OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Danno

Danno may refer to:
* Stefan Dannö (born 1969), Swedish Speedway racer
* Danno O'Mahony (1912-1950), Irish professional wrestler
* Dan O'Keeffe (1907-1967), Irish Gaelic football goalkeeper nicknamed "Danno"
* Danny "Danno" Williams, a fictional character from the Hawaii Five-O television series, whence the catchphrase "Book 'em, Danno!"
# 2001 Japanese Super Cup

2001 Japanese Super Cup was the Japanese Super Cup competition. The match was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on March 3, 2001. Shimizu S-Pulse won the championship.
# Don Guest

Don Guest (16 July 1934, in Oklahoma – 23 April 2010, in Tours) was an American film producer, best known for winning the Palme d'Or for a film he produced, Paris, Texas. He also frequently served as a production manager for many prominent directors of the era, including Sam Peckinpah, Peter Bogdanovich, Philip Kaufman, Michelangelo Antonioni. He moved with his parents to Los Angeles during the Dust Bowl migration. Guest got his start in TV, but most of his career was as a film production manager and producer.
He died in his home in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France, where he had lived for 9 years. He was survived by his wife, Laurie; children Genine, Steven, and Diane; he also had three grandchildren.

## Credits

Producer
* Everglades! (1961, TV, associate)
* The White Dawn (1974, associate)
* Blue Collar (1978)
* Hammett (1982)
* The Osterman Weekend (1983, associate)
* Paris, Texas (1984)
* At Close Range (1986)
* Shadow of China (1989)
Production Manager
* It's About Time (1966), TV Series)
* Cowboy in Africa (1967, TV Series)
* Zabriskie Point (1970)
* The Last Picture Show (1971)
* Sounder (1972)
* The Getaway (1972)
* Breakheart Pass (1975)
* Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977)
* Second Thoughts (1983)
* The Osterman Weekend (1983)
* The Night They Saved Christmas (1984, TV Movie)
# Lectionary 274

Lectionary 274, designated by siglum ℓ 274 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 16th century. It used to be known as Nanianus 202. The manuscript has complex contents.

## Description

The codex contains lessons from the Gospel of John, Matthew, Luke (Evangelistarium), and from the Acts, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles (Apostolarion). It contains text of the Pericope Adulterae.
The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, on 501 paper leaves (21.5 cm by 15.5 cm), in one column per page, 19 lines per page.
The manuscript contains weekday Gospel/Apostolos lessons from Easter to Pentecost and Saturday/Sunday Gospel lessons for the other weeks.

## History

The manuscript has been assigned by the INTF to the 16th century.
According to the colophon it was written by Emanuel Casimati in 1580.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by and Gregory (number 274$^e$). Gregory saw the manuscript in 1886.
The manuscript was examined and described by Carlo Castellani (as lectionary 264).
The manuscript is not cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3).
The codex is housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. II,143 (1381)) in Venice.
# Direct Hit Technologies

Direct Hit Technologies, Inc. was a Boston-based search engine company that provided search engine services to major web portals and operated a public search engine at directhit.com. Founded in April 1998 by Gary Culliss and Mike Cassidy, the Direct Hit search engine utilized the anonymous searching activity of millions of web searchers to rank web sites based on a number of patented algorithms, such as how long searchers spent viewing each web page and where a site was ranked in the original search results list. The Direct Hit search engine technology was invented by Gary Culliss and is the subject of the following US Patents: US Pat. 6,006,222, US Pat. 6,078,916 and US Pat. 6,014,665 all entitled "Method for organizing information." Direct Hit filed to go public through Robertson Stephens in late 1999, and was acquired by Ask Jeeves in January 2002.
# 2012 Valparaiso Crusaders football team

