# Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant

Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant was a nuclear power plant located at Sessa Aurunca (Campania), in southern Italy. It was named after the river Garigliano.
Consisting of one 150MWe BWR from General Electric, it operated from 1964 until 1982. First criticality was on 5 June 1963, with grid connection 1 January 1964 and full commercial operation from 1 June in that year. Garigliano was in 1964 the fourth BWR ever worldwide commercial operated, and had the second highest MW-capacity after Dresden Nuclear Power Plant unit 1.
Final shutdown was on 1 March 1982 and the plant was handed to the Italian nuclear decommissioning authority SOGIN on 1 November 1999. Decommissioning is expected to take 27 years, with the total bill expected to reach $432.4 million.

## History

The plant was constructed between November 1, 1959, and January 1, 1963, by Società Elettronucleare Nazionale, taking only four years to build. On 1 June 1964, the plant began production of energy for commercial use. In 1965, ENEL took control of the structure officially.
In 1978, the reactor was shut down and the production of energy ceased. The reactor was officially switched off on 1 March 1982. During its lifetime, the plant had produced 12,5 billion kWh of electric energy.
In 1987, some of the spent fuel rods were sent to Sellafield, England, to be reprocessed. The remaining fuel rods were kept in storage in Deposito Avogadro and in 2011 were sent to La Hauge, France to be reprocessed also. In 1999, the property of the plant was transferred to SOGIN, which began to dismantle the plant: the decommissioning is set to end in 2030. Once reached the brown field status in 2030, the sphere and part of the structure will become a museum, in context of industrial archeology. The radioactive waste will remain on-site until its removal for permanent storage, and the deposits will be demolished, returning the surrounding area to "green field status".

## Decommissioning
### Dismantling of the central chimney (2014-2017)

SOGIN began dismantling the 95-meter-high (312-foot) concrete chimney in March 2014. First, the structure was decontaminated, then it was completely demolished in November 2017. The old chimney has now been replaced with a new 34-meter-high (112-foot) steel chimney.

### Installation of the new water treatment system (radwaste) (2014-2021)

Because of the need to treat liquid waste produced during the dismantling, between 2014 and 2021 SOGIN built a new radwaste to replace the old one which was used during the plant's operating life. In 2023, the new radwaste was used to treat the radioactive mud stored in tanks of the old radwaste system (tanks T12, T13 and T26).

### Clean-up of trenches (2014-2021)

During the late 1960s, the burial of very low-level radioactive waste produced by the plant (such as contaminated protective clothing) was authorized. Three trenches were filled with waste. In 2014, began the remediation of trench 2 and trench 3. In 2017, the reclamation of trench 1 started also. The clean-up ended in 2021. All of the waste was then moved to the temporary deposit named D1.

### New water supply system (2016-2019)

A new shaft and new hydraulic works were built for underground water transportation: water to be used for industrial purposes within the plan.

### Dismantling of the systems of the turbine hall (2016-uncompleted)

In 2016, restoration work was started on the auxiliary systems of the turbine hall, in preparation of the dismantling of the turbine system which is the largest component of the thermal cycle. In 2018, the operations of cutting and removal of the turbine alternator rotor and stator were completed. The rotor was extracted and sectioned then the alternator was removed after being cut and cleaned of any asbestos dust or debris. Still uncompleted.

### Dismantling of the water tower (2023-2024)

On October 30, 2023, work began to dismantle the old water tower. The dismantling was completed on February 4, 2024. 1900 metric tons of non-radioactive material (2094 US tons) were produced from the demolition and were later sent to be recycled.

### Dismantling of the reactor (2023-uncompleted)

During the 2000s operations to remove asbestos from the reactor and turbine were carried out. Between 2016 and 2020 activities were carried out to restore the auxiliary systems of the building. The operations of dismantling the reactor proper began in 2023, starting with the dismantling of the vessel head underwater. Still uncompleted.

## On-site radioactive waste storage

Because of the increasing amount of waste generated due the decommissioning, two on-site deposits, realized between 2007 and 2013, were allocated to the mid-term storage of radioactive waste, waiting for its definitive storage in the National Repository of Radioactive Waste (which hasn't been built yet).
* Temporary deposit ex-diesel: the former emergency building that used to contain the diesel generators of the nuclear plant, now it stores 957 cubic meters of waste.Maximum capacity: 960 cubic meters.
* Temporary deposit D1: it stores 424 cubic meters of waste. Maximum capacity: 1100 cubic meters.
A third temporary deposit, named D2, that will store 1800 cubic meters of radioactive waste, is now being built and it is going to be finished in late 2025. D2 will store the remaining radioactive waste generated exclusively by the decommissioning of the plant. Some radioactive waste is being kept in steel drums outside the plant, waiting to be stored in the deposits.
Garigliano's total amount of radioactive waste kept on-storage :
| | Very low-level activity waste | Low-level activity waste | Mid-level activity waste | High-level activity waste |
| Cubic meters in 2022 | 1273 | 1138 | 85 | 0 |
| Cubic meters in 2023 | 1330 | 1181 | 85 | 0 |
The total amount was 2496 cubic meters in 2022. The amount of waste in 2023 was 2596 cubic meters.