OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Z. Singal

George Zvi-Arjie Singal (born October 27, 1945) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine and also serves as a judge on the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.

## Education and career

Singal was born in a refugee camp in Florence, Italy in 1945. His family emigrated to Bangor, Maine, in 1948. He subsequently became a naturalized American citizen. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Maine in 1967. He received a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1970. He was in private practice of law in Maine from 1970 to 2000. He was an assistant county attorney of Office of the County Attorney, Maine from 1971 to 1973. He was a complaint justice in Bangor in 1974.

### Federal judicial service

On May 11, 2000, Singal was nominated by President Bill Clinton to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine, to a seat vacated by Judge Morton A. Brody. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 30, 2000, and received commission on July 11, 2000. He served as chief judge from 2003 to 2009. He took senior status on July 31, 2013.

### Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court

On May 15, 2019, Chief Justice John Roberts appointed Singal to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court for a term beginning May 19, 2019.
# Basilius Amerbach the Younger

Basilius Amerbach (1 December 1533 – 25 April 1591) was a lawyer, professor and collector from Basel. He was the only son of Bonifacius Amerbach.
He began to study law in 1552 at the University of Tübingen. In 1553 he studied at the University of Padua where his lecturer was Marcus Mantua Benavidius. 1552, he became a law clerk at the Imperial Chamber Court in Speyer. During this time, Basilius surprised his father by choosing to live with Jacob zur Glocke, a goldsmith, rather than a lawyer. After one year as a clerk, he became a professor at the University of Basel.
Upon Boniface's death in 1562, Basilius inherited his father's Kunstkammer, or "cabinet of curiosities." He expanded the collection of artworks, antiques, coins, and wonders. For the coins he had commissioned a special wooden box. His additions to the "Amerbach Cabinet" also included the equivalent of "the entire contents of at least two goldsmiths' workshops." Basilius took an inventory of his collection in 1586, which contained such notable items as an alleged unicorn horn and fifteen paintings by Hans Holbein the Younger.
From 1588–91, Basilius participated in the excavation of the Augusta Raurica, a Roman archeological site near his home in Basel. He was the first member of the group of humanists researching the site to identify the colony's amphitheatre.
His collection has been on display at the Basel Historical Museum, originally called the Haus zur Mücke, since 1671.
# Marianna Bianchi

Marianna Bianchi Tozzi (c. 1735 – after 1790) was an Italian soprano best known for creating the role of Eurydice in Christoph Willibald Gluck's opera Orfeo ed Euridice (1762).
Marianna Bianchi was born around 1735, possibly in Venice. Her opera seria début was in Parma in 1753. She became prima donna in Venice in 1762. In October 1762, she performed at the premiere of Orfeo ed Euridice at the Burgtheater. Later that month, she performed at the Palais Collalto along with a six-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his sister playing the harpsichord.
She performed with her husband, composer Antonio Tozzi, in Brunswick (1765–1768), where she appeared in his Andromaca (1765), and in Munich (1773-1775), where she appeared in his Zenobia (1773). Tozzi was forced to return to Italy in 1775 after he had a liaison with the Countess von Törring-Seefeld.
Bianchi continued to perform in opera buffa in Italy until 1790.
# Mercurol-Veaunes

Mercurol-Veaunes (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Drôme department of southeastern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Mercurol and Veaunes.
# Gerhard Krüss

Gerhard Krüss (14 December 1859 – 3 February 1895) was a German chemist and founder of the Journal für anorganische Chemie (Journal of Inorganic Chemistry) in 1892. The journal is still published under the name of ZAAC - Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine (Journal of Inorganic and General Chemistry). Krüss was involved in several topics during his university career at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He focused on analytical and inorganic chemistry and in his early years the chemistry of gold compounds and the measurement of atomic masses were his main interests. Later he became involved in the research of the rare earth elements. Krüss also suggested a new element similar to cobalt solving a problem in the sequence of iron, cobalt and nickel in the periodic table; he named it gnomium.
# Muricopsis westonensis

