# List of contemporary ethnic groups

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.
By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.

## Ethnic groups

The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar.
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
| Ethnicity | Language(s) | Primary homeland | Subgroups, tribes & castes | Religion(s) |
| Abagusii | Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Gusii | Kenya (Kisii County) | | Christianity, Traditional African religion |
| Abazins | Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abaza | Russia (Abazinia) | Significant populations in Turkey, Egypt, and Russia | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Abelam | Sepik → Ndu → Abelam | Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) | | Christianity |
| Abenaki | Algic → Algonquian → Western Abenaki, historically Algic → Algonquian → Eastern Abenaki | Canada (Quebec), United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont) | | Abenaki religion |
| Abkhazians | Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abkhaz | Georgia (Abkhazia) | Sadz, Afro-Abkhazians, Byzb, Abzhui, Samurzakan | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Abkhazian Orthodoxy; Islam → Sunnism |
| Acehnese | Austronesian → Chamic → Acehnese | Indonesia (Aceh) | Significant populations in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the United States | Islam → Sunnism |
| Achagua | Arawakan → Upper Amazon Arawakan → Achagua | Colombia (Meta), Venezuela | | Traditional religion, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Acholi | Nilotic → Luo → Acholi | South Sudan, Uganda (Acholiland) | | Christianity |
| Adjoukrou | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Adjukru | Ivory Coast (Dabou) | | Christianity |
| Afar | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Afar | Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia (Afaria) | | Islam |
| Afemai | Atlantic–Congo → Edoid → Afenmai | Nigeria (Edo State) | | Christianity |
| Afghan Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar → Afghan Tatar; Indo-European → Iranic → Dari, Pashto; Turkic → Karluk → Uzbek; Turkic → Oghuz → Turkmen | Afghanistan (Afghan Turkestan) | | Islam → Sunnism → Hanafism |
| African-Americans | Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English; Indo-European → French Creole → Louisiana Creole; Indo-European → English Creole → Gullah, Afro-Seminole Creole; Francosign → ASLic → American Sign → Black American Sign | Southern United States, Mexico (Coahuila) | Black Southerners, Creoles of color, Black Native Americans (including Freedmen (including Black Seminoles (including Mascogos), Cherokee Freedmen, Choctaw Freedmen, Creek Freedmen)), Gullah, Samaná Americans, Affrilachians, Afro-Romani Americans, along with significant populations in France, Africa (including Ghana), Israel, and Canada | Christianity → Protestantism → Black church; Hoodoo; Islam |
| Afrikaners | Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Afrikaans | South Africa | Boers, Afrikaner-Jews | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Afro-Antiguans and Barbudans | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Antiguan and Barbudan English; Indo-European → English-based creoles → Antiguan and Barbudan Creole | Antigua and Barbuda | Barbudans | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism, Calvinism, Baptist; |
| Afro-Argentines | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Rioplatense Spanish | Argentina | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro-Arubans | Indo-European → Portuguese-based creoles → Papiamento; Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch, English; Indo-European → Romance → Spanish | Aruba | | Christianity |
| Afro-Bahamians | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Bahamian English; Indo-European → English-based creoles → Bahamian Creole | The Bahamas | | Christianity |
| Afro-Barbadians | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Bajan English; Indo-European → English-based creoles → Bajan Creole | Barbados | | Christianity |
| Afro-Bermudians | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Bermudian English; Indo-European → English-based creoles → Jamaican Patois → Bermudian Creole | Bermuda | | Christianity |
| Afro-Bolivians | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Bolivian Spanish | Bolivia (Bolivian Yungas) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro-Brazilians | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Brazilian Portuguese, Cafundó | Brazil | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro-Chileans | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Chilean Spanish | Chile (Arica y Parinacota Region, Tarapacá Region and Santiago Metropolitan Region) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro-Colombians | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Colombian Spanish; Indo-European → Spanish-based creole → Palenquero; Indo-European → English-based creole → San Andres-Providencia Creole | Colombia (Pacific region, Caribbean region) | Palenques, Raizals | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro–Costa Ricans | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Costa Rican Spanish; Indo-European → English-based creole → Limonese Creole | Costa Rica (Puerto Limon, San Jose, Alajuela, Heredia) | | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism |
| Afro-Cubans | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese, Spanish → Cuban Spanish; Indo-European → Germanic → English; Cuban Sign Language; Atlantic–Congo → Yoruboid → Lucumí; Atlantic–Congo and Indo-European → Kongo and Bozal Spanish → Habla Congo | Cuba | Ganga-Longoba, Afro-Cuban Roma | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism; Islam; Afro-American religions: Abakuá, Arará religion, Cuban Vodú, Palo, Santería |
| Afro-Curaçaoans | Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch, English; Indo-European → Portuguese-based creole → Papiamento; Indo-European → Romance → Spanish | Curaçao | | Christianity |
| Afro-Dominicans (Dominica) | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English (adopted language) French (adopted language) → French Creole → Dominican Creole French | Dominica | | Christianity → Catholicism; Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism, Calvinism, Baptist, etc; |
| Afro-Dominicans (Dominican Republic) | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish → Caribbean Spanish → Dominican Spanish (adopted language) | Dominican Republic | | Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism, Calvinism, Baptist, etc; Catholicism Catholicism + African religions → Dominican Vudú |
| Afro-Ecuadorians | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish (adopted language) | Ecuador (Esmeraldas Province, Guayaquil, Valle del Chota, Imbabura Province Sucumbíos Province) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro-Grenadians | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English → Grenadian Creole English French (adopted language) → → Patois | Grenada | | Christianity → Catholicism; Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism, Calvinism, Baptist, etc; Afro-American religions; Traditional African religions; Islam |
| Afro-Guatemalans | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish (adopted language) English (adopted language) Garifuna (adopted language) | Guatemala (Livingston (Garifuna settlement), Puerto Barrios and Santo Tomas) | | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism |
| Afro-Guyanese | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English (adopted language)→ Guyanese Creole | Guyana | | Christianity → Catholicism; Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism, Calvinism, Baptist, etc; Afro-American religions; Traditional African religions; Islam; Rastafari; Comfa |
| Afro-Haitians | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas French (adopted language) → Haitian Creole | Haiti | | Christianity → Catholicism; Islam; Haitian Voudou |
| Afro-Hondurans | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish (adopted language) English → Bay Islands English (adopted language) Garifuna (adopted language) Miskito (adopted language) | Honduras | | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism |
| Afro-Jamaicans | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English (adopted language)→ Jamaican English, Jamaican Patois | Jamaica | | Christianity; Convince; Jamaican Maroon religion; Kumina; Rastafari; Judaism |
| Afro-Kittitians and Nevisians | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English (adopted language) | Saint Kitts and Nevis | | Christianity; Rastafari |
| Afro-Mexicans | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish → Mexican Spanish | Mexico (Guerrero, Lázaro Cárdenas, Huetamo, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Greater Mexico City, Guadalajara and Múzquiz Municipality) | Mascogos | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism; Afro-American religions |
| Afro-Nicaraguans | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish → Nicaraguan Spanish, Miskito Coast Creole | Nicaragua | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro-Panamanians | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish (adopted language) → Panamanian Spanish English → Bocas del Toro Creole | Panama | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro-Paraguayans | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish (adopted language) | Paraguay (Central Department, Paraguari Department and Cordillera Department) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro-Peruvians | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish (adopted language) | Peru (Lima, Piura, Lambayeque, Tumbes and Ica) | | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism; Buddhism; Animism, etc |
| Afro-Puerto Ricans | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish (adopted language) → Bozal Spanish (dialect possibly extinct) Atlantic–Congo → Yoruba → Lucumí (lithurgical language) Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kongo → Habla Congo (lithurgical language) | Puerto Rico) | | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism; African diaspora religions; Animism, etc |
| Afro-Saint Lucians | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English (adopted language) French (adopted language) → Saint Lucian Creole | Saint Lucia | | Christianity; Kélé |
| Afro-Salvadorans | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish (adopted language) | El Salvador (Sonsonate, Ahuachapán, San Miguel, and La Unión) | | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism; African diaspora religions; Rastafari |
| Afro-Surinamese | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Dutch (adopted language) English (adopted language) → Sranan Tongo, Aukan, Kwinti English + Portuguese → Saramaccan | Suriname | | Christianity, Winti |
| Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English (adopted language) → Trinidadian Creole, Tobagonian Creole French (adopted language) → Antillean Creole Spanish (adopted language) | Trinidad and Tobago | | Christianity → Catholicism and Protestantism; Afro-American religions; Traditional African religions; Islam; etc |
| Afro-Turks | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Ottoman Empire Turkish (adopted language) | Turkey | | Islam |
| Afro-Uruguayans | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish (adopted language) → Rioplatense Spanish Spanish + Portuguese → Portuñol | Uruguay | | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism; etc |
| Afro-Venezuelans | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas Spanish (adopted language) | Venezuela (Venezuelan Caribbean and Barlovento) | | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism; Birongo; Cult to María Lionza |
| Afro-Vincentians | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English (adopted language) → Vincentian Creole, | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | | Christianity |
| Afro-Virgin Islanders | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English (adopted language) → Virgin Islands Creole Dutch (adopted language) French (adopted language) Historically Dutch → Zeelandic-based creole → Negerhollands | Virgin Islands (United Kingdom, United States), SSS islands (Netherlands, France) | | Christianity |
| Agaw | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Agaw | Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea) | Bilen, Ximre, Awi, Qemant | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy |
| Aghuls | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Aghul | Russia (Dagestan) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Ahiarmiut | Eskaleut → Inuit → Inuktitut → Ahiarmiut | Canada (Kivalliq Region) | | |
| Ahoms | Kra–Dai → Tai → Ahom | India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh) | | Hinduism, Ahom religion |
| Aikana | Aikana language | Brazil (Rondonia) | | Animism |
| Aimaq | Indo-European → Iranic → Aimaq | Afghanistan | Aimaq Hazara, Firozkohi, Jamshidi, Aimaq Kipchaks, Timuri, Taymani | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Ainus | Ainu → Hokkaido Ainu; historically Ainu → Sakhalin Ainu, Kuril Ainu | Japan (Hokkaido, Tōhoku region), Russia (Sakhalin, Kamchatka Peninsula, Khabarovsk Krai), Kuril Islands (Russia or Japan) | Hokkaido Ainus (including Ishikari Ainus, Menasunkur Ainus, Sumunkur Ainus, and Uchiura Ainus), Tokyo Ainus, Sakhalin Ainus, Russian Ainus | Animism → Ainu folk religion; Buddhism → Nichiren Shōshū; Shinto; Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Aja | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Adja | Benin, Togo | | West African Vodun |
| Aka | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Aka | Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo | | Traditional Aka religion |
| Akans | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Central Tano, Avikam–Alladian, Potou, Abé, Abidji, Attie, Ega; Francosign → American Sign → Ghanaian Sign; Adamorobe Sign; Nanabin Sign | Ghana (Gold Coast) | Abbé, Abidji, Ahafo, Ahanta, Akuapem, Akwamu, Akyem, Alladian, Anyi, Ashanti, Assin, Attie, Avikam, Baoulé, Bonos, Chakosi, Egas, Evalue, Fante, M'Bato, Nzema, Sefwi (including House of Israel), Tchaman, Wasa | Christianity |
| Akha | Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Akha | China (Pu'er and Xishuangbanna) | Akeu | Animism |
| Akhvakhs | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Akhvakh | Russia (Dagestan), Azerbaijan (Zagatala District) | | Islam |
| Akie | Nilotic → Kalenjin → Akie Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Maasai (adopted language) | Tanzania (Manyara Region) | | Traditional Akie religion |
| Alabamas | Muskogean → Alabama–Koasati → Alabama | United States (Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town, Alabama–Coushatta Reservation) | | Christianity → Protestantism; Ethnic religion |
| Alavi Bohras | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati → Lisan ud-Dawat | India (Gujarat) | | Islam → Shia Islam → Isma'ilism |
| Albanians | Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian Albanian Sign Language Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign | Southeastern Europe | Ghegs (including Arbanasi and Kosovars), Tosks (including Arbereshe, Cham Albanians, Arvanites, Lab Albanians), Albanian tribes, along with significant populations in Turkey, Egypt, Syria, France, the United Kingdom Italy, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Nordic countries, Switzerland, Greece (including Western Thrace), Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Australia, Canada, and the United States | Islam → Sunni Islam, Islam → Sufism → Bektashism, Christianity |
| Aleuts | Eskaleut → Aleut | Aleutian Islands (United States, Russia) | Agdaagux Tribe | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Alexandrian Greek Christians | Historically Indo-European → Hellenic Arabic → Egyptian Arabic (adopted language) | Egypt | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Catholicism → Melkite Catholicism |
| Altaians | Turkic → Kipchak → Southern Altai, Northern Altai | Russia (Altai Republic and Altai Krai), Mongolia (Altai Mountains), China (Altay Prefecture) | | Altai faith |
| Alur | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Alur | Uganda (West Nile sub-region), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Ituri Province) | | Christianity |
| Alutiiq | Eskaleut → Eskimo → Alutiiq | United States (Alaska) | Chugach | Christianity |
| Alyutors | Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Alyutor | Russia (Koryak Okrug) | | Shamanism, Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ambonese | Austronesian → Malayic → Ambonese Malay | Indonesia (Ambon Island) | | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Ambundu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kimbundu | Angola | | Christianity, Traditional African religions |
| Amdang | Furan → Amdang | Sudan (West Darfur), Chad (Wadi Fira) | | Islam |
| Americo-Liberians | Various languages of different African ethnic groups (originally, descendants of African-American slaves who were freed and returned to Africa) English (adopted language) English → Merico English → Liberian Kreyol | Liberia | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Amhara | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Amharic | Ethiopia (Amharia) | | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy |
| Amis | Austronesian → Formosan → Amis | Taiwan (Taitung and Hualien Counties) | | Animism, Christianity |
| Amung | Trans-New Guinea → Amung | Indonesia (Mimika, Puncak) | | Christianity |
| Andis | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Andi | Russia (Dagestan) | | Islam |
| Aneuk Jamee | Austronesian → Malayic → Minangkabau → Aneuk Jamee | Indonesia (Aceh) | | Islam |
| Anglo-Saxons | Indo-European → Germanic → English Burmese (adopted language in Myanmmar) Karen (adopted language in Myanmmar) Francosign → ASLic → American Sign, Irish Sign BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign | England | English (including New Forest commoners), and colonial descendants: Anglo-Americans, Anglo-Burmese, Anglo-Canadians, Anglo-Celtic Australians, Anglo-Indians, Anglo-Irish, Anglo-New Zealanders | Christianity Buddhism (Anglo-Burmese) |
| Angu | Trans-New Guinea → Angan | Papua New Guinea (Kratke Range) | | Animism |
| Anindilyakwa | Macro-Gunwinyguan → Anindilyakwa | Australia (Groote Eylandt, Bickerton Island) | | Animism |
| Antakarinja | Pama-Nyungan → Wati languages → Wati | Australia (South Australia) | | Animism |
| Antiochian Greek Christians | Afroasiatic → Arabic → Levantine Arabic (adopted), historically Indo-European → Hellenic | Levant (Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Turkey) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, Catholicism → Melkite Catholicism |
| Anuak | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Anuak | Ethiopia (Anuakia), South Sudan (Boma) | | Christianity |
| Apache | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Apachean | United States (Apacheria) | Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Salinero, Plains Apache, Western Apache | Native American religions → Native American Church |
| Apanyekra | Macro-Je → Je → Canela | Brazil (Northeast Region) | | Ethnic religion |
| Apinajé | Macro-Je → Je → Apinayé | Brazil (Tocantins) | | Animism |
| Arabs | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic; Arab Sign; Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign; Kafr Qasem Sign; Sudanese sign languagee; historically Afroasiatic → Arabic → Sicilian Arabic and Shirvani Arabic | West Asia (especially the Arabian Peninsula and Syrian Desert), North Africa, Sahel | Bedouins (including Palestinian Bedouins (including Jahalin Bedouins, Negev Bedouins (including Al-Sayyid Bedouins and Hanajira), Galilee Bedouins, Ta'amreh), Tarabin Bedouins, Bedul, Beni Ades, Liyathnah), Israeli Arabs, Palestinians (including Palestinian Christians, Palestinian Baháʼís, Palestinian Muslims (including Palestinian Metawalis), Palestinian Bedouins (including Jahalin Bedouins), and Afro-Palestinians), Egyptian Arabs, Maghrebi Arabs, Dawada, Iranian Arabs (including Khuzestani Arabs, Khorasani Arabs, Huwalas, and Khamseh Arabs), Sudanese Arabs, Marsh Arabs, Arab Christians (including Antiochians, Jerusalemites, and Alexandrians), Alawites, Druze, Hadharem, Mhallami, Rashaida, Baggara Arabs (including Shuweihat), Abbala Arabs, Azawagh Arabs, Diffa Arabs, Manga Arabs, Ababda, Baharna (including in Kuwait) Arab-Persians, Arab-Berbers, with diaspora populations (including the Palestinian diaspora) in Europe (including the United Kingdom, the Caucasus, Sweden, Spain), Turkey, Pakistan (including Palestinians), India, Colombia, Chile (including Palestinians), Nicaragua, Brazil (including Palestinians), Mexico (including Palestinians), Venezuela, the United States (including Palestinians), Canada, Haiti (including Palestinians), Cuba, El Salvador (including Palestinians), Australia (including Palestinians), New Zealand, Singapore | Islam → Sunni Islam, Sufism, Shia Islam → Twelver Shi'ism, Isma'ilism → Tayyibi Isma'ilism → Sulaymani, Zaydism, Ibadism |
| Aragonese | Indo-European → Romance → Aragonese, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish | Spain (Aragon) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Aranadans | Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Eranadan | India (Kerala) | | |
| Arapaho | Algic → Algonquian → Arapahoan → Arapaho | United States (Colorado, Wyoming) | | Christianity, Native American Church |
| Argobba | Afroasiatic → Ethiopic → Argobba | Ethiopia (Afar, Harari, Amhara, and Oromia Regions) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Armenians | Indo-European → Armenian, Northwest Caucasian → Circassian, Armenian Sign, historically Harsneren, Turkic → Kipchak → Armeno-Kipchak | Armenian highlands (Armenia, Turkey (Western Armenia)), Azerbaijan, Ukraine (Crimea), Russia (Kuban, Adygea), Georgia | Turkish Armenians (including Armenians in Istanbul, Hemshin, and Hidden Armenians), Cherkesogai, Armeno-Tats, Zoks, Hayhurum, Karabakhis and historically Udis and Turkic peoples who adhered to the Armenian Apostolic Church, along with significant populations in Russia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Serbia, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine (including Crimea), Cyprus, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Malta, Georgia (including Samtskhe–Javakheti, Abkhazia, and Tbilisi), Azerbaijan, (including Baku), Egypt, Lebanon, Pakistan, Iran, Qatar, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, Jordan, Ethiopia, China, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Singapore, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Israel, Palestine, the Netherlands, and Germany | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Eastern Catholicism → Armenian Catholicism |
| Aromanians | Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian | Balkans (Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania) | Significant populations in Greece, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, and North Macedonia, along with diaspora populations | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Arrernte | Pama-Nyungan → Arandic → Arrernte | Australia (Arrernte Land) | | Alcheringa |
| Ashkali | Indo-European → Albanian | Kosovo | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Asmat | Trans–New Guinea → Asmat–Kamrau → Asmat | Indonesia (South Papua) | | Christianity |
| Assamese | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Assamese | India (Assam) | Assamese Brahmins, Kalitas, Kaibartas, Assamese Muslims, Chutias | Hinduism |
| Assiniboine | Siouan → Western Siouan → Assiniboine | Canada (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta), United States (North Dakota, Montana) | Bizebina, Insaombi, Wokpanbi | Traditional Assiniboine religion |
| Asturians | Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese → Asturian, Indo-European → Romance → Galician and Asturleonese → Eonavian | Spain (Asturias) | Eonavians | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Asurs | Austroasiatic → Munda → Asur–Birjia | India (Bihar, Jharkhand) | Bir, Asur, Birjia, Agaria | Animism and Hinduism → Asur religion |
| Atacama | Kunza | Chile (Atacama Desert, Altiplano), Argentina (Altiplano), Bolivia (Antofagasta Region) | | Inca Religion |
| Atayals | Austronesian → Formosan → Atayal; Japonic → Japanese-based creole → Yilan Creole Japanese | Taiwan | | Animism, Christianity |
| Ati | Ati language | Western Visayas | | Animism, Christianity |
| Atikamekw | Algic → Algonquian → Atikamekw | Canada (Nitaskinan) | | Christianity → Catholicism, Ethnic religion |
| Atoni | Austronesian → Timoric → Uab Meto | Indonesia (West Timor), East Timor (Oecusse) | Amarasi | Christianity |
| Atyap | Niger–Congo → Plateau → Atyap | Nigeria (Kaduna State) | | Christianity |
| Austral Islanders | Austronesian → Polynesian → Austral | France (Austral Islands) | | Christianity |
| Avars | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Avar, Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Archi | Russia (Dagestan, Chechnya, Dagestan, Kalmykia), Azerbaijan (Balakan, Zagatala), Turkey, Georgia | Archis, Kvareli Avars | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Awa | Barbacoan → Awan → Awa | Colombia (Narino), Ecuador (Carchi) | | Christianity |
| Awadhis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Awadhi | India (Awadh) | Barhai | Hinduism |
