# Demographics of Canada

Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure. It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40 million in 2023 and 41 million in 2024. Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The main driver of population growth is immigration, with 6.2% of the country's population being made up of temporary residents as of 2023, or about 2.5 million people. Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase.
Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world, driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent, family reunification. In 2021, a total of 405,330 immigrants were admitted to Canada. New immigrants to Canada settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees, accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.

## Population

The 2021 Canadian census had a total population count of 36,991,981 individuals, making up approximately 0.5% of the world's total population. A population estimate for 2024 put the total number of people in Canada at 41,012,563.

### Provinces and territories

| Population | Name | Population, 2021 Census | Population, 2021 Census | Growth, 2016–21 | Land area (km$^2$) | Population density (per km$^2$) | House of Commons seats | House of Commons seats | Senate seats | Senate seats |
| Population | Name | Total | Proportion | Growth, 2016–21 | Land area (km$^2$) | Population density (per km$^2$) | Total | Proportion | Total | Proportion |
| 1 | Ontario | 14,223,942 | 38.45% | 5.8% | 908,699.33 | 15.2 | 121 | 35.8% | 24 | 22.86% |
| 2 | Quebec | 8,501,833 | 22.98% | 4.1% | 1,356,625.27 | 6.5 | 78 | 23.1% | 24 | 22.86% |
| 3 | British Columbia | 5,000,879 | 13.52% | 7.6% | 922,503.01 | 5.4 | 42 | 12.4% | 6 | 5.71% |
| 4 | Alberta | 4,262,635 | 11.52% | 4.8% | 640,330.46 | 6.7 | 34 | 10.1% | 6 | 5.71% |
| 5 | Manitoba | 1,342,153 | 3.63% | 5.8% | 552,370.99 | 2.3 | 14 | 4.1% | 6 | 5.71% |
| 6 | Saskatchewan | 1,132,505 | 3.06% | 3.4% | 588,243.54 | 2.0 | 14 | 4.1% | 6 | 5.71% |
| 7 | Nova Scotia | 969,383 | 2.62% | 5.0% | 52,942.27 | 18.4 | 11 | 3.3% | 10 | 9.52% |
| 8 | New Brunswick | 775,610 | 2.09% | 3.8% | 71,388.81 | 10.9 | 10 | 3.0% | 10 | 9.52% |
| 9 | Newfoundland and Labrador | 510,550 | 1.38% | −1.8% | 370,514.08 | 1.4 | 7 | 2.1% | 6 | 5.71% |
| 10 | Prince Edward Island | 154,331 | 0.42% | 8.0% | 5,686.03 | 27.2 | 4 | 1.2% | 4 | 3.81% |
| 11 | Northwest Territories | 41,070 | 0.11% | −1.7% | 1,143,793.86 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.3% | 1 | 0.95% |
| 12 | Yukon | 40,232 | 0.11% | 12.1% | 474,712.68 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.3% | 1 | 0.95% |
| 13 | Nunavut | 36,858 | 0.10% | 2.5% | 1,877,778.53 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.3% | 1 | 0.95% |
| Total | Totals | 36,991,981 | 100% | 5.2% | 8,965,588.85 | 4.2 | 338 | 100% | 105 | 100% |

#### Population distribution

The vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia.

#### Cities

Largest cities or towns in Canada 2021 Census :
| Rank | Name | Province | Pop. | Rank | Name | Province | Pop. |
| 1 | Toronto | Ontario | 2,794,356 | 11 | Surrey | British Columbia | 568,322 |
| 2 | Montreal | Quebec | 1,762,949 | 12 | Quebec City | Quebec | 549,459 |
| 3 | Calgary | Alberta | 1,306,784 | 13 | Halifax | Nova Scotia | 439,819 |
| 4 | Ottawa | Ontario | 1,017,449 | 14 | Laval | Quebec | 438,366 |
| 5 | Edmonton | Alberta | 1,010,899 | 15 | London | Ontario | 422,324 |
| 6 | Winnipeg | Manitoba | 749,607 | 16 | Markham | Ontario | 338,503 |
| 7 | Mississauga | Ontario | 717,961 | 17 | Vaughan | Ontario | 323,103 |
| 8 | Vancouver | British Columbia | 662,248 | 18 | Gatineau | Quebec | 291,041 |
| 9 | Brampton | Ontario | 656,480 | 19 | Saskatoon | Saskatchewan | 266,141 |
| 10 | Hamilton | Ontario | 569,353 | 20 | Kitchener | Ontario | 256,885 |

#### Census metropolitan areas

vte Largest metropolitan areas in Canada 2021 Canadian census :
| Rank | Name | Province | Pop. | Rank | Name | Province | Pop. |
| 1 | Toronto | Ontario | 6,202,225 | 11 | London | Ontario | 543,551 |
| 2 | Montreal | Quebec | 4,291,732 | 12 | Halifax | Nova Scotia | 465,703 |
| 3 | Vancouver | British Columbia | 2,642,825 | 13 | Niagara Region | Ontario | 433,604 |
| 4 | Ottawa–Gatineau | Ontario–Quebec | 1,488,307 | 14 | Windsor | Ontario | 422,630 |
| 5 | Calgary | Alberta | 1,481,806 | 15 | Oshawa | Ontario | 415,311 |
| 6 | Edmonton | Alberta | 1,418,118 | 16 | Victoria | British Columbia | 397,237 |
| 7 | Quebec City | Quebec | 839,311 | 17 | Saskatoon | Saskatchewan | 317,480 |
| 8 | Winnipeg | Manitoba | 834,678 | 18 | Regina | Saskatchewan | 249,217 |
| 9 | Hamilton | Ontario | 785,184 | 19 | Sherbrooke | Quebec | 227,398 |
| 10 | Waterloo Region | Ontario | 575,847 | 20 | Kelowna | British Columbia | 222,162 |

### Fertility rate

The total fertility rate is the number of children born in a specific year cohort to the total number of women who can give birth in the country.
In 1971, the birth rate for the first time dipped below replacement and since then has not rebounded.
Canada's fertility rate hit a record low of 1.4 children born per woman in 2020, below the population replacement level, which stands at 2.1 births per woman. In 2020, Canada also experienced the country's lowest number of births in 15 years, also seeing the largest annual drop in childbirths (−3.6%) in a quarter of a century. The total birth rate is 10.17 births/1,000 population in 2022.
| Total fertility rate | Years | Years | Years | Years | Years | Years | Years | Years | Years | Years |
| Total fertility rate | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 | 1870 |
| Total fertility rate | 5.72 | 5.63 | 5.54 | 5.44 | 5.35 | 5.26 | 5.17 | 5.07 | 4.98 | 4.89 |
| Total fertility rate | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880 |
| Total fertility rate | 4.83 | 4.77 | 4.75 | 4.72 | 4.7 | 4.68 | 4.65 | 4.63 | 4.6 | 4.53 |
| Total fertility rate | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1899 | 1890 |
| Total fertility rate | 4.56 | 4.52 | 4.49 | 4.45 | 4.42 | 4.38 | 4.35 | 4.31 | 4.27 | 4.24 |
| Total fertility rate | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 | 1900 |
| Total fertility rate | 4.2 | 4.19 | 4.17 | 4.15 | 4.13 | 4.11 | 4.1 | 4.08 | 4.06 | 4.04 |
| Total fertility rate | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 |
| Total fertility rate | 4.02 | 4.03 | 4.03 | 4.03 | 4.03 | 4.04 | 4.04 | 4.04 | 4.04 | 4.05 |
| Total fertility rate | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 |
| Total fertility rate | 4.05 | 4 | 3.95 | 3.89 | 3.84 | 3.79 | 3.74 | 3.68 | 3.63 | 3.58 |
| Total fertility rate | 1921 | 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926 | 1927 | 1928 | 1929 | 1930 |
| Total fertility rate | 3.53 | 3.4 | 3.23 | 3.22 | 3.13 | 3.35 | 3.32 | 3.29 | 3.22 | 3.28 |
| Total fertility rate | 1931 | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 | 1935 | 1936 | 1937 | 1938 | 1939 | 1940 |
| Total fertility rate | 3.19 | 3.08 | 2.86 | 2.8 | 2.75 | 2.69 | 2.64 | 2.7 | 2.65 | 2.76 |
| Total fertility rate | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 | 1949 | 1950 |
| Total fertility rate | 2.82 | 2.96 | 3.04 | 3 | 3.01 | 3.37 | 3.59 | 3.44 | 3.45 | 3.45 |
| Total fertility rate | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | 2021 | - |
| Total fertility rate | 3.81 | 2.11 | 1.65 | 1.67 | 1.52 | 1.6 | 1.63 | 1.58 | 1.46 | – |

#### Total fertility rates by provinces and territories

2023 :
| Province/Territory | TFR |
| Nunavut | 2.48 |
| Saskatchewan | 1.63 |
| Manitoba | 1.52 |
| Alberta | 1.41 |
| Northwest Territories | 1.39 |
| Quebec | 1.38 |
| Canada | 1.26 |
| New Brunswick | 1.24 |
| Ontario | 1.22 |
| Prince Edward Island | 1.16 |
| Newfoundland and Labrador | 1.08 |
| Nova Scotia | 1.05 |
| Yukon | 1.01 |
| British Columbia | 1.00 |

#### Mother's mean age at first birth

Canada is among late-childbearing countries, with the average age of mothers at the first birth being 31.3 years in 2020.
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 | 1949 | 1950 | 1951 | 1952 | 1953 | 1954 | 1955 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 25.2 | 25.1 | 24.9 | 24.7 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 24.3 | 24.2 | 24.2 | 24.1 | 24.1 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 1956 | 1957 | 1958 | 1959 | 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 24 | 23.9 | 23.8 | 23.7 | 23.7 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.5 | 23.5 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 23.7 | 23.9 | 24 | 24.1 | 24.3 | 24.3 | 24.4 | 24.5 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 24.7 | 24.8 | 24.9 | 25 | 25.1 | 25.3 | 25.4 | 25.5 | 25.6 | 25.7 | 25.8 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 25.8 | 25.9 | 25.9 | 26.1 | 26.3 | 26.2 | 26.3 | 26.5 | 26.7 | 26.8 | 27 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 27.1 | 27.3 | 27.5 | 27.8 | 27.9 | 28 | 28 | 28.1 | 28.1 | 28.2 | 28.4 |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 2011 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Average age of childbirth at first birth | 28.5 | | | | | | | | | | |

### Population projection

According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/World Bank, the population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4% growth in population, compared to 21.7% growth in the United States and 31.2% growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics, for the same period the world population growth was 27%, a total of 1,423 million people. However, over the same period, the population of France grew by 8.0%. And from 1991 to 2011, the population of the UK increased by 10.0%.
The current population growth rate for Canada in 2022 was 0.75%.

### Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Canada has consistently risen since the country's formation.
| Life expectancy | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year |
| Life expectancy | 1831 | 1841 | 1851 | 1861 | 1871 | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1911 |
| Life expectancy | 39.0 | 40.3 | 41.0 | 41.6 | 42.6 | 44.7 | 45.2 | 48.6 | 52.5 | 52.5 |
| Life expectancy | 1921 | 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926 | 1927 | 1928 | 1929 | 1929 |
| Life expectancy | 57.0 | 57.0 | 56.9 | 58.8 | 59.2 | 57.2 | 58.6 | 58.4 | 57.9 | 57.9 |
| Life expectancy | 1930 | 1931 | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 | 1935 | 1936 | 1937 | 1938 | 1939 |
| Life expectancy | 58.9 | 60.3 | 61.4 | 62.3 | 62.7 | 62.4 | 62.7 | 61.3 | 63.3 | 63.7 |
| Life expectancy | 1940 | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 | 1949 |
| Life expectancy | 64.0 | 63.7 | 64.6 | 64.6 | 65.3 | 66.3 | 66.5 | 66.7 | 67.3 | 67.6 |
| Life expectancy | 1950 | 1950–55 | 1955–60 | 1960–65 | 1965–70 | 1970–75 | 1975–80 | 1980–85 | 1985–90 | 1985–90 |
| Life expectancy | 68.2 | 69.1 | 70.3 | 71.3 | 72.2 | 73.0 | 74.3 | 75.9 | 76.8 | |
| Life expectancy | 1990–95 | 1995–2000 | 2000–2005 | 2005–2010 | 2010–2015 | 2015–2020 | | | | |
| Life expectancy | 77.8 | 78.6 | 79.7 | 80.8 | 81.8 | 83.7 | | | | |
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
    total: 16 years
    male: 16 years
    female: 17 years (2016)
Infant mortality rate
    total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 180th
    male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births
    female: 4.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

### Age characteristics

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 10.V.2016) (To ensure confidentiality, the values, including totals are randomly rounded either up or down to a multiple of '5' or '10.' As a result, when these data are summed or grouped, the total value may not match the individual values since totals and sub-totals are independently rounded. Similarly, percentages, which are calculated on rounded data, may not necessarily add up to 100%.):
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 17 264 200 | 17 887 530 | 35 151 730 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 973 030 | 925 760 | 1 898 790 | 5.40 |
| 5–9 | 1 034 685 | 983 445 | 2 018 130 | 5.74 |
| 10–14 | 985 200 | 937 445 | 1 922 645 | 5.47 |
| 15–19 | 1 039 215 | 986 940 | 2 026 160 | 5.76 |
| 20–24 | 1 144 495 | 1 098 200 | 2 242 695 | 6.38 |
| 25–29 | 1 144 475 | 1 141 515 | 2 285 990 | 6.50 |
| 30–34 | 1 148 290 | 1 181 105 | 2 329 400 | 6.63 |
| 35–39 | 1 118 635 | 1 169 730 | 2 288 365 | 6.51 |
| 40–44 | 1 104 445 | 1 150 690 | 2 255 135 | 6.42 |
| 45–49 | 1 157 755 | 1 202 205 | 2 359 965 | 6.71 |
| 50–54 | 1 318 755 | 1 359 320 | 2 678 070 | 7.62 |
| 55–59 | 1 285 190 | 1 335 050 | 2 620 240 | 7.45 |
| 60–64 | 1 114 880 | 1 175 630 | 2 290 510 | 6.52 |
| 65–69 | 953 070 | 1 019 405 | 1 972 475 | 5.61 |
| 70–74 | 677 975 | 742 900 | 1 420 875 | 4.04 |
| 75–79 | 469 550 | 552 305 | 1 021 850 | 2.91 |
| 80–84 | 325 760 | 423 885 | 749 645 | 2.13 |
| 85–89 | 185 535 | 296 985 | 482 525 | 1.37 |
| 90–94 | 68 675 | 154 835 | 223 505 | 0.64 |
| 95–99 | 13 245 | 43 280 | 56 525 | 0.16 |
| 100+ | 1 340 | 6 895 | 8 230 | 0.02 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 2 992 915 | 2 846 650 | 5 839 565 | 16.61 |
| 15–64 | 11 576 135 | 11 800 390 | 23 376 525 | 66.50 |
| 65+ | 2 695 150 | 3 240 490 | 5 935 640 | 16.89 |
Age structure
    0–14 years: 15.99% (male 3,094,008/female 2,931,953)
    15–24 years: 11.14% (male 2,167,013/female 2,032,064)
    25–54 years: 39.81% (male 7,527,554/female 7,478,737)
    55–64 years: 14.08% (male 2,624,474/female 2,682,858)
    65 years and over: 18.98% (male 3,274,298/female 3,881,126) (2020 est.)
Median age
    total: 41.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 40th
    male: 40.6 years
    female: 42.9 years (2020 est.)
    Median age in 2011
    total: 40.6 years
    male: 39.6 years
    female: 41.5 years (2011)
    Median age by province and territory in 2011
   * Newfoundland and Labrador: 44.0
   * Nova Scotia: 43.7
   * New Brunswick: 43.7
   * Prince Edward Island: 42.8
   * Quebec: 41.9
   * British Columbia: 41.9
   * Ontario: 40.4
   * Yukon: 39.1
   * Manitoba: 38.4
   * Saskatchewan: 38.2
   * Alberta: 36.5
   * Northwest Territories: 32.3
   * Nunavut: 24.1

### Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0–14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25–54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55–64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est).
Dependency ratios
    total dependency ratio: 47.3
    youth dependency ratio: 23.5
    elderly dependency ratio: 23.8
    potential support ratio: 4.2 (2015 est.)

