OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ludwieg tube

A Ludwieg tube is a cheap and efficient way of producing supersonic flow. Mach numbers up to 4 in air are easily obtained without any additional heating of the flow. With heating, Mach numbers of up to 11 can be reached.

## Principle

A Ludwieg tube is a wind tunnel that produces supersonic flow for short periods of time. A large evacuated dump tank is separated from the downstream end of a convergent-divergent nozzle by a diaphragm or fast acting valve. The upstream end of the nozzle connects to a long cylindrical tube, whose cross-sectional area is significantly larger than the throat area of the nozzle. Initially, the pressure in the nozzle and tube is high. To start the tunnel, the diaphragm is ruptured, e.g., by piercing it with a suitable cutting device, or opening the valve respectively. As always when a diaphragm ruptures, a shock wave propagates into the low-pressure region (here the dump tank) and an expansion wave propagates into the high-pressure region (here the nozzle and the long tube). As this unsteady expansion propagates through the long tube, it sets up a steady subsonic flow toward the nozzle, which is accelerated by the convergent-divergent nozzle to a supersonic condition. The flow is steady until the expansion, having been reflected from the far end of the tube, arrives at the nozzle again. For practical reasons, flow times are about 100 milliseconds for most Ludwieg tubes. For many purposes, this flow duration is sufficient. However, by taking advantage of multiple quasi-static flows between expansion wave reflections, experimentation times of up to 6 seconds can be achieved.

## History

The Ludwieg tube was invented by Hubert Ludwieg (1912-2000) in 1955 in response to a competition for a transonic or supersonic wind tunnel design that would be capable of producing high Reynolds number at low operating cost. Professor Ludwieg was also responsible for the experimental demonstration and explanation of the large effect of sweep on the drag of transonic wings (his dissertation in 1937).
# Ludwichowo

Ludwichowo may refer to the following places:
* Ludwichowo, Grudziądz County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Ludwichowo, Gmina Cekcyn in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Ludwichowo, Gmina Kęsowo in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Ludwichowo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
# Benenitra

Benenitra is a town in Atsimo-Andrefana Region, Madagascar. It is situated in the district with the same name: Benenitra (district).
On 27 July 2018 a meteriote of an age of 4.56 billion years crushed at Benenitra.

## Mining

There are coal deposits at 15km from Benenitra which have not been mined.

## Geography

Benenitra is situated at the Onilahy River and on the National Road T 17 A.
# Dunlap Methodist Episcopal Church

Dunlap Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church in Brule County, South Dakota, located 12 miles north of Platte, South Dakota. It was built in 1902 and was added to the National Register in 2001.
It is a wood-frame church on a stone foundation.
The Dunlap cemetery, deemed contributing, was established at approximately the same time as the church. It includes gravestones dating from 1893 to 2001.
The church was deemed notable "as a well-preserved example of simplified vernacular gothic architectural style and represents the first generation church construction in the eastern portion of the state."
# Grainville-sur-Ry

Grainville-sur-Ry (French pronunciation:, literally Grainville on Ry) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A farming and forestry village situated some 11 miles (18 km) east of Rouen, at the junction of the D62 and the D7a roads.

## Places of interest

* The church of St. Pierre and Paul, dating from the twelfth century.
* A small manor house.
# Taphrina wiesneri

Taphrina wiesneri is a plant pathogen causing witch's broom, or plant gall formations, on cherry trees (Prunus & Cerasus spp). It is an important pest species of the ornamental cherry Cerasus X yedoensis in Japan.

## Life cycle

Komatsu et al. found that hyphae of T. wiesneri overwintered in symptomatic shoots of Cerasus × yedoensis. This is in contrast with the overwintering of other Taphrina species such as Taphrina deformans that over winter on leaf and twig surfaces before initiating infection.
# Allium fetisowii

Allium fetisowii is a plant species native to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in Central Asia.
Allium fetisowii produces a single round bulb up to 25 mm across. Scape is up to 70 tall, round in cross-section. Leaves are much shorter than the scape, but up to 15 mm wide. Flowers are reddish-purple.
Allium tschimganicum is native to Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. Flora of China regards this name as synonymous with Allium fetisowii Regel. However, the Plant List accepts A. tschimganicum as a distinct species.
# Accent on Tenor Sax

Accent on Tenor Sax is an album by saxophonist Coleman Hawkins which was recorded in 1955 for the Urania label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Ron Wynn on AllMusic states, "A mid-'50s tenor sax workout by the immortal soloist Coleman Hawkins. This was originally issued on Urania and wasn't spectacular, but did have some nicely played blues and ballads".

