# List of English prepositions

This is a list of English prepositions.

## Prototypical prepositions

The following are single-word prepositions that can take a noun phrase complement following the preposition. Prepositions in this section may also take other kinds of complements in addition to noun phrase complements. Prepositions marked with an asterisk can be used transitively or intransitively; that is, they can take noun phrase complements (e.g., he was in the house) or not (e.g., he was in).
* a
* aboard*
* about*
** abt. (written abbreviation)
* above*
* abreast
* absent
* across*
* after*
* against*
* aloft*
* along*
* alongside*
* amid
** amidst
** mid
** midst
* among
** amongst
* anti
* apropos*
* around*
** round*
* as
* aslant
* astride
* at
** @ (written alternative)
* atop
** ontop (nonstandard)
* bar
* barring
* before*
** B4 (written abbreviation)
* behind*
* below*
* beneath*
** neath
* beside
* besides*
* between*
** 'tween
* beyond*
* but
* by*
* chez
* circa
** c., ca. (abbreviations)
* come
* concerning
* contra
* counting
* cum
* despite
** spite (abbreviation)
* down*
* during
* effective
* ere
* except
* excepting
* excluding
* failing
* following
* for
** 4 (abbreviation)
* from
* in*
* including
* inside*
* into
* less
* like
* minus
* modulo
** mod (abbreviation)
* near*
** nearer (comparative)
** nearest (superlative)
* next
* notwithstanding* (also postpositional)
* of
** o' (written alternative; informal)
* off*
* offshore
* on*
* onto
* opposite
* out
* outside*
* over*
** o'er
* pace
* past*
* pending
* per
* plus
* post
* pre
* pro
* qua
* re
* regarding
* respecting
* sans
* save
* saving
* short
* since*
* sub
* than
* through*
** thru (informal)
* throughout*
** thruout (simplified spelling)
* till
* times
* to*
** t' (abbreviation)
** 2 (abbreviation)
* touching (archaic)
* toward, towards
* under*
* underneath*
* unlike
* until
* unto (poetic)
* up*
* upon
* versus
** vs., v. (abbreviations)
* via
* vice (formal)
* vis-à-vis (formal)
* wanting
* with
** w/, w. (abbreviation)
** c̄ (abbreviation in prescriptions)
* within*
** w/i (abbreviation)
* without*
** 'thout
** w/o (abbreviation)
* worth

## Intransitive prepositions

The following are single-word intransitive prepositions. This portion of the list includes only prepositions that are always intransitive; prepositions that can occur with or without noun phrase complements (that is, transitively or intransitively) are listed with the prototypical prepositions. Note that dictionaries and grammars informed by concepts from traditional grammar may categorize these intransitive prepositions as adverbs.
* abroad
* adrift
* aft
* afterward(s)
* ahead
* apart
* ashore
* aside
* away
* back
* backward(s)
* beforehand
* downhill
* downstage
* downstairs
* downstream
* downward(s)
* downwind
* east
* eastward(s)
* forth
* forward(s)
* heavenward(s)
* hence
* henceforth
* here
* hereby
* herein
* hereof
* hereto
* herewith
* home
* homeward(s)
* indoors
* inward(s)
* leftward(s)
* north
* northeast
* northward(s)
* northwest
* now
* onward(s)
* outdoors
* outward(s)
* overboard
* overhead
* overland
* overseas
* rightward(s)
* seaward(s)
* skyward(s)
* south
* southeast
* southward(s)
* southwest
* then
* thence
* thenceforth
* there
* thereby
* therein
* thereof
* thereto
* therewith
* together
* underfoot
* underground
* uphill
* upstage
* upstairs
* upstream
* upward(s)
* upwind
* west
* westward(s)
* when
* whence
* where
* whereby
* wherein
* whereto
* wherewith

## Conjunctive prepositions

The following are single-word prepositions that take clauses as complements. Prepositions marked with an asterisk in this section can only take non-finite clauses as complements. Note that dictionaries and grammars informed by concepts from traditional grammar may categorize these conjunctive prepositions as subordinating conjunctions.
* after
* although
* as
* at*
* because
* before
* beside*
* besides*
* between*
* by*
* considering
* despite*
* except
* for
* from*
* given
* granted
* if (conditional sense)
* into*
* lest
* like
* notwithstanding
* now
* of*
* on*
* once
* provided
* providing
* save
* seeing
* since
* so (purpose or result sense)
* supposing
* than
* though
* till
* to*
* unless
* until
* upon*
* when
* whenever
* where
* whereas
* wherever
* while
* whilst
* with*
* without*

## Postpositions

The following are postpositions, prepositions whose complements typically precede them. Note that some grammars classify prepositions and postpositions as different kinds of adpositions while other grammars categorize both under the heading of the more common variety in the language.
* ago
* apart
* aside
* aslant (archaic)
* away
* hence
* notwithstanding (also prepositional)
* on (usually prepositional but occurs in phrases like "ten years on")
* over (usually prepositional but occurs in phrases like "the world over")
* short (also prepositional)
* through (usually prepositional but occurs in phrases like "the whole day through")

## Complex prepositions

The following are prepositions that consist of multiple words. They are categorized according to their structure.

