OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Electromaterials

In physics, electrical engineering and materials science, electromaterials are the set of materials which store, controllably convert, exchange and conduct electrically charged particles. The term electromaterial can refer to any electronically or ionically active material. While this definition is quite broad, the term is typically used in the context of properties and/or applications in which atomic electronic transition is pertinent. The word electromaterials is a compound form of the Ancient Greek term, ἤλεκτρον ēlektron, "Amber", and the Latin term, materia, "Matter".

## Properties

Electromaterials enable the transport of charged species (electrons and/or ions) as well as facilitate the exchange of charge to other materials. For atomic and molecule systems, this is observed as atomic electronic transition between discrete orbitals, while for bulk semiconductor materials electronic bands determine which transitions may occur. Metals, in which the conduction band is permanently populated, may also be considered electromaterials, although this is typically outside the category compared to other conduction mechanisms such as for a degenerate semiconductor (transparent conductive oxides) or polaron hopping (organic conductor). Materials which can be ionised (i.e. electrons either added or stripped away) may also be considered electronically active.
Electromaterials have a number of properties broadly, including:
* Opto-electronic properties
* Photoelectric properties
* Exotic phenomena such as super-conductive properties
* Partial charge transfer, adsorption of species leading to change in electronic properties of material
* Ion conductive materials

## Applications

In the application of electromaterials, ions or electrons are used to carry out a specific function. For example, the oxidation or reduction (loss or gain of electrons, respectively) of another species. Materials such as metals, metal particles, conducting polymers, conducting carbon, e.g. CNTs, graphene, carbon fibres, electrodes, electrolytes, electrocatalysts, light harvesting materials (e.g. dyes for DSSCs) find applications in which electromaterials are critical to their functionality:
* Batteries
* Super-capacitors
* Fuel cells
* Photovoltaics
* Artificial muscles
* Chemical sensors
* LEDs
* Energy conversion/storage devices
* Systems that interact with living tissue and soft robotics (prosthetics)

## Characterisation

Electromaterials can be explored by techniques such as (but not limited to) absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, electrochemistry, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy or combinations of the above, such as raman spectroelectrochemistry.
# Acacia colletioides

Acacia colletioides, commonly known as wait-a-while, pin bush and spine bush, is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Plurinerves that is native to Australia.

## Description

The rigid spreading prickly shrub typically grows to a height of 0.5 to 3 metres (2 to 10 ft). The branchlets are glabrous to sparsely haired and have scarring where phyllodes have detached. The pungent, rigid, glabrous phyllodes are sessile and are found on distinct, yellow stem-projections. Each phyllode has a straight to curved shape and are usually 1.5 to 3 centimetres (0.59 to 1.18 in) in length with a width of 1 to 1.5 millimetres (0.039 to 0.059 in). It blooms in winter and spring from July to September and produces yellow flowers. Two simple inflorescences are found per axil, the flower heads have a subglobular to ellipsoidal shape and contain 15 to 24 flowers. Each flower head is 3 to 5 mm (0.118 to 0.197 in) and has a diameter of 3 to 4.5 mm (0.118 to 0.177 in). Following flowering linear coiled seed pods form that are up to a length of 7 cm (2.76 in) and 3 to 5 mm (0.118 to 0.197 in) wide. The shiny black seeds have an oval to ovate shape and a length of 3 to 4.5 mm (0.118 to 0.177 in) with an orange or yellow aril.

## Taxonomy

The species was first formally described by the botanist George Bentham in 1842 as part of William Jackson Hookers work Notes on Mimoseae, with a synopsis of species as published in the London Journal of Botany. It was reclassified as Racosperma colletioides by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then transferred back to genus Acacia in 2006. A. colletioides is closely related to Acacia nyssophylla. It is similar in appearance to Acacia asepala, Acacia subsessilis and Acacia enterocarpa.