## Track listing

* "I'll Never Be the Same" (Matty Malneck, Frank Signorelli) – 7:13
* "Blue Room" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 4:44
* "When Your Lover Has Gone" (Einar Aaron Swan) – 4:59
* "Running Wild" (A.H. Gibbs, Joe Grey, Leo Wood) – 3:23
* "The Breeze and I" (Ernesto Lecuona) – 3:18
* "What's New?" (Bob Haggart, Johnny Burke) – 5:48
* "I'll String Along with You" (Harry Warren, Al Dubin) – 4:48
* "My Own Blues" (Coleman Hawkins) – 6:03

## Personnel

* Coleman Hawkins – tenor saxophone
* Ernie Royal – trumpet
* Eddie Bert – trombone (tracks 2, 3, 6 & 8)
* Earl Knight – piano, organ
* Sidney Gross – guitar
* Wendell Marshall – bass
* Osie Johnson – drums
# Littlemore Brook

Littlemore Brook is a tributary of the River Thames in Oxfordshire, southern England. It runs from the Blackbird Leys estate in the city of Oxford behind the Kassam Stadium and through the Oxford Science Park to the south of the city, near the village of Littlemore after which it is named. It joins the Thames near Sandford-on-Thames.
The brook contains many species of fish such as chub, perch, roach, jack pike, dace and even brown trout. It also provides a habitat to bird species such as the grey heron, kingfisher, mallard, and coots.
# Mariana Molina

Mariana Nunes de Souza Molina (born October 5, 1990) is a Brazilian actress who has participated in several telenovelas.

## Biography

Molina has two brothers: the younger one is named Henrique, while her older sister is named Carol. Her interest for the artistic career started when she was nine years-old, after she asked her mother to join a child actors agency. During this time she also started appearing in ads and working as a child model.

## Career

She played Creuza Maria in the 2001 telenovela Pícara Sonhadora. Mariana Molina won the Caça-Patrulheiro contest in 2002. She beat more than 12 thousand people and in the end she was chosen to host the Nickelodeon's television show. The actress played the main antagonist of Malhação in 2009. Her character, named Bia, was an impulsive teenager, who loved the main character, Bernardo (played by Fiuk) and tried to push him away from Cristiana (Cristiana Peres). The villain joined an alliance with Tati (Élida Muniz), who was a friend and a rival and was also in love with Bernardo. Together they tried to separate the main couple. She played to play Cris in the 2012 Rede Globo telenovela Amor Eterno Amor, her character is a friend of both Tati (Adelaide de Castro) and Gabi (Olívia Torres), and is the daughter of Beatriz Mainardi (Carolina Kasting) and the sister of João (Luis Augusto Formal). The character is very close to her father, and suffers because of the parents divorce. Her character has a platonic love for Kléber (Marcelo Faria). Mariana Molina played the high school student Patrícia in the 2015 Rede Globo telenovela Verdades Secretas.

## Filmography
### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2001 | Pícara Sonhadora | Creuza Maria | |
| 2002 | Patrulha Nick | | Host |
| 2009 | Malhação Identidade | Beatriz Gomes | Lead antagonist |
| 2011 | Natália | Diana | |
| 2012 | Amor Eterno Amor | Cris | |
| 2015 | Milagres de Jesus | Noemi | |
| 2015 | Verdades Secretas | Patrícia | |
| 2019 | Bom Sucesso | Evelyn | |
# List of rural localities in Khabarovsk Krai

This is a list of rural localities in Khabarovsk Krai. Khabarovsk Krai (Russian: Хаба́ровский край, romanized: Khabarovsky kray, IPA:) is a federal subject (a krai) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country and is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. The administrative center of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk, which is home to roughly half of the krai's population and the second largest city in the Russian Far East (after Vladivostok). Khabarovsk Krai is the fourth-largest federal subject by area, with a population of 1,343,869 as of the (2010 Census).

