# Timeline of Liverpool

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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Liverpool, England.

## Prior to 18th century

* 1089. The West Derby Hundred is recorded in the Domesday Book
* 1207 – 28 August: Liverpool and its market chartered by King John.
* 1229 – Charter granted by Henry III authorizing a merchants’ gild.
* 1237 – Liverpool Castle, (1237–1726).
* 1266 – Liverpool passed into the hands of Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster.
* 1292 – John De More becomes Lord Mayor of Liverpool.
* 1295 – Borough sent two members to the first royal parliament,
* 1298 – Liverpool fair active.
* 1349 – The Black Death plague hits Liverpool.
* 1588 – Borough represented in Parliament by Francis Bacon.
* 1598 – Speke Hall (house) built.
* 1662 – Population: 775.
* 1644 – Town besieged by forces of Prince Rupert of the Rhine.
* 1674 – Town Hall rebuilt.
* 1684 – Richard Atherton becomes Lord Mayor of Liverpool and secures the surrender of the Liverpool Charter, which was delivered to George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, known as Judge Jeffreys at Bewsey Old Hall in 1684. The notes on the Liverpool Charters refer to Atherton as the first modern Mayor of Liverpool.

## 18th century

* 1700
** Liverpool Merchant slave ship begins operating.
** Population: 5,714.
* 1702 – Croxteth Hall (house) built.
* 1704 – Woolton Hall (house) built.
* 1708 – Blue Coat School founded.
* 1715 – opening of the first dock Old Dock.
* 1717 – Bluecoat Chambers built.
* 1718 – Blue Coat hospital opens.
* 1720 – Population: 10,446.
* 1722 – Ranelagh Gardens open.
* 1724 – 25 August: Animal painter George Stubbs born.
* 1726
** Liverpool Castle demolished.
** Ye Hole in Ye Wall pub on Hackins Hey opens.
* 1749 – Royal Infirmary opens.
* 1753 – Salthouse Dock opens.
* 1754 – Liverpool Town Hall built.
* 1756 – Liverpool Advertiser newspaper begins publication.
* 1758 – Circulating library established.
* 1766 – City directory published.
* 1770s – Scotland Road laid out.
* 1771
** Bidston lighthouse built.
** George's Dock opens.
* 1772 – Theatre built.
* 1778/9 – 120 privateers were fitted out in Liverpool, carrying 1986 guns and 8745 men.
* 1779 – Medical Library founded.
* 1784 – Liverpool Musical Festival begins.
* 1785 – Liverpool Georgian Quarter constructed.
* 1788 – St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church built.
* 1790
** Lime Street laid out.
** Consulate of the United States, Liverpool established.
* 1791 – School for the Blind founded.
* 1792 – Holy Trinity Church, Wavertree, consecrated
* 1797 – Liverpool Athenaeum founded.

