# Skyactiv

Skyactiv (styled SKYACTIV) is a brand name for a series of automobile technologies developed by Mazda that increase fuel efficiency and engine output. The initial announcement of the Skyactiv technologies included new engines, transmissions, body, and chassis, which appeared in Mazda products from 2011 onwards.

## The Mazda Sky concept

The precursor of Skyactiv, which featured a Mazda Sky-G 2.3-liter direct injection petrol engine, a Mazda Sky-D 2.2-liter diesel engine, a Sky-Drive automatic transmission, a Mazda Kiyora with Sky-G 1.3 engine and Sky-Drive automatic transmission, was unveiled at the 40th Tokyo Motor Show in 2008. The Skyactiv concept features a revised suspension geometry, improved automatic and manual transmission, and various improvements to Mazda's L- engine such as direct injection, upgraded exhaust manifold, increased compression ratio for cleaner burn and higher thermal efficiency, among other improvements. Mazda's previous chassis for the Mazda3 and Mazda6 were carried over to the new vehicles.

## Skyactiv-G

The Skyactiv-G is a family of direct injection petrol engines. The engine compression ratio is 14:1, except in the U.S. market where it is 13:1 so the engine can operate on regular instead of premium gasoline; the lower compression ratio reduces torque and fuel economy by 3 to 5 percent. To suppress engine knock with the high compression, residual gas is reduced by using a 4-2-1 engine exhaust system, implementing a piston cavity, and optimizing fuel injection. Combustion duration is shortened by intensifying air flow, increasing injection pressure, and using multi-hole injectors.
This engine family uses all-aluminum construction with chain-driven dual overhead camshafts, variable valve timing, gasoline direct injection, and direct ignition. The engines meet US ULEV emission standards.

### 1.3 L

The Skyactiv-G 1.3 (P3-VPS) is a naturally aspirated engine of 1,298 cc (79.2 cu in) displacement, with a 71 mm (2.8 in) bore and an 82 mm (3.2 in) stroke. It was unveiled at the 2011 Automotive Engineering Exposition.
Five Mazda engineers were awarded the 2011 Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Medal on April 20, 2012 for their development of this engine. It was first used in the Mazda Demio 1.3-Skyactiv—the only Skyactiv engine to be paired with a CVT.
It is rated at 62 kW (84 PS; 83 hp) and 113 N⋅m (83 lbf⋅ft).
Applications:
* 2011–present Mazda Demio/Mazda2

### 1.5 L

The Skyactiv-G 1.5, designated (PR-VP RS) for RWD applications and (P5 VPS F-P5) for FWD applications, is a 1,496 cc (91.3 cu in) naturally aspirated engine with a 74.5 mm (2.93 in) bore and an 85.8 mm (3.38 in) stroke. It was introduced in the 2014 Mazda3 for the Asian and European markets. It develops 85 kW (114 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 111 lb⋅ft (150 N⋅m) at 4,000 rpm, as configured for certain Asian markets. It greatly improved performance and fuel economy over the MZR 1.5 engine of the previous model.
Applications:
* 2014–present Mazda Axela/Mazda3
* 2014–present Mazda Demio/Mazda2
* 2016–present Mazda Roadster/MX-5
* 2016–2020 Mazda2/Scion iA/Toyota Yaris (North America)
* 2020–present Mazda CX-3