## Vital statistics

Note: This table uses the sticky table format to make scrolling easier. If you prefer, you can disable it.
| | Average population (on July 1) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Birth rate (per 1,000) | Death rate (per 1,000) | Natural change (per 1,000) | Crude Migration change (per 1,000) | Total fertility rate |
| 1900 | 5,500,000 | 150,000 | 89,000 | 61,000 | 27.2 | 16.2 | 11.0 | | |
| 1901 | 5,600,000 | 175,000 | 79,000 | 96,000 | 31.2 | 14.1 | 17.1 | 0.8 | |
| 1902 | 5,760,000 | 180,000 | 77,000 | 103,000 | 31.3 | 13.4 | 17.9 | 9.9 | 4.8 |
| 1903 | 5,930,000 | 186,000 | 78,000 | 108,000 | 31.3 | 13.2 | 18.1 | 10.6 | |
| 1904 | 6,100,000 | 192,000 | 82,000 | 110,000 | 31.4 | 13.5 | 17.9 | 10.0 | |
| 1905 | 6,280,000 | 195,000 | 82,000 | 113,000 | 31.0 | 13.0 | 18.0 | 10.7 | |
| 1906 | 6,460,000 | 193,000 | 85,000 | 108,000 | 29.9 | 13.2 | 16.7 | 11.2 | |
| 1907 | 6,650,000 | 196,000 | 85,000 | 111,000 | 29.5 | 12.8 | 16.7 | 11.9 | 4.74 |
| 1908 | 6,850,000 | 208,000 | 86,000 | 122,000 | 30.3 | 12.6 | 17.7 | 11.5 | |
| 1909 | 7,040,000 | 213,000 | 90,000 | 123,000 | 30.2 | 12.8 | 17.4 | 9.6 | |
| 1910 | 7,250,000 | 220,000 | 95,000 | 125,000 | 30.4 | 13.1 | 17.3 | 11.7 | |
| 1911 | 7,460,000 | 225,000 | 100,000 | 125,000 | 30.1 | 13.4 | 16.7 | 11.5 | 4.7 |
| 1912 | 7,610,000 | 238,000 | 99,000 | 139,000 | 31.3 | 13.0 | 19.3 | 0.4 | 4.62 |
| 1913 | 7,760,000 | 246,000 | 102,000 | 144,000 | 31.7 | 13.1 | 19.6 | −0.3 | |
| 1914 | 7,910,000 | 252,000 | 100,000 | 152,000 | 31.9 | 12.6 | 19.3 | −0.3 | |
| 1915 | 8,060,000 | 257,000 | 101,000 | 156,000 | 31.9 | 12.5 | 19.4 | −0.8 | |
| 1916 | 8,220,000 | 252,000 | 107,000 | 145,000 | 30.7 | 13.0 | 17.7 | 1.8 | |
| 1917 | 8,380,000 | 244,000 | 106,000 | 138,000 | 29.1 | 12.7 | 16.4 | 2.7 | 4.26 |
| 1918 | 8,450,000 | 243,000 | 134,000 | 109,000 | 28.8 | 15.9 | 12.9 | −4.6 | |
| 1919 | 8,710,000 | 241,000 | 119,000 | 122,000 | 27.7 | 13.7 | 14.0 | 15.9 | |
| 1920 | 8,880,000 | 259,000 | 118,000 | 141,000 | 29.2 | 13.3 | 15.9 | 3.2 | |
| 1921 | 9,060,000 | 265,000 | 105,000 | 160,000 | 29.3 | 11.6 | 17.7 | 2.2 | 3.98 |
| 1922 | 9,230,000 | 261,000 | 107,000 | 154,000 | 28.3 | 11.6 | 16.7 | 1.7 | 3.86 |
| 1923 | 9,400,000 | 251,000 | 111,000 | 140,000 | 26.7 | 11.8 | 14.9 | 3.2 | |
| 1924 | 9,560,000 | 255,000 | 104,000 | 151,000 | 26.7 | 10.9 | 15.8 | 0.9 | |
| 1925 | 9,730,000 | 254,000 | 104,000 | 150,000 | 26.1 | 10.7 | 15.4 | 2.1 | |
| 1926 | 9,890,000 | 244,000 | 113,000 | 131,000 | 24.7 | 11.4 | 13.3 | 2.9 | |
| 1927 | 10,040,000 | 244,000 | 110,000 | 134,000 | 24.3 | 11.0 | 13.3 | 1.6 | 3.32 |
| 1928 | 10,190,000 | 246,000 | 114,000 | 132,000 | 24.1 | 11.2 | 12.9 | 1.8 | |
| 1929 | 10,350,000 | 243,000 | 118,000 | 125,000 | 23.5 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 3.4 | 3.22 |
| 1930 | 10,498,000 | 251,000 | 113,000 | 138,000 | 23.9 | 10.8 | 13.1 | 1.0 | 3.28 |
| 1931 | 10,630,000 | 247,000 | 108,000 | 139,000 | 23.2 | 10.2 | 13.0 | −0.6 | 3.2 |
| 1932 | 10,794,000 | 243,000 | 108,000 | 135,000 | 22.5 | 10.0 | 12.5 | 2.7 | 3.08 |
| 1933 | 10,919,000 | 229,000 | 106,000 | 123,000 | 21.0 | 9.7 | 11.3 | 0.1 | 2.86 |
| 1934 | 11,029,000 | 228,296 | 105,277 | 123,019 | 20.7 | 9.5 | 11.2 | −1.2 | 2.8 |
| 1935 | 11,135,000 | 228,396 | 109,724 | 118,672 | 20.5 | 9.9 | 10.6 | −1.1 | 2.76 |
| 1936 | 11,242,000 | 227,980 | 111,111 | 116,869 | 20.3 | 9.9 | 10.4 | −0.9 | 2.70 |
| 1937 | 11,339,000 | 227,878 | 118,019 | 109,859 | 20.1 | 10.4 | 9.7 | −1.1 | 2.65 |
| 1938 | 11,448,000 | 237,091 | 110,647 | 126,444 | 20.7 | 9.7 | 11.0 | −1.5 | 2.70 |
| 1939 | 11,565,000 | 237,991 | 112,729 | 125,262 | 20.6 | 9.7 | 10.9 | −0.8 | 2.65 |
| 1940 | 11,682,000 | 252,577 | 114,717 | 137,860 | 21.6 | 9.8 | 11.8 | −1.8 | 2.77 |
| 1941 | 11,810,000 | 263,993 | 118,797 | 145,196 | 22.4 | 10.1 | 12.3 | −1.5 | 2.83 |
| 1942 | 11,962,000 | 281,569 | 117,110 | 164,459 | 23.5 | 9.8 | 13.7 | −1.0 | 2.96 |
| 1943 | 12,125,000 | 292,943 | 122,640 | 170,303 | 24.2 | 10.1 | 14.1 | −0.7 | 3.04 |
| 1944 | 12,291,000 | 283,967 | 120,393 | 163,574 | 24.0 | 9.8 | 14.2 | −0.7 | 3.01 |
| 1945 | 12,441,000 | 300,570 | 117,319 | 183,251 | 24.3 | 9.5 | 14.8 | −2.7 | 3.02 |
| 1946 | 12,316,000 | 331,471 | 115,358 | 216,113 | 26.9 | 9.4 | 17.5 | −27.6 | 3.37 |
| 1947 | 12,576,000 | 359,943 | 118,157 | 241,786 | 28.6 | 9.4 | 19.2 | 1.5 | 3.60 |
| 1948 | 12,852,000 | 348,226 | 119,866 | 228,360 | 27.1 | 9.3 | 17.8 | 3.7 | 3.44 |
| 1949 | 13,475,000 | 367,092 | 124,567 | 242,525 | 27.2 | 9.2 | 18.0 | 28.2 | 3.46 |
| 1950 | 13,737,000 | 372,009 | 124,220 | 247,789 | 27.1 | 9.0 | 18.0 | 1.1 | 3.46 |
| 1951 | 14,050,000 | 381,092 | 125,823 | 255,269 | 27.1 | 9.0 | 18.2 | 4.1 | 3.50 |
| 1952 | 14,496,000 | 403,559 | 126,385 | 277,174 | 27.8 | 8.7 | 19.1 | 11.7 | 3.64 |
| 1953 | 14,886,000 | 417,884 | 127,791 | 290,093 | 28.1 | 8.6 | 19.5 | 6.7 | 3.72 |
| 1954 | 15,330,000 | 436,198 | 124,855 | 311,343 | 28.5 | 8.1 | 20.3 | 8.7 | 3.83 |
| 1955 | 15,736,000 | 442,937 | 128,476 | 314,461 | 28.1 | 8.2 | 20.0 | 5.8 | 3.83 |
| 1956 | 16,123,000 | 450,739 | 131,961 | 318,778 | 28.0 | 8.2 | 19.8 | 4.2 | 3.86 |
| 1957 | 16,677,000 | 469,093 | 136,579 | 332,514 | 28.1 | 8.2 | 19.9 | 13.3 | 3.93 |
| 1958 | 17,120,000 | 470,118 | 135,201 | 334,917 | 27.5 | 7.9 | 19.6 | 6.3 | 3.88 |
| 1959 | 17,522,000 | 479,275 | 139,913 | 339,362 | 27.4 | 8.0 | 19.4 | 3.5 | 3.94 |
| 1960 | 17,909,000 | 478,551 | 139,693 | 338,858 | 26.7 | 7.8 | 18.9 | 2.7 | 3.895 |
| 1961 | 18,271,000 | 475,700 | 140,985 | 334,715 | 26.0 | 7.7 | 18.3 | 1.5 | 3.840 |
| 1962 | 18,614,000 | 469,693 | 143,699 | 325,994 | 25.2 | 7.7 | 17.5 | 0.9 | 3.767 |
| 1963 | 18,964,000 | 465,767 | 147,367 | 318,400 | 24.6 | 7.8 | 16.8 | 1.7 | 3.694 |
| 1964 | 19,325,000 | 452,915 | 145,850 | 307,065 | 23.4 | 7.5 | 15.9 | 2.8 | 3.449 |
| 1965 | 19,678,000 | 418,595 | 148,939 | 269,656 | 21.3 | 7.6 | 13.7 | 4.2 | 3.192 |
| 1966 | 20,048,000 | 387,710 | 149,863 | 237,847 | 19.3 | 7.5 | 11.9 | 6.6 | 2.749 |
| 1967 | 20,412,000 | 370,894 | 150,283 | 220,611 | 18.2 | 7.4 | 10.8 | 7.0 | 2.528 |
| 1968 | 20,729,000 | 364,310 | 153,196 | 211,114 | 17.6 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 5.1 | 2.386 |
| 1969 | 21,028,000 | 369,647 | 154,477 | 215,170 | 17.6 | 7.3 | 10.2 | 4.0 | 2.334 |
| 1970 | 21,324,000 | 371,988 | 155,961 | 216,027 | 17.4 | 7.3 | 10.1 | 3.8 | 2.258 |
| 1971 | 21,962,032 | 362,187 | 157,272 | 204,915 | 16.5 | 7.2 | 9.3 | 19.8 | 2.141 |
| 1972 | 22,218,463 | 347,319 | 162,413 | 184,906 | 15.6 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 3.2 | 1.98 |
| 1973 | 22,491,777 | 343,373 | 164,039 | 179,334 | 15.3 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 4.2 | 1.89 |
| 1974 | 22,807,969 | 350,650 | 166,794 | 183,856 | 15.4 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 5.8 | 1.837 |
| 1975 | 23,143,275 | 359,323 | 167,176 | 192,147 | 15.5 | 7.2 | 8.3 | 6.2 | 1.824 |
| 1976 | 23,449,808 | 359,987 | 167,009 | 192,978 | 15.4 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 1.796 |
| 1977 | 23,725,843 | 361,400 | 167,498 | 193,902 | 15.2 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 3.4 | 1.782 |
| 1978 | 23,963,203 | 358,852 | 168,179 | 190,673 | 15.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 1.9 | 1.768 |
| 1979 | 24,201,544 | 366,064 | 168,183 | 197,881 | 15.1 | 6.9 | 8.2 | 1.6 | 1.754 |
| 1980 | 24,515,667 | 370,709 | 171,473 | 199,236 | 15.1 | 7.0 | 8.1 | 4.7 | 1.74 |
| 1981 | 24,819,915 | 371,346 | 171,029 | 200,317 | 15.0 | 6.9 | 8.1 | 4.2 | 1.7 |
| 1982 | 25,116,942 | 373,082 | 174,413 | 198,669 | 14.9 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 3.9 | 1.69 |
| 1983 | 25,366,451 | 373,689 | 174,484 | 199,205 | 14.7 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 1.9 | 1.68 |
| 1984 | 25,607,053 | 377,031 | 175,727 | 201,304 | 14.7 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 1.5 | 1.65 |
| 1985 | 25,842,116 | 375,727 | 181,323 | 194,404 | 14.5 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 1.6 | 1.67 |
| 1986 | 26,100,278 | 372,913 | 184,224 | 188,689 | 14.3 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 2.7 | 1.675 |
| 1987 | 26,446,601 | 369,742 | 184,953 | 184,789 | 14.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 1.68 |
| 1988 | 26,791,747 | 376,795 | 190,011 | 186,784 | 14.1 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 1.68 |
| 1989 | 27,276,781 | 392,661 | 190,965 | 201,696 | 14.4 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 10.4 | 1.77 |
| 1990 | 27,691,138 | 405,486 | 191,973 | 213,513 | 14.6 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 1.83 |
| 1991 | 28,037,420 | 403,816 | 195,569 | 208,247 | 14.4 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 5.0 | 1.72 |
| 1992 | 28,371,264 | 399,109 | 196,535 | 202,574 | 14.1 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 4.7 | 1.71 |
| 1993 | 28,684,764 | 389,037 | 204,912 | 184,125 | 13.5 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 1.68 |
| 1994 | 29,000,663 | 386,243 | 207,077 | 179,166 | 13.3 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 1.69 |
| 1995 | 29,302,311 | 378,685 | 210,733 | 167,952 | 12.9 | 7.2 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 1.67 |
| 1996 | 29,610,218 | 366,833 | 212,880 | 153,953 | 12.4 | 7.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 1.63 |
| 1997 | 29,905,948 | 349,543 | 215,669 | 133,874 | 11.7 | 7.2 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 1.57 |
| 1998 | 30,155,173 | 342,966 | 218,091 | 124,875 | 11.4 | 7.2 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 1.56 |
| 1999 | 30,401,286 | 337,821 | 219,530 | 118,291 | 11.1 | 7.2 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 1.54 |
| 2000 | 30,685,730 | 328,596 | 218,062 | 110,534 | 10.7 | 7.1 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 1.51 |
| 2001 | 31,020,902 | 334,615 | 219,538 | 115,077 | 10.8 | 7.1 | 3.7 | 7.1 | 1.54 |
| 2002 | 31,360,079 | 329,894 | 223,603 | 106,291 | 10.5 | 7.1 | 3.4 | 7.4 | 1.51 |
| 2003 | 31,644,028 | 336,352 | 226,169 | 110,183 | 10.6 | 7.1 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 1.54 |
| 2004 | 31,940,655 | 339,012 | 226,584 | 112,428 | 10.6 | 7.1 | 3.5 | 5.8 | 1.55 |
| 2005 | 32,243,753 | 345,365 | 230,132 | 115,233 | 10.6 | 7.1 | 3.5 | 5.9 | 1.57 |
| 2006 | 32,571,174 | 357,921 | 228,079 | 129,842 | 10.9 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 6.2 | 1.61 |
| 2007 | 32,888,886 | 370,369 | 235,217 | 135,152 | 11.2 | 7.2 | 4.0 | 5.7 | 1.66 |
| 2008 | 33,247,298 | 381,860 | 238,617 | 143,243 | 11.4 | 7.2 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 1.69 |
| 2009 | 33,630,069 | 384,651 | 238,418 | 146,233 | 11.3 | 7.1 | 4.2 | 7.2 | 1.68 |
| 2010 | 34,005,905 | 379,191 | 240,075 | 139,116 | 11.1 | 7.1 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 1.64 |
| 2011 | 34,339,221 | 379,244 | 243,511 | 135,733 | 11.0 | 7.1 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 1.62 |
| 2012 | 34,713,395 | 383,101 | 246,596 | 136,505 | 11.0 | 7.1 | 3.9 | 7.0 | 1.62 |
| 2013 | 35,080,992 | 381,054 | 252,338 | 128,716 | 10.8 | 7.2 | 3.6 | 7.0 | 1.60 |
| 2014 | 35,434,066 | 384,577 | 258,821 | 125,756 | 10.8 | 7.3 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 1.61 |
| 2015 | 35,704,498 | 382,979 | 264,333 | 118,646 | 10.7 | 7.4 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 1.60 |
| 2016 | 36,110,803 | 384,023 | 267,213 | 116,810 | 10.6 | 7.4 | 3.2 | 8.1 | 1.59 |
| 2017 | 36,545,075 | 377,627 | 278,298 | 99,329 | 10.3 | 7.6 | 2.7 | 9.2 | 1.54 |
| 2018 | 37,072,620 | 374,617 | 285,675 | 88,942 | 10.1 | 7.7 | 2.4 | 12.0 | 1.50 |
| 2019 | 37,618,495 | 372,978 | 285,270 | 87,708 | 9.9 | 7.6 | 2.3 | 12.4 | 1.47 |
| 2020 | 38,028,638 | 360,552 | 307,205 | 53,347 | 9.4 | 8.1 | 1.3 | 9.4 | 1.41 |
| 2021 | 38,239,864 | 369,721 | 311,942 | 57,779 | 9.5 | 8.0 | 1.5 | 4.2 | 1.44 |
| 2022 | 38,939,056 | 351,679 | 326,483 | 25,196 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 0.6 | 17.6 | 1.33 |
| 2023 | 40,097,761 | 351,878 | 337,708 | 14,170 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 0.4 | 29.0 | 1.26 |
| 2024 | 41,288,599 | 365,567 | 345,829 | 18,757 | 8.9 | 8.4 | 0.5 | 28.4 | 1.26(est.) |

