OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Edward I-hsin Chen

Edward I-hsin Chen or Chen I-hsin or Chen Yixin (Chinese: 陳一新; 5 February 1950 – 31 December 2022) was a Hong Kong-born Taiwanese politician, political scientist, and academic. He served as a member of the Legislative Yuan from 1996 to 1999 from the New Party.

## Life

Chen was born in British Hong Kong on 5 February 1950 to parents from Hunan. He later emigrated to Taiwan.
Chen graduated from Tamkang University in 1972 with a bachelor's degree specializing in the French language. He then earned a master's degree from the university in American studies and went to the United States to pursue advanced study at Columbia University, where he earned a Master of Arts (M.A.) in political science in 1982 and a Ph.D. in political science in 1986.
Chen was a professor in the Department of Diplomacy and International Relations at Tamkang University and the director of the university's Graduate Institute of Americas from 2001 until 2005. He specialized in Taiwan–United States relations, Cross-Strait relations, globalization studies, international relations, and international political economics.

## Death

Chen died in the United States on 31 December 2022, at the age of 72. He was survived by his wife, Nan Nan Huo, and two daughters. His funeral was held in Old Bridge, New Jersey.
# Furan-2-ylmethanethiol

Furan-2-ylmethanethiol (2-furanmethanethiol) is an organosulfur compound. It is classified as a furan substituted with a methylthiol group. It is a colourless liquid, but samples can appears yellow upon standing in air. It possesses a strong odour of roasted coffee

## Synthesis

Furan-2-ylmethanethiol is prepared by treating furfuryl alcohol with thiourea in hydrochloric acid via an intermediate isothiouronium salt, which is hydrolized to the thiol by heating with sodium hydroxide.
    Synthesis of furfuryl mercaptane (Furan-2-ylmethanethiol)
# Animus

Animus may refer to:

## Philosophy

* Anima and animus, Jungian concepts
* The ancient Roman concept of animus or soul
* Animus (journal), an electronic journal of philosophy and humanities

## Music

* "Animus", a track on the album Music of the Spheres by Mike Oldfield
* "Animus", a track on the album A New Era of Corruption by Whitechapel
* "Animus", a track on the album Soundtracks for the Blind by Swans
* Animus, 2016 album by Venom Prison

## Fiction

* Animus (Doctor Who), a character from the Doctor Who serial The Web Planet
* Animus (Encantadia), a character in Etheria
* ANIMUS (graphic novel), a 2018 graphic novel by Antoine Revoy
* Animus (Marvel Comics), a character in the Marvel Universe
* Animus, the alter-ego of the Marvel Comics character Vamp
* "Animus" (Sanctuary), an episode of the TV series Sanctuary
* Animus, a kind of magic in the novel Wings of Fire by Tui T. Sutherland

## Games

* Animus: Stand Alone, a Nintendo Switch game
* Animus, a device in the Assassin's Creed series able to re-live the genetic memories of its user's ancestors
* Animus, a Human or Daedric soul in The Elder Scrolls series
* Animus elemental, a weapon in the Neverwinter Nights 2 video game
* Animus, an ability unique to each beast in the game Warmachine and Hordes

## Law

* Animus, a term used in a variety of legal contexts
* Animus nocendi, an intent to do harm to another
* Animus revertendi, "with intention to return", in connection with animals and property rights
# Kharkiv National University of Economics

The Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics (Ukrainian: Харківський національний економічний університет імені Семена Кузнеця) is the largest state-sponsored economic higher educational and research university in Eastern Ukraine. The university was established in 1912 and was named after American economist Simon Kuznets, a noted alumnus, in 2013.

## Notable alumni

* Simon Smith Kuznets, American economist, Nobel prize winner (1971).
* Evsei Liberman, Soviet economist, architect of the economic reforms of 1965.
* Maria Quisling, wife of Nazi collaborator Vidkun Quisling.
* Mykhailo Chechetov, Ukrainian politician.
* Victoria Spartz, member of the Indiana Senate, 2020 Republican candidate for Indiana's 5th congressional district

## Ratings

| Ranking | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 |
| | World | World | World | World | World | World |
| Webometrics | 5229 | 8861 | 5761 | | | | | |
| | National | National | National | National | National | National |
| Webometrics | 47 | 64 | | | | | | |
| TOP-200 Ukraine | 55 | 49 | 49 | 43 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 49 |
| SciVerse Scopus | 83 | 94 | - | | | | | |
# Universal dialectic