| Aymara | Aymaran → Aymara | Bolivia, Peru, Chile | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Äynu | Turkic and Indo-European → Karluk and Iranic → Uyghur and Persian → Äynu; Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur | China (Xinjiang) | | Islam → Shi'ism → Alevism |
| Azerbaijanis | Turkic → Oghuz → Azeri, Turkmen → Ersari; Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Azerbaijani Sign | Azerbaijan, Iran (Iranian Azerbaijan), Armenia, Turkmenistan (Balkan Region, Lebap Region), Uzbekistan (Bukhara Region) | Ayrums, Baharlu, Bayat, Karadaghis, Qajars, Kuresunni, Padar, Qarapapaqs, Shahsevan, Terekeme, Yeraz, Afshar (including Javanshir Qizilbash), Iranian Azeris, along with significant populations in Georgia, Russia, and historically Armenia | Islam → Shi'ism |
| Babur and Bura | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Bura | Nigeria (Borno State and Adamawa State) | Babur, Bura | Islam |
| Badagas | Dravidian → Badaga–Kannada → Badaga | India (Nilgiris district) | | Hinduism |
| Bagirmi | Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Bongo-Bagirmi → Bagirmi language | Chad (Chari-Baguirmi) | | Islam → Folk Islam |
| Bagvalals | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Bagvalal | Russia (Dagestan) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Bahnar | Austroasiatic → Bahnaric → Bahnar | Vietnam (Central Highlands) | | Animism |
| Bai | Sino-Tibetan → Macro-Bai → Bai | China (Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Bijie, Sangzhi County) | | Buddhism, Benzhuism, Daoism |
| Baining | Baining languages | Papua New Guinea (Gazelle Peninsula) | Kairak, Mali, Qaqet, Simbali, Ura | Christianity, Pomio Kivung |
| Bajuni | Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Swahili → Bajuni | Somalia (Bajuni Islands), Kenya (Coast Province) | | Islam → Sunnism → Shafi'ism |
| Bakarwal | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujari → Bakarwal | India or Pakistan (Kashmir) | | Islam |
| Bakossi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Akoose | Cameroon (Bakossi Mountains) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Balanta | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Senegambian → Balanta | Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, The Gambia | | Traditional African religions |
| Balinese | Austronesian → Balinese | Indonesia (Bali) | Bali Aga | Hinduism → Balinese Hinduism |
| Balkars | Turkic → Kipchak → Balkar | Russia (Kabardino-Balkaria) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Balochs | Indo-European → Iranic → Balochi; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Saraiki | Balochistan (Pakistan (Balochistan), Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan), Afghanistan (Balochistan)) | Askani, Bajkani, Bangulzai, Barazani, Saraiki Balochs, Bhurgari, Bugti, Buledi, Chandio, Darzada, Dehwar, Dodai, Dombki, Gabol, Ghazini, Jamali, Jatoi, Kalmati, Khetran, Kunara, Langhani, Lango, Lashkrani, Loharani, Lund, Marri, Mazari, Mengal, Mirali, Mugheri, Muhammad Shahi, Mullazai, Nothazai, Pitafi, Qaisrani, Rind, Sadozai, Sethwi, Shaikhzadah, Talpur, Tauki, Umrani, Yarahmadzai, Zardari, Makrani, along with significant populations in the United Arab Emirates (including Al Balushi) and Turkmenistan | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Balondo-ba-Konja | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Londo | Cameroon | | Creationism → Balondo-ba-Konja religion |
| Balti | Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Balti | Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan) | | Islam → Shi'ism |
| Bamars | Sino-Tibetan → Burmish → Burmese historically Sino-Tibetan → Burmish → Hpon | Myanmar | Bamars proper, Taungyo, Dawei, Yaw, Yabein, Intha, Danu, Hpon, Anglo-Burmese | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism; Burmese folk religion |
| Bambara | Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding → Bambara | Mali | | Islam |
| Bamileke | Niger–Congo → Grassfields → Bamileke | Cameroon (West and Northwest regions) | Mengaka, Ngiemboon, Ngombale, Ngomba, Ngwe, Yemba, Fe'fe', Ghomala', Kwaʼ, Nda'nda', Medumba | Christianity |
| Bamum | Niger–Congo → Grassfields → Bamum | Cameroon (West Region) | | Islam |
| Banda | Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Banda | Central African Republic, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo | Central Banda, South Banda, West Banda | Christianity |
| Bandanese | Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Banda Malay, Austronesian → Central Maluku → Banda | Indonesia (Banda Islands) | | Islam, Christianity |
| Bangweulu Twa | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bemba | Zambia (Bangweulu Wetlands) | | Traditional African Religion |
| Baniwa | Arawakan → Upper Amazon Arawakan → Karu | Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia (Amazonas), Venezuela (Amazonas) | | Traditional religion; Christianity → Catholicism |
| Banjara | Indo-European → Rajasthani → Lambadi | India (Mewar) | | Hinduism |
| Banjarese | Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Banjarese | Indonesia (South Kalimantan) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Bari | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Bari | South Sudan (Central Equatoria), Uganda | Pojulu, Kakwa, Nyangwara, Mandari, Kuku | Christianity |
| Bariba | Niger–Congo → Gur → Bariba | Borgu (Benin, Nigeria) | | Islam |
| Bashkirs | Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir | Russia (Badzhgard) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Basques | Aquitanian → Basque | Basque Country (Spain, France) | Navarreans, Alavans, Biscayans, Gipuzkoans, Northern Basques, along with significant populations in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, and Uruguay | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Bassa | Niger–Congo → Kru → Bassa | Liberia (Bassaland) | | Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism |
| Batak | Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Batak | Indonesia (North Sumatra) | Angkola, Karo, Mandailing, Pakpak, Simalungun, Toba, Alas, Kluet, Singkil | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Bateri | Indo-European → Dardic → Bateri | Pakistan (Kohistan) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Batwa | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kirundi, Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kiga | African Great Lakes | | Traditional African religion |
| Bauzi | East Geelvink Bay → Bauzi | Indonesia (Papua) | | Animism |
| Bazigar | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bazigar | India (Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan), Pakistan (Punjab) | | Hinduism |
| Beja | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Beja | Sudan, Egypt, Eritrea | Bishari, Hadendoa, Hedareb, Amarar, Beni-Amer | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Belarusians | Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian | Belarus, Lithuania (Vilnius Region), Polesia (Poland, Ukraine), Russia (Smolensk Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Oryol Oblast), and surrounding regions | Significant populations in the United States, Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, and Russia | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Belizean Creoles | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English → Belizean Creole | Belize | | Christianity → Protestantism, Rastafari |
| Bemba | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bemba | Zambia (Northern, Luapula, and Copperbelt Provinces), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga Province) | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Bembe | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bembe | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania | | Christianity → Protestantism, Traditional African religions |
| Bena | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bena | Tanzania (Njombe Region) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Bengalis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bengali, Sylheti, Chittagonian, Noakhali; Indo-Pakistani–Nepali Sign → Indo-Pakistani Sign → Bengali Sign | Bengal (Bangladesh, India) | Bengali Muslims, Bengali Hindus (including Mahishyas), Bengali Buddhists, Bengali Christians, Bangals (including Chittagonians, Sylhetis, Dhakaiyas (including Mahifarash), Noakhalis), Ghotis (including Muslim Ghosi, Lodha Muslims), Shershabadia, Mahimal | Islam → Sunnism; Hinduism → Shaktism, Vaishnavism, Hindu atheism; Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism; Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Berbers | Afroasiatic → Berber, Semitic → Arabic; Songhay → Northern Songhay → Tagdal | Maghreb | Central Atlas Berbers, Chaouis, Kabyle, Kountas, Chenouas, Ghomaras, Godala, Hawwara, Matmatas, Mozabite, Nafusis, Rifians, Shilha, Siwi, Tuaregs, Awjila, Arab-Berbers, Sanhaja Berbers, Jerba, Zayanes, Igdalen, with significant populations in Belgium, France, Canada, the Netherlands, the United States, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Burkina Faso (including Tuaregs), Niger (including Tuaregs), and Mali | Islam → Sunni Islam, Ibadism |
| Berom | Niger–Congo → Plateau → Berom | Niger (Plateau State) | | Christianity |
| Berta | Nilo-Saharan → Berta | Ethiopia (Benishangul-Gumuz Region), South Sudan | | Islam |
| Betawis | Austronesian → Malay-based creole → Betawi | Indonesia (Jakarta) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Beti | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Ewondo, Eton | Cameroon | Ewondo, Eton | Christianity |
| Bezhta | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Bezhta | Russia (Tsuntinsky District) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Bhils | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bhil | India (Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra) | Barda, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Bhil Gametia, Bhil Garasia, Bhil Kataria, Bhil Mama, Bhil Mavchi, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Damor, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Nirdhi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Vasava, Bhil Meena, Chaudhri, Bagdi | Hinduism |
| Bhojpuris | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Bhojpuri | India, Nepal | Paswan, Teli | Hinduism, Jainism |
| Bhumijs | Austroasiatic → Munda → Bhumij | India (West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand) | | Sarnaism |
| Bicolanos | Austronesian → Philippine → Bikol | Philippines (Bicol Region) | Central Bikol, Sorsoganons, Catandunganons, Rinconada, Albayanon | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Bidayuh | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Land Dayak | Malaysia (Sarawak) | Kendayan, Selako, Bakatiʼ, Sara Bakati', Laraʼ, Bukar–Sadong, Biatah, Tringgus, Jagoi, Jangkang, Kembayan, Semandang, Ribun, Nyaduʼ, Sanggau | Christianity |
| Bilala | Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Naba | Chad (Lake Fitri) | | Islam |
| Bimanese | Austronesian → Malayo-Polyneisan → Bima | Indonesia (Sumbawa Island) | | Islam |
| Bisayas | Austronesian → Dusunic → Sabah Bisaya, Brunei Bisaya | Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) | Sabah Bisaya, Brunei Bisaya | Islam, Christianity |
| Bishnupriyas | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bengali-based creole → Bishnupriya Manipuri | India (Manipur), Bangladesh | | Hinduism → Vaishnavism |
| Bissa | Niger–Congo → Mande → Bissa | Burkina Faso | | Islam |
| Blaan | Austronesian → Philippine → Blaan | Philippines (Soccsksargen) | | Anitism |
| Black Britons | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas (descendants of Afro-Caribbean Britons) Various African languages → English (adopted language by descendants of Subsaaharan African immigrants) English (adopted language) → Multicultural London English (dialect of those born in London) | United Kingdom and British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean (Montserrat, British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands, Anguilla) | Afro-Caribbean Britons | Christianity, Rastafari |
| Black Canadians | Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Americas English → Canadian English (adopted language) Romance → French → Canadian French (adopted language) Various African languages → Canadian English and Canadian French (adopted language by descendants of post-1950s Subsaaharan African immigrants) | Canada (Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia) | Black Ontarians (including Black Torontonians), Black Montrealers, Black New Brunswickers, Black Nova Scotians | Christianity; Islam |
| Blackfoot | Algic → Algonquian → Blackfoot | Canada (Alberta), United States (Montana) | Kainai Nation, Piegan Blackfeet, Piikani Nation, Siksika Nation | Native American Church, Christianity |
| Boa | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Boa | Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bas-Uele) | | Christianity |
| Bodo | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Bodo | India (Bodoland) | Mech, Kachari | Bathouism, Hinduism |
| Bokota | Chibchan → Buglere | Panama (Bocas del Toro) | | Native American religion |
| Bondei | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sueta → Bondei | Tanzania (Pangani District) | | Islam, Traditional African religions |
| Bororo | Macro-Je → Bororoan → Bororo | Brazil (Mato Grosso) | | Animism |
| Bosniaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Bosnian | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sandžak (Serbia, Montenegro) | Significant populations in Serbia, Turkey, Austria, Germany and the United States | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Botlikhs | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Botlikh | Russia (Dagestan) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Bouyei | Kra–Dai → Tai → Bouyei | China (Guizhou) | Giay | Moism |
| Bozo | Niger–Congo → Mande → Bozo | Mali | | Islam |
| Brahuis | Dravidian → Northern Dravidian → Brahui | Pakistan (Balochistan) | Raisani, Jhalawan, Sarawan, Mengal (including Zagar and Zakria Zae), Sasoli | Islam → Sunni Islam → Hanafi |
| Bretons | Indo-European → Celtic → Breton | France (Brittany) | Significant populations in Canada and the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Bribri | Chibchan → Talamanca → Bribri, Bribri Sign | Costa Rica (Cordillera de Talamanca) | | Talamancan mythology |
| Bru | Austroasiatic → Katuic → Bru | Laos (Savannakhet province), Vietnam (Quảng Binh and Quảng Trị provinces) | | Satsana Phi, Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Bubi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bube | Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Budu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Budu | Democratic Republic of the Congo (Wamba Territory) | | Christianity |
| Budukhs | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Budukh | Azerbaijan (Buduq) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Buduma | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Yedina | Lake Chad (Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon) | | Islam |
| Buginese | Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Buginese | Indonesia (South Sulawesi) | | Islam, Christianity, folk religion |
| Bulgarians | Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian, Francosign → Bulgarian Sign | Bulgaria | Pomaks, Paulicians, Macedonian Bulgarians, Bessarabian Bulgarians, Dobrujan Bulgarians, Thracian Bulgarians, Karakachani, along with significant populations in Turkey, Ukraine and Moldova, Crimea, Romania and Serbia, Croatia, Germany, Spain, and the United States | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Bunak | Trans–New Guinea → Timor–Alor–Pantar → Bunak | Indonesia (West Timor), East Timor | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Bunun | Austronesian → Bunun | Taiwan (Nantou) | | Animism, Christianity |
| Burghers | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sinhala, Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil, Indo-European → Germanic → English, Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole | Sri Lanka | Dutch Burghers, Portuguese Burghers | Christianity |
| Burushos | Burushaski | Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan) | | Islam → Shi'ism → Isma'ilism |
| Buryats | Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Buryat; Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Khalkha → Sartul, Tsongol | Russia (Buryatia), China (Inner Mongolia), Mongolia | Barga | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism; Shamanism → Mongolian shamanism; Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Butonese | Austronesian → Celebic → Butonese | Indonesia (Buton) | | Islam |
| Bwa | Niger–Congo → Gur → Bwa | Burkina Faso, Mali | | Traditional African religions |
| Bwatiye | Afrosiatic → Chadic → Bacama | Nigeria (Adamawa State) | | Christianity, Neo-Pentecostalism |
| Cabiyari | Arawakan → Upper Amazon Arawakan → Cabiyari | Colombia (Vaupes) | | Christianity |
| Caddo | Caddoan → Caddo | United States (Oklahoma) | | Peyote religion, Christianity |
| Cahuilla | Uto-Aztecan → Cupan → Cahuilla | United States (California) | Pass Cahuilla (including Agua Caliente Cahuilla, Morongo Cahuilla), Mountain Cahuilla (including Cahuilla Band of Indians, Los Coyotes Cahuilla, Ramona Cahuilla, Santa Rosa Cahuilla), Desert Cahuilla (including Augustine Cahuilla, Cabazon Cahuillla, Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla) | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Moravian; Ethnic religion |
| Caldoche | Indo-European → Romance → French, Francosign → French Sign | France (New Caledonia) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Camminanti | Indo-European → Romance → Sicilian → Baccagghiu | Italy (Sicily) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Canary Islanders | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Canarian Spanish, Silbo Gomero, Isleño Spanish | Spain (Canary Islands) | Isleños (including Louisiana Isleños) | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Cape Malays | Indo-European → Germanic → Afrikaans, Kaaps, English | South Africa (Western Cape) | | Islam |
| Carolinians | Austronesian → Micronesian → Carolinian | United States (Northern Mariana Islands) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Catalans | Indo-European → Romance → Catalan; LSCic → Catalan Sign | Catalan Countries (Spain, France, Andorra, Italy) | Andorrans, Balears, Algherese, Roussillonese with significant populations in the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Cayuga | Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Cayuga | Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, Oklahoma) | | Longhouse Religion |
| Chaga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chaga | Tanzania | Gwenos, Rombos, Central Chaga (including Kahe), Rusa, West Chaga | Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religions |
| Chagossians | Indo-European → Bourbonnais Creole → Chagossian Creole | Chagos Archipelago | | Christianity, Rastafari |
| Chaharmahali Turks | Turkic → Oghuz → Chaharmahali Turkic | Iran (Chaharmahal) | | Islam → Shi'ism → Twelver Shi'ism |
| Chakmas | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Chakma | Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts) | | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Chamalals | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Chamalal | Russia (Tsumadinsky District) | | Islam → Sunnism; Animism |
| Chamorro | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Chamorro | United States (Mariana Islands) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Chams | Austronesian → Chamic → Cham | Champa (Cambodia, Vietnam), China (Hainan) | Churu, Jarai, Rade, Raglai, Utsuls | Islam → Sunnism, Shi'ism → Bani Islam; Hinduism |
| Channel Islanders | Indo-European → Romance → Norman, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Channel Island English | British Crown Dependencies (Channel Islands) | Jèrriais (including Sercquiais), Guernésiais, before 1960 Auregnais | Christianity |
| Chaoui | Afroasiatic → Berber → Shawiya | Algeria (Aurès) | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Charrúa | Charruan languages | Uruguay | Chaná | Animism |
| Chechens | Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Chechen | Russia (Chechnya, Aukh, Orstkhoy-Mokhk), Georgia (Pankisi, Kakheti, Tusheti) | Kists, Chechen Kurds, Aukhs (including Veappiis), Orstkhoys, Terloys, Shatoys, Ghendargnoys, Zandkhoys, Chinkhoys, other teips with significant populations in Austria, France, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, and the United States | Islam → Sunnism; historically Vainakh religion |
| Chehalis | Historically Salishan → Coast Salish → Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis | United States (Washington) | Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis | Ethnic religion |
| Chelkans | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Northern Altai → Chelkan | Russia (Altai Republic, Kemerovo Oblast) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Burkhanism, Shamanism |
| Chenouas | Afroasiatic → Berber → Shenwa | Algeria (Mount Chenoua) | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Chepang | Sino-Tibetan → Chepangic → Chepang | Nepal | | Hinduism |
| Cherokee | Iroquoian → Southern Iroquoian → Cherokee | United States (North Carolina, Tennessee) | Cherokee Nation, Eastern Band, United Keetoowah Band, Cherokee Freedmen | Christianity, Four Mothers Society |
| Chewa | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chewa | Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique | | Christianity, Traditional African religions |
| Cheyennes | Algic → Algonquian → Cheyenne; Plains Indian Sign | United States (Montana, Oklahoma) | | Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity |
| Chickasaw | Muskogean → Western Muskogean → Chickasaw | United States (Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee) | | Ethnic religion, Christianity → Protestantism |
| Chinese Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar; Sino-Tibetan → Chinese → Mandarin | China (Xinjiang) | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Cho Ro | Austroasiatic → Bahnaric → Chrau | Vietnam, (Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Ba Ria-Vung Tau) | | Animism, Theravada |
| Choctaw | Muskogean → Choctaw | United States (Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana) | Choctaw Freedmen | Christianity, Choctaw religion |
| Chokwe | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chokwe | Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia | | Christianity |
| Cholanaikkans | Dravidian → South Dravidian I → Cholanaikkan | India (Kerala) | | |
| Chuanqing | Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Mandarin Chinese → Southwestern Mandarin | China (Guizhou) | | Ethnic religion |
| Chukchis | Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Chukchi | Chukchia | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism |
| Chulyms | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Chulym | Russia (Tomsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Chumash | Chumashan languages | United States (California) | | Christianity, Native American religion |
| Chutiya | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Deori | India (Assam) | Deori | Ekasarana Dharma |
| Chuukese | Austronesian → Micronesian → Chuukese | Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk Lagoon) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Chuvans | Indo-European → Slavic → Russian; Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Chukchi; historically Yukaghir → Chuvan | Russia (Chukotka) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Chuvash | Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash | Russia (Chuvashia) | Virjal, Anatri | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy; Vattisen Yaly |
| Cina Kampung | Kra–Dai, Austronesian, and Sino-Tibetan → Southern Thai, Kelantan–Pattani Malay, and Hokkien → Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien | Malaysia (Kelantan) | | Buddhism and Chinese folk religion → Theravada and Chinese ancestor worship → Cina Kampung religion |
| Cinta Larga | Tupian → Monde → Cinta Larga | Brazil (Amazon rainforest) | | Indigenous religion, Santo Daime |
| Circassians | Northwest Caucasian → Circassian | Russia (Circassia) | Abzakhs, Adygeans, Besleneys, Bzhedugs, Chemirgoys, Cherkess, Kabardians, Natukhajs, Shapsugs, Ubykhs, Makhosh, Yegeruqways and Hatuqways, with significant populations in Turkey, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Iran, Germany, Iraq, Bulgaria, the United States, Egypt, Libya, and Saudi Arabia | Islam → Sunnism → Hanafism, Sufism → Naqshbandism |
| Cirebonese | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Javanese → Cirebonese | Indonesia (Cirebon) | | Islam |
| Clatsop | Chinookan, Wakashan, and Indo-European → Lower Chinook, Nootka Jargon, Germanic, and Italic → Chinook Jargon; historically Chinookan → Lower Chinook → Clatsop | United States (Oregon) | | |
| Cocopah | Yuman → Cocopah | Mexico (Baja California, Sonora), United States (Arizona) | | Native American religion |
| Cocos Malays | Malay creoles → Cocos Malay | Australia (Cocos (Keeling) Islands) | significant populations in Malaysia | Islam → Sunnism |
| Cofan | Cofan language | Ecuador (Sucumbios), Colombia (Putumayo) | | Animism |
| Coloureds | Indo-European → Germanic → Afrikaans, Kaaps, English | South Africa (Western Cape) | Cape Coloureds (South Africa), Basters (Namibia) | Christianity |
| Comanche | Uto-Aztecan → Numic → Comanche, Indo-European → Germanic → English | United States (Comancheria) | | Native American Church, Christianity |
