OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Economists' Statement on Carbon Dividends

The Economists’ Statement on Carbon Dividends is a joint statement signed by over 3,500 U.S. economists promoting a carbon dividends framework for U.S. climate policy. The statement was organized by the Climate Leadership Council and originally published on January 16, 2019 in The Wall Street Journal with 45 signatories, including Nobel Prize winning economists, former chairs of the Federal Reserve, former chairs of the Council of Economic Advisors, and former secretaries of the Treasury Department.
Since its original publication, the statement has been signed by over 3,500 U.S. economists and has been recognized as the largest statement in the history of the economics profession.

## Summary

The statement recognizes an immediate need for climate action and offers five policy recommendations:
* A carbon tax is the most cost-effective method of reducing carbon emissions at the necessary scale and speed.
* The carbon tax should be revenue neutral and designed to increase every year until emissions reductions goals are met.
* A sufficiently robust carbon tax can replace carbon regulations that are less efficient.
* A border carbon adjustment system will prevent carbon leakage and enhance the competitiveness of American firms that are more energy-efficient that their foreign competitors.
* The carbon tax's revenue should be distributed to U.S. citizens in equal lump-sum payments.

## Reception

The statement was praised for the spectrum of economic thought and political opinion represented by its signatories. Former Harvard University President and U.S. Treasury Secretary Larry Summers called the statement’s proposal “one of the few ideas of economic policy that commands broad, bipartisan support.” The Chicago Booth Review noted that it was “perhaps the closest that the economics profession has ever come to a consensus.” Former chair of the Federal Reserve and the CEA Janet Yellen praised the statement for its broader political implications, saying it “represents a major tipping point in U.S. climate policy.”

## Original Signatories

The original forty-five signers of the statement were (sorted alphabetically):
* George Akerlof
* Robert Aumann
* Martin Baily
* Ben Bernanke
* Michael Boskin
* Angus Deaton
* Peter Diamond
* Robert Engle
* Eugene Fama
* Martin Feldstein
* Jason Furman
* Austan Goolsbee
* Alan Greenspan
* Lars Hansen
* Oliver Hart
* Bengt Holmström
* Glenn Hubbard
* Daniel Kahneman
* Alan Krueger
* Finn Kydland
* Edward Lazear
* Robert Lucas
* N. Gregory Mankiw
* Eric Maskin
* Daniel McFadden
* Robert Merton
* Roger Myerson
* Edmund Phelps
* Christina Romer
* Harvey Rosen
* Alvin Roth
* Thomas Sargent
* Myron Scholes
* Amartya Sen
* William Sharpe
* Robert Shiller
* George Shultz
* Christopher Sims
* Robert Solow
* Michael Spence
* Lawrence Summers
* Richard Thaler
* Laura Tyson
* Paul Volcker
* Janet Yellen
# 2018 Brest Challenger

The 2018 Brest Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2018 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Brest, France between 22 and 28 October 2018.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| FRA | Julien Benneteau | 61 | 1 |
| ESP | Jaume Munar | 80 | 2 |
| ESP | Roberto Carballés Baena | 82 | 3 |
| POL | Hubert Hurkacz | 88 | 4 |
| CZE | Jiří Veselý | 93 | 5 |
| FRA | Ugo Humbert | 99 | 6 |
| ITA | Lorenzo Sonego | 101 | 7 |
| USA | Michael Mmoh | 104 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 15 October 2018.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Antoine Cornut-Chauvinc
* Corentin Denolly
* Antoine Hoang
* Matteo Martineau
The following players received entry into the singles main draw as special exempts:
* Filippo Baldi
* Gleb Sakharov
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Benjamin Bonzi
* Ivan Gakhov
* Calvin Hemery
* Tak Khunn Wang
The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* Tomislav Brkić

## Champions
### Singles

* Hubert Hurkacz def. Ričardas Berankis, 7–5, 6–1.

### Doubles

* Sander Gillé / Joran Vliegen def. Leander Paes / Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela 3–6, 6–4, [10–2].
# Eric Sutherland Robertson

Eric Sutherland Robertson (1857 – 24 May 1926) was a Scottish man of letters, academic in India, and clergyman.

