OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Law on imposition and enforcement of the death penalty

Law on imposition and enforcement of the death penalty (known colloquially as Lex van der Lubbe) was a German law enacted by the Nazi regime on 29 March 1933, that imposed the death penalty for certain crimes such as arson and high treason, that had formerly meant whole life imprisonment. The name derives from the fact that the law formed the legal basis for the imposition of the death penalty on Marinus van der Lubbe, who had been caught in the arson attack on the Reichstag on 28 February 1933.

## Content

The Reichstag Fire Decree, which had been in force since 28 February 1933, had contained in § 5 a list of crimes for which the death penalty was to be imposed instead of life imprisonment as before. The Law on the Imposition and Execution of the Death Penalty, passed by Hitler's government on 29 March on the basis of the Enabling Act, extended the period of validity of this § 5 retroactively to 31 January 1933, thereby breaking the principle of the prohibition of retroactivity of criminal laws (Nulla poena sine lege) guaranteed in Article 116 of the Weimar Reich Constitution. It could thus be applied to van der Lubbe, who had confessed in court to having set fire to the Reichstag on 27 February.
The Lex van der Lubbe allowed hanging as a method of execution; whereas according to the specifications of the Reich Penal Code valid until then, the death penalty had been "to be carried out by beheading alone".

## History

The law was passed specifically after the Reichstag fire in order to be able to sentence Marinus van der Lubbe and his co-defendants to the death penalty, although it had not yet applied to arson at the time of the crime. This was a deliberate disregard of long-standing principles of the rule of law, as the penalty was introduced retroactively (cf. nullum crimen sine lege).
On 30 January 1946, the Allied Control Council also repealed the law on the imposition and execution of the death penalty by Control Council Law No. 11.

## Literature

* Epping, Volker (1995). "Die Lex van der Lubbe – zugleich ein Beitrag zur Bedeutung des Grundsatzes "nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege". Der Staat. 34: 243–267.
# Hauglid

Hauglid is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Brian M. Hauglid (born 1954), American historian
* Ranja Hauglid (born 1945), Norwegian politician
* Roar Hauglid (1910–2001), Norwegian historian
# Haugland (name)

Haugland is a Norwegian surname from any of numerous farmsteads in Norway. From Old Norse word haugr meaning hill or mound. Other derivatives include Hauge, Haugan and Haugen, all common Norwegian family names. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aage Haugland (1944-2000), Danish operatic bass
* Åshild Haugland (born 1986), a Norwegian politician
* Baard Madsen Haugland (1835-1896), Norwegian politician
* Bill Haugland, Canadian television news anchorman
* Brynhild Haugland (1905-1998), American Republican Party politician
* Curly Haugland, American politician, member of the RNC rules committee.
* Eugen Haugland (1912-1990), Norwegian triple jumper
* Glenn Erik Haugland (born 1961), an American contemporary composer
* Hanne Haugland (born 1967), Norwegian high jumper
* Hanne Haugland (born 1991), a Norwegian speed skater
* Ian Haugland (born 1964), Swedish drummer
* Jens Haugland (1910-1991), Norwegian politician
* Jens Edv. Haugland (1924-1981), Norwegian politician
* John Haugland (born 1946), Norwegian former rally driver
* Knut Haugland (1917-2009), Norwegian resistance fighter, noted explorer, and crewmember of Kon-Tiki
* Richard P. (Dick) Haugland (1943-2016), American scientist, inventor and philanthropist
* Sven A. Haugland (born 1948), Norwegian organizational theorist
* Terje Haugland (born 1944), Norwegian long jumper
* Trond Inge Haugland (born 1976), a former Norwegian football player
* Tove Welle Haugland (born 1989), a Norwegian politician
* Valgerd Svarstad Haugland (born 1956), Norwegian leader of the Christian Democratic Party
* Vernon Arnold Haugland (1908-1984), an American reporter
# Leaders of Kavangoland

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
| Tenure | Incumbent | Affiliation |
| Kavangoland |||
| October 1972 to May 1973 | Linus Shashipapo, Chief Councillor | |
| Kavangoland (Self-Rule) |||
| May 1973 to September 1977 | Linus Shashipapo, Chief Minister | |
| September 1977 to 1981 | Alfons Majavero, Chief Minister | |
| 1981 to May 1989 | Sebastiaan Kamwanga, Chairman of the Executive Committee | DTA |

## Political Affiliation

DTA - Democratic Turnhalle Alliance
# Lagenandra

Lagenandra is a genus of aquatic (to semi-aquatic) flowering plants in the aroid family, Araceae, endemic to the Indian Subcontinent (Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka). The genus has gradually become more known through the aquascaping and aquarium hobby, in which several related Araceae genera are already highly prized and grown on a large scale (notably Anubias, Bucephalandra and Cryptocoryne); Lagenandra, however, is still relatively rare in cultivation or private collections.
The genus is visually-similar to (and, in places, sympatric with) the Cryptocoryne, but is distinguishable for its involute vernation (leaf growth); comparatively, Cryptocoryne tends to exhibit convolute vernation.

