OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Center versus periphery

Center versus periphery (方言周圏論, Hōgen-Shūken-Ron, lit. "Surrounding-zones dialect theory") is a linguistic theory put forward by Japanese folklorist Yanagita Kunio explaining the usage of certain words in a language used in some regions while not in others. The theory may also explain the existence of other cultural features, or lack thereof, in differing regions. However, it was specifically created to address linguistic differences.

## Overview

In general, the theory states new words, often synonyms, are created in influential areas and cultural centers. These words gradually move outward to less culturally influential areas in a ripple pattern. Over time, the new words may travel a great distance. However, during their slow progression outwards from the cultural center, new words are also being created and gradually moving outwards. New words may not have the "momentum" necessary to propagate to all areas where the language is used. Typically, areas that are furthest away from a cultural center will possess only the oldest form of a word and no others, though the new words often still remain active in the cultural center where they were created, along with additional synonym variations.

## Origin

This theory was postulated by Yanagita Kunio to explain the existence of some words in cultural centers, such as the capital of Japan, during various stages of the nation's history, and the lack of those such words in non-cultural centers. It is not certain if his postulate was the first to describe such cultural patterns in general; or merely with respect to language.

## Example

One phenomenon the theory attempts to explain, for example, is the Japanese word for snail, particularly before the Meiji period. In Kyoto, the capital of Japan around the time of the Edo period, there were as many as four different words for snail: dedemushi (ででむし), maimai (まいまい), katatsumuri (かたつむり), and tsuburi (つぶり). In the areas outside the capital, not all of these words existed. As one traveled further from the capital, the number of synonyms employed decreased. In the furthest reaches of Japan in the North and the South, typically only one word for "snail" was used. Coincidentally, the same single word existed in both places (in this case tsuburi (つぶり)), despite the great distance between the regions. Some linguists have taken this existence of various words in the furthest regions from cultural centers as an indication of the age of certain of these words.
# Elisheba

Elisheva (/əˈlɪʃɪbə/; Hebrew: אֱלִישֶׁבַע‎, romanized: ’Ělīševa‘), or originally, Elisheva (/əˈlɪʃɪbə/; Hebrew: אֱלִישֶׁבַע‎, romanized: ’Ělīšev̱a‘), was the wife of the ancient Israelite Aaron, the older brother of Moses, and the first "High Priest of Israel", mentioned in Exodus 6:23 in the Torah and Christian Old Testament.

## In the Torah and Christian Bible

She was said to be a daughter of Amminadab from the Tribe of Judah and a sister of Nahshon, also from the Tribe of Judah. The Hebrew name is composed of two parts: in one interpretation, "Eli" means "my God" and "sheva" means "oath." The name Elisheva can thus be translated as "God is (my) oath.”
Exodus 6:23 in the Torah and Old Testament records that Elisheva and Aaron had four sons: Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. In order to be legitimately recognized as hereditary priests (Kohanim; Hebrew: כֹּהֲנִים‎), Jews are required by halakha to be Levites of direct patrilineal descent from Eleazar and Ithamar, the two youngest sons of Aaron and Elisheva.
In the first chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament, a woman named Elisabet (Greek: Ἐλισάβετ) is said to have been a descendant of Aaron and the wife of Zechariah, who was also a Jewish priest. Elisabet was a relative of Jesus' mother, Mary, and was the mother of John the Baptist with Zechariah.

## Derivations of the Name
### In English

Elizabeth is the common English-language variant of Elisabet, which is derived from Elisheva.

### In Spanish/Portuguese

Isabel is the Spanish and Portuguese version of the name Elisheva or Elizabeth in English.

### In Italian

Elisabetta is the Italian version of Elizabeth, while Isabella is the Italian version of Elisheva.

### In the Muslim world

Alishba is a modern name that is believed to have been derived from an Arabic-language translation of Elisheva. It is prevalent among Muslims in the Indian subcontinent.
# Searching for Whitopia

Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America is a 2009 non-fiction book by Rich Benjamin.
In May 2010, Benjamin briefly summarized his experiences in a TED talk.

## Overview

African American journalist Rich Benjamin documents his journeys to find out why more and more white Americans move to small towns and areas that are, for the most part, white, and to explain why Whitopias are growing and what it means for the United States.
Benjamin mounted a two-year tour of the United States, covering 26,907 miles (43,303 km), looking for "Whitopias", which he defined as:
* an area which has experienced at least 6% growth rate since 2000;
* the great majority of that growth consists of white persons;
* the area has a pleasant look, feel, ambiance, or charm.
He spent several months in three such areas: St. George, Utah, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, and Forsyth County, Georgia. In each case, he generated a master plan to thoroughly immerse himself in the community's core, with lists of the power brokers, the important groups, and the significant events. He tried to volunteer or involve himself with those people and groups.

