# Hinduism in Australia

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Hinduism is the third largest religion in Australia consisting of more than 684,002 followers, making up 2.7% of the population as of the 2021 census. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion in Australia mostly through immigration. Hinduism is also one of the most youthful religions in Australia, with 34% and 66% of Hindus being under the age of 14 and 34, respectively.
In the nineteenth century, the British first brought Hindus from India to Australia to work on cotton and sugar plantations. Many remained as small businessmen, working as camel drivers, merchants and hawkers, selling goods between small rural communities. Today, many Hindus are well educated professionals in fields such as medicine, engineering, commerce and information technology, constituting a model minority. The Hindus in Australia are mostly of Indian origin; other origins include those from Sri Lanka, Fiji, Malaysia, Bali, Cham, Singapore, Mauritius, and Nepal.

## History

The following dates briefly outline the arrival of Hinduism.
* As early as 300AD – Indonesian Hindu merchants make contact with Australian Aborigines.
* 1844 – P. Friell who had previously lived in India, brought 25 domestic workers from India to Sydney and these included a few women and children.
* 1850s – A Hindu Sindhi merchant, Shri Pammull, built a family opal trade in Melbourne that has prosperously continued with his third-to fourth-generation descendants.
* 1836 – The census showed a mere 277 Hindus in Victoria. The gold rush years attracted many Indians to Australia and across the borders to the gold mines in Victoria.
* 1890 – The census showed that 521 Hindus were living in New South Wales.
* 1907 – Just about 800 Indians lived in Australia, the majority of them lived in northern NSW and Queensland.
* 1911 – The census counted 3698 Hindus in the entire country.
* 1921 – Less than 2200 Indians lived in Australia.
* 1971 – Swami Prabhupada arrives in Australia and founded first Hare Krishna centre in Sydney.
* 1977 – The first Hindu temple in Australia, the Sri Mandir Temple, was built. Established by three devotees; Dr Prem Shankar (from Ujhani, UP), Dr Padmanabn Shrindhar Prabhu and Dr Anand, who bought an old house in Auburn NSW and paid $12000.00 to convert it into a temple.
* 1981 – The census recorded 12,466 Hindus in Victoria and 12,256 in NSW from a total of 41,730 in the entire country.
* 1985 – A Hindu society, the Saiva Manram, was formed to build a temple for Lord Murukan. Since its inception, Lord Murukan has been called 'Sydney Murukan'. The Saiva Manram has worked hard for nearly ten years to build a temple for Lord Murukan.
* 1986 – According to the 1986 census, the number of Hindus in Australia surpasses 21,000.
* 1991 – According to the 1991 census, the number of Hindus in Australia surpasses 43,000.
* 1995 - Completion of the Brisbane Selva Vinayakar Kovil the consecration ceremony was held on 5 February 1995.
* 1996 – Hindus with their birthplace in India made up 31 per cent of all Hindus in Australia. But the census also showed there were 67,270 Hindus living in Australia.
* 2001 – According to the 2001 census, the number of Hindus in Australia surpasses 95,000.
* 2003 – Sri Karphaga Vinayakar Temple was formed to build a temple for Lord Ganesha/Ganapathi/Vinayakar. Since its inception, Lord Ganesh has been called 'Sydney Ganesh Temple'. "www.vinayakar.org.au"
* 2006 – According to the 2006 census, the number of Hindus in Australia surpasses 145,000.
* 2011 – According to the 2011 census, the number of Hindus in Australia surpasses 275,000.
* 2015 – Daniel Mookhey becomes the first Australian MP to be sworn into office by swearing his/her oath on the Bhagavad Gita.
* 2016 – 2016 Census data states that Hindus comprise almost 2% of the Australian population.
* 2018 – Kaushaliya Vaghela becomes the first Indian-born Hindu Member of Parliament in any Australian Parliament.

## Demographics
### Hindu population by year

| Year | Percent | Increase |
| 1986 | 0.14% | - |
| 1991 | 0.25% | +0.11% |
| 1996 | 0.38% | +0.13% |
| 2001 | 0.51% | +0.13% |
| 2006 | 0.75% | +0.24% |
| 2011 | 1.28% | +0.53% |
| 2016 | 1.90% | +0.62% |
| 2021 | 2.7% | +0.80% |

