OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# David Gibson (Scrabble player)

David Lawrence Gibson (February 8, 1951 – November 22, 2019) was an American professional Scrabble player and mathematics professor. Ranked the top player in North America and widely regarded as one of the greatest Scrabble players, Gibson won the North American Scrabble Championship twice.

## Early life

The eldest of three children, David Lawrence Gibson was born in 1951 in Raleigh, North Carolina and raised in Charlotte, North Carolina, where his parents owned an auto parts locating company. A graduate of North Mecklenburg High School and Furman University, he excelled in mathematics but fared considerably poorly in English. In 1975, Gibson and his family moved to Spartanburg, South Carolina.

## Career

Gibson was introduced to Scrabble at age 6. He began playing tournament Scrabble in 1983 and won the North American Scrabble Championship (NASC) in August 1994; although he had kept a relatively low profile in the Scrabble community, the win propelled him to No. 1 in the North American rankings. In 1995, Gibson won the "Scrabble Superstars" tournament and its top prize of $50,000. Gibson finished second in the 2012 NASC; only needing to lose by fewer than 169 points to win the title, he ended up losing 298-475 in the final round against Nigel Richards. In 2016, Gibson won his second NASC title in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The term "Gibsonization" for a process of pairings in a single-elimination final was named after Gibson due to his tendency to clinch tournaments before their final rounds. Gibson also taught mathematics for some four decades at the Spartanburg Methodist College, and was awarded with an honorary distinction of Professor Emeritus by the college in early 2019.

## Death

Gibson died aged 68 on November 22, 2019, due to complications from stage four pancreatic cancer.

## Major championship wins

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Cumulative spread | Runner(s)-up |
| 1 | August 13, 1994 | North American Scrabble Championship | 23-4 | +1700 | Dave Wiegand |
| 2 | August 21, 1995 | Superstar Showdown | 21-3 | +1894 | Brian Cappelletto |
| 3 | August 16, 2003 | All Stars Championship | 12-6 | +217 | Ron Tiekert |
| 4 | August 6, 2016 | North American Scrabble Championship (2) | 24-7 | +2004 | Ian Weinstein |
# Matt Kelchner

Matt Kelchner (born March 5, 1959) is a former American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Christopher Newport University in Newport News, Virginia from 2001 to 2016. Kelchner was hired as Christopher Newport's first head coach on May 9, 2000.
In 16 seasons at Christopher Newport, Kelchner compiled an overall record of 109–61. He won nearly 80% of his conference games, 78 of those wins coming in the Dixie Conference, later termed the USA South Athletic Conference, and 32% of non-conference games.
He guided the Captains to the NCAA Division III playoffs ten times, posting a 3–10 record. He was named Dixie Conference/USA South Conference Coach of the Year seven times. Under Kelcher's direction, CNU was nationally ranked four times in his 16 seasons.
After missing the NCAA playoffs three times in four seasons and not matching his earlier success in the New Jersey Athletic Conference, Kelchner relinquished his role in 2016 as the longest-reigning head coach of the Christopher Newport program at the age of 57, and moved into an administration role in the university's athletic department.
Kelchner spent his entire collegiate coaching career at the NCAA Division III, II and FCS levels. He was an assistant coach at NCAA The College of William & Mary (I-AA/FCS) from 1984 to 2000 with one year stints previously at Mansfield (NCAA Division II) and Dickinson (NCAA Division III).