## Amursky District

Rural localities in Amursky District:
* 147 km

## Ayano-Maysky District

Rural localities in Ayano-Maysky District:
* Aldoma
* Ayan

## Imeni Lazo District

Rural localities in Imeni Lazo District:
* 34 kilometr
* 43 kilometr
* 52 kilometr

## Imeni Poliny Osipenko District

Rural localities in Imeni Poliny Osipenko District:
* Imeni Poliny Osipenko

## Khabarovsky District

Rural localities in Khabarovsky District:
* 18 km
* 24 km
* Sikachi-Alyan
* Vyatskoye

## Komsomolsky District, Khabarovsk Krai

Rural localities in Komsomolsky District, Khabarovsk Krai:
* Chyorny Mys
* Selikhino

## Nanaysky District

Rural localities in Nanaysky District:
* Troitskoye

## Tuguro-Chumikansky District

Rural localities in Tuguro-Chumikansky District:
* Chumikan

## Ulchsky District

Rural localities in Ulchsky District:
* Bogorodskoye
* Tyr

## Verkhnebureinsky District

Rural localities in Verkhnebureinsky District:
* Chekunda

## Vyazemsky District, Khabarovsk Krai

Rural localities in Vyazemsky District, Khabarovsk Krai:
* Avan
# Beaconsfield, Victoria

Beaconsfield (Boonwurrung: Kemgrim) is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 44 km (27 mi) south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shire of Cardinia and City of Casey local government areas. Beaconsfield recorded a population of 7,267 at the 2021 census.
The suburb has its own railway station.

## History

The area was named after Benjamin Disraeli (Lord Beaconsfield).
Beaconsfield Post Office opened 1889 on Woods Street. It became the Beaconsfield Post Office in 1916 and was used for many years as a café, but was demolished in late October 2021.
The earlier Beaconsfield Railway Station Post Office opened on 1 January 1883.
In 1891 an area of Beaconsfield was renamed "Beaconsfield Upper" and around 1902 the Beaconsfield Railway Station was renamed to "Beaconsfield".

## Facilities

The suburb has some small shopping centres such as "Beaconsfield Shopping Plaza" with shops such as an Aldi, Woolworths, bakeries, a post office, chemist, cafés and takeaway food shops, and the nearby "Beaconsfield Hub". Schools include Beaconsfield Primary, and St Francis Xavier College (Beaconsfield Campus). There are many cafés, restaurants and hairdressers around the commercial shopping area. The Beaconsfield CFA (Country Fire Authority) has their fire station in Woods Street.
The Akoonah Park Market is held every Sunday, and is very popular with local Berwick and Beaconsfield shoppers.

## Historical Places of Interest

War cenotaph located on the corner of Woods Street and Old Princes Highway. It was unveiled in 1920.
Railway house built in 1888, near Beaconsfield Train Station. The large bunya bunya pine to the front of the property is listed as a significant tree.
Shipwatcher's lookout is marked by a large granite rock and plaque, on the side of Cooinda Road.

## Parks

Beaconsfield Flora and Fauna Reserve on the Beaconsfield Emerald Road.
Beaconsfield Park located on the corner of Beaconsfield Emerald Road and the Old Princes Highway.
Berwick Views Wetlands beside Beaconsfield Emerald Road and Fieldstone Boulevard
Bob Burgess Reserve on Old Princes Highway, and is opposite Beaconsfield Park.
Jim Parkes Reserve on the corner of Souter and Horner Street.
Kath Roberts Reserve on Kathleen Court.

## Sports clubs

The town has an Australian Rules football club and a netball club that compete in the South East Football Netball League.
There is also a cricket club and a tennis club.

## Community

Although close to the nowadays much more bustling Berwick, the area has retained a friendly, country Australia feeling within the community. The Beaconsfield Progress Association, who publish the "Beaconsfield Banner", and other such community groups, help contribute to this community spirit.
Beaconsfield is affectionately called "Beacy" by locals.

## Notable people

* Vanessa Amorosi – professional singer who had several Top 40 chart hits.
* Len Maddocks – former Australian cricketer.
* Brendan Fevola – Australian rules footballer.
* Austinn Jones – Australian rules footballer.
* Chris Newman - Australian rules footballer.
# Black-faced cotinga

The black-faced cotinga (Conioptilon mcilhennyi) is a species of bird in the family Cotingidae. It is the only member of the genus Conioptilon.
It is mainly found in the Amazon Basin of eastern Peru as well as in adjacent border areas of western Brazil and northwestern Bolivia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
The species was first described by George Lowery and John O'Neill in 1966 and placed in a new genus. A large molecular phylogenetic study of the suboscines published in 2020 found that the black-faced cotinga was sister to the bare-necked fruitcrow (Gymnoderus foetidusi).

## Geographic distribution

It is found in the Madre de Dios and Balta in South Ucayali, the Caimisea river, Cuzco, and the Tejo and Juruá Rivers in western Brazil.
# Blanche Rozan

Blanche Rozan was a minor figure in French musical life during the late 19th and early 20th century. Her birth and death dates are unknown.