## Description

Helophytes, rarely rheophytes, with thick creeping rhizome; leaf blade simple, ovate to almost linear, fine venation transverse-reticulate; spathe tube with connate margins; spadix entirely enclosed in spathe tube; flowers unisexual, perigone absent. Differs from Cryptocoryne in having female flowers spirally arranged (pseudo-whorl in Lagenandra nairii, whorled in Lagenandra gomezii) and free; spathe tube "kettle" with connate margins (containing spadix) occupying entire spathe tube; spathe blade usually opening only slightly by a straight or twisted slit; berries free, opening from base; leaf ptyxis involute.

## Species

Accepted species are as follows. A key to the species described before 1986 was provided by Crusio and de Graaf.
* Lagenandra bogneri de Wit - Sri Lanka
* Lagenandra dewitii Crusio & de Graaf - Sri Lanka
* Lagenandra erosa de Wit - Sri Lanka
* Lagenandra gomezii (Schott) Bogner & Jacobsen - Bangladesh
* Lagenandra jacobseni de Wit - Sri Lanka
* Lagenandra keralensis Sivadasan & Jaleel - Kerala
* Lagenandra koenigii (Schott) Thwaites - Sri Lanka
* Lagenandra lancifolia (Schott) Thwaites - Sri Lanka
* Lagenandra meeboldii (Engler) C.E.C. Fischer - southwestern India
* Lagenandra nairii Ramamurthy & Rajan - southwestern India
* Lagenandra ovata (L.) Thwaites - southwestern India, Sri Lanka
* Lagenandra praetermissa de Wit & Nicolson - Sri Lanka
* Lagenandra thwaitesii Engler - Sri Lanka
* Lagenandra toxicaria Dalzell - southwestern India
* Lagenandra undulata Sastry - Assam
# 187th Infantry Brigade (United States)

The 187th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the United States Army.
It was first organized in November 1921 as one of the two brigades under the United States Army Reserve's 94th Division (forerunner of the 94th Army Reserve Command).
The brigade was disbanded in February 1942 when the 94th Division was converted from a two brigade, four regiment "square" division to a three regiment "triangular" division.

## Cold War

The 94th Division was disbanded in the early 1960s, as part of continuing Army Reserve force reductions.
Thus to add flexibility to the force, and to preserve a general officer billet, the 187th Infantry Brigade was reactivated in the Army Reserve as a separate brigade on 7 January 1963 with headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts. From that year to 1994 it was one of only four (later three) combat Infantry brigades in the Army Reserve. As a separate brigade, the 187th wore its own shoulder patch rather than the 94th Division patch its members had previously worn.
Cold War plans called for the brigade to deploy to Iceland as part of the Iceland Defense Force if a confrontation between NATO and the Soviet Union occurred.
The brigade's headquarters was relocated on 25 October 1971 to Wollaston, Massachusetts and on 13 July 1976 to Fort Devens, Massachusetts.
Costas Caraganis was the commanding general in 1963.
Leo J. Golash was appointed commanding general in 1974.
* Headquarters & Headquarters Company
* 3rd Battalion, 16th Infantry
* 3rd Battalion, 18th Infantry
* 3rd Battalion, 35th Infantry
* 5th Battalion, 5th Artillery
* 9th Battalion, 34th Armor (until 1968)
* 187th Support Battalion (Company A became 987th Personnel Service Company in 1990)
* 756th Engineer Company
* Troop D, 5th Cavalry
On 14 April 1994 the 187th Infantry Brigade was inactivated as part of the Army-wide post-Cold War reductions.

## Reactivation

The 187th Infantry Brigade was reactivated as an initial entry training unit at the U.S. Army Maneuver Support Center of Excellence, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri on 23 January 2007 from the 3rd Training Brigade and inactivated on 17 May 2007. The subordinate units were reassigned to the 3rd Chemical Brigade.
Its subordinate battalions were as follows:
* Headquarters & Headquarters Company
* 2nd Battalion, 10th Infantry Regiment
* 3rd Battalion, 10th Infantry Regiment
* 1st Battalion, 48th Infantry Regiment
* 43rd Adjutant General Battalion
# Halfway House Outlier

Halfway House Outlier is a small, twelve-room, one-story Ancestral Puebloan great house and archeological site located in New Mexico, United States. It lies halfway between Chaco Canyon and Salmon Ruins, on the Great North Road. Halfway House appears to have been built in relation to the road, and was probably an orientation point used during the road's construction.
# Gabiadji

Gabiadji is a town in south-western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of San-Pédro Department in San-Pédro Region, Bas-Sassandra District.
Gabiadji was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Gabiadji was 113,389.

