OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# André van der Merwe

André van der Merwe is a South African urologist. He is currently head of urology at the University of Stellenbosch and an associate professor at Tygerberg Hospital. He is best known for conducting the world's first successful penis transplant in 2014. He also performed the first laparoscopic kidney removal in South Africa.

## Life

Van der Merwe grew up in the town of Sutherland in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. His childhood dream was to become an astronomer. He is a fan of singer Barbra Streisand.

## Qualifications

As of 2014, Van der Merwe held the following qualifications: Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) of England, MRCS of Edinburgh, Fellowship of the College of Urologists of South Africa, a Master of Medicine in Urology, and a Master of Clinical Epidemiology.

## Career

Apart from his positions at the University of Stellenbosch and the Tygerberg Hospital, Van der Merwe is a National Deputy Delegate for South Africa with the Société Internationale d'Urologie.
As a urologist, Van der Merwe regularly performs kidney transplants. In 2008, he performed the first laparoscopic removal of kidney in South Africa. The kidney was removed from a living donor to be donated to her sister. The duration of the surgery was four hours in total, which is longer than a traditional kidney removal. Van der Merwe said that the longer surgery time was offset by the much quicker patient recovery time. Van der Merwe said that the new method of organ removal could attract up to 40% more donors than there were at the time.

### Penis transplant

On 11 December 2014, Van der Merwe led a team of surgeons through a nine-hour surgery at the Tygerberg Hospital, in order to surgically attach a penis from a deceased donor to an anonymous patient, who had to have his penis amputated after a ceremonial circumcision went wrong two years prior to the surgery (three years prior to the announcement of the surgery). The surgery was announced by the University of Stellenbosch's faculty of medicine and health sciences on 13 March 2015. Van der Merwe predicted the transplanted penis to be fully functional in two years' time. Van der Merwe was 46 years old when the surgery was announced. Following the surgery, some media outlets dubbed him "Dr. Dick".

## Accolades

In 2008, Van der Merwe was awarded the Karl Storz Golden Cystoscope for the most outstanding young urologist in South Africa.
In 2012, at the congress of the South African Urological Association, he received the Sanofi-Aventis award for urological excellence and outstanding service in furthering the practice of Urology in South Africa.
# Helena Edlund

Helena Edlund is a Swedish professor and molecular biologist. She received her Ph.D. from Umeå University in 1991. She is a professor in Molecular Developmental Biology at Umeå University where she researches Type 2 diabetes and β-cell function. She is one of the founders, along with Thomas Edlund and Olof Karlsson, of the biopharmaceutical company Betagenon.
In 2000, Edlund was the recipient of the Minkowski Prize given by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) for her work in factors controlling beta-cell identity and glucose homeostasis. She is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. She has written numerous articles on beta cell differentiation, beta cell function, pancreatic development, and Type 2 diabetes.
# Michael Pearce

Michael Pearce may refer to:
* Michael Pearce (author) (1933–2022), Anglo-Egyptian Sudan author
* Michael Pearce (artist) (born 1965), British, California-based artist
* Mickey Pearce, character in Only Fools and Horses
# The Samuel and Ronnie Heyman Center on Corporate Governance

The Samuel and Ronnie Heyman Center on Corporate Governance is an academic research center whose mission is to raise public and academic awareness of current corporate and securities law issues, to produce and disseminate research on a broad range of topics in these fields, and to educate and train students and professionals. The Heyman Center is part of at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law located at 55 Fifth Avenue in the Union Square area of New York City.
The Heyman Center sponsors and organizes a variety of symposia and lectures by business and political leaders and legal scholars. The Center hosts annual programs focusing on current issues in corporate restructurings. At the Third Annual Perspectives in Corporate Restructurings Conference: Corporate Restructurings in a Difficult Market on April 9, 2008, billionaire investor Wilbur L. Ross delivered a keynote address, providing his views on the current credit crisis and the outlook for investors.
The Heyman Center and the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association Compliance and Legal Division (SIFMA-CL) have a cooperative relationship to hold a series of programs each year at The Heyman Center on issues related to the securities industry. This relationship has produced the public programs such as Attorneys as Gatekeepers, Future of the Securities Markets, Fraud and Federalism, Corporate Trouble, Regulating Financial Markets by Rules or Principles, and Debating the Merits of Prudential Supervision.
Other notable figures that have spoken at The Heyman Center public programs includes Mark A. Belnick, former Tyco International general counsel, Charlie Rose, Emmy award-winning journalist who interviewed hedge fund investor T. Boone Pickens on shareholder activism, and legendary investor Warren Buffett, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway.
Professor Eric J. Pan is the director of The Heyman Center. He is an associate professor of law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in New York City, where he is the director of The Samuel and Ronnie Heyman Center on Corporate Governance and an associate fellow in the international economics program of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London. He specializes in corporate, securities and international law with a particular focus on international financial regulation and the operation of financial markets.
# Beauchêne

