France | French state French lawmakers | Ban on anarchist propaganda and press. |
| 2 August 1894 | Trial of Sante Caserio | Lyon | French state French justice system | Sante Geronimo Caserio sentenced to death. |
| 3 August 1894 | Trial of Célestin Nat | Marseille | French state French justice system | Célestin Nat sentenced to 20 years in penal labour. |
| 16 August 1894 | Execution of Sante Caserio | Lyon | French state | Caserio was guillotined. |
| 22 October 1894 | Massacre of anarchist convicts | Salvation Islands | French state French colonial and concentrationary administration | Organization of a plot within the Île Saint-Joseph penal colony to assassinate the anarchist convicts. The massacre resulted in 12 deaths among the prisoners and 4 among the guards. Among the anarchists, Charles Simon and Léon Léauthier were killed. |