# Riverside Sanitarium and Hospital

Riverside Sanitarium Hospital was a medical institution founded in 1901 that primarily served Nashville’s African-American community from 1927 to 1983. It was the first black Seventh-day Adventist medical facility in the United States, and provided modern healthcare to African Americans in the Nashville area who were facing discrimination in mainstream hospitals while simultaneously attracting physicians, nurses, and patients from across the country. Riverside Sanitarium Hospital played a critical role in advancing medical opportunities, was a pioneer for modern medicine, and served as a leader in alternative medical therapies. From five small rooms, Riverside grew into a hospital in 1927 with a 50-bed brick building, expanded to a modern four-story facility with 85 beds in June 1948, and further developed into a three-story hospital with 290 beds in 1976.

## History
### Founding and early years (1901 – 1927)

Riverside Sanitarium, originally known as the Nashville Colored Sanitarium, was founded in 1901 by the Southern Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. The primary purpose was to expand Adventist medical missionary efforts to African-Americans, who at the time had extremely limited access to adequate healthcare. In 1935, the institution officially gained recognition as an Adventist facility after receiving a generous property donation valued at $300,000 by Nellie H. Druillard who was a former missionary. The sanitarium's first physician was Dr. Lottie C. Isbell, a recent graduate of the American Medical Missionary College in Battle Creek, Michigan, became the sanitarium's first physician. Operating out of small treatment rooms on North Cherry Street, the facility offered a range of alternative medical treatments such as hydrotherapy. Despite its innovative approach, the sanitarium faced controversy in Nashville and struggled financially due to local skepticism. The sanitarium later moved to the Hillcrest Area on White Creeks Pike, but the relocation was ultimately unsuccessful due to limited clientele, leading to its closure.

### Expansion into a hospital (1927 – 1940s)

In 1927, efforts to transform the institution into a fully operational hospital was led by Nellie H. Druillard, a devoted Adventist Missionary and philanthropist who was instremental in securing the finances and essential resources for the expansion. During the early 1900s, she and her husband served as a missionary in South Africa holding key roles advancing Adventist initiatives. Her contributions were critical in enabling Riverside Hospital to offer modern healthcare to Nashville's African American population at a time where segregation restricted access to medical facilities and healthcare. The hospital soon earned recognition for its high-quality care, attracting Black physicians and nurses from across the nation. A significant milestone occurred on September 5, 1948, with the new dedication of a new 85- bed hospital building, a major step in the sanitarium's expansion. The dedication event attracted 1,500 attendees, including prominent Seventh-day Adventist leaders such as J.L. McElhany, G.E. Peters and N.C. Wilson. Over time, Riverside became a symbol for Black medical professionals seeking a racially inclusive medical environment.

### Growth and leadership (1940s – 1970s)

The 1940s marked the beginning of a period of growth for this institution under the leadership of Dr. Carl A. Dent, who was appointed as the hospital’s medical director in 1940. Dr. Dent was a key figure in advancing the medical services at Riverside, influencing many decisions as an influential figure in the organization’s affairs. In 1963, the hospital oversaw the construction of the Pagoda of Medicine, a mid-century modern medical building designed by architect Leon Q. Jackson. This building would later become a landmark associated with Nashville’s African American medical history. In 1962, Elder Charles E. Dudley was elected president of the South Central Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, serving in this role for 30 years and heavily advocating for the hospital, helping it stay relevant within the community.

### Decline and subsequent closure (1970s – 1983)

The 1970s would continue to see plans for further expansion of the hospital, with new facilities being made under the spearheading of the McKissack Farm. However, financial hardship and the changing healthcare landscape would lead to the sanitarium’s decline. By 1983, the Adventist Health System had closed Riverside Hospital completely, marking the end of an era for one of Nashville’s most significant medical institutions.

## Notable figures
### Dorothy Lavinia Brown

Dorothy Lavinia Brown (1919 – 2004) was a renowned African-American surgeon. Brown studied at Meharry Medical College under Matthew Walker and became the first black female surgeon in the South. At Riverside Hospital, she served as Chief of Surgery and was the first African-American woman to be made a fellow of the African American College of Surgeons. In 1966, she became the first African-American woman elected to the Tennessee General Assembly.

### Carl Ashley Dent

Carl Ashley Dent (1914 – 1995) was a widely recognized African-American physician and missionary for the African-American Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Riverside Chapel in Nashville. In 1938, Dent became the first African-American offered a medical internship at the L.A County General Hospital. In 1940, Dent became the medical director of Riverside Sanitarium. He played a crucial role in the hospital’s growth and success and he even commissioned the construction of the mid-century modern Pagoda of Medicine in 1963, designed by Leon Q. Jackson.

### Elder Charles E. Dudley

Elder Charles E. Dudley, a minister and conference president, was born on February 1, 1927, in South Bend, Indiana. He would serve the Seventh-day Adventist church for more than sixty years, doing various works as a pastor-evangelist, administrator, scholar, and author. He received a doctorate in ministry and a Ph.D. in religious ethics, both from Vanderbilt University. Elected in 1962 as president of the South Central Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, Dudley was an outspoken advocate for Riverside Hospital, ensuring its impact continued throughout his 30-year tenure.

### Lottie C. Isbell (Blake)

Lottie C. Isbell (Blake), a new graduate from the American Medical Missionary College in Battle Creek, took charge of the newly founded Riverside Sanitarium with treatment rooms on North Cherry Street.

## Recognition
### Historical marker and commemoration

On September 29, 2018, a historical marker was unveiled in honor of the Riverside Sanitarium and Hospital for its contributions to Nashville’s African American community. The marker was created and placed by the Metropolitan Historical Commission of Nashville and Davidson County, partnering with the Riverside Historical Society for this endeavor.
The unveiling ceremony was held at Riverside Nashville Church, where former hospital staff, community leaders, and descendants of patients at the hospital all came together in honor of this institution. Notable speakers included the likes of Dr. Peter Edmund Millet, vice president of Meharry Medical College, and Womack H. Rucker Jr. the last president of the Riverside Hospital. U.S. Congressman Jim Cooper, representing Tennessee’s 5th District, was also in attendance with several other community leaders, acknowledging his embarrassment for not recognizing the historical significance of the medical facility.

### Continued influence

Although the hospital is no longer operational, its impact on African American medical excellence continues. The Pagoda of Medicine continues to stand as a symbol of Black excellence, where the Riverside Historical Society actively preserves its historical significance, emphasizing the importance of remembering what the hospital accomplished to healthcare and racial equity.