| Comorians | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Comorian | Comoros, France (Mayotte) | Grande Comorians, Anjouans, Mohélians, Maorais, Significant population in Metropolitan France | Islam → Sunnism |
| Conch | Indo-European → Germanic → English, English creole → Bahamian Creole | Bahamas | | Christianity |
| Confederados | Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English | Brazil (Santa Barbara d'Oeste, Americana) | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Cook Islanders | Austronesian → Polynesian → Cook Islands Māori, Austronesian → Polynesian → Penrhyn, Austronesian → Polynesian → Rakahanga-Manihiki, Austronesian → Polynesian → Pukapukan | Cook Islands | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Copts | Afroasiatic → Egyptian → Coptic, Egyptian Sign | Egypt, Sudan, Libya | Sudan and Libya along with the Coptic diaspora | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Coptic Orthodoxy; Christianity → Catholicism → Eastern Catholicism → Coptic Catholicism |
| Cornish | Indo-European → Celtic → Cornish; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Cornish English; BANZSL → British Sign | United Kingdom (Cornwall) | Significant populations in the United States and Australia | Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism |
| Corsicans | Indo-European → Romance → Corsican | France (Corsica) | Corsican Americans (including Corsican Puerto Ricans) | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Cossacks | Indo-European → Slavic → Russian, Ukrainian | Russia, Kazakhstan | Terek Cossacks, Don Cossacks, Kuban Cossacks, Ural Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Coushatta | Muskogean → Alabama–Koasati → Koasati | United States (Coushatta Indian Reservation, Alabama–Coushatta Reservation, Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town) | | Christianity |
| Cree | Algic → Algonquian → Cree | Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador) | James Bay Cree, Moose Cree, Swampy Cree, Woodland Cree, Papaschase | Christianity |
| Crimean Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Middle Crimean Tatar, Northern Crimean Tatar, Dobrujan Tatar; Turkic → Oghuz → Balkan Gagauz → Southern Crimean Tatar; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Crimean Romani | Ukraine (Crimea) | Steppe, Mountain, and Southcoast tribes, Crimean Roma, along with Significant populations in Turkey, Romania, and[Uzbekistan | Islam → Sunnism |
| Croats | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian, Chakavian, Kajkavian, Torlakian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slavomolisano; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign | Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Kosovo, Austria (Burgenland), and surrounding regions | Bunjevci, Krashovani, Janjevci, Šokci, Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats, Montenegrin Croats, Serbian Croats, Slovenian Croats, Burgenland Croats, Croat Muslims, along with significant populations in Italy (including Molise Croats), the Czech Republic, the United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Australia and Canada | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Crow | Siouan → Western Siouan → Crow | United States (Montana) | | Christianity, Crow religion |
| Czechoslovaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Czech, Indo-European → Slavic → Slovak | Czech Republic, Slovakia | Significant populations in Canada and the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Czechs | Indo-European → Slavic → Czech; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Czech Sign | Czech Republic | Bohemians, Chodové, Chods, along with significant populations in United States and Canada | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Dagaaba | Niger–Congo → Gur → Dagaare | Ghana, Burkina Faso | | Christianity, Traditional African religions |
| Dagombas | Niger–Congo → Gur → Dagbani | Ghana (Kingdom of Dagbon) | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Damara | Khoe → Khoekhoe | Namibia (Damaraland) | | Christianity |
| Damia | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dameli | Pakistan (Chitral District) | | |
| Danes | Indo-European → Germanic → Danish, East Danish, Jutish; Francosign → DTSic → Danish Sign | Danish Realm (Denmark), Germany (Southern Schleswig) | Significant populations in the United States, Canada, Greenland, and Germany. | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Dani | Trans-New Guinea → West Papuan Highlands → Dani | Papua New Guinea (Baliem Valley) | Indonesia (Highland Papua) | Christianity → Protestantism, Islam |
| Dargins | Northeast Caucasian → Dargin | Russia (Dagestan) | Kaitags, Kubachis, Itsaris, Chirags | Islam → Sunnism |
| Daurs | Mongolic → Dagur | China (Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang) | | Shamanism |
| Dawoodi Bohra | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati → Lisan ud-Dawat | India, Pakistan | | Islam → Shia → Isma'ilism → Tayyibi Isma'ilism |
| Deccani | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Deccani | India (Deccan) | Hyderabadi | Islam → Sunnism → Sufism; Islam → Shi'ism → Isma'ilism → Nizari Isma'ilism |
| Deg Xitʼan | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Deg Xinag | United States (Alaska) | | Christianity |
| Denaʼina | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Denaʼina | United States (Alaska) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Animism |
| Dhimal | Sino-Tibetan → Dhimalish → Dhimal | Nepal | | Hinduism, Kiratism |
| Dinka | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Dinka | South Sudan | | Christianity, Dinka religion |
| Dobrujan Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Dobrujan Tatar; Indo-European → Romance → Romanian | Romania (Constanța County) | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Dogon | Niger–Congo → Dogon; Bangime; Tebul Sign | Mali (Bandiagara Escarpment) | Ampari Dogon (including Nyamboli), Tebul U, Mombo Dogon, Escarpment Dogon (including Tommo So), Jamsai Dogon, Nanga Dogon, Yanda Dogon, Walo, Beente, Duleri Dogon, Pinia, Bondum Dogon, Dogul Dogon, Budu, Western Plains Dogon, Toro-tegu Dogon, Bangande | Traditional African religions |
| Dogras | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dogri | India (Jammu Division) | | Hinduism |
| Dolgans | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Dolgan | Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism |
| Doms | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Domari, Garachi | Azerbaijan, Middle East, North Africa | Garachi, with significant populations in Egypt, Israel, Libya, Sudan, Syria, and Tunisia | Islam, Judaism |
| Dominickers | | United States (Holmes County, Florida) | | |
| Dongxiangs | Mongolic → Shirongolic → Santa | China, (Gansu) | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Druze | Afroasiatic → Arabic → Levantine Arabic; DGSic → Israeli Sign | Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan) | Lebanese Druze, Syrian Druze, Israeli Druze, Jordanian Druze | Druzism |
| Dubla | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bhil → Dubli | Gujarat (India) | | Hinduism |
| Dukha | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Taiga Sayan Turkic → Dukhan | Mongolia (Khövsgöl Province) | | Shamanism → Dukha indigenous religion |
| Dutch | Indo-European → Germanic → Low Franconian, Dutch Low Saxon; Francosign → Dutch Sign | Netherlands | Northern Dutch (including Hollanders, Zeelanders), Southern Dutch (including Dutch Limburgers, North Brabantians, Kleverlanders) | Christianity |
| Dwe'e | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nzime | Cameroon | | Christianity |
| Dyula | Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding → Dyula | Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali | | Islam → Sunnism |
| East Indian Catholics | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → East Indian Mahratti | India (Seven Islands of Bombay) | | Christianity → Catholicism → Latin Catholicism |
| Ebira | Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Ebira | Nigeria (Kogi State) | | Islam |
| Edo | Niger–Congo → Edoid → Edo | Nigeria (Edo State) | Ika, Emai | Christianity |
| Efik | Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Efik | Nigeria (Cross River State) | | Christianity, Efik religion |
| Ekari | Trans-New Guinea → Ekari | Indonesia (Wissel Lakes) | | Christianity |
| Ekoi | Niger–Congo → Bantoid → Jagham | Nigeria, Cameroon | | Christianity, Ekoi religion |
| Embera | Choco → Embera | Colombia (Choco Department), Panama (Darien, Embera) | | Shamanism |
| Enets | Uralic → Samoyedic → Enets | Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai) | | Shamanism |
| Erzyas | Uralic → Mordvinic → Erzya | Russia (Mordovia), Armenia (Gegharkunik Province) | Shokshas, Erzya Molokans | Christianity → Russian Orthodox, Protestantism → Lutheranism; Erzyas native religion |
| Esan | Niger–Congo → Edoid → Esan | Nigeria (Esanland) | | Christianity |
| Estonians | Uralic → Finnic → Estonian, Uralic → Finnic → South Estonian, Francosign → RSLic → Estonian Sign | Estonia, Setomaa (Estonia and Russia), Latvia (Ludza, Gauja) | Setos, Võros, Hiiumaans, Saaremaans, Ludza Estonians, Gauja Estonians, with significant populations in Argentina, Australia, Canada, Finland, Georgia (including Abkhazia), the United States | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Eurasian Singaporeans | Indo-European → Germanic → English | Singapore | | Christianity |
| Evenks | Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Evenki | Russia, China | | Shamanism |
| Evens | Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Even, Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Yakut | Russia (Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Oblast, Sakha) | | Shamanism |
| Ewe | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ewe, Waci, Kpessi | Togo, Ghana | Agave, Agome, Anlo, Avenor, Waci | Christianity, West African Vodun |
| Falkland Islanders | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Falkland Islands English | British Overseas Territories (Falkland Islands) | | Christianity |
| Fang | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Fang | Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni), Gabon | | Christianity |
| Faroe Islanders | Indo-European → Germanic → Faroese, Indo-European → Germanic → Danish → Gøtudanskt | Danish Realm (Faroe Islands) | | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Fijians | Austronesian → Central Pacific → Fijian | Fiji | Significant populatitons in the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom | Christianity → Protestantism → Methodism |
| Finns | Uralic → Finnic → Finnish, Meänkieli, Siberian Ingrian Finnish; Indo-European → Germanic → Finland Swedish; SSLic → FSLic | Fennoscandia (Finland, Russia, Sweden, Norway) | Forest Finns, Tornedalians, Ingrian Finns (including Siberian Finns (including Korlaks)), Savonians, Tavastians, Finns proper, Ostrobothnians, Finnish Karelians, Finland Swedes, Kainuu, and Murmansk Finns, along with significant populations in Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, United States (including Findians), Argentina, and Canada (including Findians). | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Fipa | Niger–Congo → Bantu (Zone M) → Fipa, Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mambwe-Lungu | Rukwa Region, Tanzania (Sumbawanga Rural District, Nkasi District) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Flemings | Indo-European → Germanic → Zeelandic, West Flemish, Dutch → Flemish; Francosign → Belgian Sign → Flemish Sign | Belgium (Flanders, Brussels), France (French Flanders), Netherlands (Zeelandic Flanders) | Belgian Flemings, Zeelandic Flemings, French Flemings | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Fon | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Fon | Benin (Dahomey) | | Christianity → Catholicism, West African Vodun |
| French | Indo-European → Romance → French; Francosign → French Sign | France | Bigordans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| French Canadians | Indo-European → Romance → French → Canadian French, Francosign → French Sign and American Sign → Quebec Sign | Canada | Quebecois, Acadians (including Chiac), Franco-Terreneuvians, Franco-Ontariens, Franco-Manitobains, Fransaskois, Franco-Albertains, Franco-Colombiens, Franco-Yukonnais, Franco-Tenois, Franco-Nunavois, Brayons, Muskrat French, French-Canadian Americans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| French Louisianians | Indo-European → French Creole → Louisiana Creole, Indo-European → Romance → French → Louisiana French, Missouri French; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Cajun English; historically Indo-European → French Creole → Alabama Creole | United States (Louisiana, Alabama, and Missouri) | Louisiana Creoles (including Louisiana Cajuns and Louisiana Creoles of color), Alabama Creoles (including Alabama Cajuns), and Missouri Creoles | Christianity → Catholicism, Louisiana Voodoo |
| Frisians | Indo-European → Germanic → Frisian; Indo-European → Germanic → Friso-Saxon; Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → West Frisian Dutch; Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch and Mainland West Frisian → Stadsfries Dutch | Frisia (Netherlands, Germany, historically Denmark) | West Frisians (including Westlauwers Frisians, Hindeloopen Frisians, Molkwerum Frisians, Schiermonnikoog Frisians, and Terschelling Frisians), East Frisians, North Frisians, Saterland Frisians, with significant populations in the United States | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism, Lutheranism |
| Friulians | Indo-European → Romance → Friulian | Italy (Friuli) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Fula | Atlantic–Congo → Senegambian → Fula | West Africa (Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin, Chad) | Wodaabe, Maasina Fulfulde, Sierra Leonean Fula | Islam |
| Fur | Furan → Fur | Sudan (Darfur) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Fuyu Kyrgyz | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Fuyu Kyrgyz | China (Fuyu County) | | Buddhism → Vajrayana → Tibetan Buddhism |
| Ga-Adangbe | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ga–Dangme | Greater Accra (Ghana) | Ga, Adangbe | Christianity |
| Gabrieleños | Indo-European → Germanic → English, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish, Uto-Aztecan → Takic → Gabrieleno | | | Native American religion, Christianity |
| Gade | Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Gade | Nigeria (Niger State) | | |
| Gagauz | Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz | Moldova (Gagauzia, Taraclia, Basarabeasca), Ukraine (Budjak) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Gajal | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish, Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian | Bulgaria (Ludogorie), Turkey (East Thrace) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Galela | West Papuan → North Halmahera → Galela | Indonesia (North Maluku) | | Islam, Christianity |
| Galicians | Indo-European → Romance → Galician, Spanish → Castrapo | Spain (Galicia, Galicia irredenta) | Couto Mixtans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Gamilaraay | Pama-Nyungan → Wiradhuric → Gamilaraay | Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) | | Alcheringa |
| Ganda | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Luganda | Uganda (Buganda) | Abayudaya | Christianity |
| Garhwalis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Garhwali | India (Uttarakhand) | | Hinduism |
| Garifunas | Arawakan → Ta-Arawakan → Garifuna | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Significant populations in the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Garos | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Garo | India (Garo Hills) | | Christianity, Songsarek |
| Gaviao (Je) | Macro-Je → Je → Para Gaviao → Parkateje, Macro-Je → Je → Para Gaviao → Pykobje | Brazil (Pará, Maranhão) | Parkateje, Pykobje | Animism |
| Gaviao (Rondonia) | Tupian → Monde → Gavião of Jiparaná | Brazil (Rondonia) | | Animism |
| Gayonese | Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Gayo | Indonesia (Bener Meriah, Central Aceh, and Gayo Lues Regencies) | | Islam |
| Gbagyi | Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Gwari | Nigeria | | Traditional African religions |
| Gbaya | Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Gbaya | Central African Republic, Cameroon | Bokoto, Kara, Buli (including Toongo), Ali, Mandja, Gbaya-Bossangoa, Bozom, Mbodomo, Gbanu, Bangandu | Islam |
| Gedeo | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Gedeo | Ethiopia (Gedeo) | | Christianity → Protestantism → P'ent'ay |
| Gelao | Kra–Dai → Kra → Gelao | China (Guizhou) | | Taoism, Buddhism |
| Georgians | Kartvelian languages; Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Bats; Georgian Sign | Georgia, Azerbaijan (Saingilo), northern Turkey | Adjarians, Bats, Gurians, Imeretians, Imerkhevians, Ingiloys, Javakhians, Kakhetians, Khevsurians, Meskhetians, Mingrelians, Mokheves, Mtiuletians, Pshavs, Rachians, Svans, Tushetians, with significant populations in Turkey (including Chveneburi), France, Belgium, Poland, Russia, Spain, Ukraine, the United States, and Iran | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Georgian Orthodoxy |
| Germanophones | Indo-European → Germanic → High German, Low German, Limburgish DGSic → German Sign Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Austrian Sign Swiss-German Sign Language | Germany, Austria, Switzerland (Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Glarus,Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Uri, Zug, and Zurich; partially Bern, Fribourg, and Valais; more than half of Graubünden), Belgium (Eupen-Malmedy) | Austrians, Liechtensteiners, Germans (includes the Bavarians, Swabians and Hessians) Germanophone Swiss, with significant populations in the United States (includes the Amish), Canada (includes the Amish), Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Romania, Ukraine (including Black Sea Germans, Crimea Germans, Volhynia Germans, Russian Mennonites, Carpathian Germans), and Slovenia (Gottscheers) | Christianity |
| Ghomaras | Afroasiatic → Berber → Ghomara | Morocco (Western Rif) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Ghorbati | Indo-European → Iranic → Persian, Ghorbati | Central Asia | Mugats | Islam → Shia Islam |
| Gibraltarians | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Llanito; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Gibraltarian English; BANZSL → British Sign | British Overseas Territories (Gibraltar) | Significant populations in the United Kingdom | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Gilaks | Indo-European → Iranic → Gilaki | Iran (Gilan) | | Islam → Twelver Shi’ism |
| Gitxsan | Tsimshianic → Nass–Gitksan → Gitxsan | Canada (Skeena Country) | | Native American religion |
| Gnawas | | Morocco | | Islam and Animism → Sufism and Animism → Gnawa religion |
| Goan Catholics | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Konkani → Goan Konkani | India (Goa) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Godoberis | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Godoberi | Russia (Dagestan) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Gogo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Gogo | Tanzania (Dodoma Region) | | Christianity, African Traditional Religion |
| Gola | Niger–Congo → Gola | Liberia, Sierra Leone | | Islam |
| Gonds | Dravidian → Gondi | India (Gondwana) | Godha, Madia Gonds, Muria, Koya | Hinduism, Koyapunem |
| Gorals | Indo-European → Slavic → Lechitic → Gorolski | Southern Poland, northern Slovakia, Cieszyn Silesia (Poland, Czech Republic) | Sącz Lachs, Silesian Gorals | Christianity → Catholicism, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Gorani | Indo-European → Slavic → Torlakian → Gorani | Gora (Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Gorontalo | Austronesian → Philippine → Gorontaloan | Indonesia (Gorontalo) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Gosha | Niger-Congo → Bantu → Zigula → Mushunguli | Somalia | | Islam |
| Great Andamanese | Great Andamanese | India (Great Andaman) | | Animism |
| Greeks | Indo-European → Hellenic; Turkic → Kipchak → Urum, Turkish → Karamanli Turkish, Tsalka; Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian; Indo-European → Albanian → Arvanitika; Indo-European → Slavic → Macedo-Bulgarian; Francosign → French Sign and American Sign → Greek Sign; Cypriot Sign | Greece, Cyprus, Albania (Northern Epirus), Ukraine (Crimea, Pryazovia), Turkey (Cappadocia, Pontus, Istanbul), Italy (Magna Graecia), Bulgaria (Balkan Mountains, Rila, Northeastern Bulgaria), North Macedonia, Egypt, the Caucasus, and surrounding regions | Greek Cypriots (including Greek Northern Cypriots), Asia Minor Greeks (including Pontic Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks (including Karamanlides), Constantinopolites, Ionian Greeks), Greek Muslims (including Vallahades, Cretan Muslims), Sarakatsani (including Karakachani), Souliotes, Azov Greeks (including Mariupol Greeks, Crimean Urums), Italiots (including Grikos and Grecanici), Macedonian Greeks, Tsakonians, Maniots, Karagounides, Mikrasiates [el], Phanariots, Egyptian Greeks, Caucasus Greeks (including Tsalka Urums), Sfakians, Slavophone Greeks, Corfiot Greeks, Melkites (including Antiochian Greeks, Jerusalemite Greeks, and Alexandrian Greeks) and also sizeable populations of Arvanites, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians who identify as ethnic Greeks (including Helleno-Vlachs), along with significant populations in Albania (including Northern Epirotes (including Himariotes)), Turkey, Ukraine, Georgia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Azerbaijan, Australia, France, Italy, Malta, Armenia, Egypt, and Canada | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Greek Byzantine Catholicism, historically Hellenism, Neoplatonism, Greco-Roman Mysteries |
| Gros Ventre | Algic → Algonquian → Gros Ventre | United States (Montana) | | Sun Dance |
| Guajajara | Tupian → Tenetehara | Brazil (Maranhão) | | Shamanism, Santo Daime |
| Guan | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Guang | Ghana (Brong-Ahafo and Volta Regions) | Gonja, Kyode, Cherepon, Efutu, Anyanga, Larteh, Chumburung, Krache, Anum-Boso | Christianity |
| Guarani | Tupian → Guarani | Paraguay, Argentina (Misiones), Bolivia | Chiriguanos | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Gujarati | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati | India (Gujarat) | Koli, Bharwad, Khoja, Patidar, Sunni Bohra, Lohana, Vagri, Kharva, Charan, Baria, Momna, Ghanchi, Shenva, Bhambi Khalpa, Zarabes, Bhoi, Gujarati Americans | Hinduism, Islam, Jainism |
| Gumuz | Bʼaga languages | Ethiopia (Benishangul-Gumuz Region) | | Traditional African religion |
| Guna | Chibchan → Kuna | Panama (Guna Yala) | | Native American religion |
| Gurage | Afroasiatic → Ethiopic → Gurage; historically Afroasiatic → Ethiopic → Mesmes | Ethiopia (Guragia) | Kistane, Zay, Inor, Mesqan, Muher Sebat Bet (including Chaha) | Christianity |
| Gurindji | Pama–Nyungan → Ngumpin–Yapa → Gurindji, Pama–Nyungan and Indo-European → Gurindji and Australian Kriol → Gurindji Kriol | Australia (Northern Territory) | | Dreamtime |
| Gurjars | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujari | Primarily Pakistan and India, also Afghanistan at smaller numbers | Khatana, Solanki, Parihar, Tanwar, Parmar, chandel, Chauhan, Bhadana, Bhatti, Kohli, Tomar, Panwar, Pawar, Bainsla, Bagri, Hans, etc. | Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism |
| Gurma | Niger–Congo → Gur → Gourmanche | Gurmaland (Burkina Faso, Ghana) | Ntcham, Bimoba | Islam |
| Gurungs | Sino-Tibetan → Gurung | Nepal, India (Sikkim, West Bengal) | | Buddhism → Vajrayana → Tibetan Buddhism, Bon, Hinduism |
| Gurunsi | Niger–Congo → Gur → Gurunsi | Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo | Lukpa, Kabye, Tem, Lamba, Delo, Bago-Kusuntu, Chala, Lyele, Nuna, Kalamse, Pana, Winye, Deg, Puguli, Paasaal, Sisaala, Chakali, Siti, Tamprusi, Vagla | Traditional African religions, Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Gwich'in | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Gwich'in | Canada (Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories), United States (Alaska) | | Native American religion |
| Ha | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Ha | Tanzania (Kigoma Region) | | Animism |
| Hadiya | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Hadiyya | Ethiopia (Hadiya) | | Islam |
| Hadza | Hadza language | Tanzania (Karatu District) | | Hadza mythology |
| Haida | Haida languages, historically Haida Jargon | Canada (Haida Gwaii), United States (Prince of Wales Island) | Kaigani Haida | Haida Traditional Faith |
| Haisla | Wakashan → Haisla | Canada (British Columbia) | | Native American religion |
| Hän | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Han | Canada (Yukon Territory), United States (Alaska) | | Native American religion |
