OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# August Udoh

August Udoh is a Nigerian photographer best known for his photography of the Dambe traditional boxers in Nigeria. He has done many celebrity portraits including those for M.I Abaga, eLDee, Eva Alordiah, Burna Boy, YCee, Iceprince and others. In 2017, he created a photo series about athletes with disabilities to shed light on their struggles. In 2018, he did a photography series "Dambe" highlighting the underground martial arts club called Dambe. He created the series as a way for the photographs to be "shedding light upon such regional disparities."
# Başdibek, Ilgaz

Başdibek is a village in the Ilgaz District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 120 (2021).
# Nyah Kur

Nyah Kur may refer to:
* Nyah Kur language, a Mon-Khmer language spoken in Thailand
* Nyah Kur people, an indigenous ethnic group in Thailand related to the Mon
# Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano

Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano (9 July 1828, Bene Vagienna, Italy – 7 December 1913, Rome, Italy) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church in the late nineteenth century. He was Bishop of Ostia e Velletri and Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 1896 until his death.

## Biography

He was educated in Turin and became a priest in 1851. After that, he soon rose to become domestic prelate of Pope Pius IX by 1857 and was internuncio in the Netherlands from 1863 to 1866. In May of that year he was elected titular archbishop of Tamiathis and served as papal nuncio to Belgium from then until 1868, when he was moved to Portugal. He remained as nuncio until his promotion to the cardinalate when he was returned to Rome.
On 22 December 1873 Oreglia was created a cardinal by Pius IX and two years later he became Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences and Relics. He participated in the 1878 conclave that elected Pope Leo XIII and that pope appointed him Camerlengo on 27 March 1882. Although Oreglia was forced to relinquish the post a year later, he became Camerlengo once more in 1885 and retained that post right up to his death 28 years later. During this period he rose gradually to become sub-Dean of the College in 1889 and to Dean in 1896.
When Leo XIII died in 1903, Cardinal Oreglia was the sole cardinal elevated by Pope Pius IX. As the only elector in the 1903 conclave with previous experience in electing a pope, and being the leader of the ultraconservative curial faction within the college who wanted a more intransigent pontiff than Leo, Oreglia is widely believed to have played a prominent role in the election of Giuseppe Sarto as Pius X. Indeed, some students of the papacy believe that without the guidance of Oreglia, Cardinal Sarto would have refused the papacy even when he had obtained 55 of the 60 available votes.
Oreglia is also said to have vehemently protested against the announcement by Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko regarding the civil veto of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria against the name of Cardinal Mariano Rampolla, Leo's Secretary of State. Oreglia is also rumored to have prohibited the use of the method of election known as accessus in the 1903 Conclave that elected Pope Pius X.
Oreglia retained his positions with the College of Cardinals until his death in 1913 at the age of 85.
# Myonycteris

Myonycteris (collared bat) is a genus of bat in the family Pteropodidae.
It contains the following species:
Genus Myonycteris
* Angolan rousette, Myonycteris angolensis
* São Tomé collared fruit bat, Myonycteris brachycephala
* Sierra Leone collared fruit bat, Myonycteris leptodon
* East African little collared fruit bat, Myonycteris relicta
* Little collared fruit bat, Myonycteris torquata
# 1987 Kent Cup

The 1987 Kent Cup was an invitational non-ranking snooker tournament held in Beijing from 5 to 8 March 1987. The invited competitors were seven players managed by Barry Hearn's Matchroom Sport, and also Rex Williams and eight Chinese amateur players. Willie Thorne won the tournament, defeating Jimmy White 5–2 in the final, which was watched by over 100 million television viewers in China.

## Main draw

| Quarter-finals Best of 7 frames | Quarter-finals Best of 7 frames | Quarter-finals Best of 7 frames | Semi-finals Best of 7 frames | Semi-finals Best of 7 frames | Semi-finals Best of 7 frames | Final Best of 9 frames | Final Best of 9 frames | Final Best of 9 frames |
| Steve Davis | Steve Davis | 4 | | | | | | |
| Rex Williams | Rex Williams | 0 | | | | | | |
| Rex Williams | Rex Williams | 0 | Steve Davis | Steve Davis | 3 | | | |
| | | | Willie Thorne | Willie Thorne | 4 | | | |
| Willie Thorne | Willie Thorne | 4 | Willie Thorne | Willie Thorne | 4 | | | |
| Terry Griffiths | Terry Griffiths | 1 | | | | | | |
| Terry Griffiths | Terry Griffiths | 1 | | | | Willie Thorne | Willie Thorne | 5 |
| | | | | | | Jimmy White | Jimmy White | 2 |
| Jimmy White | Jimmy White | 4 | | | | | | | Jimmy White | Jimmy White | 2 |
| Tony Meo | Tony Meo | 0 | | | | | | |
| Tony Meo | Tony Meo | 0 | Jimmy White | Jimmy White | 4 | | | |
| | | | Neal Foulds | Neal Foulds | 3 | | | |
| Dennis Taylor | Dennis Taylor | 1 | Neal Foulds | Neal Foulds | 3 | | | |
| Neal Foulds | Neal Foulds | 4 | | | | | | |
# Wow! (Jay Chou album)