## Author's experiences

In St. George, Benjamin rented a house over the telephone in a gated community, La Entrada.
He took up golfing, fishing and Texas hold 'em. He was generally welcomed in every instance, and learned that the dominant topic in St. George was illegal immigration; a local group had been organized to fight immigration, and they held regular rallies.
In Idaho, Benjamin rented a resort cabin at Lake Coeur d'Alene. He found a significant number of retired LAPD officers living there, and also found a significant number of gun owners where he learned to shoot a pistol at the local gun range.
He spent time at a retreat, the only non-white journalist in the group, at the Council of Aryan Nations compound. He was told that the group is not "white-supremacy"; they are "white-segregation" - they merely don't want to live in close proximity to non-white people. He noted the preponderance of Confederate flags.
In Georgia he found the predominant cultural activity revolved around a mega-church, so he involved himself in its activities. He felt the most comfortable in this situation, since both blacks and whites in this area are used to seeing the other - as contrasted to the first two sites, where a black person is still a rarity.

## Aftermath

In a October 2009 interviewed by Time following the book's publication, author Benjamin was asked what is the danger Whitopias pose to America as a whole, to which Benjamin aanswered "You can call me old-fashioned, but I’m an integrationist. A democracy can’t function at its optimum unless all members are integrated as full members.
# Hazarajat Campaign of 1843

The Hazarajat Campaign of 1843 began as a result of the post First Anglo-Afghan War situation in Afghanistan. Behsud and Bamiyan had broken away from Afghan rule as a result of the war, and Dost Mohammad sought to reconquer it following his resumption of power in Kabul.

## Background

In the First Anglo-Afghan War, deposed Durrani ruler, Shah Shuja Durrani, wished to regain the throne and restore the Sadozai Dynasty in power of Afghanistan once again. Shah Shuja successfully invaded in 1839 with the aid of the British. Shah Shuja would rule from 1839 to 1842 before being defeated by the sons of Dost Mohammad Khan, notably Wazir Akbar Khan. Dost Mohammad was restored to the throne of Kabul following this, and began to plan the re-conquest of territories that had split as a result of the war such as Bamyan and Behsud, as well as aiming to conquer other Hazara tribes in the region.

## Campaign

The campaign began shortly after the failed subjugation attempt of Kunar led by Akbar Khan and Afzal Khan. Mohammad Akram Khan, another son of Dost Mohammad Khan, was assigned a force by Dost Mohammad and he set out in 1843. Akram Khan in a matter of months re-conquered Bamyan and Behsud, and also conquered the Hazara tribes of Dai Kundi and Dai Zangi in the process. When Akram Khan eventually returned to Kabul following the conquest, he brought many gifts for Dost Mohammad including livestock, rugs, and taxes.

## Aftermath

Following these conquests, Dost Mohammad Khan was able to expand his realm and later lay claim to territories such as Balkh beyond the Hindu Kush from Bamyan in 1845.
# Nordlysprisen

Nordlysprisen (the Northern Lights Prize, established in 1989) is an annual award presented by the newspaper Nordlys during the opening concert at Nordlysfestivalen in Tromsø, Norway. Nordlysprisen is awarded to a performing musician or composer, that through their work in Northern Norway has excelled at a high artistic level and therefore contributed to highlighting the region's musical life in a positive way. In 2013 the prize-winner was awarded 50000 Norwegian kroner.

