OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Timeline of the Era of Attacks

This page presents all events related to the Era of Attacks (1892-1894).

### General overview

This timeline is largely based on the list provided by Hélène Millot, with additional references from the more comprehensive works of John M. Merriman and Vivien Bouhey. The start and end dates of the period follow Millot’s framework, beginning with the Saint-Germain bombing (11 March 1892) and ending with the massacre of anarchist convicts (22 October 1894). However, Bouhey offers a broader perspective, considering the period from 1890 to 1894, which is not adopted here. The Fourmies massacre and the Clichy affair are included in the timeline, as most sources regard these two events as immediate precursors to the Era of Attacks.

## Events

    Judicial affair - Legal repression
    Terrorist attack
    Execution - Massacre
| Date | Event | Place | Instigator(s) | Outcome |
| 1 May 1891 | Massacre at Fourmies | Fourmies | French state French army | Massacre of a dozen peaceful demonstrators in Fourmies 9 dead, 35 (at least) injured |
| 1 May 1891 | Clichy affair | Paris | French state French police | Violent arrest of three anarchists High-profile trial which radicalised the anarchists through its harshness |
| 10 February 1892 | Hanging of the Jerez anarchists | Jerez | Spanish state Arsenio Martínez Campos Guardia civil | Four anarchists hanged in Jerez. |
| 29 February 1892 | Saint-Dominique bombing | Paris | French anarchist (?) | Explosion in a wealthy residence on rue Saint-Dominique, in Paris 0 dead, 0 injured |
| 11 March 1892 | Saint-Germain bombing | Paris | François Koenigstein (Ravachol) Rosalie Soubère (Mariette) Joseph Jas-Béala (Béala) Charles Simon (Biscuit) | Symbolic start of the Era of Attacks They failed to kill or injure Benoît, the judge in the Clichy affair. 0 dead, 1 injured. Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism |
| 15 March 1892 | Lobau bombing | Paris | Théodule Meunier (Pied Plat) | 0 dead, 0 injured. Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism |
| 27 March 1892 | Clichy bombing | Paris | Ravachol | 0 dead, 6 injured. Failed to kill or injure Bulot, the prosecutor in the Clichy affair. Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism |
| 30 March 1892 | Arrest of Ravachol | Paris | French state French police Jean-Marie Véry | After being denounced by the owner of the restaurant Le Véry, Ravachol was arrested. The other members of Ravachol's group had already been arrested. |
| 25 April 1892 | Véry bombing | Paris | Théodule Meunier Jean-Pierre François (Francis) Pieds plats | Explosion at the restaurant Le Véry targeting the owner, who was killed. 2 dead, at least 1 injured. |
| 26 April 1892 | First trial of Ravachol | Paris | French state French justice system | Rosalie Soubère and Joseph Jas-Béala acquitted. Charles Simon and Ravachol sentenced to penal labour for life. High-profile trial that radicalised the anarchists |
| 21 June 1892 | Second trial of Ravachol | Montbrison | French state French justice system | Ravachol sentenced to death. |
# Lelantine Plain

The Lelantine Plain (Ancient Greek: Ληλάντου πεδίον or Λήλαντον πεδίον; Modern Greek: Ληλάντιο πεδίο) is a fertile plain on the Greek island of Euboea, between Chalcis and Eretria. In the late eighth century BC a dispute over its possession was the cause of the Lelantine War. In the Middle Ages it was known as Lilanto; a Venetian document from 1439 describes a crisis caused by the powerful taking more than their share of the irrigation water:
   and so many plots have remained unirrigated, and if things continue like this, the place Lilanto, which is the life of this island, will turn into a desolation - a place which provides more utility to the Signoria than any other, through being the eye and garden of Euboea.
It is presumably named for the Lelantos River (Ancient Greek: Λήλαντος), now the Lilas (Modern Greek: Λήλας), which runs through it, though ancient scholiasts derived it from the name of an otherwise unknown king Lelantos.
# List of governors of Rivers State

The following is a list of the governors of Rivers State. This list also contains administrators etc., during the era of Nigeria military juntas. Rivers State was created in 1967 with the split of the Eastern Region of Nigeria.