Wow! or known as Exclamation Point (traditional Chinese: 驚嘆號; simplified Chinese: 惊叹号; pinyin: Jīng Tàn Hào) is the eleventh studio album by Taiwanese singer Jay Chou, released on 11 November 2011 by JVR Music.
The album was nominated for three Golden Melody Awards and won for Best Album Packaging.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Jay Chou.

## Awards

| Award | Category | Nominated work | Result |
| Golden Melody Awards | Best Mandarin Male Singer | Jay Chou for Wow! | Nominated |
| Golden Melody Awards | Best Musical Arranger | Jay Chou for "Sailor Afraid of Water" | Nominated |
| Golden Melody Awards | Best Album Packaging | Mori Chen for Wow! (Limited USB Edition) | Won |
# Chat log

A chat log is an archive of transcripts from online chat and instant messaging conversations. Many chat or IM applications allow for the client-side archiving of online chat conversations, while a subset of chat or IM clients (i.e., Google Talk and Yahoo! Messenger 11 Beta) allow for the saving of chat archives on a server for future retrieval. Most IRC clients and many IRC bots include chat logging to a local file as a standard feature.
Websites exist that publish chat logs, usually dedicated to a single channel and including a search engine. This can conflict with users' expectations of privacy. Some IRC networks have published guidelines on making chat logs public. Due to their real time nature, chat logs may be used to identify anonymous users by correlating information posted on different mediums.

## Examples

* Google has integrated its own chat archiving feature into Gmail, which lists Google Talk conversations alongside email conversations.
* Yahoo first experimented with online archiving of Yahoo Messenger chat logs through its Yahoo! Messenger for the Web application, which separately saves its own chat archive when users communicate through that client. In 2010, the beta of the 11th version of the standalone Messenger client featured online archiving of chat logs, although the archive is only available and viewable from within the logged-in client.
* bash.org is a website hosting user-posted chat logs from IRC.
# Texas State Highway Spur 421

State Highway Spur 421 (Spur 421) is a state highway spur in the San Antonio, Texas, USA metropolitan area.

## Route description

Spur 421 begins at an intersection with I-10 north of Downtown San Antonio. The route follows Culebra Road to the west before turning to the northwest along Bandera Road. The designation ends at Loop 410 and SH 16; southbound SH 16 follows the Loop 410 freeway, while northbound SH 16 continues along Bandera Road.

## History

Spur 421 is a former route of SH 16, and was designated (along with Spur 422) on November 16, 1965, after SH 16 was rerouted around the west side of San Antonio along the Loop 410 freeway. The section of Spur 421 south of Callaghan Road was proposed for decommissioning in 2014 (Spur 421 would have also replaced the section of SH 16 north to Eckhert Road as well) as part of TxDOT's San Antonio turnback proposal, which would have turned back over 129 miles of roads to the city of San Antonio, but the city of San Antonio rejected that proposal.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Bexar County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| San Antonio | 0.0 | 0.0 | I-10 / US 87 | Southern terminus; continues as Culebra Road |
| San Antonio | 0.6 | 0.97 | Zarzamora Street | |
| San Antonio | 1.5 | 2.4 | 24th Street / Wilson Boulevard | |
| San Antonio | 1.6 | 2.6 | Bandera Road / Culebra Road west – St. Mary's University | Route continues along Bandera Road |
| San Antonio | 2.1 | 3.4 | Cincinnati Avenue – Woodlawn Lake | |
| San Antonio | 2.3 | 3.7 | General McMullen Drive / Saint Cloud Road | |
| San Antonio | 2.6 | 4.2 | Woodlawn Avenue | |
| San Antonio | 3.9 | 6.3 | Hillcrest Drive | |
| San Antonio | 4.8 | 7.7 | Evers Road | |
| San Antonio | 5.2 | 8.4 | Callaghan Road | |
| Leon Valley | 6.0 | 9.7 | I-410 (Connally Loop) / SH 16 south | |
| Leon Valley | | | SH 16 north (Bandera Road) | Northern terminus and continuation |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Bo Thidé

