# Timeline of geopolitical changes (before 1500)

This is a timeline of geopolitical changes around the world prior to 1500. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and changes in territorial ownership such as the annexation, occupation, cession, concession, or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of major military campaigns, but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included.

## Before the Common Era (BCE)
### Fourth Millennium BCE

From the 4th Millennium BCE to the 2nd Millennium BCE, hundreds of proto-cities in the Near East, Egypt, and the Indus Valley transition into city-states. Records of those geopolitical changes are complicated by mythologization, historical revisionism, missing information, lack of corroborating primary sources, and lack of archeological evidence. Consequently, the tables in that range are not comprehensive.
| Year | Event |
| Before c.3200 BCE | Prominent Sumerian city-states Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larak, Sippar, and Shuruppak exercise pre-dynastic kingship. |
| c. 3200 BCE | Protodynastic Egyptian Kings unify Upper Egypt's regional power centers of Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen. |
| c. 3200 BCE | The First Dynasty of Kish is established in the Sumerian city of Kish. |
| c. 3200 BCE | The First Dynasty of Uruk is established in the Sumerian city of Uruk. |
| c. 3080 BCE | Narmer (or Menes) unites Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt under the First Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital of all Egypt. |

### Third Millennium BCE

| Year | Event |
| c. 2879 BCE | Dương Vương establishes the Hồng Bàng dynasty in Vietnam. |
| c. 2860 BCE | Hotepsekhemwy establishes the Second Dynasty of Egypt. |
| 27th century BCE | Mesannepada establishes the First Dynasty of Ur. Ur becomes the de facto capital of Sumer. |
| c. 2700 BCE | The Awan Dynasty is established in Elam. |
| c. 2686 BCE | Djoser establishes the Third Dynasty of Egypt, marking the beginning of The Old Kingdom of Egypt. |
| c. 2655 BCE | Sneferu establishes the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. |
| 25th century BCE | The Elamite Awan Dynasty conquers the Sumerian First Dynasty of Ur. |
| 25th century BCE | The Second Dynasty of Kish takes control of Sumer from the Elamite Awan Dynasty. The capital is Kish. |
| 25th century BCE | The Dynasty of Hamazi supersedes the Second Dynasty of Kish in Sumer. The capital is moved from Kish to Hamazi. |
| 25th century BCE | Userkaf establishes the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. |
| 24th century BCE | The Second Dynasty of Uruk supersedes the Dynasty of Hamazi in Sumer. The capital is moved from Hamazi to Uruk. |
| 24th century BCE | The Dynasty of Adab supersedes the Second Dynasty of Uruk in Sumer. The capital is moved from Uruk to Adab. |
| 24th century BCE | The Dynasty of Adab splits after the death of Lugal-Anne-Mundu. Lagash, Akshak, and Umma appear to have regained independence. |
| 24th century BCE | The Dynasty of Mari consolidates control of Sumer. Mari is its capital. |
| 24th century BCE | The Third Dynasty of Kish supersedes the Dynasty of Mari in Sumer. The capital is moved from Mari to Kish. |
| 24th century BCE | The Dynasty of Akshak supersedes the Third Dynasty of Kish in Sumer. The capital is moved from Kish to Akshak. |
| 24th century BCE | The Fourth Dynasty of Kish supersedes the Dynasty of Akshak in Sumer. The capital is moved from Akshak to Kish. |
| c. 2380 BCE | The First Dynasty of Lagash supersedes the Fourth Dynasty of Kish in Sumer. The capital is moved from Kish to Lagash. |
| c. 2336 BCE | Teti establishes the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. |
| Late 24th century BCE | Sargon of Akkad establishes the Akkadian Empire after conquering Sumer. Akkad is the capital. |
| c. 2333 BCE | Gojoseon is established on the Korean Peninsula. |
| c. 2193 BCE | The Akkadian Empire collapses after an invasion by the Gutian people. |
| c. 2181 BCE | The Old Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. |
| c. 2175 BCE | Netjerkare Siptah establishes the Seventh Dynasty of Egypt. |
| c. 2165 BCE | Neferkare Pepiseneb establishes the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. |
| c. 2160 BCE | Meryibre Khety establishes the Ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut becomes the capital of Lower Egypt. |
| c. 2130 BCE | Meryhathor establishes the Tenth Dynasty of Egypt in Lower Egypt. |
| c. 2130 BCE | Mentuhotep I establishes the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes becomes the capital of Upper Egypt. |
| c. 2112 BCE | Utu-hengal defeats the Gutians and establishes the Fifth Dynasty of Uruk. |
| c. 2070 BCE | Yu the Great establishes the Xia dynasty in China. Yangcheng and Zhenxun are the capitals. |
| c. 2055 BCE | The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is established. |
| c. 2047 BCE | Ur-Nammu establishes the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur. Ur is the capital. |
| c. 2025 BCE | Puzur-Ashur I establishes the Old Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital. |
| c. 2004 BCE | The Third Dynasty of Ur collapses after an Elamite invasion |

### Second Millennium BCE

| Year | Event |
| c. 1991 BCE | Amenemhat I establishes the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt and builds Amenemhat-itj-tawy to be the new capital. |
| c. 1894 BCE | Sumu-abum establishes the First Babylonian Dynasty. Babylon is the capital. |
| c. 1810 BCE | Sumu-Epuh establishes Yamhad. Halab (Aleppo) is the capital. |
| c. 1803 BCE | Wegaf Khutawyre establishes the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt. |
| Early 18th century BCE | Hammurabi establishes the Babylonian Empire. |
| c. 1705 BCE | Nehesy establishes the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Avaris is the capital. |
| c. 1700 BCE | The Middle Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. |
| c. 1650 BCE | Salitis establishes the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Avaris is the capital. |
| c. 1620 BCE | Djehuti establishes the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital. |
| c. 1600 BCE | Tang establishes the Shang dynasty in China. Yin is the capital. |
| c. 1580 BCE | Rahotep Sekhenrewahkhaw establishes the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt. |
| c. 1550 BCE | The New Kingdom of Egypt is established. |
| c. 1534 BCE | Agum II establishes the rule of the Kassites in Mesopotamia. Babylon becomes the capital. |
| c. 1534 BCE | Pharaoh Ahmose I establishes the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. |
| c. 1390 BCE | Kurigalzu I a Kassite king in Mesopotamia moves the capital to Dur-Kurigalzu. |
| c. 1363 BCE | Ashur-uballit I establishes the Middle Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital. |
| c. 1345 BCE | Pharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves the capital to Amarna (Akhetaton). |
| c. 1332 BCE | Collapse of the Indus Valley civilisation. |
| 1330s BCE | Pharaoh Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves the capital to Memphis. |
| c. 1295 BCE | Muwatalli II of the Hittite empire moves capital to Tarhuntassa. |
| c. 1292 BCE | Pharaoh Ramesses I establishes the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. |
| c. 1272 BCE | Mursili III of the Hittite empire moves capital back to Hattusa. |
| c. 1243 BCE | Ashur-nadin-apli of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital back to Assur. |
| c. 1243 BCE | Tukulti-Ninurta I of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital to Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta. |
| c. 1230 BCE | Pharaoh Ramesses II builds a new capital for the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt at the site of Avaris and names it Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu. |
| c. 1188 BCE | Pharaoh Setnakhte establishes the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. |
| c. 1184 BCE | Greeks destroy the city-state of Troy. |
| c. 1100 BCE | Jin is established in China. |
| c. 1077 BCE | The New Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt |
| c. 1070 BCE | Pharaoh Nesbanebdjed I establishes the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis becomes the capital. |
| c. 1047 BCE | Shaul ben Qysh establishes the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. Gibeah is the capital. |
| c. 1046 BCE | Shangfu establishes Qi in China. Yingqiu is the capital. |
| c. 1046 BCE | Wu establishes Western Zhou dynasty in China. Fenghao is the capital. |
| c. 1043 BCE | Bo Qin establishes Lu in China. Qufu is the capital. |
| c. 1004 BCE | King David conquers the city of Jebus and makes the renamed City of David (now Jerusalem) the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. |

