# Ivan Shishkin

Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (Russian: Иван Иванович Шишкин; 25 January [O.S. 13 January] 1832 – 20 March [O.S. 8 March] 1898) was a Russian landscape painter and graphic artist, one of the most famous landscape painters of the post-reform era, and the creator of the iconic painting Morning in a Pine Forest. He was an academician (since 1865), professor (since 1873), and full member (since 1893, under the new charter) of the Imperial Academy of Arts, as well as a professor and head of the landscape workshop at the Higher Art School (1894–1895). He was also one of the founding members of the Peredvizhniki movement (since 1870).

## Biography

Shishkin was born in Yelabuga, Vyatka Governorate (today Republic of Tatarstan). He came from a family of Yelabuga merchants and was the son of grain merchant Ivan Vasilyevich Shishkin (1792–1872). The artist’s grandfather, Vasily Afanasyevich Shishkin-Serebryakov (1764–1827), was a palace peasant who registered as a third-guild merchant in Yelabuga in 1792.

### Artistic training

At the age of 12, Shishkin was enrolled in the First Kazan Boys' Gymnasium, but after five years of study, he returned home to Yelabuga, where he lived for four years. In 1852, he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he studied for four years until 1856. After completing his course, he continued his education at the Saint Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts from 1857 to 1860, where he became a student of the landscape painter Professor Sokrat Vorobyov.
At the Academy, Shishkin formed a close friendship with his classmates and like-minded artists Aleksander Gine and Jogin Pavel. In 1857, they worked together in Dubki, a small settlement on the shore of the Gulf of Finland near Sestroretsk. In the following years, they traveled together to Valaam Island on Lake Ladoga, home to its famous monastery. These trips helped Shishkin refine his skills in depicting nature, allowing him to accurately render landscapes with both brush and pencil.
During his first year at the Academy, Shishkin was awarded two small silver medals: one for his painting View in the Vicinity of St. Petersburg (1856) and another for drawings completed during the summer in Dubki. In 1858, he received a large silver medal for his study Pine on Valaam. In 1859, he was awarded a small gold medal for his landscape Gorge on Valaam, and finally, in 1860, he earned the large gold medal for two paintings of the same title, View on Valaam Island. Kukko Area.

### Travel abroad

In 1860, Shishkin, Gine, and Jogin submitted a request to the Council of the Academy of Arts for financial assistance to publish their studies through lithography. The Council decided "to grant them a monetary reward of 150 silver rubles for their efforts in lithographic experiments and to express the Council’s gratitude to them, while also thanking Professor Vorobyov for the success of his students."
Along with this final award, Shishkin earned the right to travel abroad on a scholarship from the St Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts. In 1861, he went to Munich, Germany, where he visited the studios of the famous artists Benno Adam and Franz Adam, who were highly regarded as animal painters. In 1863, Shishkin moved to Zurich, where, under the guidance of Professor Rudolf Koller—then considered one of the best animal painters—he sketched and painted animals from life. While in Zurich, he also experimented for the first time with etching using aqua regia.
From Zurich, Shishkin traveled to Geneva, Switzerland to study the works of François Diday and Alexandre Calame. In 1864–1865, he relocated to Düsseldorf, where he attended the Düsseldorf Art Academy. While there, he painted View in the Vicinity of Düsseldorf on commission for the collector N. Bykov. This painting earned him the title of academician from the Imperial Academy of Arts.
During his time abroad, in addition to painting, Shishkin extensively worked on pen drawings, which greatly impressed foreign audiences. Some of his drawings were displayed in the Düsseldorf Museum alongside works by renowned European masters such as Andreas Achenbach and Karl Friedrich Lessing.

### Return to Russia

Feeling homesick, Ivan Shishkin returned to St. Petersburg in 1866 before the end of his scholarship term. That same year, his painting Air and six drawings were exhibited in Moscow. From then on, he frequently traveled across Russia for artistic purposes and exhibited his works at the Academy almost annually.
In 1868, the Academy of Arts awarded Shishkin the title of professor for his paintings Pine Forest and Instead of Crossing the Bridge, Let’s Find a Ford, but Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, the Academy’s president, instead awarded him the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 3rd class. At the Exposition Universelle (1867), Shishkin exhibited several drawings and his painting View in the Vicinity of Düsseldorf.
With the establishment of the Peredvizhniki (The Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions), Shishkin began exhibiting his pen drawings at their exhibitions. Upon returning to Saint Petersburg in 1870, he became a member of the Circle of the Itinerants and Society of Russian Etchers in St. Petersburg and resumed working with aqua regia etching, a technique he continued practicing for the rest of his life, dedicating almost as much time to it as to painting. These works further solidified his reputation as one of Russia’s finest landscape painters and an unmatched master of etching.
He also took part in exhibitions at the Academy of Arts, the All-Russian Exhibition in Moscow (1882), the Nizhniy Novgorod (1896) and the World Fairs (Paris, 1867 and 1878, and Vienna, 1873).
Shishkin's painting method was based on analytical studies of nature. He became famous for his detailed and poetic forest landscapes, which captured the beauty of Russia’s wilderness. His works often depicted the changing seasons, wild nature, animals, and birds. He was also an outstanding draftsman and printmaker.
Ivan Shishkin owned a dacha in the village of Vyra (now part of the Gatchina District, Leningrad Oblast), south of St Petersburg. There he painted some of his finest landscapes. His works are notable for poetic depiction of seasons in the woods, wild nature, animals and birds.

### Final years

In 1873, the Academy of Arts officially awarded Shishkin the title of professor after purchasing his painting Forest Wilderness. In 1892 he was invited to become professor-director of the landscape painting workshop class in the Academy of Arts, but for various reasons, he held the position only briefly.
In 1898 he completed his painting The Pine Grove and on March 20, 1898, Shishkin died suddenly of a heart attack in St. Petersburg, while sitting at his easel in front of a new painting. He was buried at the Smolensk Orthodox Cemetery. In 1950, his remains and tombstone were transferred to the Tikhvin Cemetery at the Necropolis of the Masters of Art.
A minor planet 3558 Shishkin, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravlyova in 1978, was named in his honor.

## Gallery

* View on the Outskirts of St. Petersburg, 1856
* View of Valaam Island. Kukko, 1860
* In the Rye, 1866
* Swiss Landscape, 1866
* Lumbering, 1867
* Walk in the Forest, 1869
* Noon. Neighborhoods of Moscow, 1869
* Birch Forest, 1871
* A Pine Forest. Mast-Timber forest in Viatka Province, 1872
* Backwoods, 1872
* Coniferous forest, 1873
* First snow, 1875
* The Dark Wood, 1876
* Rye, 1878
* Forest Edge, 1878
* Wilds, 1881
* Brook in a Birch Forest, 1883
* Pine on Sand, 1884
* Forest Distance, 1884
* Polesie Landscape, 1884
* The Edge of the Forest, 1884
* Oak Grove, 1887
* Morning in a Pine Forest, 1889
* The Rocky Landscape, 1889
* Haystacks, Preobrazhenskoe, 1890
* Winter, 1890
* In the Wild North, 1891
* Rain in an Oak Forest, 1891
* After the Storm in Meri Hovi, 1891
* Forest, 1895
* Twilight, 1896
* At the Edge of the Pine Forest, 1897