### Current vital statistics

| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
| January–December 2023 | 352,196 | 339,700 | +14,300 |
| January–December 2024 | 365,567 | 345,829 | +18,757 |
| Difference | +11,020 (+3.8%) | +6,563 (+1.8%) | +4,457 |
Note: all numbers in this table are provisional. While data for at least two years ago may be final, newer data for recent days are subject to change in the future. For example, as of September 25 2024, The numbers are final up to December 2021, updated from January 2022 to March 2024 and preliminary from April 2024.

## Employment

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
    total: 20.2%
    male: 20.9%
    female: 19.4% (2020 est.)

## Ethnicity and visible minorities
### Canadians as ethnic group by province

All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify directly with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage, intermarriage with variety of ethnic groups, and loss of ancestral language.
| Province / Territory | Percent Canadians | Total Canadians |
| Alberta | 22.7% | 902,310 |
| British Columbia | 19.0% | 866,530 |
| Manitoba | 18.2% | 232,660 |
| New Brunswick | 57.8% | 415,810 |
| Newfoundland and Labrador | 43.4% | 271,345 |
| Nova Scotia | 42.6% | 387,360 |
| Ontario | 23.5% | 3,109,770 |
| Prince Edward Island | 45.0% | 60,000 |
| Quebec | 60.1% | 4,474,115 |
| Saskatchewan | 25.0% | 274,580 |
| Canada total | 32.3% | 11,136,134 |

### Ethnic origin

According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians. The major panethnic groups chosen were; European (52.5%), North American (22.9%), Asian (19.3%), North American Indigenous (6.1%), African (3.8%), Latin, Central and South American (2.5%), Caribbean (2.1%), Oceanian (0.3%), and Other (6%). Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.
The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Indian (5.1 percent), Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).
Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 24.5 million reported being "White", representing 67.4 percent of the population. The Indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021. One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority, the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).
As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin" (or may not know their ethnic origin), these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethno-cultural ancestries but rather how Canadians self-identify.
Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2021.
| Ethnic origin | % | Population |
| Canadian | 15.6% | 5,677,205 |
| English | 14.7% | 5,322,830 |
| Irish | 12.1% | 4,413,120 |
| Scottish | 12.1% | 4,392,200 |
| French | 11.0% | 3,985,945 |
| German | 8.1% | 2,955,695 |
| Indian | 5.1% | 1,855,415 |
| Chinese | 4.7% | 1,713,870 |
| Italian | 4.3% | 1,546,390 |
| Ukrainian | 3.5% | 1,258,635 |
| Dutch | 2.7% | 988,585 |
| Polish | 2.7% | 982,820 |
| Québécois | 2.7% | 981,635 |
| British Isles, n.o.s. | 2.6% | 981,635 |
| Filipino | 2.5% | 925,490 |
| French Canadian | 2.5% | 906,315 |
| Caucasian (White), n.o.s. | 1.9% | 691,260 |
| First Nations, n.o.s. | 1.7% | 632,340 |
| Métis | 1.5% | 560,335 |
| European, n.o.s. | 1.5% | 551,910 |
The most common ethnic origins per province are as follows in 2006 (total responses; only percentages 10% or higher shown; ordered by percentage of "Canadian"):
* Quebec (7,723,525): Canadian (59.1%), French (29.1%)
* New Brunswick (735,835): Canadian (50.3%), French (27.2%), English (25.9%), Irish (21.6%), Scottish (19.9%)
* Newfoundland and Labrador (507,265): Canadian (49.0%), English (43.4%), Irish (21.8%)
* Nova Scotia (906,170): Canadian (39.1%), Scottish (31.2%), English (30.8%), Irish (22.3%), French (17.0%), German (10.8%)
* Prince Edward Island (137,375): Scottish (39.3%), Canadian (36.8%), English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%)
* Ontario (12,651,795): Canadian (23.3%), English (23.1%), Scottish (16.4%), Irish (16.4%), French (10.8%)
* Alberta (3,567,980): English (24.9%), Canadian (21.8%), German (19.2%), Scottish (18.8%), Irish (15.8%), French (11.1%)
* Manitoba (1,174,345): English (21.8%), German (18.6%), Canadian (18.5%), Scottish (18.0%), Ukrainian (14.9%), Irish (13.2%), French (12.6%), North American Indian (10.6%)
* Saskatchewan (1,008,760): German (28.6%), English (24.9%), Scottish (18.9%), Canadian (18.8%), Irish (15.5%), Ukrainian (13.5%), French (12.2%), North American Indian (12.1%)
* British Columbia (4,324,455): English (27.7%), Scottish (19.3%), Canadian (19.1%), German (13.1%), Chinese (10.7%)
* Yukon (33,320): English (28.5%), Scottish (25.0%), Irish (22.0%), North American Indian (21.8%), Canadian (21.8%), German (15.6%), French (13.1%)
* Northwest Territories (40,800): North American Indian (37.0%), Scottish (13.9%), English (13.7%), Canadian (12.8%), Irish (11.9%), Inuit (11.7%)
* Nunavut (31,700): Inuit (85.4%)
Italics indicates either that this response is dominant within this province, or that this province has the highest ratio (percentage) of this response among provinces.

