OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Andrew Whittaker (ornithologist)

Andrew Whittaker (born 1960 in Leamington) was a British ornithologist, bioacustician and nature conservationist who mainly worked in Brazil.

## Life

Whittaker's fascination for bird world was triggered by his father at the age of seven, who himself was a passionate bird observer. In 1934 he accompanied the ornithologist Clive Minton to several excursions and learned bird ringing, whereby he obtained his first job in 1982 in Israel. This was followed by engagement in the Sandwich Bay observatory, in Borneo, in Long Point, Ontario and Fair Isle. In 1987 he went as a volunteer for a three-year joint project of the WWF with the Smithsonian Institution after Manaus in Brazil. In the second year he became project manager for rainforest birds. From 1993 he organized Victor Emanuel Nature Tours Bird observation tours for the US ecotourism. In 1995 he founded his own company Brazil Birding Tours. Subsequently, he traveled South America, Antarctica, Central America and Europe. His customers also included celebrities, including Prince Philip, Al Gore, Tom Hayden and journalist Tom Brokaw. In 2000 he stood by David Attenborough as a scientific consultant for the television series The Life of Birds. Over 900 hours of bird voices are archived in the British Library of Natural Sounds in London, recorded by Whittaker in Brazil. In 2008, the National Institute for Amazon Research published four of Whittaker's CDs entitled Voices of the Brazilian Amazon, followed by a second edition in 2012. In 2010, a DVD with chants, calls and photos of 1051 Brazilian bird species was published by Avis Brasilis. In 2001, Whittaker co-described the Chapada flycatcher Suiriri Islerorum (considered a junior synonym of Suiri Affinis, formerly described in 1856 by Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister). In 1997, Whittaker discovered a new falcon species, the Cryptic Forest Falcon (Micrastur Mintoni ) which he described in 2003. In 2013, together with Steven Leon Hilty and David Ascanio, he wrote the first description of the newly discovered Delta Amacuro softtail (Thripophaga amacurensis ). In addition, Whittaker was able to document the occurrence of 19 bird species previously undetected in Brazil.
Furthermore, Whittaker rediscovered three bird species that were previously believed lost, including the Chestnut-headed nunlet ( Nonnula Amaurocephala) (no proof from 1936 to 1992), Pelzeln's tody-tyrant (Hemitriccus inornatus) (no evidence from 1831 to 1992), the White-tailed tityra (Tityra leucura) (no proof from 1829 to 2007). The latter was temporarily viewed as an almost fully grown abnormal hybrid between the Black-crowned tityra subspecies Tityra Inquisitor albitorques and Tityra inquisitor furelni, but was reconfirmed in 2024 by the International Ornithologists' Union as a distinct species.

## Taxa

In 2007, Whittaker discovered the Alta Floresta antpitta in the Tapajós National Forest, which from his colleagues Lincoln Silva Carneiro, Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga, Péricles S. Rêgo, Iracilda Sampaio, Horacio Schneider and Alexandre Aleixo was described in 2012 as Hylopezus Whittakeri.
# Murashige and Skoog medium

Murashige and Skoog medium (or MSO or MS0 (MS-zero)) is the most popular plant growth medium used in the laboratories worldwide for cultivation of plant cell culture on agar.

## History

MS0 was invented by plant scientists Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog in 1962 during Murashige's search for a new plant growth regulator. A number behind the letters MS is used to indicate the sucrose concentration of the medium. For example, MS0 contains no sucrose and MS20 contains 20 g/L sucrose. Along with its modifications, it is the most commonly used medium in plant tissue culture experiments in the laboratory.
As Skoog's doctoral student, Murashige originally set out to find an as-yet undiscovered growth hormone present in tobacco juice. No such component was discovered; instead, analysis of juiced tobacco and ashed tobacco revealed higher concentrations of specific minerals in plant tissues than were previously known. A series of experiments demonstrated that varying the levels of these inorganic nutrients enhanced growth substantially over existing formulations. It was determined that nitrogen in particular enhanced growth of tobacco in tissue culture.
According to recent scientific findings, however, MS medium is not suitable as a nutrient solution for deep water culture or hydroponics, and organic compounds are not required for normal plant nutrition.