Universal dialectic is an ontological idea which is closely related to the Taoist and Neo-Confucian concept of taiji or "supreme ultimate." In the West, dialecticians including Hegel explored themes that some see as remarkably similar, laying the groundwork for unification. Universal dialectic is envisioned as a single fundamental creative principle of inherent complementarity, as inspired by Heraclitus. However, rather than manifesting only cyclical change (as was the Greek view), it is progressive in nature, bringing about states of increasing complexity through a dialectical process of synthesis.
Accordingly, the term "universal dialectic" can be seen as part of an attempt to Westernize and/or modernize the concept of taiji in regard to the fundamental role and nature of complementary opposites in the ongoing self-organizing process of creation. It associates this traditionally Eastern view with the concept of dialectic advocated by Socrates, Hegel, and Marx. This Western influence adds a progressive element to the inexorable process of change, a concept which is absent in Oriental thought.
Jean-Paul Sartre may also be considered to have developed his thought in this direction if one considers the framework that his biographers used, that of the three stages of liberty, equality and fraternity. Sartre's writing was inherently dialectical but evolving towards the universal.
# Niobium dioxide

Niobium dioxide, is the chemical compound with the formula NbO$_2$. It is a bluish-black non-stoichiometric solid with a composition range of NbO$_{1.94}$-NbO$_{2.09}$. It can be prepared by reducing Nb$_2$O$_5$ with H$_2$ at 800–1350 °C. An alternative method is reaction of Nb$_2$O$_5$ with Nb powder at 1100 °C.

## Properties

The room temperature form of NbO$_2$ has a tetragonal, rutile-like structure with short Nb-Nb distances, indicating Nb-Nb bonding. The high temperature form also has a rutile-like structure with short Nb-Nb distances. Two high-pressure phases have been reported: one with a rutile-like structure (again, with short Nb-Nb distances); and a higher pressure with baddeleyite-related structure.
NbO$_2$ is insoluble in water and is a powerful reducing agent, reducing carbon dioxide to carbon and sulfur dioxide to sulfur. In an industrial process for the production of niobium metal, NbO$_2$ is produced as an intermediate, by the hydrogen reduction of Nb$_2$O$_5$. The NbO$_2$ is subsequently reacted with magnesium vapor to produce niobium metal.
# Furan-2-ylmethanethiol

Furan-2-ylmethanethiol (2-furanmethanethiol) is an organosulfur compound. It is classified as a furan substituted with a methylthiol group. It is a colourless liquid, but samples can appears yellow upon standing in air. It possesses a strong odour of roasted coffee and a bitter taste. It is a key component of the aroma of roasted coffee. It has been identified as a trigger molecule for parosmia following COVID-19 infection.

## Synthesis

Furan-2-ylmethanethiol is prepared by treating furfuryl alcohol with thiourea in hydrochloric acid via an intermediate isothiouronium salt, which is hydrolized to the thiol by heating with sodium hydroxide.
    Synthesis of furfuryl mercaptane (Furan-2-ylmethanethiol)
# Zada Salihović

Zada Salihović (born 28 March 2000) is a German politician from The Left Party. She was elected as a Member of the German Bundestag in the 2025 German federal election. She is the second-youngest member of the 21st Bundestag.

## Life

Zada Salihović, the daughter of a Serb father and a Saxon mother, grew up in her hometown of Pirna. She played handball as a schoolgirl. She was introduced to politics by her older sister, took part in her first demonstration at the age of 14 – against Pegida – and was a youth and trainee representative at the age of 16. Initially working in nursing, she took up a job as a full-time trade unionist due to poor working conditions – a member of Ver.di Jugend [de] (ver.di Youth) at the latest since April 2024. – She is a specialist in office management.
In October 2023, she joined the Left Party and won a seat in the 2025 German federal election as a supraregional candidate for Left Youth Solid, coming fourth on the Left's state list in Saxony. Salihović was supported by the Brand New Bundestag [de] initiative and is a member of the Dresden Left Youth coordination group, the council of representatives of Linksjugend Sachsen, and the Dresden city executive committee. She is committed to feminist and anti-fascist activism and advocates for fair working conditions, equal opportunities policies, and the strengthening of rural areas.
# Angry Chikz

Angry Chickz is an American fast food restaurant chain specializing in Hot Chicken with various spice leves in California, Arizona, Nevada and Texas.