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs | D3$^#$ |
| Christopher Newport Captains (Dixie Conference / USA South Athletic Conference) (2001–2014) |||||||
| 2001 | Christopher Newport | 5–5 | 5–1 | T–1st | L NCAA Division III First Round | |
| 2002 | Christopher Newport | 6–5 | 5–1 | T–1st | L NCAA Division III First Round | |
| 2003 | Christopher Newport | 8–3 | 5–1 | T–1st | L NCAA Division III Second Round | 19 |
| 2004 | Christopher Newport | 9–3 | 5–1 | T–1st | L NCAA Division III Second Round | 16 |
| 2005 | Christopher Newport | 6–4 | 5–2 | T–3rd | | |
| 2006 | Christopher Newport | 8–3 | 6–1 | T–1st | L NCAA Division III First Round | 24 |
| 2007 | Christopher Newport | 7–3 | 6–1 | 2nd | | |
| 2008 | Christopher Newport | 8–2 | 7–0 | 1st | L NCAA Division III First Round | |
| 2009 | Christopher Newport | 5–5 | 4–3 | T–3rd | | |
| 2010 | Christopher Newport | 6–5 | 6–1 | T–1st | L NCAA Division III First Round | |
| 2011 | Christopher Newport | 8–3 | 7–0 | 1st | L NCAA Division III First Round | |
| 2012 | Christopher Newport | 6–5 | 5–2 | T–1st | L NCAA Division III First Round | |
| 2013 | Christopher Newport | 8–2 | 5–2 | T–3rd | | |
| 2014 | Christopher Newport | 8–4 | 7–1 | 1st | L NCAA Division III Second Round | 24 |
| Christopher Newport Captains (New Jersey Athletic Conference) (2015–2016) |||||||
| 2015 | Christopher Newport | 4–6 | 4–5 | T–7th | | |
| 2016 | Christopher Newport | 7–3 | 6–3 | T–3rd | | |
| Christopher Newport: | Christopher Newport: | 109–61 | 88–25 | | | |
| Total: | Total: | 109–61 | | | | |
| National championship  Conference title  Conference division title or championship game berth |||||||
| $^#$Rankings from D3football.com. |||||||
# 1922 Mississippi Normal Normalites football team

The 1922 Mississippi Normal Normalites football team was an American football team that represented Mississippi Normal College (now known as the University of Southern Mississippi) as an independent during the 1922 college football season. In their second year under head coach O. V. Austin, the team compiled a 2–6 record.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| September 29 | at Jones County High School | Ellisville, MS | W 31–0 |
| October 7 | Purvis High School | Kamper ParkHattiesburg, MS | L 0–6 |
| October 19 | at Millsaps | Athletic ParkJackson, MS | L 7–10 |
| October 28 | at Saint Stanislaus College | Bay St. Louis, MS | L 0–10 |
| November 4 | Gulf Coast Military Academy | Kamper ParkHattiesburg, MS | L 0–20 |
| November 11 | at Loyola (LA) | New Orleans, LA | L 6–20 |
| November 17 | at Marion | Marion, AL | L 0–44 |
| November 25 | Mississippi A&M Freshmen | Kamper ParkHattiesburg, MS | W 19–12 |
# Georges Deicha

Georges Deicha (1917 – 2011) was a French geologist and mineralogist, known for his pioneering work on fluid inclusions.
Deicha was a student in Paris at the Sorbonne when he started to investigate the crystallization of gypsum in the Paris basin. He wrote his first doctoral thesis on this topic and on the study and interpretation of primary fluid inclusions in minerals and rocks, an area that had until then received little study.
Deicha worked for his scientific career in the CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research). He retired with the title "Directeur de recherche de classe exceptionnelle".

## Fluid inclusions

In the Laboratory of Applied Geology of Paris, Deicha developed various technical means for detecting, monitoring and analyzing inclusions such as crushing rock under a microscope.
In 1960, at the International Geological Congress in Copenhagen, Deicha founded, together with Edwin W. Roedder (US) and Nikolai P. Ermakov (USSR), the Commission on Ore-Forming Fluids in Inclusions (COFFI). In 1962, he participated in the development of electronic fractography. The term "Deicha's method" became standard, in particular in Russian literature.