The 2012 Valparaiso Crusaders football team represented Valparaiso University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by third-year head coach Dale Carlson and played their home games at Brown Field. They are a member of the Pioneer Football League. They finished the season 1–10, 1–7 in PFL play to finish in ninth place.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| August 30 | 7:00 pm | Saint Joseph's (IN)* | Brown FieldValparaiso, IN | L 34–36 | 3,848 |
| September 8 | 3:00 pm | at No. 6 Youngstown State* | Stambaugh StadiumYoungstown, OH | L 0–59 | 15,347 |
| September 15 | 1:00 pm | Duquesne* | Brown FieldValparaiso, IN | L 17–45 | 2,177 |
| September 22 | 3:00 pm | at San Diego | Torero StadiumSan Diego, CA | L 14–51 | 2,084 |
| October 6 | 1:00 pm | Butler | Brown FieldValparaiso, IN (Hoosier Helmet Trophy) | L 17–56 | 3,676 |
| October 13 | 1:00 pm | Drake | Brown FieldValparaiso, IN | L 21–35 | 1,189 |
| October 20 | 12:00 pm | at Dayton | Welcome StadiumDayton, OH | L 0–45 | 5,077 |
| October 27 | 1:00 pm | Marist | Brown FieldValparaiso, IN | L 7–44 | 1,333 |
| November 3 | 1:00 pm | at Campbell | Barker–Lane StadiumBuies Creek, NC | W 41–21 | 2,640 |
| November 10 | 1:00 pm | Davidson | Brown FieldValparaiso, IN | L 27–28 $^{OT}$ | 1,827 |
| November 17 | 12:00 pm | at Morehead State | Jayne StadiumMorehead, KY | L 24–76 | 1,607 |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll released prior to game Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Eastern time ||||||
* Source: Schedule

## Awards

* #22 Alex Grask S JR: Team's Most Valuable Player, Academic All PFL
* #49 Jake Hutson RB RSFR: Team's Offensive Player of the Year, PFL Offensive Freshman of the Year (Coaches, All PFL Honorable Mention (Coaches), PFL Freshman of the Year (College Sports Madness, All PFL 2nd Team (College Sports Madness)
* #88 Greg Wood P SR: Team's Special Team Player of the Year, All PFL 1st Team ( Coaches), All PFL 1st Team (College Sports Madness)
* #71 Sam Manternach OL FR: Team's Offensive Rookie of the Year
* #60 John Guilford DL FR: Team's Defensive Rookie of the Year, All PFL Honorable Mention
* #3 Erik Slenk WR SR: Crusader Special Team Effort Award
* #89 Austin Etzler WR FR: Offensive Scout Team Player of the Year
* #36 Tevin Johnson LB FR: Defensive Scout Team Player of the Year
* #83 Mike Gerton TE SR: Richard P. Koenig Award
* #38 Chris Howard DL RSSR: Joe Sever Trophy
* #75 Stuart Barkley OL SO: All PFL Honorable Mention (Coaches, Academic All PFL
* #35 Cody Gokan LB RSSR: All PFL Honorable Mention (Coaches)
* #24 Pat Derbak LB JR: All PFL Honorable Mention (Coaches, All PFL 3rd Team (College Sports Madness)
* #57 Bill Bodzianowski OL RSJR: All PFL 3rd Team (College Sports Madness)
* #70 Matt Scroll OL SR: Academic All PFL
# Das Garças River

There are several rivers named Das Garças River or Rio das Garças in Brazil:
* Das Garças River (Mato Grosso)
* Das Garças River (Rondônia)
# 2003 Breil Milano Indoor

The 2003 Breil Milano Indoor was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the PalaLido in Milan in Italy and was part of the International Series of the 2003 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from 27 January through 2 February 2003. Martin Verkerk won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Martin Verkerk defeated Yevgeny Kafelnikov 6–4, 5–7, 7–5
* It was Verkerk first singles title of his career.

### Doubles

Petr Luxa / Radek Štěpánek defeated Tomáš Cibulec / Pavel Vízner 6–4, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$
* It was Luxa's only title of the year and the 3rd of his career. It was Štěpánek's only title of the year and the 6th of his career.
# Historical map

A historical map may be:
* an old map (a map that is itself a historical artefact), see history of cartography
* a map depicting a specific historical period, see historical atlas
# 2010 USTA Challenger of Oklahoma – Doubles

David Martin and Rajeev Ram were the defending champions. Ram chose not to participate, Martin partnered up with Lester Cook, but they lost to Andrew Anderson and Fritz Wolmarans in the semifinals. South African players won this tournament. They defeated qualifiers Brett Joelson and Chris Klingemann 6–2, 6–3 in the final.

