# Outline of Canada

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Canada:
Canada (/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area, and shares land borders with the United States to the south and northwest, and marine borders with France and Greenland on the east and northeast, respectively.
The lands have been inhabited for millennia by various groups of aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of additional provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and culminating in the Canada Act 1982 which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.
Canada is a federation that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with King Charles III as its head of state. It is a bilingual and multicultural country, with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. Technologically advanced and industrialized, Canada maintains a diversified economy that is heavily reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade—particularly with the United States, with which Canada has a long and complex relationship.

## General reference

* Pronunciation /ˈkænədə/
* Common English country name: Canada
* Official English country name: Canada
* Common endonym: Canada
* Official endonym: Canada
* Adjectival: Canadian, Canada
* Demonym: Canadian (Fr. canadien)
* Etymology: Name of Canada
* Official languages : English, French
* ISO country codes: CA, CAN, 124
* ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:CA
* Internet country code top-level domain: .ca
* International rankings of Canada

## Geography

Geography of Canada
* Canada is...
** a country
*** a nation state
*** a Commonwealth Realm
*** a federation
*** a member state of NATO
* Location:
** Northern Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere
*** Americas
**** North America
***** Northern America
** Time zones (Time in Canada):
*** Newfoundland Standard Time (UTC-03:30), Newfoundland Daylight Time (UTC-02:30)
*** Atlantic Standard Time (UTC-04), Atlantic Daylight Time (UTC-03)
*** Eastern Standard Time (UTC-05), Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-04)
*** Central Standard Time (UTC-06), Central Daylight Time (UTC-05)
*** Mountain Standard Time (UTC-07), Mountain Daylight Time (UTC-06)
*** Pacific Standard Time (UTC-08), Pacific Daylight Time (UTC-07)
** Extreme points of Canada
*** North: Cape Columbia, Nunavut - (83°08' N, 74°13'W)
*** South: Middle Island, Ontario - (41°41'N, 82°40'W)
*** East: Cape Spear, Newfoundland - (47°31'N, 52°37'W)
*** West: Yukon-Alaska border - (141°00'W)
*** High: Mount Logan, Yukon 5,959 m (19,551 ft)
*** Low: North Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, and North Pacific Ocean 0 m
** Land boundaries:
       United States 8,893 km (5,526 miles)
       Greenland 1,280 m (4,200 feet) (on Hans Island)
** Coastline: 202,080 km (125,570 miles)
* Population of Canada: 36,991,981 people (2021 Census) - 36th most populous country
* Area of Canada: 9,984,670 km$^2$ (3,855,100 square miles) - 2nd most extensive country
* Atlas of Canada

### Environment

Environment of Canada
* Climate of Canada
* Environmental issues in Canada
** Fires in Canada
* Ecoregions in Canada
* Renewable energy in Canada
* Geology of Canada
** Earthquakes in Canada
* National parks of Canada
* Protected areas of Canada
* Wildlife of Canada
** Flora of Canada
** Fauna of Canada
*** Birds of Canada
*** Mammals of Canada

#### Geographic features

* Canadian Arctic
* Fjords of Canada
* Glaciers of Canada
* Islands of Canada
* Lakes of Canada
** Great Lakes
* Mountain peaks of Canada
** The 100 Highest mountain peaks of Canada
** The 142 Most prominent mountain peaks of Canada
** The 100 Most isolated mountain peaks of Canada
** Appalachian Mountains
** Pacific Cordillera
** Rocky Mountains
** Volcanoes of Canada
* Prairies of Canada
* Rivers of Canada
** Waterfalls of Canada
* Valleys of Canada
* World Heritage Sites in Canada
* Other
** Canadian Shield
** St. Lawrence Lowlands
** List of National Historic Sites of Canada

### Regions

* Northern Canada (The North)
* Western Canada
** Prairies
* Eastern Canada
** Central Canada
** Atlantic Canada
*** Maritimes

#### Other regions

* English Canada, sometimes known as the Rest of Canada (excluding Quebec) when considering topics of language
* French Canada
* Acadia
* Quebec-Windsor Corridor

