OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stoßtrupp-Hitler

Stoßtrupp-Hitler (German for "Shock-Troop-Hitler") was a short-lived bodyguard unit formed especially for the protection of Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler in 1923. It was dedicated to his service alone. Notable members included Rudolf Hess, Julius Schreck, Joseph Berchtold, Emil Maurice, Erhard Heiden, Ulrich Graf, and Bruno Gesche. It was under the control of Hitler and was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923. It served as a predecessor of the Schutzstaffel (SS).

## History

In the earliest days of the Nazi Party, the leadership realized that a bodyguard unit composed of zealous and reliable men was needed. Ernst Röhm formed a guard formation from the 19.Granatwerfer-Kompanie; from this formation the Sturmabteilung (SA) soon evolved. In early 1923, Adolf Hitler ordered a separate small bodyguard unit to be formed. It was dedicated to his service rather than "a suspect mass" of the party, such as the SA. Originally, the unit was composed of only eight men, commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold. It was designated the Stabswache (staff guard). The Stabswache were issued unique badges, but at this point the Stabswache was still under overall SA control. Schreck resurrected the use of the Totenkopf as the unit's insignia, a symbol various elite forces had used throughout the Prussian kingdom and the later German Empire.
In May 1923, the unit was renamed Stoßtrupp-Hitler and at the time numbered no more than 20 members, all of whom were considered Hitler loyalists. According to the Historical Lexicon of Bavaria, the unit later had around 100 members, many recruited from the disbanding Freikorps.
On 9 November 1923, the Stoßtrupp-Hitler, along with the SA and several other Nazi paramilitary units, took part in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. In the aftermath, Hitler was imprisoned and his party, and all associated formations, including the Stoßtrupp-Hitler, were disbanded. Members of the unit were tried for their part in the Beer Hall Putsch, with 38 members being sentenced to imprisonment at Landsberg Prison.

## Forerunner of the SS

In 1925, after the Nazi Party and SA were re-established, Hitler ordered Schreck to organise a new bodyguard unit, the Schutzkommando (Protection Command). It was tasked with providing personal protection for Hitler at party functions and events. That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded to a national organisation and renamed successively the Sturmstaffel (Storm Squadron), and finally the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squad; SS). Officially, the SS marked its foundation on 9 November 1925, the second anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch.

## Notable members

* Rudolf Hess
* Julius Schreck
* Joseph Berchtold
* Emil Maurice
* Erhard Heiden
* Ulrich Graf
* Bruno Gesche
* Christian Weber
* Karl Fiehler
* Walter Buch
* Hermann Fobke
* Karl Laforce
* Wilhelm Laforce
* Josef Gerum
* Hans Kallenbach
* Philipp Kitzinger
* Alois Rosenwink
# Lia Di Leo

Lia Anna Di Leo (22 July 1923 – 15 December 2006) was an Italian actress and model. She entered the 1951 Miss Italy contest and then began acting in films, generally playing glamorous supporting roles.
Di Leo's parents died while she was very young, and as a result she raised her two younger twin brothers, Francesco and Antonio, with her older brother Mario. After marrying in 1957 she retired from the screen and moved to the United States, where she worked as a sculptor. She died in Palm Springs, California on 15 December 2006, at the age of 83.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1951 | Quo Vadis | Pedicurist | Uncredited |
| 1951 | Lorenzaccio | Una corteggiana | |
| 1952 | The Black Mask | Hippolite | |
| 1952 | The Moment of Truth | Madame Meunier | |
| 1952 | The Tired Outlaw | Carmen | |
| 1952 | The Piano Tuner Has Arrived | Cameriera | |
| 1953 | I Chose Love | Paola | |
| 1953 | The Return of Don Camillo | La maestrina | |
| 1953 | The Earrings of Madame de… | Lola | |
| 1953 | Empty Eyes | Gina, Fernando's wife | |
| 1954 | Mizar (Sabotaggio in mare) | Fatma | |
| 1954 | Cose da pazzi | The Nurse | |
| 1955 | Tower of Lust | Princesse Blanche | |
| 1955 | Le avventure di Giacomo Casanova | Baroness Donna Lucrezia | |
| 1955 | Io sono la Primula Rossa | | |
| 1956 | Wives and Obscurities | Gemma | |
| 1956 | Occhi senza luce | Lea | (final film role) |
# Type 4 20 cm rocket launcher

The Type 4 20 cm rocket mortar (四式二十糎噴進砲, Yonshiki nijū-senchi funshinhō) was a 203 mm rocket mortar used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the final stages of World War II.