| Han Chinese | Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Chinese; CSLic languages; JSLic → Taiwan Sign; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Manglish, Singlish, Hong Kong English; Austronesian → Malayic → Bazaar Malay → Baba Malay; Austronesian → Murutic–Papar–Tatana → Tatana; historically Sino-Tibetan → Chinese → Ba–Shu; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Chinese Pidgin English; Indo-European → Slavic → Russian → Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin | China, Taiwan, Singapore, Myanmar (Kokang), Malaysia (Labuan, Sabah) | Subei, Yue (including Cantonese, Punti, Taishanese (including Taishanese Hongkongers), Hongkongers (including Punti), Macau, and Namshun), Tankas (including Fuzhou Tankas), Màirén, Hui (including Panthays), Fujianese (including Fuzhounese, Hoklos, Hui'an maidens, Putianese, Fujianese Hongkongers, Fokien, and Teochew), Gaoshan Han, Gan, Tunbao, Pinghua (including Northern Pinghua and Southern Pinghua), Hakka (including Ngai (including Dan)), Hainanese, Hebei, Hunanese, Jianghuai, Shandong, Sichuanese, Wu (including Shanghainese, Ningbonese, and Wenzhounese), Kokang Chinese, Han Taiwanese (including Hoklo Taiwanese and Benshengren), Sino-Singaporeans (including Straits Chinese), Chin Haw, Hwagyo, Zhongum), along with significant populations in the United States (including Hoklos, Hongkongers, Fuzhounese Americans, and Hakkas), Mongolia, Malaysia (including Penangite Chinese, Straits Chinese, Sino-Natives (including Tatanas), and Peranakans (including Baba-Nyonya and Kiau–Seng)), Thailand, Indonesia (including Benteng), Myanmar, Canada (including Hongkongers), the Philippines (including Sangleys), Peru, Australia (including Hong Kong Australians), Vietnam (including Chinese Nùng and Ngai (including Dan)), Japan, Russia, France (including Chinois and Wenzhounese French), the United Kingdom (including Hong Kong Britons), South Africa, Italy, Bulgaria, Germany, Korea (including North Korea and South Korea), Fiji, Finland, Spain, India (including Zhongum), Laos, Brazil, the Netherlands (including Hongkongers), Argentina, Panama, Madagascar, Mauritius (including Namshun, Fokien, Hakka, and Sino-creoles), Seychelles, Venezuela, Cambodia (including Teochew, Cantonese Cambodians, Hainanese Cambodians, Hoklos, and Hakkas), Belgium, Denmark, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Czech Republic, Chinese Bangladeshis, the Caribbean (including Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, Suriname, and Guyana), Chile, Costa Rica, Brazil, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Portugal, Mozambique, Romania, Samoa, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Cape Verde, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, the Republic of Congo, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and New Zealand | Chinese folk religion, Buddhism → Chinese Buddhism, Taoism, Irreligion (see also Religion in China and Religion in Taiwan) |
| Hangaza | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Hangaza | Tanzania (Kagera Region) | | Christianity |
| Hani | Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Hani | China (Yunnan) | | Animism |
| Harari | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Harari | Ethiopia (Hararia) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Haratins | Afroasiatic → Arabic → Maghrebi Arabic, Afroasiatic → Berber | Mauritania | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Hausa | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Hausa | Hausaland (Niger, Nigeria, Ghana) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Hawaiians | Austronesian → Polynesian → Hawaiian, Indo-European → Germanic → English Creole → Hawaiian Pidgin, Hawaiʻi Sign, Hawaiʻi Sign and American Sign → Creole Hawaiʻi Sign | United States (Hawaii) | | Christianity, Hawaiian religion |
| Ḫawlan bin ʾAmir | Afroasiatic → Sayhadic → Razihi, Faifi | Yemen (Saada Governorate), Saudi Arabia (Fifa Mountains) | Razihis, Faifis | Islam → Shia Islam → Zaydism |
| Haya | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Haya | Tanzania (Kagera Region) | | Christianity, Ruhanga |
| Hazaras | Karluks → Indo-European → Persian → Hazaragi | Afghanistan (Hazarajat) | | Islam → Shia and Sunni |
| Hehe | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Hehe | Tanzania (Iringa Region) | | Christianity |
| Heiltsuk | Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Heiltsuk–Oowekyala → Heiltsuk | Canada (Central Coast Regional District) | | Native American religion |
| Helong | Austronesian → Timoric → Helong | Indonesia (Kupang Regency, Semau Island, Flores Island) | | Christianity |
| Herero | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Herero | Namibia (Hereroland), Angola | OvaHimba, Ovambanderu | Christianity |
| Highland Travellers | Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic → Beurla Reagaird | United Kingdom (Scottish Highlands) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Hindustani | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani | Hindustani Belt, Pakistan, Deccan, Old Dhaka | Urdu-speaking people, Hindi-speaking people | Hinduism, Islam |
| Hinukh | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hinuq | Russia (Tsuntinsky and Kizlyarsky districts) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Hispanic Americans | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → American Spanish | Hispanic America (Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Paraguay, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Uruguay), United States (Puerto Rico, Texas, New Mexico, California, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana), Belize | Mexicans (including Northeastern Mexicans, Northwestern Mexicans, Baja Californians, Western Mexicans, Abajeno, Central Mexicans, Southern Mexican, Coastal Mexican, Chiapaneco, Yucateco, Basque-Mexican, Mexican-American), Colombian (Cundinamarqués, Bogotan, Boyacense, Santandereano, Huilense, Tolimense, Paisa, Caucano, Pastuso, Valluno, Llanero, Amazonian Colombian, Guajiro, Sabanero, Samario, Vallenato, Chochoano, Tumaqueño, Basque-Colombian, Colombian-American), Argentinian (North Argentinian, Guaranitic, Cuyano, Cordobes, Puntano, Litoraleno, Porteno, Patagonian, Basque-Argentinian, Argentinian-American), Peruvian (Ecuatorial Peruvian, Coastal Peruvian, Andean Peruvian, Amazonian Peruvian, Peruvian-American), Hispanic Venezuelans (Amazonian Venezuelans, Llaneros, Andean Venezuelans, Western Venezuelans, Eastern Venezuelan, Island Venezuelans, Caraquenos, Zulianos, Central Venezuelans, Venezuelan-American, Venezuelan-Colombian), Chilean (Chilean-American), Ecuadorian (Quitenos, Riobambenos, Cuencanos, Lojano, Esmeraldeno, Manabita, Guayaco, Amazonian Ecuadorian, Ecuadorian Americans), Guatemalans (Guatemalan-American), Bolivian (Bolivian-American), Cubans (including Cuban Americans), Dominicans (Dominican-American), Honduran (Honduran-American), Paraguayan (Paraguayan-American), Nicaraguan (Nicaraguan-American), Salvadoran (Caliche, Lenca, Salvadoran-American), Costa Rican (Costa Rican-American), Panamanians (including Panamanian Americans), Uruguayans (including Uruguayan Americans), Isleños, Hispanic-Belizean, Puerto Ricans, Hispanic Americans in the United States (including Chicanos, Nuyoricans), colonial-era Hispanos in the US and their modern descendants (Tejanos, Californios, Nuevomexicanos, Floridanos, Louisiana Isleños, Louisiana Spanish-Creoles), Spanish Americans (Asturian Americans, Basque Americans, Catalan Americans, Canarian Americans, Galician Americans), along with significant populations in the United States, Spain, France, Canada, Italy, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Portugal, Australia and Sweden | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Hmong | Hmong–Mien → Hmongic | China (Guizhou) | A-Hmao, Gha-Mu, Xong, Pa-Hng, Hmong Americans | Hmong folk religion |
| Hopi | Uto-Aztecan → Hopi | United States (Hopi Reservation) | | Christianity, Native American Church |
| Huli | Trans–New Guinea → Engan → Huli | Papua New Guinea (Southern Highlands Province) | | Christianity, Papuan religion |
| Hungarians | Uralic → Hungarian; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Hungarian Sign; historically Indo-European → Iranic → Jassic | Hungary, Romania (Székely Land, Csángó Land, Bukovina), and neighboring regions | Palóc, Matyó, Magyarabs, Hungarian Cumans, Jasz, along with significant populations in Romania (including Szekelys (including Bukovina Szekelys) and Csangos), Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Germany, the United States, and Canada | Christianity → Catholicism, Eastern Catholicism → Hungarian Greek Catholicism, Hungarian Unitarianism |
| Hunzibs | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hunzib | Russia (Tsuntinsky District) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Hutterites | Indo-European → Germanic → Hutterite German | Great Plains (United States, Canada) | Schmiedeleut, Lehrerleut, Dariusleut | Christianity → Anabaptism |
| Hutu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Rwanda-Rundi | Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kivu) | | Christianity |
| Iatmul | Sepik → Iatmul | Papua New Guinea (East Sepik Province) | | |
| Iban | Austronesian → Malayic → Iban | Malaysia (Sarawak) | Mualang | Christianity |
| Ibanag | Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Ibanag | Philippines (Isabela, Cagayan) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Ibibio | Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio, Niger–Congo → Cross River → Anaang, Niger–Congo → Cross River → Eket, | Nigeria (Akwa Ibom State) | Eket, Anaang, Oron | Christianity |
| Icelanders | Indo-European → Germanic → Icelandic, Francosign → DTSic → Icelandic Sign | Iceland | | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism, Asartu |
| Idoma | Niger–Congo → Idomoid → Idoma | Nigeria (Benue State) | Agatu, Alago, Yala | Christianity |
| Igbo | Niger–Congo → Igbo | Nigeria (Igboland) | Anioma, Aro, Edda, Ekpeye, Etche, Ezaa, Ika, Ikwerre, Ikwo, Isu, Izzi, Mbaise, Mgbo, Ngwa, Nri-Igbo, Ogba, Ohafia, Ohuhu, Onitsha-Ado, Ukwuani, Waawa, Igbo Jews | Christianity, Odinala |
| Igede | Niger–Congo → Idomoid → Igede | Nigeria (Benue State) | | Christianity |
| Igorot | Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran | Philippines (Cordillera Administrative Region) | Balangao, Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao (including Kalanguya), Isnag, Kalinga, Kankanaey | Anitism |
| Ijaw | Niger–Congo → Ijaw | Nigeria (Rivers, Bayelsa, and Delta States) | Bille, Engenni, Ibani, Kalabari, Kula, Nkoro, Nkoroo, Obolo | Christianity |
| Ili Turks | Turkic → Karluk → Ili Turki | China (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture), Kazakhstan | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Ilocano | Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Ilocano | Philippines (Ilocos Region) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Imraguen | Afroasiatic → Arabic → Hassaniya Arabic → Imraguen | Mauritania, Western Sahara | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Indo-Caribbeans | Indo-European → Germanic → English → English Creole; Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Caribbean Spanish; Indo-European → Romance → French → French Creole; Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Surinamese Dutch; Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Papiamento; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Caribbean Hindustani; Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil | Caribbean | Indo-Barbadians, Indo-Dominicans, Indo-Grenadians, Indo-Guadeloupeans, Indo-Haitians, Indo-Jamaicans, Indo-Martiniquais, Indo-Kittitians and Indo-Nevisians, Indo-Saint Lucians, Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians, Indo-Vincentians, Indo-Belizeans, Indo-Guyanese, Indo-Surinamese, with significant populations in the United States and the United Kingdom | Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Baháʼí |
| Indo-Fijians | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Fiji Hindi; Indo-European → Germanic → English; Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil; Austronesian → Central Pacific → Fijian | Fiji | Significant populations in Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, and United Kingdom | Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism |
| Indo-Mauritians | Indo-European → French-based creole → Mauritian Creole; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bhojpuri; Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil | Mauritius | | Hinduism, Islam |
| Indo-South Africans | Indo-European → Germanic → English → South African English | South Africa | | Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism |
| Indos | Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch; Austronesian → Malayic → Indonesian–Malaysian Malay → Indonesian | Indonesia | | Christianity |
| Indus Kohistanis | Indo-European → Dardic → Indus Kohistani | Pakistan (Kohistan) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Ingushes | Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Ingush, Chechen → Orstkhoy | Russia (Ingushetia, Orstkhoy-Mokhk, Ossetian Prigorodny, Vladikavkaz) | Orstkhoys, Dzherakhs, Sholkhis, Feappiis, Khamkhins, Tsorins, Galashians, Nazranians, other shahars | Islam → Sunni Islam → Shafi'i; historically Vainakh religion |
| Innu | Algic → Algonquian → Innu-aimun, Naskapi | Canada (Nitassinan) | Naskapi (including Kawawachikamach Naskapi, Mushuau Naskapi), Nutashkuan Innu, Ekuanitshit Innu, Mushuau Innu, Sheshatshiu Innu, Matimekush-Lac John Innu, Uashat–Mani-Utenam Innu, Essipit Innu, Pekuakamiulnuatsh Innu, Pessamit Innu, Pakuashipi Innu, Unamenshipit Innu | Animism |
| Inuit | Eskaleut → Inuit, Inuit Sign language | Danish Realm (Greenland), Canada (Inuit Nunangat), United States (Alaska) | Greenlanders (including Kalaallit, Tunumiit, Inughuit and Greenlandic Danes), Inupiat (including Nunamiut), Inuktitut, Inuvialuit, Iglulik Inuit (including Aivilingmiut) | Christianity, Inuit religion |
| Iranis | Indo-European → Iranic → Zoroastrian Dari | India | | Zoroastrianism |
| Iranun | Austronesian → Philippine → Iranun | Philippines (Mindanao) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Iraqw | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Iraqw | Tanzania | | Christianity |
| Irish | Indo-European → Celtic → Irish, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English, Francosign → Irish Sign, BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign; historically Indo-European → Germanic → Yola | Ireland | Irish Catholics, Yola (including Forthers, Bargymen), significant populations in the United States (including Scotch-Irish Americans), United Kingdom (including Ulster Scots people), Canada (including Scotch-Irish Canadians), Australia, New Zealand, Mainland Europe, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Puerto Rico, and India | Christianity → Catholicism and Protestantism |
| Irish Travellers | Indo-European → Irish and English → Shelta, Francosign → Irish Sign | Ireland | Significant populations in the United Kingdom, and the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Isan | Kra–Dai → Tai → Isan | Thailand (Isan) | | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Isoko | Niger–Congo → Edoid → Isoko | Nigeria (Isoko region) | | Christianity |
| Istro-Romanians | Indo-European → Romance → Istro-Romanian | Croatia (Istria) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Italians | Indo-European → Romance → Italian, Istriot, Ligurian, Lombard; Indo-European → Slavic → Slavomolisano; Francosign → LISic → Italian Sign; historically Indo-European → Romance → Dalmatian | Italy, Switzerland (Italian Grisons, Ticino), France (Nice), San Marino, Vatican City, Croatia (Dalmatia, Croatian Istria), Montenegro (Dalmatia), Slovenia (Slovenian Istria, Slovene Littoral) | Molise Croats, Dalmatian Italians, Istrian Italians, Niçard Italians, Swiss Italians, Sammarinese, with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Somalia, Libya, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Romania, Croatia, Ethiopia, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile. | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Itawes | Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Itawis | Philippines (Cagayan Valley) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Itelmens | Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Kamchatkan → Itelmen | Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula) | | Shamanism |
| Izhorians | Uralic → Finnic → Ingrian | Russia (Ingria) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Jadgals | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Jadgali | Balochistan (Pakistan (Balochistan), Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan)), Oman | Sardarzahi, Bizenjo, Zehri, Sasoli, Mengal, Mir, Hoot | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Jamaican Maroons | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Jamaican Patois, Jamaican Maroon Creole | Jamaica | | Kumfu |
| Jambian | Austronesian → Jambian | Indonesia (Jambia) | Batin | Sunni Islam |
| Japanese/Yamato | Japonic → Japanese, Hachijō; JSLic → Japanese Sign; Miyakubo Sign Language | Japan | Kantō, Kansai, Hokkaido, Tōhoku, Hōnichi, Satsugū, Chūgoku, Echigo, Tōkai, Shinshuu, Hokuriku, Hachijō, Miyakubo, Tsugaru, and Nikkei Brazilians in Japan, along with significant populations in Brazil, the United States (including Hawaii), Canada, the Caribbean (including Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Jamaica), Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, China (including Hong Kong), Belgium (including Brussels), Spain (most notably Japón family of Coria del Río), Turkey, Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Chile, Egypt, India, Indonesia, North Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, New Zealand, Australia, Pakistan, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, South Africa, Singapore, the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Palau, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, the United Arab Emirates, and the Philippines. | Irreligion, Shinto, Tenrikyo, Buddhism; Christianity → Catholicism → Kakure and Hanure Krishitanity |
| Jarai | Austronesian → Chamic → Jarai | Vietnam (Central Highlands) | | Animism |
| Jarawas | Ongan → Jarawa | India (South Andaman, Middle Andaman) | | Animism |
| Javanese | Austronesian → Javanese | Indonesia (Java) | Osing, Tenggerese, Boyanese, Banyumasan, along with significant populations in Malaysia, Suriname, China, Sri Lanka, French Guiana, New Caledonia, and Saudi Arabia | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Jeks | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Jek; Turkic → Oghuz → Azeri | Azerbaijan (Mount Shahdagh) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Jerusalemite Greek Christians | Afroasiatic → Arabic → Levantine Arabic (adopted); historically Indo-European → Hellenic | Israel, Palestine, Jordan | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, Catholicism → Melkite Catholicism |
| Jews | Afroasiatic → Canaanite → Hebrew → Modern Hebrew, Jewish languages, DGSic → Israeli Sign, historically Indo-European → Romance → Zarphatic; Indo-European → Romance → Judaeo-Portuguese, Indo-European → Slavic → Knaanic | Israel | Ashkenazim (including Galitzianers, Yekkes, Chuts, Unterlander Jews, Oberlander Jews, Litvaks, Afrikaner-Jews, Udmurt and Tatar Jews), Assyrian Jews, Sephardim (including Eastern Sephardim, North African Sephardim, Maroka'im, Algerian Jews (including Mozabite Jews), Tunisian Jews, Libyan Jews, Amazonian Jews, Iberian Jews, Sephardic Bnei Anusim, Xuetes, and Toshavim (including Mozabite Jews)), Mizrahim (including Bukharim, Juhurim, Kurdim, Syrian Jews, Arab Jews, Afghan Jews, Baghdadi Jews, Teimanim (including Rechabites, Baladi Jews, Shami Jews, and Rambamists), Sharʿabi Jews, Habbanim, Banu al-Harith, Adeni Jews, Persim, Mashhadi Jews, and Kaifeng Jews), Astrakhan Jews, Beta Israel (including Beta Abraham and Falash Mura), Italkim (including San Nicandro Jews and Italian Rite Jews), Rusape Jews, Romaniotes, Constantinopolitan Karaites, Bavlim, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Gruzim, Benei Sion, Bene Israel, Banu Israil, Kochinim, Paradesi, Lishanid Noshan, Israeli Jews, B'nai Moshe, Bnei Menashe, Urfalim, Meshuchrarim, Abayudaya, Shaposhniki, Karaimites, Desi Jews, Igbo Jews, Levites (including Kohen), Transcarpathian Jews, and Bene Ephraim, along with significant populations in the United States (including Syrian Jews, Old Stock Jews, African-American Jews, Melungeon Jews, Puerto Rican Jews, Guamanian Jews), Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Russia, Belarus, the Czech lands, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Austria, Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Belgium, Iraq, Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Monaco, the United Kingdom, Peru, South Africa, Australia, India (including Sephardim) and New Zealand | Judaism |
| Jingpo | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Jingpho | China (Yunnan), India (Northeast India), Myanmar (Kachin State) | | Animism |
| Jita | | Tanzania (Mara Region) | | Christianity, Ethnic Religion |
| Jola | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Senegambian → Jola | Senegal (Jolaland) | Banjaal, Bayot, Gusilay, Fogni, Karon, Kasa, Kuwaataay, Mlomp | Traditional African religions |
| Jukun | Niger–Congo → Jukun Takum | Nigeria (Wukari) | Wannu | Traditional African religions |
| Kabyle | Afroasiatic → Berber → Kabyle | Algeria (Kabylia) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Kadazan–Dusun | Austronesian → Southwest Sabahan → Dusunic | Malaysia (Sabah) | Kadazan, Dusun, Dumpas, Ida'an, Kwijau, Lotud, Mangka'ak, Maragang, Minokok, Orang Sungai, Rumanau, Rungus, Tambanuo | Christianity, Momolianism |
| Kafwe Twa | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tonga | Zambia (Kafue Flats) | | Traditional African religion |
| Kaguru | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kagulu | Tanzania (Ukaguru Mountains) | | |
| Kaingang | Macro-Je → Je → Kaingang | Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo) | | Shamanism |
| Kalanga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Shona → Kalanga | Zimbabwe, Botswana | Nambya | Christianity |
| Kalash | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kalasha | Pakistan (Chitral District) | | Kalasha |
| Kalenjin | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Kalenjin | Kenya (Rift Valley Province) | Keiyo, Tugen, Marakwet, Nandi, Kipsigis, Sabaot, Pokoot, Terik | Christianity |
| Kalinago | Indo-European → Germanic → English, Arawakan → Ta-Arawakan → Kalinago → Garifuna, Vincentian Creole | Lesser Antilles | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Kalmyks | Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Oirat → Kalmyk Oirat, Sart Kalmyk | Russia (Kalmykia), Kyrgyzstan (Issyk-Kul Region) | Sart Kalmyks, Buzava | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism |
| Kaluli | Trans-New Guinea → Kaluli | Papua New Guinea (Great Papuan Plateau) | | Papuan religion |
| Kamba | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kamba | Kenya (Ukambani) | | Christianity |
| Kamentsa | Camsa language | Colombia (Putumayo) | | Christianity |
| Kanaks | Austronesian → Kanak | France (Kanakia) | Haveke, Ajie, Arha, Xaragure, Haeke | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Kannadigas | Dravidian → Kannadoid → Kannada | India (Karnataka) | Vokkaliga | Hinduism, Jainism |
| Kanuri | Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Kanuri | Kanuriland (Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon) | Kanembu, Yerwa Kanuri | Islam |
| Kao people | West Papuan → North Halmahera → Kao; West Papuan → North Halmahera → Modole | Indonesia (Kao Land) | Pagu, Modole people, Boeng, Towiliko | Christianity, Islam, Animism |
| Kapampangans | Austronesian → Philippine → Kapampangan | Philippines (Pampanga) | | Christianity → Catholicism, Iglesia ni Cristo, Anitism |
| Kapsiki | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Kapsiki | Mandara Mountains (Nigeria, Cameroon) | | Islam |
| Karachays | Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay | Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Karakalpaks | Turkic → Kipchak → Karakalpak | Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan) | Qon'ırat, On To'rt Urıw | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Karamanlides | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish → Karamanli Turkish | Turkey (Karaman Province, Cappadocia) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodoxy → Turkish Orthodox Church |
| Karatas | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Karata | Russia (Dagestan) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Karbi | Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga → Karbic | India (Assam, Meghalaya) | Karbi, Amri Karbi | Hinduism, Animism, Christianity |
| Karelians | Uralic → Finnic → Karelian, Ludic, Livvi-Karelian | Karelia (Finland, Russia) | Tver Karelians, Olonets Karelians | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Karen | Sino-Tibetan → Karenic | Myanmar (Karen State, Kayah State, Pa'O Self-Administered Zone), Thailand | S'gaw Karen, Pwo Karen, Karenni (including Kayan), Pa'O | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Kartudjara | Pama-Nyungan → Wati → Wati | Australia (Southern Australia) | | Animism |
| Karuk | Karuk language | United States (California) | | Christianity |
| Kashmiris | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dardic → Kashmiri | Kashmir (India, Pakistan) | Kashmiri Hindus (including Kashmiri Pandits), Kashmiris in Punjab | Islam → Sunni Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism |
| Kashubians | Indo-European → Slavic → Kashubian; historically Indo-European → Slavic → Slovincian | Poland (Kashubia) | Krubans, Slovincians, and Gochans, along with significant populations in the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Kaska Dena | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Kaska | Canada (British Columbia, Yukon Territory) | | Native American religion |