Bo Yngve Thidé (born 8 January 1948) is a Swedish physicist and professor emeritus at Uppsala University. He has studied radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation in space, particularly their interaction with matter and fields.
Thidé was born in Gothenburg, Sweden. He received his B.Sc. in 1972, his M.Sc. in 1973, and defended his Ph.D. thesis on semiclassical quantum theory at Uppsala University in 1979. His Ph.D. was obtained under the supervision of professor Per Olof Fröman at the Department of Theoretical Physics, Uppsala University. He has worked at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics in Uppsala since 1980, where he has been a professor since 2000.
In 1981, Bo Thidé discovered electromagnetic emissions stimulated by powerful radio waves in the ionosphere during experiments in August 1981 at the EISCAT facility in Tromsø, Norway. For the first time it was shown that the plasma turbulence excited by powerful radio waves in the ionosphere radiates secondary electromagnetic radiation that can be detected and analysed on the ground. These stimulated electromagnetic emissions (SEE) exhibit a rich spectral structure, particularly near harmonics of the ionospheric electron gyro frequency. The SEE technique is now a useful tool in plasma turbulence research. For his discovery, Thidé was awarded the Edlund Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1991.
In the mid-1980s, Thidé published a series of papers together with Bengt Lundborg on a highly accurate analytic approximation method to calculate the full three-dimensional wave pattern, spin angular momentum (polarization) and other properties of radio waves propagating in an inhomogeneous, magnetized, collisional plasma.
Thidé was involved in a project in The Netherlands where 12 500 antenna designed to analyse solar storms were built. In 2001 he led the LOIS-project, that placed tens of thousands of antenna in southern Sweden. The project was a subsidiary of the multinational LOFAR project headed by The Netherlands and aimed to find traces of the first hydrogen atom formed during Big Bang.
Together with colleagues from Italy and Spain, Thidé discovered in 2010 a new phenomenon in General Relativity which allows the detection of spinning black holes by analysing the orbital angular momentum and optical vortex structure of radiation from the accretion disk near the black holes. The results were published in Nature Physics. He was later part of a team which discovered that radio beams from fast-spinning black holes are twisted.
Thidé has advocated Orbital angular momentum multiplexing for radio transmissions, opening up additional degrees of freedom. Thidé is the author of the book Electromagnetic Field Theory, which is used in the course Classical Electrodynamics at Uppsala University and University of Padua. He has also worked on fiber optics technology.
Since 2016, he lives outside Söderhamn, where he continues his research from home.
# Hiroshiinoueana

Hiroshiinoueana is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Hiroshiinoueana gangweonensis Cho & Byun, 1993
* Hiroshiinoueana stellifera Kawabe, 1978
# Blackwell's contraction mapping theorem

In mathematics, Blackwell's contraction mapping theorem provides a set of sufficient conditions for an operator to be a contraction mapping. It is widely used in areas that rely on dynamic programming as it facilitates the proof of existence of fixed points. The result is due to David Blackwell who published it in 1965 in the Annals of Mathematical Statistics.

## Statement of the Theorem

Let $T$ be an operator defined over an ordered normed vector space $X$. $T:X\rightarrow X$ is a contraction mapping with modulus $\beta$ if it satisfies
* $(monotonicity)\quad u\leq v\implies Tu\leq Tv$
* $(discounting)\quad T(u+c)\leq Tu+\beta c.$

## Proof of the Theorem

For all $u$ and $v\in X$, $u\leq v+||v-u||$. Properties 1. and 2. imply that $T(u)\leq T(v+||v-u||)\leq T(v)+\beta ||v-u||$, hence, $T(u)-T(v)\leq \beta ||v-u||$. The symmetric follows from a similar argument and we prove that $T$ is a contraction mapping.

