# Electronic visa

An electronic visa (E-Visa) and an electronic travel authorization (ETA, also styled eTA) are digital travel permits commonly required in conjunction with a valid passport for entry into specific jurisdictions. These electronic travel documents have gained prominence in the modern era of digital connectivity and streamlined travel processes.

## Background

Beginning in the 2000s many countries introduced e-visas and electronic travel authorisations (ETAs) as an alternative to traditional visas. An ETA is a kind of pre-arrival registration, which may or may not be officially classified as a visa depending on the issuing jurisdiction, required for foreign travellers who are exempted from obtaining a full visa. In contrast to the procedures that typically apply in regard to proper visas, per which the traveller normally has no recourse if rejected, if an ETA is rejected the traveller can choose to apply for a visa instead. In contrast, an e-visa is simply a visa that travellers can apply for and receive online without visiting the issuing state's consular mission or visa agency.

## Differences Between eVisa and eTA

Electronic Visa (eVisa) and Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) are digital travel documents that enable travelers to gain entry into foreign countries. Despite their apparent similarities, these two forms of travel authorization exhibit notable distinctions:
* An Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) should not be confused with a traditional visa. These documents serve distinct purposes and have varying eligibility criteria.
* eTAs are legally not a kind of visa, and are generally limited to travelers hailing from countries that have entered into a Visa Waiver Program with the destination country, while eVisas are typically available to a broader spectrum of countries and territories. Travellers are still able to apply for a visa if an eTA is rejected.

### Issuing

* eTAs are usually assessed automatically within an hour. eTAs can usually be submitted without needing further documents.
* e-Visas are usually assessed manually which often takes several days. Furthermore, documents such as invitation from a host is usually needed.
* These rules aren't strict, and eTAs are often assessed manually in certain cases, which will cause delayed approval.

### Limit and validity

* The differences between eVisas and eTAs extend to the duration of their validity and the constraints they impose on travel.
* eVisas typically carry a validity period ranging from 30 to 60 days, making them suitable for relatively short-term visits.
* Conversely, eTAs are often granted more extended periods of validity, allowing for greater flexibility in planning multiple visits over time.

### Multiple entries

* Another pivotal distinction lies in the number of entries permitted by these travel documents.
* eTAs frequently enable travelers to make multiple entries into the destination country during the document's validity period, catering to those with recurring travel needs.
* Conversely, eVisas are conventionally designed for single-entry use, meaning travelers can enter the country only once during the visa's validity. eVisas, like conventional visas can normally also be multiple-entry if there is a need, such as business related or having family members there.