## Seeds

* Lester Cook / David Martin (semifinals)
* Pierre-Ludovic Duclos / Vasek Pospisil (semifinals)
* Nikolaus Moser / Artem Sitak (quarterfinals)
* Alex Kuznetsov / Jesse Witten (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals | Finals | Finals |
| 1 | L Cook D Martin | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | K Kim D Yoo | 5 | 0 | | 1 | L Cook D Martin | 7 | 6$^2$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| | Ashwin Kumar F Martin | | | | | Ashwin Kumar F Martin | 5 | 7 | [6] | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Levine Greg Ouellette | w/o | | | | | | | | 1 | L Cook D Martin | 7 | 3 | [8] | | | | |
| 3 | N Moser A Sitak | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | A Anderson F Wolmarans | 5 | 6 | [10] | | | | |
| | J Cox D Young | 6$^5$ | 4 | | 3 | N Moser A Sitak | 4 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Anderson F Wolmarans | 6 | 7 | | | A Anderson F Wolmarans | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Reynolds T Smyczek | 1 | 6$^1$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | A Anderson F Wolmarans | 6 | 6 |
| | E Nunez A Sadecky | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | Q | B Joelson C Klingemann | 2 | 3 |
| WC | R Biktyakov O Nedovyesov | 2 | 6$^4$ | | | E Nunez A Sadecky | w/o | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Q | Brett Joelson Chris Klingemann | 6 | 7 | | Q | B Joelson C Klingemann | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | A Kuznetsov J Witten | 4 | 5 | | | | | | | Q | B Joelson C Klingemann | 2 | 7 | [10] | | | | |
| WC | M Arévalo Ashley Watling | 0 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | 2 | P-L Duclos V Pospisil | 6 | 6$^5$ | [3] | | | | |
| | B Evans P Simmonds | 6 | 4 | [7] | WC | M Arévalo A Watling | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | A Dăescu Will Gray | 3 | 2 | | 2 | P-L Duclos V Pospisil | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | P-L Duclos V Pospisil | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Landomycinone

Landomycinone is the aglycone of the landomycins.
# Don Gross

Don Gross may refer to:
* Don Gross (baseball) (1931–2017), pitcher for Cincinnati and Pittsburgh
* Don Gross (footballer) (born 1947), former VFL footballer for Essendon
# Leamington Airport

Leamington Airport (TC LID: CLM2) is located 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) east of the town Leamington, Ontario, Canada.
# Dioptis vacuata

Dioptis vacuata is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by William Warren in 1905. It is found in Panama.
It is the largest member of the genus Dioptis, with females reaching a forewing length of 25 mm.
# 2010 USA Swimming Championships

The 2010 ConocoPhillips National Swimming Championships were held from August 3 until August 7, 2010 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center in Irvine, California.

## Men's events

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| 50 m freestyle | Nathan Adrian | 21.70 | Cullen Jones | 21.97 | Garrett Weber-Gale | 22.21 |
| 100 m freestyle | Nathan Adrian | 48.41 | Ryan Lochte | 48.83 | Jason Lezak Garrett Weber-Gale | 48.96 |
| 200 m freestyle | Michael Phelps | 1:45.61 | Ryan Lochte | 1:45.78 | Peter Vanderkaay | 1:46.84 |
| 400 m freestyle | Peter Vanderkaay | 3:46.88 | Michael Klueh | 3:48.24 | Charlie Houchin | 3:48.30 |
| 1500 m freestyle | Chad La Tourette | 14:55.39 | Peter Vanderkaay | 15:03.86 | Sean Ryan | 15:04.84 |
| 100 m backstroke | David Plummer | 53.60 | Aaron Peirsol | 53.63 | Nick Thoman | 53.78 |
| 200 m backstroke | Ryan Lochte | 1:55.58 | Aaron Peirsol | 1:56.28 | Tyler Clary | 1:56.36 |
| 100 m breaststroke | Michael Alexandrov | 1:00.26 | Mark Gangloff | 1:00.42 | Eric Shanteau | 1:00.75 |
| 200 m breaststroke | Eric Shanteau | 2:10.09 | Scott Spann | 2:12.26 | Elliott Keefer | 2:12.68 |
| 100 m butterfly | Michael Phelps | 50.65 | Tyler McGill | 52.20 | Timothy Phillips | 52.41 |
| 200 m butterfly | Michael Phelps | 1:56.00 | Mark Dylla | 1:57.08 | Tyler Clary | 1:57.32 |
| 200 m IM | Ryan Lochte | 1:54.84 | Michael Phelps | 1:55.94 | Tyler Clary | 1:59.19 |
| 400 m IM | Ryan Lochte | 4:09.98 | Tyler Clary | 4:14.12 | Robert Margalis | 4:15.62 |

