# Jay Bhattacharya

Jayanta Bhattacharya (born 1968) is an American health economist who is a professor of medicine, economics, and health research policy at Stanford University. He is an investigator at Stanford's Center for Demography and Economics of Health and Aging. His research focuses on the economics of health care. In November 2024, President-elect Donald Trump named Bhattacharya as his choice to lead the National Institutes of Health.
Bhattacharya opposed the lockdowns and mask mandates imposed in 2020 as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. With Martin Kulldorff and Sunetra Gupta, he was a co-author in 2020 of the Great Barrington Declaration.

## Early life and education

Bhattacharya was born in 1968 in Kolkata, India to a Bengali Hindu family. He later became a naturalized American citizen. At Stanford University, he completed both a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) and Master of Arts (M.A.) in economics in 1990, graduating with honors and earning membership in Phi Beta Kappa. He continued his studies at Stanford, simultaneously pursuing a medical degree and a doctorate in economics. He earned his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) from the Stanford University School of Medicine in 1997 and completed his Ph.D. in economics in 2000.

## Career

Bhattacharya began his career at the RAND Corporation as an economist (1998–2001), while simultaneously serving as a visiting assistant professor in the Department of Economics at the UCLA. He later held a research fellowship at the Hoover Institution from 2006 to 2008.
At Stanford University, Bhattacharya holds multiple academic appointments. He serves as a professor of medicine, with courtesy professorships in both economics and health research and policy. He is also a senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research and directs Stanford's Center for Demography and Economics of Health and Aging. Additionally, he maintains positions as a senior fellow by courtesy at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, and as a research associate at both Acumen LLC and the National Bureau of Economic Research.
His research focuses on population health and well-being, with particular attention to the impact of government programs, biomedical innovation, and economic factors.

## COVID-19 pandemic

Bhattacharya was an early opponent of lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and questioned the severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19.
On March 24, 2020, Bhattacharya co-wrote an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal entitled "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?" that argued there was little evidence to support shelter-in-place orders and quarantines of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Bhattacharya was a lead author of a serology study released in April 2020 that suggested that as many as 80,000 residents of Santa Clara County, California, might have already been infected with SARS-CoV-w. The study's design, conduct, statistical analysis, and conclusions were widely criticized as flawed. JetBlue's former owner David Neeleman contributed $5,000 to Stanford University for the research, according to a whistleblower report; however, the researchers involved stated they had no knowledge of this funding.
He is a co-author of the Great Barrington Declaration, a proposal arguing for an alternative public health approach to dealing with COVID-19 through "focused protection" of the people most at risk. In it, Bhattacharya and the two other researchers called on governments to overturn their coronavirus strategies and to allow young and healthy people to return to normal life while protecting the most vulnerable. This would let the virus spread in low-risk groups, with the aim of achieving "herd immunity", which would result in enough of the population becoming resistant to the virus to quell the pandemic. The authors conceded that it was hard to protect older people in the community, but suggested individuals could shield themselves and that efforts to keep infections low "merely dragged matters out". Bhattacharya wrote the declaration with Martin Kulldorff, at the time a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, and Sunetra Gupta, professor of theoretical epidemiology at Oxford University. It was published on 5 October 2020.
In October 2020, the World Health Organization's Director General stated that pursuing herd immunity before vaccination would be "scientifically and ethically problematic" and "allowing a dangerous virus that we don’t fully understand to run free is simply unethical." In an interview, Bhattacharya said he hoped the declaration would prompt a dialogue about the benefits and harms of public health interventions. In October 2020, Bhattacharya, Kulldorff and Gupta met with then-U.S. President Donald Trump's health officials about the declaration.
At the beginning of 2021, Bhattacharya wrote an op-ed in favor of reserving initially limited vaccine supplies in India for patients who had not been previously infected with COVID-19. In March 2021, Bhattacharya called the COVID-19 lockdowns the "biggest public health mistake we've ever made" and argued that "The harm to people is catastrophic". In May 2021, Bhattacharya was called as an expert witness for ten applicants who filed a constitutional challenge against Manitoba's COVID-19 public health orders. The judge determined that the public health restrictions did not violate charter rights, noting that most scientific and medical experts did not support Bhattacharya's views. In April, Bhattacharya participated in Florida Governor Ron DeSantis' roundtable about "Big Tech censorship and the COVID-19 pandemic." In August, Bhattacharya provided testimony in defense of Florida's ban on mask mandates. He publicly opposed COVID-19 vaccine passports and mandates, although he called the vaccines successful. The judge ruled against the Florida ban and said that the state's medical experts "are in a distinct minority among doctors and scientists". In December, with Kulldorff and Scott Atlas, Bhattacharya helped found a program called Academy for Science and Freedom at Hillsdale College, a conservative Christian liberal arts school. Peter Thiel and Elon Musk have expressed support for Bhattacharya.
In a 2021 case about masks in Tennessee schools, judge Waverly D. Crenshaw Jr. of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee criticized Bhattacharya's testimony as "troubling and problematic", said Bhattacharya had oversimplified conclusions of a study, and said he "offered opinions regarding the pediatric effects of masks on children, a discipline on which he admitted he was not qualified to speak". He was also named a senior scholar at the Brownstone Institute, a new think tank launched by Jeffrey Tucker that published articles opposing various measures against COVID-19; Kulldorff and Gupta, his co-authors on the Great Barrington Declaration, have also had roles there.
In April 2022, Bhattacharya wrote that he experienced racist attacks and death threats during the pandemic. He alleged that "Big tech outlets like Facebook and Google" suppressed "our ideas, falsely deeming them 'misinformation'". He wrote that "I started getting calls from reporters asking me why I wanted to 'let the virus rip,' when I had proposed nothing of the sort." Also in April, in response to California proposing a bill that would discipline physicians for promoting or spreading false information about COVID-19, Bhattacharya said that the bill could turn "doctors into agents of state public health rather than advocates for their patients". In December 2022, Florida governor Ron DeSantis named Bhattacharya, Kulldorff and several others to his newly formed Public Health Integrity Committee to "offer critical assessments" of recommendations from federal health agencies. Later in 2022, when COVID boosters for the Omicron variant were available, Bhattacharya made multiple misleading statements about them, including incorrectly describing how they were tested.
According to a December 2022 release of the Twitter Files, Bhattacharya was placed on a Twitter "Trends blacklist" in August 2021 that prevented his tweets from showing up in trending topics searches. It coincided with his first tweet on the service, which advocated for the Great Barrington Declaration's herd immunity proposal.
In June 2024, Bhattacharya was listed as a plaintiff on the US Supreme Court case Murthy v. Missouri but ultimately lost the case due to lack of legal standing. Justice Barrett delivered the opinion of the majority, stating "plaintiffs failed to show a concrete link between the restrictions that they alleged and conduct of government officials".