## Usage

The following jurisdictions require certain categories of international travellers to hold an ETA or e-visa to clear border controls upon arrival, if they don't need a visa:
* Australia: Australia administers two distinct categories of ETA. The Electronic Travel Authority scheme is available to citizens of a variety of North America and Asian countries while the eVisitor scheme provides a similar facility for nationals of the European Union and the European Economic Area.
** Electronic Travel Authority: Developed in January 1996 and first trialed in Singapore on 11 September 1996 for Singaporean and American passport holders traveling with Qantas and Singapore Airlines. Online applications began in June 2001. The current ETA, introduced on 23 March 2013, replaced older versions (subclass 976, 977, and 956) and allows multiple short-term visits to Australia within a 12-month period for tourism or business. While there is no visa application fee, a AU$20 service charge applies. ETA holders must be free from tuberculosis and have no criminal sentence totaling 12 months or more. It is available to some passport holders from Asia and North America.
** eVisitor programme: Allows nationals of the European Union and several other countries to visit Australia under a simplified visa system while maintaining visa reciprocity with the EU. It is available to citizens of 27 EU member states and 9 other countries, permitting multiple visits of up to three months per stay within a 12-month period for tourism or business. The eVisitor is free of charge, but travelers must be tuberculosis-free and have no criminal convictions with a total sentence of 12 months or more.
* Canada: Travellers from visa-free countries entering Canada by air, except American nationals (including those with and without full citizenship), French citizens arriving from Saint Pierre and Miquelon and holders of United States Permanent Residence cards, must obtain an ETA prior to arrival but not if arriving by land or sea. Travellers from 14 other countries normally require a visa to enter Canada, but are eligible to apply for an ETA for entry by air if they have held a Canadian visa within the 10 years prior to applying or if they currently hold a valid non-immigrant American visa. Such travellers must still have a valid Canadian visa to enter by land or sea.
* East African Community: From February 2014, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda issue an East African Tourist Visa. The visa costs 100 USD and has no restrictions on nationality. It is a non-extendable multiple-entry 90-day visa that has to be first used to enter the country that issued it. Like traditional visas, it will be assessed manually and requires some documents such as return ticket and vaccination certificate.
* Hong Kong: Indian nationals, and Taiwanese nationals without a Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents, are required to complete a pre-arrival registration.
* India: India permits nationals of most jurisdictions to clear border controls using an e-visa. Travellers holding an e-Visa must arrive via 26 designated airports.
* Israel: From 1 January 2025, visitors from visa exempt countries must obtain an electronic travel authorization (ETA-IL) before travelling to Israel. The ETA-IL costs ILS 25 and is valid for 2 years or until the passport expires, whichever occurs first.
* Kenya: From 1 January 2021, Kenya solely issues e-visas and physical visas are no longer available. Kenya issues both "East African Tourist Visa" and "Electronic Travel Authorisation (eTA)". Both will involve manual assessment which takes around three days, and requires some documents such as return ticket and vaccination certificate. The eTA can be single-entry or multiple-entry.
* New Zealand: New Zealand has required that visa waiver travellers (other than citizens of Australia, members of a visiting force, or individuals associated with a scientific programme or expedition in Antarctica sponsored by a party to the Antarctic Treaty) obtain an Electronic Travel Authority (NZeTA) since 1 October 2019.
* Pakistan: Visitors from several jurisdictions may enter Pakistan for tourism without obtaining a visa in advance provided they hold an ETA.
* Qatar: From 27 September 2017, citizens of all nationalities who hold valid residence permits or visas from either Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the Schengen countries, the United Kingdom, the United States of America or the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council can obtain an ETA for up to 30 days. The authorization may be extended online for 30 additional days. Qatar introduced an e-Visa system on 23 June 2017. All countries except Egypt, Israel, Kosovo and Palestine that do not qualify for visa on arrival or visa free entry may apply for a tourist visa online through the eVisa system. Visas are issued within four working days if all documents are submitted and are valid for a stay period up to 30 days in Qatar.
* Russia: Russia requires ETA from visa exempt countries, and also offers a single entry unified e-visa to visitors from certain countries.
** e-Visa: Citizens of select countries and territories may obtain a unified e-Visa for 16 days. The unified e-Visa is a single entry visa, which is valid for a period of 60 days from the date of issue, and which allows a period of stay in the Russian Federation of up to 16 days from the date of entry. Electronic visas were first issued in Russia in 2017 to be valid for specific regions, and was expanded to be valid country-wide in 2020, hence being called "unified e-visa".
** ETA: Starting 30 June 2025, an Electronic Travel Authorization is a mandatory requirement for travelers from visa exemption countries visiting Russia. Travelers holding ordinary passports from eligible countries and territories must obtain a ETA before their departure to Russia.
* Seychelles: All visitor from Seychelles (except Kosovo) does not require a visa. However, they need SEBS (Seychelles Electronic Border System). It must need to be fulfilled 30 days before the entry, and pay a fee. Travellers of all ages need to do that, while Seychellois citizens and permanent residents still need the Embarkation Information Form.