### Preposition + preposition

* according to
* across from
* ahead of
* along with
* apart from
* as for
* as from (formal)
* as of
* as per
* as regards
* as to
* aside from
* away from
* back to
* because of
* counter to
* except for
* in between
* instead of (informal)
* near to
* next to
* opposite of
* out from
* out of
* outside of
* owing to
* pertaining to
* round about
* up against
* up to

### Preposition + (article) + noun + preposition

English has many idiomatic expressions that act as prepositions that can be analyzed as a preposition followed by a noun (sometimes preceded by the definite or, occasionally, indefinite article) followed by another preposition. Common examples include:
* at the behest of
* at the expense of
* at the hands of
* at (the) risk of
* at variance with
* by dint of
* by means of
* by virtue of
* by way of
* for (the) sake of
* for lack of
* for/from want of
* in accordance with
* in addition to
* in case of
* in charge of
* in compliance with
* in conformity with
* in contact with
* in exchange for
* in favor of
* in front of
* in lieu of
* in (the) light of
* in line with
* in place of
* in point of
* in quest of
* in relation to
* in/with regard to
* in/with respect to
* in return for
* in search of
* in spite of
* in step with
* in touch with
* in terms of
* in the name of
* in view of
* on account of
* on behalf of
* on (the) grounds of
* on the part of
* on top of
* with a view to
* with the exception of

### Other complex prepositions

The following complex prepositions do not follow either of the common structures for complex prepositions.
* à la (or a la)
* as soon as
* as well as
* close to
* due to
* far from
* in case
* other than
* per pro
* prior to
* pursuant to
* rather than
* regardless of
* subsequent to
* such as

## Archaic, dialectal, or specialized

The following prepositions are not widely used in Present-Day English. Some, such as bating and forby, are archaic and typically only used to convey the tone of a bygone era. Others, such as ayond and side, are generally used only by speakers of a particular variety of English. Yet others are generally only used in specialized contexts, such as abaft in nautical settings and dehors in law.

