# List of banking crises

This is a list of banking crises. A banking crisis is a financial crisis that affects banking activity. Banking crises include bank runs, which affect single banks; banking panics, which affect many banks; and systemic banking crises, in which a country experiences many defaults and financial institutions and corporations face great difficulties repaying contracts. A banking crisis is marked by bank runs that lead to the demise of financial institutions, or by the demise of a financial institution that starts a string of similar demises.

## Bank runs

A bank run occurs when many bank customers withdraw their deposits because they believe the bank might fail. There have been many runs on individual banks throughout history; for example, some of the 2008–2009 bank failures in the United States were associated with bank runs.

## Banking panics and systemic banking crises
### 18th century

* Crisis of 1763, started in Amsterdam, begun by the collapse of Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky and Leendert Pieter de Neufville's bank, spread to Germany and Scandinavia
* British credit crisis of 1772-1773 in London and Amsterdam, begun by the collapse of the bankers Neal, James, Fordyce and Down.
* Panic of 1792, New York
* Panic of 1796–1797, Britain and United States

### 19th century

* Panic of 1819, a U.S. recession with bank failures; culmination of U.S.'s first boom-to-bust economic cycle
* Panic of 1825, a pervasive British recession in which many banks failed, nearly including the Bank of England
* Panic of 1837, a U.S. recession with bank failures, followed by a 5-year depression
* Panic of 1847, United Kingdom
* Panic of 1857, a U.S. recession with bank failures
* Panic of 1866, Europe
* Panic of 1873, a U.S. recession with bank failures, followed by a 4-year depression
* Panic of 1884, United States and Europe
* Panic of 1890, mainly affecting the United Kingdom and Argentina
* Panic of 1893, a U.S. recession with bank failures
* Australian banking crisis of 1893
* Panic of 1896, acute U.S. recession

### 20th century

* Panic of 1901, a U.S. economic recession that started a fight for financial control of the Northern Pacific Railway
* Panic of 1907, a U.S. economic recession with bank failures
* Shōwa Financial Crisis, a 1927 Japanese financial panic that resulted in mass bank failures across the Empire of Japan.
* Great Depression, the worst systemic banking crisis of the 20th century
* Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 in the UK
* Japanese asset price bubble (1986–2003)
* Savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and 1990s in the U.S.
* 1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
* Finnish banking crisis of 1990s
* Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994
* Rhode Island banking crisis
* Peruvian banking crisis of 1992
* Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
* 1997 Asian financial crisis
** Enping financial crisis
* 1998 collapse of Long-Term Capital Management
* 1998 Russian financial crisis
* 1998–2002 Argentine great depression
* 1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis

### 21st century

* 2002 Uruguay banking crisis
* 2003 Myanmar banking crisis
* 2008 financial crisis, including:
   * Subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S. starting in 2007
   * 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package
   * 2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package
   * 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
   * 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
   * Great Recession in Russia
   * 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
   * 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
   * Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
* Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
* 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
* Ghana banking crisis of 2017–2018
* 2023 United States banking crisis