### Visible minority population

Visible and non-visible minority populations by group, 1981–1996 :
| Group | 1981 census$^{:64}$ | 1981 census$^{:64}$ | 1986 census$^{:66}$$^{:6}$ | 1986 census$^{:66}$$^{:6}$ | 1991 census$^{:11}$$^{:6}$ | 1991 census$^{:11}$$^{:6}$ | 1996 census | 1996 census |
| Group | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % |
| Visible minority | 1,131,825 | 4.7% | 1,577,710 | 6.3% | 2,525,480 | 9.4% | 3,197,480 | 11.2% |
| South Asian | 223,235 | 0.9% | 300,545 | 1.2% | 505,515 | 1.9% | 670,590 | 2.4% |
| Chinese (East Asian) | 299,915 | 1.2% | 390,590 | 1.6% | 626,435 | 2.3% | 860,150 | 3% |
| Black | 239,455 | 1% | 355,385 | 1.4% | 504,290 | 1.9% | 573,860 | 2% |
| Filipino | 75,485 | 0.3% | 102,360 | 0.4% | 169,150 | 0.6% | 234,195 | 0.8% |
| Latin American | 50,230 | 0.2% | 60,975 | 0.2% | 134,535 | 0.5% | 176,970 | 0.6% |
| Arab/West Asian | 112,435 | 0.5% | 149,665 | 0.6% | 289,755 | 1.1% | 244,665 | 0.9% |
| Southeast Asian (except Filipino) | 53,910 | 0.2% | 86,945 | 0.3% | 132,415 | 0.5% | 172,765 | 0.6% |
| Korean (East Asian) | 22,570 | 0.1% | 29,205 | 0.1% | 45,535 | 0.2% | 64,835 | 0.2% |
| Japanese (East Asian) | 46,060 | 0.2% | 52,880 | 0.2% | 63,860 | 0.2% | 68,135 | 0.2% |
| Multiple visible minorities | | | 40,500 | 0.2% | 48,545 | 0.2% | 61,575 | 0.2% |
| Visible minority, n.i.e. | | | | | 5,440 | 0% | 69,745 | 0.2% |
| Other | 8,530 | 0% | 8,660 | 0% | | | | |
| Not a visible minority | 22,951,670 | 95.3% | 23,444,300 | 93.7% | 24,468,560 | 90.6% | 25,330,645 | 88.8% |
| Indigenous (see breakdown below) | 491,465 | 2% | 711,725 | 2.8% | 1,016,340 | 3.8% | 799,005 | 2.8% |
| Non-Indigenous & Non-Visible Minority (European/White) | 22,460,205 | 93.3% | 22,732,575 | 90.9% | 23,452,220 | 86.9% | 24,531,640 | 86% |
| Total population in private households | 24,083,495 | 100% | 25,022,010 | 100% | 26,994,040 | 100% | 28,528,125 | 100% |
Note: Indigenous population decline between 1991 and 1996 censuses attributed to change in criteria in census count; "the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples used a more restrictive definition of Aboriginal".
Visible and non-visible minority populations by group, 2001–2021 :
| Group | 2001 census | 2001 census | 2006 census | 2006 census | 2011 survey | 2011 survey | 2016 census | 2016 census | 2021 census | 2021 census |
| Group | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % |
| Visible minority | 3,983,845 | 13.4% | 5,068,095 | 16.2% | 6,264,750 | 19.1% | 7,674,580 | 22.3% | 9,639,205 | 26.5% |
| South Asian | 917,075 | 3.1% | 1,262,865 | 4% | 1,567,400 | 4.8% | 1,924,635 | 5.6% | 2,571,400 | 7.1% |
| Chinese (East Asian) | 1,029,395 | 3.5% | 1,216,565 | 3.9% | 1,324,750 | 4% | 1,577,060 | 4.6% | 1,715,770 | 4.7% |
| Black | 662,215 | 2.2% | 783,795 | 2.5% | 945,665 | 2.9% | 1,198,540 | 3.5% | 1,574,870 | 4.3% |
| Filipino | 308,575 | 1% | 410,695 | 1.3% | 619,310 | 1.9% | 780,125 | 2.3% | 957,355 | 2.6% |
| Arab | 194,685 | 0.7% | 265,550 | 0.9% | 380,620 | 1.2% | 523,235 | 1.5% | 694,015 | 1.9% |
| Latin American | 216,980 | 0.7% | 304,245 | 1% | 381,280 | 1.2% | 447,325 | 1.3% | 580,235 | 1.6% |
| Southeast Asian (except Filipino) | 198,880 | 0.7% | 239,935 | 0.8% | 312,075 | 0.9% | 313,260 | 0.9% | 390,340 | 1.1% |
| West Asian | 109,285 | 0.4% | 156,700 | 0.5% | 206,840 | 0.6% | 264,305 | 0.8% | 360,495 | 1% |
| Korean (East Asian) | 100,660 | 0.3% | 141,890 | 0.5% | 161,130 | 0.5% | 188,710 | 0.5% | 218,140 | 0.6% |
| Japanese (East Asian) | 73,315 | 0.2% | 81,300 | 0.3% | 87,270 | 0.3% | 92,920 | 0.3% | 98,890 | 0.3% |
| Multiple visible minorities | 73,875 | 0.2% | 133,120 | 0.4% | 171,935 | 0.5% | 232,375 | 0.7% | 331,805 | 0.9% |
| Visible minority, n.i.e. | 98,915 | 0.3% | 71,420 | 0.2% | 106,475 | 0.3% | 132,090 | 0.4% | 172,885 | 0.5% |
| Not a visible minority | 25,655,185 | 86.6% | 26,172,935 | 83.8% | 26,587,575 | 80.9% | 26,785,480 | 77.7% | 26,689,275 | 73.5% |
| Indigenous (see breakdown below) | 976,305 | 3.3% | 1,172,785 | 3.8% | 1,400,685 | 4.3% | 1,673,785 | 4.9% | 1,807,250 | 5% |
| Non-Indigenous & Non-Visible Minority (European/White) | 24,678,880 | 83.3% | 25,000,150 | 80% | 25,186,890 | 76.7% | 25,111,695 | 72.9% | 24,882,025 | 68.5% |
| Total population in private households | 29,639,030 | 100% | 31,241,030 | 100% | 32,852,320 | 100% | 34,460,065 | 100% | 36,328,480 | 100% |

### Indigenous population

Indigenous population in Canada, 1996–2021 censuses :
| Group | 1996 | 1996 | 2001 | 2001 | 2006 | 2006 | 2011 | 2011 | 2016 | 2016 | 2021 | 2021 |
| Group | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total |
| Total Indigenous | 2.8% | 799,005 | 3.3% | 976,305 | 3.8% | 1,172,785 | 4.3% | 1,400,685 | 4.9% | 1,673,780 | 5% | 1,807,250 |
| First Nations | 1.8% | 529,040 | 2.1% | 608,850 | 2.2% | 698,025 | 2.6% | 851,560 | 2.8% | 977,230 | 2.9% | 1,048,405 |
| Métis | 0.7% | 204,115 | 1.0% | 292,305 | 1.2% | 389,780 | 1.4% | 451,795 | 1.7% | 587,545 | 1.7% | 624,220 |
| Inuit | 0.14% | 40,220 | | | 0.16% | 50,485 | 0.2% | 59,445 | 0.2% | 65,025 | 0.2% | 70,540 |
Note: Other Indigenous and mixed Indigenous groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Indigenous

### Future projections

Statistics Canada projects that visible minorities will make up between 38.2% and 43.0% of the total Canadian population by 2041, compared with 26.5% in 2021. Among the working-age population (15 to 64 years), meanwhile, visible minorities are projected to represent between 42.1% and 47.3% of Canada's total population, compared to 28.5% in 2021.
Pan−ethnic Origin Projections (2031−2041) :
| | 2031 | 2031 | 2036 | 2036 | 2041 | 2041 |
| | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % |
| European | 26,085,000 | 59.79% | 25,749,000 | 56.25% | 25,296,000 | 53.07% |
| South Asian | 4,283,000 | 9.82% | 5,010,000 | 10.94% | 5,658,000 | 11.87% |
| East Asian | 3,120,000 | 7.15% | 3,445,000 | 7.53% | 3,740,000 | 7.85% |
| Chinese | 2,591,000 | 5.94% | 2,850,000 | 6.23% | 3,082,000 | 6.47% |
| Korean | 381,000 | 0.87% | 433,000 | 0.95% | 484,000 | 1.02% |
| Japanese | 148,000 | 0.34% | 162,000 | 0.35% | 174,000 | 0.37% |
| African | 2,381,000 | 5.46% | 2,762,000 | 6.03% | 3,134,000 | 6.57% |
| Indigenous | 2,484,000 | 5.69% | 2,673,000 | 5.84% | 2,848,000 | 5.97% |
| First Nations | 1,430,000 | 3.28% | 1,535,000 | 3.35% | 1,633,000 | 3.43% |
| Metis | 911,000 | 2.09% | 986,000 | 2.15% | 1,054,000 | 2.21% |
| Inuit | 84,000 | 0.19% | 90,000 | 0.2% | 96,000 | 0.2% |
| Other Indigenous | 59,000 | 0.14% | 62,000 | 0.14% | 65,000 | 0.14% |
| Southeast Asian | 2,009,000 | 4.6% | 2,324,000 | 5.08% | 2,640,000 | 5.54% |
| Filipino | 1,524,000 | 3.49% | 1,789,000 | 3.91% | 2,059,000 | 4.32% |
| Other Southeast Asian | 485,000 | 1.11% | 535,000 | 1.17% | 581,000 | 1.22% |
| Middle Eastern | 1,801,000 | 4.13% | 2,141,000 | 4.68% | 2,475,000 | 5.19% |
| Arab | 1,182,000 | 2.71% | 1,403,000 | 3.06% | 1,625,000 | 3.41% |
| West Asian | 619,000 | 1.42% | 738,000 | 1.61% | 850,000 | 1.78% |
| Latin American | 821,000 | 1.88% | 931,000 | 2.03% | 1,036,000 | 2.17% |
| Other | 644,000 | 1.48% | 742,000 | 1.62% | 841,000 | 1.76% |
| Projected Canadian Population | 43,629,000 | 100% | 45,776,000 | 100% | 47,668,000 | 100% |