## Locations

As of March 2025, Amgry Chickz has twenty-five locations in California. It also has one location Arizona, one in Nevada and one location in Texas.

## Founding

In 2017, businessman David Mkhitaryan tried Nashville Hot chicken and came to love it. Being a spicy food fanatic from childhood David was blown away with the idea of spicy fried chicken, He worked on creating his own version of Nashville Hot chicken. Having worked as a cook for his father at their family restaurant for years David took his experience and obsession into creating the perfect spicy chicken tender and wanted to see how juicy and spicy and just how flavorful he could make it. After one year he created his recipe, Teamed up with his wife and with the help of his best friend he opened the first Angry Chickz location in LA's East Hollywood Neighborhood in 2018.
# Espagnac

Espagnac (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Espanhac) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.

## Geography

The landscape is typically wooded hills.

## Economy

The main economic activity is cattle raising though it now benefits from the recent trend of rural tourism.

## History

Though evidences of Neolithic and Celtic occupation exist on the commune's territory, the village itself was probably only founded during or after the Gallo-Roman era, near the site of a villa not yet excavated. Some evidence suggest the presence of other villas and of a tile factory. The name of the village if of Latin origin, possibly derived from a family name.
During the Middle Ages, Espagnac seems to have become a dwelling of local importance, as attested by the existence of a Merovingian mint (three gold coins with the mention "Spaniaco Fit" have been found), of a large cemetery where sarcophagi have been exhumed and of an abbey. It seems to have been the head of a Carolingian vicaria. The first written mention of its name appears in the will of Adhemar des Echelles, around 930 AD.
Then dependent on the abbey of Tulle, Espagnac devolved during the late Middle Ages, and both the abbey and the church were burnt down by the troops of Gaspard de Coligny during the Wars of Religion. The current church dates back from the late 16th century. A small restored Carolingian Chapel and the privately owned medieval castle of Puy-de-Val are also present on the territory of the commune.
# Ashok K Singh

Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh (born 1 July 1962) is an Indian scientist specializing in the field of Plant Genetics and Breeding. He is known for his contribution to Basmati rice breeding. He is former director and Vice-Chancellor of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, a deemed to be university. Dr Singh is an alumnus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi where he did his bachelor's degree and Masters Program in agriculture with specialisation in plant genetics and breeding. He received doctorate degree from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi for his research on rice breeding.

## Awards and honors

Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh has received several awards and recognitions for his services to the society. He is fellow of Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi; National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi and Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, New Delhi.
* ICAR-Rafi Ahmad Kidwai Award (2013)
* ICAR-Bharat Ratna Dr. C. Subramanian Award (2013)
* IARI – Best teacher award (2002)
* IARI- B.P. Pal Award (2007)
* ICAR – Special Recognition Certificate (2009)
* Agriculture Leadership award (2011)
* Borlaug Award (2012)
* Dr. AS Cheema Award (2012)
* Sh Om Prakash Bhasin Award (2017)

## Publications

Dr. Singh has published more than 120 research articles in international and national journals on rice genetics, molecular breeding, and grain quality. Marker Assisted Plant Breeding: Principles and Practices is a book he co-authored with Professor Brahma Deo Singh and published by Springer. A complete list of Dr Singh's publications is available at Google scholar citations page.
# Peter Wicks

Peter James Jonathan Joseph Field Wicks (born 1 November 1988) is an English television personality who was a cast member on the ITVBe reality series The Only Way Is Essex. Between September and December 2024, he was a contestant on the twenty-second series of Strictly Come Dancing, partnered with professional dancer Jowita Przystał.