## Applications
### The cake eating problem

An agent has access to only one cake for its entire, infinite, life. It has to decide the optimal way to consume it. It evaluates a consumption plan, $c_{t}$, by using a separable utility function, $\sum _{t=0}^{\infty }\beta ^{t}{\frac {c_{t}^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}$, with discounting factor $\beta \in (0,1)$. Its problem can be summarized as
$\max _{c_{t}}\sum _{t=0}^{\infty }\beta ^{t}{\frac {c_{t}^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}{\text{ subject to }}x_{t}=x_{t-1}-c_{t}{\text{, }}x_{-1}=0{\text{, }}c_{t}\geq 0{\text{ and }}x_{t}\geq 0\,\forall \,t\,\in \,\mathbb {Z} _{+}$. (1)
Applying Bellman's principle of optimality we find (1)'s corresponding Bellman equation
$V(c)=\max _{c'}{\frac {c^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}+\beta V(c')$. (2)
It can be proven that the solution to this functional equation, if it exists, is equivalent to the solution of (1). To prove its existence we can resort to Blackwell's sufficient conditions.
Define the operator $T(V(c))=\max _{c'}{\frac {c^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}+\beta V(c')$. A solution to (2) is equivalent to finding a fixed-point for our operator. If we prove that this operator is a contraction mapping then we can use Banach's fixed-point theorem, and conclude that there is indeed a solution to (1).
First note that $T$ is defined over the space of bounded functions since for all feasible consumption plans, $\sum _{t=0}^{\infty }\beta ^{t}{\frac {c_{t}^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}\leq \sum _{t=0}^{\infty }\beta ^{t}{\frac {1^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}={\frac {1}{(1-\beta )(1-\sigma )}}<\infty$. Endowing it with the sup-norm we conclude that the domain and co-domain are ordered normed vector spaces. We are just left with verifying that the conditions for Blackwell's theorem are respected:
* (monotonicity) ${\text{if }}V(c)\geq U(c)\,\forall \,c\,\in \,[0,1]$ then $T(V(c))=\max _{c'}{\frac {c^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}+\beta V(c')\geq \max _{c'}{\frac {c^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}+\beta U(c')=T(U(c))$
* (discounting) $T(V(c)+a)=\max _{c'}{\frac {c^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}+\beta (V(c')+a)\leq \max _{c'}{\frac {c^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}+\beta V(c')+\beta a=T(V(c))+\beta a$ where $a$ is a constant function.
# Wainwright v. Greenfield

Wainwright v. Greenfield, 474 U.S. 284 (1986), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court reversed the lower court's finding and overturned the petitioner's conviction, on the grounds that it was fundamentally unfair for the prosecutor to comment during the court proceedings on the petitioner's silence invoked as a result of a Miranda warning.

## Background

After his arrest in Florida for sexual battery, Greenfield was given three separate Miranda warnings. Each time, he exercised his right to remain silent and requested to speak with an attorney before answering questions. At his trial in the Circuit Court for Sarasota County, the respondent pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity. During closing arguments in the Florida trial court, the prosecutor reviewed the police officer's testimony, over defense counsel's objection, arguing that Greenfield's silence after receiving Miranda warnings was evidence of his sanity. The testimony described the occasions when respondent had exercised his right to remain silent. The prosecutor suggested that respondent's repeated refusals to answer questions without first consulting an attorney "demonstrated a degree of comprehension that was inconsistent with his claim of insanity".
Greenfield then unsuccessfully sought habeas corpus relief in Federal District Court, by suing the Florida Department of Corrections and its secretary, Louie L. Wainwright, arguing that the prosecutor's use of his silence violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as construed in Doyle v. Ohio (1976). The court affirmed the conviction, holding that the general rule precluding a prosecutor from commenting on a defendant's exercise of his right to remain silent did not apply to a case in which an insanity plea was filed.

## Decision

The Court held that the prosecutor's use of respondent's post-arrest, post-Miranda warnings silence as evidence of sanity violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
# Luigi Ottolini

Luigi Ottolini (23 August 1925, Milan – 16 March 2002, Suardi) was an Italian operatic tenor noted for his appearances in the 1960 recording of Verdi's Requiem with Joan Sutherland, Fiorenza Cossotto and Carlo Maria Giulini, the 1961 Turin recording of Verdi's Don Carlos with Boris Christoff and the 1963 recording of scenes from Verdi's Aida with Birgit Nilsson. Though celebrated in the 1960s, Ottolini is now barely known. He appeared as Radames in Verdi's Aida for the Welsh National Opera in 1971, reprising the same role in 1974 in the Baths of Caracalla, Rome.
# Mariela

Mariela is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Mariela Antoniska (born 1975), Argentine field hockey goalkeeper in the national women's team (won Olympic medals in 2000 & 2004)
* Mariela Belski (born 1971), Argentine feminist lawyer and human rights activist
* Mariela Castro (born 1962), the director of the Cuban National Center for Sex Education in Havana and an activist for LGBT rights in Cuba
* Mariela González (born 1974), Cuban athlete
* Mariela Griffor (born 1961), Chilean journalist and poet
* Mariela Muñoz (1943–2017), Argentine transsexual activist
* Mariela Ortiz (born 1976), American voice actress, DVD coordinator, production assistant who works for ADV Films
* Mariela Pérez (born 1946), Venezuelan pageant titleholder
# Cheras (disambiguation)

