OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wilhelmy plate

A Wilhelmy plate is a thin plate that is used to measure equilibrium surface or interfacial tension at an air–liquid or liquid–liquid interface. In this method, the plate is oriented perpendicular to the interface, and the force exerted on it is measured. Based on the work of Ludwig Wilhelmy, this method finds wide use in the preparation and monitoring of Langmuir films.

## Detailed description

The Wilhelmy plate consists of a thin plate usually on the order of a few square centimeters in area. The plate is often made from filter paper, glass or platinum which may be roughened to ensure complete wetting. In fact, the results of the experiment do not depend on the material used, as long as the material is wetted by the liquid. The plate is cleaned thoroughly and attached to a balance with a thin metal wire. The force on the plate due to wetting is measured using a tensiometer or microbalance and used to calculate the surface tension ($\gamma$) using the Wilhelmy equation:
    $\gamma ={\frac {F}{l\cos(\theta )}}$
where $l$ is the wetted perimeter ($2w+2d$), $w$ is the plate width, $d$ is the plate thickness, and $\theta$ is the contact angle between the liquid phase and the plate. In practice the contact angle is rarely measured; instead, either literature values are used or complete wetting ($\theta =0$) is assumed.
In general, surface tension may be measured with high sensitivity using very thin plates ranging in thickness from 0.1 to 0.002 mm. The device is calibrated with pure liquids like water and ethanol. The buoyancy adjustment is minimized by utilizing a thin plate and dipping it as little as feasible. Wetting water on a platinum plate is accomplished by using commercially available platinum plates that have been roughened to improve wettability.

## Advantages and short brief

If complete wetting is assumed (contact angle = 0), no correction factors are required to calculate surface tensions when using the Wilhelmy plate, unlike for a du Noüy ring. In addition, because the plate is not moved during measurements, the Wilhelmy plate allows accurate determination of surface kinetics on a wide range of timescales, and it displays low operator variance. In a typical plate experiment, the plate is lowered to the surface being analyzed until a meniscus is formed, and then raised so that the bottom edge of the plate lies on the plane of the undisturbed surface. If measuring a buried interface, the second (less dense) phase is then added on top of the undisturbed primary (denser) phase in such a way as to not disturb the meniscus. The force at equilibrium can then be used to determine the absolute surface or interfacial tension. Due to a large wetted area of the plate, the measurement is less susceptible for measurement errors than when using a smaller probe. Also, the method has been described in several international measurement standards.
# Đurđevića Tara Bridge

The Đurđevića Tara Bridge (Cyrillic: Мост на Ђурђевића Тари, pronounced) is a concrete arch bridge over the Tara River in northern Montenegro. It is located at the crossroads between the municipalities of Mojkovac, Pljevlja and Žabljak. The exact location of the bridge is between the villages of Budečevica and Trešnjica.

## Construction

The Đurđevića Tara Bridge, which was designed by engineer Mijat Trojanović, was built between 1937 and 1940 in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the works were carried out by the company Andonović from Belgrade. The project's Chief Engineer was Isaac Russo.
The 365-metre-long (1,198 ft) bridge has five arches; the largest span is 116 metres (381 ft). The roadway stands 172 metres (564 ft) above the Tara River. At the time of its completion, it was the biggest vehicular concrete arch bridge in Europe.

## World War II

Much of Montenegro, including the Tara Canyon, came under Italian occupation following the German-led Invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. As the mountainous terrain made it suitable for guerrilla warfare, a partisan uprising occurred in the area. Italian forces took control of the Tara Bridge during an Italian offensive in 1942.
A Yugoslav Partisan raiding party blew up the southwesternmost arch with the aid of one of the bridge engineers, Lazar Jauković. The attack cut the only feasible crossing over the Tara Canyon halting the Italian advance. When Jauković was eventually captured, however, the Italians executed him on the bridge.
These events were depicted in the 1969 Yugoslav film Most (English title The Bridge).

## Present day

The bridge was rebuilt in 1946. It was used in the 1978 British action film Force 10 from Navarone set during World War II. In more recent years bungee jumping has taken place from the longest arch directly above the river.
The bridge also plays a large part in the Dutch novel Het land achter Gods rug by A. den Doolaard, which was published in 1956. This novel is partly based on the true story of the bridge including its destruction by partisans during World War II.
# Bred vector

In applied mathematics, bred vectors are perturbations related to Lyapunov vectors, that capture fast-growing dynamical instabilities of the solution of a numerical model. They are used, for example, as initial perturbations for ensemble forecasting in numerical weather prediction. They were introduced by Zoltan Toth and Eugenia Kalnay.