## Elected governors (1979–83, 1992–93 and 1999–present)

| Name | Title | Took office | Left office | Party | Notes |
| Melford Okilo | Governor | 1 October 1979 | 31 December 1983 | NPN | Senator |
| Rufus Ada George | Governor | January 1992 | 17 November 1993 | NRC | JP |
| Peter Odili | Governor | 29 May 1999 | 29 May 2007 | PDP | Medical doctor |
| Celestine Omehia | Governor | 29 May 2007 | 26 October 2007 | PDP | |
| Chibuike Amaechi | Governor | 26 October 2007 | 29 May 2015 | PDP | Rt. Hon. |
| Ezenwo Wike | Governor | 29 May 2015 | 29 May 2023 | PDP | Chief (Barr.) |
| Siminalayi Fubara | Governor | 29 May 2023 | Suspended | PDP | |

### By time in office

| Rank | Governor | Days | In office |
| 1 | Peter Odili | 8 years, 0 days | 3 |
| 2 | Ezenwo Wike | 8 years, 0 days | 6 |
| 3 | Chibuike Amaechi | 7 years, 215 days | 5 |
| 4 | Melford Okilo | 4 years, 91 days | 1 |
| 5 | Rufus Ada George | 1 year, 320 days | 2 |
| 6 | Siminalayi Fubara | 1 year, 294 days | 7 |
| 7 | Celestine Omehia | 150 days | 4 |

## Military governors (1967–79; 1984–92; 1993–99; 2025–present)

| Name | Title | Took office | Left office | Notes |
| Alfred Diete-Spiff | Military Governor | 28 May 1967 | July 1975 | Lieutenant Commander |
| Zamani Lekwot | Military Governor | July 1975 | July 1978 | Major General |
| Suleiman Saidu | Military Governor | July 1978 | October 1979 | Navy Commander |
| Fidelis Oyakhilome | Military Governor | January 1984 | 26 August 1986 | Commissioner of Police |
| Anthony Ukpo | Military Governor | 26 August 1986 | July 1988 | Brigadier General |
| Ernest Adelaye | Military Governor | July 1988 | August 1990 | Group Captain |
| Godwin Abbe | Military Governor | August 1990 | January 1992 | |
| Dauda Komo | Military Administrator | 9 December 1993 | 22 August 1996 | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Musa Shehu | Military Administrator | 22 August 1996 | August 1998 | Colonel |
| Sam Ewang | Military Administrator | August 1998 | May 1999 | Group Captain |
| Ibok Ekwe Ibas | Administrator | March 2025 | Incumbent | Vice Admiral |
# Wheeling Community Consolidated School District 21

Wheeling Community Consolidated School District 21 (CCSD21) is a school district headquartered in Wheeling, Illinois in the Chicago metropolitan area. It serves most of Wheeling and surrounding communities, such as Buffalo Grove, Arlington Heights, Mount Prospect and Prospect Heights. As of 2006, there are ten elementary schools in the district and three middle schools. District 21 feeds secondary schools within Township High School District 214, such as Buffalo Grove High School and Wheeling High School.

## Schools

| School Name | Address | Principal | Number of Students |
| Poe Elementary School | 2800 N. Highland Avenue, Arlington Heights IL 60004 | Christy Campbell | 351 |
| Kilmer Elementary School | 655 Golfview Terrace, Buffalo Grove IL 60089 | Colleen Goodrich | 506 |
| Longfellow Elementary School | 501 S. Arlington Heights Road, Buffalo Grove IL 60089 | Michelle Friedman | 409 |
| Riley Elementary School | 1209 Burr Oak Drive, Arlington Heights IL 60004 | Nicole Bellini | 278 |
| Field Elementary School | 51 St. Armand Lane, Wheeling IL 60090 | Crystal Jimenez | 541 |
| Tarkington Elementary School | 310 Scott Street, Wheeling IL 60090 | Joe Arduino | 427 |
| Twain Elementary School | 515 E. Merle Lane, Wheeling IL 60090 | Alyssa Shlensky | 471 |
| Whitman Elementary School | 133 S. Wille Avenue, Wheeling IL 60090 | Jorge Almodovar | 481 |
| Frost Elementary School | 1805 Aspen Drive, Mount Prospect IL 60056 | Catherine Joy | 504 |
| Hawthorne Early Childhood School | 200 Glendale Avenue, Wheeling IL 60090 | Holly Harper-Kelly | N/A |
| Cooper Middle School | 1050 Plum Grove Circle, Buffalo Grove IL 60089 | David DeMuth | 661 |
| London Middle School | 1001 W. Dundee Road, Wheeling IL 60090 | Anastasia Netzel | 666 |
| Holmes Middle School | 221 Wolf Road, Wheeling IL 60090 | Jenny Lagunas | 719 |
* Figures are current as of 2020, The Kilmer School Has Other Director Because Other Are Leave Post