## Villages

The twenty five villages of the sub-prefecture of Gabiadji and their population in 2014 are:
* Bida (3 255)
* Blahou (7 729)
* Boignikro (2 762)
* Brazzaville (2 831)
* Do-Sakassou (3 914)
* Fahé (3 227)
* Gabiadji (17 449)
* Gbapoutou (2 274)
* Gnamkeykro (1 938)
* Gnanké (4 726)
* Gnity Cailloux (4 153)
* Gnity Ecole (4 301)
* Grand-Domaine (1 837)
* Grobonou-Dan (5 214)
* Houphouet-Kouadiokro (703)
* Kpakobo (6 651)
* Marie-Chantier (3 096)
* Méné-Centre (1 652)
* Menegbé (1 719)
* Naboville (1 401)
* Nonouan (5 132)
* Scaf (3 590)
* Soumahorodougou (3 085)
* Touih (15 958)
* Touredougou (1 336)
# Helga Slessarev

Helga Slessarev, née Rettig is a scholar of German literature, a specialist in the poetry of Eduard Mörike.
Slessarev gained her PhD from the University of Cincinnati in 1955, with a thesis on 'Time as an element of poetic intuition in Eduard Mörike'. She became Head of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literature at the University of Cincinnati in 1973, and retired from the university in 1989.
A festschrift in her honor, The Enlightenment and its legacy, was published in 1991.

## Works

* Eduard Mörike, 1970
# John I, Count Palatine of Simmern

John I (15 May 1459 – 27 January 1509) was the Count Palatine of Simmern from 1480 until 1509.
John was born in 1459 to Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern. He married Joanna of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1464 - 1521) the daughter of Johann II of Nassau-Saarbrücken on 29 September 1481. John died in Starkenburg in 1509 and was buried in Simmern.

## Children

With Joanna of Nassau-Saarbrücken (14 April 1464 – 7 May 1521)
* Frederick (1490)
* John II (21 March 1492 – 18 May 1557)
* Frederick (1494–?)
# Halfway Human

Halfway Human (1998) is a science fiction novel written by Carolyn Ives Gilman. It was nominated for the 1998 Tiptree Award and placed second on the Locus Readers Poll for Best First Novel in 1999.

## Plot

The novel follows the life of Tedla, an asexual being from an evolutionary offshoot of humanity. It is neither male nor female and refers to itself as a “bland.” On their home planet blands are kept at a near-slave class, considered to be not human and much less important than either male or female. Blands are mentally, physically and sexually abused by their human masters, normally called guardians.
Tedla is found by a social worker named Val Endrada on the planet Capella, light-years away from its home planet of Gammadis, just after trying to kill itself. The existence of the bland off-planet sets into motion a political confrontation between the powers on both planets.

## Reception

The work was generally praised by critics at the time of publication and has since been called "groundbreaking." Fellow writer Lisa DuMond reviewed the book in 1998 and suggested that it would likely be included on the Hugo and Nebula ballots for that year.

## Themes
### Gender and sexuality

Patricia Wheeler compares Gilman's treatment of gender and sexuality, and particularly her attempt to create a character that exhibits neither male nor female characteristics, to Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula Le Guin. Wheeler mentions that many criticized Le Guin for ultimately failing to create characters that did not exhibit gendered traits, and suggests that this failure could possibly be evident in Halfway Human as well, depending on how the reader chooses to imagine Tedla. Wheeler wonders "Is it possible to see it [Tedla] as completely without gender attributes?" Wheeler remarks on Gilman's use of the juxtaposition of Capellan and Gammadian societies in her story as a way to examine how gender is treated in our society.
# Leaders of Ovamboland

Ovamboland, or Ovambo, was a Bantustan or "homeland" and later a second-tier authority in South West Africa for the Ovambo people during the apartheid period.