### First Millennium BCE

| Year | Date | Event |
| c. 945 BCE | c. 945 BCE | Pharaoh Shoshenq I establishes the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt. |
| c. 930 BCE | c. 930 BCE | The Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam I separates from the Kingdom of Judah under Rehoboam. Samaria becomes the capital of Israel, while Jerusalem remains the capital of Judah. |
| 911 BCE | 911 BCE | Adad-nirari II establishes the New Assyrian Empire. |
| c. 910 BCE | c. 910 BCE | Feizi establishes Qin in China. |
| c. 910 BCE | c. 910 BCE | Earliest city-states in Ancient Greece. |
| 879 BCE | 879 BCE | Ashurnasirpal II moves the capital of the New Assyrian Empire to Kalhu. |
| c. 875 BCE | c. 875 BCE | Pharaoh Pedubast I establishes the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital of Upper Egypt. |
| 808 BCE | 808 BCE | Karanus establishes the Argead Dynasty of Macedon and builds Aigai to be the capital. |
| 770 BCE | 770 BCE | Ping establishes the Eastern Zhou dynasty in China. Wangcheng is the capital. |
| 753 BCE | 21 April | Romulus establishes the Kingdom of Rome. The new city of Rome becomes the capital. |
| 745 BCE | 745 BCE | Tiglath-Pileser III founds the Neo-Assyrian Empire, annexing the city of Babylon |
| c. 740 BCE | c. 740 BCE | Nubian King Piye establishes the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and rules Egypt from Napata in Nubia. |
| 734–733 BCE | 734–733 BCE | The city of Syracuse, Sicily is founded by settlers from Corinth and Tenea. |
| 732 BCE | 732 BCE | The Assyrians conquer Damascus, ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus. |
| c. 728 BCE | c. 728 BCE | Pharaoh Tefnakhte establishes the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais becomes the capital. |
| 720 BCE | 720 BCE | Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel at the hands of the Assyrians. |
| 717 BCE | 717 BCE | The Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish falls to the Assyrians. |
| 713 BCE | 713 BCE | The Neo-Hittite states of Tabal and Hilakku fall to the Assyrians. |
| 706 BCE | 706 BCE | The capital of Assyria moves from Nimrud to Dur-Sharrukin. |
| 705 BCE | 705 BCE | The capital of Assyria moves from Dur-Sharrukin to Nineveh. |
| c. 700 BCE | c. 700 BCE | Phoenicians establish a colony in Malta with Maleth as capital. |
| 695 BCE | 695 BCE | Gordium, capital of Phrygia, is destroyed by the Cimmerians, resulting in Phrygia being ruled by the Lydians. |
| 694 BCE | 694 BCE | Deioces is elected the first King of the Medes. Ecbatana (now Hamadan) is the capital. |
| 671 BCE | 671 BCE | Esarhaddon captures Memphis and drives the Kushites out of Lower Egypt, and establishes local rulers in the delta region. |
| c. 664 BCE | c. 664 BCE | Pharaoh Necho I establishes the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais is the capital. |
| 660 BCE | 11 February | Emperor Jimmu establishes the Empire of Japan. |
| 657 BCE | 657 BCE | Byzantium is settled by colonists from Megara. |
| 653 BCE | 653 BCE | After the Battle of Ulai, Elam is vassalized by the Assyrians. |
| 650 BCE | 650 BCE | Ancient Carthage is established. |
| 640 BCE | 640 BCE | The Assyrians conquer Elam. |
| 626 BCE | November | The Neo-Babylonian Empire is established. |
| 620 BCE | 620 BCE | Uruk and Nippur are conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire. |
| 615 BCE | October or November | The Medes conquer Arrapha from the Neo-Assyrian Empire. |
| 612 BCE | 612 BCE | Nineveh falls to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians |
| 609 BCE | 609 BCE | Harran, the new capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, is destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians |
| 605 BCE | 605 BCE | With the Battle of Carchemish, the Neo-Assyrian Empire is destroyed and replaced by a balance of power between Babylon, Media, Lydia and Egypt. |
| 586 BCE | 586 BCE | Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians. |
| 550 BCE | 550 BCE | Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire and makes Pasargadae the new capital. |
| 546 BCE | 546 BCE | Cyrus the Great conquers the Lydian Empire |
| 543 BCE | 543 BCE | Prince Vijaya establishes the Sinhala Kingdom at Tambapanni and makes Tambapaṇṇī the new capital, in Sri Lanka. |
| 539 BCE | 539 BCE | Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire. |
| 535 BCE | 535 BCE | Cyrus the Great conquers the Gandhara Kingdom. |
| 535 BCE | 535 BCE | Cyrus the Great conquers Phoenicia. |
| 525 BCE | May | Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Cambyses II. |
| 515 BCE | 515 BCE | Darius the Great moves the capital of the Achaemenid Empire to Persepolis. |
| 509 BCE | 509 BCE | The Roman Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Rome. |
| 492 BCE | 492 BCE | The Kingdom of Macedonia is conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. |
| 479 BCE | 479 BCE | The Delian League is established. |
| 479 BCE | 479 BCE | The Kingdom of Macedonia becomes independent of the Achaemenid Empire. |
| 409 BCE | 409 BCE | Selinus and Himera in Sicily are destroyed by Carthage. |
| 406 BCE | 406 BCE | Akragas in Sicily is abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage. |
| 405 BCE | 405 BCE | Gela and Camarina in Sicily are abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage. |
| 404 BCE | 404 BCE | Amyrtaeus expels the Persians from Egypt and establishes the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Amyrtaeus. Sais is the capital. |
| 404 BCE | 404 BCE | Athens surrenders to Sparta and her allies, resulting in the dismemberment of the Delian League and a temporary Spartan hegemony. |
| 403 BCE | 403 BCE | Zhao arises from the division of Jin. |
| 403 BCE | 403 BCE | Han arises from the division of Jin. |
| 403 BCE | 403 BCE | Wei arises from the division of Jin. |
| 399 BCE | Autumn | Pharaoh Nefaarud I establishes the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Mendes becomes the capital. |
| 387 BCE | 387 BCE | The Peace of Antalcidas imposes Persian rule on the Greek cities of Asia and Cyprus. |
| 380 BCE | November | Pharaoh Nectanebo I establishes the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt. Sebennytos becomes the capital. |
| 377 BCE | 377 BCE | The Anuradhapura Kingdom is established. |
| 376 BCE | 376 BCE | Fall of Jin in China. |
| 375 BCE | 375 BCE | Zheng annexed by Han. |
| 343 BCE | 343 BCE | Artaxerxes III of Persia reconquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Artaxerxes III. |
| 338 BCE | 338 BCE | Philip II of Macedon unites Greece. |
| 332 BCE | 332 BCE | Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persian-occupied Egypt and establishes the Argead Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Alexander III. Alexander builds a new capital at Alexandria. |
| 331 BCE | 331 BCE | The Kingdom of Armenia is established. Dvin is the capital. |
| 330 BCE | 330 BCE | Alexander the Great conquers the Achaemenid Empire and makes Babylon the capital. |
| 329 BCE | 329 BCE | Alexander conquers Samarkand. |
| 323 BCE | 323 BCE | Alexander the Great of Macedon dies and his empire splits. |
| 322 BCE | 322 BCE | Chandragupta establishes the Maurya Empire of ancient India. Pataliputra (now Patna) is the capital. |
| 316 BCE | 316 BCE | The states of Shu and Ba are conquered by King Huiwen of Qin. |
| 312 BCE | 312 BCE | Macedonian general Seleucus establishes the Seleucid Empire. Babylon is the capital. |
| 309 BCE | 309 BCE | Seleucus I Nicator forms the Seleucid Empire after conquering Babylonia, Media, and Elam from Antigonus I Monophthalmus in the Babylonian War, leaving him with one-third of his empire. |
| 306 BCE | 306 BCE | Following the death of Alexander IV of Macedon, Antigonus I Monophthalmus declares himself an independent king, soon to by followed by his fellow Diadochi Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander. |
| 305 BCE | 305 BCE | Macedonian general Ptolemy establishes the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt as King Ptolemy I Soter. |
| 302 BCE | 302 BCE | Parnavaz I founds the Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus. |
| 301 BCE | 301 BCE | The death of Antigonus I Monophthalmus at the Battle of Ipsus results in his kingdom being divided between the remaining Diadochi, namely Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander. |
| c. 300 BCE | c. 300 BCE | The Chola dynasty is established. |
| 294 BCE | 294 BCE | Demetrius I of Macedon kills Alexander V of Macedon, and in claiming the throne loses Thebes to a revolt. |
| 291 BCE | 291 BCE | Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Thebes after a successful siege. |
| 281 BCE | 281 BCE | Lysimachus dies at the Battle of Corupedium, his empire falling to the Seleucids. |
| 266 BCE | 266 BCE | Ashoka unifies most of South Asia. |
| 238 BCE | 238 BCE | Arsaces I of Parthia establishes the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia. Hecatompylus becomes the capital. |
| 238 BCE | 238 BCE | Sardinia and Corsica become Roman provinces. |
| 238 BCE | 238 BCE | Sicily becomes the first Roman province. |
| 230 BCE | 230 BCE | Han is conquered by Qin. |
| 225 BCE | 225 BCE | Wei is conquered by Qin. |
| 222 BCE | 222 BCE | Zhao is conquered by Qin. |
| 222 BCE | 222 BCE | Yan is conquered by Qin. |
| 221 BCE | 221 BCE | Qin Shi Huang unifies ancient China and establishes the Qin dynasty in China. Xianyang is the capital. |
| 221 BCE | 221 BCE | Qi is conquered by Qin. |
| 211 BCE | 211 BCE | The Romans capture Syracuse. |
| 209 BCE | 209 BCE | The Romans conquer Cartagena from the Carthaginians, bringing Carthaginian Spain under Roman control. |
| 206 BCE | 206 BCE | Fall of the Qin dynasty in China. |
| 204 BCE | 204 BCE | Zhao Tuo establishes Nanyue in what is now Southern China. Panyu is the capital. |
| 202 BCE | 28 February | Gaozu establishes the Western Han dynasty in China. Chang'an is the capital. |
| 202 BCE | | The Kingdom of Numidia is established. Cirta is the capital. |
| c. 200 BCE | c. 200 BCE | The Nabataean Empire is established. Petra is the capital. |
| 194 BCE | 194 BCE | Wanggeom-seong becomes the capital of Wiman Joseon on the Korean Peninsula. |
| 194 BCE | 194 BCE | The Seleucids take control of Coele Syria and Judea from Ptolemaic Egypt. |
| 194 BCE | 194 BCE | The Romans force Philip of Macedon to abandon Greece in the Peace of Flamininus, while allowing him to maintain Macedon itself. |
| 185 BCE | 185 BCE | The Shunga Empire is formed after the Mauryan Empire is destroyed. |
| 180 BCE | 180 BCE | Demetrius I of Bactria invades India, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom. |
| 168 BCE | 168 BCE | The Romans dissolve the Kingdom of Macedon after the Battle of Pydna. |
| 150 BCE | 150 BCE | The Kingdom of Aksum is established. |
| 148 BCE | 148 BCE | Mithridates I of Parthia conquers Ecbatana. |
| 146 BCE | 146 BCE | The Romans conquer Iberia. |
| 146 BCE | 146 BCE | Ancient Carthage is disestablished. |
| 146 BCE | 146 BCE | The Romans conquer Corinth and dissolve the Achaean League. |
| 146 BCE | 146 BCE | The Roman provinces of Macedon and Achaea are formed. |
| 135 BCE | 135 BCE | The western half of Minyue is conquered by the Han dynasty. |
| 133 BCE | 133 BCE | Upon the death of Attalus III, he wills his kingdom of Pergamon to the Roman Republic. |
| 133 BCE | 133 BCE | The Romans conquer Celtiberia following the Siege of Numantia. |
| 111 BCE | 111 BCE | By this date, the Han dynasty under Wu had conquered much of what is today Southern China and Northern Vietnam from Nanyue. Start of the First Chinese domination of Vietnam. |
| 75 BCE | 75 BCE | The Kanva dynasty is established. |
| 63 BCE | 63 BCE | The Romans conquer Jerusalem. |
| 63 BCE | 63 BCE | The Romans annex western Pontus and create a client state out of the Eastern portion under Pharnaces II. |
| 58–50 BCE | 58–50 BCE | The Romans conquer Gaul. |
| 57 BCE | 57 BCE | Hyeokgeose establishes Silla on the southeast Korean Peninsula. Gyeongju is the capital. |
| 43 BCE | 43 BCE | The Romans begin their conquest of Great Britain. |
| 37 BCE | 37 BCE | Dongmyeong establishes Goguryeo on the northern Korean Peninsula. Jolbon is the capital. |
| 37 BCE | 37 BCE | Romans annex the Kingdom of Numidia. |
| 35 BCE | 35 BCE | The Romans conquer the city of Sirmium (present-day Sremska Mitrovica). |
| 30 BCE | 1 August | Roman consul Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus conquers the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Octavianus organizes Egypt as a province under his personal control. |
| 27 BCE | 16 January | The Roman Senate grants Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus the title Augustus. This effectively ends the Roman Republic and establishes the Roman Empire. |
| 18 BCE | 18 BCE | Onjo establishes Baekje on the central Korean Peninsula. Wiryeseong is the capital. |

