OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Thomson'

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Thomson' is a hardy, cold-resistant cultivar of the Japanese Elm assessed by the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA) Nursery (now the AAFC-PFRA&E Shelterbelt Centre) at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, in the 1970s as part of its shelterbelt tree research. .
The tree was one of a number of Japanese Elms planted in an experimental shelterbelt at Indian Head in 1953. These shelterbelt trees were derived from seed taken from two openly pollinated Japanese Elms obtained from Manchuria and planted at Indian Head in 1929. 'Thomson' attained a height of 8 m in 25 years, a rather modest performance compared with Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila and American Elm Ulmus americana grown at the same site. Nevertheless, the tree has proved exceptionally hardy.

## Description

'Thomson' is distinguished by a single trunk bearing a vase-shaped crown, the branches forming strong wide-angled crotches; the bark is dark grey and deeply fissured. The twigs have diamond-shaped fissures that become more apparent on second-year wood, and occasionally sport corky wings. The leaves are borne on 1 cm petioles, and average 7.5 cm in length, obovate to elliptic, with the typical acuminate apex and oblique base; dark green and glabrous, they turn bright yellow in autumn. The samarae are obovate and deeply notched at the apex.
The species does not sucker from roots.

## Pests and diseases

'Thomson' displayed a resistance to Dutch elm disease when inoculated by Dr E. S. Kondo of the Canadian Forest Service (CFS) in Sault Ste. Marie; the original tree still survives (2008) and has also proven resistant to elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola. Moreover, the tree's foliage was adjudged "resistant" to Black Spot by the Plant Diagnostic Clinic of the University of Missouri .

## Cultivation

The tree was usually propagated by grafting on Siberian Elm seedlings. Released for sale in Saskatchewan in 1980, 'Thomson' is no longer in commerce owing to restrictions imposed by the Canadian government on the movement of elms across the country, which severely limited its potential market. 'Thomson' was never introduced to Europe or Australasia.

## Synonymy

* 'Thompson': In error for 'Thomson'.

## Etymology

The tree was named for Mr W. B. Thomson, appointed director of PFRA in 1973.

## Accessions
### North America

* Royal Botanical Gardens, Burlington, Ontario; one tree, planted c.1980.
# General Motors M platform

The GM M platform was the designation used by General Motors for the platform that underpinned the first, second and third generation Suzuki Cultus and its offspring.
The first generation of this platform had been designed by Suzuki for their 1983 Cultus, and adopted by Chevrolet with the introduction of the Sprint.
The platforms of the second and third generations first appeared in 1989 and 1995 respectively. They were designed at GM's Technical Center in Warren, Michigan, USA. Suzuki designed all the engines, drivetrains and actual body. From 1985 through 1989, all models were imported from Suzuki's facilities in Hamamatsu, Japan. From 1990 on, some North American M-cars were produced at CAMI Automotive in Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada with the exception of the convertible and turbocharged models which were imported from Japan. The third generation M platform was only sold by Suzuki as the Suzuki Swift in North America as Suzuki decided to create their own Swift to market around the world.
The following vehicles used this platform: Suzuki Cultus Generations I and II, GM M platform:
| | Nameplate | Market | Body | |
| 1985–1988 | Suzuki Forsa | N. America | 3/4 | |
| 1985–1988 | Chevrolet Sprint | N. America (Colombian production continued until 2004) | 3/4 | |
| 1989–1994 | Suzuki Swift | N. America | 3/4 | |
| 1985–2004 | Suzuki Swift | Europe | 5 | $^{a.}$ |
| 1991–2004 | Chevrolet Swift | Colombia | 3/4 | $^{b.}$ |
| 1989–1994 | Pontiac Firefly | Canada | all | |
| 1989–1994 | Geo Metro | N. America | 2/3/5 | $^{c.}$ |
| 1988–1994 | Holden Barina | Australia | 3/5 | $^{d.}$ |
| 1990–1994 | Maruti Suzuki 1000 | India | 4 | |
| 1995–2007 | Maruti Suzuki Esteem | India | 4 | |
| | Suzuki Jazz | Chile | un | |
| 1995–2003 | Subaru Justy | Europe | 3/5 | $^{e.}$ |
| 2000–2016 | Suzuki Cultus | Pakistan | 5 | $^{f.}$ |
| 1999–2015 | Chang'an Suzuki Lingyang | China | 4 | |
2= 2-dr convertible 3= 3-dr hatchback 4= 4-dr sedan 5= 5-dr hatchback un = unknown $^{a.}$ Manufactured at Magyar Suzuki $^{b.}$ Imported to Colombia $^{c.}$ Geo branded models in US after 1989, in Canada after 1992 $^{d.}$ MF, MH: only generations of 'Cultus-derived' Barina $^{e.}$ Justy JMA/MS, manufactured at Magyar Suzuki $^{f.}$ Manufactured at Paksuzuki
Suzuki Cultus Generation III, GM M platform:
| | Nameplate | Market | Body |
| Generation III |
| 1995–2001 | Suzuki Swift | N. America | 3 |
| 1995–2001 | Pontiac Firefly | Canada | 3/4 |
| 1995–1997 | Geo Metro | N. America | 3/4 |
| 1998–2001 | Chevrolet Metro | USA | 3/4 |
3 = 3-dr hatchback 4 = 4-dr sedan 5 = 5-dr hatchback
GM also used a different M platform for its rear-wheel drive minivans, the Chevrolet Astro and the GMC Safari.
# Atwima-Kwanwoma (Ghana parliament constituency)