## Life

Robertson graduated at Edinburgh University in 1873 and then moved to London where he became a journalist. Between 1880 and 1881 Robertson edited the Magazine of Art. In 1882 he shared rooms at 18 Clement's Inn with his journalist friend Hall Caine, where they often hosted intellectual gatherings. They frequently had their evening meals delivered from nearby Clare Market, which were brought by two young women. Months later their father's confronted Robertson and Caine demanding marriage, claiming the young women had been ‘ruined’. According to Caine's biographer, nothing more than 'a bit of flirting' had taken place. Robertson moved to Redhill, Chislehurst and wrote English Poetesses, published by Cassell in September 1883.
In 1884 Robertson acted as best man for his friend William Sharp. He set up the Great Writers series, published from 1887. At the same period he was appointed to Lahore Government College of the University of the Punjab, where he was Professor of English Literature and Philosophy.
From 1896 Robertson was vicar of Bowness-on-Windermere.

## Works

* English Poetesses: A Series of Critical Biographies (1883)
* Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1887)
* The Dreams of Christ, and Other Verses (1891)
* Wordsworth and the English Lake Country: An Introduction to a Poet's Country (1911)
* The Bible's Prose Epic of Eve and her Sons: the 'J' Stories in Genesis
* Wordsworthshire
* From Alleys and Valleys
* The Human Bible: A Study in the Divine (1920)
# 2nd Composite Mounted Brigade

The 2nd Composite Mounted Brigade was a formation of the British Army in World War I. It was formed by the 2nd Mounted Division during the Gallipoli Campaign on 4 September 1915 by absorbing the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire and London Mounted Brigades. The brigade was dissolved on return to Egypt in December 1915.

## Formation

Due to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the 2nd Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from the 3rd (Notts and Derby) and 4th (London) Mounted Brigades. Each dismounted brigade formed a battalion sized unit:
    3rd Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment (Sherwood Rangers, South Notts Hussars and Derbyshire Yeomanry)
    4th London Regiment (1st County of London, City of London and 3rd County of London Yeomanry)
The brigade was commanded by Br-Gen A.H.M. Taylor, former commander of the London Mounted Brigade. The 1st Composite Mounted Brigade was formed at the same time with the 1st, 2nd and 5th Regiments.

## Dissolved

The brigade left Suvla on 2 November 1915 for Mudros. It left Mudros on 24 November, arrived Alexandria on 28 November and went to Mena Camp, Cairo. Each regiment had left a squadron headquarters and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses. The Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire and the London Mounted Brigades were reformed on 1 December and the 2nd Composite Mounted Brigade passed out of existence.
# 1903–04 Aston Villa F.C. season

The 1903–04 Football League season was Aston Villa's 16th season in the First Division, the top flight of English football at the time. The season fell in what was to be called Villa's golden era. In locally organised competition, Villa beat Small Heath in the first round of the Birmingham Senior Cup. Small Heath had been promoted from the Second Division the previous season. Both matches of the Second City derby ended in draws, 2-2, and 1-1.
Freddie Miles (269) made his Villa debut in a 7–3 win at Nottingham Forest on 19 December 1903. During his first season at Villa he developed a good understanding with Howard Spencer. Other debuts were Jack Windmill, Albert Hall, Mart Watkins and Billy Matthews.
During the season Howard Spencer was captain of the club. Arthur Lockett, such a key figure in the Stoke side the previous season, signed for Villa. Jack Windmill signed from Halesowen Town making his debut on 7 November 1903 in a 3–1 home win against Newcastle United. Bert Hall scored six goals in his nine league outings in the 1903–04 season. He was noted as being a hard working outside left player who teamed up well with Joe Bache.

## Fortress Villa Park

Aston Villa had ended the previous season with nine consecutive home wins. Villa faced West Brom in the first home game of the season.

## Football League

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts |
| 3 | Everton | 34 | 19 | 5 | 10 | 59 | 32 | 1.844 | 43 |
| 4 | Newcastle United | 34 | 18 | 6 | 10 | 58 | 45 | 1.289 | 42 |
| 5 | Aston Villa | 34 | 17 | 7 | 10 | 70 | 48 | 1.458 | 41 |
| 6 | Sunderland | 34 | 17 | 5 | 12 | 63 | 49 | 1.286 | 39 |
| 7 | Sheffield United | 34 | 15 | 8 | 11 | 62 | 57 | 1.088 | 38 |