## Common Era (CE)
### First Millennium CE
#### 1st century

| Year | Event |
| 3 | The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Jolbon to Gungnae. |
| 5 | The Romans conquer much of the Middle East. |
| 9 | Wang Mang establishes the Xin dynasty in China. |
| 12 | The Romans conquer the Artaxiad dynasty. |
| 19 | The Indo-Parthian Kingdom splits off from the Parthian Empire. Taxila is the capital. |
| 25 | Guangwu establishes the Eastern Han dynasty in China. |
| 30 | Kujula Kadphises establishes the Kushan Empire. |
| 40 | The Trưng Sisters rebel against Chinese rule in Vietnam, ending the First Chinese domination of Vietnam. |
| 42 | The Gaya confederacy is established in the south of the Korean peninsula. |
| 43 | Beginning of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam. |
| 44 | The Romans conquer Mauretania. |
| 71–84 | The Romans conquer Wales and southern Scotland. |
| 83 | The Romans establish the provinces of Germania Inferior and Germania Superior. |
| 93 | Xianbei emerges as a tribal federation of nomadic tribes. |

#### 2nd century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 106 | | The Roman province of Roman Dacia is established. |
| 106 | | The Romans conquer the Nabataean Empire and establish the province of Arabia Petraea. |
| 114–116 | | A war with the Parthian Empire leads to parts of Mesopotamia being annexed to the Roman Empire. |
| 136 | | After the Bar Kokhba revolt, the Romans dissolve the province of Judea and incorporate it into Syria Palaestina. |
| c. 180 | c. 180 | Buyeo is established in Northeast Asia. |
| 192 | | The first kingdom of the Champa is established. |

#### 3rd century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 220 | | Wen establishes Cao Wei in China. Xuchang and Luoyang are the capitals. |
| 221 | | Zhaolie establishes Shu Han in China. Chengdu is the capital. |
| 222 | | Da establishes Eastern Wu in China. Wuchang and Jianye are the capitals. |
| 224 | | The Indo-Parthian Kingdom is dissolved. |
| 224 | | The Sasanian Empire is established in Persia and follows the Parthian Empire. |
| 234 | | Xianbei is dissolved. |
| 240 | | The Gupta Empire is established in India. |
| 260 | | Syrian Queen Zenobia breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Palmyrene Empire. Palmyra is the capital. |
| 260 | | Postumus (Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus) breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Gallic Empire. Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne, Germany) is the capital. |
| 266 | | Wu establishes the Western Jin dynasty in China. Luoyang and Chang'an are the capitals. |
| 269 | | The Palmyrene Empire conquers the Roman Province of Egypt. |
| 269 | | Roman Emperor Claudius II recovers Hispania from the Gallic Empire. |
| 271 | | Roman Dacia is abandoned. |
| 273 | | Roman Emperor Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) conquers the Gallic Empire, which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire. |
| 274 | | Roman Emperor Aurelian conquers the Palmyrene Empire, which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire. |
| 286 | 1 April | Roman Emperor Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) appoints Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius) as his co-emperor, splitting the Roman Empire into a dyarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy) and Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany). |
| 293 | | Roman co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian split the Roman Empire into a tetrarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy), Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany), Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey), and Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia). |

#### 4th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 301 | 3 September | Saint Marinus establishes the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, declaring independence from the Roman Empire. The City of San Marino is the capital. |
| 304 | | Guangwen establishes Han Zhao in China. |
| 304 | | Wu establishes Cheng Han in China. Chengdu is the capital. |
| 317 | | Yuan establishes the Eastern Jin dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital. |
| 319 | | Ming establishes Later Zhao in China. |
| 320 | | Ming establishes Former Liang in China. |
| 324 | 18 September | Constantine the Great reunites the Roman Empire. Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey) becomes the capital. |
| 330 | 11 May | Roman Emperor Constantine the Great builds a new capital for the Roman Empire at Byzantium which he renames Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey). |
| 337 | | Wenming establishes Former Yan in China. |
| 351 | | Jingming establishes Former Qin in China. |
| 358 | | Franks are allowed to settle in Toxandria (present-day Belgium). |
| 370 | | The Bosporan Kingdom is disestablished. |
| 370 | | Huns appear north of the Black Sea. |
| 375 | | Fall of the Kushan Empire in India. |
| 384 | | Chengwu establishes Later Yan in China. |
| 384 | | Wuzhao establishes Later Qin in China. Chang'an is the capital. |
| 384 | | Liewen establishes Western Yan in China. |
| 385 | | Xuanlie establishes Western Qin in China. |
| 386 | | Yiwu establishes Later Liang in China. Guzang is the capital. |
| 386 | | Daowu establishes the Northern Wei dynasty in China. |
| 395 | 17 January | At his death, Roman emperor Theodosius I permanently splits the Roman Empire between his two sons: Arcadius rules the Eastern Roman Empire from Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey), and Honorius rules the Western Roman Empire from Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy). |
| 397 | | Wu establishes Southern Liang in China. |
| 397 | | Duan Ye establishes Northern Liang in China. |
| 398 | | Xianwu establishes Southern Yan in China. |

#### 5th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 400 | | Wuzhao establishes Western Liang in China. |
| 402 | | The capital of the Western Roman Empire is moved to Ravenna. |
| 405 | | A mixed group of barbarians including Vandals, Alans, and Suebi enter the Western Roman Empire in the Crossing of the Rhine. |
| 407 | | Qujie establishes Xia in China. |
| 407 | | Ziyu establishes Northern Yan in China. |
| 411 | | The Burgundians establish a kingdom on the western bank of the Rhine. |
| 418 | | The Visigoths establish a kingdom in southern Gaul. |
| 420 | | Wu establishes the Liu Song dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital. |
| 426 | | The Alans leave Hispania. |
| 427 | | The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Gungnae City to Pyongyang. |
| 428 | | The Kingdom of Armenia is annexed by the Sasanian Empire. |
| 429 | | The Vandals enter Africa. |
| 430 | | The Vandals conquer Corsica from the Western Roman Empire. |
| 435 | | The Vandals establish the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. |
| 439 | | The Vandals take Carthage. |
| c. 440 | c. 440 | Attila the Hun establishes the Hunnic Empire north of the Danube. |
| 451–453 | | The Huns attack the Western Roman Empire. |
| c. 455 | c. 455 | The Kingdom of Kent is founded. Canterbury is the capital. |
| 457–461 | | Western Roman Emperor Majorian makes a concerted effort to try to restore the Empire, and reconquers most of Hispania and southern Gaul. |
| 469 | | The Hunnic Empire is disestablished after Dengizich dies. |
| 475 | | The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Wirye to Ungjin by pressure from Goguryeo. |
| 476 | 4 September | The Germanic leader Odoacer forces Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to abdicate, bringing the Western Roman Empire to an end. |
| 479 | | Gao establishes the Southern Qi dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital. |
| c. 477 | c. 477 | The Kingdom of Sussex is established. Chichester is the capital. |
| 480 | | A Roman rump state, Roman Dalmatia, is disestablished after Julius Nepos is murdered. |
| 481 | | The Frankish Empire is established by Clovis I and includes large areas of the former Western Roman Empire. Tournai is the capital. |
| 486 | | The Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state ruled by Syagrius, is conquered by the Franks. |
| 490 | | Odoacer is defeated at the river Adda by the Goths and flees. |
| 493 | | The Ostrogoths establish the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy. |
| 494 | | Buyeo is conquered by Goguryeo. |

#### 6th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| c. 500 | c. 500 | The Ghana Empire is established. |
| 502 | | Wu establishes the Liang dynasty in China. |
| 508 | | Frankish King Clovis the Frank makes Paris the capital of the Frankish Kingdom. |
| 519 | | The Kingdom of Wessex is established. Winchester is the capital. |
| 522 | | The Byzantine Empire conquers Corsica from the Vandals. |
| 527 | | Mercia is established in Anglo-Saxon England. Tamworth is the capital. |
| 534 | | Wen establishes the Western Wei dynasty in China. |
| 534 | | Xiaojing establishes the Eastern Wei dynasty in China. |
| 538 | | The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Ungjin to Sabi. |
| 538 | | The Vandal Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire. |
| 543 | | Fall of the Gupta Empire in India. |
| 544 | | Lý Nam Đế establishes the Early Lý dynasty in Vietnam, ending the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam. |
| 550 | | Wenxuan establishes the Northern Qi dynasty in China. |
| 552 | | The First Turkic Khaganate is established. |
| 553 | | The Ostrogothic Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire. |
| 555 | | Xuan establishes the Western Liang dynasty in China. |
| 555 | | Garibald I becomes the first documented duke of the Duchy of Bavaria. |
| 557 | | Xiaomin establishes the Northern Zhou dynasty in China. |
| 557 | | Wu establishes the Chen dynasty in China. |
| 568 | | The Kingdom of the Lombards is established. Pavia is the capital. |
| 570 | | The Duchy of Spoleto is established. Spoleto is the capital. |
| 571 | | The Duchy of Benevento is established. |
| 580 | | The Sasanian Empire annexes the Kingdom of Iberia. |
| 581 | | Wen establishes the Sui dynasty in China. Chang'an is the capital. |
| 585 | | The Visigothic Kingdom conquers the Kingdom of the Suebi. |