### 2.0 L

The Skyactiv-G 2.0 (PE-VPS) was the first engine in the Skyactiv-G family to be produced.
This naturally aspirated engine has a displacement of 1,998 cc (2.0 L; 121.9 cu in), with a bore and stroke of 83.5 mm × 91.2 mm (3.29 in × 3.59 in). The U.S. version has a compression ratio of 13.0:1 producing 116 kW; 157 PS (155 bhp) at 6000 rpm and 200 N⋅m (148 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 4600 rpm. In some markets, a Flexifuel variant capable of running on E85 is available, producing 121 kW; 164 PS (162 bhp) and 210 N⋅m (155 lbf⋅ft) of torque.
Compared to the engine in the 2011 Mazda3 (with an automatic transmission), fuel economy improved from 10.2 L/100 km (23 mpg$_{‑US}$) to 8.4 L/100 km (28 mpg$_{‑US}$) in city driving, and from 7.1 L/100 km (33 mpg$_{‑US}$) to 5.8 L/100 km (41 mpg$_{‑US}$) in highway driving.
Applications:
* 2012–present Mazda Axela/Mazda3
* 2013–present Mazda Atenza/Mazda6
* 2013–present Mazda CX-5
* 2013–2018 Mazda Biante
* 2013–2015 Mazda Premacy/Mazda5
* 2015–present Mazda CX-3
* 2016–present Mazda Roadster/MX-5
* 2016–2024 Mazda CX-4 (China)
* 2019–present Mazda CX-30
* 2023–present Mazda CX-50 (China)

### 2.5 L

The Skyactiv-G 2.5 (PY-VPS) is a 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) naturally aspirated engine first used in the 2013 Mazda 6. It has an 89.0 mm (3.50 in) bore and a 100.0 mm (3.94 in) stroke.
The U.S. version with 13:1 compression produces 139 kW; 190 PS (187 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 252 N⋅m (186 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm. In 2023, the engine's power output was increased to 142 kW; 194 PS (191 hp), although the torque remained the same.
Skyactiv-G 2.5 engines manufactured from 2018 on feature cylinder deactivation to improve fuel economy.
The turbocharged (PY-VPTS) version has a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and produces 190 kW; 250 PS (250 hp) at 5,000 rpm and 430 N⋅m (320 lb⋅ft) at 2,500 rpm on 93 AKI octane (98 RON) gasoline, and 169 kW; 230 PS (227 hp) at 5,000 rpm and 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm on 87 AKI octane (91 RON). Maximum boost pressure is 120 kPa (17.4 psi). A specially-designed set of passages and butterfly valves act at low engine RPMs to force exhaust gases through smaller orifices, spooling the turbo more quickly and minimizing turbo lag. The engine has a unique 4-3-1 exhaust manifold to improve exhaust scavenging and a cooled exhaust gas recirculation system, both designed to reduce combustion chamber temperatures and allow for increased boost with better fuel economy. On the CX-9 and CX-5 vehicles, the engine has an air-to-air intercooler, while on the Mazda3 and CX-30, an air-to-liquid intercooler is used instead, integrated into the intake manifold to save space.
For the CX-60, the engine is paired with a plug-in hybrid system which includes a 100 kW; 136 PS (134 hp) electric motor and a 17.8 kWh lithium-ion battery. Combined outputs are 241 kW; 327 PS (323 hp) and 500 N⋅m (51.0 kg⋅m; 369 lb⋅ft).
Applications:
* 2013–present Mazda Atenza/Mazda6
* 2013–present Mazda CX-5
* 2014–present Mazda Axela/Mazda3
* 2016–2024 Mazda CX-4
* 2016–present Mazda CX-9
* 2018–present Mazda CX-8
* 2019–present Mazda CX-30
* 2022–present Mazda CX-50
* 2022–present Mazda CX-60
* 2022–present Mazda CX-60 PHEV
* 2023–present Mazda CX-90 PHEV

### 3.3 L

The Skyactiv-G 3.3 (H3T) is a longitudinal 3.3-litre turbocharged inline-six petrol engine with an 86.0 mm (3.39 in) bore and 94.2 mm (3.71 in) stroke. It was introduced in the Mazda CX-90 in 2023, in two versions. They produce either 209 kW (280 hp; 284 PS) and 450 N⋅m (332 lb⋅ft) or 254 kW (340 hp; 345 PS) and 500 N⋅m (369 lb⋅ft), respectively. The engine is available with a lower and a higher output, with slight differences in programming and requiring premium gasoline for the higher output option. If the high output version (for the CX-90 Turbo S) is filled with regular gasoline, power drops to 238 kW (319 hp; 323 PS).
* 2023–present Mazda CX-60
* 2023–present Mazda CX-70/CX-90