| Kassena | Atlantic–Congo → Gur → Kasena | Ghana (Kassena-Nankana), Burkina Faso | | Kassena religion |
| Kawesqar | Alacalufan → Kawesqar | Chile (Chilean Patagonia, Wellington Island) | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Kayapo | Macro-Je → Je → Kayapo | Brazil (Pará, Mato Grosso) | | |
| Kazakhs | Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh; Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Kazakh Sign | Kazakhstan | Uly juz, Orta juz, Kishi juz. Significant populations in China, Iran, Canada, the United States, and Russia | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Kemak | Austronesian → Timoric → Kemak | Indonesia (West Timor), East Timor | | Folk religion, Christianity |
| Kereks | Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Kerek | Russia (Chukotka) | | Shamanism |
| Keres | Keresan languages, Keresan Sign Language | United States (Sandoval County and Cibola County, New Mexico) | Eastern Keres (including Dámáyámʾé, Dîiwʾamʾé, Katishtya, Kʾúutìimʾé, Tsʾíiyʾamʾé) Western Keres (including Áakʾùumʾé, Kʾáwáigamʾé) | |
| Kerewe | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kerewe | Tanzania (Ukerewe Island) | | |
| Kerincian | Austronesian → Kerincian | Indonesia (Kerincia) | | Sunni Islam |
| Ket | Yeniseian → Northern Yeniseian → Ket | Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai) | | Shamanism |
| Khakas | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Khakas | Russia (Khakassia) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism → Tengrism |
| Khalaj | Turkic → Common Turkic → Khalaj | Iran | | |
| Khanty | Uralic → Khanty | Russia (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug) | | |
| Khas | | Nepal, India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal) | Chhetri, Thakuri, Rana, Vaisya, Kami, Damai, Sarki, Sunar, Gandarbha | Hinduism |
| Khasi | Austroasiatic → Khasi–Palaungic → Khasic | India (Meghalaya) | Pnar | Christianity |
| Khinalugs | Northeast Caucasian → Khinalug | Azerbaijan (Khinalug) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Khmer | Austroasiatic → Khmer | Cambodia, Mekong Delta, Isan | Northern Khmer people, Khmer Krom and Significant populations in the United States | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Khoja | | | Significant population in East Africa | Islam → Shia Islam → Ismaili'sm → Nizari Isma'ilism |
| Khonds | Dravidian → Kui | India (Kandhamal) | | Hinduism |
| Khorasani Turks | Turkic → Oghuz → Khorasani Turkic | Iran (Khorasan), Turkmenistan | | Islam → Shia Islam |
| Khwarshi | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Khwarshi | Russia (Tsumadinsky District) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Kickapoo | Algic → Algonquian → Kickapoo | United States (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas), Mexico (Coahuila, Sonora, Durango) | Tribu Kikapú, Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas, Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma |
| Kiga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kiga | Uganda, Rwanda | | Christianity → Catholicism, Christianity → Protestantism |
| Kikuyu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kikuyu | Kenya (Central Province) | | Christianity |
| Kilba | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Huba | Nigeria (Hong) | | Christianity |
| Kinga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kinga | Tanzania (Kipengere Range) | | Christianity, Traditional African religion |
| Kiowa | Tanoan → Kiowa | United States (Oklahoma) | | Christianity, Native American Church |
| Kirantis | Sino-Tibetan → Kiranti | Nepal (Eastern Region) | Limbu, Sunuwar, Yakkha (including Athpare), Rai (including Kulung, Bantawa, and Bahing) | Kirat Mundhum |
| Kiribati | Austronesian → Micronesian → Gilbertese | Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | | Christianity, Baháʼí Faith |
| Kissi | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Mel → Kissi | Guinea, Sierra Leone | | Christianity |
| Klallam | Salishan → Coast Salish → Klallam | United States (Olympic Peninsula, Kitsap Peninsula), Canada (Vancouver Island) | Lower Elwha Klallam, Jamestown S'Klallam, Port Gamble S'Klallam, Scia'new Klallam | |
| Koara | Pama-Nyungan → Wati → Wati | Australia (Western Australia) | | Animism |
| Koches | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Koch | India (Assam, Meghalaya), northern Bangladesh | | Animism |
| Kodava | Dravidian → Tamil–Kodava–Urali → Kodava | India (Kodagu, Bangalore, Mysore) | | Hinduism |
| Kofyar | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Kofyar | Nigeria (Plateau State) | | Traditional African religions |
| Kokatha | Pama-Nyungan → Wati → Wati | Australia (South Australia) | | Animism |
| Komi | Uralic → Permic → Komi | Russia (Komi Republic, Permyakia) | Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks, Izhma Komi | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Konda Reddis | Dravidian → South-Central Dravidian → Telugu | India (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu) | | |
| Kongo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kongo | Kongoland (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola) | Lari, Vili, Yombe, Suundi, Dondo, Hangala, Kugni, Manyanga, Beembe | Christianity, Kongo religion |
| Konjo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Konjo | Rwenzori Mountains (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda) | Nande | Christianity |
| Konkani | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Konkani | India (Konkan) | | Hinduism |
| Konso | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Konso | Ethiopia (Konso) | | Traditional African religions |
| Koreans | Koreanic languages, JSLic → Korean Sign | Korea (North Korea, South Korea), China (Jilin, Xi'an District) | North Koreans (including in South Korea), South Koreans, Jeju Islanders, Koryo-saram, Sakhalin Koreans, Zainichi Koreans, Chaoxianzu (including in Japan and Korea) and along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Guatemala, Russia (including North Koreans, Koryo-saram, and Sakhalin Koreans), China, Japan (including Zainichi Koreans and Chaoxianzu), Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Mongolia, Iran, Nepal, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, India, the Arab world, Africa (including South Africa), Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela, Australia, Ukraine, New Zealand, Micronesia, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the Czech Republic | Christianity → Protestantism and Catholicism, Buddhism → Mahayana Buddhism → Korean Buddhism, Korean shamanism, Cheondoism, Unification Church, Juche |
| Koryaks | Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Koryak | Russia (Koryak Okrug) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Shamanism |
| Kosraeans | Austronesian → Micronesian → Kosraean | Federated States of Micronesia (Kosrae) | | Christianity |
| Koyukon | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Koyukon | United States (Alaska) | | |
| Kpelle | Niger–Congo → Mande → Kpelle | Liberia, Guinea | | Traditional African religions |
| Kposo | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ghana–Togo Mountain → Kposo | Togo (Plateaux), Ghana | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Kraho | Macro-Je → Je → Kraho | Brazil (Terra Indigena Kraolandia) | | |
| Kristang | Indo-European → Portuguese-based creole → Kristang | Malaysia, Singapore | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Kru | Niger–Congo → Kru | Liberia (Grand Kru and Maryland Counties) | Aizi, Bete, Bakwe, Grebo, Krahn (including Sapo), Kuwaa | Christianity |
| Kryts | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Kryts | Azerbaijan | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Kulin | Pama-Nyungan → Kulinic → Kulin | Australia (Victoria) | | Alcheringa |
| Kumandins | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Northern Altai → Kumandy | Russia (Altai Krai, Altai Republic) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Kumaonis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kumaoni | India (Uttarakhand (Kumaon)), Nepal (Doti) | Johari, Askoti, Bhabhri, Danpuriya, Gangoli, Khasparjiya, Kumaiyya, Pachhai, Phaldakotiya, Rhau-Chaubyansi, Sirali, Soriyali | Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Kumyks | Turkic → Kipchak → Kumyk | Russia (Kumykia) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Kumzari | Indo-European → Iranic → Kumzari | Oman (Kumzar) | | Islam → Ibadi Islam, Sunni Islam |
| Kunama | Nilo-Saharan → Kunama | Eritrea, Ethiopia | | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy |
| Kurds | Indo-European → Iranic → Kurdish, Zaza–Gorani; Turkic → Oghuz → Khorasani Turkic; Kurdish Sign language | Kurdistan (Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), Iran (Eastern Kurdistan, Khorasan, Golestan), Syria (Western Kurdistan), Turkey (Northern Kurdistan)), South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia) | Bajalan, Zazas, Feylis, Iranian Laks, Chechen Kurds, Yazidis, Yarsanis, Kurdish Christians, Shabaks, Sheylanli, Chalabianlu, Muzuri, Caucasian Kurds, Khorasani Kurds along with significant populations in Iraq (including Yazidis), Iran, Syria (including Yazidis), Turkey (including Yazidis), Armenia (including Yazidis), Georgia (including Yazidis), Azerbaijan, France, Palestine, Kazakhstan, and Germany (including Yazidis) | Islam → Sunni Islam → Sufism → Naqshbandi, Qadiriyya; Islam → Alevism → Kurdish Alevism; Yazidism; Yarsanism; Zoroastrianism |
| Kuria | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kuria | Kenya, Tanzania | | Traditional African religions, Christianity |
| Kurukh | Dravidian → Kurukh | India (Chota Nagpur Plateau) | Kisan | Sarnaism, Christianity, Hinduism |
| Kuteb | Niger–Congo → Jukunoid → Kuteb | Nigeria (Taraba State) | | Christianity |
| Kuwarranyji | Pama–Nyungan → Ngumpin–Yapa → Mudburra → Kuwarranyji | Australia (Northern Territory) | | |
| Kvens | Uralic → Finnic → Finnish → Kven | Norway (Northern Norway) | | |
| Kwakwaka'wakw | Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Kwak'wala | Canada (British Columbia) | | Native American religion |
| Kwaya | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kwaya | Tanzania (Mara Region) | | |
| Kwere | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kwere | Tanzania (Bagamoyo District) | | |
| Kwinti | Indo-European → English Creole → Kwinti | Suriname | | Christianity → Moravian Church |
| Kyrgyz | Turkic → Kipchak → Kyrgyz; Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Oirat → Sart Kalmyk; Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign | Kyrgyzstan, China (Xinjiang), Uzbekistan | Sart Kalmyks, Kyrgyzstani Kyrgyz, Uzbekistani Kyrgyz, Chinese Kyrgyz (including Akto Turkmen), significant populations in Turkey, Pakistan | Islam → Sunni Islam → Hanafi, Tengrism |
| Ladins | Indo-European → Romance → Ladin | Italy (Ladinia) | | |
| Laks | Northeast Caucasian → Lak | Russia (Lakia) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Lamaholot | Austronesian → Flores–Lembata → Lamaholot | Indonesia (Solor) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Lampungs | Austronesian → Lampung | Indonesia (Lampung) | | Islam |
| Lani | Trans-New Guinea → Western Dani | Indonesia (Central Papua, Highland Papua) | | Christianity, Animism |
| Lao | Kra–Dai → Tai → Lao | Laos | | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism, Satsana Phi |
| Larrakia | Larrakia | Australia (Northern Territory) | | Alcheringa |
| Latvians | Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian, Latgalian; Francosign → Russian Sign → Latvian Sign | Latvia, Russia (Zelenogradsky District, Arch-Latvian Selsoviet, Nizhnyaya Bulanka), Lithuania (Klaipėda County) | Latgalians, Kursenieki, Selonians | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Laz | Kartvelian → Zan → Laz | Lazistan (Turkey, Georgia) | Turkish Laz, Georgian Laz | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Lega | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Lega | Democratic Republic of the Congo | | Traditional African religions |
| Lemba | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Venda, Niger–Congo → Bantu → Shona | Zimbabwe, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique | | Christianity, Islam, Judaism |
| Lenape | Algic → Algonquian → Munsee; historically Algic → Algonquian → Unami | United States, Canada | Munsee (including Christian Munsee (including Delaware Nation at Moraviantown), Stockbridge Munsee, Munsee-Delaware Nation), Delaware Nation, Delaware Tribe of Indians, Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware, Delaware of Six Nations, Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape, Ramapough Mountain Indians | Traditional Lenape religion |
| Lenca | Macro-Chibchan → Lencan, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Honduran Spanish, Salvadoran Spanish | Honduras, El Salvador | | Christianity → Catholicism, Sovereign Tribal Custom |
| Lezgins | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Lezgian | Lezgistan (Russia, Azerbaijan) | Azerbaijani Lezgins | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Lhoba | Adi, Bokar, Idu Mishmi | China (Tibet), India (Arunachal Pradesh) | Nishi, Na, Galo, Mishmi people, Tagin, Adi | Animism, Buddhism, Christianity |
| Lhotshampa | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Nepali | Bhutan | | Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Li | Kra–Dai → Hlai | China (Hainan) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Limba | Niger–Congo → Limba | Sierra Leone (Bombali and Koinadugu Districts) | | Christianity |
| Lipka Tatars | Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian, Polish; Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian | Belarus, Poland, Lithuania | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Lisu | Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Lisu | China, Myanmar | Lipo | Christianity → Protestantism → Lisu Christianity |
| Lithuanians | Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian, Lithuanian Sign | Lithuania, Poland (Podlaskie), Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) | Samogitians, Aukštaitians, Lietuvninkai, along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Poland and the United Kingdom | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Livonians | Uralic → Finnic → Livonian | Latvia, Estonia | | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Lodha | Austroasiatic → Munda → Lodhi | India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal) | Lodha Muslims | Hinduism, Islam |
| Loloda | West Papuan → North Halmahera → Loloda | Indonesia (Loloda Islands) | | |
| Lom | Indo-European → Armenian and Indo-Aryan → Lomavren; Indo-European → Armenian | Armenia, Georgia, Turkey | | |
| Lombards | Indo-European → Romance → Italian, Lombard, Gallo-Italic of Sicily | Italy (Lombardy, Sicily) | Lombards of Sicily | |
| Lori | Indo-European → Iranic → Balochi; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Saraiki | Balochistan (India, Pakistan) | | |
| Lower Cowlitz | Historically Salishan → Coast Salish → Cowlitz | United States (Cowlitz Reservation, Quinault Reservation, Chehalis Reservation) | | |
| Luba | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Luban | Democratic Republic of the Congo (Lubaland) | Luba-Kasai, Luba-Katanga, Hemba (including Bangubangu), Songe, Lulua | Christianity |
| Lubu | Austronesian → Malayic → Lubu | Indonesia (Sumatra) | | |
| Luhya | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Luhya | Kenya (Western Province) | Bukusu, Idakho, Isukha, Kabras, Khayo, Kisa, Marachi, Maragoli, Marama, Nyole, Samia, Tachoni, Tiriki, Tsotso, Wanga, | Christianity |
| Lumbee | Indo-European → Germanic → English → American Indian English → Lumbee English | United States (North Carolina) | | Christianity |
| Luo | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Dholuo | Kenya | | Christianity |
| Luritja | Pama-Nyungan → Wati → Luritja | Australia (Northern Territory) | | Alcheringa |
| Lurs | Indo-European → Iranic → Luri | Iran (Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Provinces) | Bakhtiari, Iranian Laks | Islam → Shia Islam, Yarsanism |
| Luso-Africans | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → African Portuguese | PALOP countries (Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, Equatorial Guinea), South Africa | Portuguese Africans (including Luso-Angolans, Cape Verdeans, Luso-Equatoguineans, Luso-Guineans, Mozambique, Santomeans, Luso-South Africans) | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Luso-Brazilians | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Brazilian Portuguese | Brazil | North Brazilians, Northeast Brazilians, Central-West Brazilians, Southeast Brazilians (includes Caipiras), South Brazilians (including Paranaenses, Riograndenses, and Catarinenses), along with significant populations in the United States, Portugal, Paraguay, United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Spain, Germany, Canada, Argentina, France, Switzerland, French Guiana, Australia, Ireland, Mexico, Uruguay, Belgium, Bolivia, Netherlands, and Suriname | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Luso-Indians | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole, Korlai Portuguese Creole, Cochin Portuguese Creole; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Konkani, Gujarati; Indo-European → Germanic → English | India (Goa, Gujarat, Mumbai, Vasai, Daman, Diu & Silvassa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Kolkata, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka) | | Christianity → Catholicism; Hinduism |
| Luxembourgers | Indo-European → Germanic → Moselle Franconian → Luxembourgish | Luxembourg, Belgium (Arelerland), and surrounding regions | Significant populations in Brazil, Canada, and the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Maasai | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Maasai | Maasailand (Tanzania, Kenya) | Samburu, Arusha, Kwavi | Traditional African religions |
| Macanese | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Macanese Patois, Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Cantonese | China (Macau) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Macedonians | Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian | North Macedonia | Torbesh, Mijaks, Brsjaks, along with significant populations in Australia, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Greece | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Macushi | Cariban → Macushi | Guyana (Rupununi), Brazil (Roraima) | | Shamanism |
| Madi | Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Ma'di | Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Uganda | | Christianity |
| Madurese | Austronesian → Madurese | Indonesia (Madura) | Boyanese | Islam → Sunni Islam → Shafi'i |
| Mafa | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Mafa | Cameroon | | Christianity |
| Magahi | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Magahi | India (Magadha) | | Hinduism |
| Magars | Sino-Tibetan → Magar | Nepal | Ale, Gharti, Chantayal, Saru, Pun | Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Maguindanao | Austronesian → Philippine → Maguindanao | Philippines (Maguindanao) | | Islam |
| Mahar | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Marathi | India (Maharashtra) | | Buddhism → Navayana Buddhism |
| Maithils | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Maithili | Mithila (India, Nepal) | Karan Kayastha, Brahmin, Chhetri, Vaisya | Hinduism |
| Makaa | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Makaa, Niger–Congo → Bantu → Byep | Cameroon (East Region, Centre Region) | South Makaa, North Makaa | |
| Makah | Wakashan → Southern Wakashan → Makah | United States (Washington) | | Native American religion |
| Makassarese | Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Makassarese | Indonesia (South Sulawesi) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Makianese | West Papuan → North Halmahera → Moi, Austronesian → South Halmahera → Taba, | Indonesia (Makian) | Tabayama, Jitinee | Islam → Sunni Islam, Animism |
| Makonde | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Makonde | Tanzania, Mozambique (Mueda Plateau) | Machinga | Islam |
| Makua | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Makhuwa | Mozambique | Lomwe, Chuwabu, Moniga, Koti, Nathembo | Traditional African religions |
| Malagasy | Austronesian → Greater Barito → Malagasy | Madagascar, Comoros, Mayotte, Réunion, Mauritius | Merina, Sihanaka, Betsileo, Zafimaniry, Antaifasy, Antemoro, Antaisaka, Antambahoaka, Tandroy, Antankarana, Antanosy, Bara, Betsimisaraka, Bezanozano, Mahafaly, Makoa, Mikea, Sakalava, Tanala, Tsimihety, Vezo | Christianity, Malagasy religion |
| Malasar | Dravidian → Tamiloid → Malasar | India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | | |
| Malayalis | Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Malayalam | India (Kerala) | Ambalavasi, Dheevara, Nair, Paravar, Ezhava, Malabar Latin Catholics, Saint Thomas Christians along with significant populations in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf | Hinduism, Islam, Christianity |
| Malayarayans | Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Malaryan | India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | | Hinduism |
| Malays | Austronesian → Malayic → Malaysian–Indonesian Malay, Brunei Malay, Jambi Malay, Pahang Malay, Terengganu Malay, Kelantan-Pattani Malay, Kedah Malay, Reman Malay; Francosign → ASLic → Malaysian Sign; Austronesian → Malay Creole → Sri Lanka Malay | Malay world (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei) | Kedahans, Pattani, Pahang, Pontianaks, Terengganuarians, Kelantanese, Perakians, Berau, Loloan Malays, Proto-Malay (including Orang Kuala, Jakun, Orang Rimba, Orang Seletar, and Temuan) Cape Malays, Cocos Malays, Bangka Malays, Thai Malays, Burmese Malays, Sri Lanka Malays, Bruneians | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Maldivians | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Maldivian | Maldives, India (Minicoy) | Mahls | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Maltese | Afroasiatic → Arabic → Maltese | Malta | Gozitans, with significant populations in Greece (including Corfu) | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mambai | Austronesian → Timoric → Mambai | East Timor (Dili District) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mambila | Niger–Congo → Mambila | Mambilla Plateau (Nigeria, Cameroon) | Somyev | Traditional African religions |
| Manchus | Tungusic → Southern Tungusic → Manchu | Manchuria (China, Russia) | Significant populations in Taiwan | Shamanism |
| Mandaeans | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Mandaic | Southern Mesopotamia | Iraq, Iran | Mandaeism |
| Mandarese | Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Mandar | Indonesia (West Sulawesi) | | Islam |
| Mandinka | Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding | Mali, The Gambia, Guinea, Senegal | Bolon | Islam |
| Mangalorean Catholics | Indo-European languages → Indo-Aryan → Konkani | India (Karnataka) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Manggarai | Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Manggarai | Indonesia (Manggarai) | | Christianity |
| Manjak | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Senegambian → Manjak | Guinea-Bissau, Senegal | | Traditional African religions |
| Malabar Muslims | Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Malayalam → Arabi Malayalam | India (Kerala, Lakshadweep) | Mappilas, Thangals, Baramis, Themims, Pusalars, Ossans, Koyas, Kerala Gulf diaspora | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Mannan | Dravidian → Tamiloid → Mannan | India (Idukki district) | | Hinduism |
| Mansi | Uralic → Mansi | Russia (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug) | | |
| Manx | Indo-European → Celtic → Manx, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Manx English | Isle of Man (Crown Dependency) | Significant populations in the United States | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Māori | Austronesian → Polynesian → New Zealand Māori, | New Zealand | Māori Indians, with significant populations in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States | Christianity |
| Mapuche | Araucanian languages | Chile (Araucania), Argentina | Huilliche, Moluche, Pehuenche | Christianity, Mapuche religion |
| Maranao | Austronesian → Philippine → Maranao | Philippines (Lanao) | | Islam |
| Marathi | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Marathi | India (Maharashtra) | Mahar, Maratha, Kunbi, Dhangar, Bhoi | Hinduism, Jainism |
| Mardijkers | Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Betawian, Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Indonesian, Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese | Indonesia (Jakarta) | | Christianity |
| Maris | Uralic → Mari | Russia (Mari El) | Meadow Mari, Hill Mari, Northwestern Mari, Eastern Mari, Mountain Mari | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Mari Native Religion |
| Maronites | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Lebanese Aramaic, Cypriot Arabic, Levantine Arabic | Levant, Cyprus | Significant populations in Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus and Israel along with the greater Lebanese diaspora | Christianity → Maronite Catholicism |
| Marquesas Islanders | Austronesian → Polynesian → Marquesan | France (Marquesas Islands) | | Christianity |
| Marshallese | Austronesian → Micronesian → Marshallese | Marshall Islands | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Masa | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Masana | Cameroon, Chad | | Christianity, Islam |
