# Electrical Trades Union (United Kingdom)

The Electrical Trades Union (ETU) was a trade union representing electricians in the United Kingdom, much of its membership consisting of wiring fitters and telephone engineers.

## History
### Early history

The union was founded in 1889 with the merger of the Union of Electrical Operatives, a London-based union formed in 1868, and the Amalgamated Society of Telegraph and Telephone Construction Men, based in Manchester. Initially, the union had 570 members, most of whom were employees of the National Telephone Company. Its first part-time secretary, elected at the inaugural conference in 1890, was Dick Steadman.
The National Telephone Company's Brighton office was known for poor working conditions and, in 1891, an ETU branch was formed there, led by Alfred Ewer. After failed negotiations, the union began a strike, but this collapsed after five weeks. The remaining strikers were sacked, although the union helped them find them work elsewhere. In response, the union decided to appoint its first full-time general secretary; Arthur Walker was elected unopposed. He raised concerns that the union was unable to meet its commitments to out-of-work benefits to members. This became an immediate problem with a downturn in trade the following year; union membership peaked at 1,183 that year but then began to fall. The executive decided to institute a levy of three pennies per member per week in order to make up a shortfall, but this just led to more members leaving, and membership fell to only 402 in 1894. Walker was forced to resign after stealing union funds, and Steadman replaced him on a temporary basis.
Steadman was unable to solve the union's problems, and membership reached an all-time low of 236 members at the end of 1895. Francis Sims was elected as a full-time general secretary, in a final attempt to turn its fortunes around. He undertook a tour of the UK, attempting to form new branches and strengthen existing ones. While this produced mixed results, membership began to recover, and a successful strike in Bolton in 1899, and an agreement signed with Sheffield Town Council in 1900 further improved his reputation. However, the following year, he too was found to have embezzled union funds, leading to his imprisonment for six months. On release, he tried to set up a breakaway union, the Electrical Wiremen's Union, but this failed to grow and was disbanded in 1903.
Alfred Ewer was elected as Sims' replacement, and the union joined the Federation of Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades in 1906. Ewer's time in office was marked by conflict between the London-based executive and the provincial branches, culminating in a vote in 1907 to move the head office to Manchester. He disappeared in May 1907, and was later found to have emigrated to Australia without informing his wife or friends, having stolen £144 of union funds.

### Growth under Rowan

Jimmy Rowan, the union's national organiser, was elected as Ewer's replacement, and he ultimately served until 1941. He and oversaw rapid growth in the union; from 1,500 members in 1907, it grew to more than 80,000 on his retirement.
In 1918, the union balloted its members on joining the new Amalgamated Engineering Union, but this was not approved. The early 1920s proved a difficult time for the union, and Rowan negotiated a merger with the Transport and General Workers' Union, but this too was rejected by the membership. Walter Citrine was appointed as an assistant general secretary of the union in 1920, and transformed its finances, making the reputation which led to his later appointment as General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress.

### Communism and anti-communism

Rowan was known for his anti-communism but, despite this, members of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) became prominent in the union under his leadership; by the 1950s, both General Secretary and General President were CPGB members. The ETU was known to have enjoyed close contacts with the London branch of the Caribbean Labour Congress led by communist activist Billy Strachan.
In the spring of 1961, there were allegations that ETU ballots were being rigged by communists. In June 1961, the ETU was taken to court by Jock Byrne and Frank Chapple, arguing that members of the CPGB had been part of a "conspiracy to defraud" in internal elections.
After its leader Jock Byrne suffered a stroke, Frank Chapple became the union's leader in 1966. Unusually for a union leader at the time, Chapple espoused free-market thinking, and he aimed to rid his union of communists; his former union - the ETU had been run by communists. He was a "reluctant loyalist" to the Labour Party. The union went on to advocate nuclear power, privatisation of state-owned industries and membership of the European Union.

### Merger

In July 1968, the ETU merged with the Plumbing Trades Union to form the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union.

## Election results

The union sponsored Labour Party candidates in several Parliamentary elections.
| Election | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Position |
| 1945 general election | Dundee | Thomas Cook | 48,804 | 28.6 | 1 |
| 1950 general election | Dundee East | Thomas Cook | 26,005 | 53.3 | 1 |
| 1950 general election | Heywood and Royton | Charles Hurley | 21,482 | 40.2 | 2 |
| 1951 general election | Cheltenham | James Finnigan | 17,777 | 42.9 | 2 |
| 1951 general election | Dundee East | Thomas Cook | 26,668 | 53.8 | 1 |
| 1951 general election | Heywood and Royton | Charles Hurley | 24,083 | 46.1 | 2 |
| 1955 by-election | Edinburgh North | George Scott | 7,799 | 40.6 | 2 |
| 1955 general election | Cheltenham | James Finnigan | 16,638 | 40.7 | 2 |
| 1955 general election | Edinburgh North | George Scott | 12,664 | 38.3 | 2 |
| 1959 general election | Bridgwater | James Finnigan | 14,706 | 32.3 | 2 |
| 1959 general election | Croydon North West | David Chalkley | 14,658 | 32.0 | 2 |
| 1959 general election | East Aberdeenshire | John Urquhart | 10,980 | 36.6 | 2 |
| 1959 general election | Liverpool Walton | George McCartney | 20,254 | 45.5 | 2 |
| 1964 general election | Brentford and Chiswick | David Chalkley | 13,475 | 44.3 | 2 |
| 1964 general election | Caithness and Sutherland | John Urquhart | 6,619 | 30.2 | 2 |
| 1964 general election | Carlton | Robert Mellor | 21,546 | 36.2 | 2 |
| 1964 general election | Newbury | David Stoddart | 18,943 | 34.4 | 2 |
| 1964 general election | Wakefield | Walter Harrison | 26,315 | 55.5 | 1 |
| 1966 general election | Stroud | Tom Cox | 20,259 | 40.1 | 2 |
| 1966 general election | Wakefield | Walter Harrison | 28,907 | 65.4 | 1 |

## Office holders
### General Secretaries

    1890: Dick Steadman
    1891: Arthur Walker
    1894: Dick Steadman (acting)
    1895: Francis Sims
    1900: Alfred Ewer
    1907: James Rowan
    1941: Ernest Bussey
    1948: Walter Stevens
    1955: Frank Haxell
    1961: Jock Byrne
    1966: Frank Chapple

### General Presidents

    1890: Arthur Walker
    1891: Thomas Cannon
    1894: G. Montague
    1896: J. Hart
    1898: Joe Pearce
    1899: Bill Gooday
    1901: Fred O'donoghue
    1904: Jack Pearce
    1906: George Dibdin
    1907: S. Morris
    1908: Jack Ball
    1931: Ernest Bussey
    1941: Hugh Bolton
    1945: Frank Foulkes
    1962: Les Cannon