### Hindus by state or territory

Data from the 2011 Census showed that all states (and A.C.T and the Northern Territory) apart from New South Wales had their Hindu population double from the 2006 census. New South Wales has had the largest number of Hindus since at least 2001.
| State or territory | 2016 census | % 2016 census | 2011 census | % 2011 census | 2011–16 growth |
| New South Wales | 181,402 | 2.4% | 119,843 | 1.7% | +61,559 |
| Victoria | 134,939 | 2.3% | 83,102 | 1.6% | +51,837 |
| Queensland | 45,961 | 1.0% | 28,609 | 0.7% | +17,352 |
| Western Australia | 38,739 | 1.6% | 21,048 | 0.9% | +17,691 |
| South Australia | 22,922 | 1.4% | 13,616 | 0.9% | +9,306 |
| Capital Territory | 10,211 | 2.6% | 6,053 | 1.7% | +4,158 |
| Northern Territory | 3,562 | 1.6% | 1,642 | 0.8% | +1,920 |
| Tasmania | 2,554 | 0.5% | 1,608 | 0.3% | +946 |
The majority of Australian Hindus live along the Eastern Coast of Australia, mainly in the cities of Melbourne and Sydney. About 39% of Hindus lived in Greater Sydney, 29% in Greater Melbourne, and 8% each in Greater Brisbane and Greater Perth. The states and territories with the highest proportion of Hindus are the Australian Capital Territory (2.57%) and New South Wales (2.43%), whereas those with the lowest are Queensland (0.98%) and Tasmania (0.50%).
According to the 2006 Census, 44.16% of all Australians who were born in India were Hindu, so were 47.20% of those born in Fiji, 1.84% born in Indonesia, 3.42% from Malaysia, and 18.61% from Sri Lanka.
In Tasmania, Hinduism is practised mainly by the ethnic Lhotshampa from Bhutan.

### Hindu converts

Hinduism is also more popular among the Anglo-Australians. Many Caucasians in Australia also visit the Hindu temple at Carrum Downs (Shri Shiva Vishnu Temple) and learn Vedic Hindu scriptures in Tamil. The ISKCON Hindu community in Australia has 60,000 members - 70% of whom are Hindus from overseas, with the other 30% being Anglo Australians. The 2016 Census noted 415 Hindus belonging to the indigenous community of Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people).

### Languages

As per the Census of 2021, 13.0% of the Australian Hindus use English at home. English (88,832 or 13.0%) is the third most common language spoken by Australian Hindus, behind Hindi (155,242 or 22.7%) and Nepali (111,353 or 16.3%). The number of Australian Hindus speaking various languages in their home according to the 2006 census:
* Indian migrants speak Hindi, Tamil, Gujarati, Telugu, Punjabi, Malayalam, Marathi, Kannada etc.
* Tamil by immigrants from India, Sri lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Mauritius
* Nepali by immigrants from Nepal, Bhutan and India.
* Bengali by immigrants from India and Bangladesh.
* Fijian Hindi and Fijian by migrants from Fiji
* Mauritian Creole by migrants from Mauritius
* Balinese and Indonesian by Indonesian migrants
* Other languages such as French, Malay, Sinhalese, Italian, Vietnamese, etc.
| TT | Y11 | Y16 | Y21 | Hindus as % of language speakers |
| Total | 275,534 | 440,300 | 684,002 | 2.70% |
| Hindi | 81,892 | 119,284 | 155,242 | 78.8% |
| Nepali | 21,766 | 50,629 | 111,353 | 83.7% |
| English | 39,800 | 58,855 | 88,832 | 0.5% |
| Gujarati | 29,250 | 45,884 | 71,976 | 88.5% |
| Tamil | 36,940 | 53,766 | 69,807 | 73.2% |
| Telugu | 16,717 | 30,723 | 52,583 | 90.2% |
| Punjabi | 9,442 | 16,546 | 36,367 | 15.2% |
| Marathi | 8,774 | 11,589 | 19,780 | 88.8% |
| Malayalam | 5,938 | 11,687 | 17,772 | 22.6% |
| Kannada | 5,383 | 8,783 | 13,419 | 91.2% |
| Bengali | 5,685 | 8,481 | 11,810 | 16.8% |
| Fijian Hindi | 572 | 1,257 | 2,407 | 50.5% |
| Indonesian | 1,171 | 1,755 | 2,215 | 3.0% |
| French | 1,180 | 1,401 | 1,425 | 2.0% |
| Konkani | 609 | 845 | 1,370 | 37.6% |
| Odia | 282 | 694 | 1,338 | 95.5% |
| Sindhi | 277 | 521 | 892 | 33.9% |
| Tulu | 348 | 543 | 845 | 93.2% |
| Mauritian Creole | 514 | 883 | 813 | 22.5% |
| South Asian nfd | 3,531 | 3,770 | 548 | 7.8% |
| Malay | 435 | 591 | 487 | 2.3% |
| Assamese | 165 | 302 | 479 | 82.3% |
| Italian | 158 | 158 | 322 | 0.1% |
| Fijian | 129 | 213 | 198 | 1.9% |
| Balinese | 129 | 156 | 193 | 80.8% |
| Vietnamese | 109 | 225 | 192 | 0.0% |
| Sinhalese | 232 | 163 | 167 | 0.2% |
| Indo-Aryan nfd | 1,988 | 633 | NA | NA |