Beauchêne is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:
* Beauchêne, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher department
* Beauchêne, Orne, in the Orne department
* Saint-Julien-en-Beauchêne, in the Hautes-Alpes department
# Bokermannohyla alvarengai

Bokermannohyla alvarengai is a species of frogs in the family Hylidae.

## Distribution and status

It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Temperature regulation

Bokermannohyla alvarengai is able to lighten its skin colour when hot (and darken when cold), making the skin reflect more heat and so avoid overheating.
# New Santa Fe, Indiana

New Santa Fe is an unincorporated community in Butler Township, Miami County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

## History

New Santa Fe had its start when the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway was extended to that point, missing the older town of Santa Fe, from which the new community took its name. The plat for New Santa Fe is dated 1902.
# Gérard Bourgeois

Gérard Bourgeois (born August 18, 1874, in Geneva, Switzerland (from French parents), and died December 15, 1944, in Paris, France) was a leading French film director during the silent era.
After ten years in the theater, Gérard Bourgeois became artistic director of Lux-films. In 1911, he joined the company Pathé. He first filmed historical films (Cadoudal), then realistic films including the landmark 1911 film "Victimes de l'alcoolisme" (US: In The Grip of Alcohol), proclaimed by Moving Picture World as "The greatest moral dilemma ever made by any film manufacturer" In the Grip of Alcohol ), before founding his own production company with René Mathey, Les Films MB (Bourgeois-Mathey).
Bourgeois made 142 films between 1908 and 1925. He directed many of the popular Nick Winter comedy mysteries starring Georges Vinter in the early 1910s including 1911's "Nick Winter et le vol de la Joconde" about an attempt theft of the Mona LisaNick Winter and the Theft of the Mona Lisa (1911) A Silent Film Review. His 1916 feature "Christophe Colomb" a biography of Christopher Columbus is available for viewing online at YouTube. His other notable films include "Hamlet" (1910), "L'Aventurier" (1915), 1921 : "Un drame sous Napoléon (1921), "Faust" (1922) and "L'Homme sans nerfs" (1924).
He moved to Neuilly before 1914. At the beginning of World War I, he joined as a foreign volunteer with his son in the French army. He evacuated eight days after arriving at the front because of illness.
He is credited with several publishings on filmmaking he made with Pathé Freres in 1911.

## Selected filmography

* La Fille du Braconnier (1908)
* Hamlet (1910)
* Nick Winter et le vol de la Joconde (1911)
* L'Aventurier (1915)
* Christophe Colomb (1916)
* Un drame sous Napoléon (1921)
* Faust (1922)
* L'Homme sans nerfs (1924)
* Terror (1924)
* Swifter Than Death (1925)
* In the Face of Death (1925)
# Willy Hoffmann

Hermann Willy Hoffmann (15 June 1878 – 1977) was a German architect.

## Life

Hoffmann studied architecture at the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin) from 1897. In 1904 he received the Schinkel Prize for Architecture [de] and was accepted into the Architects and Engineers Association in Berlin [de]. In 1907 he got a job in the construction department of the Imperial Post Office. In 1911 Hoffmann went to Hanover as a post-construction engineer, in 1912 to Breslau and in 1914 to Berlin. He presumably volunteered as a war volunteer when World War I broke out. In 1920 Hoffmann was appointed post office building officer, in 1924 he was appointed post office building officer. In 1934 Willy Hoffmann was retired.
Many of the buildings he designed are now listed buildings.