## Elected Officials

* Phil Pritzker, Board President
* Staci Allen, Board Vice President
* Debbi McAtee, Board Secretary
* Arlen Gould, Member
* Bill Harrison, Member
* Stacy Hipsack Goetz, Member
* Jessica Riddick, Member
# Jonathan Bowman

Jonathan Bowman (May 16, 1828 – July 16, 1895) was an American lawyer, businessman, Republican politician, and Wisconsin pioneer. He served four years in the Wisconsin Senate (1863–1867) and two years in the state Assembly (1862, 1874), representing Columbia County, Wisconsin.

## Biography

Born in Charleston, New York, his father was a farmer who served in the New York State Legislature. Bowman was educated at the Canajoharie academy and graduated from the State and National Law School in Ballston Spa, New York in 1850.
He then moved to Delton, Wisconsin, in 1851, where he practiced law and was invested in several businesses. His business interests led him, in 1852, to take part in laying out the village of Newport, Wisconsin—where he resided until 1862. Newport was chosen as the site of the first dam across the Wisconsin River, and Bowman was one of the incorporators of the project. He worked with Joseph Bailey, who later became famous in the American Civil War for his bridge across the Red River. Despite his efforts, Newport lost out on a railroad bridge to neighboring Kilbourn City. Bowman moved to Kilbourn City (now Wisconsin Dells) in 1862 and resided there for the rest of his life.
Bowman was an alternate delegate from Wisconsin to the 1860 Republican National Convention, which nominated Abraham Lincoln. For a time, Bowman was very disappointed that the convention did not nominate William H. Seward, but he later became a great admirer of Lincoln.
In 1861, Bowman was elected to the 1862 session of the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Republican. The next year he was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate. He was re-elected in 1864, running on the National Union Party ticket. Also in 1864, Bowman was chosen as one of Wisconsin's presidential electors and served as chairman of the electoral college that year. He served one final term in the Assembly in 1875. In his legislative career, he worked to get approval for a dam on the Wisconsin River at Kilbourn City to improve the industry of the area with water power. After a great deal of resistance from loggers upstream, he was eventually able to get the dam approved and constructed.
After leaving the legislature, he served as an attorney for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company in a dispute with the city of La Crosse, Wisconsin, over the location of a railroad bridge over the Mississippi River. The dispute was adjudicated in the Wisconsin Legislature, and Bowman ultimately was successful on behalf of the Railroad. He then went on to become a member of the board of directors of the railroad from 1875 to 1879.
He purchased a controlling interest in the Bank of Kilbourn in 1868 and remained president of the bank until his death.

## Personal life and family

Bowman married Hannah J. Davis, of Montgomery County, New York, in 1856. They had five children, though only three—Abram, Jennie, and Emma—survived him.
Bowman died from inflammation of the bowels in Kilbourn City, Wisconsin.
# 2002 Jalandhar MiG-21 crash

On 3 May 2002, an Indian Air Force (IAF) Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 bis crashed into an office building in Jalandhar, Punjab, India, killing eight and injuring 17 people on the ground. The pilot, who ejected from the aircraft, survived. A number of passers-by were also injured as they attempted to rescue people trapped in the buildings.