## Development and design

During World War II there was considerable infighting between the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy as both competed for scarce resources. A consequence of this competition is that each produced similar but different weapons. An example of this competition was the Army Type 4 20 cm rocket launcher and the 20 cm Naval Rocket Launcher.
The Type 4 20cm rocket mortar was developed in the final stages of World War II by the Japanese Army Technical Bureau, as a low-cost, easy to produce weapon, which had an advantage of greater accuracy over conventional mortars. The Type 4 20cm rocket used a double base solid-propellant whose exhaust gasses were forced through six venturis drilled in the base of the rocket which spin-stabilized the projectile. The rocket used trinitroanisole explosives and was nose fuzed. The fuzes were the same used on the Type 100 mortar round and could be either be set for instantaneous or time-delay action.
The first units were deployed in 1944, and were used successfully in combat during the Battle of Luzon, Battle of Iwo Jima, and the Battle of Okinawa. Due to its ease of construction and portability, the Type 4 was produced in large numbers and distributed to hidden arsenals for use as last-ditch weapons during the projected Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.
According to U.S. Army reports, Type 4 20cm rockets were captured by U.S. Army troops during the 1945 Battle of Luzon and were subsequently utilized to a limited degree against Japanese forces. The U.S. Army intelligence assessment of the system stated that the Type 4 20cm rocket mortar was a “simple, sturdy, mobile device, capable of fine adjustment for accurate fire.”
Although the weapon came with a standard mortar tube with tripod mounting, if necessary, the rocket-propelled round could be launched from an ordinary pipe or culvert with sufficient diameter, wooden rails, or even directly from a slope in the ground.

## Users

* Japan − Used by the Imperial Japanese Army
* United States − Limited use of captured rockets in the Battle of Luzon

## Photo Gallery

* A schematic of rocket components.
* A Type 4 rocket launcher in the Yasukuni Shrine.
* A Type 4 launcher opened for loading.
* A Type 4 rocket on a launch ramp.
# Charles Maclaren

Charles Maclaren FRSE FGS (7 October 1782 – 10 September 1866) was a Scottish journalist and geologist. He co-founded The Scotsman newspaper, was its editor for 27 years, edited the 6th Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and was the first to suggest that Hisarlik was the site of Troy.

## Life

He was born in Ormiston, East Lothian (east of Edinburgh), on 7 October 1782, the son of John McLaren, a farmer, and his wife, Christian Muckle. Charles received his education at Fala and Colinton, but he was also partly self-taught.
Around 1797, he moved to Edinburgh, where he served as clerk and book-keeper to several firms, he joined the Philomathic Debating Society, where he made the acquaintance of brothers John and William Ritchie.
Financed by John Ritchie, he established the Scotsman, 26 January 1817, with William Ritchie and John M'Diarmid, and was joint editor of the first few numbers. When he obtained a position as a clerk in the custom house, he yielded the editorial chair to John Ramsay M'Culloch. In 1820, Maclaren resumed the editorship and held it till 1846, when he resigned it to Alexander Russel. The paper rapidly became the leading political journal of Scotland; its tone was throughout decidedly Whiggish, and in church matters it advocated much freedom of opinion.
In 1822 Maclaren was the first person to successfully identify the correct position of the lost city of Troy, in his Dissertation on the Topography of the Plain of Troy.
In the 1830s Charles Maclaren of the Scotsman newspaper is listed as living at 58 George Square on the south side of the city. The property is a double level flat over 57 George Square.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1837. His proposer was Sir Thomas Dick Lauder. In 1846 he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London (FGS), and he was President of the Edinburgh Geological Society from 1864 to his death.
He retired in 1860 and died at home at Moreland Cottage on Grange Loan, Edinburgh, 10 September 1866.
He was interred very close to his home at the Grange Cemetery. His monument is a large Celtic cross facing the north path.

## Publications

* Dissertation on the Topography of the Plain of Troy
* The Geology of Fife and the Lothians
In 1820, Archibald Constable employed Maclaren to edit the sixth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, (1823) and to revise the historical and geographical articles. McLaren contributed the articles 'America,' 'Europe,' 'Greece,' 'Physical Geography,' and 'Troy'.
His Selected Works (1869) were edited by Robert Cox and James Nicol.

## Family

In 1842, late in life, he married Jane Veitch Somner (d.1871), a farmer's daughter, who was the widow of the jurist David Hume. They had no children.
# Forced orgasm

A forced orgasm is consensual BDSM or kinky sexual play whereby a person consents to be forced to orgasm in a way that is beyond their control.

## Purpose

The person being brought to involuntary orgasm would typically be put in physical restraints to deprive them of the ability to control the onset and intensity of orgasm, and to increase the feeling of helplessness, a situation which some people find sexually arousing.

## Practice

The practice of forced orgasm may also be combined with other orgasm control plays, such as orgasm denial, edging, or ruined orgasms.
With the consenting partner restrained and unable to prevent themselves from being sexually stimulated, the active partner stimulates their genitals and other erogenous zones until the bound partner is brought to orgasm. A range of sexual stimulation can be used, including vaginal sex, oral sex or anal sex. Forced orgasms may also be induced with manual stimulation of the genitals, in the form of a handjob or fingering a vulva/vagina. Alternatively the stimulation may involve the use of vibrating sex toys, such as a vibrator, typically a wand vibrator.