## Buildings

* 1924–1926: Post office W 30 (later post office 30 or 1030) in Berlin-Schöneberg, Geisbergstrasse 7/9
* 1925–1926: Post office Niederschöneweide (later post office 119) in Berlin-Niederschöneweide, Fennstrasse 9/11
* 1925–1928: Oberpostdirektion (Berlin) (later State Post Office Berlin) in Berlin-Charlottenburg, Dernburgstrasse (building ceramics by John Martens)
* 1930: Reconstruction of the counter hall in post office Wilmersdorf 1 (later post office 31) in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Uhlandstrasse 85
* 1930–1931: Lichtenrade post office (later post office 49) in Berlin-Lichtenrade, Bahnhofstrasse 5/6
* 1933: Exchange office "Hochmeister" and "Bleibtreu" with post office Halensee 2 (later post office 311) in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Hochmeisterplatz (demolished 2017)

## Literature

* Association of Architects and Engineers in Berlin (ed.): Post and telecommunications. (= Berlin and its buildings, part X, volume B, volume 4.) Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1987.
* Falk Jaeger: Posthorn & Imperial Eagle. The historic post offices in Berlin. Nicolaische Verlagbuchhandlung, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-87584-197-2.

## Sources

* Hoffmann buildings in the official Berlin monument database with further information
* Museum of Communication Berlin
* Berlin address book
* Archive of the AIV Berlin
* Landesarchiv Berlin, inventory of the Upper Post Office

## Individual records

* ↑ Birth register StA Halle, No. 1166/1878
* ↑ Death register StA Bad Soden am Taunus, No. 406/1977
# Giuseppe Roncelli

Giuseppe Roncelli (1661–1729) was an Italian painter and priest of the late Baroque. He was active in Bergamo and Crema.

## Biography

He was born to an Italian family in Candia (Crete), which fled when the Ottomans displaced the Venetians as rulers. He was sent to seminary in Bergamo. His artistic education is poorly documented and is said to have studied or been influenced by Antonio Cifrondi and in Brescia under Antonio Tempesta. He painted for the church of the Madonna di Stezzano.
# Dol-Mandir

Dol-Mandir, also known as Dol-Mandav is a Hindu temple of the Puthia Temple Complex in Puthia Upazila, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. It is located within the Puthia market area. An inscription dates the temple to 1778 built by Vubanendra Narayan, the Panch Ani Raja.
The temple is in Puthia town which is 32 kilometres (20 mi) away by road from Rajshahi city; the city is also a rail head and is on the Dhaka Rajashahi Highway.

## Features

The temple is built to a square plan, each side measuring 69.75 feet (21.26 m). It is a four storied edifice built in brick masonry. At each successive floor the size gets proportionally reduced with the top floor built to square plan, similar to the Panch Mahal in Fatehpur Sikri or Mandvi in Baroda, India. Each of the four floors of the temple has a facade made of a series of arches. The top floor square chamber is crowned with a ribbed dome which is fitted with a spire or kalasha. The surfaces of external and internal walls are simply plastered.
# Tennis at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's indoor doubles

The indoor men's doubles was one of six lawn tennis events on the Tennis at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme. Nations could enter up to 6 pairs (12 players).