## 19th century
### 1800s–1840s

* 1801 – Population: 77,653.
* 1802 – Liverpool Library founded.
* 1803 – Botanical Gardens open.
* 1805 – Extension to Liverpool Town Hall completed providing the main ballroom and council chamber
* 1807
** 185 Liverpool ships were engaged in the slave trade, carrying 49,213 slaves in 1807.
** March – Slave Trade Act in the United Kingdom and Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves in the United States outlaw the Atlantic slave trade. On 27 July Kitty's Amelia sails on the last legal British slaving voyage.
** Liverpool Cricket Club formed.
* 1809 – Exchange Buildings constructed.
* 1810
** Borough Gaol built.
** Williamson Tunnels started.
* 1815 – Manchester Dock built.
* 1816 – Leeds and Liverpool Canal constructed.
* 1817 – Liverpool Royal Institution established.
* 1819 – SS Savannah completes first steamship transatlantic sailing.
* 1822
** Apprentices' Library founded.
** The old St John's Market was designed by John Foster Junior and built.
* 1823 – Marine Humane Society founded.
* 1825 – Liverpool Mechanics' School of Arts and Philomathic Society established.
* 1826
** St James Cemetery laid out.
** Old Dock closed.
* 1827 – Law Society established.
* 1828 – Borough Sessions House built.
* 1829 – Canning Dock opens.
* 1830
** Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
*** Crown Street railway station and the first ever train shed opened.
*** Wapping Tunnel opened.
** Liver Theatre active.
* 1831 – Population: 165,175.
* 1832
** Church of St Luke built.
** John Swire and Sons in business.
* 1833 – Zoological gardens open.
* 1835
** City boundaries expand.
** First elected Town Council replaces Common Council.
* 1836
** Literary, Scientific and Commercial Institution and Liverpool Town Borough Police established.
** Liverpool Lime Street railway station opens to the public.
* 1837 – Liverpool Chess Club formed.
* 1838 – Brougham Institute and Polytechnic Society established.
* 1839
** Customs House built.
** Northern Mechanics' Institution and Tradesmen's Institution founded.
* 1840
** Liverpool College and Liverpool Philharmonic Society founded.
** Cunard's steamship Britannia sails from Liverpool to Boston.
* 1842
** St. Francis Xavier's College established.
** Robertson Gladstone becomes mayor.
* 1843 – Princes Park laid out.
* 1844
** Canning Half Tide Dock opens.
** Royal Mersey Yacht Club established.
* 1845 – Liverpool Observatory built.
* 1846 – Albert Dock opens.
* 1848
** Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway opened.
** Liverpool Financial Reform Association; Architectural and Archaeological Society; and Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire formed.
** Cope Bros & Co in business.
** Church of Saint Francis Xavier consecrated.
* 1849
** Philharmonic Hall opens.
** Victoria Tunnel (with largest iron wire rope ever manufactured) and Waterloo Tunnel opened connecting Edge Hill railway station to Liverpool Riverside railway station.