| Masalit | Nilo-Saharan → Masalit | Sudan, Chad | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Matagi | Japonic → Japanese → Tohoku → Matagi | Japan (Ani, Shirakami-Sanchi) | | Animism |
| Matawai | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Saramaccan | Suriname | | Christianity → Moravian Church |
| Mauritian Creoles | Indo-European → Romance → French → Mauritian Creole | Mauritius | | Christianity → Catholicism, Rastafari |
| Maya | Mayan; Mayan Sign | Guatemala, Belize, Mexico (Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Chiapas) | Maya, Achi, Chuj, Chʼortiʼ, Itza, Kʼicheʼ, Qʼeqchiʼ, Xinca, Tektitek, Huastecan, Mopan, Lacandon, Chontal, Akatek, Jakaltek, Qʼanjobʼal, Tzeltal, Mochoʼ, Tojolab'al, Mam, Ixil, Tzotzil, Poqomam, Yucatecan Maya, Motozintlecos, Awakatek, Kaqchikel, Sakapultek, Sipakapense, Uspantek, Chʼol, and Tzʼutujil | Christianity → Catholicism; Maya religion |
| Mayles | Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English | United States (West Virginia) | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Mazahua | Oto-Manguean → Oto-Pamean → Mazahua | Mexico (State of Mexico) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mazandaranis | Indo-European → Iranic → Mazanderani | Iran (Mazandaran) | | Islam → Shia Islam |
| Mazatec | Oto-Manguean → Popolocan → Mazatecan | Mexico (Oaxaca) | Ayautla | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mbaka | Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Mbaka | Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mbugu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mbugu, Pare; Niger–Congo and Afroasiatic → Bantu and Cushitic → Maʼa | Tanzania (Usambara Mountains) | | |
| Megleno-Romanians | Indo-European → Romance → Megleno-Romanian | Greece (Almopia) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Mehri | Afroasiatic → Eastern South Semetic → Mehri | Oman (Dhofar Governorate), Yemen (Al Mahrah Governorate, Socotra) | | Islam |
| Meitei | Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga → Meitei | India (Manipur) | Loi | Hinduism → Vaishnavism |
| Melanau | Austronesian → Melanau–Kajang → Melanau | Malaysia (Sarawak) | | Islam |
| Melungeons | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Appalachian English | United States (Appalachia) | Carmel Indians, Melungeon Jews | Christianity → Protestantism → Baptists |
| Mende | Niger–Congo → Mande → Mende | Sierra Leone (Southern and Eastern Provinces) | | Islam |
| Mennonites | | | Russian Mennonites, Old Order Mennonites, Old Colony Mennonites, Amish Mennonites (including Beachy Amish (including Old Beachy Amish), Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Egli Amish, Stuckey Amish), with significant populations in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay | Christianity → Anabaptism → Mennonitism |
| Métis | Indo-European and Algic → Romance and Algonquian → French and Plains Cree → Michif; Indo-European → Romance → French → Metis French; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Bungi | Canada (Canadian Prairies, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Northwestern Ontario), United States (Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana) | Anglo-Metis, Little Shell Métis | Christianity |
| Mi'kmaq | Algic → Algonquian → Mi'kmaq | Canada (Mi'kma'ki), United States (Maine) | Mi'kmaq Nation, Miawpukek | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Miami | Algic → Algonquian → Miami–Illinois → Miami proper | United States (Illinois) | Indiana Miami, Oklahoma Miami, Piankeshaw | Christianity, Native American religion |
| Miccosukee | Muskogean → Mikasuki | United States (Miccosukee Indian Reservation) | | |
| Mien | Hmong–Mien → Mienic; Sino-Tibetan → Chinese → Badong Yao, Shaozhou Tuhua, Xiangnan Tuhua, Yeheni | China (Hunan, Guizhou), Vietnam | Iu Mien, Kim Mun, Dzao Min, Biao Min, Bunu, Lakkia, Biao Mon, San Diu | Yao folk religion |
| Mijikenda | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mijikenda | Kenya (Coast Province) | Chonyi, Giriama, Digo, Segeju, Rabai | Christianity |
| Minahasan | Austronesian → Philippine → Minahasan; Austronesian → Malay Creole → Manado Malay | Indonesia (Minahasa Peninsula) | Tonsawang, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tombulu, Tonsea | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Minangkabau | Austronesian → Malayic → Minangkabau, → Negeri Sembilan Malay | Indonesia (Minangkabau Highlands), Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan) | Overseas Minangkabau | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Misak | Barbacoan → Northern Barbacoan → Coconucan → Nam Trik | Colombia (Cauca) | | Traditional religion, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mising | Sino-Tibetan → Tani → Mising | India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh) | | Donyi-Polo, Ekasarana Dharma |
| Miskito | Misumalpan → Miskito | Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua, Honduras) | Miskito Sambu | Christianity → Protestantism → Moravian Church |
| Mixe | Mixe–Zoque → Mixe | Mexico (Oaxaca) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mixtec | Oto-Manguean → Mixtecan → Mixtec | Mexico (La Mixteca) | Triqui, Cuicatecs, Amoltepec | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Moghols | Indo-European → Iranic → Dari; historically Mongolic → Moghol | Afghanistan | Nikudari | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Mohawk | Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Mohawk | Canada (Quebec, Ontario), United States (New York) | | Animism, Christianity |
| Moken | Austronesian → Moken | Thailand, Myanmar (Mergui Archipelago, Surin Islands) | | Buddhism |
| Mokshas | Uralic → Mordvinic → Moksha | Russia (Mordovia) | | |
| Moldovans | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Moldovan, Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Moldova Sign | Moldova | Significant populations in Romania, Ukraine, Russia, Italy and the United States | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Romanian Orthodoxy |
| Mon | Austroasiatic → Mon | Myanmar (Mon State) | | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Monacans | Historically Siouan → Ohio Valley Siouan → Tutelo | | | |
| Monegasques | Indo-European → Romance → Ligurian → Monegasque | Monaco | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mongo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mongo | Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, Tshuapa, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi) | Bolia, Ntomba, Ngando, Iyaelima, Mbole, Mpama, Nkutu, Sengele, Hendo, Dengese, Tetela | Christianity |
| Mongols | Mongolic languages; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Mongolian Sign | China (Inner Mongolia, Dorbetia, Bayingolin, Dzungaria, Subei-Mongolia, Santania, Kharchinia), Mongolia | Khalkha (including Khotogoids, Eljigin), Oirats (including Manchurian Öelets, Dörbets, Zakhchins, Bayads, Olots, Altai Uriankhais), Hamnigan, Tsagaan, Khatso, Bonan, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Ordos, Darkhad, Kanja, Sogwo Arig, Mughals, Santa, Naimans, Dariganga, Khorchin, Kharchin, Koke Nuur, Chaharian, Jalairs, Gorlos, Sartuul, Myangad, Tubalar, Uzemchin, Uradian, Tumed, Baarins, Hishigten, Muumyangan, Jalaids, Abaganar, Chantuu, Olot, Sunud, Shar Darkhads, Eastern Dorbet, Aohans, Onnigud, Khoshut, Abagas, Khotons, Alasha, Khoid, Choros, Qaidam, Fujin, with significant populations in India, the Czech Republic, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, Canada | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, Tengrism |
| Mongondow | Austronesian → Philippine → Mongondow | Indonesia (Mongondowia) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Montenegrins | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Montenegrin | Montenegro and surrounding regions | Montenegrin tribes, with significant populations in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Luxembourg, Argentina, the United States, Australia, | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Moravians | Indo-European → Slavic → Czech → Moravian | Czech Republic (Moravia) | Moravian Vlachs, Moravian Slovaks | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Moriori | Austronesian → Polynesian → Moriori, Indo-European → Germanic → English | New Zealand (Chatham Islands) | | Christianity including Rātana |
| Morlachs | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian, Chakavian; historically Romance → Eastern Romance | Croatia | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism |
| Mormons | Indo-European → Germanic → English | United States (Mountain States) | | Christianity → Mormonism |
| Mossi | Niger–Congo → Gur → Mossi | Burkina Faso (Mossiland) | | Islam |
| Mosuo | Sino-Tibetan → Naish → Na | China (Sichuan and Yunnan) | | Daba, Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism |
| Motu | Austronesian → Papuan Tip → Motu | Papua New Guinea (Central Province) | | Christianity, Shamanism |
| Mudburra | Pama–Nyungan → Ngumpin–Yapa → Mudburra | Australia (Northern Territory) | | |
| Mughal | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani; historically Indo-European → Iranic → Persian | India, Pakistan, Bangladesh | | Islam |
| Muhajir | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Urdu | Pakistan | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Mumuye | Niger–Congo → Adamawa → Mumuye | Nigeria (Taraba State) | | Traditional African religions |
| Munanese | Austronesian → Celebic → Munanese | Indonesia (Muna) | | Islam |
| Mundas | Austroasiatic → Munda → Mundari | India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal) | Sabar, Mahali | Sarnaism |
| Murut | Austronesian → Southwest Sabahan → Murutic | Malaysia (Murutia) | Okolod, Keningau, Tagal, Paluan, Selungai, Timugon, Serudung, Sembakung, Tidong, Kalabakan, Bulungan, Bookan | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Muscogee | Muskogean → Muscogee, Muskogean → Eastern Muskogean → Mikasuki | United States (Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia) | Thlopthlocco, Kialegee, Muscogee Nation, Poarch Band, Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe, Creek Freedmen | Native American religion → Creek mythology, Four Mothers Society |
| Musgum | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Musgu | Cameroon (Far North Region), Chad (Chari-Baguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi Est) | | Islam |
| Muslimani | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian | Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, North Macedonia | | Islam |
| Muthuvans | Dravidian → Tamiloid → Muthuvan | India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | | Hinduism |
| Mwera | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mwera | Tanzania (Mtwara and Ruvuma Regions) | | Islam |
| Nagas | Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Burman → Kuki-Chin–Naga; historically Angami Naga Sign | India (Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam), Myanmar (Naga Self-Administered Zone) | Angami, Ao, Chakhesang (including Chokri and Khezha), Chang, Khiamniungan, Konyak, Lotha, Mao, Maram, Maring, Nocte, Phom, Pochury, Poumai, Rengma, Sangtam, Sumi, Tangkhul, Tangsa, Tikhir, Wancho, Yimkhiung, Zeliangrong (Zemi, Liangmei, Rongmei/Kabui), Lamkang Naga | Christianity → Protestantism → Baptism |
| Nagpuri | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Sadri | India (Chota Nagpur Plateau) | Chik Baraik | Hinduism |
| Nahuas | Uto-Aztecan → Nahuan → Nahuatl | Mexico | Huasteca Nahuas, Mexicaneros, Sierra Puebla Nahuas, Guerrero Nahuas, Orizaba Nahuas, Southeastern Puebla Nahuas, Central Nahuas, Pipil | Christianity → Catholicism, Aztec religion |
| Nakoda | Siouan → Western Siouan → Stoney | Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan) | Wood Stoney, Mountain Stoney | |
| Nama | Khoe → Khoekhoe | Namibia (Namaland), South Africa | Oorlams | Christianity |
| Nanai | Tungusic → Nanai, Tungusic → Kili | Russia, China | | Shamanism, Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism |
| Naso | Chibchan → Talamanca → Teribe | Panama (Bocas del Toro) | | Native American religion |
| Natchez | Natchez language | United States (Oklahoma, South Carolina) | Eastern Band | |
| Nauruans | Austronesian → Micronesian → Nauruan | Nauru | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Navajo | Na-Dene → Apachean → Navajo; Navajo Family Sign | United States (Dinétah) | | Christianity → Catholicism, Native American Church |
| Ndendeule | Niger-Congo languages → Bantu languages → Ndendeule | Tanzania | |
| Negidals | Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Negidal | Russia (Khabarovsk Krai), Ukraine | | Shamanism |
| Nenets | Uralic → Samoyedic → Nenets | Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug | Forest Nenets, Tundra Nenets | Shamanism, Animism |
| Newars | Sino-Tibetan → Newar | Nepal (Kathmandu Valley) | Rajupadhaya, Rajbhandari, Pradhan, Malla, Shrestha, Shakya, Chitrakar | Hinduism, Buddhism → Vajrayana → Newar Buddhism |
| Nez Perce | Plateau Penutian → Sahaptian → Nez Perce, Indo-European → Germanic → English | United States (Idaho, Washington) | | Waashat Religion, Christianity |
| Ngabe | Chibchan → Guaymi | Panama (Ngabe-Bugle Comarca) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Ngaju | Austronesian → Barito → Ngaju | Indonesia (Central Kalimantan) | Bakumpai, Meratus | Kaharingan |
| Ngalop | Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Dzongkha | Bhutan | Kheng, Bumthang | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, Bon |
| Nganasans | Uralic → Samoyedic → Nganasan; historically Indo-European → Slavic → Russian → Taimyr Pidgin Russian | Russia (Taymyr Autonomous Okrug) | | Animism, Shamanism, Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ngbandi | Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Ngbandi | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic | Yakoma | Christianity |
| Ngoni | | Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Zambia | | |
| Nias | Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Nias | Indonesia (Nias) | | Christianity |
| Nicobarese | Austroasiatic → Nicobarese | India (Nicobar Islands) | | Christianity, Animism |
| Nipmucs | Historically Algic → Algonquian → Loup A, Massachusett | United States (Chaubunagungamaug Reservation, Hassanamisco Reservation) | Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, Hassanamisco Nipmuc, Nipmuc Nation | |
| Niueans | Austronesian → Malayo-Polyesian → Polynesian → Niuean | New Zealand (Niue) | | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Nivkhs | Nivkh languages | Russia (Khabarovsk Krai, Sakhalin Oblast) | | Shamanism |
| Nkole | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nkore-Kiga → Nkore | Uganda (Ankole) | | Christianity, Ruhanga |
| Nogais | Turkic → Kipchak → Nogai | Russia (North Caucasus) | Ak Nogai, Karagash | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Norfolk Islanders | Indo-European → Germanic → English, Indo-European → Germanic → English Creole → Pitcairn–Norfolk → Norfuk | Australia (Norfolk Island) | | Irreligion, Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism |
| Norwegians | Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian; Indo-European → Germanic → Dano-Norwegian → Urban East Norwegian, Bokmål, Riksmål; Francosign → DTSic → Norwegian Sign | Norway | Kola Norwegians, Svalbarders, along with Significant populations in the United States, and Norwegian Canadians | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Nubians | Nilo-Saharan → Nubian | Nubia (Egypt, Sudan) | Nobiin, Mattokki, Dongolawi, Midob, Birgid, Hill Nubians (including Dilling, Debri, Ghulfan, Kadaru, Karko, and Wali) | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Nubis | Afroasiatic → Arabic creoles → Nubi | Uganda, Kenya | Ugandan Nubis, Kenyan Nubis | |
| Nuer | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Nuer | South Sudan (Nuerland) | | Traditional African religions |
| NunatuKavummiut | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Newfoundland English | Canada (NunatuKavut) | | |
| Nùng | Kra–Dai → Tai → Nùng | Vietnam, China (Guangxi) | | Moism |
| Nuristanis | Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Nuristani | Afghanistan (Nuristan) | Safed-Posh Kaffirs (including Askunis), Kamkata-viris (including Kata and Kom) | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Nuu-chah-nulth | Wakashan → Southern Wakashan → Nuu-chah-nulth | Canada (British Columbia) | | Native American religion |
| Nuxalk | Salishan → Nuxalk | Canada (British Columbia) | | Native American religion |
| Nyambo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nyambo | Tanzania (Karagwe District, Kagera Region) | | |
| Nyishi | Sino-Tibetan → Tani → Nishi | India (Arunachal Pradesh) | | Christianity |
| Ōbeikei Islanders | Indo-European → English Creole → Bonin English | Japan (Bonin Islands) | | Christianity, Buddhism, Shinto |
| Occitans | Indo-European → Romance → Occitan, Gardiol | Occitania (France, Italy, Spain) | Aranese, Auvergnats, Provencals, Languedociens, Gascons, Nicois, Guardiota | Christianity |
| Odawa | Algic → Algonquian → Ottawa | Canada (Ontario), United States (Oklahoma, Michigan) | | |
| Odia | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Odia | India (Odisha) | Utkala Brahmins, Khandayat, Bonaz, Badu; Bairagi (Oriya); Barika; Chaikwa; Chatarkheya; Dhobi, Oriya; Ganrar; Ghantarghada; Girigiria; Gond (Oriya); Haddi; Jhodia; Kobari; Koraga; Kuliya; Lohar, Oriya; Mali, Oriya; Malia; Panka (Oriya); Paroja; Patra; Radhi; Sannyasi; Teli, Oriya; Thanapati; Thoria | Hinduism |
| Ogiek | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Ogiek | Kenya (Mau Forest, Mount Elgon) | | Christianity, Traditional Ogiek religion |
| Ogoni | Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ogoni | Nigeria (Ogoniland) | Baan, Eleme, Gokana, Tẹẹ | Christianity |
| Ogu | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Gun | Nigeria (Lagos, Ogun State), Benin | | |
| Oji-Cree | Algic → Algonquian → Oji-Cree | Canada (Ontario, Manitoba) | | |
| Ojibwe | Algic → Algonquian → Ojibwe | Anishinaabeland (Canada, United States) | Mississaugas, Saulteaux, Findians | Midewiwin |
| Okies | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Oklahoman English | United States (Oklahoma, California) | | Christianity → Protestantism → Southern Baptist |
| Oku | Indo-European → English Creole → Krio; Indo-European → Germanic → English | Sierra Leone, The Gambia | | Islam |
| Oneida | Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Oneida | Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, Wisconsin) | | Longhouse Religion |
| Onge | Ongan → Onge | India (Little Andaman Island) | | Animism |
| Onondaga | Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Onondaga | Canada (Ontario), United States (New York) | | |
| Orcadians | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Orcadian; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English; BANZSL → British Sign; historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn | United Kingdom (Orkney) | | |
| Ormurs | Indo-European → Iranic → Ormuri | Afghanistan (Logar Province), Pakistan (South Waziristan) | | Islam |
| Orochs | Tungusic → Udegheic → Oroch | Russia (Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Sakhalin Oblast, Primorsky Krai) | | |
| Oroks | Tungusic → [[Nanaic languages|Nanaic] → Orok | Russia (Sakhalin Oblast), Japan | Karafuto Oroks | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism |
| Oromo | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Oromo | Ethiopia (Oromia), Kenya | Boorana, Barento, Salale, Machaa, Arsi, Wollo | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Oroqens | Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Oroqen | China (Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia) | | |
| Ossetians | Indo-European → Iranic → Ossetian | Ossetia (Russia, Georgia) | Iron, Digor, Kudar, Trialeti Ossetians | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ot Danum | Austronesian → Greater Barito → Ot Danum | Indonesia (West and Central Kalimantan) | Lawangan, Ma'anyan | Kaharingan |
| Otomi | Oto-Manguean → Otomian → Otomi | Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, State of Mexico, Queretaro) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Ovambo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Ovambo | Namibia (Ovamboland), Angola | | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Ovimbundu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Umbundu | Angola | | Christianity |
| Pākehā | Indo-European → Germanic →English → New Zealand English | New Zealand | | Irreligion, Christianity |
| Palau | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Palauan; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Palauan English | Palau | | Christianity, Modekngei |
| Palawa | Indo-European → Germanic → English; Palawa kani; historically Tasmanian languages | Australia (Tasmania) | | Alcheringa |
| Palembangese | Austronesian → Malayic → Palembang | Indonesia (South Sumatra) | | |
| Palula | Indo-European → Dardic → Palula | Pakistan (Chitral District) | | |
| Pamiris | Indo-European → Iranic → Pamir | Pamir Mountains (Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China) | Shughni, Sarikoli (including Tajiks of Xinjiang), Yazghulami, Munji, Yidgha, Sanglechi, Ishkashimi | Islam → Shia Islam → Isma'ilism |
| Pangasinese | Austronesian → Philippine → Pangasinan | Philippines (Pangasinan) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Papel | Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Papel | Guinea-Bissau (Biombo Region) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Parachis | Indo-European → Iranic → Parachi | Afghanistan (Nijrab District, Kabul) | | Islam |
| Paramaccan | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Ndyuka | Suriname (Pamacca) | | Winti |
| Pardo | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese | Brazil | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Pare | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Pare | Tanzania (Pare Mountains) | | Islam |
| Parsis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujaratic → Gujarati | Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan) | | Zoroastrianism |
| Pashayi | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dardic → Pashayi | Afghanistan (Laghman, Kapisa and Nangarhar Provinces) | | Islam → Sunni Islam, Shia Islam → Isma'ilism → Nizari Isma'ilism |
| Pashtuns | Indo-European → Iranic → Pashto | Pashtunistan (Afghanistan, Pakistan), Iran (Khorasan, Mazandaran), India | Kakar, Ghilji (including Lodi (including Niazi, Hotak (including Babai), and Lohani (including Marwat))), Popalzai (including Sudhan), Punjabi Pathans (including Malerkotla Pathans and Multani Pathans), Tareen, Bettani (including Shirani), Afridi, Sarbani, Bangash, Karlani, Rohilla, and other Pashtun tribes, with significant populations in the United States, India, Kashmir, Sri Lanka | Islam → Sunni Islam → Hanafi; Sikhism |
| Pataxó | Macro-Jê → Maxakalian → Pataxó | Brazil (Bahia) | | Shamanism |
| Pedi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Northern Sotho → Sepedi | South Africa (Limpopo) | | Christianity |
| Pende | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Pende | Democratic Republic of the Congo | | Christianity |
| Pennsylvania Dutch | Indo-European → Germanic → Pennsylvania Dutch; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Pennsylvania Dutch English | United States (Pennsylvania) | Schwenkfelders, River Brethren (including Yorker Brethren) | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Persians | Indo-European → Iranic → Persian, Achomi | Iran (Fars) | Arab-Persians, Achomi, Sistanis (including Khorasani Sistanis and Golestani Sistanis), Dezfulis, Shushtaris, along with significant populations in the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Israel, Bahrain, Australia, and Sweden | Islam → Shia Islam → Twelver Shi'ism, Islam → Sufism → Ni'matullāhī, Safaviyya, Zoroastrianism, Baháʼí |
| Piapoco | Arawakan → Upper Amazon Arawakan → Piapoco | Colombia (Meta), Venezuela | | Traditional religion, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Pied-Noir | Indo-European → Romance → French | Algeria | | Christianity |
| Pitcairn Islanders | Indo-European → Germanic → English, Indo-European → Germanic → English Creole → Pitcairn-Norfolk → Pitkern | British Overseas Territories (Pitcairn Islands) | Significant population in Norfolk Island, along with a diaspora in Australia, and New Zealand | Christianity → Protestantism → Seventh-day Adventism |
| Pitjantjara | Pama-Nyungan → Wati → Pitjantjara | Australia (Central Australia) | | Alcheringa |
| Podlashuks | Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian or Belarusian → Podlachian | Poland (Podlachia) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Pohnpeian | Austronesian → Micronesian → Pohnpeian | Federated States of Micronesia (Pohnpei) | | Christianity |
| Poles | Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, Belarusian → Simple speech; Polish Sign Language | Poland, Czech Republic (Trans-Olza), Kresy and surrounding regions | Masovians (including Bambers, Kurpies, Łowiczans, Masurians, Międzyrzec Boyars, Poborzans, Podlachians), Greater Polish (including Kaliszans, Kuyavians (including Kuyavian Borowiaks), and Taśtaks), Lesser Polish (including Cracovians, Lasovians, Lublinians, Sącz Lachs, and Sandomierzans), Kociewians, Łęczycans, Polish Uplanders, Sieradzans, Borderlands Poles (including Bug River Poles), Tuchola Borowians, Kocievians, Dolinians [pl], and Warmians, as well as Significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Germany, Canada, Iceland, Sweden, France, Armenia, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Belarus, Russia, Azerbaijan, Australia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Ireland, and Norway | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Poleshuks | Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian or Ukrainian → West Polesian | Polesia (Belarus, Poland, Russia, Ukraine) | | |