## Recognition

* Deicha was elected honorary member of several societies of mineralogy and crystallography.
* The centenary of Deicha's birth was commemorated in 2017 in Nancy, France at the biennial convention of European Current Researches on Fluid Inclusions and in various publications

## Artistic activity

Deicha, besides his scientific work, was a sculptor, mainly using bas-relief technique. Deicha created medals representing V. Agafonov, P. Milyukov, Leon Bertrand, Ami Boué, Louis Barrabe, Pierre Pruvost, and Raymond Furon. Most of these medals are used as awards by the French Geological Society.
# Bolombatto

The bolombatto is a traditional stringed instrument that features in the music of West Africa. It consists of four strings, stretched over a gourd, which serves as a resonator. The strings each have a different thickness. The thickness of it determines how low the sound will be. For example, a string that is really thick has a low sound and a really thin string as a high-pitched sound. In addition, the instrument also has a tin rattle attached to its body, which the musician plays by striking the strings and gourd simultaneously, adding an element of percussion to the music. In this way, it is similar to the sinding.
The bolombatto was originally played by shepherds, who used the combined sounds of the strings and percussion to frighten away wild animals.
# Distortion risk measure

In financial mathematics and economics, a distortion risk measure is a type of risk measure which is related to the cumulative distribution function of the return of a financial portfolio.

## Mathematical definition

The function $\rho _{g}:L^{p}\to \mathbb {R}$ associated with the distortion function $g:[0,1]\to [0,1]$ is a distortion risk measure if for any random variable of gains $X\in L^{p}$ (where $L^{p}$ is the L$^p$ space) then
    $\rho _{g}(X)=-\int _{0}^{1}F_{-X}^{-1}(p)d{\tilde {g}}(p)=\int _{-\infty }^{0}{\tilde {g}}(F_{-X}(x))dx-\int _{0}^{\infty }g(1-F_{-X}(x))dx$
where $F_{-X}$ is the cumulative distribution function for $-X$ and ${\tilde {g}}$ is the dual distortion function ${\tilde {g}}(u)=1-g(1-u)$.
If $X\leq 0$ almost surely then $\rho _{g}$ is given by the Choquet integral, i.e. $\rho _{g}(X)=-\int _{0}^{\infty }g(1-F_{-X}(x))dx.$ Equivalently, $\rho _{g}(X)=\mathbb {E} ^{\mathbb {Q} }[-X]$ such that $\mathbb {Q}$ is the probability measure generated by $g$, i.e. for any $A\in {\mathcal {F}}$ the sigma-algebra then $\mathbb {Q} (A)=g(\mathbb {P} (A))$.

### Properties

In addition to the properties of general risk measures, distortion risk measures also have:
* Law invariant: If the distribution of $X$ and $Y$ are the same then $\rho _{g}(X)=\rho _{g}(Y)$.
* Monotone with respect to first order stochastic dominance.
** If $g$ is a concave distortion function, then $\rho _{g}$ is monotone with respect to second order stochastic dominance.
* $g$ is a concave distortion function if and only if $\rho _{g}$ is a coherent risk measure.

## Examples

* Value at risk is a distortion risk measure with associated distortion function $g(x)={\begin{cases}0&{\text{if }}0\leq x<1-\alpha \\1&{\text{if }}1-\alpha \leq x\leq 1\end{cases}}.$
* Conditional value at risk is a distortion risk measure with associated distortion function $g(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {x}{1-\alpha }}&{\text{if }}0\leq x<1-\alpha \\1&{\text{if }}1-\alpha \leq x\leq 1\end{cases}}.$
* The negative expectation is a distortion risk measure with associated distortion function $g(x)=x$.
# Neonitocris mangenoti

Neonitocris mangenoti is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lepesme and Stephan von Breuning in 1953.
# Henricus powelli

Henricus powelli is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Mexico in the states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León and Veracruz.
# Arosa Kulm