#### 7th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| c. 600 | c. 600 | The Duchy of Croatia is established. |
| c. 600 | c. 600 | The Frisian Kingdom is established. Dorestad is the capital. |
| 602 | | The Early Lý dynasty of Vietnam is conquered by the Sui dynasty of China, beginning the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam. |
| 602 | | The Duchy of Aquitaine is established. |
| 602 | | The Duchy of Gascony is established. |
| 605 | | The Sui dynasty in China moves its capital from Chang'an to Luoyang. |
| 610 | | The Eastern Roman Empire transforms into the Greek-oriented Byzantine Empire. |
| 618 | 18 June | Gaozu establishes the Tang dynasty in China. Chang'an and Luoyang are the capitals. |
| 618 | | Songtsen Gampo establishes the Tibetan Empire. Lhasa is the capital. |
| 628 | | Hwicce becomes a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia. |
| 630 | 11 January | The Islamic prophet Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh) conquers Mecca and unites Arabia. Medina is the capital. |
| 632 | | Abu Bakr establishes the Rashidun Caliphate, the first great Muslim empire. Medina is the capital. |
| 634 | | The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira unite to form Northumbria. |
| 640 | | The Rashidun Caliphate conquers Egypt from the Byzantine Empire. |
| 643 | | The Rashidun Caliphate conquers Tripolitania from the Byzantine Empire. |
| 651 | | The Sasanian Empire collapses after the conquest of Persia by the Rashidun Caliphate. |
| 650 | | The Srivijaya Empire is established. |
| 654 | | Arminiya is established. Dvin is the capital. |
| 656 | | The Rashidun Caliphate moves its capital from Medina to Kufa. |
| 661 | | Muawiyah I establishes the Umayyad Caliphate, which follows the Rashidun Caliphate. Damascus is the capital. |
| 661 | | The Duchy of Naples is established as a province of the Byzantine Empire and soon becomes a de facto independent state. Naples is the capital. |
| 676 | | Silla unifies the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gyeongju is the capital. |
| 680 | | The Kingdom of Ceredigion changes its name to the Kingdom of Seisyllwg. |
| 681 | | Khan Asparukh crosses the Danube Delta and settles in the Ongal area (Southern Bessarabia or northern Dobruja). Asparukh, with his Slav allies, defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV and establishes the First Bulgarian Empire. Pliska is the capital. |
| 682 | | The Second Turkic Khaganate becomes independent of the Tang dynasty. |
| 690 | | King Go establishes Balhae in Manchuria and the northern Korean Peninsula. |
| 690 | | Wu Zhao establishes Wu Zhou in China. Shendu is the capital. |
| 690 | | Muslims conquer North Africa. |
| 697 | | The Republic of Venice is established. Eraclea is the capital. |

#### 8th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 705 | | The Tang dynasty in China is restored under Zhongzong. |
| 710 | | The Nara period begins in Japan. |
| 711 | | A Berber force under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Emir of Damascus, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa, thus starting the foundation of Al-Andalus. |
| 717 | | Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus. |
| 718 | | The Kingdom of Asturias is established. |
| 718 | | The second Arab siege of Constantinople ends with the destruction of a large part of the Umayyad Caliphate's fleet. This prevents the complete conquest of the Byzantine Empire by the Muslims. |
| 722 | | The Kingdom of Asturias defeats the Muslim Al-Andalus in the Battle of Covadonga. This marks the beginning of the Reconquista, which lasted for over 700 years. |
| 725 | | The Lombards conquer Corsica from the Byzantine Empire. |
| 732 | 10 October | By winning the Battle of Tours, the Franks defeat the Umayyad invasion of Gaul and halt further Muslim expansion into Christian Europe. |
| 734 | | The Franks annex the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers. |
| 742 | | The Republic of Venice moves its capital from Eraclea to Malamocco. |
| 744 | | The Uyghur Khaganate follows the Second Turkic Khaganate. |
| 744 | | The Franks conquer Alemannia. |
| 750 | | The Abbasid Caliphate follows the Umayyad Caliphate. Kufa is the capital. |
| 750 | | Gopala I establishes the Pala Dynasty in India. |
| 751 | | The Exarchate of Ravenna, the center of Byzantine power in Italy, is disestablished after the Lombards invade. |
| 751 | | The Abbasid Caliphate defeats the Tang dynasty in the Battle of Talas, thus conquering Transoxania and spreading Islam in Central Asia. |
| 751 | | The Imamate of Oman is established. |
| 754 | | The Papal States are established. Rome is the capital. |
| 756 | | Abd al-Rahman I establishes the Emirate of Córdoba as an Umayyad exile empire on the Iberian Peninsula. Córdoba is the capital. |
| 759 | | The Franks conquer Septimania. |
| 761 | | The Rustamid dynasty is established in North Africa. |
| 762 | | Baghdad becomes the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate for the first time. |
| 768–769 | | The Franks conquer Aquitania. |
| 769 | | The Franks conquer Gascony. |
| 774 | | The Franks conquer the Kingdom of the Lombards (Italy). |
| 774 | | The Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the south of Italy effectively becomes independent and becomes the Principality of Benevento. |
| 785 | | The Franks defeat Widukind, thereby conquering the remaining Frisian lands east of the Lauwers and vassalizing Saxony. |
| 787 | | The Duchy of Benevento submits to Frankish overlordship but retains effective autonomy. |
| 788 | | The Franks conquer Bavaria. |
| 788 | | The Franks annex Chieti from the Principality of Benevento to the Duchy of Spoleto. |
| 794 | | Kyoto becomes the capital of Japan. |
| 795 | | The Franks create the Marca Hispanica as a buffer against Muslim Al-Andalus. |
| 796 | | The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate is moved to Raqqa. |

#### 9th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 800 | | Charlemagne establishes the Carolingian Empire. While Rome is the official capital of the empire, Aix-la-Chapelle is the de facto capital. |
| 800 | | Saxony is integrated into the Frankish Kingdom as the Duchy of Saxony. |
| 801 | | The County of Barcelona is established. Barcelona is the capital. |
| 802 | | Jayavarman II establishes the Khmer Empire. |
| 807 | | The County of Aragon is established. |
| 810 | | The Republic of Venice moves its capital from Malamocco to Venice. |
| 814 | | Cornwall loses its independence to Wessex, possibly becoming a sub-kingdom. |
| 820 | | The title Count of Aragon is usurped and Aragon ceases to be a vassal of the Franks. |
| 821 | | The Tahirid dynasty is established in Persia. Merv is the capital. |
| 824 | | The Kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) is established. |
| 825 | | The Kingdom of Essex is ceded to Wessex. |
| 825 | | The Kingdom of Sussex becomes subject to Wessex. |
| 828 | | Carantania is absorbed into Bavaria |
| 831 | September | Palermo, Sicily is captured by the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, is renamed al-Madinah, and becomes the capital of Muslim Sicily. |
| 833 | | Great Moravia is established. |
| 836 | | The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate is moved to Samarra. |
| 840 | | The Uyghur Khaganate is destroyed by the Kyrgyz. |
| 842 | | The Tibetan Empire disintegrates into various small states. |
| 843 | | Charles the Bald, grandson of Emperor Charlemagne, makes Paris the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks, established as the result of the Treaty of Verdun. |
| 843 | | The Kingdom of Scotland (Kingdom of Alba) is unified. |
| 843 | | The Carolingian Empire (Francia) is partitioned into three by the Treaty of Verdun, forming West, Middle, and East Francia. |
| 846 | | The March of Tuscany is established. Lucca is the capital. |
| 850 | | The Chimú Empire is established in South America. |
| 851 | | The Principality of Salerno is partitioned from the Principality of Benevento. |
| 851 | | The Kingdom of Brittany is established. |
| 853 | | The Vikings establish the Kingdom of Dublin. |
| 855 | | Middle Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of Italy, Lotharingia, and the Kingdom of Provence by the Treaty of Prüm. |
| 858 | | Æthelberht is crowned king of Sussex and Kent. |
| 860 | | Æthelberht succeeds his brother Æthelbald as king of Wessex, thus uniting it with Sussex and Kent. |
| 861 | | The Saffarid dynasty is established in Persia. Zaranj is the capital. |
| 862 | | The County of Flanders is established. Bruges is the capital. |
| 865 | | Danish Vikings conquer parts of England and found Daneslaw. |
| 867 | | The Danes conquer Northumbria. |
| 868 | | The Turkic Tulunids under Ahmad ibn Tulun split off from the Abbasids and rule over Egypt. |
| 868 | | The County of Portugal is established. Braga is the capital. |
| 869 | | The Danes conquer East Anglia. |
| c. 870 | c. 870 | The Principality of Bohemia is established. Prague is the capital. |
| 870 | | As a result of the Treaty of Meerssen, Lotharingia is divided between East and West Francia, and Provence is divided between East Francia, West Francia, and the Kingdom of Italy. |
| 872 | | The Kingdom of Norway is unified. |
| 873 | | The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Otranto from the Saracens. |
| 873 | | The Tahirid Dynasty is conquered in Persia by the Saffarid Dynasty. |
| 876 | | The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Bari. |
| 878 | | The Emirate of Sicily takes Syracuse, Sicily from the Byzantine Empire. |
| 879 | | The Kievan Rus' is established by Vikings. Novgorod is the capital. |
| 880s | | Byzantine control in southern Italy is extended over most of Apulia and Calabria. |
| 880 | | The Kings of West Francia cede their portion of Lotharingia to East Francia by the Treaty of Ribemont. |
| 884 | | Arminiya is dissolved. |
| 891 | | The Byzantine Empire conquers Benevento and establishes the theme of Longobardia. |
| 891 | | Harald Fairhair unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway and establishes the Kingdom of Norway. Stavanger becomes the capital. |
| 893 | | The First Bulgarian Empire moves its capital from Pliska to Preslav. |
| 895 | | Grand Prince Árpád establishes the Principality of Hungary. |
| 895 | | Pannonia is reunited |
| 896 | | The Sultanate of Showa is established. |
| 898 | | The Electorate of Trier is established. |