| Potawatomi | Algic → Algonquian → Potawatomi | Canada (Ontario), United States (Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Oklahoma, Wisconsin) | | |
| Potiguara | Tupian → Potiguara' Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese | Brazil (Paraíba) | | Shamanism |
| Powhatans | Indo-European → Germanic → English; historically Algic → Algonquian → Virginia Algonquian | United States (Tsenacommacah) | | |
| Punjabi Mexican Americans | | United States (California) | | |
| Punjabis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Punjabic | Punjab (Pakistan, India) | Arain, Awan, Gujjars, Jat, Khatris, Punjabi Rajputs, Sikhs, Saraiki Punjabis, Chibhālīs, along with significant populations in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States | Islam → Sunnism; Hinduism; Sikhism; Ravidassia |
| Purepecha | Purépechan languages | Mexico (Michoacan) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Qarai | | Iran (Kerman province) | | Islam → Shi'ism |
| Qaratays | Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar → Qataray | Russia (Kamsko-Ustyinsky District) | | |
| Qashqai | Turkic → Oghuz → Qashqai | Iran (Fars province) | | Islam → Shi'ism |
| Qiang | Sino-Tibetan → Qiangic | China (Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture) | | Qiang folk religion |
| Quechan | Yuman → Quechan | United States (Arizona, California) | | Native American religion, Christianity |
| Quechua | Quechuan | Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina | Ayacucho, Cajamarca–Canaris, Central, Chachapoyas, Cusco, Inga, Huanca, Kichwa, Lamas, North Bolivian, Pacaraos, Puno, Santiagueno, South Bolivian | Christianity → Catholicism, Inca religion |
| Quileute | Chimakuan → Quileute | United States (Washington) | | Native American religion |
| Qulla | Quechuan → Quechua II → Southern Quechua | Qullaw (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Rabari | | India (Kutch) | | Hinduism |
| Rade | Austronesian → Chamic → Rade | Central Highlands, Vietnam | | Christianity |
| Rajasthanis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Rajasthani | India (Rajasthan) | Charan, Kachhi, Marwari, Meena, Rajputs (including Chandels, Mahyavanshi, and Molesalam) | Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism |
| Rajbanshi | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kamtapuri | India (Assam, West Bengal), Bangladesh | | Hinduism |
| Rakhine | Sino-Tibetan → Burmese → Arakanese | Myanmar (Rakhine State) | Marma | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Ramkokamekra | Macro-Je → Je → Canela | Brazil (Northeast Region) | | |
| Ranquel | Araucanian → Mapudungun → Ranquel | Argentina (La Pampa Province) | | |
| Rapa Nui | Austronesian → Polynesian → Rapa Nui | Chile (Easter Island) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Redbones | | United States (Louisiana) | | Christianity |
| Reisende | | Norway | | Christianity |
| Rejangese | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Rejang | Indonesia (Rejang Lebong Regency) | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Relli | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Reli, Hindi | India (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal) | | Hinduism |
| Rendille | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Rendille | Kenya (Eastern Province) | | Waaq |
| Resians | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene → Resian | Italy (Resia) | | |
| Rhodesians | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Zimbabwean English | Zimbabwe | Significant populations in the United Kingdom | Christianity |
| Rifians | Afroasiatic → Berber → Tarifit | Morocco | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Rohingyas | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Rohingya | Myanmar (Rakhine State) | | Islam |
| Roma | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Romani, Para-Romani; Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Boyash | Europe, Turkey, Cyprus, Caucasus | Kalderash, Iberian Cales (including Spanish Cales, Portuguese Cales, Brazilian Cales), Erromintxela, Finnish Kale, Welsh Kale, Vlax Roma, Romanichal (including Scottish Romanichal Travellers), Lowland Scottish Travellers, Burgenland Roma, Sinti (including Manouches), Belaruska Roma, Litovska Roma, Lotfitka Roma, Ruska Roma, Crimean Roma, Gurbeti, Xoraxane Roma (including Turkish Roma, Zargari, and Arlije), Romanisal, Bergitka Roma, Polska Roma, Cascarots, Ursari, Balshade, Romanlar (including Turkish Roma, Sepetçi, Ayjides, Yerli, and Çerge), Wallachian Roma, Servitka Roma, Lovari, Boyash, along with significant populations in Albania, Algeria, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Mexico, Montenegro, Morocco, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States (including Balshade, Afro-Roma), and Uruguay | Christianity, Islam |
| Romands | Switzerland (Romandy) | Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provencal, Frainc-Comtou, French → Swiss French | | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Romanians | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian | Romania, Moldova | Northern Dobrujans, Transylvanians, Wallachians (including Oltenians and Muntenians), Moldavians, Southern Bukovinians, along with significant populations in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Romansh | Indo-European → Romance → Romansh | Switzerland (Grisons) | | Christianity |
| Rotenese | Austronesian → Timoric → Rotenese | Indonesia (Rote Island) | Dela, Oenale | Christianity |
| Rotumans | Austronesian → Central Pacific → Rotuman | Fiji (Rotuma) | | |
| Russians | Indo-European → Slavic → Russian; Francosign → Russian Sign | Russia, Ukraine (Sumy Oblast), and surrounding regions | Caucasus Russians, Siberians, Cossacks (including Kuban Cossacks and Nekrasov Cossacks), Pomors, Subbotniks, Old Believers (including Kamenschiks, Lipovans, Semeiskie), Karyms, Gurans, Doukhobors, Alaskan Russians (including Alaskan Creoles, Alaskan Old Believers), Goryuns, Kamchadals, Molokans (including Subbotnik Molokans), Polekhs, Starozhily, along with significant populations in Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China (including Hong Kong), Estonia, France, Germany, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Taiwan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Armenia (including Molokans), the United States, Uzbekistan | Christianity → Spiritual Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Old Believerism and Old Ritualism; Christianity and Animism → Eastern Orthodoxy and Animism → Pomor Christianity |
| Rusyns | Indo-European → Slavic → Carpathian Rusyn, Pannonian Rusyn | Transcarpathia (Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland), Pannonian Plain (Croatia, Serbia), Romania (Bukovina, Maramureș), Lemkovyna ( | Pannonian Rusyns, Lemkos, Hutsuls, Boykos, Dolinians [pl], Zamieszańcy [pl], with significant populations in the United States and Romania | Christianity → Eastern Catholicism |
| Rutuls | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Rutul | Russia (Dagestan), Azerbaijan | | |
| Ryukyuans | Japonic → Ryukyuan; Japonic → Japanese → Okinawan Japanese, Amami Japanese; JSLic → Japanese Sign; Koniya Sign Language | Japan (Ryukyu Islands) | Amami (including Kikai, Amami Ōshima (including Setouchi), Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu, and Yoron), Okinawans (including Kunigami) Miyakoans, Tarama, Yaeyama, Yonaguni, with significant populations in Bolivia [ja], Brazil, and the United States (including Hawaii) | Irreligion; Ryukyuan religion; Christianity → Catholicism → Ryukyuan Catholicism |
| Saho | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Saho | Eritrea, Ethiopia | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Sahrawis | Afroasiatic → Arabic → Hassaniya Arabic | Western Sahara | Reguibat, Oulad Delim, Oulad Tidrarin, Laaroussien, Tekna, Tajakant, Aït Oussa | Islam → Sunnism |
| Saint Helenians | Indo-European → Germanic → English | Saint Helena | | Christianity → Anglicanism |
| Saint Thomas Christians | Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Malayalam | India (Kerala) | Northists, Knanayas | Christianity → Saint Thomas Christianity |
| Sakizaya | Austronesian → East Formosan → Sakizaya | Hualien County (Taiwan) | | Animism, Christianity |
| Salar | Turkic → Oghuz → Salar | China (Qinghai, Gansu) | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Salinan | Hokan → Salinan | United States (California) | | Native American religion |
| Sama–Bajau | Austronesian → Barito → Sama–Bajaw | Maritime Southeast Asia (Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei) | Sama (including Banguingui), Bajaw, Abaknon | Islam → Sunnism |
| Samana Americans | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Samana English | Dominican Republic (Samana Province) | | Christianity → Protestantism → Methodism |
| Samaritans | Afroasiatic → Canaanite → Hebrew → Modern Hebrew; Afroasiatic → Arabic → Levantine Arabic → Palestinian Arabic; historically Afroasiatic → Canaanite → Samaritan Hebrew; Afroasiatic → Aramaic → Samaritan Aramaic | Israel | | Samaritanism |
| Sambal | Austronesian → Philippine → Sambalic | Philippines (Zambales) | Bolinao, Botolan (including Banguingui) | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sámi | Uralic → Sámi; historically Uralic → Sámi → Akkala Sámi, Kemi Sámi, Kainuu Sámi | Sapmi (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) | Inari Sámi, Kildin Sámi, Lule Sámi, Northern Sámi, Pite Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Southern Sámi, Ter Sámi, Ume Sámi, Akkala Sámi | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Samoans | Austronesian → Polynesian → Samoan | Samoan Islands (Samoa, American Samoa) | American Samoans, Samoan Samoans, with significant populations in New Zealand, the United States | Christianity |
| Sandawe | Sandawe | Tanzania (Chemba District) | | Traditional African Religion, Islam |
| Sangirese | Austronesian → Philippine → Sangirese | Indonesia (Sangihe Islands), Philippines (Mindanao) | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Sanka | Japonic → Japanese → Sanka | Japan (mountainous regions of Honshu) | | Animism |
| Sankethi Brahmin | Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil → Sankethi | India (Karnataka) | | Hinduism → Advaita Vedanta |
| Santal | Austroasiatic → Munda → Santali | India (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sara | Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Sara | Chad, Central African Republic | Ngambay, Doba, Laka, Kabba, Sar, Mbay, Ngam, Dagba, Gulay | Traditional African religions |
| Saramaka | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Saramaccan | Suriname | | Winti, Christianity → Moravian Church |
| Sardinians | Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian, Indo-European → Romance → Sassarese, Indo-European → Romance → Gallurese | Italy (Sardinia) | Logudorese, Campidanese, Sassarese, Gallurese | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sasak | Austronesian → Sasak | Indonesia (Lombok) | | Islam |
| Saurashtras | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Saurashtra | India (South India) | | Hinduism → Vaishnavism, Hinduism → Shaivism |
| Savu | Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Sumba → Hawu | India (Savu) | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Scots | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots, English → Scottish English; Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic; BANZSL → British Sign | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Ulster Scots, Shetlanders, Highlanders, Lowlanders, Berwickers, along with significant populations in the United States (including Scotch-Irish Americans), Canada (including Scotch-Irish Canadians), Australia, Argentina, Russia, and the Bahamas | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Selkups | Uralic → Samoyedic → Selkup | Russia (Tomsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Tyumen Oblast) | | Shamanism, Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Seminoles | Muskogean → Muscogee → Seminole, Muskogean → Mikasuki, Afro-Seminole Creole | United States (Oklahoma, Florida), Mexico (Coahuila) | Oklahoma Seminoles, Black Seminoles (including Mascogos), Florida Seminoles | |
| Semnanis | Indo-European → Iranic → Semnani | Iran (Semnan) | Biyabunakis, Sangsaris, Sorkheis, Aftaris, Lasgerdis | Islam → Shi'ism → Twelver Shi'ism |
| Seneca | Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Seneca | Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, Oklahoma) | | |
| Sentinelese | Sentinelese | India (North Sentinel Island) | | |
| Senufo | Atlantic–Congo → (disputed) → Senufo | Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso | Nafana, Minyanka | Traditional African religions |
| Serbs | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian | Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska), Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, Romania, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, North Macedonia | Kosovo Serbs, Montenegrin Serbs, Croatian Serbs, Bosnian Serbs, Macedonian Serbs, Romanian Serbs, Hungarian Serbs, Albanian Serbs, Bulgarian Serbs, Slovenian Serbs, Vojvodinian Serbs, Triestine Serbs, Serb Muslims, along with significant populations in Greece, Germany, Austria, France, Slovakia, and Sweden | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Serer | Atlantic–Congo → Senegambian → Serer, Cangin | Senegal | Laalaa, Ndut, Niominka, Serer-Noon, Palor, Saafi | Islam, Serer religion |
| Seychellois Creoles | Indo-European → French-based creole → Seychellois Creole | Seychelles | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Shan | Kra–Dai → Tai → Shan | Myanmar (Shan State) | | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Sharchops | Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Tshangla | Bhutan (Lhuntse, Mongar, Pemagatshel, Samdrup Jongkhar, Trashigang, and Trashiyangtse Districts) | | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, Bon |
| Shawnee | Algic → Algonquian → Shawnee | United States (Oklahoma, historically Ohio) | Absentee Shawnee, Eastern Shawnee, Piqua Shawnee, Shawnee Tribe | |
| Sherbro | Atlantic–Congo → Mel → Sherbro | Sierra Leone (Sherbro Island) | | Traditional African religions |
| Shilha | Afroasiatic → Berber → Shilha | Morocco | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Shilluk | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Shilluk | South Sudan | Gule | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Shina | Indo-European → Dardic → Shina, Indo-European → Dardic → Kohistani Shina | Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan) | Kohistani Shina | Islam |
| Shirazi | Atlantic-Congo → Bantu → Swahili | Tanzania (Swahili Coast), Kenya, Mozambique, Comoros | Zanzibaris, and Maore | Islam → Sunnism |
| Shiriana | Arawakan → Shiriana, Arutani language | Brazil (Amazonas, Amazon rainforest), Venezuela (Amazon rainforest) | Auake | |
| Shompen | Shompen | India (Great Nicobar Island) | | Animism |
| Shona | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Shona | Zimbabwe (Mashonaland) | Manyika, Ndau | Christianity |
| Shopi | Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian | Shopluk (Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia) | | |
| Shors | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Shor | Russia (Kemerovo Oblast) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism → Shor Shamanism |
| Shoshone | Uto-Aztecan → Numic → Shoshoni | Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada, Utah (United States) | Eastern Shoshone, Northern Shoshone, Western Shoshone, Goshute | Native American Church, Christianity |
| Sibe | Tungusic → Xibe | China (Liaoning, Jilin, Xinjiang) | | Shamanism |
| Siberian Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, Tom | Russia (Western Siberia) | Baraba Tatars, Chats, Eushta Tatars, Kalmak Tatars, Siberian Bukharans, Zabolotnie Tatars | Islam → Sunnism |
| Siberian Yupik | Eskaleut → Eskimo → Siberian Yupik, Eskaleut → Eskimo → Naukan | Russia (Chukchi Peninsula), United States (St. Lawrence Island) | Naukan | Shamanism |
| Sicilians | Indo-European → Romance → Sicilian, Italian; historically Afroasiatic → Arabic → Sicilian Arabic | Italy (Sicily) | Pelagie Islanders (Lampedusans, Linosans), Pantellerians, with significant populations in the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sidama | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Sidaama | Ethiopia (Sidamia) | | Christianity |
| Siddi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swahili → Sidi | Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sindh), India (Karnataka, Gujarat, Hyderabad) | | Islam |
| Sierra Leone Creoles | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Krio, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Pichinglis | Sierra Leone | Gambian Creoles, Saros, Krio Fernandinos, with significant populations in the United States | Christianity |
| Sika | Austronesian → Flores–Lembata → Sika | Indonesia (Sikka Regency) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Silesians | Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian, Indo-European → Germanic → High German → Silesian German | Silesia (Poland, Germany, Czech Republic) | Cieszyn Vlachs, Moravians, along with significant populations in the United States (including Texas) | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Siltʼe | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Gurage → Siltʼe | Ethiopia (Siltia) | | Islam |
| Sindhis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sindhi | Pakistan (Sindh) | Jat, Jamote, Memon, Arain, Indian Sindhis | Islam → Sunnism → Hanafism; Hinduism |
| Sinhalese | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sinhala | Sri Lanka | Dewa, British Sri Lankans, Burghers (including Portuguese Burghers and Dutch Burghers) | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Siona | Tucanoan → Western Tucanoan → Siona | Ecuador (Sucumbios), Colombia (Putumayo) | | Animism |
| Sioux | Siouan → Western Siouan → Sioux | United States (Lakotah) | Lakota (including Brulé, Oglala, Sans Arc, Hunkpapa, Miniconjou, and Sihasapa) and Dakota (including Mdewakanton) | Native American religion |
| Sirenik | Eskaleut → Eskimo → Siberian Yupik, historically Eskaleut → Eskimo → Sirenik | Russia (Sireniki) | | |
| Skokomish | Salishan → Coast Salish → Twana | United States (Skokomish Indian Reservation) | | |
| Slavey | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Slavey | Canada (Alberta, Northwest Territories) | Deh Cho, Sahtu | Christianity, Animism |
| Slovaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovak; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Slovak Sign | Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Austria, and surrounding regions | Significant populations in Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria, Serbia, Croatia, United States, Australia, and Canada | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Slovenes | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene | Slovenia, Austria (Carinthia), Hungary, Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Croatia (Istria, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Zagreb), and surrounding regions | Hungarian Slovenes (including Rába Slovenes), Carinthian Slovenes, Prekmurje Slovenes, Italian Slovenes, Croatian Slovenes along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Australia, Uruguay, Venezuela, Argentina, Croatia, and Italy | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Soga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Soga | Uganda (Busoga) | | Christianity, Traditional African religions |
| Somalis | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Somali | Greater Somalia (Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya) | Hawiye, Darod (including Majeerteen), Isaaq, Dir, Rahanweyn, Madhiban, Yibir, Ajuran along with significant populations in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Canada | Islam → Sunnism → Shafi'ism |
| Songhai | Songhay languages | West Africa | Songhai proper, Zarma, Wogo, Kurtey, Ingalkoyyu, Arma, Belbali, Dendi | Islam |
| Soninke | Niger–Congo → Mande → Soninke | Mali | | Islam → Sunni Islam → Malikism |
| Sonsorolese | Austronesian → Micronesian → Sonsorolese | Palau (Sonsorol) | | Christianity |
| Soqotris | Afroasiatic → Eastern South Semitic → Soqotri | Yemen (Socotra) | | Islam |
| Sorbs | Indo-European → Slavic → Sorbian | Lusatia (Germany, Poland) | Upper Sorbs, Lower Sorbs, with significant populations in the United States (including Texas) | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sotho | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sotho | South Africa (Free State), Lesotho | | Christianity |
| South Carolina Turks | Indo-European → Germanic → English | United States (Dalzell, Sumter County, South Carolina) | | Islam |
| South Sea Islanders | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Australian English | Australia (Queensland) | | |
| Soyots | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Taiga Sayan Turkic → Soyot | Russia (Okinsky District) | | Shamanism |
| Spaniards | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish, Extremaduran, Asturleonese, Barranquenho, Quinqui jargon; Spanish Sign language | Spain, Portugal (Barrancos) | Andalusians, Barranquenhos, Castilians, Leonese, Cantabrians, Extremadurans, Mercheros, Olivenzans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sri Lanka Kaffirs | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese Creole → Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole | | | Christianity → Catholicism; Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Sri Lanka Malays | Austronesian → Malay creoles → Sri Lankan Malay | Sri Lanka | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Sri Lankan Moors | Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil → Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil | Sri Lanka | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Sri Lankan Chetties | Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sinhala | Sri Lanka | | Christianity → Catholicism, Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism, Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Sui | Kra–Dai → Kam–Sui → Sui | China (Sandu Shui Autonomous County) | | Animism |
| Sukuma | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sukuma | Tanzania | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sulanese | Austronesian → Central Maluku → Sula | Indonesia (Sula Islands Regency) | Fagudu, Falahu, Fatcei, Mangon | Islam → Sunnism; Animism |
| Sumba | Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Sumba | Indonesia (Sumba) | Anakalangu, East Sumbanese, Kodi, Lamboya, West Sumbanese, Mamboru, Wanukaka | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Sumbawa | Austronesian → Sumbawa | Indonesia (Sumbawa) | | Islam |
| Sundanese | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Sundanese | Indonesia (Java) | Bantenese, Baduy, Ciptagelar | Islam → Sunnism |
| Surma | Nilo-Saharan → Surmic | Ethiopia, South Sudan | Me'en, Mursi, Kichepo | Traditional African religions |
| Susu | Niger–Congo → Mande → Susu | Guinea, Sierra Leone (Kambia) | | Islam |
| Swahili | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swahili | Swahili coast (Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Comoros) | | Islam |
| Swazi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swazi | South Africa (Mpumalanga), Eswatini | | Christianity → African Zionism |
| Swedes | Indo-European → Germanic → Swedish, Indo-European → Germanic → Dalecarlian, Indo-European → Germanic → East Danish → Scanian, Indo-European → Germanic → Gutnish, Indo-European → Germanic → Norrlandic, Indo-European → Germanic → Jamtska, SSLic → Swedish Sign | Sweden, Estonia (Aiboland) | Scanians, Jamtish, Gutnish, Dalecarlians, Estonian Swedes along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Argentina, and the United Kingdom | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Sylhetis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sylheti | Bangladesh (Sylhet Division), India (Barak Valley) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Syriacs | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Neo-Aramaic | Syria (Qalamoun Mountains), Assyria (Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey) | Arameans (includes Israeli Arameans) and Assyrians (includes Iraqi Assyrians, Turkish Assyrians, Syrian Assyrians and Iranian Assyrians). Groupings include Chaldean Catholics from Nineveh and Bohtan, Syriac Orthodox Assyrians from Tur Abdin, Citadel Christians, Hakkari and Urmia tribes including; Tyari, Jilu, Baz, Tkhuma, Nochiya, along with significant populations in Armenia, Lebanon, Israel, Georgia, Jordan, the State of Palestine, the Netherlands, Austria, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada (including Presby-Assyrians), the United Kingdom, Russia, Belgium, Finland, France, Greece, Germany, Sweden, Mexico, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uruguay, Argentina | Christianity → Eastern Christianity → Syriac Christianity |
| Tabaru people | West Papuan → North Halmahera → Tabaru | Indonesia (Jailolo) | | Animism |