SS Arosa Kulm was a passenger ship which was launched at Hog Island, Pennsylvania in 1919 and completed in 1920. Arosa Kulm started as the U.S. Army Transport Cantigny, a 7,555-gross register ton troopship with a speed of 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) and was sold in 1923/1924 to commercial transatlantic freight and passenger transport as American Banker. In 1940 the ship was transferred to a Belgian shipping company as Ville d'Anvers together with seven other idle American ships and was the only one of the eight ships to survive World War II to re-enter passenger service in 1946 with 200 berths as City of Athens. In 1947 as Protea and refitted with berths for over 965 persons. the accommodations were probably the worst of any ship of that time. In 1952 the accommodations were adjusted to 900 and she was renamed Arosa Kulm after being sold to Panama's Arosa Line.
Australia was visited four times by Arosa Kulm.
In addition to serving immigrants, Arosa Kulm was chartered by American Field Service, an exchange organization bringing numerous exchange students between Europe and the U.S.
Arosa Kulm was scrapped at Bruges in Belgium in 1959.
# Monroe County School District

Monroe County School District is a name shared by several school districts in the United States.
* Monroe County School District (Alabama)
* Monroe County School District (Florida)
* Monroe County School District (Georgia)
* Monroe County School District (Kentucky) (see List of school districts in Kentucky)
* Monroe County School District (Mississippi)
# 1922 Missouri Tigers football team

The 1922 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (Missouri Valley) during the 1922 college football season. The team compiled a 5–3 record (4–3 against Missouri Valley opponents), finished in fourth place in the Missouri Valley conference, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 98 to 90. Thomas Kelley was the head coach for his first and only season. The team played its home games at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| October 7 | | Grinnell | Rollins FieldColumbia, MO | W 23–0 | |
| October 14 | | at Iowa State | State FieldAmes, IA (rivalry) | W 6–3 | |
| October 21 | | at Nebraska | Nebraska FieldLincoln, NE (rivalry) | L 0–48 | |
| October 28 | 2:30 p.m. | at Saint Louis* | Sportsman's ParkSt. Louis, MO | W 9–0 | 10,000 |
| November 4 | | Kansas State | Rollins FieldColumbia, MO | L 10–13 | |
| November 11 | | at Oklahoma | Boyd FieldNorman, OK (rivalry) | L 14–18 | |
| November 18 | 2:30 p.m. | Washington University | Rollins FieldColumbia, MO | W 27–0 | |
| November 30 | | Kansas | Rollins FieldColumbia, MO (rivalry) | W 9–7 | |
| *Non-conference gameAll times are in Central time |||||||
# George Klopfer

Ulrich "George" Klopfer (August 28, 1940 – September 3, 2019) was a German-born American osteopathic physician and abortion provider from Indiana and Illinois.

## Early life

Klopfer was born on August 28, 1940, in Dresden, Germany. He told documentary filmmaker Mark Archer that he was staying with his aunt in the Dresden suburbs when the allies firebombed the city in 1945. Klopfer would have been four and a half years old at the time. This event, Archer noted, seemed to have been the defining moment of Klopfer's life.
Klopfer was a record-breaking runner on the track team and hoped to represent the United States in the Olympics. Upon graduating in 1959 he planned to become a chemical engineer.

## Naturalization and Education

Klopfer was naturalized as a US citizen in Detroit, Michigan, on May 31, 1960. He attended the University of Michigan during the period 1960–1962. He graduated from Wayne State University in 1965 with a degree in organic chemistry. He graduated from the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine in 1971. Klopfer became licensed to practice medicine in Illinois, Florida, South Dakota, and Indiana.

## Public attention

Klopfer first gained notoriety in November 1978 when the Chicago Sun-Times published its "The Abortion Profiteers" series documenting illegal and otherwise troubling practices among Chicago-area abortion facilities. A nurse reported to an undercover investigator that Ming Kow Hah and Klopfer would race each other to see who could complete the most abortions in a single day. "When Hah is here, Klopfer really zips. Hah marks the patients on his leg, and if Klopfer sees that Hah’s got a leg full, he goes like wildfire to catch up." Another nurse said, "Klopfer would be having a cup of coffee and be on his last sip when he'd jump up and say, 'I'd better get going or Hah will have the whole recovery room full.'"
In August 2016, the Indiana Medical Licensing Board suspended his medical license for failing to exercise reasonable care and violating several documentation requirements.
Upon his death in September 2019, he gained attention when the sheriff's office of Will County, Illinois, said that authorities had found 2,246 preserved fetal remains at his home. An additional 165 remains were found in the trunk of a car in October, totaling 2,411 fetal remains.
# List of railway museums in Switzerland

This is a list of railway museums in Switzerland.