### 1850s–1890s

* 1850 – Catholic Institute established.
* 1851
** Derby Museum opens.
** Balfour Williamson in business.
** Collins Line SS Baltic (1850) sails Liverpool-New York in under ten days breaking transatlantic record.
* 1852
** African Steamship Company in business.
** Liverpool Free Public Library and sailors' home open.
** Hebrews' Educational Institution founded.
** A quarter of the city's population is Irish, a legacy of the Great Irish Famine.
* 1854 – St George's Hall built.
* 1855
** February: Economic unrest.
** Liverpool Daily Post begins publication.
* 1856 – Lewis's shop in business.
* 1857 – Mersey Docks & Harbour Board established.
* 1859 – Thomas Royden & Sons in business.
* 1860 – William Brown Library and Museum building opens.
* 1861 - Old Swan Tramway opened.
* 1862 - Moorish Arch demolished.
* 1863 – Liverpool Amateur Photographic Association founded.
* 1864
** Garston and Liverpool Railway opened.
** Oriel Chambers built.
* 1866 – Star Music Hall opens.
* 1867 – Alliance Israélite Universelle branch founded.
* 1868
** Elder Dempster and Company in business.
** Newsham Park opens.
** Owen Owen opens his drapery business.
* 1869
** First paternoster lift built in Liverpool.
** West Coast Main Line connecting Liverpool to London bypassing Manchester completed.
** The Conservative local authority builds the first council housing in Europe, St Martin's Cottages (tenement flats) in Ashfield Street, Vauxhall.
** Fowler's Buildings constructed.
** Liverpool Tramways Company opened.
* 1870
** Stanley Park opens.
** Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas built.
** Incorporated Society of Liverpool Accountants formed.
* 1871 – North Western Hotel built.
* 1872
** Sefton Park opens.
** Midland Railway Goods Warehouse built.
* 1873
** Liverpool–Manchester lines opened by Cheshire Lines Committee.
* 1874
** Liverpool Central railway station opens.
** Liverpool Institute High School for Girls established.
** Princes Road Synagogue consecrated.
* 1877 – Walker Art Gallery opens.
* 1878 – Everton football club founded.
* 1879
** Picton Reading Room built.
** Liverpool Echo newspaper begins publication.
** Salvation Army active.
** North Liverpool Extension Line outer rail loop opens.
* 1880
** Liverpool attains city status.
** Aigburth Cricket Ground built.
* 1881 – University College Liverpool chartered.
** Liverpool Central High Level railway station introduced 40 minute journey services to Manchester Central.
* 1884
** Anfield (athletic space) opens.
** County Sessions House, Gustav Adolf Church, and Picton Clock Tower built.
** Everton Road drill hall completed.
* 1886
** International Exhibition of Navigation, Commerce and Industry.
** Mersey Railway Tunnel opens; Mersey Railway (Birkenhead-Liverpool) begins operating.
** Liverpool and Birkenhead Women's Peace and Arbitration Association organized.
* 1887 – Liverpool Muslim Institute founded.
** Royal Jubilee Exhibition, Liverpool.
* 1888 – Shakespeare Theatre opens.
* 1889 – Liverpool removed from Lancashire as Lancashire County Palatine replaced.
** Florence Institute for Boys established in Dingle.
* 1890
** Liverpool and North Wales Steamship Company began operating.
** Liverpool Union of Girls' Clubs formed.
** Bowes Museum of Japanese Art Work opens.
* 1892