## Career

Blanche Rozan was a student at the Marseille Conservatoire where she studied composition and organ under Henri Messerer (1838–1923).
In 1905 she was appointed a professor of piano at the Marseille Conservatoire.
She was a regular performer in the city's concerts, both as pianist and organist. Some sense of her reception as a performer is indicated from comments in the musical magazine Le Courrier Musical.
For example, from a concert review published in 1904:
       Nous tenons cependant à signaler le mérite exceptionnel de Mlle Blanche Rozan, organiste de grand talent, élève de M. Messerer et jouant comme lui du Bach et du Franck ; elle s'est montrée très bonne pianiste et parfaite musicienne dans un récital donné salle Messerer il y a une quinzaine de jours. Seule de tous les virtuoses entendus ces deux derniers mois, elle a présenté au public un programme de premier ordre et l'a parfaitement interprété : sonate op. 27 (Beethoven) jouée avec distinction et finesse, fantaisie chromatique et fugue interprétées avec toute la liberté et toute la puissance dramatique que comporte une œuvre aussi démesurée, et pour finir prélude, choral et fugue de Franck, où Mlle Rozan a su metttre une technique irréprochable et une sonorité chaude et veloutée au service d'une intelligence musicale très sûre et très largement compréhensible.
And a 1909 review stated:
       Sans faire partie de l'orchestre, Mlle Blanche Rozan est toujours là, prête à s'asseoir devant les claviers et les pédales de l'orgue et elle manie le difficile instrument, non pas peut-être avec l'éclat de M. Bonnet ou de M. Daene. Elle aussi préfère l'art à la virtuosité. C'est en musicienne accomplie qu'elle interprète Haendel, Bach et Mendelssohn.

## Works
### For organ

* Cantabile (Hamelle: Paris, 1902)
* Communion (Senart: Paris, 1912). Dedication: À mon élève Mademoiselle Eugénie Bouzige.
* Petite Prière (Senart: Paris, 1912). Dedication À Monsieur l'abbé J. Joubert.
# Batueta

Batueta is a genus of Asian dwarf spiders that was first described by G. H. Locket in 1982.

## Species

As of May 2019 it contains four species:
* Batueta baculum Tanasevitch, 2014 – Laos, Thailand, Malaysia (Mainland, Borneo), Indonesia (Sumatra)
* Batueta cuspidata Zhao & Li, 2014 – China
* Batueta similis Wunderlich & Song, 1995 – China
* Batueta voluta Locket, 1982 (type) – Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore
# Batuhan Akçaoğlu

Batuhan Akçaoğlu (born 14 August 2002) is a Turkish male compound archer and part of the national team.

## Sport career

In 2022, Batuhan Akçaoğlu won the gold medal in the men's team compound event at the European Archery Championships held in Munich, Germany. He won two bronze medals in the men's U-21 team compound and U-21 Individual event at the Laško, Slovenia event in the 2022 European Indoor Archery Championships.
# The Sons of Count Dossy

The Sons of Count Dossy (German: Die Söhne des Grafen Dossy) is a 1920 German silent drama film directed by Adolf Gärtner and starring Albert Bassermann, Elsa Bassermann and Gertrude Welcker.
It was shot at the Weissensee Studios in Berlin.

## Cast

* Albert Bassermann as Graf / Einbrecher Sohn
* Elsa Bassermann as Gräfin
* Gertrude Welcker as Malerin
# Manush Nandan

Manush Nandan is an Indian cinematographer who works in Hindi and Tamil-language films. He studied at the Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu and worked under Ravi K. Chandran during his early days and for his directorial debut Yaan (2014). He worked as an assistant cinematographer for Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008) and My Name is Khan (2010) before being recommended to Farah Khan by an assistant director to work on Happy New Year (2014). He has since worked on several well known Hindi films such as Thugs of Hindostan (2018) and Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani (2023).