## Skyactiv-X

Skyactiv-X is the first commercial petrol engine to use homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), in which the fuel-air mixture ignites spontaneously when compressed by a smaller, separately ignited charge of fuel. This allows it to reach a compression ratio of 16:1, an improvement over the 14.0:1 ratio of the Skyactiv-G. The engine can operate much leaner than a conventional spark ignition engine, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.
This engine targets 20-30% greater fuel efficiency by utilising HCCI technology. In order to handle ignition problems caused by compression ignition, each cylinder also incorporates a spark plug featuring Spark Controlled Compression Ignition (SPCCI) technology. A small Roots-type supercharger further expands the compression ignition operating window by feeding more air into the engine, leaning out the mixture sufficiently for compression ignition even at higher speeds.
SPCCI works by drawing in a lean, homogeneous air-fuel mixture, it then compresses the mixture until it approaches the point at which it would spontaneously detonate. A second injector then adds a secondary charge of fuel directly on the spark plug. This secondary charge is ignited by the spark plug, causing the cylinder pressure to very quickly rise to a point where the rest of the fuel undergoes compression ignition. The presence of the spark plug allows the engine to also operate as a spark-ignition engine under some operating conditions, such as high-speed high-load situations. Revealed June 5, 2019, the output is 132 kW (179 PS; 177 hp) and 224 N⋅m (165 lb⋅ft).
Mazda is developing an inline-six variant of the Skyactiv-X, with displacements of 3.0 and 3.3 liters and a rear-wheel-drive layout. It was believed that production of the new engine would begin in 2022 with the Mazda CX-60 and possibly a fourth generation rear-wheel drive Mazda6. However, according to Road & Track magazine, in the March 2022 edition of Autocar magazine Mazda Europe's Development & Engineering Senior Manager Joachim Kunz stated that there were no plans for a Mazda rear drive sedan, since Mazda was prioritizing SUV sales.

### 2.0 L

Applications:
* 2019–present Mazda3
* 2019–present Mazda CX-30

## Skyactiv-D

Skyactiv-D is a family of turbocharged diesel engines, designed to comply with global emissions regulations.
To eliminate the need of NOx and particulate treatment in contemporary diesel engines, the cylinder compression ratio is reduced to 14.0:1. Cold engine start is achieved via multi-hole piezo injectors with 3 programmable injection patterns, and adoption of ceramic glow plugs. Engine misfiring is prevented via variable valve lift at exhaust, which opens exhaust valves during the intake stroke, which in turn increases engine air temperature. The Skyactiv-D also uses a two-stage turbocharger, in which one small and one large turbo are selectively operated, according to driving conditions.

### 1.5 L

The Skyactiv-D 1.5 (S5-DPTS/S5-DPTR) is a 1,497 cc (91.4 cu in) engine first introduced in the fourth generation Mazda Demio/Mazda2. It features a compression ratio of 14:1.
Applications:
* 2014–2017 Mazda Demio/Mazda2
* 2014–2018 Mazda Axela/Mazda3
* 2015–2018 Mazda CX-3

### 1.8 L

The Skyactiv-D 1.8 (S8-DPTS/S8-DPTR) is a 1,759 cc (107.3 cu in) that was introduced in the 2018 facelifted Mazda CX-3.
Applications:
* 2018–present Mazda CX-3
* 2019–present Mazda3
* 2019–present Mazda CX-30

### 2.2 L

The Skyactiv-D 2.2 (SH-VPTS/SH-VPTR) is a 2,191 cc (133.7 cu in) engine that was the first Skyactiv-D engine used in production vehicles. It was first used in the Mazda CX-5. In the Mazda6, it produces 129 kW (173 hp) and 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft). An upgraded version of the Skyactiv-D was run in the 2013 Rolex Sports Car Series season and helped Mazda win the GX manufacturer's championship. The engine is slated to be used again in two Lola LMP2s in the United SportsCar Series.
Applications:
* 2012–present Mazda CX-5
* 2012–present Mazda 6
* 2013–2018 Mazda 3
* 2017–present Mazda CX-8

