# Josefa Segovia

Josefa Segovia, also known as Juanita or Josefa Loaiza, was a Mexican-American woman who was lynched by hanging in Downieville, California, on July 5, 1851. She is known as the first recorded Mexican woman to be lynched in California. Josefa is also an important figure in Chicana feminist theory as her case highlights the violence Mexican woman were facing at the time and the resistance against it.

## Known facts about her case

On July 4, 1851 an Anglo-American miner Frederick Cannon broke into the home of Josefa. There are different accounts as to what happened that night in her house, some accounts report that she was assaulted. Others report that he broke down her door and harassed her.
The next day, on July 5, 1851, her partner Jose Segovia confronted the Anglo-American man who then followed Jose home and yelled profanities at both Josefa and Jose. This altercation ended with Josefa stabbing Cannon. A mob of the Anglo-American miners in Downieville, CA then gathered and held an extrajudicial trial where they decided Josefa was guilty. On that night, Josefa was hung on the Yuba River.

### Speculation and Uncertainty

While Josefa Segovia is widely claimed to be the only woman in California to have been lynched, the historical record of lynchings is incomplete. The original records for lynchings were categorized solely as having Black or White victims, erasing a history of violence against Mexicans. Additionally, violence against Mexican women was not reported as commonly as violence against white women. So while Josefa is the only recorded woman lynched in California, there could be more.
There is much speculation about why Josefa stabbed Cannon. Hubert Howe Bancroft, a historian of the time, reported that Cannon kicked down Josefa’s door while he was drunk, but left without assaulting her. However, other historians, including William D. Carrigan and Maythee Rojas, generally agree that when Cannon knocked down Josefa’s door, he was actively attempting to assault or harass her.
Similarly, the details of the following day, July 5, are unclear. Some accounts of the story claim Cannon returned to Josefa’s house to apologize for his behavior. Other historians say he returned to fight with her husband, Jose Segovia (Loaiza), who confronted him for breaking into Josefa and his home. All accounts conclude that the altercation ultimately led to Cannon calling Josefa a “whore.” Josefa then stabbed him.

## Adult life
### Family

Irene I. Blea's book U.S. Chicanas and Latinas in a Historical Context claims that Josefa was a Sonoran and of good character. She was about 26 years old at the time of her death. Kerry Segrave recounts Josefa Segovia's life in Downieville, California, also known as "The Forks" for its location at the north fork of the Yuba River. She lived with a Mexican gambler, José, in a small house on the main street of town. It is not completely clear if they were married or not.

### Reputation in Downieville

Josefa was probably not married to José, but she did live with him. Therefore, she received a bad reputation. According to one account, Juanita (read Josefa) was slender and barely five feet (1.5 m) tall. The same account states that Josefa was beautiful, vivacious and intelligent. Some say that she was not at all disliked in the mining camp in Downieville.
Downie relates the story in the following fashion. Juanita had accompanied her partner to Downieville from Mexico and both lived in an adobe house. Downie states, "Whether she was his wife or not makes no difference in this story." He further describes her figure as "richly developed and in strict proportions." Only her temper was "not well balanced." Celebrating the Fourth of July, Cannon and companions were returning from the dram shop at a late hour, with Cannon staggering from the influence of liquor. Along the way, he stumbled through the door of the adobe hut. His friends quickly pulled him back outside and they proceeded home. Mortified the next morning of his embarrassing blunder, he proceeded to the hut to offer an apology in Spanish. This did not go well with the Mexican couple, and Juanita grew angry. In a rage, she drew a knife and stabbed Cannon. Soon a "mob of infuriated men" gathered, ready to invoke the "miner's law" of a "life for life". Only Mr. Thayer came to her defense, but to no avail as she was quickly tried and found guilty. A scaffold was erected and the "howling blood-thirsty mob...cried for vengeance" according to Downie. Downie states Juanita retold the story of the "unfortunate incident", how she had been "provoked" and if done so again would "repeat her act." She then took the rope, placed the noose around her neck, said "¡Adiós, señores!" and "leaped from the scaffold into eternity." Downie concludes by stating "it was one of those blots that stained the early history of California."

