# Tongliao

Tongliao is a prefecture-level city in eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. The area is 59,535 square kilometres (22,987 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census, its population was 2,873,168 (3,139,153 in 2010). However, the city proper made of Horqin district, had 921,808 inhabitants. The city was the administrative centre of the defunct Jirem League.
The original Mongolian name for Tongliao city proper (i.e. Horqin District) is Bayisingtu (Chinese: 白音泰赉; pinyin: Báiyīntàilài; lit. 'having buildings'), while the original name of the prefecture-level city is Jirem. The Mongolian dialect spoken in this area is Khorchin Mongolian.

## History

Human settlement in Tongliao and the surrounding Khorchin area dates from at least 1000 BC. The Donghu people, a tribe who spoke a proto-Mongolian language, settled in today's Tongliao area, north of Yan during the Warring States period. their culture was associated with the Upper Xiajiadian culture, characterized by the practice of agriculture and animal husbandry supplemented by handicrafts and bronze art. Later, the Tongliao area was controlled by Xiongnu, Xianbei, and Khitan tribes.
After the Mongolian Khanate had established the Yuan Dynasty in Chinese territory, Tongliao was put under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang province, whose provincial capital was in today's Liaoning Province. In the early Qing period, Khorchin, Dörbod, Jalaid and Gorlos tribes met in Jirem to establish an alliance, and the Jirem League was founded in 1636 to administer Khorchin territory. The Jirem League had jurisdiction over six Khorchin banners, two Gorlos banners, one Dorbod banner and one Jalaid banner. During the Republican period, the Jirem League and the surrounding Khorchin area was controlled by the Fengtian and Liaoning provinces.
In 1918, Tongliao County was first established under the administration of the Jirem League and Fengtian province. After the Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria in 1931, a Japanese-controlled puppet state Manchukuo was established in Xinjing, 280 kilometers away from today's Tongliao urban area. The Manchukuo government set up Xing'an Province and soon divided it into four parts, in order to govern the western part of former Heilongjiang, Jilin and Fengtian provinces. These Xing'an provinces roughly overlap today's eastern part of Inner Mongolia, including today's Hulunbuir League, Xingan League, Chifeng and Tongliao. After the dissolution of the Manchukuo state, the Jirem League was governed by Liaoning and Liaobei provinces until Ulanhu established Inner Mongolia in Ulanhot, governing eastern Mongolian areas including the Hulunbuir, Jirem and Ju Ud leagues. After 1969, the Jirem League was put under the administration of Jilin province administration for 10 years until 1979. In 1999, the Jirem League became defunct and changed its name to Tongliao city, which was set up a prefecture-level city.
In 1924, Oomoto leader Onisaburo Deguchi, Aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba, and Lu Zhankui were arrested by Chinese authorities in Tongliao. Lu and his men were executed by firing squad, but Deguchi and Ueshiba were released into the customer of the Japanese consul.

## Geography and climate

Tongliao spans latitude 42°15' – 45°41' and longitude 119°15' – 123°43', and borders Jilin province to the east, Liaoning to the south, Chifeng to the southwest, the Xilin Gol League to the west, and the Hinggan League to the north. Not far from Tongliao are silica sands. Tongliao has a total area of 59,535 square kilometres (22,987 sq mi), accounting for 5.4% of Inner Mongolia's total.
Tongliao's topography primarily consists of plains, though the northern stretch of the prefecture extends into the eastern foothills of the southern Greater Khingan. The central and eastern parts of the prefecture are marked by the plains of the Xiliao, Xinkai River (新开河), and Jiaolai rivers (教来河), collectively forming the Sanhe Plain (三河平原; 'three rivers' plain'). The highest point in the prefecture is Tunte'er Peak (吞特尔峰), at 1,444.2 m (4,738 ft).
Tongliao has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, continental steppe climate (Köppen BSk), with long, cold, windy, but dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly mean temperatures range from −13.0 °C (8.6 °F) in January to 24.2 °C (75.6 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 7.11 °C (44.8 °F). Much of the year's rainfall occurs from June to August, and even then dry and sunny weather dominates in the city. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 57% in July to 78% in January, sunshine is abundant year-round, with 3,054 hours of bright sunshine annually.
Climate data for Tongliao, elevation 179 m (587 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) | 19.0 (66.2) | 25.7 (78.3) | 35.5 (95.9) | 41.5 (106.7) | 39.7 (103.5) | 38.7 (101.7) | 38.5 (101.3) | 33.5 (92.3) | 30.2 (86.4) | 21.1 (70.0) | 14.6 (58.3) | 41.5 (106.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) | −1.0 (30.2) | 6.8 (44.2) | 16.4 (61.5) | 23.8 (74.8) | 28.2 (82.8) | 29.9 (85.8) | 28.6 (83.5) | 24.0 (75.2) | 15.2 (59.4) | 3.7 (38.7) | −4.8 (23.4) | 13.7 (56.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.5 (9.5) | −7.6 (18.3) | 0.2 (32.4) | 9.8 (49.6) | 17.4 (63.3) | 22.3 (72.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 23.1 (73.6) | 17.2 (63.0) | 8.5 (47.3) | −2.2 (28.0) | −10.5 (13.1) | 7.5 (45.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −17.4 (0.7) | −13.2 (8.2) | −5.7 (21.7) | 3.4 (38.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 16.5 (61.7) | 19.9 (67.8) | 18.1 (64.6) | 11.2 (52.2) | 2.8 (37.0) | −7.0 (19.4) | −15.1 (4.8) | 2.0 (35.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −33.9 (−29.0) | −28.7 (−19.7) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −13.9 (7.0) | −2.2 (28.0) | 3.5 (38.3) | 10.8 (51.4) | 5.9 (42.6) | −2.2 (28.0) | −11.2 (11.8) | −23.0 (−9.4) | −31.6 (−24.9) | −33.9 (−29.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1.4 (0.06) | 1.6 (0.06) | 6.3 (0.25) | 15.2 (0.60) | 37.0 (1.46) | 75.3 (2.96) | 101.7 (4.00) | 91.7 (3.61) | 23.8 (0.94) | 18.5 (0.73) | 7.3 (0.29) | 2.2 (0.09) | 382 (15.05) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.8 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 4.4 | 7.3 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 63.3 |
| Average snowy days | 3.3 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 20.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 52 | 43 | 39 | 39 | 45 | 59 | 71 | 71 | 60 | 53 | 51 | 54 | 53 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 219.5 | 228.6 | 269.8 | 265.0 | 279.2 | 259.4 | 240.9 | 251.2 | 256.6 | 240.9 | 201.6 | 198.8 | 2,911.5 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 76 | 77 | 73 | 65 | 61 | 56 | 52 | 59 | 69 | 72 | 70 | 72 | 67 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China ||||||||||||||

