# Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup P1, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. Defined by the SNPs M45 and PF5962, P1 is a primary branch (subclade) of P (P-P295; K2b2).
The only primary subclades of P1 are Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207). These haplogroups now comprise most of the male lineages among Native Americans, Europeans, Central Asia and South Asia, among other parts of the world.
P1 (M45) likely originated in Central Asia or Siberia, with basal P1* (P1xQ,R) now most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia. A 2018 study found basal P1* in two Siberian individuals dated to the Upper Paleolithic (~31,630 cal BP) from a Yana river archaeological site known as Yana RHS.

## Structure

The subclades of Haplogroup P1 with their defining mutation, according to the 2016 ISOGG tree:
* P1 (M45/PF5962)
** Q (M242)
*** Q1 (L232/S432)
** R (M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, V45)
*** R1 (M173/P241/Page29)
*** R2 (M479/PF6107)

## Ancient and modern distribution
### P1*

The modern populations with high frequencies of P1* (or P1xQ,R) are located in Central Asia and Eastern Siberia:
* 35.4% among Tuvan males;
* 35% among Nivkh and;
* 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi.
Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 (M45) at low to moderate frequencies. In South Asia, P-M45 is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (Pangal, 33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals).
A levels of 14% P-M45* on the island of Korčula in Dalmatia (modern Croatia) and 6% on the neighbouring island of Hvar, may be linked to immigration during the early medieval period, by Central Asian peoples such as the Avars.
It is possible that many cases of haplogroup P1 reported in Central Asia, South Asia and/or West Asia are members of rare or less-researched subclades of haplogroups R2 and Q, rather than P1* per se.
| Population group | Language family | Citation | Sample size | Percentage | Comments |
| Tuvinian | Turkic | Darenko 2005 | 113 | 35.40 | P-M45 |
| Nivkh | Nivkh | Lell 2001 | 17 | 35 | P-M45 |
| Altai-Kizhi | Turkic | Darenko 2005 | 92 | 28.3 | P-M45 |
| Todjin | Turkic | Darenko 2005 | 36 | 22.2 | P-M45 |
| Chukchi | Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Lell 2001 | 24 | 20.8 | P-M45 |
| Koryak | Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Lell 2001 | 27 | 18.5 | P-M45 |
| Yupik | Eskimo–Aleut languages | Lell 2001 | 33 | 18.2 | P-M45 |
| Uighur | Turkic | Xue 2006 | 70 | 17.1 | P-M45 |
| Kalmyk | Mongolic | Darenko 2005 | 68 | 11.8 | P-M45 |
| Turkmen | Turkic | Wells 2001 | 30 | 10 | P-M45 |
| Soyot | Turkic | Darenko 2005 | 34 | 8.8 | P-M45 |
| Uriankhai | Mongolic | Katoh 2004 | 60 | 8.3 | P-M45 |
| Khakas | Turkic | Darenko 2005 | 53 | 7.6 | P-M45 |
| Kazakh | Turkic | Wells 2001 | 54 | 5.6 | P-M45 |
| Uzbek | Turkic | Wells 2001 | 366 | 5.5 | P-M45 |
| Khasi-Khmuic | Austroasiatic | Reddy 2009 | 353 | 5.40 | P-M45(xM173)$^§$ |
| Munda | Austroasiatic | Reddy 2009 | 64 | 10.90 | P-M45(xM173)$^§$ |
| Nicobarese | Mon-Khmer | Reddy 2009 | 11 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173)$^§$ |
| South-East Asia | Austroasiatic | Reddy 2009 | 257 | 1.60 | P-M45(xM173)$^§$ |
| Garo | Tibeto-Burman | Reddy 2009 | 71 | 1.40 | P-M45(xM173)$^§$ |
| North-east India | Tibeto-Burman | Reddy 2009 | 226 | 3.10 | P-M45(xM173)$^§$ |
| East Asia | Tibeto-Burman | Reddy 2009 | 214 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173)$^§$ |
| Eastern India | various/unknown | Reddy 2009 | 54 | 18.50 | P-M45(xM173)$^§$ |
| Southern Talysh (Iran) | Iranian | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| Northern Talysh (Azerbaijan) | Iranian | Nasidze 2009 | 40 | 5.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| Mazandarani | Iranian | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| Gilaki | Iranian | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| Tehran | Iranian | Nasidze 2004 | 80 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| Isfahan | Iranian | Nasidze 2004 | 50 | 6.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| Bakhtiari | Iranian | Nasidze 2008 | 53 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| Iranian Arabs | Arabic | Nasidze 2008 | 47 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| North Iran | Iranian | Regueiro 2006 | 33 | 9.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| South Iran | Iranian | Regueiro 2006 | 117 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| South Caucacus | Georgian | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 77 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| South Caucacus | Armenian | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 100 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
| Sherpas from Nepal | Tibeto-Burman | Bhandari et al. 2015 | 582 | 1.67 | P1(M45) or P(xQ,R1a1,R1b,R2)$^†$ |
| Sherpas from Tibet | Tibeto-Burman | Bhandari et al. 2015 | 582 | 0.64 | P1(M45) or P(xQ,R1a1,R1b,R2)$^†$ |
| Hvar (Dalmatian Islands) | Croatian | Barać et al. 2003 | | 14 | Possible link to medieval Avar settlers. |
| Korčula (Dalmatian Islands) | Croatian | Barać et al. 2003 | | 6 | Possible link to medieval Avar settlers. |
$^§$ May include members of haplogroup R2.
$^†$ May include members of haplogroup R1*/R1a*
| Population group | N | P (xQ,xR) | | Q | | R | | Paper |
| | | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |
| Gope | 16 | 1 | 6.4 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Oriya Brahmin | 24 | 1 | 4.2 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Mahishya | 17 | 3 | 17.6 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Bhumij | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Saora | 13 | 3 | 23.1 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Nepali | 7 | 2 | 28.6 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Muslims of Manipur | 9 | 3 | 33.3 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Himachal Pradesh Rajput | 15 | 1 | 6.7 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Lambadi | 18 | 4 | 22.2 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Gujarati Patel | 9 | 2 | 22.2 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Katkari | 19 | 1 | 5.3 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Madia Gond | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | | | | | Sahoo 2006 |
| Kamma Chowdary | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 12 | 80 | Sahoo 2006 |

#### Q

Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%.
Also common, at 25-50%, in modern Siberian populations such as the Nivkhs, Selkups, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.

#### R

The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy.
Subclades of R1b, R1a and R2 are now dominant in various populations from Europe to South Asia.