Muricopsis westonensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
# Happy Peanuts

Happy Peanuts is a well known band from the island of Curaçao. Their styles include local tumba and combined rhythm, as well as Dominican merengue. One of the driving forces of modern tumba and combined rhythm, Happy Peanuts blends driving congas and timbales with synthesizer and electric guitar. Also unique to Happy Peanuts is their style of merengue. Because there is no güira player, the pattern is instead played on the hi-hat by the drumset player.
Their most well known song continues to be "Kareda di Buriku" (Donkey Race), which is synonymous to the culture of Curaçao, and is a very popular dance song.
# Beneteau First 26

The Beneteau First 26 is a French sailboat that was designed by Jean-Marie Finot of Groupe Finot as a cruiser-racer and first built in 1984.

## Production

The design was built by Beneteau in France from 1984 to 1991 with about 300 examples completed, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The First 26 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. The deck is a sandwich of balsa, fiberglass and polyester. It has a deck-stepped mast with aluminum spars, a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a slightly reverse transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel or, optionally, a stub keel and centreboard. It has 70 in (178 cm) of headroom in the main cabin and sleeping accommodation for five people.
The boat is fitted with a Swedish Volvo 2001 8 hp (6 kW) diesel engine for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds 6 U.S. gallons (23 L; 5.0 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 13 U.S. gallons (49 L; 11 imp gal).
The design can be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker with an area of 603 sq ft (56.0 m$^2$). The boat has a hull speed of 6.42 kn (11.89 km/h).

## Variants
### First 26 fin keel

    This model displaces 4,814 lb (2,184 kg) and carries 1,455 lb (660 kg) of ballast. The boat has a draft of 4.30 ft (1.31 m) with the standard keel fitted.

### First 26 centreboard

    This model displaces 4,850 lb (2,200 kg) and carries 1,543 lb (700 kg) of ballast. The boat has a draft of 2.79 ft (0.85 m) with the centreboard retracted and 5.74 ft (1.75 m) with the centreboard extended.

## Operational history

In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote about the boat, "best features: The cabin layout is refreshingly unusual, with a dedicated space for a navigator's station, a head located aft, and a complete-looking galley (except for no icebox!). Worst features: The diesel engine, housed under the companionway ladder, will make the aft double berth hot in summer (but cozy in winter, if you like sailing among the icicles)."
# Neuhausen, Saxony

Neuhausen/Erzgeb. (lit. Neuhausen/Ore Mountains) is a municipality in the district of Mittelsachsen, in Saxony, Germany. It consists of Neuhausen proper and the Ortsteile (divisions) Dittersbach, Frauenbach, Heidelbach, Cämmerswalde, Rauschenbach, Neuwernsdorf and Deutschgeorgenthal. Neuhausen hosts the first nutcracker museum in Europe, which houses more than 5,000 examples, the largest collection of nutcrackers in the world and is also known as a location for winter sports.

## Culture and sights
### Museums
#### Europe's first nutcracker museum

World renown is the first and largest nutcracker museum in Europe with around 5,000 exhibits from 30 countries (as at April 2009).

#### Glassworks Museum of the Ore Mountains

The Glassworks Museum of the Ore Mountains (Glashüttenmuseum des Erzgebirges) is located in the old socage vault of Purschenstein Castle and includes a replica glassworks from the time of Georgius Agricola, a workshop and other documents and tools associated with Ore Mountain glassmaking as well as the history of Neuhausen and Purschenstein.
# Hantam Commando

Hantam Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

## History
### Operations
#### With the SADF

During this era, the unit was mainly used for area force protection, search and cordones as well as stock theft control assistance to the rural police.

#### With the SANDF
##### Disbandment

This unit, along with all other Commando units was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki to disband all Commando Units. The Commando system was phased out between 2003 and 2008 "because of the role it played in the apartheid era", according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula.