## List

* Albula Railway Museum
* Bahn der internationalen Rheinregulierung (IRR)
* Blonay–Chamby Museum Railway (BC)
* Dampfbahn-Verein Zürcher Oberland (DVZO)
* Furka Steam Railway (Dampfbahn Furka-Bergstrecke or DFB)
* Schinznacher Baumschulbahn (SchBB)
* Swiss Transport Museum, Lucerne
* Zürcher Museums-Bahn, Zürich
# George Higgins

George Higgins may refer to:
* George C. Higgins (1845–1933), Massachusetts politician
* George Higgins (cricketer) (1868–1951), English cricketer active 1894 to 1895 who played for Essex
* George G. Higgins (1916–2002), labor activist
* George Gore Ousley Higgins, Irish politician
* George Higgins (footballer, born 1880), Scottish footballer (Queen's Park FC)
* George Higgins (footballer, born 1925), Scottish footballer (Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Grimsby Town)
* George V. Higgins (1939–1999), American writer
* George W. Higgins, American minister of the Holy Ghost and Us Society
* George Higgins, character in the film 8mm
# List of rectors of Université Laval

* 1852–1860 M. l'abbé Louis-Jacques Casault
* 1860–1866 M. l'abbé Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau
* 1866–1869 Mgr Michel-Édouard Méthot
* 1869–1871 M. l'abbé Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau
* 1871–1880 Mgr Thomas-Étienne Hamel
* 1880–1883 Mgr Michel-Édouard Méthot
* 1883–1886 Mgr Thomas-Étienne Hamel
* 1886–1887 Mgr Michel-Édouard Méthot
* 1887–1893 Mgr Benjamin Pâquet
* 1893–1899 Mgr Joseph-Clovis-Kemner Laflamme
* 1899–1908 Mgr Olivier-E. Mathieu
* 1908–1909 Mgr Joseph-Clovis-Kemner Laflamme
* 1909–1915 Mgr Amédée-Edmond Gosselin
* 1915–1921 Mgr François Pelletier
* 1921 M. l'abbé Pierre Hébert
* 1921–1924 Mgr Charles-Napoléon Gariépy
* 1924–1927 Mgr Camille Roy
* 1927–1929 Mgr Amédée-Edmond Gosselin
* 1929 Mgr Camille Roy
* 1929–1932 Mgr Philéas-J. Filion
* 1932–1938 Mgr Camille Roy
* 1938–1939 Mgr Arthur Robert
* 1939–1940 Mgr Alexandre Vachon
* 1940–1943 Mgr Camille Roy
* 1943–1945 Mgr Cyrille Gagnon
* 1945–1954 Mgr Ferdinand Vandry
* 1954–1960 Mgr Alphonse-Marie Parent
* 1960–1972 Mgr Louis-Albert Vachon
* 1972–1977 Larkin Kerwin
* 1977–1987 Jean-Guy Paquet
* 1987–1997 Michel Gervais
* 1997–2002 François Tavenas
* 2002–2007 Michel Pigeon
* 2007–2017 Denis Brière
* 2017–present Sophie D'Amours
# Alonso de Figueroa y Córdoba

Alonso de Figueroa y Cordova (1589? in Spain – 1652) was a Spanish soldier who, in the days of the reign of Philip IV of Spain, temporarily carried out the position of Captain General and Royal Governor of Chile, besides president of its Real Audiencia of Chile. His government lasted for 13 months, between April 1649 and May 1650. He was the grandfather of the Chilean historian Pedro de Cordoba y Figueroa.