#### 10th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 902 | | The Byzantine city of Taormina, Sicily falls to the Emirate of Ifriqiya. |
| 903 | | Gaozu establishes Former Shu in China. Chengdu is the capital. |
| 905 | | The Khúc clan establishes de facto rule over Vietnam. |
| 906 | | The Duchy of Franconia is established. |
| 907 | | Taizu establishes Min in China. Changle is the capital. |
| 907 | | The Fatimids take Raqqada from the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, establishing the Fatimid Caliphate. |
| 907 | | Taizu establishes the Later Liang dynasty in China. Luoyang and Kaifeng are the capitals. |
| 907 | | Liezu establishes Yang Wu in China. |
| 907 | | Wumu establishes Ma Chu in China. |
| 907 | | Taizu establishes Wuyue in China. |
| 907 | | Collapse of the Tang dynasty in China. |
| 909 | | Fall of the Rustamid dynasty in North Africa. |
| 909 | | The Abbasid Caliphate reconquers Egypt from the Tulunids. |
| 910 | 10 December | The Kingdom of Asturias moves its capital to León and becomes the Kingdom of León. |
| 911 | | The Duchy of Normandy is founded by the Vikings. Rouen is the capital. |
| 916 | | Taizu establishes the Liao dynasty in China. |
| 916–917 | | Mercia and Wessex reconquer the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw from the Danes. |
| 917 | | Gaozu establishes Southern Han in China. Xingwang is the capital. |
| 918 | | King Taejo establishes Goryeo Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. Gaegyeong is the official capital. |
| 918 | | The Duchy of Burgundy is established. |
| 918 | | The Kingdom of East Anglia is conquered by Wessex. |
| 918 | | The Kingdom of Mercia is absorbed into Wessex. |
| 920 | | The Kingdom of Seisyllwg unites with the Kingdom of Dyfed to form the Kingdom of Deheubarth. |
| 920 | | The County of Horne is established in the Holy Roman Empire. |
| 922 | | The County of Aragon falls under the control of the Kingdom of Pamplona. |
| 923 | | Zhuangzong establishes the Later Tang dynasty in China. Luoyang is the capital. |
| 924 | | Wuxin establishes Jingnan in China. Jingzhou is the capital. |
| 925 | | Tomislav establishes the Kingdom of Croatia out of the Duchy of Croatia. |
| 927 | 12 July | King Athelstan of Wessex conquers the Kingdom of Northumbria, thus uniting all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under one ruler and establishing what would come to be known as the Kingdom of England. Winchester is the capital. |
| 929 | | The Caliphate of Córdoba follows the Emirate of Córdoba. |
| c. 930 | c. 930 | Fall of the Aksumite Empire and beginning of the Zagwe dynasty in Ethiopia. |
| 933 | | The Kingdom of Burgundy is established. |
| 934 | | The Ikhshidid dynasty is established in Egypt. They rule as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate. Fustat is the capital. |
| 934 | | Gaozu establishes Later Shu in China. Chengdu is the capital. |
| 934 | | The Buyid dynasty is established in Persia. Shiraz is the capital. |
| 936 | | Gaozu establishes the Later Jin dynasty in China. |
| 936 | | The Goryeo Dynasty unifies the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea. |
| 937 | | Liezu establishes Southern Tang in China. Jinling is the capital. |
| 937 | | Taizu establishes Dali in what is now Southwest China. |
| 938 | | Vietnam declares independence from the Southern Han of China, ending the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam. |
| 939 | | Ngô Quyền establishes the Ngô dynasty in Vietnam. Cổ Loa is the capital. |
| 939 | | The Duchy of Brittany follows the Kingdom of Brittany. |
| 941 | | Jórvík reoccupies the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw for the Danes. |
| 942 | | England re-takes the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw. |
| 947 | | Gaozu establishes the Later Han dynasty in China. Bianzhou is the capital. |
| 948 | | The first Emirs of Sicily, the Kalbids, are appointed, establishing the Emirate of Sicily. |
| 951 | | Taizu establishes the Later Zhou dynasty in China. Kaifeng is the capital. |
| 951 | | Shizu establishes Northern Han in China. Taiyuan is the capital. |
| 953 | | The Electorate of Cologne is established. Cologne is the capital. |
| 954 | | The Viking Kingdom of Jórvík (the Viking-ruled portion of the former Kingdom of Northumbria) is conquered by England, thus ending the Danelaw. |
| 958 | | The Republic of Genoa is established. Genoa is the capital. |
| 959 | | Lower Lorraine is established. |
| c. 960 | c. 960 | Mieszko I establishes the Duchy of Poland. |
| 960 | 3 January | Taizu establishes the Northern Song dynasty in China. Kaifeng is the capital. |
| 961 | | King Otto I of Germany invades the Kingdom of Italy (of which his wife Adelaide of Italy was already queen) and is crowned King. |
| 961 | | The Kingdom of Nri is established in West Africa. |
| 962 | 2 February | King Otto I of Germany and Italy has himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, thereby forming the Holy Roman Empire. Rome is the official capital. |
| c. 965 | c. 965 | The Byzantine Empire establishes the theme of Lucania. |
| c. 965 | c. 965 | The Byzantine Empire establishes the Catepanate of Italy. |
| c. 965 | c. 965 | The Kalbids take the last remaining Byzantine territory in Sicily. |
| 965 | | The Ngô dynasty of Vietnam collapses. |
| 968 | | Đinh Bộ Lĩnh establishes the Đinh dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital. |
| 969 | | The Fatimids conquer Egypt from the Ikhshidids and establish the city of Cairo. |
| 971 | | The First Bulgarian Empire moves its capital from Preslav to Ohrid. |
| 974 | | The Heian period begins in Japan. Kyoto is the capital. |
| 975 | | Erik Segersäll becomes the first king of Sweden. |
| 976 | | The Duchy of Carinthia is established. |
| 977 | | The Ghaznavid dynasty is established in Persia. Ghazni is the capital. |
| 980 | | Lê Hoàn establishes the Early Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital. |
| 981 | | The County of Namur is established in the Holy Roman Empire. |
| 985 | | The Prince-Bishopric of Liège is established in the Holy Roman Empire. |
| 987 | | Hughe Capet confirms Paris as the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks (soon to become the Kingdom of France). |

### Second Millennium CE
#### 11th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| c. 1000 | c. 1000 | The Republic of Pisa is established. Pisa is the capital. |
| 1000 | | King Stephen I establishes the Kingdom of Hungary. Esztergom and Székesfehérvár are royal seats. |
| 1003 | | Leif Ericson discovers Newfoundland, off the Atlantic coast of North America, and establishes a short-lived colony at L'Anse aux Meadows. |
| 1003 | | Fall of the Saffarid dynasty in Persia. |
| 1003 | | The County of Savoy is established in the Holy Roman Empire. |
| 1005 | | The Republic of Genoa is established. Genoa is the capital. |
| 1008 | | The Kingdom of Georgia is established from the union of all of the Christian states of Georgia. Kutaisi is the capital. |
| 1009 | | Thái Tổ establishes the Lý dynasty in Vietnam. |
| 1012 | | The County of Zeeland is established in the Holy Roman Empire. Middelburg is the capital. |
| 1016 | | The North Sea Empire, under King Cnut the Great, which included England, Denmark, Norway, and parts of Northern Germany, Scotland, and Sweden, is created by a personal union. Ribe is the capital. |
| 1018 | | Northumbrian territory north of the River Tweed is ceded to Scotland. |
| 1018 | | The First Bulgarian Empire ends with the annexation of the last territories by the Byzantine Empire. |
| 1018–1054 | | At some point between 1018 and 1054, the Kingdom of Strathclyde is conquered by Scotland. |
| 1024 | | The Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht is established in the Holy Roman Empire. |
| 1025 | | Under Rajendra I, the Chola dynasty subjugates large parts of Southeast Asia. |
| 1025 | | Bolesław I establishes the Kingdom of Poland. |
| 1030 | | Kievan Rus' conquers Ugandi County in southeastern Estonia. |
| 1032 | | The Kingdom of Burgundy is inherited by Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, and incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire. |
| 1035 | | The territory that would come to be the Kingdom of Aragon is united under Ramiro I of Aragon. |
| 1037 | | Sultan Tughril establishes the Seljuk Empire as one of the early Turkish empires. Nishapur is the capital. |
| 1038 | | Jingzong establishes the Western Xia dynasty in China. Xingqing is the capital. |
| 1040 | | The Almoravid dynasty is founded in what is now Morocco. Aghmat is the capital. |
| 1042 | | The Norman County of Apulia and Calabria is established. |
| 1042 | | End of the North Sea Empire. |
| 1043 | | The Kingdom of Aragon becomes de facto independent from the Kingdom of Pamplona. |
| 1043 | | The Seljuk Empire moves its capital from Nishapur to Rey. |
| 1055 | | Vijayabahu I moves the capital of the Sinhala Kingdom to Polonnaruwa, establishing the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa, in Sri Lanka. |
| 1058 | | The Duchy of Schleswig is founded. |
| 1059 | 23 August | The County of Apulia and Calabria is raised to a duchy when Pope Nicholas II signs the Treaty of Melfi with the Norman princes Robert Guiscard and Richard I of Capua. |
| 1061 | | Estonians reconquer Ugandi County from the Kievan Rus'. |
| 1061 | | Messina, Sicily, is captured from the Muslims by the Normans. |
| 1061 | | End of the Pala dynasty in India. |
| 1062 | | The Buyid dynasty is dissolved. |
| 1062 | | The Almoravid dynasty moves its capital from Aghmat to Marrakesh. |
| 1065 | | The kingdoms of Castile and Galicia are split from the Kingdom of León. |
| 1065 | | The Duchy of Limburg is established |
| 1066 | | England is conquered by William, Duke of Normandy, thus bringing the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy into a personal union. |
| 1071 | | Palermo, the capital of the Emirate of Sicily, is taken by the Normans. The Norman County of Sicily is established. |
| 1076 | | Muslim Almoravids conquer Ghana. |
| 1076 | | The kingdoms of Pamplona and Aragon are reunited in a personal union under Sancho Ramírez, who styles himself "King of the Aragonians and Pamplonese". The two kingdoms are now de jure separate entities. |
| 1076 | | The Abbasid Caliphate conquers Syria. |
| 1077 | | The Khwarazmian dynasty is established in Persia and Central Asia. Gurganj is the capital. |
| 1080 | | The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia is established. Tarsus is the capital. |
| 1085 | | The Kingdom of Toledo is founded. Toledo is the capital. |
| 1085 | | The County Palatine of the Rhine is established. Heidelberg is the capital. |
| 1088 | | The Principality of Taranto is established. Taranto is the capital. |
| 1088 | | Pope Urban II initiates the First Crusade in the Holy Land. |
| 1091 | | Noto is conquered by the County of Sicily, completing the Norman conquest of Sicily and ending the Muslim Emirate of Sicily. |
| 1091 | | The County of Holland is founded. The Hague is the capital. |
| 1092 | | William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, invades Cumberland (then part of Scotland) and incorporates it into England. |
| 1092 | | The Seljuk Empire is split up. |
| 1092 | | Pope Urban II awards Corsica and Sardinia to the Republic of Pisa. |
| 1096 | | The County of Guelders is established. Geldern is the capital. |
| 1097 | | King William II moves the capital of the Kingdom of England to London. |
| 1097 | | The County of Portugal becomes part of the Kingdom of León. |
| 1098 | | Crusaders conquer Edessa and found the County of Edessa. |
| 1098 | | Crusaders conquer Antioch and establish the Principality of Antioch. |
| 1099 | | Crusaders conquer Jerusalem and establish the Kingdom of Jerusalem. |