Atwima-Kwanwoma is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Atwima-Kwanwoma is located in the Botsomtwe/Atwima/Kwanhuma district of the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

## Boundaries

The seat is located within the Botsomtwe/Atwima/Kwanhuma District of the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | Member | Party |
| 1992 | Sampson Adu Gyamfi | National Democratic Congress |
| 1996 | Dr. Matthew Kwaku Antwi | New Patriotic Party |
| 2008 | Dr. Kojo Appiah-Kubi | New Patriotic Party |
| 2020 | Kofi Amankwa-Manu | New Patriotic Party |

## Elections

2008 Ghanaian parliamentary election: Atwima-Kwanwoma Source: Ghana Home Page :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | New Patriotic Party | Dr. Kojo Appiah-Kubi | 23,367 | 76.2 | — |
| | National Democratic Congress | Nana Kwadwo Appiah | 5,922 | 19.3 | — |
| | Reformed Patriotic Democrats | Acquah Evans Fordjour | 1,371 | 4.5 | — |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 17,445 | 56.9 | — |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | | |
# Before Green Gables

Before Green Gables is the title of a prequel to the Anne Shirley series. The book was published in 2008 by Puffin, a division of Penguin Books, as part of Puffin's celebration of Anne Shirley's centennial anniversary, which sees the Anne Shirley series re-released to commemorate the event. The first book in the Anne Shirley series was Anne of Green Gables, which was published in 1908.
The author of the prequel is Canadian children's author Budge Wilson. In the official press release, Budge Wilson wrote: "I will, of course, try to be true to the astonishing character that Lucy Maud Montgomery created… But I would not – in fact, could not – presume to tell my part of Anne's history in Montgomery's voice. I will do this in my own voice, hoping that she would approve of the project if she were alive today."

## Synopsis

This book describes Anne's difficult pre-Green-Gables childhood. That time includes the deaths of her parents, her subsequent life with the Thomas and later the Hammond families, and her time in an orphanage.
Along the way, she meets some kind people who give her hope. Anne's imagination helps her get through these hard times, preparing her for her future at Green Gables.

## Publisher

Three editions are available from different publishers:
* Canada: Viking Canada (AHC), ISBN 978-0-670-06721-3
* US: Putnam Pub Group, ISBN 978-0-399-15468-3
* UK: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-138412-2

## Translation

Before Green Gables was translated into Japanese as a title of Kon'nichiwa Anne (meaning "Hello, Anne") and sold by Shinchosha and Polish as Droga do Zielonego Wzgórza (meaning "Road/Way to Green Gables"), published by Wydawnictwo Literackie. The book was also translated in French with the title Anne... : Avant la maison aux pignons verts (meaning "Anne : Before Green Gables..."), published by Trécarré.

## Reception

Benjamin Lefebvre, co-chairman of the L.M. Montgomery Research Group wrote, "while the links to Montgomery’s series are not always seamless, Before Green Gables is nevertheless a captivating story in its own right."

