# Party divisions of United States Congresses

Party divisions of United States Congresses have played a central role on the organization and operations of both chambers of the United States Congress—the Senate and the House of Representatives—since its establishment as the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States in 1789. Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, nor did they exist at the time the first Senate elections and House elections occurred in 1788 and 1789. Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the 1790s, but political factions—from which organized parties evolved—began to appear almost immediately after the 1st Congress convened. Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as "pro-administration" and would eventually form the Federalist Party, while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic-Republican Party.

## Party divisions by Congress

The following table lists the party divisions for each United States Congress. Note that numbers in boldface denote the majority party at that particular time while italicized numbers signify a Congress in which the majority party changed intra-term.
| Congress | Years | Senate | Senate | Senate | Senate | Senate | House of Representatives | House of Representatives | House of Representatives | House of Representatives | House of Representatives | President | Trifecta |
| Congress | Years | Total | Anti- Admin | Pro- Admin | Others | Vacancies | Total | Anti- Admin | Pro- Admin | Others | Vacancies | President | Trifecta |
| 1st | 1789–1791 | 26 | 8 | 18 | — | — | 65 | 28 | 37 | — | — | George Washington | Yes |
| 2nd | 1791–1793 | 30 | 13 | 16 | — | 1 | 69 | 30 | 39 | — | — | George Washington | Yes |
| 3rd | 1793–1795 | 30 | 14 | 16 | — | — | 105 | 54 | 51 | — | — | George Washington | No |
| Congress | Years | Total | Democratic- Republicans | Federalists | Others | Vacancies | Total | Democratic- Republicans | Federalists | Others | Vacancies | President | Trifecta |
| 4th | 1795–1797 | 32 | 11 | 21 | — | — | 106 | 59 | 47 | — | — | George Washington | No |
| 5th | 1797–1799 | 32 | 10 | 22 | — | — | 106 | 49 | 57 | — | — | John Adams | Yes |
| 6th | 1799–1801 | 32 | 10 | 22 | — | — | 106 | 46 | 60 | — | — | John Adams | Yes |
| 7th | 1801–1803 | 34 | 17 | 15 | — | 2 | 107 | 68 | 38 | — | 1 | Thomas Jefferson | No*/Yes |
| 8th | 1803–1805 | 34 | 25 | 9 | — | — | 142 | 103 | 39 | — | — | Thomas Jefferson | Yes |
| 9th | 1805–1807 | 34 | 27 | 7 | — | — | 142 | 114 | 28 | — | — | Thomas Jefferson | Yes |
| 10th | 1807–1809 | 34 | 28 | 6 | — | — | 142 | 116 | 26 | — | — | Thomas Jefferson | Yes |
| 11th | 1809–1811 | 34 | 27 | 7 | — | — | 142 | 92 | 50 | — | — | James Madison | Yes |
| 12th | 1811–1813 | 36 | 30 | 6 | — | — | 143 | 107 | 36 | — | — | James Madison | Yes |
| 13th | 1813–1815 | 36 | 28 | 8 | — | — | 182 | 114 | 68 | — | — | James Madison | Yes |