## Ingredients
### Major salts (macronutrients) per litre

* Ammonium nitrate (NH$_4$NO$_3$) 1650 mg/l
* Calcium chloride (CaCl$_2$ · 2H$_2$O) 440 mg/l
* Magnesium sulfate (MgSO$_4$ · 7H$_2$O) 180.7 mg/l
* Monopotassium phosphate (KH$_2$PO$_4$) 170 mg/l
* Potassium nitrate (KNO$_3$) 1900 mg/l.

### Minor salts (micronutrients) per litre

* Boric acid (H$_3$BO$_3$) 6. 2 mg/l
* Cobalt chloride (CoCl$_2$ · 6H$_2$O) 0.025 mg/l
* Ferrous sulfate (FeSO$_4$ · 7H$_2$O) 27.8 mg/l
* Manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO$_4$ · 4H$_2$O) 22.3 mg/l
* Potassium iodide (KI) 0.83 mg/l
* Sodium molybdate (Na$_2$MoO$_4$ · 2H$_2$O) 0.25 mg/l
* Zinc sulfate (ZnSO$_4$·7H$_2$O) 8.6 mg/l
* Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ferric sodium (FeNaEDTA) 36.70 mg/L
* Copper sulfate (CuSO$_4$ · 5H$_2$O) 0.025 mg/l

### Vitamins and organic compounds per litre

* Myo-Inositol 100 mg/l
* Nicotinic acid 0.5 mg/l
* Pyridoxine · HCl 0.5 mg/l
* Thiamine · HCl 0.1 mg/l
* Glycine 2 mg/l
* Tryptone 1 g/l (optional)
* Indole acetic acid 1-30 mg/l (optional)
* Kinetin 0.04-10 mg/l (optional)
# Sanjay National Park

Sanjay National Park is a national park in Sidhi district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It covers an area of 1,674.55 km$^2$ (646.55 sq mi) and is a part of the Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve. It was declared a National Park in 1981 and a tiger reserve in 2006. Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve is the birthplace of white tiger Mohan, who was captured by the King of Rewa, Martand Singh in 1951.

## Geography

Sanjay National Park is located in the Sidhi district of Madhya Pradesh. It was declared a national park in 1981 and a tiger reserve in 2006. It comprises Sanjay National Park and the Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary, both located in Sidhi District. Sanjay Dubri National Park was named after dubri village. The park is spread over total area of 1,674.55 km$^2$ (646.55 sq mi) including 812 km$^2$ (314 sq mi) core area and 868 km$^2$ (335 sq mi) buffer. It used to be in Madhya Pradesh with 2,300 km$^2$ (890 sq mi), before Chhattisgarh was carved out of it in 2000. A large part of this 1,500 km$^2$ (580 sq mi) area is now located in Chhattisgarh, which was renamed to Guru Ghasidas National Park by the Government of Chhattisgarh. In addition, considering that what used to be Surguja State is now part of Chhattisgarh, and that the state has a district called Koriya, this overall area was the last known territory of the Asiatic cheetah in India. The Banas river, which joins the Son river, forms the western boundary of the park. The terrain of the park is generally hilly.

## Flora

It is located in the Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests ecoregion. The area is well known for its rich biodiversity. It has Sal, bamboo and mixed forests. The trees found in the park are sal, dhawa, tendu, harra, mahua, kusum, shisham, khair, amla and bair.