## Distribution

It is found in dry areas from around Geraldton on the west coast of Western Australia, through part of South Australia and north western Victoria to around Dubbo in New South Wales, where it is mostly a part of mallee scrub or open woodland communities. In Western Australia it is native to an area in the Wheatbelt, Mid West and Goldfields-Esperance regions where it grows in a variety of soil types. In Victoria it is found in the Murray mallee, the Lowan mallee, the Murray scroll belt and the Robinvale Plains bioregions where it is found in the north-west mostly as a part of mallee scrub or open woodland communities growing in sandy loam soils.
# Everything (film)

Everything is a 2004 British dramatic feature, written and directed by Richard Hawkins. Hawkins was nominated for a BAFTA for Most Promising Newcomer for his work (the award is now described as being for an 'Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer').
Ray Winstone stars as Richard, who over consecutive days keeps visiting Naomi, a Soho prostitute (played by actor/singer Jan Graveson). He does not seem to be there to have sex, so Naomi is unsure why he keeps paying to see her.
The film was shot in 10 days on HD on a low budget.
Although the film is largely built around Winstone and Graveson, the cast also includes Katherine Clisby, Ed Deedigan, and Winstone's real-life daughter Lois. The music was composed by Tom Ingleby.
# Eliza Ann Fewings

Eliza Ann Fewings (28 December 1857 – 11 October 1940) was a teacher and school principal in Wales and Australia. She led a pioneer school of secondary education for girls in Wales for a decade. Later in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, she was the head of Brisbane Girls' Grammar School after which she founded her own school, the Brisbane Girls High School (which is now known as Somerville House).

## Life

Fewings was born in Bristol in south west England in 1857. Her father was in the boot industry but her brother was a teacher and he assisted her to become a teacher too.
In 1876 she became the head of Dr Williams's Endowed High School for Girls in Dolgellau. She was to stay at the school for ten years. The school's motto was "Honour before Honours". The school was a pioneer in Wales because it was a secondary school for girls. One of the pupils in 1880 was Margaret Owen who to be "First Lady" of the UK during the first World War.
In 1896 Fewings became the head of Brisbane Girls' Grammar School which she led for three years until the governors were alerted to accusations that she was inadequate. Two of the governors who were leading barristers interviewed her and they decided that she should be dismissed. Her request for a review of the decision was refused. When the trustees turned up to ensure that Fewings handed over the keys to the school they were met by the local press. She did not leave quietly and the row between her and the trustees became public knowledge.
Fewings had the support of some of the previous staff and some parents and with their encouragement she opened her own rival school Brisbane High School for Girls. It started with 31 pupils in October 1899 but it was by 1902 the largest girls' secondary school in Queensland with 150 pupils. At first the school had operated without a uniform but in time a white and yellow uniform was agreed upon. The school motto was the same as Dr Williams' School "Honour before honours".
Fewing's success was acknowledged when she was asked to inspect schools in America and in the UK. Whilst she was in Wales she was offered the post of warden of Alexandra Hall as part of University College, Aberystwyth. She accepted and returned to Australia briefly to make her goodbyes and sell her school to Constance Elizabeth Harker and Miss Jarrett. When she returned to Wales she was instrumental in forming the first Young Women's Christian Association building in Wales. She retired in 1914 and she was given an honorary master's degree by Aberystwyth University in 1921.
She died in Bristol in 1940.
# 2002 Junior Pan American Artistic Gymnastics Championships

The 2002 Junior Pan American Artistic Gymnastics Championships was held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, November 4–10, 2002.