## Social and racial environment for Mexicans in California

In 1835, Andrew Jackson tried to buy California for $3.5 million (~$109 million in 2023), but Mexico refused the offer. Ten years later, James K. Polk suggested annexing Texas, but also put California as a high priority on his list of territory to acquire. The U.S. and Mexico went to war on May 13, 1846. On February 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed. What neither the U.S. nor Mexico realized was that nine days earlier, gold had been found in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It is estimated that between 1848 and 1852, as many as 25,000 Mexicans migrated to California to mine. In the fall of 1848, as many as 3,000 Mexicans migrated to the mining regions. Often, they traveled as entire families. After hearing of the gold, thousands of American men borrowed money, mortgaged their homes, or spent their life savings to travel to California and take advantage of the opportunity to find gold. Because society at the time was based on a waged labor, the idea that a person could obtain wealth by finding gold became irresistible. By 1849, the population of non-native Californians grew to over 100,000. Two-thirds of this non-native population were Americans. Despite the fact that the work of mining was the hardest kind of labor, the promise of gold drew miners west every year.
In 1848, when the California Gold Rush began, the population of the state was a Mexican majority. However, this Mexican population fell to 15% by 1850 and to 4% by 1870. Northern California, where Downieville is located, received the majority of the Anglo migration during the beginning of the Gold Rush. The Mexican majority in 1848 allowed for many successes for early racial relations. For example, all state laws and regulations were to be translated into Spanish.

### Trial

The American mining population in Downieville was enraged by Cannon's death. Josefa was put on trial the next day, and the jury consisted of Cannon's friends and companions while the rest of Downieville waited for the results. Supposedly, a physician, Dr. Cyrus D. Aiken, testified that Josefa was not in a fit condition to be hanged. Protests immediately followed the doctor's testimony and he was forced from the stand and from the town. Moments later, Josefa was found guilty of the murder of Cannon. Also, Mr. Thayer, a lawyer from Nevada attempted to testify against the execution of Juanita but was beaten off the stand. Reportedly, he asked for a fair trial for Juanita to see if a murder had really been committed.

### Execution

For the lynching, a scaffold was constructed on the Jersey Bridge over the Yuba River. The town came to stand on the banks of the river and watch her execution. It was an important event to lessen the anger of the townspeople over Cannon's death. Josefa was hanged immediately following the trial, and some accounts say that her last words before she was executed were "Adiós Señores". She is widely known to be the first woman to be executed by hanging in California Mr. Manly wrote, "Juanita went calmly to her death. She wore a Panama hat, and after mounting the platform she removed it, tossed it to a friend in the crowd, whose nickname was 'Oregon,' with the remark, 'Adios, amigo.' Then she adjusted the noose to her own neck, raising her long, loose tresses carefully in order to fix the rope firmly in its place; and then, with a smile and wave of her hand to the bloodthirsty crowd present, she stepped calmly from the plank into eternity. Singularly enough, her body rests side by side, in the cemetery on the hill, with that of the man whose life she had taken." Mr. Manly's book is generally a first person account of his experiences migrating to California to mine for gold. Although he did mine for gold near Downieville in 1851, he, by his own account, was not in Downieville on the dates in question. He does not cite the source for his version of the events though it seems conceivable he heard eyewitness accounts.
Some witnesses recalled Josefa saying before she died: "'I would do the same again if I was so provoked.'". This is one of many characteristics pointed out by some who are of the opinion that she must have been an aggressive woman. This has been used to advance the idea that those who lynched her may have been right that she had murdered Joe the miner when he was not actually threatening her safety. Another fact brought up to support this idea is that the townsfolk noted that she was quick to anger. Due to conflicting witness statements and vague details some modern commentators believe that Juanita did not murder Frederick Cannon.

## Legacy

Segovia and the events leading to her death are a major plot point in Girls of the Golden West, a 2017 opera by John Adams based on the letters of Dame Shirley.