## Women's events

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| 50 m freestyle | Kara Lynn Joyce | 24.86 | Madison Kennedy | 25.15 | Amanda Weir | 25.29 |
| 100 m freestyle | Dana Vollmer | 53.94 | Jessica Hardy | 54.14 | Natalie Coughlin | 54.34 |
| 200 m freestyle | Allison Schmitt | 1:56.84 | Dana Vollmer | 1:56.93 | Katie Hoff | 1:57.50 |
| 400 m freestyle | Katie Hoff | 4:05.50 | Allison Schmitt | 4:06.19 | Chloe Sutton | 4:06.33 |
| 800 m freestyle | Chloe Sutton | 8:24.77 | Kate Ziegler | 8:28.14 | Haley Anderson | 8:32.80 |
| 100 m backstroke | Natalie Coughlin | 1:00.14 | Missy Franklin | 1:00.39 | Rachel Bootsma | 1:00.40 |
| 200 m backstroke | Elizabeth Beisel | 2:08.50 | Missy Franklin | 2:09.74 | Morgan Scroggy | 2:10.87 |
| 100 m breaststroke | Rebecca Soni | 1:05.73 | Annie Chandler | 1:08.07 | Micah Lawrence | 1:08.48 |
| 200 m breaststroke | Rebecca Soni | 2:21.60 | Amanda Beard | 2:26.50 | Katy Freeman | 2:26.67 |
| 100 m butterfly | Christine Magnuson | 57.32 | Dana Vollmer | 57.45 | Kathleen Hersey | 58.15 |
| 200 m butterfly | Kathleen Hersey | 2:07.00 | Teresa Crippen | 2:07.89 | Mary Mohler | 2:08.91 |
| 200 m IM | Ariana Kukors | 2:10.54 | Caitlin Leverenz | 2:10.84 | Morgan Scroggy | 2:11.25 |
| 400 m IM | Caitlin Leverenz | 4:35.60 | Ariana Kukors | 4:37.03 | Katie Hoff | 4:37.51 |
# Hits and Pieces (video)

Hits and Pieces is a DVD released by the Australian band The Screaming Jets in 2004. It features video clips, interviews, documentary footage and live recordings recorded up until the release of Hits and Pieces (CD) in 1999.

## Track listing

* "Introduction...The Screaming Jets" - 1:54
* "C'Mon" - 2:49
* "Early Days And F.R.C." - 1:58
* "Better" - 4:51
* "Shower Scene" - 1:18
* "Stop The World" - 4:50
* "Young Blood" - 1:41
* "Shine On" - 5:22
* "UK Press Conference" - 0:19
* "Think" - 6:00
* "Harbour Mayhem" - 4:50
* "Here I Go" - 4:46
* "Palais Royale Newcastle" - 0:33
* "Helping Hand" - 4:47
* "Making Of Shivers" - 0:29
* "Shivers" - 4:28
* "Surfest Jam" - 2:35
* "Tunnel" - 3:51
* "Toronto Canada" - 3:02
* "Living In England" - 2:18
* "Reefer Madness" (Live) - 3:24
* "Sad Song" - 3:03
* "Knight's Day" - 3:45
* "Friend Of Mine" - 3:36
* "Making Of Wold Gone Crazy Part 1" - 1:30
* "Elvis (I Remember...)" - 3:51
* "Making Of Wold Gone Crazy Part 2" - 4:51
* "Eve Of Destruction" - 3:26
* "Making Of Wold Gone Crazy Part 3" - 4:13
* "October Grey" - 3:57
* "The Madness Of Touring" - 6:30
* "Individuality" - 3:59
* "Randwick Racecourse (Live)" - 3:28
* "Shine Over Me" - 3:43
* "Bondi Patrol" (Channel [V] Live) - 2:43
* "Higher With You" - 2:49
* "F#!k Off" - 3:56