| Tabasaran | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Tabasaran | Russia (Dagestan (Tabasaransky District)) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Tagalogs | Austronesian → Philippine → Tagalog | Philippines | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Tagish | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tagish | Canada (Yukon) | | |
| Tahitians | Austronesian → Polynesian → Tahitian | France (Tahiti) | | Christianity |
| Tahltan | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tahltan | Canada (Northern British Columbia) | | |
| Tahtacı | | Turkey (Aegean Region, Mediterranean Region) | | Islam and Shamanism → Shia Islam and Shamanism → Alevism and Shamanism |
| Taidnapam | Historically Plateau Penutian → Sahaptian → Northwest Sahaptin → Upper Cowlitz; Chinookan, Wakashan, and Indo-European → Lower Chinook, Nootka Jargon, Germanic, and Italic → Chinook Jargon | United States (Yakama Indian Reservation) | Upper Cowlitz, Lewis River Cowlitz | |
| Taino | Arawakan → Taino | Greater Antilles | | Native American religion |
| Tajiks | Indo-European → Iranic → Tajik; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Russian Sign → Tajik Sign | Central Asia | Kharduri, Chagatai, with significant populations in Uzbekistan, Pakistan | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Tallensi | Atlantic–Congo → Gur → Talni | Ghana (Tallensi Traditional Area), Burkina Faso | | Tallensi religion |
| Talysh | Indo-European → Iranic → Talysh | Azerbaijan, Iran | | Islam → Shia Islam |
| Tama | Nilo-Saharan → Taman → Tama | Chad, Sudan | | Islam |
| Tamangs | Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Tamang | Nepal, India (Sikkim) | Waiba, Lopchan, Thokar, Lama | Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Tamils | Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil; Austronesian → Malay Creole → Malay Chetty | India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka (Northern and Eastern Provinces) | Indian Tamils (including Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka), Sri Lankan Tamils (including Negombo Tamils), Chitty, Giraavaru, Ambattar, along with significant populations in Malaysia, South Africa, the United States, Singapore, Canada, the United Kingdom, and France (including Malbars) | Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism |
| Tampuans | Austroasiatic → Bahnaric → Tampuan | Cambodia (Ratanakiri) | | Animism |
| Tanana Athabaskans | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Upper Tanana, Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Lower Tanana, Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tanacross | United States (Interior Alaska), Canada (Western Yukon) | Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana | |
| Tao | Austronesian → Batanic → Tao | Taiwan (Orchid Island) | | Christianity, Anitism |
| Taos | Tanoan → Tiwa → Taos | United States (Taos Pueblo) | | Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity |
| Tapayuna | Macro-Jê → Jê → Tapayuna | Brazil (Mato Grosso) | | Ethnoreligion |
| Tarok | Niger–Congo → Plateau → Tarok | Nigeria (Plateau State) | | Christianity |
| Tausūg | Austronesian → Bisayan → Tausug | Philippines (Sulu Archipelago) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Tboli | Austronesian → Philippine → Tboli | Philippines (South Cotabato) | | Anitism |
| Tebers | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish → Teberce | Turkey, Syria, Balkans | | Islam → Alevism |
| Tehuelche | Araucanian → Mapudungun, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish | | |
| Teke | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Teke | Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo | | |
| Telengits | Turkic → Kipchak → Southern Altai → Telengit | Russia (Altai Republic) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Shamanism, Burkhanism |
| Telugus | Dravidian → South-Central Dravidian → Telugu | India (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) | Reddy, Velama, Kapu, Raju, Madiga, Mala, Kaikalas, Adi Andhra, Adi Jambava, Vatuka (including Kamma, Balijas (including Kavarais), Gollas), Mumbai Telugus, Sri Lankan Telugus | Hinduism, Islam, Christianity |
| Temne | Niger–Congo → Mel → Temne | Sierra Leone (Northern Sierra Leone) | | Islam |
| Terena | Arawakan → Terena; Brazilian Sign language; Terena Sign language | Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul) | | Shamanism |
| Ternateans | West Papuan → North Halmahera → Ternate | Indonesia (Ternate) | Tubo, Tobona, Tabanga, Toboleu, Ibu, Jailolo, Ternate-Portuguese | Islam → Sunni Islam, Animism |
| Thais | Kra–Dai → Tai → Central Thai, Southern Thai, Northern Thai | Thailand | Southern Thai, Khorat, Lanna, with signifiant populations in the United States | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Tharus | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Tharu | Terai (Nepal, India) | Kathariya, Danuwar, Lampucchwa, Kochila, Sonha, Dangaura, Rana | Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Tibetans | Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Tibetic, Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Tshangla → Pemako Tshangla, Tibetan Sign | China (Tibet), Nepal, Bhutan | Amdolese (including Golok and Tebbu), Khams, U-Tsang (including Ngari and Walung), Pemakopas, Changpa, Baima, Kachee | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, Bon |
| Ticuna | Ticuna–Yuri → Ticuna | Brazil (Amazonas) | | Shamanism |
| Tidore | West Papuan → North Halmahera → Tidore | Indonesia (Tidore) | | Islam |
| Tigrayans | Afroasiatic → Ethiopic → Tigrinya | Eritrea (Eritrean Highlands), Ethiopia (Tigrayia) | | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy |
| Tigre | Afroasiatic → Ethiopic → Tigre | Eritrea | | Islam |
| Timok Valley Vlachs | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Vlach; Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian | Serbia (Timok Valley, Belgrade) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Tiv | Niger–Congo → Tiv | Nigeria (Benue State) | | Christianity |
| Tiwa | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Tiwa | India (Assam, Meghalaya) | | Hinduism |
| Tiwi | Tiwi | Australia (Tiwi Islands) | | Alcheringa |
| Tlapanec | Oto-Manguean → Tlapanec | Mexico (Guerrero) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Tlingit | Na-Dene → Tlingit | Canada (British Columbia, Yukon Territory), United States (Alaska, Washington) | | Alaska Native religion |
| Tobelo | West Papuan → North Halmahera → Tobelo | Indonesia (North Halmahera) | | Christianity → Protestantism, Animism, Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Tofalars | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Tofa | Russia (Tofalariya) | | Christianity |
| Tokelauans | Austronesian → Polynesian → Tokelauan | Tokelau | | Christianity → Congregationalism |
| Tongans | Austronesian → Polynesian → Tongan | Tonga | Tongan Hawaiians | Christianity |
| Tooro | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tooro | Uganda (Tooro Kingdom) | Abagweri, Abasingo, Abahinda, Ababiito, Abasumbi, Abayaga, Ababwiju, Abasiita, Abasambo, Ababoopi, Ababwooro, Abagaya, Abalebeki, Abango, Abagimu, Abarungu, Abanyakyoozi, Abasoigi | Christianity, Ruhanga |
| Toraja | Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Toraja | Indonesia (Tana Toraja) | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Torres Strait Islanders | Pama-Nyungan → Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Eastern Trans-Fly → Meriam, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Torres Strait Creole | Australia (Torres Strait Islands) | | |
| Toubou | Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Tebu | Toubouland (Chad, Niger, Sudan, Libya) | Daza, Teda | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Toucouleur | Atlantic–Congo → Senegambian → Pulaar | Senegal (Futa Tooro) | | Islam |
| Trawara | Indo-European → Dardic → Mankiyali | Pakistan (Danna, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) | | |
| Tripuri | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Kokborok | India (Tripura) | Jamatia, Murasing | Hinduism |
| Trumai | Trumai | Brazil (Mato Grosso) | | Animism |
| Tsakhurs | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Tsakhur | Russia (Rutulsky District), Azerbaijan (Zagatala and Qakh districts) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Tsez | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Tsez | Russia (Tsuntinsky District) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Tsimshian | Tsimshianic → Maritime Tsimshianic | Canada (British Columbia), United States (Alaska) | Kitasoo, Gitga'ata, Kitkatla, Kitsumkalum, Kitselas, Ginadoiks, Ginaxangiik, Gispaxlo'ots, Gitando, Gitlaan, Gits'iis, Gitwilgyoots, Gitzaxłaał, Giluts'aaw | Alaskan Native religion |
| Tsonga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tsonga | Mozambique (Maputo City and Maputo Province, Gaza Province), South Africa (Limpopo, Mpumalanga) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Tswana | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tswana | Botswana, South Africa (South Tswanaland) | Balete, Mangwato, Bangwaketse, Bakwena, Batlokwa, Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, Rolong | Christianity |
| Tuamotuans | Austronesian → Polynesian → Tuamotuan | France (Tuamotus) | | Christianity |
| Tujia | Sino-Tibetan → Tujia | China (Wuling Mountains) | | Nuo folk religion |
| Tuluvas | Tulu | India (Karnataka) | | Hinduism |
| Tunica-Biloxi | Indo-European → Germanic → English; Indo-European → Romance → French; Tunica language; historically Siouan → Ohio Valley Siouan → Biloxi | United States (Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation) | Biloxi, Tunica | |
| Tupuri | Niger–Congo → Adamawa → Tupuri | Cameroon (Far North Region), Chad (Mayo-Kebbi) | | Christianity |
| Turkana | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Turkana | Kenya (Turkanaland) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Turkmens | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkmen, South Azeri | Turkmenistan, Iran (Turkmen Sahra), Afghanistan | Teke, Yomut, Bayandur, Afshar, Ersari, Chowdur, Saryk, Bayats, Kayıs, Iranian Turkmens, Afghan Turkmens, with significant populations in Pakistan, Russia, the United Kingdom | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Turks | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish, Rumelian Turkish; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Rumelian Romani; Turkish Sign | West Asia, the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe | Turkish Turks (includes the Baraks, Manavs, Elbegli, and other Anatolian Turkoman tribes), Turkish Cypriots (including Mainland Turks), Meskhetian Turks, Iraqi Turkmen, Syrian Turkmen, Lebanese Turkmen, Jordanian Turkmen, Rumelian Turks (including Kosovoan Turks, Dodecanese Turks, Western Thracian Turks, Bulgarian Turks (including in Turkey), Dobrujan Turks, Macedonian Turks, Bosnian Turks, Croatia, Serbian Turks, Montenegrin Turks), Yörüks, Amuca, Turkish Roma, along with significant populations in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Sweden, the United States, Egypt, Qatar, Israel, and Palestine | Islam → Sunni Islam, Alevism |
| Tuscarora | Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Tuscarora | Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, North Carolina) | | |
| Tutchones | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tutchone | Canada (Yukon Territory) | Northern Tutchones, Southern Tutchones | Native American religion |
| Tutejszy | Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic, Indo-European → Baltic → Eastern Baltic | Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia | | Christianity → Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Tutsi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Rwanda-Rundi | Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kivu) | Banyamulenge | Christianity, Islam |
| Tuvaluans | Austronesian → Polynesian → Tuvaluan | Tuvalu | | Christianity |
| Tuvans | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Steppe Sayan Turkic → Tuvan; Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Taiga Sayan Turkic → Tozhu Tuvan, Tere-Khöl Tuvan | Russia (Tuva), Mongolia (Khovsgol Province) | Tozhu Tuvans | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism |
| Udis | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Udi | The Caucasus, Russia, Ukraine | | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy |
| Udmurts | Uralic → Permic → Udmurt | Russia (Udmurtia) | Besermyan | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ukrainians | Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian, Surzhyk, Russian; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Ukrainian Sign | Ukraine, Transcarpathia (Slovakia, Poland), Belarus (Beresteishchyna) | Cossacks, Litvins, Pinchuks, Afro-Ukrainians, Podolyans, along with significant populations in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela, France, Portugal, New Zealand, Australia, Kazakhstan, Germany, Canada, Italy, Argentina, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Russia (including Kuban and Siberia), Belarus, Slovakia, Moldova, Armenia, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Romania | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Catholicism → Ukrainian Greek Catholicism |
| Ulchi | Tungusic → Southern Tungusic → Ulch | Russia (Ulchsky District) | | |
| Ulster Protestants | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Ulster Scots, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Ulster English, BANZSL → British Sign | Ulster (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland) | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Umatilla | Plateau Penutian → Sahaptian → Umatilla | United States (Oregon) | | Native American religion |
| Upper Kuskokwim | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Upper Kuskokwim | United States (Interior Alaska) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Urak Lawoi | Austronesian → Malayic → Urak Lawoi | Thailand (Phuket) | | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Urhobos | Niger–Congo → Edoid → Urhobo | Nigeria (Delta State) | | Christianity |
| Ute | Uto-Aztecan → Numic → Colorado River Numic → Ute | United States (Colorado, Utah) | | Native American Church, Christianity |
| Uyghurs | Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur, Tor Uyghur | China (Uyghuristan), Central Asia | Kashgartsy, Lops, Tor Uyghurs, with significant populations in Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, the United States | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Uzbeks | Turkic → Karluk → Uzbek | Uzbekistan, Afghanistan | Ming, Yuzi, Kyrk, Karategin Uzbeks, Significant populations in Russia, Pakistan, Canada, the United States, and Turkey | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Valencians | Indo-European → Romance → Catalan → Valencian; LSCic → Valencian Sign | Spain (Valencian Community, Carche) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Van Baoria | Indo-European → Rajasthani → Shekhawati | India (Rajasthan) | Vad Gujar, Param Veldo, Meowoti, Chandia, Gelot | Hinduism |
| Vaqueiros de alzada | Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese | Spain (Asturias, Province of Leon) | | Christianity and traditional folk religion → Folk Catholicism → Vaqueiro religion |
| Vedda | Indo-European → Sinhala-based creole → Vedda | Sri Lanka | Coast Veddas, Anuradhapura Veddas, Bintenne Veddas | Animism |
| Venda | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tshivenda | South Africa (Vendaland) | | Christianity, Traditional African religions |
| Vepsians | Uralic → Finnic → Veps | Russia (Former Veps National Volost; Vytegorsky, Babayevsky, Podporozhsky, Lodeynopolsky, Tikhvinsky, and Boksitogorsky districts) | | |
| Viets/Kinh | Austroasiatic → Vietic → Vietnamese; Vietnamese sign languages | Vietnam | Muong, Gin, Phen, Chứt, Thổ, Nung, Giay, along with significant populations in the United States, Cambodia, France, Australia, Canada, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Germany, Hong Kong, and Laos | Buddhism → Mahayana; Vietnamese folk religion; Caodaism; Hoa Hao |
| Vilamovians | Indo-European → Germanic → Wymysorys | Poland (Wilamowice) | | |
| Visayans | Austronesian → Philippine → Bisayan | Philippines (Visayas) | Aklanon, Butuanon, Cebuano (including Boholano and Eskaya), Caluyanon, Capiznon, Cuyunon, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, Masbatenos, Negrenses, Porohanon, Romblomanon (including Bantoanons), Waray | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Volga Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Central Tatar, Mishar Tatar | Russia (Volga Federal District) | Astrakhan Tatars, Mishar Tatars (including Finnish Tatars), Kasimov Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Kryashens, Nagaybaks, Nukrat Tatars, Perm Tatars, Teptyars | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Votians | Uralic → Finnic → Votic | Russia (Ingria), Estonia (Ida-Viru), Latvia (Bauska) | Kreevins, Poluverniki, Kukkuzi | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Wa | Austroasiatic → Palaungic → Wa | Myanmar (Wa State) | | Buddhism, Animism |
| Wakhi | Indo-European → Iranic → Wakhi | Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, China | | Islam → Shia Islam → Isma'ilism → Nizari Isma'ilism |
| Walla Walla | Plateau Penutian → Sahaptin → Walla Walla | United States (Oregon, Washington) | | Waashat Religion |
| Walloons | Indo-European → Romance → Walloon, Picard, French → Belgian French; Francosign → Belgian Sign → French Belgian Sign | Belgium (Wallonia, adjacent regions of Flanders), France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Ardennes), Netherlands (Dutch Limburg), Germany, Luxembourg | Significant populations in the United States (including Wisconsin) and the Netherlands | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Warlpiris | Pama–Nyungan → Ngumpin–Yapa → Warlpiri, Indo-European and Pama–Nyungan → Warlpiri and Australian Kriol → Light Warlpiri | Australia (Northern Territory) | | Dreamtime |
| Waropen | Austronesian → South Halmahera–West New Guinea → Waropen | Indonesia (Waropen Regency) | | Christianity |
| Wassamasaw | | United States (Berkeley County, South Carolina) | | |
| Waxiang | Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Waxiang Chinese | China (Hunan) | | Chinese folk religion |
| Wayuu | Arawakan → Wayuunaiki | Colombia (La Guajira), Venezuela | | Ethnic religion, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Welayta | Afroasiatic → Omotic → Wolaitta | Ethiopia (Wolayitia) | | Christianity → Protestantism → P'ent'ay |
| Welsh | Indo-European → Celtic → Welsh; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Welsh English; BANZSL → British Sign | United Kingdom (Wales) | Significant populations in Argentina, the United States, Canada, and Australia | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Wolane | Afroasiatic → Ethiopic → Wolane | Ethiopia (Gurage) | | |
| Wolof | Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Wolof | Senegambia (Senegal, The Gambia) | Lebu | Islam → Sunni Islam → Sufism → Mouride |
| Wuikinuxv | Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Heiltsuk–Oowekyala → Oowekyala | Canada (British Columbia) | | Native American religion |
| Xavante | Macro-Je → Je → Xavante | Brazil (Mato Grosso) | | Shamanism |
| Xerente | Macro-Je → Je → Xerente | Brazil (Tocantins) | | |
| Xhosa | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Xhosa | South Africa (Xhosaland) | | Christianity |
| Xokleng | Macro-Je → Je → Xokleng | Brazil (Santa Catarina) | | |
| Yaghnobis | Indo-European → Iranic → Yaghnobi, Tajik | Tajikistan (Sughd Region) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Yahgan | Yahgan, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish | Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile) | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Yakan | Austronesian → Barito → Yakan | Philippines (Basilan) | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Yako | Niger–Congo → Cross River → Yako | Nigeria (Yakurr Local Government) | | Christianity |
| Yakuts | Turkic → Siberian → Yakut | Russia (Yakutia) | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Yali | Trans-New Guinea → Yali | Indonesia (Baliem Valley) | | Christianity, Animism |
| Yanomami | Yanomaman | Southeastern Venezuela, and northern Brazil | | Shamanism |
| Yao | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Yao | Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania (Ruvuma and Mtwara Regions) | | Islam and Animism → Yao Folk Islam |
| Yapese | Austronesian → Oceanic → Yapese | Federated States of Micronesia (Yap) | | Christianity |
| Yenish | Indo-European → Germanic → Yenish | Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France | | |
| Yerukala | Dravidian → South Dravidian I → Yerukala | India (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) | | |
| Yi | Sino-Tibetan → Loloish | China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi) | Phu La, Azha | Bimoism |
| Yoa-Lokpa | Niger–Congo → Gur → Oti–Volta → Yom, Niger–Congo → Gur → Gurunsi → Lukpa | Benin (Donga Department) | | |
| Yoruba | Atlantic–Congo → Yoruboid → Yoruba; Yoruba Sign | Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin, Togo) | Ijesha, Egba, Yewa, Igbomina, Awori, Akoko, Okun, Ana, Ekiti, Ilaje, Ijebu, Oyo, Ondo, Ife, Nagos, with significant populations in the United States and Canada | Islam, Christianity, Yoruba religion |
| Yuchi | Yuchi language | United States (Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina) | | |
| Yugambeh | Pama-Nyungan → Bandjalangic → Yugambeh | Australia (Queensland) | | Alcheringa |
| Yugoslavs | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign, Croatian Sign | Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Croatia | Significant populations in Serbia, Canada, and the United States | |
| Yukaghir | Yukaghir languages | Russia (Yakutia) | | Shamanism |
| Yup'ik | Eskaleut → Eskimo → Yup'ik | United States (Alaska) | Nunivak Cupʼig, Chevak Cupʼik | Christianity, Shamanism |
| Zaghawa | Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Zaghawa | Chad, Sudan | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Zamboanguenos | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Chavacano | Philippines (Zamboanga City) | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Zande | Niger–Congo → Zande | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan | Barambu | Christianity |
| Zapotecs | Oto-Manguean → Zapotec | Mexico (Oaxaca) | Ixtlan | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Zhuang | Kra–Dai → Tai → Zhuang | China (Zhuangia) | | Moism |
| Zomi | Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Burman → Kuki-Chin–Naga, Sino-Tibetan → Mruic | Zogam (Myanmar, Bangladesh, India) | Thadou, Paite, Zou, Kom, Koireng, Mizo (including Khiangte, Hmar (including Saihriem and Zote), Renthlei, Chawngthu, Miu-Khumi, and Ralte), Aimol, Sukte, Bawm, Lai, Biate, Chin (including Asho, Mro-Khimi, Mru (including Anok, Tshungma, Domrong, Dopteng, and Rumma), Anu, Chho, Cumtu Chin, and Hkongso (including Kasang, Htey, Kamu, Ngan, Gwa, Hteikloeh, Ngai, Rahnam, Kapu, Kasah, Namte, Krawktu, and Namluek)), Kuki (including Vaiphei, Khelma, Halam (including Korbong), Mate, and Simte) Gangte, and Bnei Menashe | Christianity |
| Zonians | Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English | Panama (Panama Canal Zone) | | Christianity |
| Zoró | Tupian → Monde → Gavião of Jiparaná → Zoró | Brazil (Mato Grosso) | | Christianity |
| Zulu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Zulu | South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) | Northern Ndebele | Christianity |
| Zuni | Zuni language | United States (New Mexico) | | Christianity |
| ꞋAreꞌare | Austronesian → Southeast Solomonic → ꞋAreꞌare | Solomon Islands (Malaita) | | Christianity |
| ǃKung | Kxʼa → ǃKung | Namibia (Kalahari Desert) | | Animism |

## Lists of ethnic groups
### by status

* List of Indigenous peoples
* List of diasporas
* List of stateless nations

### regional lists

* Ethnic groups in Asia
** Ethnic groups in Northern Asia
*** List of ethnic groups in Russia
** List of ethnic groups in East Asia
*** List of ethnic groups in China
*** List of ethnic groups in Japan
*** List of ethnic groups in North Korea
*** List of ethnic groups in South Korea
*** List of ethnic groups in Taiwan
**** List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan
** South Asian ethnic groups
*** Ethnic groups in Nepal
*** Ethnic groups in Pakistan
**** Demographics of Sindh
** Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia
*** List of ethnic groups in Laos
*** Ethnic groups in Malaysia
*** List of ethnic groups in Vietnam
*** List of ethnic groups in Myanmar
** Ethnic groups in the Middle East
* African people
** Indigenous people of Africa
** Ethnic groups in Algeria
** Ethnic groups in Botswana
** Ethnic groups in Burundi
** Ethnic groups in Chad
** List of ethno-linguistic groups in Eritrea
** List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia
** List of ethnic groups in Nigeria
*** List of ethnic groups in Rivers State
** Ethnic groups in Rwanda
** List of ethnic groups in Tanzania
** Ethnic groups in Senegal
** Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone
** List of ethnic groups in South Sudan
** List of ethnic groups in Zambia
* European people
** Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina
** Peoples of the Caucasus
* Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
* List of Indigenous Australian group names
* Ethnoreligious group
* Ethnic groups by country