## Leaders

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office.)
| Tenure | Incumbent | Affiliation | Notes |
| Ovamboland ||||
| 2 October 1968 to 14 January 1972 | Uushona Shiimi, Chief Councillor | | |
| 1972 to 1 May 1973 | Fillemon Elifas Shuumbwa, Chief Councillor | | |
| Ovamboland (Self-Rule) ||||
| 1 May 1973 to 16 August 1975 | Fillemon Elifas Shuumbwa, Chief Minister | | |
| 16 August 1975 to July 1980 | Cornelius Tuhafeni Ndjoba, Chief Minister | | acting to 26 August 1975 |
| Representative Authority of the Ovambos (second-tier authority) ||||
| July 1980 to October 1981 | Cornelius Tuhafeni Ndjoba, Chairman of the Executive Committee | | |
| October 1981 to May 1989 | Peter Kalangula, Chairman of the Executive Committee | CDA | |

## Political affiliation

CDA - Christian Democratic Action for Social Justice
# Hamonville

Hamonville (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.
# 1835 Speaker of the British House of Commons election

The 1835 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 19 February 1835.
Sir Charles Manners-Sutton, Speaker since 1817, was seeking an eighth term in office. He was proposed by Lord Francis Egerton and seconded by Sir Charles Burrell.
The Whigs objected to Manners-Sutton's Tory partisanship.
James Abercromby was proposed by William Denison and seconded by William Ord.
Both candidates addressed the House. Manners-Sutton denied the three charges of partisanship against him – that he had obstructed the previous Whig government, assisted in the formation of the new Conservative government, and had advised that the previous Parliament be dissolved.
A debate followed.
The motion "That the Right Hon. Sir Charles Manners Sutton do take the Chair of this House as Speaker" was defeated by 306 votes to 316, a majority of 10. The amended motion "That the Right Hon. James Abercromby do take the Chair of this House as Speaker" was then passed without division.
This was the only Speaker election since 1780 in which the incumbent Speaker was defeated. The elections of 1833 and 1835 were the only elections since 1780 in which an incumbent Speaker seeking re-election was opposed.
# Golubenko

Golubenko (Russian) or Holubenko (Ukrainian, Cyrillic: Голубенко) may refer to:
* Valentina Golubenko (born 1990), Russian-born chess player
* Aleksey Golubenko [ru] (1923–2001), Soviet war hero
* Davyd Holubenko (born 2005) known professionally as Golubenko, Ukrainian singer
# 17 Field Artillery

17 Field Artillery Regiment was a reserve South African Artillery unit.

## History

17 Field Artillery Regiment was formed in 1975 as a Citizen Force unit in Pretoria.
It was a new artillery counter-insurgency unit whose purpose was to provide support for 73 Motorised Brigade from 1975 to 1991. 17 Field Artillery also assisted 81 Armoured Brigade.
17 Field was originally an offshoot of the Regiment University of Pretoria.
17 Field Artillery was also known as the Pretoria Artillery.

### Artillery Type

The term Field Regiment was not quite descriptive of this unit which comprised a number of artillery elements such as field guns, medium mortars and a locating artillery element being essentially radar. It could also be referred to as a composite regiment.

### Operations

17 Field Regiment received indirect operational experience when it received experienced national servicemen returning from SWA and Angola. Members also did service as infantry in the operational area. The first actual operation duty for the regiment occurred in 1982 when a battery under command of Capt H.J. Bootha was sent to Sector 70. Another battery was sent as well to Sector 10 as Infantry to fill a strength requirement for the Brigade. A battery under Commandant Botha was also sent to the border in Sector 10 in 1988. The expected operation did however not occur.
17 Field Regiment was eventually amalgamated into the Transvaalse Staatsartillerie in October 1991.

### Commanders

* Commandant M. van Rooyen
* Commandant K.R.W. Harrison
* Commandant A.H. van Tonder
# Godfrey Baligeya

Godfrey Baligeya (born (1987-07-28)28 July 1987) is a Ugandan male weightlifter, competing in the 85 kg category and representing Uganda at international competitions. He participated at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in the 85 kg event.

## Major competitions

| Year | Venue | Weight | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Total | Rank |
| Year | Venue | Weight | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | Total | Rank |
| Commonwealth Games |||||||||||||
| 2010 | Delhi, India | 85 kg | 110 | 115 | 118 | — | 140 | 145 | 150 | — | 260 | 12 |
# Golden tree

Golden tree may refer to:
* Sonagachi, also known as Golden Tree, the largest red-light district of Kolkata
* Grevillea pteridifolia, also known as golden tree, a plant species from Australia
# Golden thread