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Position |
| ARIA Top 40 DVD | 22 |
# 2010 USTA LA Tennis Open – Doubles

Harsh Mankad and Frederik Nielsen were the defending champions, but Nielsen chose not to compete this year. Mankad partnered up with Samuel Groth, but they lost in the semifinals against Brian Battistone and Nicholas Monroe. Battistone and Monroe won in the final 5–7, 6–3, [10–4] against Artem Sitak and Leonardo Tavares.

## Seeds

* Brian Dabul / Franco Ferreiro (withdrew)
* Lester Cook / David Martin (semifinals)
* Treat Conrad Huey / Izak van der Merwe (quarterfinals)
* Samuel Groth / Harsh Mankad (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals | Finals | Finals | Finals |
| LL | B Battistone N Monroe | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Capdeville R Rizza | 3 | 2 | | LL | B Battistone N Monroe | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | G Ouellette D Young | 3 | 7 | [10] | WC | G Ouellette D Young | 3 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | B Strode M Venus | 6 | 5 | [7] | | | | | LL | B Battistone N Monroe | 6 | 4 | [11] | | | | | |
| 4 | S Groth H Mankad | 6 | 7 | | | | | | 4 | S Groth H Mankad | 3 | 6 | [9] | | | | | |
| WC | M Giron D Kosakowski | 3 | 6$^4$ | | 4 | S Groth H Mankad | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Q | C Parr T Paul | 4 | 4 | | | B Joelson T Smyczek | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Joelson T Smyczek | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | LL | B Battistone N Monroe | 5 | 6 | [10] |
| | R Kendrick B Reynolds | 7 | 3 | [7] | | | | | | | | | | | A Sitak L Tavares | 7 | 3 | [4] |
| | A Sitak L Tavares | 6$^5$ | 6 | [10] | | A Sitak L Tavares | 7 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | L Gregorc A Kuznetsov | 1 | 3 | | 3 | TC Huey I van der Merwe | 5 | 6$^3$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | TC Huey I van der Merwe | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | A Sitak L Tavares | 6 | 6 | | | | | | |
| | D Gremelmayr K Kim | 6$^6$ | 1 | | | | | | 2 | L Cook D Martin | 2 | 2 | | | | | | |
| PR | M Ryderstedt A Siljeström | 7 | 6 | | PR | M Ryderstedt A Siljeström | 1 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Polansky M Raonic | 7 | 3 | [7] | 2 | L Cook D Martin | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | L Cook D Martin | 6$^1$ | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 2007 China Open (tennis)

The 2007 China Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 9th edition of the China Open, and was part of the International Series of the 2007 ATP Tour, and of the Tier II Series of the 2007 WTA Tour. Both the men's and the women's events took place at the Beijing Tennis Center in Beijing, China, with the men playing from September 10 through September 16, 2007, and the women from September 17 through September 23, 2007.
The men's singles featured ATP No. 4, Australian Open quarterfinalist, French Open and US Open semifinalist Nikolay Davydenko, Australian Open and Rome Masters runner-up Fernando González, and Auckland finalist and Sopot titlist Tommy Robredo. Also competing were Doha and 's-Hertogenbosch winner Ivan Ljubičić, Zagreb titlist and Beijing defending champion Marcos Baghdatis, Hyung-taik Lee, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Igor Kunitsyn.
The announced women's field was led by WTA No. 2, US Open runner-up, New Haven winner and Beijing defending champion Svetlana Kuznetsova, Charleston and Rome Tier I, Auckland and Birmingham titlist Jelena Janković, and Antwerp champion Amélie Mauresmo. Other seeded players were Moscow Tier I and Istanbul winner Elena Dementieva, Tokyo titlist Martina Hingis, Ágnes Szávay, Anabel Medina Garrigues and Eleni Daniilidou.
WTA no.1 Justine Henin was initially announced to play the 2007 China Open, headlining the women's draw as top seed in what would have been her debut appearance in Beijing. However, fearing that the city's heavy air would aggravate her asthma, she ended up withdrawing prior to the start of the tournament.