## Fauna

Sanjay National Park hosts many wild animals, including Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, chital, sambar deer, northern red muntjac, chinkara, wild boar, nilgai, Indian elephant, sloth bear, golden jackal, striped hyena, Indian crested porcupine, jungle cat and monitor lizard.
A white tiger named Mohan was captured by the king of Rewa, Martand Singh, in 1951 in the forest of Sidhi district, which is now part of the Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve. According to an official census of Madhya Pradesh carried out in 2004, Sanjay National Park had six tigers. According to 2018 report, there were six tiger in the reserve. There were 41 tigers in July 2023. The gaur disappeared in 1997. In 2023, 43 gaur from Kanha Tiger Reserve and Satpura Tiger Reserve were reintroduced.

### Birds

Sanjay National Park hosts many bird species, including peacock, red jungle fowl, Asian koel, Indian roller and owls.
# Smith Sound Film Festival

The Smith Sound Film Festival is an annual film festival held in George's Brook-Milton, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It held inside the George's Brook Milton Cultural House, a former church and now a town hall for the community. The festival originated in 2017 after wanting to show older works done on celluloid for the public to see, with building of a screen and projector commencing later. The festival is a mix between digital and 16mm finished films.

## Smith Sound Silver Spike Award

Each year there is a trophy given out to the audience's best choice award for one film at each festival. The trophy is inspired by the railway that traversed through Random Island and Smith Sound many years ago, made from a film reel mounted on a railway spike tripod.
| Year | Title | Director |
| 2017 | Flight of the Fisherman | Lian Morrison |
| 2018 | Waiting Outside | Joshua Jamieson |
| 2019 | Crush | Kerry Gamberg |
| 2021 | Barbara | Aidan Lesser |
| 2022 | Spin | Andrea Cass |
| 2023 | The Existence of Magic | Martine Blue |
# 2019 U Sports Women's Basketball Championship

The 2019 U Sports Women's Basketball Championship was held March 7–10, 2019, in Toronto, Ontario, to determine a national champion for the 2018–19 U Sports women's basketball season. It was hosted by Ryerson University at the Mattamy Athletic Centre at the Gardens, which was the first time that Ryerson had hosted the championship game. The McMaster Marauders won the gold medal and earned the first Bronze Baby Championship in program history.

## Participating teams

| Seed | Team | Qualified |
| 1 | Laval Rouge et Or | RSEQ Champion |
| 2 | McMaster Marauders | OUA Champion |
| 3 | Saskatchewan Huskies | Canada West Champion |
| 4 | Ottawa Gee-Gees | OUA Finalist |
| 5 | Regina Cougars | Canada West Finalist |
| 6 | Acadia Axewomen | AUS Champion |
| 7 | Concordia Stingers | RSEQ Finalist (At-large berth) |
| 8 | Ryerson Rams | OUA Quarterfinalist (Host) |

## Championship Bracket

| First Round: March 7 | First Round: March 7 | First Round: March 7 | Semi-Finals: March 9 | Semi-Finals: March 9 | Semi-Finals: March 9 | Final: March 10 | Final: March 10 | Final: March 10 |
| 1 | Laval Rouge et Or | 73 | | | | | | |
| 8 | Ryerson Rams | 51 | | | | | | |
| 8 | Ryerson Rams | 51 | 1 | Laval Rouge et Or | 60 | | | |
| | | | 4 | Ottawa Gee-Gees | 56 | | | |
| 4 | Ottawa Gee-Gees | 65 | 4 | Ottawa Gee-Gees | 56 | | | |
| 5 | Regina Cougars | 63 | | | | | | |
| 5 | Regina Cougars | 63 | | | | 1 | Laval Rouge et Or | 58 |
| | | | | | | 2 | McMaster Marauders | 70 |
| 2 | McMaster Marauders | 86 | | | | | | | 2 | McMaster Marauders | 70 |
| 7 | Concordia Stingers | 68 | | | |
| 7 | Concordia Stingers | 68 | 2 | McMaster Marauders | 73 | Bronze Medal Game: March 10 | Bronze Medal Game: March 10 | Bronze Medal Game: March 10 |
| | | | 3 | Saskatchewan Huskies | 66 |
| 3 | Saskatchewan Huskies | 77 | 3 | Saskatchewan Huskies | 66 | 3 | Saskatchewan Huskies | 62 |
| 6 | Acadia Axewomen | 69 | | | | 4 | Ottawa Gee-Gees | 63 |