## Nordlysprisen winners

* 1989: Håkon Stødle (clarinet), from Porsanger
* 1990: Paul Wåhlberg (flute), from Gothenburg
* 1991: Tori Stødle (piano), from Oslo
* 1992: Tove Karoline Knutsen (vocals), from Torsken
* 1993: Arne Dagsvik (conductor and composer), from Åfjord
* 1994: Mari Boine (vocals), from Karasjok
* 1995: Bjørn Andor Drage (composer and concert organist), from Saltdal
* 1996: Bjarte Engeset (conductor), from Ørsta
* 1997: Arne Bjørhei (trumpet), from Troms
* 1998: Henning Gravrok (saxophone), from Tovik
* 1999: Geir Jensen (keyboards), from Tromsø
* 2000: Arvid Engegård (violin), from Bodø
* 2001: Malfred Hanssen (violin), from Bodø
* 2002: Knut Erik Sundquist (double bass), from Tromsø
* 2003: Ingor Ánte Áilo Gaup (joik and composer), from Kautokeino
* 2004: Ola Bremnes (troubadour), from Svolvær
* 2005: Susanne Lundeng (violin and fiddle), from Bodø
* 2006: Jan Gunnar Hoff (piano), from Bodø
* 2007: Anneli Drecker (vocals), from Tromsø
* 2008: Ragnar Rasmussen (conductor), from Vardø
* 2009: Marianne Beate Kielland (mezzo-soprano), from Lørenskog
* 2010: Bodvar Moe (double bass & composer), from Mo i Rana
* 2011: Marit Sandvik (vocals), from Harstad
* 2012: Inga Juuso (vocals), from Kautokeino
* 2013: Nils Anders Mortensen (piano), from Flekkefjord
* 2014: Anne-Lise Sollied Allemano (soprano), from Tromsø
* 2015: Ragnar Olsen, (folk singer, songwriter), from Tromsø
* 2016: Ketil Vea and Sigmund Lillebjerka
* 2017: Terje Nilsen
* 2018: Ragnhild Furebotten
* 2019: Roger Ludvigsen
* 2020: Jens Christian Kloster
* 2021: Ola Graff
# Pekkanini

Pekkanini (born Pekka Lunde, July 2, 1952 in Uppsala – June 30, 2021 in Gothenburg) is a Swedish composer/musician who specializes in playing the theremin.
He created the rockgroup "Ensamma Hjärtan" ("The Lonely Hearts") together with fellow musician Gunnar Danielsson in the '70s. Later they formed the duo Danielsson & Pekkanini and had some radio hits in the 1980s. Pekkanini made his first solo albums in 1982 and 1986, "Pekkanini" and "Spotlight". Since the early '80s he has composed music for more than 100 Swedish plays all around the country. As a theremin player he has made 3 solo albums, Theremin Magic (2010), Theremins in the Jukebox (2011) and Theremin tunes played in odd bars (2013). He also produced an album with songs by Sardinian composer Enrico Pasini called Songs for which he arranged and interpreted Pasini's music for the theremin.
In 2010 he won in a category of The People's Music Awards. Pekkanini is a member of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.
# Burg

The German word Burg means castle. Burg or Bürg may refer to:

## Places
### Placename element

* -burg, a combining form in Dutch, German and English placenames
* Burg, a variant of burh, the fortified towns of Saxon England

### Settlements

* Burg, Aargau, Switzerland
* Burg, Bernkastel-Wittlich, Germany
* Burg, Bitburg-Prüm, Germany
* Burg, Brandenburg, Germany
* Burg, Dithmarschen, Germany
* Burg auf Fehmarn, Germany
* Burg bei Magdeburg, Germany
* Burg im Leimental, Switzerland
* Den Burg, Netherlands
* The Burg, Illinois, United States
* Burg, Hautes-Pyrénées, France
* Burg, Kilfinichen and Kilvickeon parish, Scotland
* Melber, Kentucky, United States, also known as Burg
* Saint-Petersburg, Russia
* Orenburg, Russia
* Ekaterinenburg, Russia

## Other uses

* Burg (surname) or Bürg
* Bürg (crater)
* Burg (ship, 2003), a car ferry operating on Switzerland's Lake Zurich
* Burgs (fast-food chain)
# Searching for Whitopia

Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America is a 2009 non-fiction book by Rich Benjamin.
In May 2010, Benjamin briefly summarized his experiences in a TED talk.

## Overview

African American journalist Rich Benjamin documents his journeys to find out why more and more white Americans move to small towns and areas that are, for the most part, white, and to explain why Whitopias are growing and what it means for the United States.
Benjamin mounted a two-year tour of the United States, covering 26,907 miles (43,303 km), looking for "Whitopias", which he defined as:
* an area which has experienced at least 6% growth rate since 2000;
* the great majority of that growth consists of white persons;
* the area has a pleasant look, feel, ambiance, or charm.
He spent several months in three such areas: St. George, Utah, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, and Forsyth County, Georgia. In each case, he generated a master plan to thoroughly immerse himself in the community's core, with lists of the power brokers, the important groups, and the significant events. He tried to volunteer or involve himself with those people and groups.