## Life and career

Wicks was born on 1 November 1988 in Harlow, Essex. In 2015, Wicks joined the cast of The Only Way Is Essex for its fifteenth series. From 2016 to 2017, he was in a relationship with Ex on the Beach star Megan McKenna.
In 2018, Wicks was a contestant on Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls. In 2019, Wicks appeared on the sixth series of Celebs Go Dating. He later returned to the series the following year during the COVID-19 pandemic to appear on Celebs Go Virtual Dating. Later in 2020, Wicks was a contestant on Celebrity MasterChef. In April 2021, Wicks joined The Celebrity Circle alongside his best friend Sam Thompson to play for money for charity by catfishing as Countdown presenter Rachel Riley. They were runners-up of the series. In 2022, Wicks appeared on an episode of Tipping Point: Lucky Stars and appeared on the fourth series of Celebrity SAS: Who Dares Wins. He was medically withdrawn due to injury. He has also made guest appearances on television series including Joe Lycett's Got Your Back, CelebAbility, Sunday Brunch, Celebrity Juice, and Supermarket Sweep. He appeared on Celebs Go Dating for his third time in 2022. In 2023, Wicks participated in the Christmas edition of The Real Full Monty.
Since 2022, Wicks has been co-host of the podcast Staying Relevant with Sam Thompson. A live tour is due to take place in 2024.
Between March and April 2024, Wicks appeared on The Underdog: Josh Must Win, aired on Channel 4 alongside Nick Grimshaw, Vicky Pattinson and Amber Rose Gill. Between September and December 2024, Wicks was a contestant on the twenty-second series of Strictly Come Dancing, partnered with professional dancer Jowita Przystał. and reached the semi-final in week 12.
In 2025, Wicks presented docuseries For Dogs' Sake for U&W, which was filmed at the Dogs Trust rehoming centre in Basildon.

## Filmography

As himself :
| Year | Title | Notes |
| 2015–2022 | The Only Way Is Essex | Series regular |
| 2018 | Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls | Contestant |
| 2019, 2022 | Celebs Go Dating | Cast member; series 6 & 11 |
| 2020 | Celebrity MasterChef | Contestant; series 15 |
| 2020 | Celebs Go Virtual Dating | Virtual; due to COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2021 | The Celebrity Circle | Contestant; third place |
| 2022 | Celebrity SAS: Who Dares Wins | Contestant; series 4 |
| 2023 | The Real Full Monty: Jingle Balls | Cast member |
| 2024 | Celebrity SAS: Who Dares Wins | Contestant; series 6 |
| 2024 | The Underdog: Josh Must Win | Panellist |
| 2024 | Strictly Come Dancing | Contestant; series 22 |
| 2025 | For Dogs' Sake | Docuseries; U&W |

## Books

* Never Enough: My words unfiltered (September 2024)
* Wicks, Pete (22 February 2018). For the Love of Frenchies: The Dogs that Changed my Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7535-4900-1.
# Assaf Rappaport

Assaf Rappaport is an Israeli billionaire businessman, and the co-founder and CEO of Wiz.
In 2001, on his first day of military service in (Unit 8200), he met Roy Reznik, Ami Luttwak, and Yinon Costica, with whom he founded Adallom in 2012.
In 2020, Rappaport and the same three colleagues co-founded Wiz, an Israeli cloud security business, and he owns 10% of the company. Wiz was acquired by Google in March 2025 for an amount of $32 billion.
As of March 2025, Forbes estimated his net worth at US$1.2 billion.
# Trust capital

Trust capital refers to the established trustworthiness of an entity, considered as a resource (or capital) which is gained or spent through various activities.

## Definitions of trust capital

The level of trust within companies determines how much trust capital they have. Unlike financial capital, trust capital is not subject to buy/sell transactions. It is related to Putnam's theory of social capital that is built up of trust, networks, and mutuality norms. Trust also “empowers and enables cooperation and decision-making, engenders the atmosphere of openness and transparency, enhances communication, and motivates and joins people together”. This is why trust capital is considered as a strategic resource of companies, especially for those which are based on knowledge, since trust facilitates knowledge sharing. Trust capital is a compound of:
* Reliability capital, that is received from others,
* Trustfulness capital, that is given to others.
They supplement each other and multiply their compounded effect, meaning the trust capital. The effect of trust capital is reduced by the impact of its opposite, distrust capital.

## Trust capital in working environments of knowledge companies

Trust capital plays an especially significant role in knowledge-intensive companies, which rely on team-based work. Where there is lack of trust, it is replaced by contracts. Since project team-based work is dynamic and fast, it is difficult to regulate with contract practices, and trust therefore plays a greater role. Trust is a strategic resource in knowledge companies, since these companies function in environments marked by risk and uncertainty. Jemielniak discovered in interviews that there is a great amount of distrust in the line between web programmers and managers, and between IT specialists and their clients. The reasons why this happens can be associated with lack of communication and social skills of IT specialists (“IT specialists are different than other people […] “Even, when it comes to make oneself understood. […] I often seen guys really specific at what they do, brainy, but unable to explain something in a clear way, to show how this or that solution works”).
# Omeed Malik

Omeed Malik (born 1979 or 1980) is an Iranian-American banker and executive. He is the founder and CEO of the merchant bank Farvahar Partners.