## Adaptations

The series was adapted into an anime, Kon'nichiwa Anne: Before Green Gables, the latest entry in Nippon Animation's World Masterpiece Theater series. It aired in Japan from April 5, 2009 to December 27, 2009.
# Gravitaxis

Gravitaxis (or geotaxis) is a form of taxis characterized by the directional movement of an organism in response to gravity.
There are a few different causes for gravitaxis. Many microorganisms have receptors like statocysts that allow them to sense the direction of gravity and to adjust their orientation accordingly. However, gravitaxis can result also from a purely physical mechanism so that organs for sensing the direction of gravity are not necessary. An example is given by microorganisms with a center of mass that is shifted to one end of the organism. Similar to a buoy, such mass-anisotropic microorganisms orient upwards under gravity. It has been shown that even an asymmetry in the shape of microorganisms can be sufficient to cause gravitaxis.
Gravitaxis is different from gravitropism in a way that the latter is more about the growth response of an organism to gravity.

## Taxis

Taxis is a behavioral response of a cell or an organism to an external stimulus. The movement is characteristically directional. The movement may be positive or negative. A positive taxis is one in which the organism or a cell gravitates towards the source of stimulation (attraction). A negative taxis is when the organism or a cell moves away from the source of stimulation (repulsion).

## Examples

It can be seen in many microorganisms including Euglena. The response of planktonic larvae of Lithodes aequispinus (king crab) to gravity is another example of gravitaxis. They show both positive and negative gravitaxis responses in a way that they move either upward (negative) or downward (positive). Gravitaxis can also be observed in Drosophila.

## Etymology

The term is coined from gravi- meaning gravity, and taxis or the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus.
# Mydas tibialis

Mydas tibialis, the golden legged mydas fly, is a species of mydas flies in the family Mydidae

## Distribution

North America.
# Fraser, Australian Capital Territory

Fraser (/ˈfreɪzər/) is a suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra, located within the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Fraser lies at the north west end of Belconnen.
The suburb is named after James Reay Fraser, who was Member of the Australian House of Representatives for the Division of Australian Capital Territory from 1951 to 1970 and Vice Chairman of the Joint Committee of the Australian Capital Territory from 1959 to 1970. It was gazetted on 15 January 1974. Streets are named after early residents of Canberra.
Mount Rogers reserve is part of Fraser with an elevation of 704 metres (2,310 ft). Fraser has a neighbourhood oval and primary school. It is bordered to the north by Kuringa Drive.
In 2011, the median house price for the suburb of Fraser was A$410,000.

## Political representation

For the purposes of Australian federal elections for the House of Representatives, Fraser is in the Division of Fenner.
For the purposes of Australian Capital Territory elections for the ACT Legislative Assembly, Fraser is in the Ginninderra electorate.

## Geology

Silurian age Hawkins Volcanics green-grey dacite and quartz andesite fill the underground parts of the suburb.

## Educational institutions

Fraser Primary School is a local government primary school. It offers education for students from preschool to year 6.
# François-Marie Delessert

François-Marie Delessert (2 April 1780 - 15 October 1868) was a French banker and politician.
Born in Lyon, he was the second son of the banker Étienne Delessert. He studied in Geneva and in 1796 joined the bank Caisse d'Épargne, a banking house founded by his father. Soon he and his elder brother Benjamin were directing the house.
He died in Passy.
* This article about a Seine politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This article about a Pas-de-Calais politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Frank Clifford (producer)

Frank Clifford (1898–1976) was a German film producer. He was involved in early attempts to pioneer sound film production in Europe, directing the short film Paganini in Venice for Tobis Film. During the early 1930s he worked at the Epinay Studios in Paris, overseeing several films produced by the French subsidiary of Tobis. After the Second World War he worked briefly as a screenwriter for DEFA in East Berlin.

## Selected filmography

* Paganini in Venice (1929)
* Under the Roofs of Paris (1930)
* The Shark (1930)
* Le Million (1931)
* À Nous la Liberté (1931)
* The Nude Woman (1932)
* Here's Berlin (1932)
* The Marathon Runner (1933)
* Girls of Today (1933)
* What Am I Without You (1934)
* Pappi (1934)
* Artist Love (1935)
* My Life for Maria Isabella (1935)
* Martha (1936)
* White Slaves (1937)
* Chemistry and Love (1948)
* Das Mädchen Christine (1949)
* Don't Dream, Annette (1949)
* Anonymous Letters (1949)
* Nights on the Nile (1949)
* When Men Cheat (1950)
* Wedding in the Hay (1951)
* We're Dancing on the Rainbow (1952)
* Victoria and Her Hussar (1954)
* Marianne of My Youth (1955)
* The Star of Rio (1955)
# Lawagamau River

The Lawagamau River, also known as the Kattawagami River, is a river in northern Cochrane District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the James Bay drainage basin, and is a right tributary of the Kesagami River.
The river begins at Upper Lawagamau Lake and heads north through Lawagamau Lake and under Ontario Highway 652. It turns northeast then east, takes in the right tributary Hopper Creek, then once again heads north. The river takes in the left tributary Hoelke Creek, and reaches its mouth at the Kesagami River. The Kesagami River flows via the Harricana River to James Bay.