| 14th | 1815–1817 | 38 | 26 | 12 | — | — | 183 | 119 | 64 | — | — | James Madison | Yes |
| 15th | 1817–1819 | 42 | 30 | 12 | — | — | 185 | 146 | 39 | — | — | James Monroe | Yes |
| 16th | 1819–1821 | 46 | 37 | 9 | — | — | 186 | 160 | 26 | — | — | James Monroe | Yes |
| 17th | 1821–1823 | 48 | 44 | 4 | — | — | 187 | 155 | 32 | — | — | James Monroe | Yes |
| 18th | 1823–1825 | 48 | 43 | 5 | — | — | 213 | 189 | 24 | — | — | James Monroe | Yes |
| Congress | Years | Total | Jacksonian | Anti-Jackson | Others | Vacancies | Total | Jacksonian | Anti-Jackson | Others | Vacancies | President | Trifecta |
| 19th | 1825–1827 | 48 | 26 | 22 | — | — | 213 | 104 | 109 | — | — | John Quincy Adams | No |
| 20th | 1827–1829 | 48 | 27 | 21 | — | — | 213 | 113 | 100 | — | — | John Quincy Adams | No |
| 21st | 1829–1831 | 48 | 25 | 23 | — | — | 213 | 136 | 72 | 5 | — | Andrew Jackson | Yes |
| 22nd | 1831–1833 | 48 | 24 | 22 | 2 | — | 213 | 126 | 66 | 21 | — | Andrew Jackson | Yes |
| 23rd | 1833–1835 | 48 | 20 | 26 | 2 | — | 240 | 143 | 63 | 34 | — | Andrew Jackson | No |
| 24th | 1835–1837 | 52 | 26 | 24 | 2 | — | 242 | 143 | 75 | 24 | — | Andrew Jackson | No/Yes |
| Congress | Years | Total | Democrats | Whigs | Others | Vacancies | Total | Democrats | Whigs | Others | Vacancies | President | Trifecta |
| 25th | 1837–1839 | 52 | 35 | 17 | — | — | 242 | 128 | 100 | 14 | — | Martin Van Buren | Yes |
| 26th | 1839–1841 | 52 | 30 | 22 | — | — | 242 | 125 | 109 | 8 | — | Martin Van Buren | Yes |
| 27th | 1841–1843 | 52 | 22 | 29 | — | 1 | 242 | 98 | 142 | 2 | — | John Tyler | Yes/No |
| 28th | 1843–1845 | 52 | 23 | 29 | — | — | 223 | 147 | 72 | 4 | — | John Tyler | No |
| 29th | 1845–1847 | 58 | 34 | 22 | — | 2 | 228 | 142 | 79 | 7 | — | James K. Polk | Yes |
| 30th | 1847–1849 | 60 | 38 | 21 | 1 | — | 230 | 110 | 116 | 4 | — | James K. Polk | No |
| 31st | 1849–1851 | 62 | 35 | 25 | 2 | — | 233 | 113 | 108 | 11 | 1 | Zachary Taylor | No |
| 32nd | 1851–1853 | 62 | 36 | 23 | 3 | — | 233 | 127 | 85 | 21 | — | Millard Fillmore | No |
| 33rd | 1853–1855 | 62 | 38 | 22 | 2 | — | 234 | 157 | 71 | 6 | — | Franklin Pierce | Yes |
| Congress | Years | Total | Democrats | Opposition | Others | Vacancies | Total | Democrats | Opposition | Others | Vacancies | President | Trifecta |
| 34th | 1855–1857 | 62 | 39 | 21 | 2 | — | 234 | 83 | 100 | 51 | — | Franklin Pierce | No |
| Congress | Years | Total | Democrats | Republicans | Others | Vacancies | Total | Democrats | Republicans | Others | Vacancies | President | Trifecta |
| 35th | 1857–1859 | 64 | 39 | 20 | 5 | — | 237 | 131 | 94 | 13 | — | James Buchanan | Yes |
| 36th | 1859–1861 | 66 | 38 | 26 | 2 | — | 237 | 101 | 113 | 23 | — | James Buchanan | No |
| 37th | 1861–1863 | 50 | 11 | 31 | 7 | 1 | 178 | 42 | 106 | 28 | 2 | Abraham Lincoln | Yes |
| 38th | 1863–1865 | 51 | 12 | 29 | — | — | 183 | 80 | 103 | — | — | Abraham Lincoln | Yes |
| 39th | 1865–1867 | 52 | 10 | 42 | — | — | 191 | 46 | 145 | — | — | Andrew Johnson | Yes/No |