## Languages
### Knowledge of language

Top ten spoken languages in Canada 2021 census :
| Language | Language | Percent | Percent |
| English | English | 87.06% | 87.06% |
| French | French | 29.08% | 29.08% |
| Chinese | Chinese | 4.21% | 4.21% |
| Hindustani | Hindustani | 3.24% | 3.24% |
| Spanish | Spanish | 3.22% | 3.22% |
| Punjabi | Punjabi | 2.59% | 2.59% |
| Arabic | Arabic | 2.31% | 2.31% |
| Tagalog | Tagalog | 2.03% | 2.03% |
| Italian | Italian | 1.51% | 1.51% |
| German | German | 1.15% | 1.15% |
The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses, and first appeared on the 1991 Canadian census. The following figures are from the 1991 Canadian census, 2001 Canadian census, 2011 Canadian census, and the 2021 Canadian census.
Knowledge of Languages in Canada :
| Language | 2021 | 2021 | 2011 | 2011 | 2001 | 2001 | 1991 | 1991 |
| Language | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| English | 31,628,570 | 87.06% | 28,360,235 | 85.63% | 25,246,220 | 85.18% | 22,505,415 | 83.37% |
| French | 10,563,235 | 29.08% | 9,960,585 | 30.07% | 9,178,100 | 30.97% | 8,508,960 | 31.52% |
| Chinese | 1,528,860 | 4.21% | 1,297,505 | 3.92% | 1,028,445 | 3.47% | 557,305 | 2.06% |
| Hindustani | 1,176,295 | 3.24% | 576,165 | 1.74% | 366,740 | 1.24% | 163,930 | 0.61% |
| Spanish | 1,171,450 | 3.22% | 873,395 | 2.64% | 610,580 | 2.06% | 402,430 | 1.49% |
| Punjabi | 942,170 | 2.59% | 545,730 | 1.65% | 338,720 | 1.14% | 167,925 | 0.62% |
| Arabic | 838,045 | 2.31% | 470,965 | 1.42% | 290,280 | 0.98% | 164,380 | 0.61% |
| Tagalog | 737,565 | 2.03% | 491,075 | 1.48% | 244,690 | 0.83% | 136,975 | 0.51% |
| Italian | 547,655 | 1.51% | 595,600 | 1.8% | 680,970 | 2.3% | 701,910 | 2.6% |
| German | 419,195 | 1.15% | 525,480 | 1.59% | 635,520 | 2.14% | 684,955 | 2.54% |
| Portuguese | 336,865 | 0.93% | 266,950 | 0.81% | 264,990 | 0.89% | 254,465 | 0.94% |
| Persian | 330,725 | 0.91% | 196,110 | 0.59% | 111,700 | 0.38% | 49,380 | 0.18% |
| Russian | 309,235 | 0.85% | 230,755 | 0.7% | 157,455 | 0.53% | 84,050 | 0.31% |
| Tamil | 237,890 | 0.65% | 179,465 | 0.54% | 111,580 | 0.38% | 37,330 | 0.14% |
| Vietnamese | 232,800 | 0.64% | 192,070 | 0.58% | 165,645 | 0.56% | 113,115 | 0.42% |
| Gujarati | 209,410 | 0.58% | 118,950 | 0.36% | 80,835 | 0.27% | 54,210 | 0.2% |
| Polish | 204,460 | 0.56% | 217,735 | 0.66% | 249,695 | 0.84% | 239,575 | 0.89% |
| Korean | 203,885 | 0.56% | 149,035 | 0.45% | 91,610 | 0.31% | 40,230 | 0.15% |
| Serbo-Croatian | 155,775 | 0.43% | 154,700 | 0.47% | 153,085 | 0.52% | 100,541 | 0.37% |
| Greek | 145,060 | 0.4% | 150,620 | 0.45% | 158,800 | 0.54% | 161,320 | 0.6% |
| Haitian Creole | 134,895 | 0.37% | 128,555 | 0.39% | 76,140 | 0.26% | 49,970 | 0.19% |
| Ukrainian | 131,655 | 0.36% | 144,260 | 0.44% | 200,520 | 0.68% | 249,535 | 0.92% |
| Bengali | 120,605 | 0.33% | 69,490 | 0.21% | 34,650 | 0.12% | N/A | <0.1% |
| Romanian | 116,520 | 0.32% | 97,180 | 0.29% | 60,520 | 0.2% | 30,520 | 0.11% |
| Dutch | 107,985 | 0.3% | 135,085 | 0.41% | 157,875 | 0.53% | 173,290 | 0.64% |
| Cree | 105,850 | 0.29% | 96,690 | 0.29% | 97,200 | 0.33% | 93,825 | 0.35% |
| Japanese | 98,070 | 0.27% | 74,690 | 0.23% | 65,030 | 0.22% | 45,370 | 0.17% |
| Hebrew | 83,205 | 0.23% | 70,695 | 0.21% | 63,675 | 0.21% | 52,450 | 0.19% |
| Turkish | 78,500 | 0.22% | 44,080 | 0.13% | 32,520 | 0.11% | N/A | <0.1% |
| Malayalam | 77,910 | 0.21% | 22,125 | 0.07% | 9,185 | 0.03% | N/A | <0.1% |
| Hungarian | 64,625 | 0.18% | 73,695 | 0.22% | 89,230 | 0.3% | 97,410 | 0.36% |
| Ilocano | 61,680 | 0.17% | 21,880 | 0.07% | N/A | <0.03% | N/A | <0.1% |
| Somali | 59,005 | 0.16% | 37,115 | 0.11% | N/A | <0.03% | N/A | <0.1% |
| Swahili | 57,295 | 0.16% | 31,690 | 0.1% | 25,300 | 0.09% | N/A | <0.1% |
| Telugu | 54,685 | 0.15% | 12,645 | 0.04% | N/A | <0.03% | N/A | <0.1% |
* 1 2 n.o.s. – not otherwise specified
* 1 2 n.i.e. – not included elsewhere