## Subdivisions

Map :
| Horqin Horqin Left Middle Banner Horqin Left Back Banner Kailu County Hure Banner Naiman Banner Jarud Banner Holingol (city) ||||||||
| Name | Mongolian | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2020) | Area (km$^2$) | Density (/km$^2$) |
| Horqin District | ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ (Qorčin toɣoriɣ) | 科尔沁区 | Kē'ěrqìn Qū | 921,808 | 3,515.69 | 262 |
| Holingol city | ᠬᠣᠣᠯᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Qoolin Ɣool qota) | 霍林郭勒市 | Huòlínguōlè Shì | 138,676 | 584.65 | 237 |
| Kailu County | ᠺᠠᠶᠢᠯᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ (Ḵayilü siyan) | 开鲁县 | Kāilǔ Xiàn | 313,364 | 4,353.20 | 72 |
| Hure Banner | ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Küriy-e qosiɣu) | 库伦旗 | Kùlún Qí | 151,133 | 4,709 | 32 |
| Naiman Banner | ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Naiman qosiɣu) | 奈曼旗 | Nàimàn Qí | 375,312 | 8,135.22 | 46 |
| Jarud Banner | ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠳ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Jarud qosiɣu) | 扎鲁特旗 | Zālǔtè Qí | 251,806 | 16,491.6 | 15 |
| Horqin Left Middle Banner (Horqin Jun Garun Dundad Banner) | ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Qorčin Jegün Ɣarun Dumdadu qosiɣu) | 科尔沁左翼中旗 | Kē'ěrqìn Zuǒyì Zhōng Qí | 399,631 | 9,572.54 | 42 |
| Horqin Left Back Banner (Horqin Jun Garun Hoit Banner) | ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Qorčin Jegün Ɣarun Qoyitu qosiɣu) | 科尔沁左翼后旗 | Kē'ěrqìn Zuǒyì Hòu Qí | 321,438 | 11,499.64 | 28 |

## Demographics

Ethnic groups in Tongliao, 2010 census.
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
| Han | 1,592,279 | 50.72% |
| Mongol | 1,441,275 | 45.91% |
| Manchu | 88,316 | 2.81% |
| Hui | 12,462 | 0.4% |
| Korean | 2,421 | 0.08% |
| Xibe | 890 | 0.03% |
| Daur | 548 | 0.02% |

## Transport

Tongliao railway station is a railway hub in both Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. Tongliao-Beijing Railway conveniently connects the city with Beijing. Jining–Tongliao railway connects Inner Mongolia. There are also railways connecting Tongliao with Shenyang and Daqing. State Highway 111, State Highway 303, State Highway 304 and State Highway 204 run through the city and extend to harbor cities such as Tianjin, Dalian, and Qinhuangdao. The city is served by Tongliao Airport.

## Education

The Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities (内蒙古民族大学)and Inner Mongolia College of Farming and Animal Husbandry (merged into the Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities) are among the educational institutions of Tongliao.
Additionally Tongliao Mongolian Middle School (通辽蒙古族中学) is there.

## Points of interest

* Zhurihe Ranch (珠日河牧場)
* Daqinggou (大青溝)
Every summer, the Naadam festival is held at Tongliao's Zhurihe Ranch.
* Zhurihe Grassland (Zhurihe Ranch)
* Zhurihe Ranch in a festive mood of Naadam
* Before the Horse race
* Start of the horse race
* Running of the horses

## Notable people

* Gada Meiren
* Guo Shuang