### Prototypical prepositions

* abaft (nautical)
* abating (obsolete)
* abeam (nautical)
* ablow (Scottish and Irish English)
* aboon (rare)
* abouts (regional, U.S.)
* acrost (regional, Australia, England, and U.S.)
* adown (archaic; poetic; rare)
* a-eastell (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* afore (archaic; regional, Southern and Midland U.S.; nautical)
* afornent (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* afront (obsolete; regional)
* afterhand (rare; regional)
* again (regional)
* ahind (dialectal; archaic)
* ajax (Polari)
* alength (obsolete)
* alongst (regional, Scotland and U.S.)
* aloof (obsolete)
* alow (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* amell (rare; regional, Northern England)
* amidmost (poetic)
* anear (archaic; regional)
* aneath (poetic; regional, Scotland)
* anent (obsolete; rare; regional, Scotland and Yorkshire)
* anewst (obsolete)
* anunder (regional, Northern England, Ireland, and Scotland)
* askant (archaic)
* asklent (regional, Northern England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland)
* astern (nautical)
* athwart (obsolete; dialectal; nautical)
* atour (regional, Scotland)
* atter (regional, Northern England, Southern U.S.)
* atween (archaic; dialectal)
* atwixt (archaic; dialectal)
* a-weather (nautical; obsolete)
* a-west (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* awestell (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* ayond, ayont (dialectal)
* bating (archaic)
* bedown (obsolete)
* be-east (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* beforrow (obsolete)
* behither (obsolete)
* ben (dialectal, Scots)
* benorth (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* besouth (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* betwixt (archaic; poetical; dialectal)
** 'twixt (obsolete)
* bewest (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* bongre (obsolete)
* bout (regional)
* bove (poetic; regional)
* 'cept (colloquial)
* contrair (obsolete)
* contrary (obsolete)
* cross (dialectal; poetic)
* dehors (law; rare)
* dot (mathematics)
* durante (obsolete)
* effore (obsolete)
* emong, emonges(t) (obsolete)
* endlong, endlonges, endlongs (dialectal; obsolete)
* enduring (obsolete; rare, South and South Midland U.S.)
* ensuing (obsolete)
* even-forth (obsolete)
* ex (commerce)
* excepted (obsolete)
* extra (rare)
* fae (dialectal, Scots)
* forby(e) (archaic)
* fore (regional, U.S.)
* fornent, fornenst (obsolete; regional, Northern England and Scotland)
* foregain, foregains, foregainst (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* forne (obsolete)
* forout, forouten (obsolete)
* forrow (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* forth (archaic)
* fro (dialectal, Scots)
* fromward, fromwards (obsolete)
* froward (archaic)
* furth (Scotland)
* gain (obsolete)
* gainst (informal; poetic)
* gainward (obsolete)
* gin (regional, Northern England, Ireland, and Scotland)
* half-way, halfway (obsolete)
* hent (obsolete)
* inboard (nautical)
* incontrair (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* indurand (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* inmid, inmiddes
* inter (obsolete; rare)
* inthrough (regional, Scotland)
* intil, intill (rare; dialectal, Scots)
* inwith (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* i'th' (archaic; poetic; regional)
* 'long (regional)
* longs (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* longst (obsolete; poetic)
* longways (rare)
* malgrado (obsolete)
* malgré (archaic; rare)
* mang (Devon)
* maugre (archaic)
* midmost (obsolete)
* mids (obsolete)
* midward (obsolete)
* midway (rare)
* 'mong (poetic or dialectal)
* 'mongst (poetic or dialectal)
* more (obsolete)
* moreover (obsolete)
* moyening (obsolete)
* natheless, nathless (archaic; literary; rare)
* nearabout, nearbout (colloquial; regional)
* nearby (regional, Scotland)
* nearhand (regional, Northern England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland)
* 'neath (poetic)
* nigh, anigh, anighst (archaic of regional)
* nigh-hand (regional, Northern and Midland England, Ireland, and Scotland)
* nobbut (rare; regional, Northern England)
* non-obstant (obsolete)
* notwithstand (obsolete)
* noughtwithstanding (obsolete)
* offa (colloquial; regional)
* offen (regional)
* only (regional, Southern U.S. and South Midland U.S.)
* or (archaic)
* otherside (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* outcept (obsolete)
* outen (regional)
* out-over (regional, Scotland)
* outta (colloquial; regional, U.S.)
* out-taken (obsolete)
* out-taking (obsolete)
* out-through (regional, Scotland)
* outwith (regional, Scotland)
* overcross (archaic; rare)
* over-right (regional, Scotland, Southern England, Ireland, Newfoundland)
* overthorter (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* overthwart (archaic; regional, Eastern, Midland, and Northern England)
* overtop (regional, North America)
* pan (regional, Jamaica)
* pass (regional, Caribbean)
* pon (archaic; regional, Caribbean and Southwestern England)
* quoad (law)
* reserved (obsolete)
* reserving (obsolete)
* sauf (archaic)
* seen (obsolete)
* sen (rare; regional, Northern England and Scotland)
* senza (music)
* side (dialectal, African-American English)
* sidelings (obsolete)
* sidelong (obsolete)
* sides (dialectal, African-American English)
* sin (dialectal, Northern England English and Scots)
* sineth (obsolete)
* sith (archaic)
* sithen (obsolete)
* sithence (obsolete)
* ter (regional)
* thorough (archaic; poetic; rare)
* thorter (regional, Scotland)
* thwart (archaic; nautical; poetic)
* thwart-over (dialectal; obsolete)
* tiv (dialectal, Northern England English)
* touchant (obsolete)
* transverse (obsolete)
* traverse (obsolete)
* twel(l), twill (dialectal, African-American English)
* ultra (obsolete; poetic)
* umbe (obsolete)
* unneath (obsolete; poetic)
* upo’ (dialectal, Northern England English and Scots)
* upside (slang)
* upsy, upsees (archaic; obsolete)
* uptill
* utouth (obsolete; regional, Scotland)
* wid (dialectal, African-American English)
* withinside (archaic; dialectal)
* withoutside (obsolete; rare)
* wiv (dialectal, African-American English and Cockney)
* ymong (obsolete)
* yond (obsolete)
* yonside (regional, South Midland U.S.)

### Intransitive prepositions

* aground (archaic; poetic)
* bush (regional, Australia)
* hereat (archaic; obsolete)
* herefrom (rare)
* hereon (rare)
* hither (archaic)
* thereat (archaic; formal)
* therefrom (archaic; formal)
* thereon (archaic; formal)
* thither (archaic)
* whereat (archaic; formal)
* wherefrom (archaic; formal)
* whereof (archaic; formal)
* whereon (archaic; formal)
* whither (archaic)
* yonder (archaic; dialectal)

### Conjunctive prepositions

* but (archaic in uses such as "There wasn't one among them but would have taken my place.")

### Postpositions

* withal (archaic)

### Complex prepositions

* at after (regional, England)
* down on (colloquial)
* ex relatione (law)
* hard by (archaic)
* inside of (colloquial; regional, Australia and U.S.)
* non obstante (law)
* nigh by (obsolete)
* opposite to (regional, Britain)