* South Korea: eligible visa-free visitors must obtain Korea Electronic Travel Authorization (K-ETA).
* Sri Lanka: Travellers to Sri Lanka must obtain an ETA prior to getting a visa on arrival at the entry port, except for a few countries where the ETA is exempted, and for a few countries where a visa must obtained in advance. Citizens of India, Pakistan, and other countries in the northwestern part of Asia receive discounted ETAs.
* United Kingdom: From 8 January 2025, a UK Electronic Travel Authorisation must be obtained for visa-free nationalities outside Europe. European visa-free nationalities must obtain an ETA for travel to the UK from 2 April 2025.
* United States: Travellers under the Visa Waiver Program are required to obtain permission through the Electronic System for Travel Authorisation (ESTA) if arriving in America by any mode of transportation as of 2023. Travellers using a passport issued by the Government of Bermuda to a British Overseas Territories Citizen, entering as a Canadian citizen, or entering under other visa exemption arrangements (such as the Compact of Free Association) are not required to hold an ESTA clearance.
An electronic visa (e-Visa or eVisa) or Electronic travel authorization (or ETA) is stored in a computer and is linked to the passport number so no label, sticker, or stamp is placed in the passport before travel. The application is done over the internet, and the receipt acts as a visa, which can be printed or stored on a mobile device.
These lists are not exhaustive. Some countries may have more detailed classifications of some of these categories reflecting the nuances of their respective geographies, social conditions, economies, international treaties, etc.
| Country | Mode | Universal eligibility | VoA alternative | Ref. |
| Angola | Pre-approval | X | X | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Armenia | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Argentina | eVisa (called ETA) | X | X | |
| Ascension Island | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Australia | ETA | X | X | |
| Azerbaijan | eVisa | X | partial | |
| Bahrain | eVisa | X | partial | |
| Benin | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Cambodia | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Djibouti | eVisa | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Egypt | eVisa | X | partial | |
| Ethiopia | eVisa | ✓ | partial | |
| Gabon | eVisa | ✓ | partial | |
| Georgia | eVisa | X | X | |
| Guinea | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Pre-approval | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Hong Kong | ETA/eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| India | eVisa | X | partial | |
| Iran | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Israel | ETA | X | X | |
| Ivory Coast | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Japan | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Kenya | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Kuwait | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Kyrgyzstan | eVisa | ✓ | partial | |
| Laos | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Lesotho | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Madagascar | eVisa | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Malawi | eVisa | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Malaysia | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Mexico | ETA | X | X | |
| Mongolia | Pre-approval | X | partial | |
| Montserrat | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Morocco | eVisa/ETA | X | partial | |
| Myanmar | eVisa | X | partial | |
| New Zealand | ETA | X | X | |
| Nigeria | eVisa | X | partial | |
| Oman | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Pakistan | ETA | X | X | |
| Papua New Guinea | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Qatar | eVisa | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Russia | eVisa | X | X | |
| Rwanda | eVisa | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Saint Helena | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Saudi Arabia | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Singapore | eVisa | X | X | |
| South Sudan | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Sri Lanka | ETA | X | ✓ | |
| Seychelles | ETA | ✓ | X | |
| Suriname | eVisa | ✓ | X | |
| Syria | eVisa | X | X | |
| Taiwan | eVisa | X | partial | |
| Tajikistan | eVisa | X | X | |
| Tanzania | eVisa | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Thailand | eVisa/Pre-approval | ✓ | ✓ | / |
| Turkey | eVisa | X | X | |
| Uganda | eVisa | X | ✓ | |
| Ukraine | eVisa | X | X | |
| United Kingdom | ETA | X | X | |
| Uzbekistan | eVisa | X | X | |
| Vietnam | eVisa | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Zambia | eVisa | ✓ | partial | |
| Zimbabwe | eVisa | ✓ | partial | |

## Future introduction

Authorities of Brazil, Belarus, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Kazakhstan, Liberia, South Africa, and Tunisia have announced plans to introduce electronic visas in the future.
* European Union: Planning to introduce the European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) for visa-exempt nationals intending to come to the European Union or the Schengen Area (including EFTA countries) from 2024. For non-visa-exempt nationals, the EU plans to introduce a unified digital visa system starting in 2026.
* United Kingdom: Rolling out eVisas to replace all physical immigration documents, such as biometric residence permits and visa vignettes on passports. The process was started in 2024, with most visas going electronic in 2025. As this will only apply to visa-required visitors, this is separate to the established ETA system for visa-waived visitors.
* United States: The State Department's Bureau of Consular Affairs is developing and trialling an electronic visa system called Digital Visa Authorization (DVA), envisioned to eventually replace traditional sticker visas on passports. In 2023, this was trialled with K-1 visas issued at the Embassy of the United States, Dublin, Ireland. As this will only apply to visa-required visitors, this is separate to the established ESTA system for visa-waived visitors.