## Hindu temples in Australia

There are currently over forty Hindu temples in Australia.
* Sri Karphaga Vinayakar Temple, Sydney
* Sydney Murugan Temple, Westmead
* Sai Mandir, Regents Park, Sydney
* Minto Shiva Temple, Sydney
* Sri Venkateswara Temple, Helensburgh, NSW
* Raghavendra swamy mutt, Toongabie, NSW
* Sydney Durga Temple, Sydney
* Perth Shiva Temple, Perth
* Bala Murugan Temple, Perth
* Shree Swaminarayan Temple, Perth
* BAPS Temple, Melbourne
* Sri Venkata Krishna Brundavana, Melbourne
* Sri Venkata Krishna Vrundavana, Sydney
* Shiva Vishnu Temple, Melbourne
* Durga Temple, Melbourne
* Shirdi Sai Sansthan, Melbourne
* Sankatamochan Hanuman Mandir, Melbourne
* Melbourne Murugan Temple, Melbourne
* Sri Vakrathunda Vinayagar Temple, Melbourne
* Perth Ram Temple, Perth (biggest temple in the country)

## Contemporary society

According to a national survey reported in 2019, Hindu Australians continues to experience the highest rates of discrimination even after being the model minority. The survey showed that a three quarters of respondents (75%) had experienced discrimination on public transport or on the street. The total fertility rate (TFR) among Hindus is also the second least (least being Buddhists) in Australia with 1.81, which is lower than Christians (2.11) and Muslims (3.03).

## Overseas territories

Hinduism is practised by the small number of Malaysian Indians in Christmas Island.

## Attacks on Hindu Community

* In January 2023, three Hindu temples were vandalized across Australia namely the BAPS Swaminarayan Temple of Melbourne, Shiva Vishnu Temple of Carrum Downs, Victoria and ISKCON Temple of Melbourne with anti-Hindu graffiti by Khalistani extremists. High Commission of India to Australia condemned the repeated hate-crimes and the Australian High Commission to India assured support and solidarity with the Hindu community of Australia. Several top Australian lawmakers condemned the attacks on Hindu community's places of worship and stressed importance of respect in a multicultural society.
* In February 2023, Khalistani extremists made threatening phone calls to a prominent Hindu temple in Brisbane. The perpetrators demanded the temple raise Khalistan slogans if they wished to celebrate Mahashivratri peacefully. The calls came after three Hindu temples in Australia were defaced with anti-India graffiti, allegedly by Khalistani extremists.
* In March 2023, the Shree Laxmi Narayan Temple in Brisbane was vandalized by Khalistani extremists with anti-Hindu graffiti on the walls of temple. Sarah L Gates, the Director of Hindu Human Rights suspects that the hate crime is an attempt to terrorize Hindu community by members of Sikhs For Justice (SFJ) headed by Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, an individual designated as terrorist by the government of India. However the Australian Police claims they have no suspects or leads behind the vandalism.The investigators proposed a theory that alleges the vandalism had a "Hindu hand" in order to blame pro Khalistan elements as well as the Sikhs for Justice organization.
* In May 2023, the BAPS Swaminarayan Temple of Sydney was vandalized with anti-Hindu graffiti allegedly by Khalistano extremists. Andrew Charlton, Member of Parliament from Parramatta expressed regret and visited the temple for helping the temple volunteers in cleaning the graffiti. Michelle Rowland, Minister of Communications condemned the vandalism. The Hindu Council of Australia called it not only an attack on sanctity of temple but also an insult to Australian Hindus and demanded investigation and justice.

## Image gallery

* Sri Venkateswara Temple (SVT), Helensburgh, New South Wales
* Main Gopuram of the Sri Venkateswara Temple (SVT), Helensburgh, New South Wales
* Sydney Durga Temple, Regent's Park, Sydney
* Perth Shiva Temple, Perth
* Shiva Vishnu Temple, Melbourne
* Lord Murugan Temple, Sydney
* Sri Venkata Krishna Brundavana, Melbourne