## First team squad

* Billy Brawn, 34 appearances
* Alf Wood, 31 appearances
* Alex Leake, 30 appearances
* Joe Bache, 29 appearances
* Arthur Lockett, 27 appearances
* Billy George, 27 appearances, conceded 41
* Howard Spencer, 25 appearances
* Joe Pearson, 25 appearances
* Albert Wilkes, 20 appearances
* Billy Garraty, 18 appearances
* Tommy Niblo, 18 appearances
* Albert Evans, 15 appearances
* Jasper McLuckie, 15 appearances
* George Johnson, 13 appearances
* Micky Noon, 12 appearances
* Harry Cooch, 9 appearances, conceded 10
* Willie Clarke, 2 appearances
* George Harris, 2 appearances
* Jack Shutt, 1 appearance
* Jack Windmill, 1 appearance
* Freddie Miles, 17 appearances
* Albert Hall, 11 appearances
* Mart Watkins, 5 appearances
* Billy Matthews, 8 appearances
# 38 Special

38 Special or 0.38 Special or .38 Special, may refer to:

## Music

* 38 Special (band), an American rock band
** 38 Special (album), the 1977 debut album of the band 38 Special
* .38 Special (song), a 2022 song by American rapper the Game on the album Drillmatic – Heart vs. Mind
* .38 Special (guitar), a Fender replica guitar by Tōkai Gakki

## Other uses

* ".38 Special" (episode), a 1993 TV episode, the season 4 number 9 episode 73 of Blossom; see List of Blossom episodes
* Train 38 Special, a train service at Padang Besar railway station
# Holbeck Urban Village

Holbeck Urban Village is an area of Leeds city centre, close to Leeds railway station that has been undergoing a period of urban renewal.

## Description

The designated area, part of Holbeck, is located amongst ex-locomotive engineering and manufacturing buildings, some dating back to the 18th century on the south side of the River Aire. Among the listed buildings on the site are Marshall's Mill, Temple Works, Tower Works and the Round Foundry. The urban village concept is being used alongside government investment to encourage building developers to create a mix of residential, business, and leisure facilities.
The Tower Works was topped out in January 2012. Topping out is a completion ceremony for the builders, and usually a VIP is invited to lay the final stone.

## Criticisms

Some local friction has been caused by the HUV being cited as 'expensive' and as a focus for government investment whilst ignoring adjacent back to back housed areas of Holbeck and Beeston Hill.
# Acronicta browni

Acronicta browni is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America, including California.
# Edgbaston Reserve

Edgbaston Reserve, formerly Edgbaston Station, is a 8,100-hectare (20,000-acre) nature reserve in central Queensland, Australia, 140 kilometres (87mi) north-east of Longreach. It lies in the upper catchment of Pelican Creek, which flows into the Thomson River and, ultimately, into Lake Eyre. It lies within the Great Artesian Basin and is notable for its many artesian springs and their plants and animals. It is owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA), by which it was purchased in 2008. The reserve is within the Bush Heritage anchor region, the Queensland Uplands and Brigalow Belt.

## History

Edgbaston was a pastoral lease until acquisition by BHA. Purchase of the property was assisted by a contribution from the Australian Government's Maintaining Australia's Biodiversity Hotspots program.

## Landscape

As well as the artesian springs and their associated freshwater wetlands, the reserve's landscape includes grassy eucalypt woodlands and rocky escarpments.

## Fauna

Edgbaston's springs contain two nationally threatened fish species, the Edgbaston Goby and the Red-finned Blue-eye, as well as many rare and geographically restricted species of invertebrates and plants.
# East Zone (Bangladesh Railway)

East Zone of Bangladesh Railway is a zone of Railway of Bangladesh.
# Edenburn

Edenburn House, formerly 'Magh House' or 'Rockfield', is a house and demesne in the parish of Ballymacelligott, County Kerry, in Ireland. Built in the late 18th century, it is situated between Tralee and Castleisland.
Formerly the home of the Hussey family, from 1937 to 1968, the house was used as a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients. Later becoming known as Edenburn Hospital, from 1968 until its closure in 1988 the building was a convalescent home and hospital, catering mostly for orthopaedic patients and elderly patients.
# 2059 Baboquivari

2059 Baboquivari, provisional designation 1963 UA, is an asteroid classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 1.9 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by the Indiana Asteroid Program in 1963, it was later named after the Baboquivari Mountains in Arizona, United States.

## Discovery and recovery

Baboquivari is one of the lowest numbered near-Earth asteroids as it was already discovered on 16 October 1963. The discovery observation was made by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, in the United States. Three months later, it became a lost asteroid until June 1976, when it was recovered by the Steward Observatory's 90-inch Bok Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory located in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona.