#### 12th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1102 | | Start of the Union between the Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary. |
| 1102 | | Crusaders conquer Tartus and found the County of Tripoli. |
| 1102 | | The Duchy of Westphalia is established. Arnsberg is the capital. |
| 1108 | | The County of Nice is established. Nice is the capital. |
| 1115 | | Taizu establishes the Jin dynasty in China. |
| 1115 | | The Republic of Florence is established. Florence is the capital. |
| 1121 | | The Duchy of Pomerania is established. |
| 1122 | | The Kingdom of Georgia moves its capital from Kutaisi to Tbilisi. |
| 1124 | | Dezong establishes the Western Liao dynasty in what is now Northwest China and Central Asia. Balasagun is the capital. |
| 1125 | | The Republic of Siena is established. Siena is the capital. |
| 1126 | | Gaozong establishes the Southern Song dynasty in China. Lin'an is the capital. |
| 1126 | | The Jurchen conquer Kaifeng and end the Northern Song dynasty. Thus the Jin dynasty takes over in Northern China. |
| 1130 | 25 December | The Norman Kingdom of Sicily is established; the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria is disestablished. |
| 1136 | | The Novgorod Republic is established. Novgorod is the capital. |
| 1137 | | The Duchy of Naples is annexed by the Kingdom of Sicily. |
| 1138 | | The Duchy of Silesia is founded. Breslau is the capital. |
| 1139 | | The Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the Kingdom of León. |
| 1139 | | The County of Portugal declares independence from the Kingdom of León, as the Kingdom of Portugal. |
| 1140 | | The County of Tyrol is established. |
| 1144 | | The County of Edessa is conquered by the Seljuks. |
| 1147 | | The Almohad Caliphate follows the Almoravid dynasty in al-Andalus and Northwest Africa. Tinmel is the capital. |
| 1154 | | The Angevin Empire is created from a personal union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. |
| 1156 | 17 September | The Duchy of Austria is established. Vienna is the capital. |
| 1156 | | King Erik den helige of Sweden leads the first crusade to Finland and incorporates it with Sweden. |
| 1157 | | The Margraviate of Brandenburg is established. Brandenburg an der Havel is the capital. |
| 1157 | | The Grand Duchy of Vladimir is established. Vladimir is the capital. |
| 1160 | | The Republic of Lucca is founded. Lucca is the capital. |
| 1162 | | The Viking Kingdom of Dublin is conquered by England. |
| 1162 | | Alfonso II/I ascends to the thrones of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona, establishing the Crown of Aragon. |
| 1162 | | The Principality of Catalonia follows the County of Barcelona. |
| 1163 | | The Ghaznavid dynasty moves its capital from Ghazni to Lahore. |
| 1171 | | Saladin establishes the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Syria. Cairo is the capital. |
| 1171 | | Fall of the Fatimids in Egypt. |
| 1171 | | The Anglo-Norman Lordship of Ireland emerges and dominates most of the island of Ireland. The rest of the island remained under the control of various Gaelic-Irish kingdoms or chieftains, who were often at war with the Anglo-Normans. |
| 1172 | | Jämtland is conquered by the Kingdom of Norway. |
| 1174 | | The Ayyubid dynasty moves its capital from Cairo to Damascus. |
| 1180 | | The Kingdom of Benin is created with the foundation of the capital Edo. |
| 1180 | | Territories secede from the Duchy of Saxony |
| 1180 | | The Duchy of Styria is established. Graz is the capital. |
| 1181 | | Pomerania becomes a fief of the Holy Roman Empire |
| 1183 | | The Duchy of Brabant is established. Brussels is the capital. |
| 1185 | | The Second Bulgarian Empire gains independence from the Byzantine Empire under Peter IV of Bulgaria. |
| 1185 | | In Japan, the Kamakura period begins with the assumption of power by the Kamakura shogunate. |
| 1186 | | The Bishopric of Livonia establishes its first presence in modern Latvia. |
| 1186 | | The Ghaznawid dynasty is disestablished. |
| 1190 | | The Principality of Arbanon is established. |
| 1192 | | Crusaders establish the Kingdom of Cyprus. |
| 1192 | | The Duchy of Styria joins the Kingdom of Hungary. |
| 1194 | | The Seljuk Empire is disestablished. |
| 1197 | | The Kingdom of Deheubarth is disestablished. |
| 1198 | | The Principality of Bohemia becomes the Kingdom of Bohemia. Prague remains the capital. |
| 1199 | | The Principality of Galicia–Volhynia is established. |

#### 13th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1202 | | The Bishopric of Livonia is renamed the Bishopric of Riga. |
| 1204 | | The Kingdom of France annexes the Duchy of Normandy. |
| 1204 | | The Empire of Nicaea is established as a successor state of the Byzantine Empire. Nicaea is the capital. |
| 1204 | | The Empire of Trebizond is established as a successor state of the Byzantine Empire. Trabizond is the capital. |
| 1204 | | Crusaders establish the Triarchy of Negroponte from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Chalcis is the capital. |
| 1204 | | Crusaders establish the Kingdom of Thessalonica from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Thessaloniki is the capital. |
| 1204 | | Crusaders establish the Principality of Achaia from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Andravida is the capital. |
| 1204 | | After the conquest of Constantinople, crusaders establish the Latin Empire, which follows the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople is the capital. |
| 1205 | | The Despotate of Epirus is established as the successor state of the Byzantine Empire. Arta is the capital. |
| 1205 | | Crusaders establish the Duchy of Athens from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Athens is the capital. |
| 1206 | | Qutb al-Din Aibak establishes the Delhi Sultanate. Lahore is the capital. |
| 1206 | | Genghis Khan establishes the Mongol Empire. Avarga is the capital. |
| 1207 | August | The Bishopric of Riga cedes one-third of its lands to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (established in 1202). |
| 1207 | | The Republic of Venice conquers the island of Crete. |
| 1207 | | Crusaders establish the Duchy of the Archipelago from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Naxos is the capital. |
| 1210 | | The Mongol Empire captures much of the Western Liao dynasty. |
| 1210 | | The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Lahore to Badaun. |
| 1212 | | The Principality of Anhalt is established. Weimar is the capital. |
| 1214 | | The County of Luxembourg is established. |
| 1214 | | The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Badaun to Delhi. |
| 1214 | | The Angevin Empire ends. |
| 1215 | | Fall of the Ghurid dynasty. |
| 1215 | | The Jaffna Kingdom is established, in Sri Lanka. |
| 1216 | | The Principality of Wales is founded at the Council of Aberdyfi. |
| 1216 | | The Livonian Brothers of the Sword establish first presence in Southern Estonia. |
| 1217 | | The Kingdom of Serbia is established. |
| 1217 | | The Papal States annex Corsica. |
| 1218 | | The Principality of Wales is recognized in the Treaty of Worcester. |
| 1218 | | The Ayyubid dynasty moves its capital from Damascus back to Cairo. |
| 1219 | | Denmark annexes the Northern Estonian counties of Revala, Harju County, Viru County, and Järva County as the Duchy of Estonia. |
| 1220 | | King Vijayabahu III founds the Kingdom of Dambadeniya. The capital is Dambadeniya, in Sri Lanka. |
| 1223 | | The Mongols defeat East Slavic warriors. |
| 1224 | 21 July | The Livonian Brothers of the Sword cede Southern Estonia to the Bishopric of Estonia (established in 1211). The bishopric returns some of the lands to the Sword Brothers. |
| 1224 | 24 July | The Bishopric of Estonia cedes Wiek to the Bishopric of Riga. |
| 1224 | August | The Bishopric of Estonia is renamed the Bishopric of Dorpat. |
| 1224 | | The Kingdom of Thessalonica is conquered by the Despotate of Epirus. |
| 1225 | | Thái Tông establishes the Trần dynasty in Vietnam. |
| 1225 | | The town of Riga gains independence from the Bishopric of Riga. |
| 1225 | | The Chagatai Khanate originates from parts of the Mongol Empire. |
| 1226 | | The State of the Teutonic Order is founded. Marienburg is the capital. |
| 1227 | February | The Bishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword subjugate Saaremaa, the last independent Estonian county, and the Sword Brothers conquer Danish Estonia. |
| 1228 | August | The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is established from the Western Estonian territory of the Bishopric of Riga. Some of its land is ceded to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. |
| 1230 | | The Emirate of Granada is established. Granada is the capital. |
| 1230 | | The Crown of Castile is formed by the union of the Kingdom of León with the Kingdom of Castile. |
| 1231 | | Aragon completes the Conquest of Majorca and Menorca, establishing the Kingdom of Majorca as part of the Crown of Aragon. |
| 1231 | | Fall of the Khwarazmian dynasty in Persia. |
| 1234 | 24 July | The Bishopric of Courland is established from the Western Latvian territory of the Bishopric of Riga. |
| 1235 | September | The Mali Empire is established. |
| 1235 | | Aragon conquers Ibiza, which becomes part of the Kingdom of Majorca. |
| 1235 | | Karakorum becomes the capital of the Mongol Empire. |
| 1235 | | The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg is established. Brunswick and Lüneburg are the capitals. |
| 1236 | | The Mongols invade Northern Korea. |
| 1236 | | Mindaugas establishes the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Voruta is the capital. |
| 1237 | 12 May | The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are incorporated into the Teutonic Order as the autonomous Livonian Order. |
| 1238 | 7 June | The Treaty of Stensby returns Danish Estonia from the Livonian Order back to Denmark, while the order retains Jerwen. |
| 1238 | | Sweden conquers central Finland. |
| 1238 | | The Mongols conquer Crimea. |
| 1238 | | The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek cedes some area in and around Leal in Western Estonia to the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order. |
| 1238 | | The Kingdom of Sukhothai is founded in Siam. Sukhothai is the capital. |
| 1240 | | Fall of Kievan Rus' after the Mongol conquest. |
| 1240 | | The Mongols conquer Tibet. |
| 1240 | | The Mongols conquer Volga Bulgaria. |
| 1242 | | The Mongol Golden Horde conquers Russia. Sarai is the capital. |
| 1242 | | Upon receiving the news of Ögedei Khan's death, the Mongols withdraw from Europe, though they have already subjugated significant parts of Central and Eastern Europe. |
| 1243 | 26 June | The Sultanate of Rum and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongol Empire |
| 1245 | | The Crown of Aragon completes the reconquest of what would become the Kingdom of Valencia up to the limits agreed upon in the Treaty of Almizra. |
| 1250 | | The Ayyubid dynasty moves its capital from Cairo to Aleppo after the loss of Egypt. |
| 1250 | | Beginning of the rule of the Mamluk Sultanate over Egypt after the victory over the Mongols. Cairo is the capital. |
| 1251 | | The Kingdom of Lithuania is established from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Kernavė is the capital. |
| 1253 | | The Bishopric of Courland cedes some of its land to the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order. |
| 1253 | | The Principality of Galicia-Volhynia becomes the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, a vassal state of the Golden Horde. |
| 1254 | | The Mongols conquer the Dali Kingdom. |
| 1255 | 20 January | The Bishopric of Riga is elevated to the Archbishopric of Riga. |
| 1256 | | King Béla IV moves the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary to Buda. |
| 1256 | | The Kingdom of Portugal moves its capital from Coimbra to Lisbon. |
| 1256 | | The Ilkhanate originates from parts of the Mongol Empire. Maragheh is the capital. |
| 1258 | 11 May | The Treaty of Corbeil formally ends French feudal overlordship of the counties in the Spanish March and Catalan counties in the March of Gothia. |
| 1258 | | The Mongols conquer Baghdad, precipitating the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate. |
| 1258 | | The Trần dynasty in Vietnam defeats and holds off Mongol invasions. |
| 1259 | 11 August | The death of Möngke Khan sets off a series of civil wars that eventually result in the political fragmentation of the Mongol Empire into four autonomous khanates. |
| 1260 | | The Mongols conquer Aleppo. Fall of the Ayyubid dynasty. |
| 1261 | | The Latin Empire is dissolved, and Constantinople falls again to the Byzantine Empire. |
| 1263 | | After the death of Mindaugas, the Kingdom of Lithuania becomes again the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. |
| 1264 | | The Landgravate of Hessen is established. |
| 1264 | | The Duchy of Ferrara is established. Ferrara is the capital. |
| 1266 | 2 July | Caithness and the territory of the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and Mann) is ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland by the Treaty of Perth. |
| 1268 | | The Mamluks conquer the Principality of Antioch. |
| 1270 | | Goryeo becomes a vassal state of the Mongol Empire. |
| 1271 | | Shizu establishes the Yuan dynasty in China. |
| 1272 | 1 February | The Kingdom of Albania is established. |
| 1272 | 10 August | Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Zagwe dynasty, establishing the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia. Lalibela ceases to be the capital, and the Emperor of Ethiopia rules from a continually moving encampment around his domains for the following centuries. |
| 1272 | | The Yuan dynasty of China moves its capital from Shangdu to Dadu. |
| 1273 | | The Kingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital from Dambadeniya to Yapahuwa, in Sri Lanka. |
| 1276 | | The Kingdom of Majorca is split from the Crown of Aragon, with each realm inherited by different sons of James I of Aragon. |
| 1278 | 8 September | Andorra is granted independence from the Crown of Aragon, whereupon the Paréage of Andorra is signed, establishing a condominium between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgell in the territory. |
| 1279 | 19 March | The Song dynasty is conquered by the Yuan dynasty in China. |
| 1279 | | The Kingdom of Majorca becomes a vassal of the Crown of Aragon. |
| 1279 | | The Chola dynasty is disestablished. |
| 1281 | | The second Mongol invasion of Japan fails. |
| 1282 | | The Diet of Augsburg assigns the Duchy of Austria to the House of Habsburg, commencing the Habsburg monarchy. |
| 1283 | | The Principality of Moscow emerges as a vassal state of the Golden Horde. Moscow is the capital. |
| 1284 | | The Republic of Genoa conquers Corsica from the Papal States. |
| 1285 | | The Sultanate of Ifat is established. |
| 1286 | | The Sultanate of Showa is annexed into the Sultanate of Ifat. |
| 1287 | | Parakramabahu III moves the capital of the Sinhala Kingdom back to Polonnaruwa, in Sri Lanka. |
| 1289 | | The Mamluks conquer the County of Tripoli. |
| 1290 | February | The Archbishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquer Semigallia, the last independent Latvian territory. |
| 1291 | | The Old Swiss Confederacy is established through the merger of the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. |
| 1291 | | The Mamluks expel the last crusaders from Egypt. |
| 1291 | | The Mamluks conquer the Kingdom of Jerusalem. |
| 1292 | | The Landgravate of Hesse becomes a principality. |
| 1293 | 10 March | Sweden conquers the southeastern parts of Finland. |
| 1293 | | The thalassocratic Majapahit Empire is established in Indonesia. |
| 1295 | | Chambéry becomes the capital of the County of Savoy. |
| 1295 | | The Duchy of Pomerania is partitioned into Pomerania-Wolgast and Pomerania-Stettin |
| 1296 | | The Duchy of Saxony is divided into the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg and the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg. |
| 1296 | | The Kingdom of Aragon conquers Corsica from the Republic of Genoa. |
| 1297 | | The Kingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital from Yapahuwa to Polonnaruwa, in Sri Lanka. |
| 1299 | | The Ottoman Empire is established. Söğüt is the capital. |
| 1299 | | The Republic of Pisa sells parts of Sardinia to the Republic of Genoa. |

