OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Close stool

A close stool was an early type of portable toilet, made in the shape of a cabinet or box at sitting height with an opening in the top. The external structure contained a pewter or earthenware chamberpot to receive the user's excrement and urine when they sat on it; this was normally covered (closed) by a folding lid. "Stool" has two relevant meanings: as a type of seat and as human feces. Close stools were used from the Middle Ages (the Oxford English Dictionary gives the first citation as 1410) until the introduction of the indoor flush toilet.

## At the Tudor Court

Records of the English court mention the "close stool" and detail its construction. As an example, the furniture maker and upholsterer William Green made a "close stool" in August 1537 for the Lady Mary. The stool was upholstered with crimson velvet and a silkwoman, Mistress Margery Vaughan, provided crimson silk fringes and ribbons for its decoration. Green made a leather carrying case for the stool. Close stools belonging to Cardinal Wolsey were covered with scarlet cloth and black velvet. Lady Jane Grey ordered crimson velvet to cover two close stools in July 1553.

## Other names

In Scotland, equivalent close stools appear in inventories and were sometimes called "dry stools" or "stools of ease". James V of Scotland and his daughter Mary, Queen of Scots, both owned silk canopies which were suspended from the ceiling over the stool.
The close stool was sometimes called a necessary stool or a night stool. The eighteenth-century euphemism was convenience; the term was further euphemised in the nineteenth century with the term night commode, which John Gloag suggested may have derived its significance from a "balance night stool" described in Thomas Sheraton's Cabinet Dictionary (London, 1803). Sheraton's design was "made to have the appearance of a small commode standing upon legs; when it is used the seat part presses down to a proper height by the hand, and afterwards it rises by means of lead weights, hung to the seat, by lines passing over pulleys at each end, all which are enclosed in a case." This appears to be the link between "commode" as an elegant article of French furniture, and "commode" as a prosaic invalid toilet. "Close stool", in turn, is itself a euphemism for toilet chair. One meaning of commode survived into the twentieth century to refer to the flush toilet; "toilet" itself originally euphemistic.
The French term for this item of furniture is a chaise percée ("pierced chair"), as it often takes the form of a chair with a seat which raises to show the opening to the pot; similar items were made specifically as a moveable bidet.
The French secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots, Claude Nau described her talking to the Countess of Huntly about their plans to escape from Holyroodhouse after the murder of David Rizzio, while she was sitting on her chaise percée.

## Developments

A nineteenth century development is the thunderbox.
* Italian thunderbox c. 1750
* 19th Century thunderbox

## Cultural significance

The Groom of the Stool was a high-ranking courtier who assisted the monarch with the close stool.
# Aristidis Rousias

Aristidis Rousias was a Greek water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
# Trachycarpus oreophilus

Trachycarpus oreophilus, also known as Thai mountain fan palm, is a plant species in the genus Trachycarpus. It is known from two distinct populations, one in northwest Thailand, the other in Manipur in northeastern India. The Manipur population was formerly considered a separate species.
Trachycarpus oreophilus grows on steep mountain sides at elevations of 1,200–1,800 m (3,900–5,900 ft).
# Clubiona pacifica

Clubiona pacifica is a species of sac spider in the family Clubionidae. It is found in the United States and Canada.
# Clubiona mykolai

Clubiona mykolai is a sac spider species found in Ukraine.
# Clodoaldo (disambiguation)

Clodoaldo (born 1949), Clodoaldo Tavares de Santana, is a Brazilian football midfielder.
Clodoaldo is a given name. It may also refer to:
* Clodoaldo Caldeira (1899-unknown), known as Clodô, Brazilian football defender
* Clodoaldo do Carmo (born 1968), Brazilian steeplechase runner
* Clodoaldo Soto Ruiz (fl. 1976-present), Peruvian scholar and author
* Clodoaldo (footballer, born November 1978), Clodoaldo Paulino de Lima, Brazilian football striker and attacking midfielder
* Clodoaldo (footballer, born December 1978), Francisco Clodoaldo Chagas Ferreira, Brazilian football striker
* Clodoaldo Silva (born 1979), Brazilian Paralympic swimmer
# Tracks in the Snow (1929 film)

Tracks in the Snow (German: Spuren im Schnee) is a 1929 German silent film directed by Willy Reiber and starring Peter Voß, Ilse Stobrawa and Will Dohm.
The film's art direction was by Ludwig Reiber. It was made at the Emelka Studios in Munich.