## Classification and orbit

Baboquivari is an Amor asteroid – a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.2–4.1 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,577 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.53 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, 10 days after its official discovery observation.

### Close approaches

The asteroid has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.2537 AU (38,000,000 km), which corresponds to 98.8 lunar distances. It approached the Earth at a similar distance on 20 October 1963, shortly after its discovery. The eccentric asteroid is also a Mars-crosser and approached Jupiter at a distance of about 1.4 AU on 20 April 1970.

## Physical characteristics

Little is known about Baboquivari's physical characteristics. Its spectral type has never been determined.

### Diameter and albedo

It is classified as a near-Earth object larger than one kilometer in diameter by the Minor Planet Center ("1+ KM"). A generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion gives a diameter of 1.9 kilometers, based on the body's absolute magnitude of 16.0 and an assumed standard albedo for stony S-type asteroids (Baboquivari would still measure 1.3 kilometers in diameter, if it had a higher albedo of 0.4, typically seen among bright members of the Hungaria family).

### Rotation period

As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Baboquivari has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the main-peak of the Baboquivari Mountains, a sacred location in the mythology of the Papago Indian Tribe. The Observatories of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) are located on the Baboquivari land, just a few kilometers south of Kitt Peak. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 December 1979 (M.P.C. 5038).
# List of Important Cultural Properties of Japan (Asuka period: structures)

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
This list is of Japanese structures dating from the Asuka period (538–710) that have been designated Important Cultural Properties (including *National Treasures). Five surviving sites with six component structures have been so designated, all National Treasures. All are located in the town of Ikaruga in Nara Prefecture, forming part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area.

## Structures

| Structure | Date | Municipality | Prefecture | Coordinates |
| *Hokki-ji Three-Storey Pagoda 法起寺三重塔 Hokkiji sanjūnotō | 684-706 | Ikaruga | Nara | 34°37′22″N 135°44′47″E﻿ / ﻿34.62282547°N 135.74632744°E﻿ / 34.62282547; 135.74632744﻿ (Hokkiji Three-Storey Pagoda) |
| *Hōryū-ji Covered Corridors: East 法隆寺廻廊 (東廻廊) Hōryūji kairō (higashi kairō) | before 709 | Ikaruga | Nara | 34°36′52″N 135°44′05″E﻿ / ﻿34.61435107°N 135.73474349°E﻿ / 34.61435107; 135.73474349﻿ (Hōryūji Covered Corridors: East) |
| *Hōryū-ji Covered Corridors: West 法隆寺廻廊 (西廻廊) Hōryūji kairō (nishi kairō) | before 709 | Ikaruga | Nara | 34°36′51″N 135°44′02″E﻿ / ﻿34.614191°N 135.733826°E﻿ / 34.614191; 135.733826﻿ (Hōryūji Covered Corridors: West) |
| *Hōryū-ji Kondō 法隆寺金堂 Hōryūji kondō | before 709 | Ikaruga | Nara | 34°36′51″N 135°44′04″E﻿ / ﻿34.6142695°N 135.7344433°E﻿ / 34.6142695; 135.7344433﻿ (Hōryūji Kondō) |
| *Hōryū-ji Five-Storey Pagoda 法隆寺五重塔 Hōryūji gojūnotō | before 709 | Ikaruga | Nara | 34°36′51″N 135°44′03″E﻿ / ﻿34.61423034°N 135.73410721°E﻿ / 34.61423034; 135.73410721﻿ (Hōryūji Five-Storey Pagoda) |
| *Hōryū-ji Inner Gate 法隆寺中門 Hōryūji chūmon | before 709 | Ikaruga | Nara | 34°36′50″N 135°44′04″E﻿ / ﻿34.61396278°N 135.73430952°E﻿ / 34.61396278; 135.73430952﻿ (Hōryūji Inner Gate) |
# Encephalartos villosus

Encephalartos villosus is a South African cycad occurring from the East London vicinity, where it is found near the coast, to the northern border of Eswatini (Swaziland) where it may grow as far as 100 km inland. The species is common throughout its range and is the most frequently cultivated in Southern Africa, largely because of its affordable price. As a result of its large geographical distribution, it is notably variable in leaf and cone shape.

## Description

A largely underground trunk results in very little of the plant being visible, so that it is described as a dwarf species. The crown normally consists of tightly-packed bracts covered in dense grey woolly hair (villosus = hairy). As with all cycads this species is dioecious. Male plants may carry up to 15 cones, whereas only one or two occur on the females. The seeds, embedded in bright-red flesh are eaten and distributed by the purple-crested lourie (Tauraco porphyreolophus) and by the trumpeter hornbill (Bycanistes bucinator).