#### Ecoregions
### Provinces and territories

Provinces and territories of Canada

#### Provinces

| Province, with flag | Postal abbreviation/ ISO code | Other abbreviations | Capital | Entered Confederation | Population (2016) | Area (km$^2$) | Area (km$^2$) | Area (km$^2$) |
| Province, with flag | Postal abbreviation/ ISO code | Other abbreviations | Capital | Entered Confederation | Population (2016) | Land | Water | Total |
| Ontario$^1$ | ON | Ont. | Toronto | July 1, 1867 | 13,448,494 | 917,741 | 158,654 | 1,076,395 |
| Quebec$^1$ | QC | Que., PQ, P.Q. | Quebec City | July 1, 1867 | 8,164,361 | 1,356,128 | 185,928 | 1,542,056 |
| Nova Scotia$^2$ | NS | N.S. | Halifax | July 1, 1867 | 923,598 | 53,338 | 1,946 | 55,284 |
| New Brunswick$^2$ | NB | N.B. | Fredericton | July 1, 1867 | 747,101 | 71,450 | 1,458 | 72,908 |
| Manitoba$^3$ | MB | Man. | Winnipeg | July 15, 1870 | 1,278,365 | 553,556 | 94,241 | 647,797 |
| British Columbia$^2$ | BC | B.C. | Victoria | July 20, 1871 | 4,648,055 | 925,186 | 19,549 | 944,735 |
| Prince Edward Island$^2$ | PE | PEI, P.E.I., P.E. Island | Charlottetown | July 1, 1873 | 142,907 | 5,660 | — | 5,660 |
| Saskatchewan$^4$ | SK | Sask., SK, SKWN | Regina | September 1, 1905 | 1,098,352 | 591,670 | 59,366 | 651,036 |
| Alberta$^4$ | AB | Alta. | Edmonton | September 1, 1905 | 4,067,175 | 642,317 | 19,531 | 661,848 |
| Newfoundland and Labrador$^5$ | NL | Nfld., NF, LB | St. John's | March 31, 1949 | 519,716 | 373,872 | 31,340 | 405,212 |
Notes:
* Immediately prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were part of the Province of Canada.
* Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were separate colonies at the time of joining Canada.
* Manitoba was established simultaneously with Northwest Territories.
* Saskatchewan and Alberta were created out of land that had been part of Northwest Territories.
* Prior to its entry in Confederation, Newfoundland had been a Dominion within the British Commonwealth, but due to a financial crisis during the Depression had surrendered its right to self-government and was under direct British governance.

#### Territories

There are currently three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent jurisdiction and only have those powers delegated to them by the federal government.
| Territory, with flag | Postal abbreviation/ ISO code | Other abbreviations | Capital | Entered Confederation | Population (2007) | Area (km$^2$) | Area (km$^2$) | Area (km$^2$) |
| Territory, with flag | Postal abbreviation/ ISO code | Other abbreviations | Capital | Entered Confederation | Population (2007) | Land | Water | Total |
| Northwest Territories | NT | N.W.T., NWT | Yellowknife | July 15, 1870 | 41,786 | 1,183,085 | 163,021 | 1,346,106 |
| Yukon | YT | Y.T., YK | Whitehorse | June 13, 1898 | 35,874 | 474,391 | 8,052 | 482,443 |
| Nunavut | NU | NV | Iqaluit | April 1, 1999 | 35,944 | 1,936,113 | 157,077 | 2,093,190 |
Note: Canada did not acquire any new land to create Yukon, Alberta, Saskatchewan, or Nunavut. All of these originally formed part of Northwest Territories.

##### Municipalities

Municipalities of Canada
* Cities of Canada
** Capital of Canada: Ottawa

### Demography

Demography of Canada
* Canadians
* Immigration to Canada
* Aboriginal peoples in Canada

### Demographics by political division
#### Territories

* Demographics of Northwest Territories
* Demographics of Nunavut
* Demographics of the Yukon

## Government and politics

Politics of Canada
* Form of government: constitutional monarchy and democratic parliamentary federation
* Capital of Canada: Ottawa
* Provinces and territories of Canada
* Canadian and American politics compared
* Canadian and Australian politics compared
* Canadian Conservatism
* List of Canadian federal general elections
* Canadian Nationalism
* Elections in Canada
** Electoral ridings
** Electoral system
** List of elections
* Federalism in Canada
* Human rights in Canada
* Liberalism in Canada
* Political culture of Canada
* Political parties in Canada
* Political scandals of Canada
* Progressivism in Canada
* Socialism and Social Democracy in Canada
* Taxation in Canada

### Branches of the government

Politics of Canada

#### Executive branch of the government

* Head of state: Charles III, King of Canada
** Governor General of Canada, the King's representative: Mary Simon
*** King's Privy Council for Canada
**** Prime Minister (Justin Trudeau)
**** Cabinet (Twenty-Eighth Ministry)
**** Ministries
**** President of the King's Privy Council
**** Privy Council Office
**** Clerk of the Privy Council
Government of Canada
* Head of government: Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada
** Cabinet of Canada (Majority government)

#### Legislative branch of the government

* Parliament of Canada
** The King
** Senate of Canada
*** Speaker of the Senate of Canada
** House of Commons of Canada
*** Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada

#### Judicial branch of the government

Court system of Canada
* Supreme Court of Canada
* Appellate Courts of the provinces and territories
** Alberta Court of Appeal
** British Columbia Court of Appeal
** Manitoba Court of Appeal
** New Brunswick Court of Appeal
** Court of Appeal of Newfoundland and Labrador
** Court of Appeal for the Northwest Territories
** Nova Scotia Court of Appeal
** Nunavut Court of Appeal
** Court of Appeal for Ontario
** Court of Appeal of Prince Edward Island
** Quebec Court of Appeal
** Saskatchewan Court of Appeal
** Court of Appeal of the Yukon Territory
* Superior-level trial courts of the provinces and territories
** Court of King's Bench of Alberta
** Supreme Court of British Columbia
** Court of King's Bench of Manitoba
** Court of King's Bench of New Brunswick
** Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador
** Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories
** Supreme Court of Nova Scotia
** Nunavut Court of Justice
** Ontario Superior Court of Justice
** Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island
** Quebec Superior Court
** Court of King's Bench for Saskatchewan
** Supreme Court of the Yukon Territory

### Foreign relations

Foreign relations of Canada
* Canadian peacekeeping

#### International organization membership

Canada is a member of:

### Legal system

Law of Canada
* Canadian Aboriginal law
* Canada Bank Act
* Canadian Bill of Rights
* Canadian competition law
* Constitution of Canada
* Canadian content
* Canadian contract law
* Canadian copyright law
* Canadian corporation
* Crime in Canada
* Canadian family law
* Criminal law of Canada
** Criminal Code
* Law enforcement in Canada
** List of law enforcement agencies in Canada

### Military

Military of Canada
* Command structure
** Commander-in-chief: Governor General of Canada (nominally, see also The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Forces)
** Prime Minister of Canada (de facto Commander-in-chief)
*** Minister of National Defence
**** Chief of the Defence Staff
***** Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), command of the Navy;
***** Canadian Army (CA) command of the Army;
***** Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), command of the Air Force.
***** Canadian Joint Operations Command (CJOC), responsible for all operations except special forces;
***** Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM), responsible for special forces operations within Canada and abroad.
* Canadian Forces
** Army: Canadian Army
** Navy: Royal Canadian Navy
** Air force: Royal Canadian Air Force
** Special forces: Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
** Military reserve force: Canadian Forces reserve force
*** Canadian Forces Primary Reserve
*** Canadian Forces Supplementary Reserve
*** Canadian Rangers
*** Cadet Instructors Cadre
* Canadian Coast Guard

### Territory governments

* Government of the Northwest Territories
* Government of Nunavut
* Government of the Yukon

### Politics by political division
#### Territories

* Politics of Northwest Territories
* Politics of Nunavut
* Politics of the Yukon

## History

* Former Colonies and Territories in Canada
* Constitutional history of Canada
* History of immigration to Canada
* Economic history of Canada
* Fires in Canada
* Military history of Canada
* History of monarchy in Canada
* Persons of National Historic Significance
* Territorial evolution of Canada (1867–present)

### History of Canada by period

* Pre-Columbian era (Canada)
* 1534–1763: New France
* 1764-1867: Canada under British Imperial Control
* 1867–1914: Post-Confederation Canada
* 1914–1945: Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
* 1945–1960
* 1960–1981
* 1982–1992
* 1992–present

### History of Canada by political division
#### Territories

* History of Nunavut
* History of the Northwest Territories
* History of the Yukon

## Culture

Culture of Canada
* Age and internet use in Canada
* Alcoholic beverages in Canada
* Architecture of Canada
** Gothic Revival architecture in Canada
** Oldest buildings in Canada
* Cuisine of Canada
** Supermarket Chains in Canada
* Decorations and medals of Canada (in order of precedence)
* Festivals in Canada
* Humour in Canada
* Languages of Canada
** Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
** Official bilingualism in Canada
** Canadian English
** Canadian French
* Media in Canada
* Symbols of Canada
** National symbols of Canada
*** Coat of arms of Canada
*** Flag of Canada
*** National anthem of Canada
** Royal symbols of Canada
* Canadians
** Canadian identity
*** Canadian nationalism
*** Canadian cultural protectionism
** Ethnic groups in Canada
*** History of immigration to Canada
* Prostitution in Canada
* Public holidays in Canada
* World Heritage Sites in Canada

### Culture by political division
#### Provinces

* Culture of Alberta
* Culture of British Columbia
** Culture of Vancouver (city)
* Culture of Manitoba
* Culture of New Brunswick
* Culture of Nova Scotia
* Culture of Ontario
** Culture of Hamilton, Ontario (city)
** Culture of Toronto (city)
* Culture of Prince Edward Island
* Culture of Quebec
** Culture of Montreal (city)
* Culture of Saskatchewan