### 3.3 L

The Skyactiv-D 3.3 is a longitudinally-positioned, inline-six 3,287 cc (200.6 cu in) engine that was introduced in the Mazda CX-60 in 2022.
Applications:
* 2022–present Mazda CX-60
* 2023–present Mazda CX-90

### Unique technology

The Skyactiv-D is the first low compression diesel in a production car, having a significantly lower compression in the first generation of 14:1 rather than typical compression ratios of 16:1 and beyond. Numerous university studies have investigated the benefits of low compression diesel for decades, with the major benefit, noted in single cylinder university tests, being a drastic reduction in NOx emissions while also reducing particulate matter and combustion noise. These studies all concluded that while there were noticeable reductions in emissions, this came at the expense of difficult cold starts. Mazda resolved this in the Skyactiv-D by using piezoelectric fuel injectors with multiple nozzles that change their pattern depending on operating conditions. Furthermore, exhaust valves are left slightly open as the engine starts, causing exhaust gases to be sucked into the cylinders and help the engine warm up quickly.

### Early issues

The CX-5 with Skyactiv-D engines were reported to have oil levels rising earlier than expected upon release, which required owners to check the vehicle's engine oil every 1000 kilometres or every month and return to the dealer if the oil appeared over the level of the dipstick. This procedure was initiated by Mazda worldwide as a precaution. Mazda resolved the issue in the first few months of the engine's availability via a software revision and a new dipstick with a corrected level.
This was later found out to be false, the core issue being the injector seals - the method Mazda employed to secure these did not result in sufficient clamping force whenever a low temperature Diesel Particulate Filter regeneration cycle was triggered, leading to exhaust leaking into the valvecover and contaminating the oil. In addition, it also overpressurized the engine block resulting in high volumes of unmetered fuel/oil mixture re-entering the combustion chamber.
The end result was either a clogged oil pickup resulting in engine failure, or a very costly feedback loop of extreme cylinder pressures, clogged up intake manifold, ash filled particulate filter, the exhaust- and intake manifold pressure sensors, and a skyrocketing fuel consumption due to near constant regeneration cycles.
Mazda officially refuses to acknowledge this, except for the Australian market, even though there are several different Mazda Service Information documents on the issue, and resolving it. Most notably M001/007A which documents the new SHY1-13-148A injector nut/washer fastening procedure.

### Emission standards and tests

At launch in 2012, Mazda claimed the Skyactiv-D engine would only comply with Euro 5 emission standards (NOx of 0.18 g/km), and further work was required to achieve stricter emission standards.
In the aftermath of the Volkswagen emissions scandal, the Japanese government performed testing of all diesel engines produced in Japan to ensure Japanese manufacturers were not falsifying emissions as had been done by Volkswagen. It was determined that the Skyactiv-D engine was the only engine which tested at or near the standard.

### Achieving US EPA emission standards

At the 2019 New York Motor show, Mazda announced that it would commence pre-sales of the 2019 CX-5 with the Skyactiv-D 2.2L engine. Changes required to achieve the US EPA emissions standards, however, resulted in significant performance and economy penalties when compared with the Euro 5 compliant engine, as illustrated below.
The Euro stage V compliant Australian Skyactiv-D 2.2L has the following specifications:
* Power: 140 kW (190 hp) @ 4,500 rpm
* Torque: 450 N⋅m (330 lbf⋅ft) @ 2,000 rpm
* Fuel consumption (Australian ADR 81/02)
** Combined 5.7 L/100 km (41.3 mpg)
** City 6.5 L/100 km (36.2 mpg)
** Highway 5.2 L/100 km (45.2 mpg)
The US EPA compliant US Skyactiv-D 2.2l has the following specifications:
* Power: 125 kW (168 hp) @ 4,000 rpm
* Torque: 390 N⋅m (290 lb⋅ft) @ 2,000 rpm
* EPA Estimated fuel economy:
** City 27 mpg$_{‑US}$ (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg$_{‑imp}$)
** Highway 30 mpg$_{‑US}$ (7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg$_{‑imp}$)

