# Leshan

Leshan, formerly known as Jiading and Jiazhou, is a prefecture-level city located at the confluence of the Dadu and Min rivers, on the southwestern fringe of the Sichuan Basin in southern Sichuan, about 120 km (75 mi) from the provincial capital of Chengdu. As of the 2020 census, its population was 3,160,168, of whom 1,236,188 lived in the built-up metro area made of Shizhong (downtown), Wutongqiao, Shawan and Jinkouhe districts. A historical and cultural city, Leshan is famous for world heritage sites Emei Mountain and Leshan Buddha. It is also a regional center in the southern part of the Chengdu Economic Zone, serving as a transportation hub and port city in southwestern China.

## History

Leshan has a long history, with written records tracing back to around 700 BC during the Kai Ming dynasty of the Shu Kingdom. Around the early Spring and Autumn period, the Ba people, led by Kai Ming Bie Ling, migrated from western Hubei and settled at the confluence of the three rivers in what is now Leshan, including present-day Fengzhouba and the Dadu River. They established a tribal center. From the Qin and Han dynasties through to the Wei and Jin dynasties, the central government set up Nan'an County, laying the foundation for the present-day Leshan region.
After the Sui unification of China, Leshan was part of Meishan Prefecture (jun). In the third year of the Kaihuang reign (583 AD) of the Sui dynasty, the prefecture system was changed to a two-tier system of state (zhou) and counties. During the Tang dynasty's Zhenguan reign, Leshan became part of Jiazhou. In the Northern Song's Chongning reign, Leshan belonged to Jiading Prefecture, which administered five counties. During the reign of Emperor Ningzong of the Southern Song, Jiazhou was elevated to a prefecture and renamed Jiading Prefecture, marking the first use of the name "Jiading." During the Song and Yuan dynasties, Leshan's status rose from a prefecture to a province (lu), becoming the third-largest city in Sichuan, after Chengdu and Chongqing. In the twelfth year of Emperor Yongzheng's reign (1734 AD) of the Qing dynasty, Jiading Prefecture was established again.
In the early years of the Republic of China, from 1912 to 1917, Leshan was restructured into a county under the jurisdiction of the Sichuan Provincial Governor's Office. After Yuan Shikai's death, Sichuan broke away from central authority; by 1918, Xiong Kewu took control of Sichuan, implementing the "Defense Zone System," which decentralized military, political, financial, and tax powers to local garrisons, leading to warlordism and prolonged unrest in the region for 18 years. During this time, Leshan was successively controlled by Chen Hongfan, Liu Wenhui, and Liu Xiang, with local officials appointed by the stationed troops.
After the Mukden Incident, the Nationalist government relocated the treasures from the Forbidden City, Beijing to Shanghai, then Nanjing, and a significant portion eventually ended up in Leshan, including Emei and Angu, while the rest of them stored in Baxian (now Banan, Chongqing). The Forbidden City artifacts were stored in Leshan from July 1939, when the first batch arrived, until March 1947, when the last batch was transported out. In addition, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Wuhan University and Jiangsu Sericulture College moved to Leshan, Sichuan University to Mount Emei, National Central Academy of Arts and Crafts was established at Renjiaba in Leshan, and Fuxing Academy was founded at Wuyou Temple in Leshan. Wuhan University left Leshan in June 1946.
After the founding of the People's Republic, some of the area of Leshan was ceded to Emeishan city in 1958. Until 1978, Leshan had three districts of Shizhong (means downtown), Wutongqiao (literally 5-"tong"-bridge) and Shawan (literally sand bay). In 1978, Leshan as a county-level city was formed. In 1985, Leshan became a prefecture-level city, with Emeishan and other county level cities under the administration of Leshan.

## Culture
### Tourist attractions

In 1996, the Mount Emei Scenic Area, including the Leshan Giant Buddha, the largest stone-carved buddha in the world, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Next to the Leshan Giant Buddha is the Oriental Buddha Park, a privately run cultural theme park, featuring thousands of reproductions of Buddha statues and Buddhist themed carvings. Mount Emei is located within the county-level city of Emeishan, which is under the administrative jurisdiction of Leshan.
The ancestral home of Chinese writer, academic and politician Guo Moruo is preserved in the Shawan District of Leshan.

### Dialect

The Leshan dialect is distinct among the dialects in Sichuan province for retaining the entering tone, the fourth of the four tones in classical Chinese pronunciation, which most Sichuan dialects and Mandarin no longer uses. Unlike other Sichuan dialects, most of which are mutually understandable, the Leshan dialect is difficult for other Sichuan people to understand.