## Distribution

The preferred habitat of this species is frost-free coastal bush. It hybridises readily with Encephalartos altensteinii in the Eastern Cape and with Encephalartos lebomboensis in the Pongola area.

## Gallery

* Female cone
* Seeds in female cone
# Agaricus excellens

Agaricus excellens (French: Psaliote Excellente, German: Riesen-Egerling) is a rare European mushroom in the genus Agaricus.

## Description

* Cap: It is whitish yellow in color. Spread over 10–15 centimetres (4–6 inches) across, it is convex and a bit flat, yellowing slightly at the center especially with age, and densely covered in minute fibrous scales of the same colour. It feels silky.
* Stem / Stipe: Stem is 10–14 cm (4–5+1⁄2 in) by 2–3.5 cm (1–1+1⁄2 in), white in color; the ring is thick and white. The underside is scaly or fibrillar.
* Gills: The gills are pale-pink and free.
* Spores and microscopic features: Spore print is purplish black. Spores are elliptic, measuring 9–12 x 5–7 μ.
* Flesh and smell: The cap flesh is reddish-white. It tastes sweet and a bit like mushroom, smells slightly of aniseed and almond.

## Distribution and habitat

Native to Europe, the species is commonly found in coniferous and deciduous areas and grows during late autumn to summer amongst grass in open woodland, especially spruce. It is typically found at altitudes of 0 to 914 metres (0 to 3,000 feet).
# East Mersea

East Mersea is a village and civil parish on Mersea Island in the City of Colchester district of Essex, England. It was historically referred to as Mersea in the Domesday book.

## St Edmund's Church

The Grade I listed parish Church of St Edmund King and Martyr dates from the 12th or 13th century with the nave and tower dating from the 14th and 15th century respectively. The oak and red-brick south porch is 19th century. Inside there is a 15th-century octagonal font and mid-17th century pulpit.
The rector at East Mersea from 1871 to 1881 was the scholar Sabine Baring-Gould who wrote the words for the hymn Onward Christian Soldiers.

## Grave of Sarah Wrench

The grave of Sarah Wrench (1833–1848), by the North wall of the chancel at St. Edmund's Church in East Mersea is unusual for an English grave because it is covered by a mortsafe, a protective cage used at the time in Scotland to protect corpses from graverobbers.
Richard Jones, in Myths of Britain and Ireland, refers to popular speculation that Sarah Wrench was a witch, and that the cage was designed to keep her from escaping her grave after death. Although East Anglia was at one time known for witch trials, this was in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, not the mid-nineteenth.
# Edenburg

Edenburg is a town situated about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Bloemfontein in the Free State province of South Africa. As of 2001, it had a population of 14,566.

## Background

Edenburg was proclaimed a town in 1863 and received municipal government in 1891.
The town is 85 km south-south-west of Bloemfontein. Laid out on the farm Rietfontein in 1862 with the Dutch Reformed Church built in the same year and it became a municipality in 1891.$^{:352}$ The name is said to be either of biblical origin or an adaptation of Edinburgh, name of the birthplace in Scotland of the Reverend Andrew Murray, for many years the only minister in the Orange Free State.
The N1 highway bypasses the town to the east, while the Port Elizabeth–Bloemfontein railway runs along its western edge.
# 1910 in radio

The year 1910 in radio involved some significant events.

## Events

* 13 January — Lee de Forest broadcast grand opera performance from the stage of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.
* 24 June — Wireless Ship Act of 1910 passed by the United States Congress, requiring all ships of the United States traveling over 200 miles (322 km) off the coast and carrying over 50 passengers to be equipped with wireless radio equipment with a range of 100 miles (161 km).

## Births

* 16 January – Dwight Weist, American actor and announcer (d. 1991)
* 22 March – Elisabeth Barker, British current affairs radio administrator (d. 1986)
* 10 April – Olive Shapley, English radio documentary producer and broadcaster (d. 1999)
* 3 May – Norman Corwin, American writer-producer (d. 2011)
* 17 June – Sam Costa, British crooner, voice actor and disc jockey (d. 1981)
* 21 August – D. G. Bridson, English radio producer and author (d. 1980)
* 1 September – Charles Maxwell, Scottish-born radio producer (d. 1998)