## Consolation Bracket

| Semi-Finals: March 8 | Semi-Finals: March 8 | Semi-Finals: March 8 | Fifth Place Game: March 10 | Fifth Place Game: March 10 | Fifth Place Game: March 10 |
| 5 | Regina Cougars | 45 | | | |
| 8 | Ryerson Rams | 63 | | | |
| 8 | Ryerson Rams | 63 | 6 | Acadia Axewomen | 67 |
| | | | 8 | Ryerson Rams | 91 |
| 6 | Acadia Axewomen | 86 | 8 | Ryerson Rams | 91 |
| 7 | Concordia Stingers | 74 | | | |
# Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao

Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao (born in 1942 in Andhra Pradesh, India – 17 March 2025) also known as Sreenivasa Rao Pemmaraju or Dr. P.S. Rao, was a distinguished Indian international lawyer that headed the Legal and Treaties Division, Ministry of External Affairs, India, and was the chief legal advisor of India on international law matters from 1985 to 2002. He was Judge AD HOC of International Court of Justice in the case concerning sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Pateh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) (2004–2008). He was a member of the International Law Commission from 1987 to 2006 and a Special Rapporteur for the subject of Prevention and Liability. He was also Chairman of International Law Commission.
He was a Special adviser in the office of the Attorney-General, State of Qatar and Visiting Professor at the Center for International Law Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He was also an honorary visiting professor at Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam.
He was also a member of Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration tribunal (Bangladesh/India) (2010–2014).

## Education

Dr. P.S. Rao was educated at Andhra University, Waltair, India, and at Yale Law School (1967–1970). He earned a Bachelor of Laws and a Master of Laws degree with specialization in international law from Andhra and also an LL.M. and J.S.D. from Yale. Professor Rao worked as a Post Doctoral Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., and at the Marine Policy Center of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. He published Public Order of the Ocean Resources and has contributed several articles on the negotiation of the Law of the Sea Convention, 1982. Rao participated in its negotiations from 1976-1984.
Post-Doctoral Works:
* Fellow, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC.
* Fellow, Marine Policy Programme, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass., USA.
* Research Associate, The Indian School of International Studies, Sapru House, New Delhi.

## Career

Biography of Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao
# Irina Gecht

Irina Alfredovna Gecht (Russian: Ирина Альфредовна Гехт; born 30 November 1969) is a Russian politician serving as the acting Governor of Nenets Autonomous Okrug since March 2025. A member of the United Russia political party, she has served as First Deputy Governor of Chelyabinsk Oblast from 2019 to 2024 and previously as Russian Federation Senator from Chelyabinsk Oblast from 2014 to 2019.

## Biography

Irina Gecht was born in the town of Shchuchye, Shchuchansky District, Kurgan Oblast, in the Volga Germans family. In the 1980s, the Gecht family moved permanently to the town of Raduzhny, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. After school, Gecht entered Chelyabinsk State University, History Department. She specialized in the history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1998, she completed postgraduate studies at the same university.
Gecht started her political career in 2005, when she was appointed member of the Civic Chamber of the Chelyabinsk Oblast. In 2009, she was elected Deputy Chair of the Civic Chamber. At the time, she worked as a senior lecturer at the Social Work Department at Chelyabinsk State University.
In 2009, Gecht was a Just Russia candidate for the Chelyabinsk City Duma (a local representative body), but she was not elected. At the same year, she wrote and defended a thesis in South Ural State University, receiving a doctorate in pedagogy.
In 2010, a newly elected Governor Mikhail Yurevich appointed Gecht Deputy Minister for Social Relations of Chelyabinsk Oblast. In 2011, she was appointed Minister for Social Relations. In 2012, she was appointed Deputy Governor for Social Affairs.
In 2014, a newly elected Governor Boris Dubrovsky appointed Gecht Senator from Chelyabinsk Oblast. In the Federation Council she joined the Committee for Agrarian and Food Policy and Environmental Management and became its deputy chair.
In July 2019, Irina Gecht resigned early as Senator. She became First Deputy Governor of Chelyabinsk Oblast under incoming Governor Aleksey Teksler.
From May 2024 to January 2025, she chaired the Military–Civilian Administration Government of Zaporizhzhia Oblast. From January to March 2025 she served as Presidential Envoy to the Northwestern Federal District Aleksandr Gutsan's deputy.
On March 18, 2025 President Vladimir Putin appointed Irina Gecht acting Governor of Nenets Autonomous Okrug, following Governor Yury Bezdudny's early resignation.
# Woods of Terror