## Early life

Omeed Malik was born in New Jersey to an Iranian mother and a Pakistani father. He received his Juris Doctor degree from Emory University Law School and his bachelor's degree from Colgate University.

## Career

Malik started as a spokesperson for Representative Donald M. Payne. He worked as a corporate lawyer at Weil, Gotshal & Manges in New York before joining MF Global and later Bank of America Merrill Lynch to run the prime brokerage business and to lead the emerging manager program. Malik left Bank of America in January 2018 to launch an advisory firm for hedge funds and alternative investment managers. Later reports indicated that Malik was forced out after investigations into allegations of inappropriate conduct, which Malik disputed and filed a $100 million arbitration claim against Bank of America on the basis of defamation, retaliation, breach of contract, and discrimination against his Muslim background. In July 2018, Bank of America settled the case and paid Malik an eight-figure sum.
In 2018, Malik has appeared on Showtime's TV series Billions in a cameo role.
In 2020, Neil Patel brought in Malik as a new partner of right-wing news site The Daily Caller.
In 2022, Malik founded 1789 Capital, a venture capital firm which focuses on products and companies associated with conservative values. In 2023, it made its first investment into the new media company lead by Tucker Carlson and Neil Patel.
In 2023, Malik's Colombier Acquisition Corp agreed to merge with online marketplace Public Square.
Malik was an early supporter of the Robert F. Kennedy Jr. presidential campaign leading up to the 2024 U.S. elections, and later a supporter of Donald Trump presidential campaign. After Trump's conviction in New York, Malik said: "This verdict will have less than zero impact on my support". Following Trump's victory in the presidential election, Trump's eldest son Donald Trump Jr. announced that he would be joining Malik's 1789 Capital as opposed to a role in his father's administration.
# WPGD-TV

WPGD-TV (channel 50) is a religious television station licensed to Hendersonville, Tennessee, United States, serving the Nashville area as an owned-and-operated station of the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN). The station's transmitter is located in Whites Creek, Tennessee, just off I-24 and Old Hickory Boulevard. Its studios are located at Trinity Music City on Music Village Boulevard in Hendersonville, which also acts as a host studio for several TBN programs and serves as a religious tourist attraction, in addition to its former role as the estate of the late country artist Conway Twitty.

## History

Although it was granted a construction permit on September 17, 1987, the station did not sign on the air until September 24, 1992, with its original analog transmitter located along State Highway 109 in unincorporated Sumner County between Portland and Gallatin. It was built and signed on by Sonlight Broadcasting Systems, a broadcast ministry based in Mobile, Alabama, and co-founded by television producer Paul Crouch Jr. and attorney and broadcaster Jay Sekulow. At the time of the station's inception, all of Sonlight's stations were affiliated with TBN, which was co-founded by Paul Crouch Jr.'s parents Paul Sr. and Jan. As a TBN affiliate, WPGD carried most of the network's schedule while opting out at times to air alternate programming, some of which was produced locally.
In 1997, WPGD was sold, along with the rest of Sonlight's stations, to All American TV (not to be confused with an unrelated television syndication company of a similar name), a minority-owned firm with close ties to TBN; the sale to All American made the station a full-fledged affiliate of the network. WPGD became a TBN owned-and-operated station in 2000, when TBN purchased all of All American's stations.

## Technical information
### Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:
Subchannels of WPGD-TV :
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| 50.1 | 720p | 16:9 | TBN HD | TBN |
| 50.2 | 720p | 16:9 | Merit | Merit Street |
| 50.3 | 480i | 4:3 | Inspire | TBN Inspire |
| 50.4 | 480i | 16:9 | ONTV4U | OnTV4U (infomercials) |
| 50.5 | 480i | 16:9 | POSITIV | Positiv |
TBN-owned full-power stations permanently ceased analog transmissions on April 16, 2009.

### Former translator

At one point during the 1990s, WPGD also operated a low-power translator, W36AK, serving Nashville proper due to the main transmitter's location, until it was discontinued at an unknown date.