## Finals
### Men's singles

Fernando González defeated Tommy Robredo, 6–1, 3–6, 6–1
* It was Fernando González's 1st title of the year, and his 8th overall.

### Women's singles

Ágnes Szávay defeated Jelena Janković, 6–7$^{(7–9)}$, 7–5, 6–2
* It was Ágnes Szávay's 2nd title of the year, and overall.

### Men's doubles

Rik de Voest / Ashley Fisher defeated Chris Haggard / Yen-hsun Lu, 6–7$^{(3–7)}$, 6–0, [10–6]

### Women's doubles

Chia-jung Chuang / Su-wei Hsieh defeated Xinyun Han / Xu Yifan, 7–6$^{(7–2)}$, 6–3
# Leamington

Leamington may refer to:

## Places

* Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England
* Leamington Hastings, Warwickshire, England
* Leamington, Ontario, Canada
* Leamington, Utah, US
* Leamington, Cambridge, a suburb of Cambridge, New Zealand

## Other uses

* HMS Leamington, two Royal Navy vessels
* Leamington (horse), a 19th-century racehorse
* Leamington F.C., the Leamington Spa football club
# Disc fibula

A disc fibula or disc brooch is a type of fibula, that is, a brooch, clip or pin used to fasten clothing that has a disc-shaped, often richly decorated plate or disc covering the fastener. The terms are mostly used in relation to the Middle Ages of Europe, especially the Early Middle Ages. They were the most common style of Anglo-Saxon brooches.
In Scotland, where the need for a fastening at the shoulder lasted into the Renaissance and beyond, a type of silver "turreted" brooch for men was still being made in the 16th century and later. The Brooch of Lorn is the best-known example.

## Continental Europe

Well-known fibulae of this type date to the Migration Period and the centuries either side of it, for example the disc fibulae from Soest or the Lower Saxon village of Holle in Germany. Disc fibulae up to over 5 centimetres in diameter were usually part of women's attire in continental Europe in the Early Middle Ages; much smaller examples were also worn by men, however, from the Carolingian era.
Many disc fibulae have gold ornamentation inlaid with gemstones, are enamelled or damascened, or are overlaid with gold or silver. The well known Pliezhausen brooch was once the cover of a disc fibula. An example from the Roman era is the Tangendorf disc brooch. The early mediaeval Maschen disc brooch portrays a figure with a saintly aureole.
* Gold disc fibulae from the Sonnenbühl prince's burial mound (La Tène period)
* Alemannian disc fibula of the 6th century with almandine and bone inlays
* Pair of disc fibulae from the Aregund grave c. 6th C.
* Merovingian disc fibulae of the 6th and 7th centuries with gemstones and filigree

## Anglo-Saxon types

Examples from Anglo-Saxon England are usually called "brooches" in English. The quoit brooch is an early type, using motifs from Late Roman art in base metal. Gold types with stones and elaborate decoration in the continental style appear from the 7th century, though later plain silver, decorated with figurative images and often using openwork, becomes more common. Examples in silver include the Fuller Brooch, Strickland Brooch and the Anglo-Scandinavian Ædwen's brooch.
Finds from the early period before Christianization are more common, as Christianity discouraged burial with expensive grave goods.
* The Sarre Brooch, a 5th-century Kentish quoit brooch, British Museum
* Anglo-Saxon brooch, from Monkton, Kent
* Brooch from the Pentney Hoard, in the Trewhiddle style.
* Anglo-Saxon Fuller Brooch, 9th-century

## Literature

* M. J. Bode: Germanische Scheibenfibeln. Ein kurzer Überblick über den Forschungsstand ausgewählter Formen. In: Jürgen Kunow (ed.): 100 Jahre Fibelformen nach Oskar Almgren. Wünsdorf, 1998, pp. 321–338, ISBN 3-910011-17-9.
* Heinrich Beck (ed.): Fibel und Fibeltracht. Sonderdruck aus Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Berlin, 2000, ISBN 3-11-016858-8.
* Webster, Leslie, Anglo-Saxon Art, 2012, British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714128092