#### 14th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1301 | | France gains Barrois mouvant (the County of Bar, west of the Meuse River). |
| 1302 | | The Kingdom of Naples is created by the division of the Kingdom of Sicily. Naples is the capital. |
| 1303 | | Edward I of England invades Scotland again to subdue it. |
| 1303 | | The Kingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital from Polonnaruwa to Kurunagala, in Sri Lanka. |
| 1305 | | France gains the County of Vivarais. |
| 1310 | | The Duchy of Mirandola is founded. Mirandola is the capital. |
| 1315 | | King Charles I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary to Temesvár. |
| 1316 | | France gains the counties of Valentinois and Diois. |
| 1319 | | Crusaders establish the Duchy of Neopatras. Neopatras is the capital. |
| 1323 | 12 August | The treaty of Nöteborg is signed between Sweden and Novgorod, resulting in the first true border regulation in Swedish Finland. |
| 1323 | | King Charles I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary to Visegrád. |
| 1325 | 13 March | The Mexicas (Aztecs) establish Tenochtitlan, marking the foundation of Mexico. It is the oldest continuous capital city in the Americas. |
| 1326 | | The Crown of Aragon conquers Sardinia, creating the Kingdom of Sardinia. |
| 1327 | | The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. |
| 1328 | 4 May | By the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton, England recognizes the independence of Scotland following the expulsion of the English from Scotland by Robert the Bruce. |
| 1330 | March | The autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order gains control over the nominally free town of Riga. |
| 1330 | | The Principality of Walachia gains independence from the Kingdom of Hungary. |
| 1331 | | The Principality of Vladimir-Susdal is absorbed into the Principality of Moscow. |
| 1333 | | In Japan, the Kenmu Restoration follows the Kamakura shogunate. |
| 1334 | | The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Daulatabad to Delhi. |
| 1335 | | The Ottoman Empire moves its capital from Söğüt to Bursa. |
| 1335 | | The Duchy of Silesia becomes part of the Kingdom of Bohemia. |
| 1335 | | The Madurai Sultanate secedes from the Delhi Sultanate. Ma'bar is the capital. |
| 1336 | | The Vijayanagara Empire is established in India. Vijayanagar is the capital. |
| 1336 | | End of the Kenmu Restoration in Japan. |
| 1337 | | The Tsardom of Vidin is founded. Vidin is the capital. |
| 1338 | | The Ashikaga shogunate is founded in Japan. Kyoto is the capital. |
| 1339 | | The County of Guelders becomes the Duchy of Guelders. |
| 1340 | | The Principality of Moscow becomes the Grand Duchy of Moscow. |
| 1341 | | King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden buys the county of Halland from Denmark. |
| 1341 | | The Kingdom of Gampola succeeds the Kingdom of Dambadeniya in Sri Lanka. Gampola is the new capital. |
| 1343 | | The Republic of Senarica is established as an independent microstate in the village of Senarica, Italy. |
| 1346 | 1 November | Denmark sells and hands the Duchy of Estonia over to the Teutonic Order. |
| 1346 | | The Principality of Moldova is established. |
| 1347 | 7 June | The Teutonic Order leases the former Danish Estonia to its autonomous Livonian Order. |
| 1347 | | England conquers Calais from France. |
| 1347 | | Moghulistan is established from parts of the Chagatai Khanate. |
| 1347 | | The Bahmani Sultanate is established as a secession of the Delhi Sultanate. Gulbarga is the capital. |
| 1348 | | The Duchy of Mecklenburg is established. |
| 1348 | | The Pskov Republic is established. Pskov is the capital. |
| 1349 | | Dauphiné sold to France. |
| 1349 | | The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia is incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland. |
| 1350 | | With the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, its capital is created in Ayutthaya, instead of the former Sukhothai. |
| 1352 | | The Bengal Sultanate is established. Pandua is the capital. |
| 1353 | | The County of Luxembourg is raised to the status of duchy. |
| 1354 | | Fa Ngum establishes Lan Xang in Laos. Luang Prabang is the capital. |
| 1356 | | The Electorate of Saxony is established from Saxe-Wittenberg. |
| 1356 | | The Despotate of Dobruja is established. Karvuna is the capital. |
| 1356 | | The Duchy of Jülich originates from the County of Jülich. |
| 1356 | | The Margraviate of Brandenburg becomes the Electorate of Brandenburg. Brandenburg an der Havel remains the capital. |
| 1358 | | Duke Rudolf IV of Austria has the Privilegium Maius forged, a set of documents which purports to elevate the Duchy of Austria to the status of "Archduchy". This status remains unrecognised. |
| 1358 | | The Republic of Ragusa is established as a tributary state of the Kingdom of Hungary. Ragusa is the capital. |
| 1362 | | The Principality of Kiev becomes part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. |
| 1363 | | The Ottoman Empire moves its capital from Bursa to Adrianople. |
| 1363 | | The County of Tyrol becomes part of the Habsburg monarchy. |
| 1366 | | The Prince-Bishopric of Liège annexes the County of Loon. |
| 1368 | | Hongwu establishes the Ming dynasty in China. Yingtian and Shuntian are the capitals. |
| 1368 | | Huizong establishes the Northern Yuan dynasty in what is now Northern China and Mongolia. |
| 1368 | | Muhammad Shah establishes the Bruneian Empire. |
| 1370 | | Timur establishes the Timurid Empire. Samarkand is the capital. |
| 1373 | | First mention of the Luzon Empire. |
| 1373 | | The Madurai Sultanate is annexed by the Vijayanagara Empire. |
| 1375 | | The Mamluks conquer the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. |
| 1375 | | Kara Koyunlu is established as a tribal federation. Tabriz is the capital. |
| 1377 | 26 September | The Kingdom of Bosnia is established. |
| 1377 | | Fall of the Srivijaya Empire in Southeast Asia. |
| 1378 | | Aq Qoyunlu is established as a tribal federation. |
| 1380 | | The County of Berg is raised to the status of a duchy. |
| 1380 | | The Bornu Empire is established in north-central Africa. |
| 1384 | | The Burgundian Netherlands are established. |
| 1385 | | The Union of Krewo establishes the personal union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. |
| 1388 | | The County of Savoy receives the County of Nice. |
| 1390 | | The Kingdom of Kongo is established. |
| 1390 | | The Triarchy of Negroponte becomes the Kingdom of Negroponte, a colony of the Republic of Venice. |
| 1390 | | The Duchy of Neopatras is conquered by the Duchy of Athens. |
| 1392 | | The Joseon Dynasty succeed the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea. Hanseong is the capital. |
| 1395 | | The Duchy of Milan is established. Milan is the capital. |
| 1396 | | The Second Bulgarian Empire is disestablished after it is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1396 | | The Tsardom of Vidin is disestablished after it is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1397 | | The Kalmar Union between the Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Norway, and Kingdom of Sweden is established. |
| 1398 | | The Timurid Empire conquers Delhi. |
| 1398 | | The Principality of Bayreuth and the Principality of Ansbach are established. |
| 1399 | | The Principality of Piombino is established. The capital is Piombino. |