## Method

Bred vectors are created by adding initially random perturbations to a nonlinear model. The control (unperturbed) and the perturbed models are integrated in time, and periodically the control solution is subtracted from the perturbed solution. This difference is the bred vector. The vector is scaled to be the same size as the initial perturbation and is then added back to the control to create the new perturbed initial condition. After a short transient period, this "breeding" process creates bred vectors dominated by the naturally fastest-growing instabilities of the evolving control solution.
# Ernst von Gemmingen

Ernst von Gemmingen (11 February 1759 - 3 March 1813) was a German composer and aristocrat. Born in Celle, von Gemmingen attended the University of Göttingen. He was not a professional composer but was evidently a highly proficient musician. He collected the works of Mozart and Haydn, including a number of first editions. In or around 1800 he composed four concertos for violin and orchestra, his only major extant compositions, the autograph copies of which were discovered in Hornberg Castle, his family's seat, in 1993. The existence of separate orchestral parts for three of the concertos suggests that they were performed in public.
# Birkeland

Birkeland may refer to:

## Places

* Birkeland, Agder, the administrative centre of Birkenes municipality in Agder county, Norway
* Birkeland Church, a church in the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway
* Birkeland, Vestland, a village in Austevoll municipality in Vestland county, Norway
* Birkeland, another name for Tingvatn, the administrative centre of Hægebostad municipality in Agder county, Norway

## People

* Bjarte Birkeland, a Norwegian literary researcher
* Eva Birkeland, a Norwegian civil servant
* Halvor Birkeland, a Norwegian sailor
* Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian Explorer and auroral scientist, after which is named:
** Birkeland current, an electric current found in the aurora and space plasmas
** Birkeland (lunar crater), a lunar impact crater in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon
* Omund Bjørnsen Birkeland, a Norwegian farmer and politician
* Peter Hersleb Graah Birkeland, a Norwegian bishop
* Rasmus Birkeland, a Norwegian sailor
* Reidar Birkeland, a Norwegian veterinarian
* Thøger Birkeland, a Danish teacher and writer
* Turid Birkeland, a Norwegian politician
# Odostomia natata

Odostomia natata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
# Dorymyrmex

Dorymyrmex (also known as cone ants or pyramid ants) is a genus of ants in the subfamily Dolichoderinae.

## Distribution and habitat

This genus has a strictly American distribution, inhabiting in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions and containing 60 species, several undescribed. Despite being considered by many ant collectors as "road side weeds", several species of Dorymyrmex shown a high degree of endemicity, specialized habitat preferences, and varied population structure. Some species may serve as potential agents of biological control of annual crop pests. Species of Dorymyrmex nest preferentially in dry or disturbed habitats, generally in soil without vegetation cover. Several species are known to attend aphids and other hemipterous insects. Such behavior is common in other Dolichoderinae genera and related subfamilies.