### Mother tongue

Languages in Canada (Mother Tongue) 2016 Census :
| Language | Language | Percent | Percent |
| English | English | 55.97% | 55.97% |
| Non-official | Non-official | 21.06% | 21.06% |
| French | French | 20.61% | 20.61% |
| English and French | English and French | 0.48% | 0.48% |
Languages of Canada :
| First language | 2016 | 2016 | 2011 | 2011 | 2006 | 2006 | |
| First language | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Notes |
| Single language responses | 33,947,610 | 97.64% | 32,481,635 | 98.07% | 30,848,270 | 98.74% | |
| Official languages | 26,627,545 | 76.59% | 25,913,955 | 78.24% | 24,700,425 | 79.06% | |
| English | 19,460,855 | 55.97% | 18,858,980 | 56.94% | 17,882,775 | 57.24% | |
| French | 7,166,700 | 20.61% | 7,054,975 | 21.3% | 6,817,650 | 21.82% | |
| Non-official languages | 7,321,070 | 21.06% | 6,567,680 | 19.83% | 6,147,840 | 19.68% | |
| Combined Chinese Responses | 1,227,680 | 3.53% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Combined responses of Mandarin, Cantonese, Chinese n.o.s. and Min Nan |
| Mandarin (Standard Chinese) | 592,035 | 1.7% | 248,705 | 0.75% | 170,950 | 0.55% | |
| Cantonese | 565,275 | 1.63% | 372,460 | 1.12% | 361,450 | 1.16% | |
| Punjabi | 501,680 | 1.44% | 430,705 | 1.3% | 367,505 | 1.18% | |
| Spanish | 458,850 | 1.32% | 410,670 | 1.24% | 345,345 | 1.11% | |
| Tagalog (Filipino) | 431,385 | 1.24% | 327,445 | 0.99% | 235,615 | 0.75% | |
| Arabic | 419,895 | 1.21% | 327,870 | 0.99% | 261,640 | 0.84% | |
| German | 384,040 | 1.1% | 409,200 | 1.24% | 450,570 | 1.44% | |
| Italian | 375,645 | 1.08% | 407,485 | 1.23% | 455,040 | 1.46% | |
| Hindustani | 321,465 | 0.92% | 263,345 | 0.8% | 224,045 | 0.72% | Combined responses of Hindi and Urdu |
| Portuguese | 221,535 | 0.64% | 211,335 | 0.64% | 219,275 | 0.7% | |
| Persian (Farsi) | 214,200 | 0.62% | 170,045 | 0.51% | 134,080 | 0.43% | |
| Urdu | 210,820 | 0.61% | 172,800 | 0.52% | 145,805 | 0.47% | |
| Dravidian languages | 189,405 | 0.54% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Combined responses of Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada. |
| Russian | 188,255 | 0.54% | 164,330 | 0.5% | 133,580 | 0.43% | |
| Polish | 181,705 | 0.52% | 191,645 | 0.58% | 211,175 | 0.68% | |
| Vietnamese | 156,430 | 0.45% | 144,880 | 0.44% | 141,625 | 0.45% | |
| Korean | 153,425 | 0.44% | 137,925 | 0.42% | 125,570 | 0.4% | |
| Tamil | 140,720 | 0.4% | 131,265 | 0.4% | 115,880 | 0.37% | Most of the Canadian Tamils live in Toronto. |
| Hindi | 110,645 | 0.32% | 90,545 | 0.27% | 78,240 | 0.25% | |
| Gujarati | 108,775 | 0.31% | 91,450 | 0.28% | 81,465 | 0.26% | |
| Greek | 106,520 | 0.31% | 108,925 | 0.33% | 117,285 | 0.38% | |
| Ukrainian | 102,485 | 0.29% | 111,540 | 0.34% | 134,500 | 0.43% | |
| Dutch | 99,015 | 0.28% | 110,490 | 0.33% | 128,900 | 0.41% | |
| Romanian | 96,660 | 0.28% | 90,300 | 0.27% | 78,495 | 0.25% | |
| Bengali | 73,125 | 0.21% | 59,370 | 0.18% | 45,685 | 0.15% | |
| Creoles | 72,130 | 0.21% | 61,725 | 0.19% | 53,515 | 0.17% | |
| Cree, n.o.s. | 64,045 | 0.18% | 77,900 | 0.24% | 78,855 | 0.25% | In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'. |
| Hungarian | 61,235 | 0.18% | 67,920 | 0.21% | 73,335 | 0.23% | The majority of Hungarian speakers in Canada live in Ontario. A community of Hungarian speakers is found within a part of Windsor, Ontario. |
| Berber languages (Kabyle) | n/a | n/a | 57,855 | 0.17% | 25,578 | 0.08% | |
| Serbian | 57,345 | 0.16% | 56,420 | 0.17% | 51,665 | 0.17% | |
| Croatian | 48,200 | 0.14% | 49,730 | 0.15% | 55,330 | 0.18% | |
| Japanese | 43,640 | 0.13% | 39,985 | 0.12% | 40,200 | 0.13% | |
| Chinese, n.o.s. | 38,575 | 0.11% | 425,210 | 1.28% | 456,705 | 1.46% | |
| Somali | 36,760 | 0.11% | 31,380 | 0.09% | 27,320 | 0.09% | |
| Inuktitut | 35,215 | 0.1% | 33,500 | 0.1% | 32,015 | 0.1% | In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'. |
| Armenian | 33,455 | 0.1% | 29,795 | 0.09% | 30,130 | 0.1% | |
| Turkish | 32,815 | 0.09% | 29,640 | 0.09% | 24,745 | 0.08% | |
| Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese) | 31,795 | 0.09% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Malayalam | 28,570 | 0.08% | 16,080 | 0.05% | 11,925 | 0.04% | |
| Albanian | 26,895 | 0.08% | 23,820 | 0.07% | n/a | n/a | |
| Ilocano | 26,345 | 0.08% | 17,915 | 0.05% | 13,450 | 0.04% | |
| Amharic | 22,465 | 0.06% | 18,020 | 0.05% | 14,555 | 0.05% | |
| Czech | 22,295 | 0.06% | 23,585 | 0.07% | 24,450 | 0.08% | |
| Khmer (Cambodian) | 20,130 | 0.06% | 19,440 | 0.06% | 19,105 | 0.06% | |
| Bulgarian | 20,020 | 0.06% | 19,050 | 0.06% | 16,790 | 0.05% | |
| Hebrew | 19,530 | 0.06% | 18,450 | 0.06% | 17,635 | 0.06% | |
| Niger–Congo languages, n.i.e. | 19,140 | 0.06% | 14,075 | 0.04% | n/a | n/a | |
| Nepali | 18,275 | 0.05% | 8,480 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a | |
| Ojibway | 17,885 | 0.05% | 17,625 | 0.05% | 24,190 | 0.08% | |
| Slovak | 17,585 | 0.05% | 17,580 | 0.05% | 18,820 | 0.06% | |
| Pashto | 16,910 | 0.05% | 12,465 | 0.04% | 9,025 | 0.03% | |
| Macedonian | 16,770 | 0.05% | 17,245 | 0.05% | 18,435 | 0.06% | |
| Tigrigna | 16,650 | 0.05% | 10,220 | 0.03% | 7,105 | 0.02% | |
| Sinhala | 16,335 | 0.05% | 14,185 | 0.04% | 10,180 | 0.03% | |
| Bisayan languages | n/a | n/a | 16,240 | 0.05% | 11,240 | 0.04% | |
| Telugu | 15,655 | 0.05% | 9,315 | 0.03% | 6,625 | 0.02% | |
| Finnish | 15,295 | 0.04% | 17,415 | 0.05% | 21,030 | 0.07% | |
| Yiddish | 13,555 | 0.04% | 15,205 | 0.05% | 16,295 | 0.05% | |
| Akan (Twi) | 13,460 | 0.04% | 12,680 | 0.04% | 12,780 | 0.04% | |
| Swahili | 13,375 | 0.04% | 10,090 | 0.03% | 7,935 | 0.03% | |
| Wu (Shanghainese) | 12,920 | 0.04% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Oji-Cree | 12,855 | 0.04% | 9,835 | 0.03% | 11,690 | 0.04% | |
| Lao | 12,670 | 0.04% | 12,970 | 0.04% | 13,940 | 0.04% | |
| Danish | 12,630 | 0.04% | 14,145 | 0.04% | 18,735 | 0.06% | |
| Malay | 12,275 | 0.04% | 10,910 | 0.03% | 9,490 | 0.03% | |
| Bosnian | 12,210 | 0.04% | 11,685 | 0.04% | 12,790 | 0.04% | |
| Sindhi | 11,860 | 0.03% | 11,330 | 0.03% | 10,355 | 0.03% | |
| Kurdish | 11,705 | 0.03% | 9,805 | 0.03% | 7,660 | 0.02% | |
| Hakka | 10,910 | 0.03% | 5,115 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
| Dene | 10,700 | 0.03% | 11,215 | 0.03% | 9,745 | 0.03% | |
| Afrikaans | 10,260 | 0.03% | 8,770 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a | |
| Montagnais (Innu) | 10,230 | 0.03% | 10,785 | 0.03% | 10,975 | 0.04% | In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-Naskapi'. |
| Slovenian | 9,785 | 0.03% | 10,775 | 0.03% | 13,135 | 0.04% | |
| Taiwanese | n/a | n/a | 9,635 | 0.03% | 9,620 | 0.03% | |
| Serbo-Croatian | 9,555 | 0.03% | 10,155 | 0.03% | 12,510 | 0.04% | |
| African languages, n.i.e. | n/a | n/a | 9,125 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a | |
| Thai | 9,255 | 0.03% | 7,935 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
| Marathi | 8,295 | 0.02% | 5,830 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
| Bantu languages, n.i.e. | n/a | n/a | 7,150 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
| Lithuanian | 7,075 | 0.02% | 7,245 | 0.02% | 8,335 | 0.03% | |
| Swedish | 6,840 | 0.02% | 7,350 | 0.02% | 8,220 | 0.03% | |
| Mi'kmaq | 6,690 | 0.02% | 7,635 | 0.02% | 7,365 | 0.02% | |
| Tibetan | 6,165 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Atikamekw | 6,150 | 0.02% | 5,820 | 0.02% | 5,250 | 0.02% | |
| Canadian Gaelic | n/a | n/a | 6,015 | 0.02% | 6,015 | 0.02% | |
| Fukien (Fuzhou dialect) | n/a | n/a | 5,925 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
| Rundi (Kirundi) | 5,845 | 0.02% | 3,975 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
| Maltese | 5,565 | 0.02% | 6,220 | 0.02% | 6,405 | 0.02% | |
| Estonian | 5,445 | 0.02% | 6,385 | 0.02% | 8,240 | 0.03% | |
| Latvian | 5,455 | 0.02% | 6,200 | 0.02% | 7,000 | 0.02% | |
| Kinyarwanda (Rwanda) | 5,250 | 0.02% | 3,895 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
| Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e. | 5,180 | 0.01% | 5,255 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
| Oromo | 4,960 | 0.01% | 11,140 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a | |
| Norwegian | 4,615 | 0.01% | 5,800 | 0.02% | 7,225 | 0.02% | |
| Tibetan languages | n/a | n/a | 4,640 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
| Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e. | n/a | n/a | 4,360 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
| Sign languages, n.i.e. | 4,125 | 0.01% | 3,815 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
| Vlaams (Flemish) | 3,895 | 0.01% | 4,690 | 0.01% | 5,660 | 0.02% | |
| Lingala | 3,810 | 0.01% | 3,085 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
| Burmese | 3,585 | 0.01% | 2,985 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
| Stoney | 3,025 | 0.01% | 3,050 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
| Shanghainese | n/a | n/a | 2,920 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
| Blackfoot | 2,815 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 3,085 | 0.01% | |
| Slavic languages, n.i.e. | 2,420 | 0.01% | 3,630 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
| Semitic languages, n.i.e. | 2,155 | 0.01% | 16,970 | 0.05% | n/a | n/a | |
| Frisian | 2,095 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 2,890 | 0.01% | |
| Dogrib (Tlicho) | 1,645 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 2,020 | 0.01% | |
| Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e. | 1,405 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Siouan languages (Dakota/Sioux) | 1,265 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 5,585 | 0.02% | |
| Algonquin | 1,260 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,920 | 0.01% | |
| Scottish Gaelic | 1,095 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Welsh | 1,075 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Carrier | 1,030 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,560 | <0.01% | |
| Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun) | 1,020 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 365 | <0.01% | |
| Mohawk | 985 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 290 | <0.01% | |
| South Slavey | 950 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,605 | 0.01% | |
| Gitxsan (Gitksan) | 880 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,180 | <0.01% | |
| North Slave (Hare) | 765 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,065 | <0.01% | |
| Chilcotin | 655 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,070 | <0.01% | |
| Celtic languages, n.i.e. | 530 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Chipewyan | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 525 | <0.01% | |
| Michif | 465 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Shuswap (Secwepemctsin) | 445 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 935 | <0.01% | |
| Nisga'a | 400 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 680 | <0.01% | |
| Malecite | 300 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 535 | <0.01% | |
| Kutchin-Gwich’in (Loucheux) | 260 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 360 | <0.01% | |
| Tlingit | 95 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 80 | <0.01% | |
| Other languages | n/a | n/a | 77,890 | 0.2% | 172,650 | 0.55% | |
| Multiple language responses | 818,640 | 2.35% | 639,540 | 1.9% | 392,760 | 1.26% | |
| English and French | 165,335 | 0.48% | 144,685 | 0.4% | 98,630 | 0.32% | |
| English and a non-official language | 533,260 | 1.53% | 396,330 | 1.2% | 240,005 | 0.77% | |
| French and a non-official language | 86,145 | 0.25% | 74,430 | 0.2% | 43,335 | 0.14% | |
| English, French, and a non-official language | 33,900 | 0.1% | 24,095 | 0.07% | 10,790 | 0.03% | |
| Total | 34,767,250 | 100% | 33,121,175 | 100% | 31,241,030 | 100% | |
* 1 2 3 n.o.s. – not otherwise specified
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n.i.e. – not included elsewhere

### Work

Language used most often at work :
| Language | % of total population (2016) | % of total population (2006) |
| English | 76.49% | 76.36% |
| French | 19.17% | 20.22% |
| Non-official | 1.38% | 1.49% |
| English and French | 2.07% | 1.37% |
| English and non-official | 0.77% | 0.47% |
| Other | 0.12% | 0.09% |

### Home

Language used most often at home :
| Language | % of total population (2016) | % of total population (2006) |
| English | 63.75% | 65.89% |
| French | 19.97% | 21.15% |
| Non-official | 11.5% | 11.11% |
| English and non-official | 3.7% | 1.3% |
| English and French | 0.46% | 0.3% |
| Other | 0.63% | 0.24% |

## Immigration

According to the 2021 Canadian census, immigrants in Canada number 8.3 million persons and make up approximately 23 percent of Canada's total population. This represents the eighth-largest immigrant population in the world, while the proportion represents one of the highest ratios for industrialized Western countries.
Immigrants from specific countries are divided into several ethnic groups. For example, there are both Punjabis and Muhajirs from Pakistan, both Turks and Kurds from Turkey and both Sinhalese and Tamil from Sri Lanka. Immigrants from Iran are divided into Mazandaranians, Azeris, Persians, Kurds, Gilaks and Lurs.
Since confederation in 1867 through to the contemporary era, decadal and demi-decadal census reports have detailed immigration statistics. During this period, the highest annual immigration rate in Canada occurred in 1913, when 400,900 new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population, while the greatest number of foreign-born individuals admitted to Canada in single year occurred in 2021, with 405,330 new immigrants accounting for 1.1 percent of the total population.
Statistics Canada projects that immigrants will represent between 29.1% and 34.0% of Canada's population in 2041, compared with 23.0% in 2021, while the Canadian population with at least one foreign born parent (first and second generation persons) could rise to between 49.8% and 54.3%, up from 44.0% in 2021.
Canada Immigration Statistics$^{:239}$$^{:108}$ :
| Year | Immigrant percentage | Immigrant population | Total responses | Total population |
| 1871 | 16.1% | 594,207 | — | 3,689,257 |
| 1881 | 13.9% | 602,984 | — | 4,324,810 |
| 1891 | 13.3% | 643,871 | — | 4,833,239 |
| 1901 | 13% | 699,500 | — | 5,371,315 |
| 1911 | 22% | 1,586,961 | — | 7,206,643 |
| 1921 | 22.3% | 1,955,736 | — | 8,787,949 |
| 1931 | 22.2% | 2,307,525 | — | 10,374,196 |
| 1941 | 17.5% | 2,018,847 | — | 11,506,655 |
| 1951 | 14.7% | 2,059,911 | — | 14,009,429 |
| 1961 | 15.6% | 2,844,263 | — | 18,238,247 |
| 1971 | 15.3% | 3,295,535 | 21,568,310 | 21,568,311 |
| 1981 | 16% | 3,843,335 | 24,083,495 | 24,343,181 |
| 1986 | 15.6% | 3,908,150 | 25,022,005 | 25,309,331 |
| 1991 | 16.1% | 4,342,890 | 26,994,045 | 27,296,859 |
| 1996 | 17.4% | 4,971,070 | 28,528,125 | 28,846,761 |
| 2001 | 18.4% | 5,448,480 | 29,639,030 | 30,007,094 |
| 2006 | 19.8% | 6,186,950 | 31,241,030 | 31,612,897 |
| 2011 | 20.6% | 6,775,765 | 32,852,325 | 33,476,688 |
| 2016 | 21.9% | 7,540,830 | 34,460,060 | 35,151,728 |
| 2021 | 23% | 8,361,505 | 36,328,475 | 36,991,981 |