** Goodison Park (athletic field) inaugurated.
** Victoria Building, University of Liverpool constructed.
** Robert Durning Holt becomes mayor.
** Liverpool Football Club formed.
* 1893 – Liverpool Overhead Railway begins operating.
* 1895 – City boundaries expand to include West Derby and others.
* 1897 – Gregson Memorial Institute built.
* 1898
** Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine founded.
** White Star Building constructed.
** Liverpool Tramways Company closed.
* 1899 – Liverpool University Press founded.
* 1899–1900 – George's Dock closed and filled in.
* 1900 – Major alternations to Liverpool Town Hall.

## 20th century
### 1900s–1940s

* 1901 – Population: 684,958.
* 1902
** City boundaries expand to include Aigburth, Cressington and Grassendale.
** Sefton Park Gazette begins publication.
* 1903 – Worlds first full conversion of steam to electric railway, Mersey Railway.
* 1904 – Foundation stone of the Anglican Cathedral is laid by King Edward VII.
* 1905 - Liverpool Olympia opens.
* 1906 – Liverpool Cotton Exchange Building constructed.
* 1907
** August: 700th anniversary of city founding.
** Dock Office built.
* 1908
** Meccano Ltd in business.
** Population: 753,203.
* 1909
** June: Catholic-Protestant conflict.
** The world's first Department of Civic Design, which later spawns the town planning movement, is set up at the University of Liverpool.
* 1911
** 1911 Liverpool general transport strike.
** Royal Liver Building constructed.
** Rodewald Concert Society founded.
* 1912 – Lime Street Picture House opens.
* 1913 – Crane's Music Hall opens.
* 1914
** 14 March: Reconstructed Adelphi Hotel is opened by the Midland Railway.
** 30 May: Cunarder RMS Aquitania begins her maiden voyage to New York.
** 27 August: Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby, launches the Liverpool Pals battalions scheme.
* 1916 – 30 July: "Liverpool's blackest day" – 500 men in Liverpool Pals battalions are killed in an attack on Guillemont in the Battle of the Somme (following 200 deaths on the First day on the Somme).
* 1917
** Cunard Building constructed.
** Liverpool Commercial Reference Library opens.
* 1919
** Racial conflict.
** Cunard's luxury liner services moved to Southampton.
* 1922 – African Churches Mission, and African and West Indian Mission organized.
* 1924–1932 – India Buildings is built.
* 1925 – Empire Theatre opens.
* 1927
** A5058 road Queens Drive ring road completed.
** Woolton Picture House cinema opens.
* 1928 – Ferries to Eastham Ferry cease operation.
* 1930 – Speke Airport, later Liverpool Airport, begins operating.
* 1931 – Population 855,688. This is the peak size of Liverpool's population.
* 1932 – 1932 Summer Olympics gold medal for town planning awarded to John Hughes (architect) for city of Liverpool sports stadium.
* 1934
** 18 July: Royal opening of Queensway Tunnel, the A580 road (Liverpool–East Lancashire Road, the UK's first intercity highway) and Walton Hall Park.
** Paramount Theatre opens.
* 1939 – Exchange Flags building completed.
* 1940 – August: Liverpool Blitz: Aerial bombing by German forces begins.
* 1942 – January: Liverpool Blitz: Aerial bombing by German forces ends.
* 1944 – Merseyside Unity Theatre active.
* 1946 – Liverpool Corporation begins development of Kirkby Industrial Estate on a former ordnance factory site.
* 1948 – 31 May: Canada Dock Branch railway closed to intermediate passengers.
* 1949 – 19 March: Cameo murder.