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Women ||||
| Team | United States Marcia Newby Tia Orlando Nastia Liukin Melanie Sinclair | Canada Kylie Stone Gael Mackie Lydia Williams Lisa Pattison | Brazil Ana Paula Rodrigues Laís Souza Thais Cevada Mariana Oliveira |
| All Around | Marcia Newby (USA) | Nastia Liukin (USA) | Tia Orlando (USA) |
| Vault | Marcia Newby (USA) | Kylie Stone (CAN) | Laís Souza (BRA) |
| Uneven bars | Melanie Sinclair (USA) | Nastia Liukin (USA) | Gael Mackie (CAN) |
| Balance beam | Melanie Sinclair (USA) | Nastia Liukin (USA) | Kylie Stone (CAN) |
| Floor exercise | Ana Paula Rodrigues (BRA) | Gael Mackie (CAN) Kylie Stone (CAN) | — |
| Men ||||
| Team | United States Taqiy Abdullah Wesley Haagensen Derek Helsby Tyler Yamauchi | Brazil Diego Hypólito Daniel Yamasita Victor Rosa Rodrigo Silva | Canada David Stern Nathan Gafuik Adam Wong Hugh Smith |
| All Around | Taqiy Abdullah (USA) | Wesley Haagensen (USA) | Diego Hypólito (BRA) |
| Floor exercise | Diego Hypólito (BRA) | Unknown | Unknown |
| Pommel horse | Tyler Yamauchi (USA) | Derek Helsby (USA) | Unknown |
| Rings | Federico Molinari (ARG) | Tyler Yamauchi (USA) | Adam Wong (CAN) |
| Vault | Diego Hypólito (BRA) | Tomás González (CHI) | Hugh Smith (CAN) |
| Parallel bars | Wesley Haagensen (USA) | Taqiy Abdullah (USA) | Unknown |
| Horizontal bar | Taqiy Abdullah (USA) Wesley Haagensen (USA) | — | Nathan Gafuik (CAN) |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | United States | 11 | 7 | 1 | 19 |
| 2 | Brazil | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| 3 | Argentina | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Canada | 0 | 4 | 6 | 10 |
| 5 | Chile | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | Colombia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 6 | Puerto Rico | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (7 entries) | Totals (7 entries) | 15 | 13 | 12 | 40 |
# Ella Mae Backus

Ella Mae Backus (1863–1938) was an American lawyer who became the first female Assistant U.S. Attorney in the State of Michigan, and the first female attorney in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Western District of Michigan. At the time, she was one of only six female attorneys in the entire Department of Justice. Backus was originally employed as a stenographer in Traverse City, Michigan from 1891 to 1895. In 1895, she became a lawyer.
Hired to work in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Western District of Michigan in 1903, by 1923 Backus was promoted to Assistant Attorney in the office. She would work there until her death in 1938. She was also the first woman in the Grand Rapids Bar Association.
She was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 2017.
# Elk Mountain (British Columbia)

Elk Mountain is located within the Fraser Valley in South Western British Columbia. It is part of the Cascade mountain range. Its highest point reaches up to 1,432 m. It is often frequented by paragliders.

## Hiking Trail

A popular 4 km (one-way) hiking trail called the Elk-Thurston trail allows access to the summit. This trail gains 640 m of elevation from the trailhead to the summit. The trail continues on to Mount Thurston, 3.5 km further along the trail and another 198 m higher. The trail continues to Mt Mercer, and it is possible to trek all the way to Mt Cheam.
# Alexander Webb

Alexander Webb may refer to:
* Alexander Russell Webb (1846–1916), one of the earliest Americans to convert to Islam
* Alexander S. Webb (1835–1911), general in the American Civil War, defended the famous "Copse of Trees" during Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg, 1863
* Alexander Stewart Webb (banker) (1870–1948), American banker and philanthropist
# List of political parties in Paraguay

This article lists political parties in Paraguay. Paraguay was a one-party dominant state with the Colorado Party until the 2008 Paraguayan general election when the opposition, Patriotic Alliance for Change, won the presidency.

## Parties
### Parliamentary parties

| Name | Abbr. | Founded | Ideology | Leader | Senators | Deputies |
| Colorado Party Partido Colorado | ANR-PC | 1887 | National conservatism Neoliberalism Populism | Horacio Cartes | 17 / 45 | 42 / 80 |
| Authentic Radical Liberal Party Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico | PLRA | 1978 | Liberalism Radicalism | Efraín Alegre | 13 / 45 | 17 / 80 |
| Guasú Front Frente Guasú | FG | 2010 | Democratic socialism Left-wing populism | Carlos Filizzola | 6 / 45 | 0 / 80 |
| Beloved Fatherland Party Partido Patria Querida | PPQ | 2002 | Conservative liberalism Civic nationalism | Pedro Fadul | 3 / 45 | 3 / 80 |
| Progressive Democratic Party Partido Democrático Progresista | PDP | 2007 | Social democracy Democratic socialism | Desirée Masi | 2 / 45 | 0 / 80 |
| National Union of Ethical Citizens Unión Nacional de Ciudadanos Éticos | UNACE | 2002 | Nationalism Conservatism | Jorge Oviedo Matto | 1 / 45 | 0 / 80 |
| Great Renewed National Alliance Gran Alianza Nacional Renovada | GANAR | 2017 | Social liberalism Progressivism | Carlos Mateo Balmelli | 0 / 45 | 10 / 80 |
| National Encounter Party Partido Encuentro Nacional | PEN | 1991 | Social democracy Social liberalism | Fernando Camacho | 0 / 45 | 2 / 80 |