## Tributaries

* Hoelke Creek (left)
* Hopper Creek (right)
# 5th Artillery Division

The 5th Artillery Division(Chinese: 炮兵第5师) was activated on October 12, 1952 at Shaoguan, Guangdong. The divisional headquarters was converted from Headquarters, 146th Division.
The division was composed of the 33rd, 34th, 35th, and 50th Artillery Regiments.
In 1953, the 33rd Artillery Regiment detached from the division.
In 1954, the division organized an advisory group of 500 personnel to Vietnam.
From November 1956 to September 1958, the division was deployed to North Korea. 206th Artillery Regiment attached to the division.
Upon returning from North Korea, the division stationed in Changli, Hebei. The division was then composed of:
* 34th Artillery Regiment - 122 mm Gun D-74
* 35th Artillery Regiment - 122 mm Howitzer M-30
* 50th Artillery Regiment - ?
* 206th Artillery Regiment - 132 mm MRL Katyusha
In March 1983, the division attached to the 24th Army Corps.
In September 1985, the division was reduced and reorganized as the Artillery Brigade, 24th Army(Chinese: 第24集团军炮兵旅).
In November 2003, as the disbandment of the 24th Army, the brigade was inactivated and later reconstituted as the Reserve Artillery Brigade of Qinhuangdao(Chinese: 秦皇岛预备役炮兵旅) in May 2005.
# 529 Preziosa

529 Preziosa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 20 March 1904 from Heidelberg.
This is a member of the dynamic Eos family of asteroids that were probably formed as the result of a collisional breakup of a parent body.
The name is that of the protagonist of one of Miguel de Cervantes's Exemplary Novels. It is possible, since this was a period when Wolf habitually named his comets after operatic heroines, that he specifically had in mind the Preziosa in the eponymous opera by Antonio Smareglia.
# Franklyn Pea Bee

The Franklyn Pea Bee is an American single place homebuilt aircraft, that was designed in the 1970s.

## Design and development

The Pea Bee is a single place, strut-braced, low wing aircraft with conventional landing gear. The fuselage is all aluminum, the wings are of wooden construction with aluminum skins. The wings are configured with a slight anhedral.

## Specifications (Pea Bee)

Data from Air Trails
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Wingspan: 18 ft (5.5 m)
* Empty weight: 700 lb (318 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Franklin Horizontally opposed piston
* Propellers: 2-bladed
Performance
* Cruise speed: 87 kn (100 mph, 160 km/h)
# Lateral genicular artery

Lateral genicular artery may refer to:
* Inferior lateral genicular artery
* Superior lateral genicular artery
# 5 Advanced Ordnance Depot

5 Advanced Ordnance Depot (5 AOD) was a short lived Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps and Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps combined Depot in Singapore 1970 to 1971.

## 5 AOD

As a result of the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA). 5 AOD was formed by Australia and New Zealand in 1970 to support the Australian and New Zealand Forces remaining in Singapore post the British withdrawal.
5 AOD was set up from scratch in March 1970 and as the first order of business finding working accommodation was a priority. The Singapore authorities were unwilling to provide suitable accommodation in any of the recently vacated British facility’s, so as a temporary measure 5 AOD was housed with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC), 3 Base Ordnance Depot (3 BOD) at Alexandria and Keat Hong. Eventually 5 AOD was located at Transit Shed No 4 at the Sembawang Naval Basin on 15 July 1970.
In-scaling of stores was achieved by assuming the responsibilities of the Australian Cell of 3 BOD and their existing stocks. Additional stocks were delivered direct from Australia by HMAS Jeparit. By October 1970 5 AOD was functioning as a unit.
The Strength of 5 AOD in September 1970 was:
* 10 Officers
* 38 Other Ranks
* 58 Locally Employed Civilians (LECs)
New Zealand strength within 5 AOD averaged two Officers and 18 Other Ranks.
The Officer Commanding go 5 AOD was:
* Major N.W Spencer RAAOC
In 1971 the United Kingdom decided that’s its forces were to remain in Singapore and as an economy measure it would be sensible to have a combined UK, Australian and New Zealand Ordnance Depot and as a result 5 AOD ceased to exist on Aug 1971 and its responsibility, personnel and stock absorbed by the new ANZUK Ordnance Depot.
* Officer Commanding, 5AOD
# 5 Alive!