| 40th | 1867–1869 | 53 | 11 | 42 | — | — | 193 | 49 | 143 | — | 1 | Andrew Johnson | No |
| 41st | 1869–1871 | 74 | 11 | 61 | — | 2 | 243 | 73 | 170 | — | — | Ulysses S. Grant | Yes |
| 42nd | 1871–1873 | 74 | 17 | 57 | — | — | 243 | 104 | 136 | 3 | — | Ulysses S. Grant | Yes |
| 43rd | 1873–1875 | 74 | 19 | 54 | — | 1 | 293 | 88 | 203 | — | 2 | Ulysses S. Grant | Yes |
| 44th | 1875–1877 | 76 | 29 | 46 | — | 1 | 293 | 181 | 107 | 3 | 2 | Ulysses S. Grant | No |
| 45th | 1877–1879 | 76 | 36 | 39 | 1 | — | 293 | 156 | 137 | — | — | Rutherford B. Hayes | No |
| 46th | 1879–1881 | 76 | 43 | 33 | — | — | 293 | 150 | 128 | 14 | 1 | Rutherford B. Hayes | No |
| 47th | 1881–1883 | 76 | 37 | 37 | 2 | — | 293 | 130 | 152 | 11 | — | Chester A. Arthur | No |
| 48th | 1883–1885 | 76 | 36 | 40 | — | — | 325 | 200 | 119 | 6 | — | Chester A. Arthur | No |
| 49th | 1885–1887 | 76 | 34 | 41 | — | 1 | 325 | 182 | 140 | 2 | 1 | Grover Cleveland | No |
| 50th | 1887–1889 | 76 | 37 | 39 | — | — | 325 | 170 | 151 | 4 | — | Grover Cleveland | No |
| 51st | 1889–1891 | 84 | 37 | 47 | — | — | 330 | 156 | 173 | 1 | — | Benjamin Harrison | Yes |
| 52nd | 1891–1893 | 88 | 39 | 47 | 2 | — | 333 | 231 | 88 | 14 | — | Benjamin Harrison | No |
| 53rd | 1893–1895 | 88 | 44 | 38 | 3 | 3 | 356 | 220 | 126 | 10 | — | Grover Cleveland | Yes |
| 54th | 1895–1897 | 88 | 39 | 44 | 5 | — | 357 | 104 | 246 | 7 | — | Grover Cleveland | No |
| 55th | 1897–1899 | 90 | 34 | 46 | 10 | — | 357 | 134 | 206 | 16 | 1 | William McKinley | Yes |
| 56th | 1899–1901 | 90 | 26 | 53 | 11 | — | 357 | 163 | 185 | 9 | — | William McKinley | Yes |
| 57th | 1901–1903 | 90 | 29 | 56 | 3 | 2 | 357 | 153 | 198 | 5 | 1 | Theodore Roosevelt | Yes |
| 58th | 1903–1905 | 90 | 32 | 58 | — | — | 386 | 178 | 207 | — | 1 | Theodore Roosevelt | Yes |
| 59th | 1905–1907 | 90 | 32 | 58 | — | — | 386 | 136 | 250 | — | — | Theodore Roosevelt | Yes |
| 60th | 1907–1909 | 92 | 29 | 61 | — | 2 | 386 | 164 | 222 | — | — | Theodore Roosevelt | Yes |
| 61st | 1909–1911 | 92 | 32 | 59 | — | 1 | 391 | 172 | 219 | — | — | William H. Taft | Yes |
| 62nd | 1911–1913 | 92 | 42 | 49 | — | 1 | 391 | 228 | 162 | 1 | — | William H. Taft | No |
| 63rd | 1913–1915 | 96 | 51 | 44 | 1 | — | 435 | 290 | 127 | 18 | — | Woodrow Wilson | Yes |
| 64th | 1915–1917 | 96 | 56 | 39 | 1 | — | 435 | 231 | 193 | 8 | 3 | Woodrow Wilson | Yes |
| 65th | 1917–1919 | 96 | 53 | 42 | 1 | — | 435 | 210 | 216 | 9 | — | Woodrow Wilson | Yes |
| 66th | 1919–1921 | 96 | 47 | 49 | — | — | 435 | 191 | 237 | 7 | — | Woodrow Wilson | No |
| 67th | 1921–1923 | 96 | 37 | 59 | — | — | 435 | 132 | 300 | 1 | 2 | Warren G. Harding | Yes |
| 68th | 1923–1925 | 96 | 43 | 51 | 2 | — | 435 | 207 | 225 | 3 | — | Calvin Coolidge | Yes |
| 69th | 1925–1927 | 96 | 40 | 54 | 1 | 1 | 435 | 183 | 247 | 5 | — | Calvin Coolidge | Yes |
| 70th | 1927–1929 | 96 | 47 | 48 | 1 | — | 435 | 195 | 237 | 3 | — | Calvin Coolidge | Yes |