#### Territories

* Culture of Northwest Territories
* Culture of Nunavut
* Culture of the Yukon

### Art in Canada

* Art in Canada
** Canadian Artists
** Museums in Alberta
** Museums in British Columbia
** Museums in Manitoba
** Museums in New Brunswick
** Museums in Newfoundland and Labrador
** Museums in Ontario
** Museums in Quebec
** Museums in Saskatchewan
* Cinema of Canada
** Canadian Film Awards
* Canadian comics
** Central Canada Comic Con
* Literature of Canada
** Canadian writers
* Television in Canada
* Theatre of Canada
** Canadian playwrights

#### Music

Music of Canada :
Genres :
Blues
classical
country
Eurodance
folk
grime
hip hop
jazz
punk
rock
Latin
subgenres :
Specific forms :
Media and performance :
Nationalistic and patriotic songs :
Regional music :
Ontario
Quebec
British Columbia
Prairie Provinces
AB
SK
MB
Newfoundland and Labrador
Maritime Provinces
NB
PEI
NS
Yukon
Northwest Territories
Nunavut :
vte :
Music of Canada
* Canadian blues
* Canadian classical music
* Canadian hip hop
* Canadian Idol
* Canadian rock
* Caribbean music in Canada
* Music of Canadian cultures

##### Music by political division
###### Provinces

* Music of Alberta
* Music of British Columbia
** Music of Vancouver (city)
* Music of Manitoba
* Music of New Brunswick
* Music of Newfoundland and Labrador
* Music of Nova Scotia
* Music of Ontario
** Music of Toronto (city)
* Music of Prince Edward Island
* Music of Quebec
** Music of Montreal (city)
* Music of Saskatchewan

###### Territories

* Music of Northwest Territories
* Music of Nunavut
* Music of the Yukon

### Religion in Canada

* Religion in Canada
** Buddhism in Canada
** Christianity in Canada
*** Roman Catholicism in Canada
** Hinduism in Canada
** Islam in Canada
** Judaism in Canada
** Sikhism in Canada
* Irreligion in Canada

### Sport in Canada

Sport in Canada Official Sports
* Ice hockey
* Lacrosse
Other sports
* Canadian football
* Canada at the Olympics
* Canada Rugby League
* Canadian Curling Association
* Canadian Figure Skating
* Association Football (Soccer) in Canada
* Cross Country Skiing
* Snowboarding in Canada
* Pickleball in Canada
Hall of Fame Museums
* Hockey Hall of Fame
* Canadian Curling Hall of Fame
* Skate Canada Hall of Fame
* Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame

## Economy and infrastructure

Economy of Canada
* Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 9th (ninth)
* Agriculture in Canada
* Banking in Canada
** Banks in Canada
*** National Bank of Canada
* Communications in Canada
** Internet in Canada
* Companies of Canada
* List of convention and exhibition centres
* Currency of Canada: Dollar
** ISO 4217: CAD
* Economic history of Canada
* Energy in Canada
** Geothermal power in Canada
* Health care in Canada
** Emergency medical services in Canada
* Mining in Canada
* Science and technology in Canada
* Stock exchanges:
   * CNQ
   * Nasdaq Canada
   * Toronto Stock Exchange, S&P/TSX 60 is the main index of TSX
   * TSX Venture Exchange
   * Winnipeg Commodity Exchange
   * Montreal Exchange
* Tourism in Canada
** Niagara Falls
* Transport in Canada
** Airports in Canada
** Rail transport in Canada
** Roads in Canada
* Water supply and sanitation in Canada

### Economics by political division
#### Provinces

* Economy of Alberta
* Economy of British Columbia
** Economy of Vancouver (city)
* Economy of Manitoba
* Economy of New Brunswick
* Economy of Newfoundland and Labrador
* Economy of Nova Scotia
* Economy of Ontario
** Economy of Toronto (city)
* Economy of Prince Edward Island
* Economy of Quebec
** Demographic history of Quebec
** Economy of Montreal (city)
* Economy of Saskatchewan

#### Territories

* Economy of Northwest Territories
* Economy of Nunavut
* Economy of the Yukon

## Education in Canada
### Education by political division
#### Territories

* Education in Northwest Territories
* Education in Nunavut
* Education in the Yukon

### Higher Education by political division
#### Territories

* Higher education in Northwest Territories
* Higher education in Nunavut
* Higher education in the Yukon

## Bibliographies

* Bibliography of Canada
** Bibliography of Canadian history
*** Bibliography of Canadian military history
**** Bibliography of the 1837-1838 insurrections in Lower Canada
**** List of books about the War of 1812
* Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories
** Bibliography of Alberta history
** Bibliography of British Columbia
** Bibliography of New Brunswick
** Bibliography of Nova Scotia
** Bibliography of Ontario
** Bibliography of Saskatchewan history
* List of books about prime ministers of Canada