## Stimulation

The most common way of achieving orgasm in men is by physical sexual stimulation of the penis. For women, the most common way to achieve orgasm is by direct sexual stimulation of the clitoris (meaning consistent digital, oral or other concentrated friction against the external parts of the clitoris).
# Wladimir van Wilgenburg

Wladimir van Wilgenburg is a Dutch journalist and author writing predominantly about Kurdistan. He has written for Al-Monitor, Kurdistan 24, Al-Jazeera, and Foreign Policy, amongst others. He lives in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan.

## Biography

His interest for the Kurds began early in secondary school, as he wrote a thesis comparing Armenians and Kurds. Further on he wrote for the Kurdish focused blogs Azady.nl and Halwest.nl. In 2009, he began an internship at Rudaw in Iraqi Kurdistan. Van Wilgenburg received a Master of Arts in conflict studies from the University in Utrecht in 2011 and another one in Kurdish studies from Exeter University in 2013.
He is also a researcher for the Jamestown Foundation and his articles are published by the Atlantic Council. He lives in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan.

## Books

* The Kurds of Northern Syria: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts (with Harriet Allsopp), I.B. Tauris, London 2019
* Accidental Allies: The U.S.-Syrian Democratic Forces Partnership Against the Islamic State (with Michael Knights), I.B. Tauris, London 2021

## Controversies

He was prevented from entering Turkey twice, once in 2007 and an other time in 2014. In 2014 he had a connecting flight at the Istanbul Airport on his way to the Sulaymaniyah Forum hosted in the American University, Iraqi Kurdistan.
# Charles Maclaren

Charles Maclaren FRSE FGS (7 October 1782 – 10 September 1866) was a Scottish journalist and geologist. He co-founded The Scotsman newspaper, was its editor for 27 years, edited the 6th Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and was the first to suggest that Hisarlik was the site of Troy.

## Life

He was born in Ormiston, East Lothian (east of Edinburgh), on 7 October 1782, the son of John McLaren, a farmer, and his wife, Christian Muckle. Charles received his education at Fala and Colinton, but he was also partly self-taught.
Around 1797, he moved to Edinburgh, where he served as a clerk and bookkeeper to several firms, he joined the Philomathic Debating Society, where he made the acquaintance of brothers John and William Ritchie.
Financed by John Ritchie, he established the Scotsman, 26 January 1817, with William Ritchie and John M'Diarmid, and was joint editor of the first few numbers. When he obtained a position as a clerk in the custom house, he yielded the editorial chair to John Ramsay M'Culloch. In 1820, Maclaren resumed the editorship and held it till 1846, when he resigned it to Alexander Russel. The paper rapidly became the leading political journal of Scotland; its tone was throughout decidedly Whiggish, and in church matters it advocated much freedom of opinion.
In 1822 Maclaren was the first person to successfully identify the correct position of the lost city of Troy, in his Dissertation on the Topography of the Plain of Troy.
In the 1830s Charles Maclaren of the Scotsman newspaper is listed as living at 58 George Square on the south side of the city. The property is a double level flat over 57 George Square.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1837. His proposer was Sir Thomas Dick Lauder. In 1846 he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London (FGS), and he was President of the Edinburgh Geological Society from 1864 to his death.
He retired in 1860 and died at home at Moreland Cottage on Grange Loan, Edinburgh, 10 September 1866.
He was interred very close to his home at the Grange Cemetery. His monument is a large Celtic cross facing the north path.

## Publications

* Dissertation on the Topography of the Plain of Troy
* The Geology of Fife and the Lothians
In 1820, Archibald Constable employed Maclaren to edit the sixth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, (1823) and to revise the historical and geographical articles. McLaren contributed the articles 'America,' 'Europe,' 'Greece,' 'Physical Geography,' and 'Troy'.
His Selected Works (1869) were edited by Robert Cox and James Nicol.

## Family

In 1842, late in life, he married Jane Veitch Somner (d.1871), a farmer's daughter, who was the widow of the jurist David Hume. They had no children.
# Circular procurement

Circular procurement is a form of government procurement, that supports the transition to a circular economy. The circular procurement approach builds on the sustainable procurement approach by adding elements such as the closed-loop use of materials. This is done by purchasing goods and services that minimize waste and the use of virgin resources. It can include shared ownership models, refurbishment of existing assets, and the purchase of products with recycled content. "It’s also important to plan for the end of life, to ensure the works or goods can continue to provide value in a reused, refurbished or recycled form in future lives".