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Finals

| Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final (gold-medal match) | Final (gold-medal match) | Final (gold-medal match) | Final (gold-medal match) | Final (gold-medal match) | Final (gold-medal match) | Final (gold-medal match) |
| | | | | | | | Wollmar Boström (SWE) Gunnar Setterwall (SWE) | Wollmar Boström (SWE) Gunnar Setterwall (SWE) | 4 | 7 | 6 | 2 | | | | | | | |
| George Caridia (GBR) George Simond (GBR) | George Caridia (GBR) George Simond (GBR) | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 6 | George Caridia (GBR) George Simond (GBR) | George Caridia (GBR) George Simond (GBR) | 6 | 9 | 2 | 6 | | | | | | | |
| Wilberforce Eaves (GBR) George Hillyard (GBR) | Wilberforce Eaves (GBR) George Hillyard (GBR) | 6 | 9 | 4 | 8 | 4 | | | | | | | Herbert Roper Barrett (GBR) Arthur Gore (GBR) | Herbert Roper Barrett (GBR) Arthur Gore (GBR) | 6 | 2 | 6 | 6 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | George Caridia (GBR) George Simond (GBR) | George Caridia (GBR) George Simond (GBR) | 2 | 6 | 3 | 3 | |
| | | | | | | | Herbert Roper Barrett (GBR) Arthur Gore (GBR) | Herbert Roper Barrett (GBR) Arthur Gore (GBR) | 0 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| | | | | | | | Lionel Escombe (GBR) Major Ritchie (GBR) | Lionel Escombe (GBR) Major Ritchie (GBR) | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bronze-medal match | Bronze-medal match | Bronze-medal match | Bronze-medal match | Bronze-medal match | Bronze-medal match | Bronze-medal match |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lionel Escombe (GBR) Major Ritchie (GBR) | Lionel Escombe (GBR) Major Ritchie (GBR) | 6 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wollmar Boström (SWE) Gunnar Setterwall (SWE) | Wollmar Boström (SWE) Gunnar Setterwall (SWE) | 4 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 6 |
# The Samurai I Loved

The Samurai I Loved (蝉しぐれ, Semishigure) is a 2005 Japanese drama film directed by Mitsuo Kurotsuchi. It was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival.

## Cast

* Ichikawa Somegorō VII as Maki
* Yoshino Kimura as Fuku
* Koji Imada as Shimazaki Yonosuke
* Ryo Fukawa as Kowada Ippei
* Mieko Harada as Tose
* Ken Ogata as Maki Sukezaemon
* Takuya Ishida
* Aimi Satsukawa as Fuku, childhood
* Masahiro Hisano
* Yukihiro Iwabuchi
* Ryō Tamura
# Beauchief Gardens

Beauchief Gardens is a small area of formal parkland in south-west Sheffield. The gardens lie between Abbeydale Road South to the north-west, the River Sheaf and the railway line to the south and Beauchief Dam to the east. The gardens were donated to the city by the J. G. Graves Trust in 1935, following the earlier donation, two years previously, of Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet (immediately downstream). The gardens had always been well kept and had their own gardener. The level of care had declined until the 1990s, when the Friends of Millhouses Park accepted the challenge of restoring the gardens. Clean-up events were organised in November 2004 and March 2005 to bring back the gardens to an acceptable level, which is the state the gardens are in now.
The gardens are a formal and neat grassed area, planted with coniferous trees and with the Limb Brook running through. The stream traverses the gardens and fills up Beauchief Dam.
# Bokermann's casque-headed tree frog

Bokermann's casque-headed tree frog (Trachycephalus atlas) is a species of frog in the family Hylidae endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Horse racing in Australia

A number of forms of horse racing are carried out in Australia:
* Thoroughbred racing in Australia
* Harness racing in Australia
* Steeplechase racing in Australia
# Aunay-les-Bois

Aunay-les-Bois (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Orne department in northwestern France. It is notable for its Karting racetrack, which hosts rounds of the CIK-FIA Karting European Championship.

## Notable buildings and places

* Circuit International D’Aunay Les Bois is a Karting racetrack that hosts rounds of the CIK-FIA Karting European Championship.

### National heritage sites

* Château d'Aunay-les-Bois is a 17th-century chateau, declared as a Monument historique in 1971.
# Logic and dialectic

Formal scientists have attempted to combine formal logic (the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths) and dialectic (a form of reasoning based upon dialogue of arguments and counter-arguments) through formalisation of dialectic. These attempts include pre-formal and partially formal treatises on argument and dialectic, systems based on defeasible reasoning, and systems based on game semantics and dialogical logic.