Golden thread may refer to:
* Golden thread (law), a legal judgment famous for iterating the duty inherent on the Prosecution to prove the prisoner's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
* The Golden Thread, the second book in the three-book novel A Tale of Two Cities
* Golden Thread (fish), a bream fish popular and eaten mostly in Asian countries.
* Cuscuta pacifica, a species of dodder plant commonly known as goldenthread.
* Coptis trifolia, a circumboreal plant in the Buttercup family commonly known as threeleaf goldenthread.
* Golden thread of information, a term used in construction to describe digital information management processes used to support building safety. In the UK, the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) approved a formal definition of the term in June 2021.
# Gomphurus vastus

Gomphurus vastus, the cobra clubtail, is a species of clubtail in the dragonfly family Gomphidae, found in the eastern United States.
The IUCN Red List conservation status of Gomphurus vastus is "Least Concern", with no immediate threat to the species' survival.
# Kilmallock GAA

Kilmallock GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the town of Kilmallock in County Limerick, Ireland. The club is almost exclusively concerned with the game of hurling.

## Honours
### Hurling

* Munster Senior Club Hurling Championship (3): 1992, 1994, 2014
* Limerick Senior Hurling Championship (12): 1960, 1967, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1985, 1992, 1994, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2021.
* Limerick Under-21 Hurling Championship (7): 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2018
* Limerick Minor Hurling Championship (11): 1972, 1973, 1987, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010
* Limerick Junior Hurling Championship (1): 2019

### Football

* Limerick Senior Football Championship (3): 1908, 1909, 1916

## Notable hurlers

* Dave Clarke (GAA Hurling All-Star recipient 1994)
* Mossie Dowling
* Mike Houlihan (GAA Hurling All-Star recipient 1994 and 1996)
* Barry Hennessy
* Paddy Kelly (GAA Hurling All-Star recipient 1984)
* Paudie O'Brien
* Gavin O'Mahony
* Graeme Mulcahy (GAA Hurling All-Star recipient 2018)
* Shane O'Brien
* Andrew O'Shaughnessy (GAA Hurling All-Star recipient 2007)
* Bryan O'Sullivan
* Paddy O'Loughlin
* Robbie Hanley
* Aaron Costello
# 1889 Richmond Colts football team

The 1889 Richmond Colts football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as an independent during the 1889 college football season.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| November 28 | Petersburg A.C. | Richmond, VA | L 0–6 |
| December 10 | at Wake Forest | Wake Forest, NC | L 14–32 |
| December 16 | Randolph–Macon | Richmond, VA | W 42–0 |
# 1802 South Carolina's 4th congressional district special election

A special election was held in South Carolina's 4th congressional district on April 12–13, 1802 to fill a vacancy resulting from the resignation of Thomas Sumter (DR) on December 15, 1801, upon being elected to the Senate.

## Election results

| Candidate | Party | Votes | Percent |
| Richard Winn | Democratic-Republican | 312 | 98.7% |
| John Kershaw | None | 4 | 1.3% |
Winn took his seat January 24, 1803
# Journeyman: Travels of a Writer

Journeyman: Travels of a Writer is a 2003 book by Timothy Findley. The book, compiled by Findley's partner William Whitehead, is a posthumous collection of journal entries, letters, poems, speeches and newspaper and magazine articles written by Findley. Some, but not all, editions of the book have been published under the alternate title Journeyman: Travels with a Writer.
The book is organized in sections, with writings addressing his travels, sojourns in the past and future, and Findley's craft as a writer and actor.
# Fujiwara Dam

Fujiwara Dam (藤原ダム) is a gravity dam on the Tone River in Gunma Prefecture of Japan. It is located 14 km (9 mi) north of Minakami. It was constructed between 1951 and 1957. The dam itself supports a single Francis turbine hydroelectric generator with a 23 MW capacity which was commissioned in 1957. The reservoir created by the dam serves as the lower reservoir for the 1,200 Tamahara Pumped Storage Power Station which was commissioned in 1986. The dam is 95 m (312 ft) high and withholds a reservoir with a 52,490,000 m$^3$ (42,554 acre⋅ft) storage capacity.
# Helge Sverre Nesheim

Helge Sverre Nesheim (9 December 1919 – 4 April 2012) was a Norwegian radio and television host.

## Biography

Nesheim was mainly known from the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) children's programs. Around 1960, he was made director of the children and youth department taking over from Lauritz Johnson. Over the years, Nesheim collaborated with a number of children's authors including Alf Prøysen and Anne-Cath. Vestly. He was primarily associated with the children's shows Barnetimen for de minste and Lørdagsbarnetimen. In 1960, he made the first Norwegian children's TV show, Kosekroken. Nesheim wrote, translated and edited a number of children's books and collections of popular songs. He also recorded music, and in 1975 released an album titled Titelitue.