### Migration data

Canada Net migration, 1952–1971 :
| Year | Immigration | Emigration | Net Migration |
| 1952 | 164,498 | 60,559 | 106,939 |
| 1953 | 168,868 | 57,975 | 110,893 |
| 1954 | 154,227 | 57,150 | 97,077 |
| 1955 | 109,946 | 61,893 | 48,053 |
| 1956 | 164,857 | 68,753 | 96,104 |
| 1957 | 282,164 | 74,383 | 207,781 |
| 1958 | 124,851 | 61,681 | 63,170 |
| 1959 | 106,928 | 69,189 | 37,739 |
| 1960 | 104,111 | 75,596 | 28,515 |
| 1961 | 71,689 | 72,305 | -616 |
| 1962 | 74,586 | 76,740 | -2,154 |
| 1963 | 93,151 | 83,563 | 9,588 |
| 1964 | 112,606 | 92,430 | 20,176 |
| 1965 | 146,758 | 105,307 | 41,451 |
| 1966 | 194,743 | 91,489 | 103,254 |
| 1967 | 222,876 | 108,462 | 114,414 |
| 1968 | 183,974 | 100,036 | 83,938 |
| 1969 | 161,531 | 90,089 | 71,495 |
| 1970 | 147,713 | 80,961 | 66,752 |
| 1971 | 121,162 | 70,097 | 51,065 |
Canada Net migration, 1972–2019 :
| Year | Immigration | Emigration | Net migration | Net non-permanent migration | Total net migration |
| 1972 | 122,006 | 26,175 | 95,831 | 2,975 | 98,806 |
| 1973 | 184,200 | 40,714 | 143,486 | 7,928 | 151,414 |
| 1974 | 218,465 | 42,020 | 176,445 | 1,977 | 178,422 |
| 1975 | 187,881 | 34,280 | 153,601 | 7,931 | 161,532 |
| 1976 | 146,429 | 28,292 | 118,137 | -2,969 | 115,168 |
| 1977 | 117,914 | 29,106 | 88,808 | -1,982 | 86,826 |
| 1978 | 86,313 | 31,692 | 54,621 | -2,970 | 51,651 |
| 1979 | 112,036 | 24,492 | 87,544 | 7,930 | 95,474 |
| 1980 | 143,498 | 17,623 | 125,875 | 14,869 | 140,744 |
| 1981 | 128,794 | 24,604 | 104,190 | 30,281 | 134,471 |
| 1982 | 121,331 | 31,054 | 90,277 | -3,727 | 86,550 |
| 1983 | 89,377 | 31,803 | 57,574 | 4,369 | 61,943 |
| 1984 | 88,599 | 29,064 | 59,535 | -349 | 59,186 |
| 1985 | 84,339 | 26,864 | 57,474 | 10,981 | 68,455 |
| 1986 | 97,343 | 30,232 | 67,111 | 46,537 | 113,648 |
| 1987 | 152,031 | 28,865 | 123,166 | 40,899 | 164,065 |
| 1988 | 161,534 | 24,534 | 137,000 | 108,917 | 245,917 |
| 1989 | 191,516 | 26,706 | 164,810 | 67,356 | 232,166 |
| 1990 | 216,424 | 25,011 | 191,413 | -10,951 | 180,462 |
| 1991 | 232,776 | 43,396 | 189,380 | -54,661 | 134,719 |
| 1992 | 254,856 | 48,721 | 206,135 | -31,933 | 174,202 |
| 1993 | 256,754 | 50,657 | 206,097 | -63,292 | 142,805 |
| 1994 | 224,395 | 55,682 | 168,713 | -16,500 | 152,213 |
| 1995 | 212,875 | 51,252 | 151,623 | 169 | 151,792 |
| 1996 | 226,061 | 49,841 | 176,220 | -9,667 | 166,553 |
| 1997 | 216,034 | 62,803 | 153,231 | 791 | 154,022 |
| 1998 | 174,184 | 57,842 | 116,342 | 921 | 117,263 |
| 1999 | 189,971 | 54,387 | 135,584 | 22,431 | 158,015 |
| 2000 | 227,429 | 57,109 | 170,330 | 28,433 | 198,763 |
| 2001 | 250,638 | 59,391 | 191,247 | 47,286 | 238,533 |
| 2002 | 229,049 | 45,682 | 183,367 | 29,133 | 212,500 |
| 2003 | 221,349 | 49,876 | 171,473 | 22,943 | 194,416 |
| 2004 | 235,859 | 55,085 | 180,774 | 14,225 | 194,999 |
| 2005 | 262,246 | 52,436 | 209,810 | 3,159 | 212,969 |
| 2006 | 251,649 | 47,890 | 203,759 | 12,741 | 216,500 |
| 2007 | 236,763 | 51,455 | 185,308 | 43,958 | 229,266 |
| 2008 | 247,262 | 52,678 | 194,584 | 71,669 | 266,253 |
| 2009 | 252,218 | 41,131 | 211,087 | 55,977 | 267,064 |
| 2010 | 280,739 | 42,187 | 238,552 | 31,927 | 270,479 |
| 2011 | 248,735 | 50,932 | 197,803 | 42,802 | 240,605 |
| 2012 | 257,825 | 50,426 | 207,399 | 46,207 | 253,606 |
| 2013 | 259,046 | 26,608 | 232,438 | 52,984 | 285,422 |
| 2014 | 260,308 | 54,956 | 205,352 | 16,970 | 222,322 |
| 2015 | 271,867 | 56,566 | 215,301 | -9,330 | 205,971 |
| 2016 | 296,385 | 56,772 | 239,613 | 88,722 | 328,335 |
| 2017 | 286,537 | 43,832 | 242,705 | 138,034 | 380,739 |
| 2018 | 321,054 | 37,915 | 283,139 | 154,917 | 438,056 |
| 2019 | 341,174 | 35,791 | 305,383 | 189,781 | 495,164 |
Canada Net migration 2020–present :
| Year | Immigration | Emigration | Net Migration | Non-permanent Resident Inflow | Non-permanent Resident Outflow | Net Non-permanent Resident | Total Net Migration |
| 2020 | 184,594 | 19,235 | 165,359 | - | - | -96,066 | 69,293 |
| 2021 | 406,046 | 37,131 | 368,915 | - | - | 77,052 | 291,863 |
| 2022 | 437,612 | 35,015 | 402,597 | 961,728 | 461,467 | 500,261 | 902,858 |
| 2023 | 471,771 | 35,903 | 435,868 | 1,342,380 | 537,479 | 804,901 | 1,240,769 |

## Religion

* Christianity (53.3%)
* No Religion (34.6%)
* Islam (4.9%)
* Hinduism (2.3%)
* Sikhism (2.1%)
* Buddhism (1%)
* Judaism (0.9%)
* Others (0.8%)
In 2021, 53.3% of Canadians were Christians, down from 67.3% in 2011. 29.9% were Catholic while 11.4% were Protestant (all other listed denominations excluding Christian Orthodox, Latter Day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses). 7.6% were Christian not otherwise specified, 2.1% were "other Christian and Christian-related traditions", 1.7% were Christian Orthodox, 0.4% were Jehovah's Witnesses and 0.2% were Latter Day Saints adherents.
34.6% of Canadians were non-religious or secular, up from 23.9% in 2011. Of the non-Christian religions listed, 4.9% of Canadians were Muslim (3.2% in 2011), 2.3% were Hindu (1.5% in 2011), 2.1% were Sikh (1.4% in 2011), 1.0% were Buddhist (1.1% in 2011), 0.9% were Jewish (1.0% in 2011), 0.2% were believers of traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality (same as 2011), and 0.6% were believers of other religions and spiritual traditions (0.4% in 2011).
Religion status of the Canadian Population in 2021 :
| Religion | Total | Percent |
| Christian | 19,373,325 | 53.3% |
| Roman Catholic | 10,880,360 | 29.9% |
| Christian n.o.s. | 2,760,760 | 7.6% |
| United Church | 1,214,185 | 3.3% |
| Anglican | 1,134,315 | 3.1% |
| Christian Orthodox | 623,010 | 1.7% |
| Baptist | 436,940 | 1.2% |
| Pentecostal and other Charismatic | 399,025 | 1.1% |
| Lutheran | 328,045 | 0.9% |
| Presbyterian | 301,400 | 0.8% |
| Anabaptist | 144,145 | 0.4% |
| Jehovah's Witness | 137,255 | 0.4% |
| Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness) | 100,655 | 0.3% |
| Latter Day Saints | 87,725 | 0.2% |
| Reformed | 79,870 | 0.2% |
| Other Christian and Christian-related traditions | 745,650 | 2.1% |
| Muslim | 1,775,715 | 4.9% |
| Hindu | 828,195 | 2.3% |
| Sikh | 771,790 | 2.1% |
| Buddhist | 356,975 | 1.0% |
| Jewish | 335,295 | 0.9% |
| Traditional (North American Indigenous) Spirituality | 80,685 | 0.2% |
| Other religions and spiritual traditions | 229,015 | 0.6% |
| No religion and secular perspectives | 12,577,475 | 34.6% |