# Civil defense in Taiwan

Civil defense in Taiwan traces its modern roots to the Japanese colonial period and has recently seen a resurgence due to the increasing threat from China following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Taiwan has a large network of air raid shelters. In the modern era civil defense includes both governmental and non-governmental organizations. Prominent non-governmental organizations include Kuma Academy and the Forward Alliance.

## History

Organized civil defense in Taiwan began during the Japanese colonial period. After taking over in 1945, the Chinese Nationalist government inaugurated the Taiwan Province Air Defense Command. This organization was primarily responsible for organizing air defense and evacuation. In 1949, it was renamed to the Taiwan Province Civil Defense Command. In 1973 the responsibility for civil defense shifted from the Ministry of Defense to the Ministry of the Interior with the National Police Agency taking over the civil defense infrastructure.
In 2022, Taiwanese civil defense units had 420,000 registered volunteers.
In 2023 training shifted to more of a wartime focus with 70% of exercises dedicated to wartime scenarios and 30% of exercises dedicated to natural disaster scenarios. It had previously been a 50–50 split. In 2024 the Whole-of-Society Defense Resilience Committee was inaugurated. The Committee's purpose is to organize and standardize civil defense efforts across Taiwan taking a whole-of-society approach to the problem. The committee held their first tabletop exercise in December 2024.
Civil defense organizations in Taiwan have been inspired by Ukrainian resistance to Russian invasion and have incorporated lessons learned in Ukraine into their own training.

## Government organizations

The Civil Defense Act legislates the creation of civil defense units at four levels: city and county, district and township, state-run companies, and large companies, factories and schools.
The Ministry of Agriculture (Taiwan) is tasked with ensuring many aspects of Taiwan's food security, this includes ensuring a legally mandated three month supply of rice. Reserve food supplies are dispered around the country to make attacking them more difficult. The Taiwan Agricultural Research institute maintains a "doomsday bunker" hardened against military attack which houses samples of all crops grown in Taiwan.
In 2023 the Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan) set up a reserve system for medical personnel.

## Private organizations
### Kuma Academy

Kuma Academy provides civil defense training to civilians in Taiwan. Classes cover topics like first aid and media literacy (intended to combat disinformation from China). Kuma Academy has also provided training in open-source intelligence and cybersecurity. According to Kuma, their goal is "to decentralise civil defence."

### Forward Alliance

The Forward Alliance is a Taiwanese national security and civil defense think tank. The group runs workshops to train civilians in disaster response and civil defense. Following the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, public participation in training programs run by the Forward Alliance increased greatly.

## Shelters

There are more than 117,000 air raid shelters in Taiwan, some dating back to the Japanese colonial period. During the Second World War an extensive network of bunkers and shelters was built across Taiwan to defend against allied bombing raids. Many more obsolete shelters as well as military bunkers have been repurposed as commercial, artistic, or public buildings.

## Publications

The Taiwanese government publishes a civil defense handbook. An updated version was published in 2023.
In 2023 Canadian expat John Groot published Resilience Roadmap: An Emergency Preparedness Guide for Expats in Taiwan which focuses on civil defense from the perspective of a non-Taiwanese living in Taiwan. A second edition was released in 2025. This second edition was also made available as a free ebook.