## Cast

* Peter Voß as Klaus Meill
* Ilse Stobrawa as Herta Frank
* Will Dohm as Victor Horn
* Franz Loskarn as Der Obergrenzer
* Hanns Beck-Gaden as Der Freund
* Walter Grüters
# Exanthemachrysis

Exanthemachrysis is a genus of haptophytes.
It includes the species Exanthemachrysis gayraliae.
# Aristochroodes

Aristochroodes reginae is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae, the only species in the genus Aristochroodes.
# Evo (company)

Evo (stylized as evo) is an American sporting goods and outdoor recreation retailer. The company was founded in 2001 and is headquartered in Seattle, Washington. It is led by founder and chief executive officer Bryce Phillips.

## Company overview

Evo is an American sporting goods retailer and outdoor recreation company headquartered in Seattle, Washington. Evo generates about 70% of its business from online sales.
Evo operates nine stores in the United States and Canada and seven in Japan as Rhythm Japan.
Physical locations also offer equipment retail, repair services, and rentals. The company operates hotels in Salt Lake City, Utah, and Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. Evo offers travel packages via its evoTrip division.

## History

Phillips, a former professional skier, founded Evo in 2001 as an online retailer for used ski equipment. The company opened its first brick and mortar location in Seattle in 2005.
Evo expanded its physical presence in 2014 by opening a store in Portland, Oregon, and again in 2016 when it purchased Edgeworks & Bicycle Doctor in Denver, Colorado.
In 2018, Evo continued a series of acquisitions, starting with the purchase of independent retailer Whistler Village Sports in Whistler, British Columbia, including its five stores in Whistler Village, for an undisclosed sum. In 2021, the company acquired Callaghan Country Wilderness Adventures in Whistler, and with it a backcountry lodge called the Journeyman Lodge. In 2022, Evo purchased Rhythm Japan, a Japanese sporting goods retailer based in Australia, and its seven stores. Rhythm was founded in 2005 by Australian businessmen Matthew Hampton and Mick Klima and operates locations in Niseko, Hakuba, and Furano, Japan.
As part of its expansion into hospitality, in 2022 Evo opened a location in Salt Lake City including a hotel, bouldering gym, skatepark, and additional retail space. In July 2022, the company announced plans to build a similar complex in Tahoe City, California.
Evo purchased a city block in Seattle in 2022 for $17.5 million with plans to develop it into a mixed-use space that includes office space, sports facilities, and retail stores.

## Community initiatives

Evo has designed its physical locations to serve as gathering places as well as retail stores. The company's larger locations host events such as movie premieres and art galleries, include sports facilities such as skateparks and climbing gyms, and have additional retail spaces for local businesses and restaurants.
In 2021, Evo pledged to donate $10 million over the next 10 years to nonprofits that enable underrepresented communities to participate in outdoor activities.

## Evo outdoors

Evo outdoor was founded in 2001 as was expanded to operate outdoor retail stores and hotels specializing in winter sports in five U.S. states, Canada, and three prefectures in Japan. It is also based in Seattle, Washington. Evo was founded in Phillips’ garage near its now located in Seattle's Fremont neighborhood. In February 2022, Evo opened Campus Salt Lake after spending $42 million developing the multi-experience facility in the Granary District.
# Trails of Danger

Trails of Danger is a 1930 American pre-Code Western film directed by Alan James and starring Hal Taliaferro.

## Plot

An American soldier returns from World War I without any money and finds himself forced into the life of a western criminal to survive.

## Cast

* Hal Taliaferro as Bob Bartlett
* Virginia Brown Faire as Mary Martin
* Jack Perrin as Sheriff Johnson
* Buck Connors as John Martin
* Bobby Dunn as Deputy Shorty
* Pete Morrison as Deputy Tom Weld
* Joe Rickson as U.S. Marshall Bartlett
* Frank Ellis as Butch Coleman
* Hank Bell as Hank

## Reception

Trails of Danger was positively received in the popular press. The Cincinnati Enquirer described the film as having strong acting and "an effective cast."
# Eva Sansome

Eva Sansome, nee Richardson (1906-2001) was a British mycologist.