## Overview

The aircraft, piloted by Flt Lt SK Nayak, had taken off from Adampur Air Force base about 10:00am, five minutes prior to the crash. The pilot reported that he "heard some unusual noise followed by an explosion in the engine", and ejected.
The aircraft crashed into the Jalandhar branch of the Bank of Rajasthan, located in a heavily populated residential and commercial section of the city. The crash started a large fire in the bank and the adjoining lumber store. Pieces of the aircraft also landed on nearby homes. The first firefighting units to respond could not find water sources with which to fight the blaze, which was not attacked until Indian Army trucks with foam arrived on scene. It took 40 fire units five hours to contain the fire.
At least one news source reported that a copilot had also ejected; however, the MiG-21bis is a single seat aircraft. Following the crash, the IAF suspended all MiG-21 flight training operations.

## Safety record

The safety record of the IAF's MiG-21s has raised concern in the Indian Parliament and media, leading to the aircraft sometimes being referred to in the IAF as a "flying coffin". One source estimates that in the nine years from 1993 to 2002, the IAF lost over 100 pilots in 283 accidents. During its service life, the IAF has lost at least 116 aircraft to crashes (not including those lost in combat), with 81 of those occurring since 1990.
"Prior to discussion on the accident proneness or otherwise of the MiG-21 aircraft, the figures of loss of 221 aircraft and 100 pilots during the period 1991-2000 appear to be incorrect. During this period, 221 MiG-21 were never lost nor 100 pilots lost their lives in MiG-21 accidents. The figures as reported perhaps are the total loss of IAF aircraft involving all the types operated by the service. It is also possible that the figures were wrongly reported in the press."
The age of the MiG-21s, and their safety record, led the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament to call for their immediate phase-out in a March, 2002 report, and this crash added urgency to that recommendation. However, Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal S. Krishnaswamy and Air Chief Marshal A.Y. Tipnis have stated that the aircraft are "fit to fly". Besides the raw age of the aircraft, their maintenance and upkeep have been called into question.
Other sources blame the accident rate on failures in the pilot training system.
A similar crash occurred on 14 June 1986, when the pilot of a MiG-21 taking off from an air base in Bareilly, India, ejected. The aircraft crashed into nearby Rampurmasi Village, killing 13 people on the ground.
# Barto Bartlett

Edward Lawson "Barto" Bartlett (March 10, 1906 – December 21, 1976) was a Barbadian cricketer who played in West Indies' inaugural Test tour of England in 1928.
He was born in Flint Hall, St. Michael, Barbados, and played first-class cricket as a batsman for Barbados from 1923–24 to 1938–39. His only first-class century was 109 against Nottinghamshire in 1928. His best Test score was 84 (in 119 minutes) against Australia in the First Test in 1930–31.
He died in St. Michael, Barbados, at the age of seventy. Wisden had erroneously reported his death in its 1934 edition. In his obituary in the 1978 edition, Wisden said of him that "he had strokes all round the wicket and, when he was making runs, his potentialities were obvious. It was sad that he could so seldom do justice to them." In his history of Barbados cricket, Bruce Hamilton said Bartlett was the "perfect stylist, fully equipped for batsmanship in the grand manner, with every quality except temperament".
In June 1988, 101 Barbadian 50c stamps were issued featuring the Barbados Cricket Buckle with a photograph of "Barto" Bartlett instead of Herman Griffith. These errors were issued through Parcel Post Office in Bridgetown. All other postal counters had their stocks recovered before 9 am on Monday 6 June 1988 and the corrected 50c stamps depicting Griffith were issued on 11 July 1988. The 101 stamps that were issued featuring Bartlett are highly collectable.
# Chiu-Chu Melissa Liu

Chiu-Chu Melissa Liu (Chinese: 劉秋菊; pinyin: Liú Qiūjú; born 15 December 1974) is a Taiwanese mathematician who works as a professor of mathematics at Columbia University. Her research interests include algebraic geometry and symplectic geometry.

## Education

Liu graduated from National Taiwan University in 1996, and earned her Ph.D. in 2002 from Harvard University under the supervision of Shing-Tung Yau.