## Species

* Dorymyrmex agallardoi Snelling, 1975
* Dorymyrmex alboniger Forel, 1914
* Dorymyrmex amazonicus Cuezzo & Guerrero, 2011
* Dorymyrmex antarcticus Forel, 1904
* Dorymyrmex antillana Snelling, 2005
* Dorymyrmex baeri André, 1903
* Dorymyrmex bicolor Wheeler, 1906
* Dorymyrmex biconis Forel, 1912
* Dorymyrmex bituber Santschi, 1916
* Dorymyrmex bossutus (Trager, 1988)
* Dorymyrmex breviscapis Forel, 1912
* Dorymyrmex bruchi Forel, 1912
* Dorymyrmex brunneus Forel, 1908
* Dorymyrmex bureni (Trager, 1988)
* Dorymyrmex carettei Forel, 1913
* Dorymyrmex caretteoides Forel, 1914
* Dorymyrmex chilensis Forel, 1911
* Dorymyrmex confusus (Kusnezov, 1952)
* Dorymyrmex coniculus Santschi, 1922
* Dorymyrmex ebeninus Forel, 1914
* Dorymyrmex elegans (Trager, 1988)
* Dorymyrmex emmaericaellus Kusnezov, 1951
* Dorymyrmex ensifer Forel, 1912
* Dorymyrmex exsanguis Forel, 1912
* Dorymyrmex flavescens Mayr, 1866
* Dorymyrmex flavopectus Smith, 1944
* Dorymyrmex flavus [no authors], 1879
* Dorymyrmex fusculus Santschi, 1922
* Dorymyrmex goeldii Forel, 1904
* Dorymyrmex goetschi Goetsch, 1933
* Dorymyrmex grandulus (Forel, 1922)
* Dorymyrmex hunti (Snelling, 1975)
* Dorymyrmex hypocritus (Snelling, 1975)
* Dorymyrmex incomptus (Snelling, 1975)
* Dorymyrmex insanus (Buckley, 1866)
* Dorymyrmex jheringi Forel, 1912
* Dorymyrmex joergenseni Bruch, 1917
* Dorymyrmex lipan Snelling, 1995
* Dorymyrmex minutus Emery, 1895
* Dorymyrmex morenoi Bruch, 1921
* Dorymyrmex paiute Snelling, 1995
* Dorymyrmex pappodes (Snelling, 1975)
* Dorymyrmex paranensis Santschi, 1922
* Dorymyrmex planidens Mayr, 1868
* Dorymyrmex pogonius (Snelling, 1975)
* Dorymyrmex pulchellus Santschi, 1922
* Dorymyrmex pyramicus (Roger, 1863)
* Dorymyrmex reginicula (Trager, 1988)
* Dorymyrmex richteri Forel, 1911
* Dorymyrmex santschii Gallardo, 1917
* Dorymyrmex silvestrii Gallardo, 1916
* Dorymyrmex smithi Cole, 1936
* Dorymyrmex spurius Santschi, 1929
* Dorymyrmex steigeri Santschi, 1912
* Dorymyrmex tener Mayr, 1868
* Dorymyrmex thoracicus Gallardo, 1916
* Dorymyrmex tuberosus Cuezzo & Guerrero, 2011
* Dorymyrmex wheeleri (Kusnezov, 1952)
* Dorymyrmex wolffhuegeli Forel, 1911
* Dorymyrmex xerophylus Cuezzo & Guerrero, 2011
# Night Blooms

Night Blooms is a 2021 Canadian drama film, written and directed by Stephanie Joline. The film stars Jessica Clement as Carly, a teenage girl from a dysfunctional family in Nova Scotia who initiates an affair with her best friend's father Wayne (Nick Stahl).
The cast also includes Jennie Raymond, Calem MacDonald, Bob Mann, David Rossetti, Oliver Boyle, Thom Payne, Samuel Davison, Micha Cromwell, Samantha Wilson, Alexandra McDonald, Tyrell Casimir and Marcus Simmonds.
Production on the film started in 2019 in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.
The film was screened as part of the Industry Selects film market at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival, and had its public premiere at the 2021 Calgary International Film Festival. It went into commercial release in April 2022.
The film was a nominee for the 2021 DGC Discovery Award. It received six nominations for the Screen Nova Scotia awards in 2022, including Best Feature Film, WIFT Best Nova Scotia Director and ACTRA Award Outstanding Performance nominations for Calem MacDonald, Alexandra McDonald, Jennie Raymond and Samantha Wilson.
# Otigošće

Otigošće is a village in the municipality of Fojnica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 165.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Croats | 162 | 98.2% |
| Bosniaks | 3 | 1.8% |
| Total | 165 | 100% |
# Brezje, Zagorje ob Savi

Brezje (pronounced) is a settlement north of Izlake in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

## Name

Brezje was attested in written sources as Pirkch in 1433 and Bresya in 1485, among other spellings.

## Cultural heritage

A small Neo-Gothic chapel-shrine at the crossroads in the centre of the settlement is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It dates to 1890 and was renovated in 1997.
# Peg Birmingham

Peg Birmingham is an American professor of philosophy at DePaul University. Much of Birmingham's work has focused on the work of Hannah Arendt, to whose thought she is considered to have made a profound contribution, although her interest has also ranged widely through other subjects, primarily in modern social and political philosophy, as well as feminist theory.