#### 15th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1400 | | Hồ Quý Ly establishes the Hồ dynasty in Vietnam. Tây Đô is the capital. |
| 1401 | | The Timurid Empire conquers Damascus. |
| 1401 | | The County of Savoy gains the County of Geneva. |
| 1403 | | The Ming dynasty makes Beijing the second capital after Nanjing. |
| 1404 | | Owain Glyndŵr is crowned Prince of Wales, holding his Parliament at the capital, Machynlleth. |
| 1404 | | The Principality of Smolensk becomes part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. |
| 1405 | | After the death of Timur, the Timurid Empire is split into two parts. The capital is moved from Samarkand to Herat. |
| 1406 | | The Republic of Pisa is disestablished and annexed into the Republic of Florence. |
| 1407 | | The Ming dynasty of China conquers the Hồ dynasty of Vietnam, beginning the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam. |
| 1407 | | Giản Định establishes the Later Trần dynasty in Vietnam. |
| 1407 | | The Gujarat Sultanate is established. Ahmedabad is the capital. |
| 1408 | | King Zsigmond of Luxemburg moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda. |
| 1409 | | Owain Glyndŵr loses Harlech Castle and his ally Edmund Mortimer dies. |
| 1410 | 15 June | The defeat of the State of the Teutonic Order against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland at the Battle of Tannenberg ends its eastern expansion. |
| 1411 | | The Ottoman Empire annexes the Despotat of Dobruja. |
| 1412 | | English rule spreads and Machynlleth ceases to assert any claim to be the capital of Wales. |
| 1412 | | Parakramabahu VI moves the capital of the Sinhala Kingdom to Kotte, in Sri Lanka. |
| 1413 | 7 June | The autonomous Livonian Order becomes de facto independent from its parent Teutonic Order. |
| 1413 | | The Ming dynasty of China defeats the Later Trần dynasty of Vietnam. |
| 1415 | 21 August | The Conquest of Ceuta marks the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. |
| 1415 | | The Adal Sultanate is established. |
| 1416 | | Amadeus VIII establishes the Duchy of Savoy from the County of Savoy. Chambéry remains the capital. |
| 1417 | | The County of Cleves is raised to the status of a duchy. Cleves is the capital. |
| 1417 | | The Principality of Wallachia becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1417 | | The Electorate of Brandenburg moves its capital from Brandenburg an der Havel to Berlin. |
| 1422 | | Start of the second personal union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. |
| 1426 | | The Kingdom of Cyprus becomes a vassal state of the Mamluks. |
| 1427 | | End of the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam. |
| 1428 | | Thái Tổ establishes the Later Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Đông Kinh is the capital. |
| 1428 | | Abu'l-Khayr Khan establishes the Uzbek Khanate. Chimgi-Tura is the capital. |
| 1428 | | The Aztec Empire in Mexico is established from the union of three city-states. |
| 1429 | | The Ryukyu Kingdom is established. Shuri is the capital. |
| c. 1430 | c. 1430 | The Songhai Empire becomes independent from the Mali Empire. Gao is the capital. |
| 1431 | | The Khmer Empire is dissolved after the invasion of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. |
| 1432 | March | Burgundy acquires the County of Hainaut. |
| 1432 | | The Principality of Achaea is annexed by the Byzantine Empire. |
| 1434 | March | The Archbishopric of Riga sells its Dondangen Parish to the Bishopric of Courland. |
| 1434 | | The Republic of Genoa reconquers Corsica from the Kingdom of Aragon. |
| 1435 | 1 September | The Archbishopric of Riga, the bishoprics of Courland, Dorpat and Ösel-Wiek, the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order, and the town of Riga form the Livonian Confederation. |
| 1438 | | The Khanate of Kazan splits from the Golden Horde. Kazan is the capital. |
| 1438 | | The Inca Empire is established. Cusco is the capital. |
| 1438 | | The Sukhothai Kingdom is annexed by the Ayutthaya Kingdom in Siam. |
| 1441 | | The Khanate of Crimea splits from the Golden Horde. |
| 1444 | March | The Albanian Principalities are unified to form the Albanian League of Lezhë. |
| 1447 | | Ambrosian Republic supersedes the Duchy of Milan |
| 1450 | | Duchy of Milan supersedes Ambrosian Republic |
| 1452 | | The Archbishopric of Riga and the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order agree with a condominium over the nominally free town of Riga, until then under the de facto control of the Livonian Order. |
| 1453 | 6 January | The Duchy of Austria becomes the Archduchy of Austria. Vienna remains the capital. |
| 1453 | 29 May | The Byzantine Empire falls to the Ottoman Empire. The capital of the Ottoman Empire is moved to Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). The political situation leads to the closure of the Silk Road to trade, forcing European merchants to seek sea routes to Asian markets and thereby initiating the "Age of Discovery". |
| 1453 | 14 October | End of the second personal union between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England after the end of the Hundred Years' War. |
| 1453 | | France annexes the Duchy of Aquitaine. |
| 1454 | | The State of the Teutonic Order moves its capital from Marienburg to Königsberg. |
| 1455 | | The Kingdom of Imereti becomes independent from the Kingdom of Georgia. Kutaisi is the capital. |
| 1456 | | The Duchy of Bouillon is founded. Bouillon is the capital. |
| 1458 | | The Republic of Ragusa becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1458 | | The Duchy of Athens is annexed by the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1459 | | The Teutonic Order cedes its already leased-out former Danish Estonia over to its autonomous Livonian Order. |
| 1461 | | The Empire of Trebizond is conquered by the Ottoman Empire as the last successor state of the Byzantine Empire. |
| 1462 | | Moghulistan splits into two parts. |
| 1462 | | The uninhabited Cape Verde Islands become a colony of Portugal. |
| 1463 | | The Ottoman Empire annexes the Kingdom of Bosnia. |
| 1464 | | The County of East Frisia is established. |
| 1464 | | The Songhai Empire conquers Timbuktu from the Mali Empire. |
| 1466 | | The Second Peace treaty of Thorn.Poland gains Michałow land, Chełmno land with Toruń, Gdańsk, Pomerania, Warmia and Żuławy with Malbork and Elbląg.Teutonic order becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland |
| 1465 | | The Kazakh Khanate is established. Sozak is the capital. |
| 1465 | | The Kingdom of Kakheti is established. Gremi is the capital. |
| 1468 | | The Khanate of Sibir splits from the Golden Horde. |
| 1468 | | The tribal empire of Kara Koyunlu is disestablished. |
| 1469 | | The crowns of the Iberian Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, as the Kingdom of Spain. |
| 1470 | | The Triarchy of Negroponte is annexed by the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1470 | | The Chimú Empire is conquered by the Inca Empire. |
| 1471 | | João de Santarém discovers São Tomé and takes possession of it for the Kingdom of Portugal. |
| 1471 | | The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Tangier. |
| 1472 | | Ludlow becomes the administrative capital of Wales, as the site of the Council of Wales and the Marches. |
| 1472 | | The Kingdom of Scotland annexes Orkney and Shetland. |
| 1472 | | Beginning of the rule of the Wattasid dynasty over Morocco. Fez is the capital. |
| 1473 | | Mechelen becomes the capital of the Burgundian Netherlands. |
| 1474 | | The Duchy of Holstein is created from the County of Holstein-Rendsburg. |
| 1477 | | The Sengoku period begins in Japan. The Ashikaga shogunat ends and Japan falls apart into small principalities. |
| 1478 | | The Canary Islands are conquered by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. |
| 1478 | | The Grand Duchy of Moscow annexes the Novgorod Republic. |
| 1478 | | The Kingdom of Kartli is established. Tbilisi is the capital. |
| 1479 | | The Albanian League of Lezhë is annexed by the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1479 | | The Republic of Venice loses parts of the Adriatic coast to the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1480 | 28 November | After the Great Stand on the Ugra River, the Grand Duchy of Moscow ceases to be a vassal state of the Golden Horde. |
| 1480 | | According to temple records, a cyclone destroys the land bridge (Adam's Bridge) connecting the Kingdom of Kandy (in present-day Sri Lanka) and Mainland India. |
| 1481 | | France gains the County of Provence. |
| 1482 | | The Burgundian Netherlands are disestablished and become the Austrian Netherlands as part of the Habsburg monarchy. |
| 1482 | | France gains the Duchy of Burgundy. |
| 1485 | | King Matthias I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Bécs. |
| 1485 | | The Astrakhan Khanate splits from the Golden Horde. |
| 1488 | | Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope. |
| 1489 | | The Kingdom of Cyprus falls to the Republic of Venice. |
| 1490 | 2 January | The combined forces of Castile and Aragon capture the Emirate of Granada, completing Spain's Reconquista. |
| 1490 | 20 May | Vasco da Gama discovers a sea route to India. |
| 1490 | | King Vladislaus II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda. |
| 1490 | | The Kingdom of Georgia is divided into different parts. |
| 1492 | 3 May | Christopher Columbus arrives at Xamayca. |
| 1492 | 12 October | While seeking a route to the East Indies, Genoese navigator Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) lands on the island of Guanahani in the Lucayan Archipelago, which he mistakes for the Japanese Archipelago. Columbus claims the archipelago for his patrons the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain), and subsequently explores and claims Cuba and Hispaniola. |
| 1493 | 4 May | Spanish Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Inter caetera granting to the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain) all newly discovered lands west of the meridian 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores (approximately 38°11' west of Greenwich.) |
| 1494 | 7 June | Representatives of the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in the Americas (and Africa and Asia) at a meridian 46°0' west of Greenwich. |
| 1495 | 21 July | The Duchy of Württemberg is established out of the County of Württemberg. Stuttgart remains the capital. |
| 1498 | | Vasco da Gama reaches Mozambique and takes possession of it for Portugal. |
| 1498 | | Spain creates the Province of Tierra Firme (Spanish Main) in the Americas. |
| 1499–1501 | | The Safavids conquer Persia. Tabriz is the capital. |

## Maps

* Eastern Hemisphere in 1
* World in 200
* World in 300
* World in 400
* World in 500
* World in 700
* World in 900