### Coalitions

* Country Forward (Avanza Pais, AP)

### Other parties

* Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano)
* Paraguayan Communist Party (Partido Comunista Paraguayo)
* Party for a Country of Solidarity (Partido País Solidario)
* Revolutionary Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Revolucionario)
* Workers' Party (Partido de los Trabajadores)
* Revolutionary Febrerista Party (Partido Revolucionario Febrerista)

## Former parties

The Paraguayan Liberal Party fought with the Colorado Party for dominance of the country during the first half of the 20th century. By the end of the Alfredo Stroessner regime the Liberal Party of Paraguay no longer existed, but its political successor, the Authentic Radical Liberal Party, is now the second largest political party in the country.
# Abel Lauvray

Abel Lauvray (21 November 1870 – 19 December 1950) was a French Post-Impressionist painter.

## Biography

Born in Rennes and attached to the Post-Impressionism movement, Lauvray was a painter of landscapes and portraits. Coming from a wealthy family of notaries, he met Claude Monet for the first time around 1880, then settled about thirty metres from the family home in Vétheuil. He quickly became friend with the painter who, ruined, was helped by the Lauvray family. When Monet returned to Vétheuil in 1893, Abel Lauvray accompanied the painter on the Seine on his workboat, which he later handed over to him. He married Jeanne Lejard on 3 February 1908 who gave birth to his only child, Geneviève, in 1913.
After studying law, Lauvray decided to enrol in the Fernand Cormon's workshop in Paris and, on the advice of Claude Monet, to paint by himself. Following Monet's advice, without copying it, he produced about 1,500 paintings during the 60 years of his career. One-third of these canvases were destroyed during the fire of his workshop in Mantes-la-Jolie at the time of the events related to the French Liberation during World War II. His work was notably revealed to the public during his first posthumous exhibitions in 1963, then during the exhibition organized in 1970 at the Yves Jaubert gallery in Paris for the centenary of his death.
Following the tradition of Post-Impressionism and strongly marked by his admiration for Claude Monet, Lauvray excels at restoring the soft lights of the surrounding landscapes, which he represents with great delicacy. While most of his work paints the banks of the Seine from Vétheuil to Mantes-la-Jolie, he also illustrates his frequent passages in Touraine and Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, as well as his travels in Normandy, Antibes, the Somme (French department), Venice or Greece.
Abel Lauvray died in Vétheuil on 19 December 1950.
# Abdel Rahman al-Taweel

Brigadier General Abdel Rahman al-Taweel was a Libyan military officer. In September 2017, as a major general he was appointed chief of staff of Libyan Army loyal to the internationally-recognised Government of National Accord. Previously he was the head of the GNA Security Committee since January 2016. However, there were no unified armed forces under the Tripoli government's command, but various militia groups. He was replaced as the Chief of Staff of the Tripoli-based Libyan Army by Lt. Gen. Mohammed al-Shareef in February 2019. He was demoted to brigadier general and retired by Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj.
# Ella Lyman Cabot

Ella Lyman Cabot (née Lyman; February 26, 1866 – September 20, 1934) was an American philosopher of ethics for children, who worked as an educator, lecturer and writer. She was born into a prominent Unitarian family in Boston and was the fourth of seven children. Her parents, Ella (Lowell) Lyman and Arthur Theodore Lyman, owned a family estate in Waltham, Massachusetts.

## Education

Cabot was educated in Boston private schools and attended Radcliffe College as a special student from 1889 to 1891 and took graduate courses at Harvard College from 1897 to 1903.

## Career

In 1897, Cabot began her career as an educator of ethics and applied psychology. She taught at Boston private schools and at Pine Manor Junior College in Wellesley, Massachusetts as well as directed Sunday school at King's Chapel.
Cabot served on the governing boards of Radcliffe College from 1902 to 1934, and on the Massachusetts Board of Education from 1905 to 1934. Among the numerous other organizations in which she held office were the Women's Education Association of Massachusetts, the Unitarian Sunday School Association, the Unitarian Temperance Society, and the National Religious Education Association.
Cabot also published seven books on ethics and childhood education between 1906 and 1929, a privately printed three-volume biography of her parents, and many articles and pamphlets.