### 1950s–1990s

* 1951 – Ditton dodger train service withdrawn.
* 1952 – City twinned with Cologne, Germany.
* 1953 – Liverpool Muslim Society founded.
* 1955 – Stirling Moss wins the British Grand Prix at Aintree
* 1956 – 30 December: Liverpool Overhead Railway urban rail transit system with fourteen stations last runs amid protest against closure.
* 1957
** 15 January: The Cavern Club opens as a jazz club.
** 6 July: John Lennon and Paul McCartney of The Beatles first meet at a garden fete at St. Peter's Church, Woolton, at which Lennon's skiffle group, The Quarrymen (formed 1956), is playing (and in the graveyard of which an Eleanor Rigby is buried).
** 14 September: Liverpool Corporation Tramways close after the last tram runs in Liverpool, 88 years after the first.
* 1958 – Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral crypt completed to the design of Edwin Lutyens, but the remainder of his cathedral design is abandoned.
* 1960
** January: John Lennon's Liverpool College of Art friend Stu Sutcliffe joins his rock group and suggests they change their name to The Beatals.
** 22 June: Fire in Henderson's department store kills eleven.
* 1961
** 9 February (lunchtime): The Beatles at The Cavern Club: The Beatles perform under this name at The Cavern Club for the first time following their return from Hamburg, George Harrison's first appearance at the venue. On 21 March they play the first of nearly 300 regular performances at the club.
** 6 July: Mersey Beat begins publication.
** 9 November: Future manager Brian Epstein first sees The Beatles at The Cavern Club.
* 1962
** 24 January: Brian Epstein signs a contract to manage The Beatles.
** 16 September: Liverpool and North Wales Steamship Company makes its last sailings.
* 1963 – 3 August: The Beatles perform at The Cavern Club for the final time as they begin a run of chart success.
* 1964
** Everyman Theatre founded.
** St. John's Market demolished.
** Sheil Park, three 22 storey towers (containing 516 flats) approved and later built.
* 1965 – Shankland Plan including Churchill Way flyovers and 'walkways in the sky' published by Council Planner Graeme Shankland.
* 1966 – 24 hours a day, 7 days a week operation and new runway 09/28 suitable for jet aircraft at Liverpool Airport opened by Prince Philip.
** Merseyside Area land use Transportation study (MALTS) project report.
** Liverpool Pullman introduced.
* 1967
** 14 May: Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral (Roman Catholic) consecrated.
** c. July–August: Liverpool Cotton Exchange Building partially demolished.
** The Mersey Sound anthology of Liverpool poets published.
** 22 November: BBC Radio Merseyside launched.
* 1968 – 30 January: RMS Franconia makes Cunard Line’s last scheduled voyage from Liverpool.
** Fifteen Guinea Special last mainline passenger steam locomotive service.
* 1969
** Radio City Tower built.
** St. John's Shopping Centre and Clayton Square Shopping Centre in business.
** Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive begins operation.
** Garston extension railway closed.
* 1970
** The last express services to Glasgow ran from Exchange on Sunday 3rd May 1970.
** Harrison Barnard & Co. headquartered in city.
** Flyovers opened on Churchill Way.
* 1971
** Ferry service to New Brighton withdrawn.
** Kingsway Tunnel opens.
* 1972
** Albert Dock closed. Seaforth Dock opens near city in the area of Seaforth, Lancashire.
** North Liverpool Extension Line closed after a century's operation and track lifted.
** Waterloo Tunnel/ Victoria Tunnel (Liverpool) (serving Waterloo branch from Edge Hill railway station to Liverpool Riverside railway station) and Wapping Tunnel closed, 123 years after opening.
** Liverpool Central High Level railway station closed.
** Canadian Pacific unit CP Ships are the last transatlantic line to operate from Liverpool.
* 1973 – Prince's Landing Stage at Pier Head demolished.
* 1974
** City becomes a metropolitan borough within the newly created metropolitan county of Merseyside; Merseyside County Council established.
** Post & Echo Building and New Hall Place constructed.
** Al-Rahma Mosque established.
** M57 motorway outer ring road completed and opened.
** Church Street, Liverpool pedestrianised.
* 1976 – M62 motorway junctions 4 to 6 (Tarbock) connecting Leeds and Manchester to Liverpool completed and opened.
* 1977
** 26 September: Fire at St. John's Shopping Centre.
** Merseyrail formed and Liverpool Exchange railway station closed after 127 years and partially turned into a car park. Moorfields railway station opened on new loop Wirral line (3 January 1978) to replace Exchange. Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway branch line severed with buffer at Kirkby ending through trains to Manchester.
* 1978 – 25 October: Construction of the Anglican Liverpool Cathedral is completed after 74 years.
** Garston railway reopened. The Garston line formed the southern portion of Merseyrail's Northern Line.
* 1979 - Michael Heseltine appointed Minister for Merseyside.
* 1979 – 17/18 December: Fire at St. John's Shopping Centre.
* 1980 – Merseyside Maritime Museum opens in the Albert Dock complex.
* 1981 – July: Toxteth riots. Chancellor Sir Geoffrey Howe circulates a cabinet memo arguing for "managed decline".
* 1982 – Mersey Television formed.
* 1983 – Militant in Liverpool win control of the council.
* 1984 – Albert Dock reopened as a leisure attraction. International Garden Festival held.
* 1985
** Militant in Liverpool set illegal council budget.
** May: Liverpool trading floor finally ceases to exist.
* 1986
** Liverpool Airport Southern Terminal opens.
** Silver Blades Ice Rink, Prescot Road closed.
* 1987
** Gerard Gardens closed.
** Brookside begins broadcasting.
* 1988 – Tate Liverpool (modern art museum) opens in the Albert Dock.
* 1989 - Everton Park opened.
* 1989 – 15 April: Hillsborough disaster: 96 Liverpool F.C. supporters are killed as the result of a crush at a Sheffield stadium.
* 1991 – Population: 452,450 residents.
* 1992
** Cream (nightclub) begins.
** Africa Oyé music festival begins.
** Liverpool Community College established.
* 1993
** Museum of Liverpool Life opens.
** Liverpool Mathew Street Music Festival begins.
* 1995 – Liverpool dockers' dispute (1995–98) begins.
* 1996 – Festival Gardens closes. National Conservation Centre opens.
* 1998 – Mike Storey becomes Liverpool City Council leader.
* 1999 – Liverpool Biennial begins.