## Author's experiences

In St. George, Benjamin rented a house over the telephone in a gated community, La Entrada.
He took up golfing, fishing and Texas hold 'em. He was generally welcomed in every instance, and learned that the dominant topic in St. George was illegal immigration; a local group had been organized to fight immigration, and they held regular rallies.
In Idaho, Benjamin rented a resort cabin at Lake Coeur d'Alene. He found a significant number of retired LAPD officers living there, and also found a significant number of gun owners where he learned to shoot a pistol at the local gun range.
He spent time at a retreat, the only non-white journalist in the group, at the Council of Aryan Nations compound. He was told that the group is not "white-supremacy"; they are "white-segregation" - they merely don't want to live in close proximity to non-white people. He noted the preponderance of Confederate flags.
In Georgia he found the predominant cultural activity revolved around a mega-church, so he involved himself in its activities. He felt the most comfortable in this situation, since both blacks and whites in this area are used to seeing the other - as contrasted to the first two sites, where a black person is still a rarity.

## Aftermath

In a October 2009 interview publication by Time following Whitetopia's publication, author Ricj Benjamin was asked about the danger Whitopias pose to America as a whole, to which Benjamin aanswered "You can call me old-fashioned, but I’m an integrationist. A democracy can’t function at its optimum unless all members are integrated as full members."
# Shegufta Bakht Chaudhuri

Shegufta Bakht Chaudhuri (known as S B Chaudhuri; 1931 – 11 November 2020) was a Bangladeshi economist who served as the fourth governor of Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of Bangladesh during 1987–1992, and was also the advisor of the first caretaker government of Bangladesh in 1996.

## Background

Shegufta's father was Dewan Mamun Chaudhuri and his paternal grandfather was Khan Bahadur Wasil Chaudhuri. His mother was Syeda Zebunessa Khatun, daughter of Khan Bahadur Syed Sikandar Ali. Writers Syed Mujtaba Ali and Syed Murtaza Ali were Shegufta's maternal uncles. He traced his maternal descent from Shah Ahmed Mutawakkil, a local holy man and a Syed of Taraf, though apparently unrelated to Taraf's ruling Syed dynasty.
Known as Taufiq by his family, Shegufta Bakht Chaudhuri was brought up in his home village of Bongaon, Nabiganj Upazila of Habiganj District in the Division of Sylhet, Bangladesh. He was the eldest of five siblings, having had one younger brother late Mahbubur Rob Sadi and four sisters.

## Education

Chaudhuri received a BA (Hons) in Economics from the University of Dhaka in the early 1950s. His Masters in International Relations at the same university was not completed due to illness. He later received a MPA (Master of Public Administration) from John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1967.

## Career

Chaudhuri was initially a journalist at the Morning News newspaper in the early 1950s before joining the Pakistan Taxation Service in 1955 after completing the CSS examinations. He served in different branches of the Pakistan Government service as a section officer and then as a deputy secretary before he went to attend the Harvard School of Government. He was subsequently employed in a number of roles in the Pakistan and later Bangladesh governments. These include:
* First Secretary (Commercial Attaché) at the Pakistan Embassy at Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1967–70.
* Chief Controller of Imports and Exports, Govt. of Pakistan, 1970–71.
* Director-General, Export Promotion Bureau, Govt. of Bangladesh for a brief period.
* Chief Controller of Imports and Exports, Govt. of Bangladesh, 1973-1974
* Additional Secretary, Ministry of Commerce and Secretary of Internal Resources Division, Ministry of Finance, 1974–77
* Chairman, National Board of Revenue, Govt. of Bangladesh, 1981–87
* Governor, Bangladesh Bank, 1987–92.
After he retired from Bangladesh Bank, he started a column with the Daily Star titled "Along My Way". He served as an Adviser (the equivalent of a cabinet minister) for three months in the caretaker government of 1996, which ran the country and supervised the parliamentary elections. He was also the Adviser to City Bank, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from c. 1993/94 to 1998.

## Death

Chaudhuri died on 11 November 2020 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He was survived by his wife late Nargis Chaudhuri, son and daughter as well as three grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.
# Adenosine A3 receptor

The adenosine A$_3$ receptor, also known as ADORA3, is an adenosine receptor, but also denotes the human gene encoding it.

## Function

Adenosine A$_3$ receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that couple to Gi/Gq and are involved in a variety of intracellular signaling pathways and physiological functions. It mediates a sustained cardioprotective function during cardiac ischemia, it is involved in the inhibition of neutrophil degranulation in neutrophil-mediated tissue injury, it has been implicated in both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects, and it may also mediate both cell proliferation and cell death. Recent publications demonstrate that adenosine A3 receptor antagonists (SSR161421) could have therapeutic potential in bronchial asthma (17,18).