## Education and career

Birmingham received her bachelor's from the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay in 1978 before moving to Duquesne University where she received her master's and doctoral degrees in philosophy in 1980 and 1986, respectively. After receiving her doctoral degree, Birmingham accepted an appointment as Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, where she stayed until 1990. In 1990, she moved to the New York City campus of Pace University as Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Edward J. Mortola Scholar. In 1992, she accepted an appointment at DePaul University as full Professor of Philosophy.

## Research areas and publications

Birmingham has published two books - Hannah Arendt and the Right to Have Rights: The Predicament of Common Responsibility in 2006, and Dissensus Communis: Between Ethics and Politics in 1995. She's also contributed a large number of book chapters, an encyclopedia entry, and a dozen peer-reviewed papers. Most of Birmingham's work has focused on or built on top of the work of Hannah Arendt (though despite Arendt's moral minimalism, Birmingham is a moral maximalist.)
In Hannah Arendt and the Right to Have Rights: The Predicament of Common Responsibility, Birmingham rejects claims that Arendt's notion of a basic 'right to have rights' is fundamentally flawed, and argues that the right to have rights (that is, to belong to a state that respects rights) is something that should be guaranteed by humanity (though Birmingham acknowledges that she is not sure whether this is in fact practical.) Birmingham views Arendt as having constructed the notion of the 'right to have rights' in such a way as to be meaningful in a world that lacks universal humanity. Birmingham views Arendt's work as a whole as an effort to construct a 'right to have rights' absent the concepts of shared humanity, reason, individual autonomy, and other common justifications behind the idea of a 'right to have rights.'
# Zhongchuan–Majiaping railway

The Zhongchuan–Majiaping railway is a single-track railway line in Yongdeng County, Lanzhou, Gansu, China. It is 30.8 kilometres (19.1 mi) long and has a maximum speed of 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph). It is used exclusively for freight. At its western terminus, the line connects to the Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway. At its eastern end, the line continues east as the Zhujiayao–Zhongchuan railway.
# 1927 Arizona Wildcats football team

The 1927 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona as an independent during the 1927 college football season. In their 13th season under head coach Pop McKale, the Wildcats compiled a 4–2–1 record and outscored their opponents, 165 to 59. The team captain was Martin Gentry.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| October 1 | Occidental | University FieldTucson, AZ | T 14–14 |
| October 15 | at Texas Mines | El Paso, TX | W 19–6 |
| October 22 | Gila College | University FieldTucson, AZ | W 65–0 |
| October 29 | New Mexico A&M | University FieldTucson, AZ | W 33–6 |
| November 5 | at New Mexico | Albuquerque, NM (rivalry) | L 6–7 |
| November 19 | UCLA | University FieldTucson, AZ | W 16–13 |
| November 24 | Whittier | University FieldTucson, AZ | L 12–13 |
# Bismark Township, Nebraska

Bismark Township, Nebraska may refer to the following places in Nebraska, United States:
* Bismark Township, Cuming County, Nebraska
* Bismark Township, Platte County, Nebraska
# Margarinotus purpurascens

Margarinotus purpurascens is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and Southern Asia.
# Bodwell High School

Bodwell High School is a private co-educational boarding school offering grades 8 to 12, and university preparation, in North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

## Background

Bodwell High School was founded in 1991 in the City of Vancouver and is a non-denominational, co-educational day and boarding school, offering grades 8 to 12 and university preparation. In September, 2003, the school moved into its new facility on Harbourside Drive in North Vancouver, overlooking Burrard Inlet and the Vancouver harbour.
Bodwell's courses follow the Provincial Curriculum prescribed by the British Columbia Ministry of Education. Students who fulfill the graduation program receive a high school graduation diploma issued by the Ministry of Education. Junior and senior grades are specialized to best fit the needs of Bodwell students.
As of the Fall 2016 Term, Bodwell students represented over 40 countries.
Bodwell may be named after one of the first settlers in Vancouver whom had ties with the CPR Railway.

## Awards

Bodwell High School won the Study Travel Magazine prize for 'STM Star High School Award' in 2014 and again in 2015. In June 2015, Bodwell won the Excellence in International Education Marketing Award from the BCCIE.

## Certifications

Bodwell High School is certified by the British Columbia Ministry of Education.

## Memberships

Bodwell High School is a member of the British Columbia Council for International Education (BCCIE), the Federation of Independent Schools British Columbia (FISA), Study in British Columbia, Imagine Canada, the Canada Eurasia Russia Business Federation (CERBA), and the Brazilian Educational & Language Travel Association (BELTA).