## Life

Eva Richardson was born on 9 September 1906, possibly in New Zealand. She gained a DSc. from Manchester University, and in 1928 was appointed a fellow of the Linnean Society. In 1929 she married fellow botanist F. W. Sansome.
Sansome lectured in horticulture at the University of Manchester and the University of Ghana.
During the war she collaborated with Alexander Hollaender, Milislav Demerec and a young Esther M. Zimmer at the United States Public Health Service (Bethesda, Maryland), publishing in the very early field of x-ray- and UV-induced mutations. In the late 1950s she was registered at University College Ibadan, though on placement to Long Island Biological Laboratories. She researched meiosis in the oogonium. She studied the antheridium of Pythium debaryanum, showing in a 1963 paper that the mycelium of Pythium debaryanum was diploid, rather than (as previously believed) haploid. Subsequent work established that both oospores and myceliuum are diploid in several Peronosporales genera.
A Reader in the Department of Botany at Ahmadu Bello University in the mid-1960s, she and her husband supported eliminating the Igbo from Northern Nigeria at the time of the 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom. She was awarded an OBE in the 1968 New Year Honours.
She collaborated with Clive Brasier. After her husband's death in 1981, Sansome moved to live with her son's family in Warwickshire. After a series of strokes, she died on 11 February 2001.

## Works

* Segmental interchange in Pisum sativum. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Durham, 1941.
* 'Maintenance of heterozygosity in a homothallic species of the Neurospora tetrasperma type', Nature 157 (1946):484.
# Evoke (album)

Evoke is a 2005 album by the German industrial music project Wumpscut.

## Track listing

* “Maiden” – 5:14
* “Churist Churist” – 3:46
* “Don’t Go” – 4:30
* “Evoke” – 5:31
* “Tomb” – 5:31
* “Hold” – 4:58
* “Krolok” – 4:37
* “Breathe” – 3:26
* “Rush” – 4:44
* “Perdition” – 4:40
* “Obsessio” – 4:42
* “Churist Churist” (Recently Deceased remix) – 4:42
* “Maiden” (Nersoton vs :w: remix) – 4:31
* This 2000s electronic music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Arkansas Highway 30

Arkansas Highway 30 may refer to:
* Arkansas Highway 30 (1926-1958), now numbered 130 (and US 165)
* Interstate 30 in Arkansas, created in the late 1950s
# Cobaki Lakes, New South Wales

Cobaki Lakes is a suburb of Tweed Heads, located in the Northern Rivers Region of New South Wales, along the Queensland and New South Wales border.

## History

Cobaki Lakes is situated in the Bundjalung traditional Aboriginal country.
Cobaki Lakes was approved in May 2011 by the New South Wales Northern Joint Regional Planning Panel, appointed by the NSW Government and Tweed Shire.
# Tragheimsdorf

Tragheimsdorf was a quarter of northern Königsberg, Germany. Its territory is now part of Kaliningrad, Russia.

## History

Tragheimsdorf was originally a small village located north of Tragheim along the western shore of the Oberteich. It was incorporated into the city of Königsberg in 1908 and developed into a new quarter after the dismantling of Tragheim Gate in 1911. Neighboring quarters were Tragheim to the south, Vorderhufen to the west, and Tragheimer Palve to the north.
Several of the newly planned streets in Tragheimsdorf were named after battles and events from the War of the Sixth Coalition, such as Tauroggen, Großgörschen, Dennewitz, Probstheida, Wartenburg, and Nollendorf. Auguste-Viktoria-Allee was named after Empress Augusta Victoria, while Cäcilienallee honored Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Samitter Allee led to Tragheimer Palve.
The Handelshochschule, the only business school of its kind in then-eastern Germany. In eastern Tragheimsdorf along the shores of the Oberteich was the Prussia Badeanstalt, a public bath.
# Town & Country Market