## Gene

Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

## Therapeutic implications

An adenosine A$_3$ receptor agonist (CF-101) is in clinical trials for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In a mouse model of infarction the A$_3$ selective agonist CP-532,903 protected against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury.

## Selective Ligands

A number of selective A$_3$ ligands are available.

### Agonists/Positive Allosteric Modulators

* 2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine
* CF-101 (IB-MECA)
* CF-102
* 2-Cl-IB-MECA
* CP-532,903
* Inosine
* LUF-6000
* MRS-3558
* AST-004
* Namodenoson

### Antagonists/Negative Allosteric Modulators

* KF-26777
* MRS-545
* MRS-1191
* MRS-1220
* MRS-1334
* MRS-1523
* MRS-3777
* MRE-3005-F20
* MRE-3008-F20
* PSB-11
* OT-7999
* VUF-5574
* SSR161421
* ISAM-DM10

### Inverse Agonists

* PSB-10
# Castilleja foliolosa

Castilleja foliolosa is a species of paintbrush, known by the common names felt paintbrush and chaparral paintbrush.
It is native to California and northern Baja California, where it grows in chaparral and rocky desert and mountain slopes.

## Description

Castilleja foliolosa is a perennial wildflower that grows up to 60 centimeters tall and is coated in woolly white or gray branching hairs. The leaves are linear in shape and up to 5 centimeters long.
The inflorescence is made up of layers of bracts tipped in bright orange-red to dull yellowish green. Between the colorful bracts appear the nondescript flowers, which are greenish in color and pouch-shaped. The fruit is a capsule just over a centimeter long.

### Names

Castilleja foliolosa is known in English by the common names of "felt paintbrush", "chaparral paintbrush", or "wooly painted-cup". It is also called "wooly paintbrush", however it shares this name with the species Castilleja lanata.
# Primrose Path (1940 film)

Primrose Path is a 1940 drama film about a young woman determined not to follow the profession of her mother and grandmother: prostitution. It stars Ginger Rogers and Joel McCrea. The film was an adaptation of the novel February Hill by Victoria Lincoln (uncredited for legal reasons).
Marjorie Rambeau was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

## Plot

Tomboy Ellie May Adams (Ginger Rogers) keeps her virtue despite her difficult circumstances. Her alcoholic, Greek scholar father Homer (Miles Mander) is unemployable, leaving her loving mother Mamie (Marjorie Rambeau) to support the family by going out with men. Her ex-prostitute grandmother (Queenie Vassar) sees nothing wrong with their shared profession.
One day, Ellie May warily accepts a ride to the beach from Gramp (Henry Travers). Gramp runs a beachside restaurant and gas station along with wisecracking Ed Wallace (Joel McCrea). Ellie May falls in love with Ed and eventually, after lying to him about being thrown out by her family over him, gets him to marry her. She becomes an industrious, well-liked waitress in the restaurant.
However, she makes a grave mistake when she finally agrees to take Ed to meet the rest of her family. When her lies about her relations are revealed, Ed leaves her. To add to her woes, her father accidentally shoots her mother during one of his drunken, half-hearted attempts at suicide. Before she dies, Mamie gets Ellie May to promise to take care of the family.
When Ellie May cannot find work, in desperation, she finally takes up the family profession. Thelma (Vivienne Osborne), Mamie's friend and co-worker, arranges for Ellie May to accompany her, her current boyfriend, and "Mr. Smith" (an uncredited Charles Lane) on a car trip to San Francisco. On the way, Ellie May gets them to stop at Ed's favorite nightclub, where she bitterly pretends to be what her husband thinks she is. However, after a private talk with a sympathetic Mr. Smith, Ed figures out the truth and takes Ellie May back. He also accepts the burden of her family.

## Cast

* Ginger Rogers as Ellie May Adams
* Joel McCrea as Ed Wallace
* Marjorie Rambeau as Mamie Adams
* Henry Travers as Gramp
* Miles Mander as Homer Adams
* Queenie Vassar as Grandma
* Joan Carroll as Honeybell Adams
* Vivienne Osborne as Thelma
* Carmen Morales as Carmelita, Ed's former girlfriend
* Charles Lane as Mr. Smith/Mr. Hawkins (uncredited)

## Reception

The film made a profit of $110,000.