## School teams & activities

Athletic teams and clubs
* Boys Basketball
* Boys Soccer
* Boys Volleyball
* Boys Swimming
* Boys Track and Field
* Girls Basketball
* Girls Volleyball
* Girls Swimming
* Girls Track and Field
* Co-ed Badminton
* Co-ed Softball
Competitive teams
* Outdoor Adventure
* Cross Country Running
* Ski and Snowboard
* Fitness
* Floor Hockey
* Table Tennis
* Tennis
* Track & Field
* Yoga & Stretching
* Wrestling
Art clubs
* Creative Arts
* Open Art Studio
* Fashion Design
* Photography
* Knitting
* Video Production
Performing art clubs
* Acting
* Drama
* Hip Hop
* Guitar
* Advanced Band
* Jazz
* Music Technology
* Rock Band
* Vocal/Choral
# Dorymyrmex antarcticus

Dorymyrmex antarcticus is a species of ant in the genus Dorymyrmex. Described by Forel in 1904, the species is endemic to Argentina and Chile.
# Edinburgh Astronomical Institution

The Edinburgh Astronomical Institution was founded in 1811 and wound up in 1847. It was instrumental in the foundation of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh in 1822. The Institution raised funds, mostly by member subscription, to create three departments: A scientific observatory with an observer was to be under the control of the professors of mathematics, philosophy and astronomy of the University of Edinburgh, a popular observatory was to provide general instruction and amusement and a "physical cabinet" would comprise books, globes, meteorological and other instruments.

## History

The first president of the Institution was John Playfair, professor of natural philosophy. The members were predominantly landed gentry, advocates, bankers, academics, clergy, etc. The City of Edinburgh provided the abandoned observatory on Calton Hill, and the popular observatory was then set up in the existing Gothic Tower. Another observatory building was demolished and in 1818 work started on its replacement, which is now known as the Playfair Building.
The Institution's funds were exhausted before instruments could be purchased for the new scientific observatory. This would be a recurring problem until the Institution's eventual demise in 1847. In 1822 it presented a loyal address to George IV and the new observatory was granted the title of Royal Observatory. With Government grants and after much delay in procuring instruments it was only in 1834 that Thomas Henderson was appointed the first observer. This was now the Government-funded position of Astronomer Royal for Scotland. The incumbent would also be Regius Professor of Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh.
Henderson died in 1844 and in 1846 Charles Piazzi Smyth was appointed as his successor. Due to the deteriorating finances of the Institution it was forced to hand over its property to the Government in 1847. The Royal Observatory continued on Calton Hill. After Piazzi Smyth's resignation in 1888 it moved in 1896 to its present site on Blackford Hill.
# Otiküla

Otiküla is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County in Estonia.
# Valencia Football Club

Valencia Football Club or Valencia Club de Fútbol may refer to:
* Valencia CF, a Spanish professional football club based in Valencia playing in La Liga
** Valencia CF (youth), "Juvenil A", the under-19 team of Valencia CF
* Valencia Féminas CF, previously AD DSV Colegio Alemán, a Spanish women's football team from Valencia
* Huracán Valencia CF, a Spanish football team based in Torrent, Valencia
* Valencia FC (Haiti), a Haitian football club
* F.C. Municipal Valencia, a Honduran football club
* Club Valencia, a Maldivian football club
* Carabobo FC, a Venezuelan football team formerly known as Valencia FC
# Biryuchensky Uyezd

Biryuchensky Uyezd (Бирюченский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Voronezh Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southwestern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Biryuch.

## Demographics

At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Biryuchensky Uyezd had a population of 200,668. Of these, 70.2% spoke Ukrainian, 29.2% Russian and 0.5% Belarusian as their native language.
# Live in Manchester

Live in Manchester may refer to:
* Live From Manchester, a 2019 album by Blue October
* Live in Manchester (The Mutton Birds album), 1999
* Live in Manchester (Slash album), 2010
* Live in Manchester (Lisa Stansfield album), 2015
# Zhongchuan, Huining

Zhongchuan is a town of Huining County, Gansu, China. The town governs over 10 villages and has a population of 15,989. The town is specialized in rapeseed and apricot cultivation.