| 71st | 1929–1931 | 96 | 39 | 56 | 1 | — | 435 | 163 | 267 | 1 | 4 | Herbert Hoover | Yes |
| 72nd | 1931–1933 | 96 | 47 | 48 | 1 | — | 435 | 217 | 217 | 1 | — | Herbert Hoover | No |
| 73rd | 1933–1935 | 96 | 59 | 36 | 1 | — | 435 | 313 | 117 | 5 | — | Franklin D. Roosevelt | Yes |
| 74th | 1935–1937 | 96 | 69 | 25 | 2 | — | 435 | 322 | 103 | 10 | — | Franklin D. Roosevelt | Yes |
| 75th | 1937–1939 | 96 | 76 | 16 | 4 | — | 435 | 333 | 89 | 13 | — | Franklin D. Roosevelt | Yes |
| 76th | 1939–1941 | 96 | 69 | 23 | 4 | — | 435 | 261 | 169 | 5 | — | Franklin D. Roosevelt | Yes |
| 77th | 1941–1943 | 96 | 66 | 28 | 2 | — | 435 | 268 | 162 | 5 | — | Franklin D. Roosevelt | Yes |
| 78th | 1943–1945 | 96 | 57 | 38 | 1 | — | 435 | 222 | 209 | 4 | — | Franklin D. Roosevelt | Yes |
| 79th | 1945–1947 | 96 | 57 | 38 | 1 | — | 435 | 243 | 190 | 2 | — | Harry S. Truman | Yes |
| 80th | 1947–1949 | 96 | 45 | 51 | — | — | 435 | 188 | 246 | 1 | — | Harry S. Truman | No |
| 81st | 1949–1951 | 96 | 54 | 42 | — | — | 435 | 262 | 171 | 2 | — | Harry S. Truman | Yes |
| 82nd | 1951–1953 | 96 | 48 | 47 | 1 | — | 435 | 235 | 199 | 1 | — | Harry S. Truman | Yes |
| 83rd | 1953–1955 | 96 | 47 | 48 | 1 | — | 435 | 213 | 221 | 1 | — | Dwight D. Eisenhower | Yes |
| 84th | 1955–1957 | 96 | 48 | 47 | 1 | — | 435 | 232 | 203 | — | — | Dwight D. Eisenhower | No |
| 85th | 1957–1959 | 96 | 49 | 47 | — | — | 435 | 234 | 201 | — | — | Dwight D. Eisenhower | No |
| 86th | 1959–1961 | 98 | 64 | 34 | — | — | 437 | 284 | 153 | — | — | Dwight D. Eisenhower | No |
| 87th | 1961–1963 | 100 | 64 | 36 | — | — | 437 | 262 | 175 | — | — | John F. Kennedy | Yes |
| 88th | 1963–1965 | 100 | 67 | 33 | — | — | 435 | 258 | 176 | — | 1 | Lyndon B. Johnson | Yes |
| 89th | 1965–1967 | 100 | 68 | 32 | — | — | 435 | 295 | 140 | — | — | Lyndon B. Johnson | Yes |
| 90th | 1967–1969 | 100 | 64 | 36 | — | — | 435 | 247 | 187 | — | 1 | Lyndon B. Johnson | Yes |
| 91st | 1969–1971 | 100 | 58 | 42 | — | — | 435 | 243 | 192 | — | — | Richard Nixon | No |
| 92nd | 1971–1973 | 100 | 54 | 44 | 2 | — | 435 | 255 | 180 | — | — | Richard Nixon | No |
| 93rd | 1973–1975 | 100 | 56 | 42 | 2 | — | 435 | 243 | 192 | — | — | Gerald Ford | No |
| 94th | 1975–1977 | 100 | 61 | 37 | 2 | — | 435 | 291 | 144 | — | — | Gerald Ford | No |
| 95th | 1977–1979 | 100 | 61 | 38 | 1 | — | 435 | 292 | 143 | — | — | Jimmy Carter | Yes |
| 96th | 1979–1981 | 100 | 58 | 41 | 1 | — | 435 | 277 | 157 | 1 | — | Jimmy Carter | Yes |
| 97th | 1981–1983 | 100 | 46 | 53 | 1 | — | 435 | 242 | 192 | 1 | — | Ronald Reagan | No |
| 98th | 1983–1985 | 100 | 46/45 | 54/55 | — | — | 435 | 269 | 165 | 1 | — | Ronald Reagan | No |
| 99th | 1985–1987 | 100 | 47 | 53 | — | — | 435 | 253 | 181 | 1 | — | Ronald Reagan | No |
| 100th | 1987–1989 | 100 | 55 | 45 | — | — | 435 | 258 | 177 | — | — | Ronald Reagan | No |
| 101st | 1989–1991 | 100 | 55 | 45 | — | — | 435 | 260 | 175 | — | — | George H. W. Bush | No |