Town & Country Market was a shopping center in the Fairfax District of Los Angeles, at the southeast corner of Third and Fairfax, across Third from Farmer's Market. it incorporated elements of a farmer's market but profiled itself as a "small town of 100 smart shops". Opened in 1942, author Richard Longstreth, who calls it an example of the "shopping court", notes that it was one of the first shopping centers in Los Angeles built with parking lots for customers arriving by car, being much larger than the earlier Broadway & 87th Street shopping center and preceding the larger Broadway-Crenshaw Center (opened 1946) by 5 years. It was more regular in plan and more pretentious in appearance than Farmer's market across the street. It promoted its entertainment and had 26 restaurants onsite, in this sense a precursor to the lifestyle center of today. The market opened on May 14, 1942.
The site continues as a community shopping center signed Town & Country Center. The anchors are:
* 6360 building: CVS Pharmacy, formerly Sav-on Drug Store
* 6350 building: Whole Foods Market (formerly a Ralphs, and before that, a Safeway)
* 6310 building: former Kmart (demolished 2023), originally Britts Department Store
As of 2023, it is currently being redeveloped by Regency Centers as Bloom on Third, with a new mixed-use complex under construction on the site of the demolished Kmart. It will have apartments on the upper floors, and the Whole Foods Market will move into the lower levels when it is completed.
# Exalphus aurivillii

Exalphus aurivillii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1970.
# Exalphus cavifrons

Exalphus cavifrons is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1872.
# Armand Mastroianni

Armand Mastroianni (born August 1, 1948) is an American film director and producer.

## Biography

Armand Mastroianni's directorial debut was the 1980 horror film He Knows You're Alone which was also the screen debut of actor Tom Hanks. He has directed some studio films such as The Celestine Prophecy, the bulk of his career has mainly been focused on directing television films, such as "The Ring," "First Daughter," One of Her Own, and Robin Cook's "Invasion," and television dramas, such as "Dark Shadows" and "Nightmare Cafe." He is currently producing and directing material for his production company.

## Filmography

Film
* He Knows You're Alone (1980)
* The Clairvoyant (1982)
* The Supernaturals (1986)
* Distortions (1987)
* Cameron's Closet (1988)
* Double Revenge (1988)
* The Celestine Prophecy (2006)
TV series
| Year | Title | Notes |
| 1984-1987 | Tales from the Darkside | 4 episodes |
| 1989-1990 | War of the Worlds | 4 episodes |
| 1989-1990 | Friday the 13th: The Series | 8 episodes |
| 1991 | Dark Shadows | 5 episodes; also producer |
| 1991 | Against the Law | 2 episodes |
| 1991-1992 | Reasonable Doubts | 3 episodes |
| 1992 | Nightmare Cafe | 2 episodes |
| 1992 | Mann & Machine | 1 episode |
| 1992 | Freshman Dorm | 2 episodes |
| 2002 | Touched by an Angel | 4 episodes |
| 2003 | The Dead Zone | 1 episode |
TV movies
* Perfect Crimes (1991)
* When No One Would Listen (1992)
* Les audacieux (1993)
* Desperate Justice (1993)
* Cries Unheard: The Donna Yaklich Story (1994)
* One of Her Own (1994)
* Come Die with Me (1994)
* Sleep, Baby, Sleep (1995)
* Virus (1995)
* Dare to Love (1995)
* The Perfect Getaway (1998)
* Fatal Error (1999)
* First Daughter (1999)
* Final Run (1999)
* Nowhere to Land (2000)
* The Linda McCartney Story (2000)
* First Target (2000)
* First Shot (2002)
* Jane Doe: Now You See It, Now You Don't (2005)
* Jane Doe: Til Death Do Us Part (2005)
* Jane Doe: Yes, I Remember It Well (2006)
* Falling in Love with the Girl Next Door (2006)
* Though None Go with Me (2006)
* Final Approach (2007)
* Sharpshooter (2007)
* Black Widow (2008)
* A Gunfighter's Pledge (2008)
* Grave Misconduct (2008)
* Our First Christmas (2008)
* Mrs. Washington Goes to Smith (2009)
* Citizen Jane (2009)
* Dark Desire (2012) (Also producer)
* Miracle Underground (2020)
* Never Can Say Goodbye: When Love and Hate Survive Death (2020)
Miniseries
* The Ring (1996)
* Invasion (1997)
* Gone But Not Forgotten (2005)
* Pandemic (2007)
# Armand Mercier

Armand P. Mercier (November 8, 1933 – January 13, 2012) was a mayor and city councillor of Lowell, Massachusetts.