## History

Since the late 20th century, European and American logicians have attempted to provide mathematical foundations for dialectic through formalisation,$^{:201–372}$ although logic has been related to dialectic since ancient times.$^{:51–140}$ There have been pre-formal and partially-formal treatises on argument and dialectic, from authors such as Stephen Toulmin (The Uses of Argument, 1958),$^{:203–256}$ Nicholas Rescher (Dialectics: A Controversy-Oriented Approach to the Theory of Knowledge, 1977),$^{:330–336}$ and Frans H. van Eemeren and Rob Grootendorst (pragma-dialectics, 1980s).$^{:517–614}$ One can include works of the communities of informal logic and paraconsistent logic.$^{:373–424}$

## Defeasibility

Building on theories of defeasible reasoning (see John L. Pollock), systems have been built that define well-formedness of arguments, rules governing the process of introducing arguments based on fixed assumptions, and rules for shifting burden.$^{:615–675}$ Many of these logics appear in the special area of artificial intelligence and law, though the computer scientists' interest in formalizing dialectic originates in a desire to build decision support and computer-supported collaborative work systems.

## Dialog games

Dialectic itself can be formalised as moves in a game, where an advocate for the truth of a proposition and an opponent argue.$^{:301–372}$ Such games can provide a semantics of logic, one that is very general in applicability.$^{:314}$
# Glen River (Chaudière River tributary)

The Glen River (in French: rivière Glen) is a tributary of the west bank of the Chaudière River which flows north to empty onto the south bank of the St. Lawrence River.
The Glen River flows through the municipalities of Nantes and Sainte-Cécile-de-Whitton, in the Le Granit Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Estrie, in Quebec, in Canada.

## Toponymy

The toponym Glen River was formalized on October 19, 1971, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.
# Valledupar F.C.

Valledupar Fútbol Club was a professional Colombian football team based in Valledupar, that last played in the Categoría Primera B, the second tier of Colombian professional football. They played their home games at the Estadio Armando Maestre Pavajeau.

## History

The club was founded on 15 November 2003 and entered Categoría Primera B in 2004, replacing Dimerco Real Popayán which was not allowed to compete for financial problems and folded at the end of 2003. In their first campaign in the Colombian second tier, Valledupar made it to the semifinal stage, in which they were eliminated from contention and played a controversial game on the final matchday against Real Cartagena, conceding four goals in the final five minutes of play to allow the latter side to qualify for the tournament's final.
Their early consistency was once again shown in the following season, in which they made it to the tournament's semifinals, but finished third in their group, while their best campaign in the second tier was the 2006 one, in which they reached the Apertura final, losing to La Equidad and later defeated the Finalización runners-up Cortuluá in the runners-up play-off to qualify for the promotion/relegation play-off against Atlético Huila, who defeated Valledupar over two legs to deny them promotion to Categoría Primera A.
In 2007, they reached the semifinals in both of the season's tournaments but failed to reach the final, whilst in 2008 they managed to advance to the Finalización's final series, in which they were defeated by Real Cartagena 3–2 on aggregate and missed the chance to play the season's grand final for promotion to the top flight. Since 2008 Valledupar have also taken part in the Copa Colombia, reaching the quarter-finals three times: in 2011 they were knocked out by Junior, in 2013 they lost to América de Cali at that stage of the competition, and in 2014, again losing to Junior.
Valledupar F.C. competed in Primera B until the first tournament of the 2023 season in which they advanced to the semifinal stage, placing third in their group. On 22 June 2023, and motivated by the lack of support from both the government and local private enterprises, the club's Board voted 4–1 to move the club to Soacha and rebrand it, effectively folding the existing club. The move was confirmed at a General Assembly of DIMAYOR held on 6 July 2023, and the club was eventually replaced by Real Soacha Cundinamarca.
# Michał Rawita-Witanowski

Michał Rawita-Witanowski (September 13, 1858—February 25, 1943) was a Polish historian and pharmacist.
Michał Rawita-Witanowski was born in Częstochowa, graduating from middle school in Kielce. From 1880 to 1884 he studied pharmacy at the University of Warsaw. From 1890 to 1907 he owned a pharmacy in Kłodawa. In 1907 he moved to Piotrków Trybunalski. He was the founder of several local cultural organisations and wrote numerous publications on the history, archaeology, ethnography and geography of Poland. Streets bearing his name can be found in Koło and Kłodawa.
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# Blennidus williamsi

Blennidus williamsi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Vandyke in 1953.