Woods of Terror is a haunted house theme park located in Greensboro, North Carolina.

## History

Woods of Terror sits on 45 acres of land 12 miles outside of Greensboro, North Carolina. The land is said to be the permanent home to countless spirits who died during The Great Depression. At the time, local priest, Father Eddie Howie McMillan, was the owner of the land. He passed it on to his great-grandson, Eddie Howie McLaurin, in 1970. It became known as McLaurin Farms. McLaurin used the area as a junkyard, collecting fees from individuals who dumped their unwanted belongings, ranging from refrigerators to cars. These items remain as a part of the set used by Woods of Terror. The park opened in 1991.

## Attractions

Woods of Terror offers a variety of attractions. Just beyond the ticket booth is "The Monster Midway," which is the waiting area of Woods of Terror. When he is in the Midway, Eddie McLaurin is known as "Bone Daddy" and wears a red mohawk and half-skeleton face makeup. Bone Daddy leads a monster parade and sings the National Anthem in a punk-rock style accompanied by fireworks and a band. In the Midway, there are refreshments and photo opportunities with Bone Daddy and his 80-pound albino Burmese python named Dawn.
Additional attractions include "Arachnophobia," designed to exploit fears of spiders, roaches, and snakes, and "Chaos 3D," where guests get close to three-dimensional murals, wear 3D glasses and explore halls filled with visual illusions. Other experiences include "Industrial Nightmare," "The Blood House," "Horror Movie Classics," "The Awakening," "Miner's Massacre," "The Slaughter House," and "The Purge Anarchy." Approximately 175 employees work at Woods of Terror each year.

## McLaurin Farms

In addition to Woods of Terror Rye, McLaurin Farms has a large pumpkin patch during autumn, and Christmas lights set to music and hayrides in the winter. In the spring, the site has an annual Easter egg hunt along with face painting.
# Malcolm MacEwen

Malcolm MacEwen (24 December 1911 – 11 May 1996) was a Scottish conservationist and communist activist.

## Life

Born in Inverness, MacEwen was the son of Alexander MacEwen, first leader of the Scottish National Party. He was educated at Rossall School in England, as his father hoped he would not acquire a strong Scottish accent. He studied forestry at the University of Aberdeen, during which time he lost a leg in a car accident. He also joined the Labour Party, and served as a councillor in Banff for a time. However, he decided to requalify as a lawyer, studying at the University of Edinburgh, where he joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). Soon after this graduation he found work as a lawyer for the Scottish Daily Worker, a short-lived edition of the communist Daily Worker newspaper.
When the Scottish Daily Worker ceased publication, MacEwen began working directly for the CPGB as the party's North East England District Secretary. He stood for the party in the 1941 Dunbartonshire by-election, the party's last contest before joining a political truce during World War II; he took 15.0% of the votes cast in a two-way race.
MacEwen's wife died of diabetes-related complications in the 1940s, their daughter was severely disabled and died in 1967. By this time, he was based in London, again working as a lawyer for the Daily Worker, then later became the paper's foreign correspondent, and as its House of Commons correspondent. He stood again for the party in Glasgow Shettleston at the 1950 general election, taking just 4.1% of the vote.
MacEwen became disillusioned with the CPGB, and resigned after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956. His position at the Daily Worker was untenable, and he instead found work at the Architects' Journal, then in 1964 became editor of the Royal Institute of British Architects' RIBA Journal. There, inspired by his second wife, Ann MacEwen, he opposed prioritising traffic needs in planning, and called for increased public input into architecture, culminating in his book, Crisis in Architecture. By this time, he was Director of Public Affairs for RIBA, a position from which he retired around the end of the decade.
MacEwen and Ann retired to Wootton Courtenay in the Exmoor National Park, where they jointly wrote National Parks - Cosmetics or Conservation? in support of the role of national parks in conservation. He also published an autobiography, The Greening of a Red. He was cared for by Ann during a lengthy period of poor health during the 1990s, ending with his death in 1996.