## Leadership

Leadership :
| From | Honorary Colonels | To |
| From | Commanding Officers | To |
| From | Regimental Sergeants Major | To |
# Vivek Shende

Vivek Vijay Shende is an American mathematician known for his work on algebraic geometry, symplectic geometry and quantum computing. He is a professor of Quantum Mathematics at Syddansk Universitet while on leave from University of California Berkeley.

## Doctoral studies and early career

Shende defended his Ph.D. dissertation "Hilbert schemes of points on integral plane curves" at Princeton University in 2011 under the supervision of Rahul Pandharipande. From 2011 to 2013, he was a Simons Postdoctoral Fellow at MIT mentored by Paul Seidel. Shende joined Berkeley as an assistant professor in 2013 and became an associate professor in 2019. He supervised at least four doctoral degrees at Berkeley.

## Awards and accomplishments

In 2021, after moving to Denmark, Shende received sizable grants intended to support the creation of a new research group. The Danish National Research Foundation awarded Shende its DNRF Chair. The Villum Foundation funded Shende's research in mathematical aspects of String theory through the Villum Investigator program. This is one of the largest and most prestigious grants for individual researchers in Denmark.
As a Berkeley professor, Shende received the National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2017 and a Sloan Research Fellowship in Mathematics in 2015.
In 2010, Shende proved, together with Martijn Kool and Richard Thomas, the Göttsche conjecture on the universality of formulas counting nodal curves on surfaces, a problem in algebraic geometry whose history stretches back more than a century.
During his undergraduate studies at the University of Michigan, he performed computer science research with Igor L. Markov and John P. Hayes. Shende shared in 2004 the IEEE Donald O. Pederson Award in Solid-State Circuits as the lead author of the work on synthesis of reversible logic circuits. This paper proved the existence of reversible circuits that implement certain permutations and developed algorithms for finding such circuits. Shende was also the lead author of the work on synthesis of quantum circuits that developed the quantum Shannon decomposition and algorithms for finding asymptotically optimal quantum circuits that implement a given $n$-qubit unitary matrix, as well as quantum circuits that construct a given $n$-qubit quantum state. Shende obtained formulas and algorithms for implementing smallest possible quantum circuits for 2-qubit unitary matrices. For the 3-qubit Toffoli gate, he proved that six CNOT gates are necessary in a circuit that implements it, showing that the widely used six-CNOT decomposition is optimal. These publications are highly cited (per Google Scholar) and their results laid the foundation of compilers for quantum computers.

## Mathematics education

Shende taught college-level Calculus, Discrete Mathematics as well as Linear Algebra and Differential Equations courses at Berkeley. In 2021 he cosigned, along with many professional mathematicians, an open letter to Governor Gavin Newsom and other California officials asking to replace the proposed new California Math curriculum framework. The framework was adopted in 2023 despite these objections.
# Luis Nunes Vicente

Luis Nunes Vicente (born 1967) is an applied mathematician and optimizer who is known for his research work in Continuous Optimization and particularly in Derivative-Free Optimization. He is the Timothy J. Wilmott '80 Endowed Chair Professor and Department Chair of the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering of Lehigh University.

## Education

Luis Nunes Vicente was born in Coimbra, Portugal in 1967. He obtained a B.S. in Mathematics and Operations Research at the University of Coimbra in 1990. He continued his studies at Rice University, USA, earning a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics in 1996. His Ph.D. dissertation, titled Trust-Region Interior-Point Algorithms for a Class of Nonlinear Programming Problems, was supervised by John Dennis.

## Career

From 1996 to 2018, Luis Nunes Vicente was a faculty member at the Department of Mathematics of the University of Coimbra, Portugal, becoming full professor in 2009. He held several visiting positions, namely at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center and the University of Minnesota in 2002–2003, at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University and the Université Paul Verlaine of Metz in 2009–2010, and at Roma/Sapienza and Rice University in 2016–2017. He was visiting Chercheur Sénior of the Fondation de Coopération Sciences et Technologies pour l'Aéronautique et l'Espace at CERFACS and IPN Toulouse, during 2010–2015.
He has served on numerous editorial boards, including SIAM Journal on Optimization (2009–2017), EURO Journal on Computational Optimization, and Optimization Methods and Software (2010–2018). He was Editor-in-Chief of Portugaliae Mathematica during 2013–2018.