### Food

Falling into the Sichuan cuisine family, Leshan is noted for its food culture, especially its variety of street foods. Typical specialties include:
* Malatang (麻辣烫) - Hot and spicy soup
* Boboji (钵钵鸡) - Bobo chicken
* Shaokao (烧烤) - Street barbecue
* Qianwei Baobing (犍为薄饼) - Qianwei Pancakes
* Doufunao (豆腐脑) - Leshan Style Tofu Soup
* Tianpiya (甜皮鸭) - Sweet-Skinned Duck
* Qiaojiao Niurou (翘脚牛肉) Leshan Style Beef Hotpot
* Xiba Doufu (西坝豆腐) Xiba Tofu
* Mi Liang Gao (米凉糕) - A snack made with rice

## Transport

There are Chengdu–Mianyang–Leshan intercity railway and Chengdu–Guiyang high-speed railway serving Leshan.
The G0512 Chengdu–Leshan Expressway with a total length of 160 kilometers, was finished on January 14, 2000. This Freeway has since become very important to the city's development.

## Education

Leshan Normal University (乐山师范学院) and Leshan Vocational & Technical College (乐山职业技术学院) are two government-funded colleges in the city.
The Engineering&Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology (成都理工大学工程技术学院) is a non-government college, which was established in 2003.

## Administrative divisions

Map :
| Shizhong Shawan Wutongqiao Jinkouhe Qianwei County Jingyan County Jiajiang County Muchuan County Ebian County Mabian County Emeishan (city) ||||||
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2020 census) | Area (km²) | Density (/km²) |
| Shizhong District | 市中区 | Shìzhōng Qū | 814,597 | 825 | 987 |
| Shawan District | 沙湾区 | Shāwān Qū | 144,931 | 617 | 235 |
| Wutongqiao District | 五通桥区 | Wǔtōngqiáo Qū | 237,933 | 474 | 502 |
| Jinkouhe District | 金口河区 | Jīnkǒuhé Qū | 38,727 | 598 | 65 |
| Emeishan City | 峨眉山市 | Éméishān Shì | 419,107 | 1,168 | 359 |
| Qianwei County | 犍为县 | Qiánwéi Xiàn | 416,673 | 1,375 | 303 |
| Jingyan County | 井研县 | Jǐngyán Xiàn | 280,641 | 841 | 334 |
| Jiajiang County | 夹江县 | Jiājiāng Xiàn | 305,441 | 749 | 408 |
| Muchuan County | 沐川县 | Mùchuān Xiàn | 192,313 | 1,401 | 130 |
| Ebian Yi Autonomous County | 峨边彝族自治县 | Ébiān Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 121,554 | 2,395 | 51 |
| Mabian Yi Autonomous County | 马边彝族自治县 | Mǎbiān Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 188,251 | 2,383 | 79 |

## Population

According to the Seventh national census in 2020, the city's resident population stood at 3,160,168, a decrease of 75,591 or 2.34% over the Sixth national census. The average annual decrease was 0.24 per cent. Of these, the male population is 1,585,671, or 50.18 per cent, and the female population is 1,574,497 or 49.82 per cent. The Seven ratio of the total population (100 females) is 100.71, a 0.95 decrease from the Sixth census.The population aged 0–14 years is 446,056, or 14.11 per cent; the population aged 15–59 years is 774,179, or 24.50 per cent; and the population aged 65 and over is 606,448, or 19.19 per cent. The Han Chinese population is 2,953,987, accounting for 93.48 percent; the ethnic minorities are 206,181 or 6.52 percent; and the Yi population is 193,199 or 6.11 percent. In 2020, the city's registered population was 1,678,367, accounting for 53.11 percent of the province's total population.Compared with the Sixth national census in 2010, the city's registered population increased by 401,052 people, the rural population decreased by 476,643 people, and the proportion of city's registered population increased by 13.64 percentage points.
There are 41 ethnic groups in Leshan City. Han, Yi, Hui and Miao live in the world. Han nationality is the main, followed by Yi nationality, ethnic minorities about 113,000 people, accounting for 3.2 percent of the total population. Yi Nationality: A major minority nationality concentrated in the south of Ma Bian, Ebian Yi Autonomous County, and Jinkouhe District.