## 21st century

* 2001
** Liverpool Wall of Fame unveiled.
** Merseytram proposed.
** Liverpool Airport officially renamed after John Lennon.
* 2002 – Liverpool International Tennis Tournament begins.
* 2003 – 4 November: Brookside last broadcast.
* 2004
** Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City registered as a World Heritage Site with UNESCO.
** Liverpool Culture Company formed.
** Homotopia (festival) begins.
* 2006
** Liverpool Urban Area established.
** Liverpool Science Park established.
** Royal Standard art gallery established on Mann St.
** Liverpool South Parkway railway station opened.
* 2007
** Liverpool Cruise Terminal opens.
** International Slavery Museum opens.
** West Tower built.
** Liverpool Shakespeare Festival begins.
** David Moores sells Liverpool F.C. to American entrepreneurs Tom Hicks and George N. Gillett Jr.
* 2008
** City designated a European Capital of Culture.
** Echo Arena Liverpool, BT Convention Centre and Liverpool One open.
** One Park West and Alexandra Tower built.
** A.F.C. Liverpool formed in response to the transfer of ownership of Liverpool F.C..
* 2010 – National Oceanography Centre established.
* 2011 – Museum of Liverpool opens on the waterfront.
* 2010–2012 – Edge Lane widened.
* 2012
** Directly elected office of Mayor of Liverpool established and Joe Anderson becomes mayor.
** Ocean Countess sets sail starting from Liverpool Cruise Terminal.
* 2013
** 19 December: Liverpool Post last published.
** Merseytram proposal cancelled without having been built.
** Yellow Duckmarine sinks in Salthouse Dock and ceases operations.
** Cunard Line resume cruising from Liverpool with Queen Mary 2, the largest ocean liner ever built.
* 2014
** Liverpool City Region Combined Authority established including Liverpool, Halton, Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton and Wirral.
** Liverpool TV launched.
* 2015 – City of Liverpool F.C. formed.
* 2016 – Liverpool2 container shipping port opened at Seaforth.
** Great Howard Street bridge was demolished.
* 2017
** 8 May: Metro Mayor of the Liverpool City Region established including Liverpool, Halton, Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton and Wirral. Steve Rotheram is the first person elected to the office.
** Royal Institute of British Architects’ National Architecture Centre opened.
* 2019
** Churchill Way flyovers demolition begins.
** First black Lord Mayor of Liverpool, Anna Rothery, appointed.
* 2020
** 23 March: Liverpool goes onto a nationwide lockdown with the rest of the UK due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
** 25 June: Liverpool F.C. win the 2019–20 Premier League, their first victory of the Premier League era.
** 31 July: Woolton Picturehouse announces its closure.
** 6 October: VOI e-scooter-sharing system launched in Liverpool.
** 14 October: COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom: Liverpool moves to the Tier 3 (very high) level of restriction.
** 6 November: First UK covid mass testing piloted in Liverpool.
** 4 December: 5 men, including current city mayor Joe Anderson and former deputy city council leader Derek Hatton, are arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to commit bribery and witness intimidation as part of an investigation into the awarding of public building contracts in the city.
* 2021
** 30 April: COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom: Liverpool is the venue for a trial indoor music event.
** 6 May: Joanne Anderson is elected city Mayor of Liverpool, the first directly elected black woman mayor of a major British city.
** 21 July: Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City delisted as a World Heritage Site with UNESCO.
* 2022
** 25 March: Yoko Ono Lennon Centre opened by Sean Lennon.
** 12 August: Liverpool shortlisted to host Eurovision 2023.
** 7 October: Liverpool selected to host Eurovision 2023.
* 2023
** 26 April: Visit by King Charles III.
** May: Mayor of Liverpool abolished
** 13 May: Liverpool hosts Eurovision Song Contest 2023.
* 2024
** 17 April: Radio City rebranded Hits Radio Liverpool.
** 14 June: Taylor Swift performs to sold out Anfield Stadium for 3 night residency on first UK dates in her The Eras Tour.