## Personal life

He is the son of writers Gnani Sankaran and AS Padmavathi. He married Gowri in 2013.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Language | Notes |
| 2010 | Manmadhan Ambu | Tamil | |
| 2011 | Jo Hum Chahein | Hindi | |
| 2013 | Ishkq in Paris | Hindi | |
| 2014 | Yaan | Tamil | |
| 2014 | Happy New Year | Hindi | |
| 2016 | Kriti | Hindi | Short film |
| 2016 | Devi Abhinetri Tutak Tutak Tutiya | Tamil Telugu Hindi | |
| 2018 | Thugs of Hindostan | Hindi | |
| 2020 | Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl | Hindi | |
| 2022 | Samrat Prithviraj | Hindi | |
| 2023 | Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani | Hindi | |
| 2023 | Dunki | Hindi | with C. K. Muraleedharan and Amit Roy |
| 2025 | Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari † | Hindi | |
# Mud Men (TV series)

Mud Men is a British television series on the History channel, following members of the Mudlarks Society as they hunt for items on the River Thames foreshore. The series is presented by Johnny Vaughan and Steve "Mud God" Brooker, chairman of the Mudlarks Society. In the third season, the last of the series to air, Nick "Rock" Stevens had a recurring role.

## Format

The first half of the show is spent searching the foreshore. After the search, they are joined by their expert who then gives them a historical research "mission" based on their finds.

## Awards

Mud Men was highly commended in the Popular Factual Programme category at the Broadcast Digital Awards 2011
# Manizales - Mariquita Cableway

The Manizales - Mariquita Cableway was a cableway used for transporting coffee, that connected Mariquita (Tolima) with the city of Manizales (Caldas), both in central Colombia. It was one of the most important engineering works carried out in Colombia in response to the difficult topography of the region, that hindered the construction of a railroad.

## History

In the first decade of the twentieth century, an English company called The Ropeway Extension, obtained a concession from the Colombian government to build a ropeway (at the time, the longest one in the world), which cover a distance of approximately 72 kilometers between Mariquita, in Tolima and Manizales in Caldas. This would enable a link between the Colombian coffee growing axis and the ports on the Magdalena River. So far, the only roads that could have been used, were dirt roads. And railroad construction was thought to be impossible due to the difficult terrain (even though one was built later).
Exploration work began around 1912 and construction started in 1914, under guidance from James F. Lindsay, a New Zealand-born civil engineer. Construction would begin in 1914, coinciding with the start of the First World War. All machinery, tools, materials and supplies needed for the work were transported from England by boat over the Atlantic Ocean, with a smaller boat over the Magdalena River until Honda, and then by mule and ox. The first track Mariquita - Soledad (today Herveo), was inaugurated in March 1914.
Tower number 20 (Torre de Herveo), pictured above, was exceptional as it needed to be constructed in a depression between two hills. Requests were sent to England to design a special high tower, like what you see in the photo. But the ship that was carrying it to Colombia was sunk by a German submarine, which caused the construction work to be suspended almost entirely. However local engineers were able to construct a copy of the design entirely in wood.
The rest of the work resumed in 1916 and were successfully completed six years later in the Station Camelia in Manizales (January 22, 1922).
After nearly 45 years of operation, the competition of regular road transport became too high, and the cableway ceased working on October 20, 1967. Torre de Herveo was declared a national monument, was restored and moved to Manizales.
# Blars

Blars is a commune in the Lot department in southwestern France.
# Blarney railway station

Blarney railway station was a terminus station on the Cork and Muskerry Light Railway (CMLR) in County Cork, Ireland. The station served Blarney, and was located on the south side of the town's main square, with Blarney Castle a short walk to the south west.

## History

The station opened on 8 August 1887 when the CMLR began public operations. Services were mostly one per two hours from 9am to 8pm, the first class return fare 1s 8p and the third class half that.
Passenger services were withdrawn on 31 December 1934.

## Layout and routes

The station had a run-round loop, 3 dead end sidings, a turntable and a goods shed. Some of the station's structures remain, including the platform and station building, with the latter now occupied by a tourist gift shop.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| St. Anne's | Cork and Muskerry Light Railway Cork-Coachford | Terminus |

## GS&WR Station

The Great Southern and Western Railway (GS&WR) also had a station serving Blarney on their Mallow to Cork section of main line which had been open since 18 October 1849 and which had already been responsible for vastly increasing the number of tourists. That station closed in 1963.
# Beacon Fell

Beacon Fell may refer to:
* Beacon Fell, Cumbria, England
* Beacon Fell, Lancashire, England, a Country Park since 1970
** Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese named after the fell
# Battle of Vosges

Battle of Vosges or Battle of the Vosges may refer to any of the following battles:
* Battle of Vosges (58 BC)
* Battle of Trippstadt, 1794 battle that occurred in the lower Vosges Mountains
* Battle of the Vosges, 1914 battle of the First World War
* Battle of the Lost Battalion, events of October 1944