### Recall

In September 2016, Mazda recalled 130,000 vehicles in Japan over a defect that could lead to diesel engine failure.
Although most problems were fixed later on, the 2.2 suffered from bad carbon build up that would block the intake manifold. Other faults include a turbo diversion valve failure that required replacement of the complete twin turbo unit.
Mazda recalled the 2012 to 2018 model year diesel Mazda 3, Mazda 6 and CX-5 because of a build-up of carbon deposits.

## Skyactiv-Hybrid

The Skyactiv-Hybrid technology is an electric hybrid engine technology using Skyactiv-G engine with technology from Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive, originally licensed for use with the Sky engine for vehicles sold in 2013.
The first retail Mazda Skyactiv-Hybrid vehicle, a Mazda3 Skyactiv-Hybrid with Skyactiv-G 2.0 engine with 14:1 compression, was unveiled at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.

## Skyactiv-CNG

The Skyactiv-CNG engine is powered by compressed natural gas. The first retail Mazda Skyactiv-CNG prototype vehicle, a Mazda3 Skyactiv-CNG Concept, was unveiled in 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.

## Skyactiv-R

The Skyactiv-R engine is Mazda's new generation rotary engine.
The Mazda RX-Vision Concept, powered by a Skyactiv-R rotary engine, was unveiled in 2015 Tokyo Motor Show.
In 2023, Mazda unveiled the first production version of this generation of rotary engines. Used in the Mazda MX-30 R-EV, the engine provides 56 kW (75 hp) at 4500rpm and has a displacement of 830 cc in a single-rotor design.

## e-Skyactiv

e-Skyactiv is the battery-electric powertrain.
Applications:
* 2020–present Mazda MX-30

## e-Skyactiv-G

e-Skyactiv-G is the first Mild Hybrid powertrain.
Applications:
* 2019–present Mazda3
* 2019–present Mazda CX-30

## Skyactiv-Drive

Skyactiv-Drive is a family of automatic transmissions named SKY-Drive. Mazda rejected dual-clutch technology in automatic transmissions because the dual-clutch behavior in certain situations was sub-optimal. Instead, Mazda chose to re-design the conventional automatic transmission, making the torque converter take less duty while a multi-plate clutch disengages the torque converter most of the time. The new Skyactiv automatic transmission is designed to have six or eight gears forward, one reverse gear, a short torque converter, and a clutch integrated with the torque converter.

## Skyactiv-MT

Skyactiv-MT is a family of manual transmissions. To achieve lighter shift effort with a short shift lever stroke, the lever ratio is increased. However, to overcome the shorter internal stroke, a small module spline is used. Shift throws are reduced by 15 percent, making it the shortest shifting of any passenger car.
To reduce weight, the triple-shafted gear train is designed with the reverse and first gears on the same shaft, and uses a shorter secondary shaft.

## Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture

The Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture is a car platform that supports both front-wheel drive models with a transverse engine layout (under the Small Product Group) and rear-wheel drive cars with a longitudinal engine layout (under the Large Product Group).

### Small Product Group

The Small Product Group is a front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive car platform designed with a transverse engine layout.
Applications:
* 2019–present Mazda3
* 2019–present Mazda CX-30
* 2020–present Mazda MX-30
* 2022–present Mazda CX-50

### Large Product Group

The Large Product Group is a rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive car platform designed with a longitudinal engine layout.
Applications:
* 2022–present Mazda CX-60
* 2023–present Mazda CX-90
* 2024–present Mazda CX-70
* 2024–present Mazda CX-80