## NIH director

On November 26, 2024, Trump named Bhattacharya as his choice to be the Director of the National Institutes of Health. He has said he plans to prevent grants from being made to universities that fail to support academic freedom.

## Selected publications

* Bendavid, Eran; Oh, Christopher; Bhattacharya, Jay; Ioannidis, John P.A. (April 2021). "Assessing Mandatory Stay-at-Home and Business Closure Effects on the Spread of COVID-19". European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 51 (4): e13484. doi:10.1111/eci.13484. ISSN 0014-2972. PMC 7883103. PMID 33400268.
* Alsan, Marcella; Atella, Vincenzo; Bhattacharya, Jay; et al. (February 2019). "Technological Progress and Health Convergence: The Case of Penicillin in Post-War Italy". Working Paper. Working Paper Series (25541). National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w25541. S2CID 4903383. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
* Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D.; Studdert, David M.; Farid, Monica S.; Bhattacharya, Jay (2015). "Will Divestment From Employment-Based Health Insurance Save Employers Money? The Case of State and Local Governments". Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 12 (3): 343–394. doi:10.1111/jels.12076. S2CID 154837009. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
* Bhattacharya, Jay; Gathmann, Christina; Miller, Grant (2013). "The Gorbachev Anti-Alcohol Campaign and Russia's Mortality Crisis". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 5 (2): 232–260. doi:10.1257/app.5.2.232. PMC 3818525. PMID 24224067.
* Yoo, Byung-Kwang; Kasajima, Megumi; Bhattacharya, Jay (February 2010). "Public Avoidance and the Epidemiology of novel H1N1 Influenza A". Working Paper. Working Paper Series (15752). National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w15752. S2CID 128860977. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
* Bhattacharya, Jay; Bundorf, Kate; Pace, Noemi; Sood, Neeraj (April 2009). "Does Health Insurance Make You Fat?" (PDF). Working Paper. Working Paper Series (15163). National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w15163. hdl:10278/31283.
* Bhattacharya, Jay; Choudhry, Kavita; Lakdawalla, Darius (January 2008). "Chronic disease and severe disability among working-age populations". Medical Care. 46 (1): 92–100. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181484335. PMID 18162861. S2CID 45230256. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
* Bhattacharya, Jay; Bundorf, M. Kate (May 2009). "The Incidence of the Healthcare Costs of Obesity". Journal of Health Economics. 28 (3): 649–658. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.02.009. PMC 4224588. PMID 19433210.