## Book

Luis Nunes Vicente co-authored the book Introduction to Derivative-Free Optimization, MPS-SIAM Series on Optimization, SIAM, Philadelphia, 2009, with Katya Scheinberg and Andrew R. Conn.

## Recognition

Luis Nunes Vicente was awarded the Lagrange Prize of SIAM (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) and MOS (Mathematical Optimization Society) for the co-authorship of the book Introduction to Derivative-Free Optimization.
With his Ph.D. dissertation, he received the Ralph Budd Thesis Award from Rice University in 1996 and was one of the three finalists of the 94-96 A. W. Tucker Prize of MOS. He is also the winner of the Lagrange Award.
# Vivek Shokeen

Vivek Shokeen (born 31 July 1987) is an Indian former professional tennis player.
Shokeen, who held a junior world ranking of 26 in the world, represented India in a Davis Cup tie against Uzbekistan in 2007. He was beaten in both of his singles rubbers.
His only ATP Tour main draw appearance came at the 2007 Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open in Mumbai, partnering Purav Raja in the doubles. He otherwise competed in ITF Futures events and won eight doubles titles.
# Lyndell Jones

Anthony Lydell Jones (born March 18, 1959) is a former American football cornerback who played for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Hawaii.
# By Plume and Sword

By Plume and Sword or By Pen and by Sword (Russian: Пером и шпагой) is a novel by the Soviet writer Valentin Pikul, written in 1963 and first published in 1972. It describes secret diplomacy during the Seven Years' War and the reign of Elizabeth of Russia. Its central character is the Chevalier d'Eon.
In 2008, a miniseries based on the novel was broadcast on Russian television in twelve 45-minute episodes.
# Lükati

Lükati is a village in Anija Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia. It has a population of 54 (as of 1 January 2010).
# Lyperanthus serratus

Lyperanthus serratus, commonly called rattle beaks, is a species of orchid that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It derives its common name from the fact that the flowers rattle if gently shaken.

## Description

Lyperanthus serratus is a tuberous, perennial herb, 25–50 cm (10–20 in) high with 3 to 10 green, yellow and brown flowers, 3–5 cm (1–2 in) wide, from September to October. The flowers have white (non-secreting) glandular hairs on the labellum. There is a single leaf which is arched, ribbed, leathery and linear, about 35 cm (10 in) long and 1.5 cm (0.6 in) wide. A powdery bloom covers the entire plant, except for the innermost parts of the flower. The single leaf is lance-shaped, 150–350 cm (60–100 in) long and 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) wide, dark green with a paler lower surface.

## Taxonomy and naming

The species was first described by John Lindley in 1840 in his The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants. The type specimen was collected by Drummond near the Swan River. Lindley noted "This has, when dried, so much the appearance of L. suaveolens, that I mistook it for that species. It is however a much stouter plant; and, as will be seen by the above character, the labellum is altogether different." The specific epithet (serratus) refers to the white calli found on the labellum, appearing like serrations on its edge.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren biogeographical regions of Western Australia on sand, loam or sandy clay. It grows in a variety of habitats including forest, woodland and heath and often grows through reasonably low, dense vegetation.

## Use in horticulture

As with other Australian terrestrial orchids, Lyperanthus serratus is not well known in cultivation but success has been achieved with the closely related Lyperanthus suaveolens.
# New Brunswick Route 132

Route 132 is a New Brunswick provincial collector road that runs 27 kilometres (17 mi) between Dieppe and Shediac.
The western section is known locally as Champlain Street which consists of a four lane undivided urban arterial. The remainder of the road is a two-lane rural facility. It connects to Route 11 at its eastern terminus and to Route 106 at the western end. Route 132 also provides grade-separated links to Route 2 and Route 15.