## Career

After continuing at Harvard as a Junior Fellow, she took a faculty position at Northwestern University, and moved to Columbia in 2006.
Liu won the Morningside Silver Medal in 2007. She was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2010. In 2012, she became one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society.
# National symbols of Venezuela

The national symbols of Venezuela are the flag, the coat of arms, and the national anthem. Since Venezuela's diversity of flora and fauna is remarkable, the government also officially declared these national symbols:
* The national flower is the orchid Cattleya mossiae, known as flor de Mayo ("May flower"). It was first discovered in the northern land in 1849 and was given the status of national flower on 23 May 1951.
* The national tree is the araguaney (Tabebuia chrysantha). Called aravanei by the Caribes, it can be found mostly in regions with temperate weather. It can reach a height between 6 and 12 m. The araguaney flourishes within the period following a rainy season, mostly in the first months of the year. Rómulo Gallegos referred to these months as "La primavera de oro de los araguaneyes" ("the golden spring of the araguaneyes"). It was declared the national tree on 29 May 1945.
[[File:Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG|thumb|left|alt=A medium-sized bird, brightly colored with patches of orange, black, and white, perches alertly on a cactus.|The Venezuelan troupial
# 1932 Chicago Cardinals season

The 1932 Chicago Cardinals season was their 13th in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous year's 5–4 record, winning only two games. This was the last NFL season without a scheduled postseason or divisions.
This was the last season of ownership for Dr. David J. Jones, who sold the team to attorney Charles Bidwill for $50,000.

## Schedule

| Game | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Recap |
| 1 | September 18 | at Green Bay Packers | L 7–15 | 0–1–0 | City Stadium | Recap |
| 2 | October 2 | at Portsmouth Spartans | T 7–7 | 0–1–1 | Universal Stadium | Recap |
| 3 | October 9 | Chicago Bears | T 0–0 | 0–1–2 | Wrigley Field | Recap |
| 4 | October 16 | at Boston Braves | W 9–0 | 1–1–2 | Braves Field | Recap |
| 5 | October 30 | Brooklyn Dodgers | W 27–7 | 2–1–2 | Wrigley Field | Recap |
| 6 | November 6 | Green Bay Packers | L 9–19 | 2–2–2 | Wrigley Field | Recap |
| 7 | November 13 | at Brooklyn Dodgers | L 0–3 | 2–3–2 | Ebbets Field | Recap |
| 8 | November 20 | at Staten Island Stapletons | L 7–21 | 2–4–2 | Thompson Stadium | Recap |
| 9 | November 24 | at Chicago Bears | L 0–34 | 2–5–2 | Wrigley Field | Recap |
| 10 | November 27 | Boston Braves | L 6–8 | 2–6–2 | Wrigley Field | Recap |

## Standings

NFL standings :
| viewtalkedit | W | L | T | PCT | PF | PA | STK |
| Chicago Bears $^1$ | 7 | 1 | 6 | .875 | 160 | 44 | W3 |
| Green Bay Packers | 10 | 3 | 1 | .769 | 152 | 63 | L2 |
| Portsmouth Spartans $^1$ | 6 | 2 | 4 | .750 | 116 | 71 | L1 |
| Boston Braves | 4 | 4 | 2 | .500 | 55 | 79 | W2 |
| New York Giants | 4 | 6 | 2 | .400 | 93 | 113 | L1 |
| Brooklyn Dodgers | 3 | 9 | 0 | .250 | 63 | 131 | L4 |
| Chicago Cardinals | 2 | 6 | 2 | .250 | 72 | 114 | L5 |
| Staten Island Stapletons | 2 | 7 | 3 | .222 | 77 | 173 | L1 |
       Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.
$^1$ The Bears and Spartans records include the result of the 1932 NFL Playoff Game; thus, the Spartans are ranked third behind the Packers.
# 1932 New York Giants season

The 1932 New York Giants season was the franchise's 8th season in the National Football League.