## Legacy

The RIBA Journal MacEwen Award takes place annually, recognising architecture for the common good. It was launched in 2015 and is named after Malcolm and Ann MacEwen.
The MacEwen Essay Competition was launched by The Exmoor Society to mark its Diamond Jubilee in 2018 and to recognise the legacy of Malcolm and Ann MacEwen.
A monument to MacEwen is located in the wall of a sheepfold at Larkbarrow in Exmoor National Park.
# Allora Racecourse

Allora Racecourse was a horse racing track in Allora, Queensland, Australia.

## History

The Allora Jockey Club was formed during a meeting held in Allora's Princess of Wales Hotel on October 6, 1888.
After World War Two, horse racing was suspended until the 2nd January, 1949, when a meeting was held. For the next 11 years, the race club secretary was Jack Hilton, who was also the station master. On 8 October, the first Allora Cup meeting was held with an overall prize money of £45 and a cup valued at £10. The winner of the inaugural Allora Cup was the horse ‘Nobleman’’ owned by Tom Cowley. According to local racing historian Shirley Murray, the cup meeting was a huge event in the town with a half-day holiday granted.
On 21 April 1953, during a general business meeting of the Allora Shire Council, the Chairman John Hoey drew attention to the difficulty of keeping the Allora racecourse in order for meetings. After discussion, it resulted in offering the racecourse area to the Allora Race Club to control as trustee.

## Races

8 October 1949 Allora Cup
The winner was a horse named Nobleman owned by Tom Cowley, trained by Dick Byrne and ridden by Joe Murphy.
1956 Allora Cup
The winner was a horse named Bubbatonga owned by Bob Armstrong.

## Present Day

Since the 1990s, the site of the Allora Racecourse is used to grow sunflower crops every summer. The field is currently owned by Phil and Lisa Crothers. According to Southern Downs agri-tourism co-ordinary Amy Walker, the area is one of the most popular attractions for the Southern Downs and Granite Belt region during the summer months.

## Accidents

* On 16 September 1914, a rider named Mr. Fred Lancaster from Warwick was injured during the Friendly Societies’ Handicap race. He was riding a horse named Oplet when the horse swerved, causing him to crash into a post, which crushed his knee by the impact. However, Lancaster carried on to finish the race in 2nd place. Afterwards, an ambulance was called and he was treated with first aid for his knee, before being transported to the Warwick General Hospital.
* On March 25, 1940, a horse named Willie Win tripped on a depression on the track, causing a broken leg which eventually resulted in the animal's death.
On 23 November, Clifford Henry Mewes, who was the owner of the horse, sought £20 and a legal case was heard in Allora. His plaintiff argued that the horse had fallen due to a depression in the track which had been worsened by rain. However, the defense, led by the President of the Allora Jockey Club stated that the depression was minor and naturally occurring, and that the track was in good condition for racing. The court sided with the defendant after finding no evidence that the depression cused the horse's fall. The Magistrate's judgment concluded that the Allora Jockey Club was not negligent, and awarded costs to the defendant, totaling £9/14/6.