| 102nd | 1991–1993 | 100 | 56 | 44 | — | — | 435 | 267 | 167 | 1 | — | George H. W. Bush | No |
| 103rd | 1993–1995 | 100 | 57 | 43 | — | — | 435 | 258 | 176 | 1 | — | Bill Clinton | Yes |
| 104th | 1995–1997 | 100 | 47 | 53 | — | — | 435 | 204 | 230 | 1 | — | Bill Clinton | No |
| 105th | 1997–1999 | 100 | 45 | 55 | — | — | 435 | 206 | 227 | 2 | — | Bill Clinton | No |
| 106th | 1999–2001 | 100 | 45 | 55 | — | — | 435 | 211 | 223 | 1 | — | Bill Clinton | No |
| 107th | 2001–2003 | 100 | 50 | 50/49 | 0/1 | — | 435 | 212 | 221 | 2 | — | George W. Bush | Yes/No |
| 108th | 2003–2005 | 100 | 48 | 51 | 1 | — | 435 | 205 | 229 | 1 | — | George W. Bush | Yes |
| 109th | 2005–2007 | 100 | 44 | 55 | 1 | — | 435 | 202 | 232 | 1 | — | George W. Bush | Yes |
| 110th | 2007–2009 | 100 | 49 | 49 | 2 | — | 435 | 233 | 202 | — | — | George W. Bush | No |
| 111th | 2009–2011 | 100 | 56–58 | 40–42 | 2 | — | 435 | 257 | 178 | — | — | Barack Obama | Yes |
| 112th | 2011–2013 | 100 | 51 | 47 | 2 | — | 435 | 193 | 242 | — | — | Barack Obama | No |
| 113th | 2013–2015 | 100 | 53 | 45 | 2 | — | 435 | 201 | 234 | — | — | Barack Obama | No |
| 114th | 2015–2017 | 100 | 44 | 54 | 2 | — | 435 | 188 | 247 | — | — | Barack Obama | No |
| 115th | 2017–2019 | 100 | 46/47 | 50–52 | 2 | — | 435 | 194 | 241 | — | — | Donald Trump | Yes |
| 116th | 2019–2021 | 100 | 45/46 | 53/52 | 2 | — | 435 | 235 | 200 | — | — | Donald Trump | No |
| 117th | 2021–2023 | 100 | 46–48 | 51/50 | 2/3 | — | 435 | 222 | 213 | — | — | Joe Biden | Yes |
| 118th | 2023–2025 | 100 | 47/48 | 49 | 3/4 | — | 435 | 212/213 | 222/220 | — | 2/1 | Joe Biden | No |
| 119th | 2025–2027 | 100 | 45 | 53/52 | 2 | 1 | 435 | 215 | 219 | — | 1 | Donald Trump | Yes |
| Congress | Years | Total | Democrats | Republicans | Others | Vacancies | Total | Democrats | Republicans | Others | Vacancies | President | Trifecta |
| Congress | Years | Senate | Senate | Senate | Senate | Senate | House of Representatives | House of Representatives | House of Representatives | House of Representatives | House of Representatives | | | President | Trifecta |

## Partisan control of Congress

This table shows the number of Congresses in which a party controlled either the House, the Senate, or the presidency.
| Party | Senate | House | Presidency | Trifecta |
| Democratic | 51 | 59 | 45 | 30 |
| Republican | 43 | 36 | 46 | 22 |
| Democratic- Republican | 12 | 13 | 14 | 12 |
| Federalist | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Pro- Administration | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Whig | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| National Republican | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Anti- Administration | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Opposition | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| National Union | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Split control | 2 | 0 | 1 | 49 |
| Independent | 0 | 0 | 5 | - |