## Early life and career

Mercier was born in Lowell on November 8, 1933, to the late Peter and Lillian (Rodrigue) Mercier. He was a student of St. Joseph High School, and a lifelong resident of Lowell. He was a long-time member of the former Ste. Jeanne d'Arc Church in the Pawtucketville Section, and also founded Mercier Realty in 1985.
His public service career began in 1966 as the labor appointee to the Lowell Public Housing Board of Commissioners as the Governor's Representative for the Lowell Public Housing. He served as Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Commissioner and Executive Director of the Lowell Housing Authority, as well as Development Director and Executive Director of the Lowell Historical Preservation Commission. He also served on the Lowell Plan of Directors; Community Teamwork Incorporated (CTI); Center Cities Committee, Vice President of the Massachusetts Chapter of the National Association of Housing Redevelopment (NAHRO); Board of Director of the Jeanne D’Arc Credit Union, Chair of the Greater Lowell March of Dimes and Delegate of the Central Labor Council. In 1975 he was a finalist for the position Lowell City Manager. The city council chose Holyoke Mayor William Taupier over Mercier and the other finalist, Robert W. Healy, after sixteen ballots.

## Lowell City Council

Mercier served six terms on the Lowell City Council from 1998 to 2010. During this time, he served one term as vice mayor (2002–2004), and one term as mayor (2004–2006). He served on numerous subcommittees including Economic Development and Downtown, Public Safety, and Zoning. In the 2009 Lowell City election Mercier lost his reelection bid by 217 votes.

## Post council

The Lowell Housing Authority has named their community building on Salem Street the Armand P. Mercier Multi-Service Center, in his honor.
In 2011, Mercier tried to reclaim his seat on the council, but lost by 55 votes. He died on January 13, 2012, at Lowell General Hospital following a brief illness.
# Experimental College (Tufts University)

The Experimental College at Tufts University (also known as the Ex College), is located in Medford, Massachusetts. The college was founded in 1964, to expand the offerings of the undergraduate course curriculum, and has remained an integral part of the university ever since.
The Experimental College offers credit-bearing courses at Tufts. These courses tend to involve issues of current importance and/or provide instruction on interdisciplinary subject areas that do not significantly overlap with what is being offered in the traditional departments. They are also intended to be discussion-based and participatory in nature.
The Ex-College offers courses taught by members of the Tufts Faculty, adjunct Visiting Lecturers, and Tufts undergraduates. The ExCollege Visiting Lecturer positions are open to the public, and those who are selected to teach range from advanced graduate students to business, law and computer science professionals, to PhD professors. All applicants are required to construct and submit their course proposals 5–8 months before the start of the semester. Fall instructors submit proposals the January before the fall semester. Spring instructors submit proposals the August before the spring semester. The selection process is competitive, and the ExCollege Board, comprising faculty, students and staff, selects 15 Visiting Lecturers from a pool of over 100 applicants each term. All applicants undergo an interview process with Tufts students and faculty, at least one of whom sits on the ExCollege board. This ensures that the ExCollege remains up-to-date with relevant and popular subjects, and selects qualified instructors.
# Arratia-Nerbioi

Arratia-Nerbioi (Spanish: Arratia-Nervión) is a comarca of the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. It is formed by the valleys of the Arratia river and the Nervión river. It is one of the seven eskualdeak or comarcas that compose the province of Biscay.

## Geography

Arratia-Nerbioi is located on the south of the province of Biscay. It limits with the region of Greater Bilbao on the north and Durangaldea on the northeast. The Basque province of Álava is on the south. The comarca of Arratia-Nerbioi is formed by the valleys of the Arratia river and the Nervión river. Orduña-Urduña is an exclave of the comarca, being enclaved by Araba/Álava province.

## Municipalities

| Municipality | Population | Territory km$^2$ |
| Arakaldo | 112 | 2,65 |
| Arantzazu | 325 | 3,75 |
| Arrankudiaga | 920 | 22,75 |
| Artea | 760 | 12,4 |
| Zeanuri | 1.302 | 66,98 |
| Zeberio | 1.060 | 47,15 |
| Dima | 1,313 | 61,80 |
| Ugao-Miraballes | 4.050 | 4,54 |
| Orduña-Urduña | 4.258 | 33,49 |
| Orozko | 2.405 | 102,42 |
| Ubide | 167 | 2,9 |
| Areatza | 1.142 | 9,1 |
| Igorre | 4.239 | 17 |
43°07′37″N 2°48′55″W﻿ / ﻿43.12694°N 2.81528°W﻿ / 43.12694; -2.81528
* This article about a location in the Basque Country, Spain, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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