# Zelmira

Zelmira (Italian pronunciation:) is an opera in two acts by Gioachino Rossini to a libretto by Andrea Leone Tottola. Based on the French play, Zelmire by de Belloy, it was the last of the composer's Neapolitan operas. Stendhal called its music Teutonic, comparing it with La clemenza di Tito but remarking: "...while Mozart would probably, had he lived, have grown completely Italian, Rossini may well, by the end of his career, have become more German than Beethoven himself!"

## Performance history

The first performance of Zelmira was in Naples at the Teatro di San Carlo on 16 February 1822. This was followed by a successful premiere in Vienna on 13 April 1822, as part of a three-month-long Rossini Festival for which Rossini wrote some additional music. Performances in several Italian cities were followed by the London premiere on 24 January 1824, with Rossini conducting and Isabella Colbran (now his wife) in the title role. It was seen in Paris in 1826. There was one presentation in the US in New Orleans "around" 1835.
Over 100 years were to pass before the opera was presented in Naples in 1965, but "to no great acclaim". The work was given a production by the Rome Opera in 1989 and revived at the Pesaro Festival in 2009 with a cast including Juan Diego Flórez, Kate Aldrich and Gregory Kunde.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 16 February 1822 (Conductor: Nicola Festa) |
| Polidoro, King of Lesbos | bass | Antonio Ambrosi |
| Zelmira, his daughter | soprano | Isabella Colbran |
| Emma, her confidant | contralto | Anna Maria Cecconi |
| Ilo, Prince of Troy and husband of Zelmira | tenor | Giovanni David |
| Antenore, a usurper from Mytilene | baritenor | Andrea Nozzari |
| Leucippo, his confidant, a general | bass-baritone | Michele Benedetti |
| Eacide, a follower of Prince Ilo | tenor | Gaetano Chizzola |
| High priest of Jupiter | bass | Massimo Orlandini |
| Priests, populace, Mytilene army, Ilo's followers, Zelmira's young son (silent) |||

## Synopsis

The opera's complicated plot revolves around Zelmira, her father Polidoro, the wise and beloved king of the Isle of Lesbos, and her husband, Prince Ilo. Before the action begins, Ilo had departed the island to defend his homeland. While he was gone, Azor, the lord of Mytilene and a disappointed suitor of Zelmira, had invaded Lesbos with the intention of assassinating King Polidoro and taking over his throne. Zelmira, however, had managed to conceal her father in the royal mausoleum and then told Azor that he was hiding in the temple to Ceres. Azor burnt down the temple, thinking he had killed the King, but he was in turn killed on orders from Antenore, who also aspired to the throne.

### Act 1

The Mytilene warriors are mourning the death of Azor. Antenore, with the help of Leucippo, plots to take over the throne of Lesbos by trying to incriminate Zelmira in the deaths of Azor and her father. At first, even Emma, Zelmira's confidante, believes the accusations. Fearing for the safety of her young son, Zelmira reveals to Emma that her father is still alive and asks her to take the child into hiding. Prince Ilo returns to the island. Zelmira is afraid to tell him of the accusations against her or to defend herself. Instead, Prince Ilo hears only Antenore's version of the story. Antenore is crowned King of Lesbos. Leucippo attempts to murder Ilo, but is stopped by Zelmira. Found with the dagger in her hand, Zelmira is now also accused of attempting to murder her husband and is imprisoned.

### Act 2

Leucippo intercepts a letter from Zelmira to Ilo in which she tells him that her father is still alive and that the accusations against her are false. He and Antenore temporarily free her from prison and trick her into revealing her father's hiding place. Both father and daughter are recaptured and await their deaths at the hands of the plotters. Meanwhile, Prince Ilo is distraught at what he believes to be the death of Polidoro and the unhappy end to his marriage. Emma appears and tells Prince Ilo the truth about Zelmira. He and his men rescue Zelmira and Polidoro. Zelmira is happily reunited with her husband and child, while both Antenore and Leucippo are led off in chains.

## Recordings

| Year | Cast: Zelmira, Ilo, Emma, Antenore, Polidoro | Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra | Label |
| 1965 | Virginia Zeani, Nicola Tagger, Anna Rota, Gastone Limarilli, Paolo Washington | Carlo Franci, Orchestra and Chorus of the Teatro San Carlo (Recording of a performance at Naples, 10 April) | Audio CD: Great Opera Performances Cat: G.O.P. 780; Opera d'Oro Cat: OPD 1455 |
| 1989 | Cecilia Gasdia, William Matteuzzi, Bernarda Fink, Chris Merritt, Jose Garcia | Claudio Scimone, I Solisti Veneti | Audio CD: Erato Cat: 45419 |
| 2003 | Elizabeth Futral, Antonino Siragusa, Manuela Custer, Bruce Ford, Marco Vinco | Maurizio Benini, Scottish Chamber Orchestra | Audio CD: Opera Rara Cat: ORC 27 |
| 2009 | Kate Aldrich, Juan Diego Flórez, Marianna Pizzolato, Gregory Kunde, Alex Esposito | Roberto Abbado, Orchestra and Chorus of the Teatro Comunale di Bologna, (Recording of a performance at the Rossini Opera Festival in the Adriatic Arena, Pesaro, August) | DVD: Decca, Cat: 0440 074 3465 9 |
| 2020 | Silvia Dalla Benetta, Mert Süngü, Marina Comparato, Joshua Stewart, Federico Sacchi | Gianluigi Gelmetti, Virtuosi Brunensis, Górecki Chamber Choir, Recorded live at the Rossini in Wildbad Festival | Audio CD:Naxos Records Cat:8660468-70 |