## Schedule

| Game | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Recap |
| 1 | Bye | Bye | Bye | Bye | Bye | Bye |
| 2 | September 25 | at Portsmouth Spartans | L 0–7 | 0–1 | Universal Stadium | Recap |
| 3 | October 2 | at Green Bay Packers | L 0–13 | 0–2 | City Stadium | Recap |
| 4 | October 9 | at Boston Braves | L 6–14 | 0–3 | Braves Field | Recap |
| 5 | October 16 | Brooklyn Dodgers | W 20–12 | 1–3 | Polo Grounds | Recap |
| 6 | October 23 | Boston Braves | T 0–0 | 1–3–1 | Polo Grounds | Recap |
| 7 | October 30 | Portsmouth Spartans | L 0–6 | 1–4–1 | Polo Grounds | Recap |
| 8 | November 6 | Chicago Bears | L 8–28 | 1–5–1 | Polo Grounds | Recap |
| 9 | November 13 | Staten Island Stapletons | W 27–7 | 2–5–1 | Polo Grounds | Recap |
| 10 | November 20 | Green Bay Packers | W 6–0 | 3–5–1 | Polo Grounds | Recap |
| 11 | November 24 | at Staten Island Stapletons | T 13–13 | 3–5–2 | Thompson Stadium | Recap |
| 11 | November 27 | at Brooklyn Dodgers | W 13–7 | 4–5–2 | Ebbets Field | Recap |
| 12 | December 4 | at Chicago Bears | L 0–6 | 4–6–2 | Wrigley Field | Recap |

## Standings

NFL standings :
| viewtalkedit | W | L | T | PCT | PF | PA | STK |
| Chicago Bears $^1$ | 7 | 1 | 6 | .875 | 160 | 44 | W3 |
| Green Bay Packers | 10 | 3 | 1 | .769 | 152 | 63 | L2 |
| Portsmouth Spartans $^1$ | 6 | 2 | 4 | .750 | 116 | 71 | L1 |
| Boston Braves | 4 | 4 | 2 | .500 | 55 | 79 | W2 |
| New York Giants | 4 | 6 | 2 | .400 | 93 | 113 | L1 |
| Brooklyn Dodgers | 3 | 9 | 0 | .250 | 63 | 131 | L4 |
| Chicago Cardinals | 2 | 6 | 2 | .250 | 72 | 114 | L5 |
| Staten Island Stapletons | 2 | 7 | 3 | .222 | 77 | 173 | L1 |
       Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.
$^1$ The Bears and Spartans records include the result of the 1932 NFL Playoff Game; thus, the Spartans are ranked third behind the Packers.
# Sveta Helena, Zagreb County

Sveta Helena (often abbreviated Sv. Helena) is a naselje (settlement) in the town of Sveti Ivan Zelina in Zagreb County, Croatia, population 366 (2011 census). It is best known for the highway interchange of A4 highway and D10 expressway it houses. A highway node where in December 2008 Outlet center Sveta Helena was open and after two years shut down.

## History

The Viennese architect Gerok signed designed the reconstruction and enlargement of the Adamovich-Hellenbach-Milšić manor in Sveta Helena. The manor featurs decorative towers. In the 19th century, it was given a Neo-gothic facade.$^{:179–181}$
# Markov theorem

In mathematics the Markov theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for two braids to have closures that are equivalent knots or links. The conditions are stated in terms of the group structures on braids.
Braids are algebraic objects described by diagrams; the relation to topology is given by Alexander's theorem which states that every knot or link in three-dimensional Euclidean space is the closure of a braid. The Markov theorem, proved by Russian mathematician Andrei Andreevich Markov Jr. describes the elementary moves generating the equivalence relation on braids given by the equivalence of their closures.
More precisely Markov's theorem can be stated as follows: given two braids represented by elements $\beta _{n},\beta _{m}'$ in the braid groups $B_{n},B_{m}$, their closures are equivalent links if and only if $\beta _{m}'$ can be obtained from applying to $\beta _{n}$ a sequence of the following operations:
* conjugating $\beta _{n}$ in $B_{n}$;
* replacing $\beta _{n}$ by $\beta _{n}\sigma _{n+1}^{\pm 1}\in B_{n+1}$ (here $\sigma _{i}$ are the standard generators of the braid groups; geometrically this amounts to adding a strand to the right of the braid diagram and twisting it once with the (previously) last strand);
* the inverse of the previous operation (if $\beta _{n}=\beta _{n-1}\sigma _{n}^{\pm 1}$ with $\beta _{n-1}\in B_{n-1}$ replace with $\beta _{n-1}$).
In 1974 American mathematician Joan Birman published a monograph, Braids, Links, and Mapping Class Groups, based on a graduate course she taught as a visiting professor at Princeton University in 1971–72; this book contains the first complete proof of the Markov theorem.