## Earlier life

Figueroa was born in Cordoba and became a soldier in Lisbon. He arrived in Chile at the age of 16 years, in 1605, enlisted in the company of captain Bartolome Paez Clavijo, in the thousand-man reinforcement for the Captaincy General of Chile brought from the Iberian Peninsula by general Antonio de Mosquera to support the Arauco War. In the following years he rose through the ranks of the army of the Mapuche frontier. He was an alferez and captain of infantry and cavalry; becoming general commissioner of cavalry, finally reaching the rank of maestre de campo in 1625. He was also Corregidor of Concepcion during the government of Laso de la Vega. The governor Martín de Mujica y Buitrón showed his confidence in him, naming him shortly before dying of apparent poisoning to the key position of Governor of Valdivia.

## Governorship

His appointment as Governor of Chile was one of the last administrative acts of the viceroy of Peru Pedro Alvarez de Toledo y Leiva, Marquess of Mancera, who sent to Chile a list of three possible names. Figueroa was the only one alive among the names, and was formally invested in Concepcion in May 1649. He apparently arranged to start a new military campaign against the Mapuches and communicated with Peru asking for major resources. In Lima the new viceroy García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, Conde de Salvatierra, decided not to confirm Figueroa in his position in July 1649. This rejection discouraged Figueroa from his more ambitious projects. But the continuation of hostilities soon forced to him to put military columns in movement. On December 24, a fort near Valdivia was assaulted by the neighboring natives, guided by a deserter from the Spanish army. The attack was a Mapuche success, because almost all the garrison died and those that lived were taken prisoners and the palisade was set afire. More to the south, the Jesuit Agustín Villaza was kidnapped.
Figueroa moved troops into the neighborhood of Valdivia and Boroa. In addition he disembarked a respectable force in Carelmapu, under the command of just named Governor of Chiloé, Ignacio de la Carrera Iturgoyen, with instructions to land on the continent and to face the tribes near Osorno.
This was the situation of the captaincy general on 4 May 1650, when the ship brought the new governor, Francisco Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona to Concepcion, ending the government of Figueroa. Figueroa y Córdoba was later named president of the Audiencia of Santa Fe de Bogota in 1652, but news of that appointment found him already dead.
# Alsophylax

Alsophylax is a genus of small species of geckos, endemic to Central Asia, commonly known as even-fingered geckos. The snout-vent length of these geckos is normally no more than 4 cm (1.6 in). Little is known of their ecology or reproductive habits.

## Species

The following eight species are recognized.
* Alsophylax emilia (Nazarov, Abduraupov, Shepelya, Gritsina, Melnikov, Buehler, Lapin, Poyarkov & Grismer, 2023),
* Alsophylax ferganensis (Nazarov, Abduraupov, Shepelya, Gritsina, Melnikov, Buehler, Lapin, Poyarkov & Grismer, 2023),
* Alsophylax laevis (Nikolsky), 1907 - southern even-fingered gecko
* Alsophylax loricatus (Strauch), 1887 - Strauch's even-fingered gecko
* Alsophylax pipiens (Pallas, 1827) - even-fingered gecko
* Alsophylax przewalskii (Strauch, 1887) - Xinjiang even-fingered gecko
* Alsophylax szczerbaki (Golubev & Sattarov, 1979) - Szczerbak's even-fingered gecko
* Alsophylax tadjikiensis (Golubev, 1979) - Tadjikistan even-fingered gecko
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Alsophylax.
# Alsophis sibonius

Alsophis sibonius, the Dominica racer, Dominican racer, or Antilles racer, is a species of snake endemic to the Caribbean island of Dominica.

## Description

It can reach nearly a meter in length. It feeds on lizards and small rodents. It rarely bites humans, but may release a foul-smelling (though harmless) cloacal secretion when disturbed.

## Taxonomy

Along with Alsophis manselli from Montserrat, it was previously considered a subspecies of Alsophis antillensis.