## Geography and climate

Leshan City is located in central Sichuan Province, southwest of the Sichuan Basin. Meishan borders on the north, Zigong and Yibin in the east, Liangshan in the south, and Ya'an in the west. Leshan city is located in the transition zone from Sichuan basin to southwest mountainous area, the overall trend is high in southwest, low in northeast, with wide difference in height. Landforms are mountainous, hilly, Pingba three types, mainly mountainous.
Leshan has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and is largely mild and humid. Winter is short, mild and dry, with a January average of 7.4 °C (45.3 °F), and while frost may occur, snow is rare. Summers are long, hot and humid, with highs often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), yet extended heat waves are rare. The daily average in July and August is around 26 °C (79 °F). Rainfall is light in winter and can be heavy in summer, and more than 70% of the annual total occurs from June to September.
The climate in the southwest mountainous area has obvious vertical differences and the climatic conditions are very complex, which is a region for the development of comprehensive agricultural management and three-dimensional agriculture in the region, the main production area of wood, tea, Chinese medicinal materials and other crops, and also a valuable tourism resource. Affected by the monsoon and the uplift of the terrain, the climate is humid and the rainfall is abundant.
Climate data for Leshan, elevation 424 m (1,391 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.3 (66.7) | 23.9 (75.0) | 32.5 (90.5) | 34.7 (94.5) | 36.5 (97.7) | 36.8 (98.2) | 37.6 (99.7) | 41.3 (106.3) | 36.3 (97.3) | 30.1 (86.2) | 25.7 (78.3) | 19.8 (67.6) | 41.3 (106.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) | 13.3 (55.9) | 18.3 (64.9) | 23.8 (74.8) | 27.3 (81.1) | 29.2 (84.6) | 31.3 (88.3) | 31.0 (87.8) | 26.5 (79.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 17.0 (62.6) | 11.6 (52.9) | 21.8 (71.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) | 9.8 (49.6) | 14.0 (57.2) | 18.9 (66.0) | 22.4 (72.3) | 24.6 (76.3) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.3 (79.3) | 22.6 (72.7) | 18.2 (64.8) | 13.9 (57.0) | 8.9 (48.0) | 17.8 (64.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) | 7.4 (45.3) | 10.9 (51.6) | 15.3 (59.5) | 18.7 (65.7) | 21.3 (70.3) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.0 (73.4) | 20.1 (68.2) | 16.1 (61.0) | 11.8 (53.2) | 7.0 (44.6) | 15.0 (59.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.7 (28.9) | −1.9 (28.6) | 0.2 (32.4) | 4.9 (40.8) | 10.5 (50.9) | 15.3 (59.5) | 17.6 (63.7) | 17.3 (63.1) | 13.6 (56.5) | 5.3 (41.5) | 2.2 (36.0) | −2.9 (26.8) | −2.9 (26.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14.4 (0.57) | 21.9 (0.86) | 42.5 (1.67) | 85.2 (3.35) | 104.8 (4.13) | 146.1 (5.75) | 256.2 (10.09) | 295.8 (11.65) | 132.2 (5.20) | 59.9 (2.36) | 29.6 (1.17) | 13.7 (0.54) | 1,202.3 (47.34) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.7 | 10.2 | 12.9 | 14.3 | 14.5 | 16.4 | 15.5 | 15.0 | 15.9 | 16.4 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 159.5 |
| Average snowy days | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 80 | 77 | 73 | 72 | 71 | 77 | 79 | 79 | 82 | 84 | 81 | 82 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 38.5 | 51.9 | 89.8 | 119.3 | 121.6 | 104.4 | 132.9 | 145.2 | 71.9 | 49.5 | 52.4 | 37.5 | 1,014.9 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 12 | 16 | 24 | 31 | 29 | 25 | 31 | 36 | 20 | 14 | 17 | 12 | 22 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration all-time extreme temperature ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China ||||||||||||||

## Natural resources

Leshan City, located at the confluence point of Minjiang River, Dadu River, Qing Yi River, is a water-rich area.
* Water resources: 85.51 billion cubic metres
* Theoretical reserves of hydraulic resources: 7.9 million kilowatts
* Developable capacity: 5.75 million kilowatts
* Main hydropower stations: Gongzui hydropower station (700,000 kW), Tongjiezi hydropower station (600,000 kW)
Apart from water resources, Leshan has rich mineral reserves of phosphorus, halite, limestone, kaolin, natural gas, gypsum, dolomite, mineral water and mirabilite.

## Gallery

* Leshan
* Night view
* Buddhist temple
* The Leshan Giant Buddha
* Buddhist Monk in Leshan
* Lingbao Pagoda

## Sister cities

* Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia
* Gilbert, Arizona, United States
* Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan, established due to Leshan native Guo Moruo residing there for 10 years with his wife, Sato Tomiko.
* Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand
* Issy-les-Moulineaux, France

## Notable person

* Dylan Wang
* Guo Moruo
* Zheng Shaoxiong
* Ding Youjun
* Huang shanglian

## Famous place

* Leshan Buddha
* Reclining Buddha
* Mount Emei
* Mahaoya Tomb
* Thousand Buddha Rock in the Jiajiang River
* Ebian Black Bamboo Gou
* Guo Moruo's hometown
* Luocheng Ancient Town
* Wutong Bridge