## Family and personal life

On October 26, 1894, she married Dr. Richard Clarke Cabot (1868–1939), physician and professor of medicine and social ethics at Harvard. The Cabots made their home first on Marlborough St. in Boston and then on Brattle Street in Cambridge. They also spent time in Cohasset, Massachusetts, and at the Cabot family house in North East Harbor, Maine, and camped on Spruce Island, Saranac, New York, during many summers. They decided to not have children.
Richard Clarke Cabot and Ella Lyman Cabot were both prolific letter-writers. Their lifelong correspondence, from the beginning of their courtship in 1888 through the year of Cabot's death, documents her ambivalent feelings about leaving her own family to accept Richard's proposal of marriage, and their initial disagreement about having children. The letters also clearly show their nearly fifty years of shared religious and philosophical inspiration, and their emotional reliance upon each other. During the last 15 years of Cabot's life the correspondence consists largely of birthday and Christmas letters.
Cabot's correspondence with friends attests to the intimate and supportive relationships she had with some women, notably Ada Pierce McCormick, a Radcliffe classmate and god-daughter of Richard who remained a close friend for more than 30 years, and Cabot's cousin Mary Pratt Sears, a lifelong friend with whom Cabot corresponded from the age of 13. This portion of Series III also contains letters, some to both Cabot and Richard, from a wide variety of friends and acquaintances; some are personal, and others are about charitable donations, lecture invitations, and board meetings.
She died from lung cancer in the fall of 1934.
# Alan Storkey

Alan James Storkey (born 2 October 1943) is a British economist, sociologist and artist known for his writing, lectures, and work on transport and the arms trade.
In 1968 he married Elaine Lively, a philosopher, sociologist and broadcaster. They have three sons, five grandsons and a granddaughter.

## Education and academic posts

Alan Storkey was educated at the City of Norwich School, where he was school captain, and then at Christ's College, Cambridge where he studied economics. He did postgraduate work in sociology at the London School of Economics and a doctorate in economics (consumption theory) at the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, studying under Bob Goudzwaard. His first academic post was in sociology at Stirling University from where he went on to direct the Shaftesbury Project. Having taught economics and politics at Worksop College, he became a member of the Research Scholars in Economics team at Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States, in the early 1980s. He was Director of Studies for 20 years at Oak Hill Theological College, London, until 2003, responsible for the academic programme with Middlesex University.

## Publications

Storkey is an author of several books, including:
* A Christian Social Perspective in 1979
* Transforming Economics
* The Meanings of Love
* Epistemological Foundations in Consumption Theory
* Marriage and Its Modern Crisis
* Jesus and Politics: Confronting the Powers
* Beneath the Surface of the Kosovo War: Arms Trade and the Peace of Nations
* War or Peace: The Long Failure of Western Arms
He has contributed to many published symposia and columns in national newspapers and writes a regular column for the Church Times and the Church of England Newspaper.
Marriage and Its Modern Crisis was written in response to a working party report from the Church of England. His book Jesus and Politics was featured at the Jubilee Conference in Pittsburgh.
In the 1990s Storkey was chair of the Movement for Christian Democracy and in 1997 unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary seat of Enfield Southgate. He came in fifth out of six candidates. Famously, Conservative former minister Michael Portillo, the constituency's incumbent Member of Parliament, lost his seat to Labour challenger Stephen Twigg, styled by the media as the 'Portillo moment'.
He has given submissions to Government Enquiries into Transport on a motorway-based coach system and has been a member of a campaigning group on greener transport. His work on transport is referenced in George Monbiot's book Heat.

## Art work

Storkey is also an artist and paints both landscapes and portraits. He exhibits regularly and five of his paintings, especially "Early Mist Over Granchester", are featured on the official Grantchester website.
# Fattiga riddare och stora svenskar

Fattiga riddare och stora svenskar (lit. Poor Knights and Great Swedes) is the fifth novel by Swedish author Klas Östergren. It was published in 1983.