Cheras usually refers to the Chera dynasty, an Indian dynasty that ruled over parts of the present-day states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Cheras may also refer to:
* Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, a suburb of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* Cheras (federal constituency), represented in the Dewan Rakyat
* Poliklinik Cheras, a female governmental hospital in Kuala Lumpur
* Cheras Selatan, a township that stretches from Kuala Lumpur to Kajang in Selangor, Malaysia
* Cheras LRT station, an at-grade rapid transit station situated near and named after the Kuala Lumpur township of Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* Cheras Highway, a major highway in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
# Auguste Desgodins

Auguste Desgodins, MEP (16 October 1826, in Manheulles – 14 March 1913, in Pedong) was a French member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society who attempted to enter into Tibet in the early 1860s.
While both Desgodins and his colleague, the Vicar Apostolic Thomine-Desmazures [fr] were granted passports to enter Lhasa, Tibet in 1861 and 1862, they were repelled from the border on multiple occasions. He lived sometime in Darjeeling.
Desgodins published an essay of Tibetan grammar and was a key architect of the development of Tibetan-Latin dictionary French, which was published in 1899.
Along with Felix Biet, he founded in 1865 Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church of Yerkalo. Auguste Desgodins collected butterflies for Charles Oberthur.
# Beach volleyball at the 2011 Pan American Games

Beach volleyball competitions at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara were held from October 17 to October 23 at the Pan American Beach Volleyball Stadium in Puerto Vallarta.

## Medal summary
### Medal table

* Host nation (Mexico)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | Mexico* | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | Venezuela | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Argentina | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Puerto Rico | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | Totals (5 entries) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

### Events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's details | Alison Cerutti and Emanuel Rego Brazil | Igor Hernández and Farid Mussa Venezuela | Santiago Etchgaray and Pablo Suarez Argentina |
| Women's details | Larissa França and Juliana Felisberta Brazil | Bibiana Candelas and Mayra García Mexico | Yarleen Santiago and Yamileska Yantin Puerto Rico |

## Qualification

64 athletes will compete (32 male and 32 female). Each nation is allowed to enter a maximum of one pair in each event. Mexico as hosts gets one spot automatically in each events, while the top ten nations from the North American and the top five from South American rankings on June 30, 2011, will also qualify from each gender.
| Event | Men's | Women's |
| Host nation | Mexico | Mexico |
| North America | Puerto Rico Canada United States Cuba Dominican Republic Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Jamaica Nicaragua | United States Canada Costa Rica Puerto Rico Cuba Guatemala El Salvador Trinidad and Tobago Nicaragua |
| South America | Chile Brazil Uruguay Argentina Venezuela | Brazil Colombia Argentina Uruguay Ecuador Chile |
| Total | 16 | 16 |

### Qualification summary

| NOC | Men | Women | Total athletes |
| Argentina | X | X | 4 |
| Brazil | X | X | 4 |
| Canada | X | X | 4 |
| Chile | X | X | 4 |
| Colombia | | X | 2 |
| Costa Rica | X | X | 4 |
| Cuba | X | X | 4 |
| Dominican Republic | X | | 2 |
| Ecuador | | X | 2 |
| El Salvador | X | X | 4 |
| Guatemala | X | X | 4 |
| Jamaica | X | | 2 |
| Mexico | X | X | 4 |
| Nicaragua | X | X | 4 |
| Puerto Rico | X | X | 2 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | | X | 2 |
| United States | X | X | 4 |
| Uruguay | X | X | 4 |
| Venezuela | X | | 2 |
| Total athletes | 32 | 32 | 64 |
| Total NOCs | 16 | 16 | 19 |
# Burnsius oileus

Burnsius oileus, the tropical checkered skipper, is a species of skipper (family Hesperiidae). It is found in the United States (Peninsular Florida, the Gulf Coast, and southern Texas), south through the West Indies, Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica. It was transferred to genus Burnsius in 2019, and was previously known as Pyrgus oileus.
The wingspan is 32–38 mm. There are four to five generations throughout the year in southern Texas and Florida.
The larvae feed on several plants in the family Malvaceae, including Sida rhombifolia, Malva, Althaea rosea, Abutilon and Malvastrum. Adults feed on the nectar of the flowers of Sidas species and small-flowered composites such as shepherd's needles.

## Subspecies

* Burnsius oileus oileus
* Burnsius oileus syrichtus
# Nyiha language

Nyiha (Nyixa, Nyika) is a Bantu language primarily spoken in Tanzania and Zambia. The language of the 10,000 speakers in Malawi is different enough to sometimes be considered a distinct language.