## Policy context

The European Union (EU) Action Plan for the Circular Economy has implemented a comprehensive program aimed at enhancing the sustainability of product life cycles. This plan acknowledges public procurement as a significant factor in the shift towards a circular economy and outlines various measures that the European Commission will implement to promote the incorporation of circular economy principles in Green Public Procurement (GPP). These measures involve emphasizing circular attributes in revised or new sets of EU GPP criteria.
Circular public procurement also has a role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), defined by the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In particular, SDG 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production – includes a specific target on promoting sustainable public procurement practices, in accordance with national policies and priorities. Furthermore, many countries, regions, and cities have been developing their circular strategies in which public procurement is often emphasized as a key mechanism for scaling up the transition to a circular economy.

## Three levels of circular procurement

There are three types or levels of models for implementing circular procurement:
* System level concerns the contractual methods that the purchasing organization can use to ensure circularity. For example, supplier take-back agreements or product service systems.
* Supplier level pertains to how suppliers can build circularity into their systems and processes to ensure the products and services they offer meet circular procurement criteria.
* Product level focuses solely on the products which suppliers to public authorities may themselves procure further down the supply chain.

## Benefits

Besides sustainable procurement, circularity in procurement makes buyers take a more comprehensive approach – from the first stages of procurement to the end of product life – while achieving financial benefits. Other benefits of circular procurement include reduced environmental harm and a closed-loop system that has 100% recovery and a negligible landfill ratio. By 2025, at a global scale, it has an estimated potential to add $1 trillion to the global economy and create 100,000 new jobs within the next five years.
# Charles Maclaren

Charles Maclaren FRSE FGS (7 October 1782 – 10 September 1866) was a Scottish journalist and geologist. He co-founded The Scotsman newspaper, was its editor for 27 years, edited the 6th Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and was the first to suggest that Hisarlik was the site of Troy.

## Life

He was born in Ormiston, East Lothian (east of Edinburgh), on 7 October 1782, the son of John McLaren, a farmer, and his wife, Christian Muckle. Charles received his education at Fala and Colinton, but he was also partly self-taught.
Around 1797, he moved to Edinburgh, where he served as a clerk and bookkeeper for several firms, he joined the Philomathic Debating Society, where he made the acquaintance of brothers John and William Ritchie.
Financed by John Ritchie, he established the Scotsman, 26 January 1817, with William Ritchie and John M'Diarmid, and was joint editor of the first few numbers. When he obtained a position as a clerk in the custom house, he yielded the editorial chair to John Ramsay M'Culloch. In 1820, Maclaren resumed the editorship and held it till 1846, when he resigned it to Alexander Russel. The paper rapidly became the leading political journal of Scotland; its tone was throughout decidedly Whiggish, and in church matters it advocated much freedom of opinion.
In 1822 Maclaren was the first person to successfully identify the correct position of the lost city of Troy, in his Dissertation on the Topography of the Plain of Troy.
In the 1830s Charles Maclaren of the Scotsman newspaper is listed as living at 58 George Square on the south side of the city. The property is a double level flat over 57 George Square.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1837. His proposer was Sir Thomas Dick Lauder. In 1846 he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London (FGS), and he was President of the Edinburgh Geological Society from 1864 to his death.
He retired in 1860 and died at home at Moreland Cottage on Grange Loan, Edinburgh, 10 September 1866.
He was interred very close to his home at the Grange Cemetery. His monument is a large Celtic cross facing the north path.

## Publications

* Dissertation on the Topography of the Plain of Troy
* The Geology of Fife and the Lothians
In 1820, Archibald Constable employed Maclaren to edit the sixth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, (1823) and to revise the historical and geographical articles. McLaren contributed the articles 'America,' 'Europe,' 'Greece,' 'Physical Geography,' and 'Troy'.
His Selected Works (1869) were edited by Robert Cox and James Nicol.

## Family

In 1842, late in life, he married Jane Veitch Somner (d.1871), a farmer's daughter, who was the widow of the jurist David Hume. They had no children.
# 1972 New Jersey Democratic presidential primary

The 1972 New Jersey Democratic presidential primary was held on June 6, 1972, in New Jersey as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1972 United States presidential election.
In the non-binding preference primary, only Shirley Chisholm and Terry Sanford appeared on the ballot. Chisholm won the contest, becoming the first woman to win a statewide presidential nominating contest for a major party, as well as being the second African-American winner after Walter Fauntroy's win in the Washington D.C. contest of the same year.
Neither candidate won delegates from the contest, having foregone the vote for delegates held the same day.

## Candidates
### Binding delegate primary

* George McGovern, U.S. Senator from South Dakota
* Hubert Humphrey, former Vice President of the United States

### Non-binding preference primary

* Shirley Chisholm, U.S. Representative from New York's 12th district (1969–1983)
* Terry Sanford, Governor of North Carolina (1961–1965)