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
5 Alive! is the first live album released by the band Carbon Leaf. It was recorded over five concerts in the autumn and winter of 2002 and released in 2003 on the band's own label, Constant Ivy Music. It is their last release on their own label prior to signing with Vanguard Records in 2004.
# 56th Brigade

56th Brigade or 56th Infantry Brigade may refer to:
* 56th Indian Brigade of the British Indian Army in the First World War
* 56th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
* 56th Field Artillery Command, a unit of the United States Army
* 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, a Texas National guard unit
* 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, a Pennsylvania National guard unit
* 56th Motorized Brigade (Ukraine)
# Fred Cockerham

Fred Cockerham (3 November 1905 - July 8, 1980) was an American fiddle and banjo player of American folk music.
Cockerham was one of the seven children of Elias and Betty Jane Cockerham in North Carolina. He was one of the most accomplished of all the Round Peak, North Carolina musicians but is most commonly known as the banjo accompanist to Tommy Jarrell. He played the fiddle in a more modern style than Jarrell, but played the fretless banjo in an old clawhammer style much like that of his old mentor, Charley Lowe.

## Discography

| Year | Title | Label | Number | Notes |
| 1965 | Clawhammer Banjo: Old Time Banjo and Fiddle Tunes | County | 701 | reissued on County CD 2716, Clawhammer Banjo Vol 1 (2002) with extra tracks |
| 1968 | Down to the Cider Mill | County | 713 | with Tommy Jarrell & Oscar Jenkins. This and the two below LPs were reissued with the exception of several tracks on 2 County CDs - 2734 & 2735 (2004) |
| 1970 | Back Home in the Blue Ridge | County | 723 | |
| 1973 | Stay All Night and Don't Go Home | County | 741 | |
| 1975 | High Atmosphere: Ballads and Banjo Tunes from Virginia and North Carolina | Rounder | 0028 | recorded by John Cohen in 1965, reissued on Rounder CD 028 (1995) with 11 additional tracks |
| 1976 | Music from Round Peak | Heritage | 10 | with Tommy Jarrell, Mac Snow et al. |
| 1978 | Under the Double Eagle | Snowflake | 103 | Fred's solo fiddle album |
| 1978 | Southern Clawhammer | Kicking Mule | KM 213 | several solo banjo tracks recorded by Ray Alden |
| 1992 | Best Fiddle-Banjo Duets | County | CD 2702 | with Tommy Jarrell, duets now on the 2 County CDs 2734-2735 plus field recordings from the collection of Ray Alden & Dave Spilkia (out-of-print) |
| 2004 | Fred Cockerham | Field Recorders' Collective | FRC 101 | recorded by Ray Alden |
| 2008 | Round Peak Volume 1 | Field Recorders' Collective | FRC 109 | recorded by Ray Alden |
| 2008 | Round Peak Volume 2 | Field Recorders' Collective | FRC 110 | recorded by Ray Alden |
# Franz Amrehn

Franz Amrehn (23 November 1911 – 4 October 1981) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and member of the German Bundestag.

## Life

Amrehn joined the CDU in 1945 and was district councillor in the Berlin district of Steglitz from 1946 to 1948. In the 1950 election, he was elected to the Berlin House of Representatives, where he was vice president from 1952 to 1955. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies until 1969, during which time he was the first state chairman of the CDU in Berlin from 1961 to 1969, having previously been second chairman for three years. From 1961 to 1973 he was also a member of the Federal Executive Committee.
After the 1954 elections, Otto Suhr (SPD) formed a grand coalition under SPD leadership. Amrehn was a member of the new senate as mayor. After the death of Otto Suhr on 30 August 1957 he provisionally assumed the duties of the governing mayor of Berlin until Willy Brandt was elected as Suhr's successor.
After the Bundestag elections in 1969, Amrehn was delegated to the German Bundestag by the Berlin House of Representatives. From 20 October 1969 until his death on 4 October 1981, he was a member of parliament for Berlin as a non-voting member. He was a full member of the Foreign Affairs Committee in all legislative periods.

## Literature

Herbst, Ludolf; Jahn, Bruno (2002). Vierhaus, Rudolf (ed.). Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002 [Biographical Handbook of the Members of the German Bundestag. 1949–2002] (in German). München: De Gruyter - De Gruyter Saur. p. 1715. ISBN 978-3-11-184511-1.