## Communities

* Dieppe
* Lakeburn
* Malakoff
* Meadow Brook
* Painsec
* Scoudouc and crosses the Scoudouc River
* Shediac

## Major destinations

* Moncton International Airport (cargo)
* École Mathieu-Martin
* Scoudouc Industrial Park
# Netechma lojana

Netechma lojana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Loja Province, Ecuador.
# Harish C. Mehta

Harish Chandra Mehta is a university lecturer and historian of the Foreign Relations of the United States.

## Journalistic career

He has written for newspapers.

## Books

Mehta has written three books on Cambodia: Hun Sen: Strongman of Cambodia (co-author Julie Mehta) is based on several hours of interviews with Prime Minister Hun Sen, whom the authors have known personally for twenty-one years; an updated edition was published in 2013. It has been criticised by reviewers as being hagiographic and plagued by extreme partiality towards Hun Sen.

## Awards

As a historian, Mehta has won the Samuel Flagg Bemis Award in 2008 and 2007 given by the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations.
# Netechma nigralba

Netechma nigralba is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ecuador in the provinces of Morona-Santiago and Loja.
# László Palóczy

László Palóczy (14 October 1783 – 27 April 1861) was a Hungarian politician, who served as acting Speaker of the House of Representatives as oldest member of the lower house in 1849.
He was sentenced to death after the surrender at Világos but the sentence was changed to life imprisonment. After his release he moved to Miskolc. He became a member of the Diet of Hungary again in 1861, shortly before his death. He was the oldest member too. A street was named after him in his birthplace.
# Lycée Gustave Flaubert (La Marsa)

Lycée Gustave Flaubert is a French international school in La Marsa, Tunisia. It serves levels sixième of collège (junior high school/middle school) until terminale, the final year of lycée (senior high school/sixth form college). It is directly operated by the Agency for French Education Abroad (AEFE), an agency of the French government.
The Société du Collège Maurice Cailloux, founded on October 1, 1948, by French officials and farmers, established the school, initially a private boarding school for French children. It was named the Collège Maurice Cailloux in 1952. The school was developed by the architect Tissot. The French government purchased the facility in 1957. It was originally established as a collège only and was an annex of the Lycée Français de Carthage, which at the time was newly built. Collège Cailloux was extended to the lycée level when the former Lycée Français de Carthage was given to the Tunisian government in 1961 as part of the independence of Tunisia. The school was officially renamed Lycée Gustave Flaubert, but is still popularly known as "lycée Cailloux" even after it adopted its current official name on May 27, 1998.
As of 2015-2016 it had 1,571 students and 220 staff.
# Netechma modesta

Netechma modesta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Peru.
# Winona Subdivision

vteWinona Subdivision :
Legend :
The Winona Subdivision or Winona Sub is a railway line operated by Union Pacific Railroad. The Union Pacific owns 1.8 miles (2.9 km) of rail in downtown Winona, Minnesota. The UP reaches Winona using the River Subdivision and Tomah Subdivision of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The railroad services the Winona Terminal area on the Mississippi River.
This was the original starting point of the Winona and St. Peter Railroad. It became the starting point for the Chicago and North Western Railway Minnesota Division, and then their Dakota Division. The C&NW sold off most of the Dakota division to the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad. It kept the downtown Winona trackage to switch the barge terminal and businesses. The track from Tunnel City, Wisconsin to the Winona Rail Bridge eventually was abandoned when the tunnel collapsed in March 1973. The Chicago and North Western rerouted to the older Milwaukee tunnel. The CNW route, to Onalaska and Winona, is now abandoned west of the 1910 tunnel. The Winona Rail bridge was no longer used by 1977 and the swing span was removed in 1980. The Union Pacific Railroad, which purchased the C&NW, has trackage rights from Tunnel City through La Crosse on the Canadian Pacific track. These rights date from the C&NW tunnel collapse in 1973.
The office is located at 50 Harvester Avenue in Winona.