# Owain Lawgoch

Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri (Welsh pronunciation:, c. 1330 – July 1378) or Owain Lawgoch (Welsh pronunciation:, English: Red-handed Owain) was a Welsh soldier who served in Lombardy, France, Alsace, and Switzerland. He led a Free Company fighting for the French against the English in the Hundred Years' War. As a politically active descendant of Llywelyn the Great in the male line, he was a claimant to the title of Prince of Gwynedd and of Wales.

## Genealogy

Owain was a lineal direct descendant of the Welsh Prince Llywelyn the Great, through his illegitimate son Gruffudd (d. 1244). His grandfather was a member of the Welsh Royal House of Gwynedd, and Owain was very aware of his dynastic hereditary claim as the last living male of Llywelyn's family. Following the death of Prince Llywelyn the Last in 1282 and the execution of his brother and successor as the final Prince of Gwynedd Dafydd ap Gruffudd in 1283, the Welsh kingdom paid fealty to and accepted English rule. Llywelyn's daughter Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn was committed to a nunnery at Sempringham, while the sons of Dafydd were kept in Bristol Castle until their deaths. Another of Llywelyn's brothers, Rhodri ap Gruffydd, renounced his rights in Gwynedd and spent much of his life in England as a royal pensioner. His son Thomas inherited lands in England in Surrey, Cheshire and Gloucestershire.
Rhodri was content to end his life as a country gentleman in England, and though his son Thomas ap Rhodri used the four lions of Gwynedd on his seal he made no attempt to win his inheritance. Owain, his only son, was born in Surrey, where his grandfather had acquired the manor of Tatsfield. Owain entered the military service of Philip IV of France and lived the majority of his life in mainland Europe. Thomas died in 1363 and Owain returned from abroad to Montgomeryshire and proclaimed his patrimony as the Prince of Wales. He was also in Britain during 1365. Owain left again for France in March 1366 and was in French service by 1369 (hostilities in the war were suspended between 1360 and 1369), but for adhering to the enemy he had his lands in Wales and England confiscated.

## Military career

The year in which Owain entered the service of the king of France is uncertain. Froissart claims that he fought on the French side at the Battle of Poitiers, but there is no other evidence to support this. He was however deprived of his English lands in 1369, suggesting he was in the service of the French as leader of a free company when the period of truce between France and England following the Treaty of Brétigny ended and hostilities resumed in 1369. His French name was Yvain de Galles (Owain of Wales).
Owain was the captain of a company consisting largely of Welshmen, many of whom remained in French service for many years. The second in command of this company was Ieuan Wyn, known to the French as le Poursuivant d'Amour, a descendant of Ednyfed Fychan, Seneschal of Gwynedd under Owain's ancestors. Owain also received financial support while in France from Ieuan Wyn's father, Rhys ap Robert. While in French service Owain had good relations with Bertrand du Guesclin and others, and gained the support of Charles V of France.
Welsh soldiery and longbowmen who had fought for Edward I in his campaigns in North Wales remained armed and sold their services to the English kings in their battles in Scotland and at Crecy and Poitiers. Ironically, the Norman attempt to conquer Wales set in train events that reignited Welsh identity and raised up new Welsh military leaders such as Owain, claiming descent from the ancient Princes of Wales.
   A tous ceulx qui ces lectres verront Evain de Gales, salut. Comme les roys d'Angleterre, qui ont eslé es temps passez, meuz de mauvaiz courage et de convoitise dampnée, a tort et sanz cause et par traison appensées, aient occis ou fait occirre aucuns de mes prédécesseurs roys de Gales et yceulx mis hors et déboutez du dit royaume, et ycellui royaume par force e puissance appliquié à eulx et détenu et ycellui soubzmis avec les subgiez du pais à plusieurs servitutes lequel est et doit estre et appartenir à moi par la succession et comme plus prochain de sanc et de lignage et en droicte ligne descendant d'iceulx mes prédécesseurs roys d'ycellui royaume, et pour avoir secours et aide à recouvrer le dit royaume, qui est mon héritage, me soye transportez devers plusieurs roys, princes et seigneurs chrestiens, et leur aye declairié et monstre clerement le droit que je y ay, en leur requérant et suppliant humblement que à ce me voulsissent aydier, et derrainement me soies traiz devers mon très puissant et très redoublé seigneur Charles, par la grâce de Dieu roy de France, dauphin de Viennoys, et lui ay monstre mon droit que j'ay au dit royaume et fait les requestes et supplications dessus dictes, et ycellui seigneur ayent compassion de mon estai, actendu le grant tort que les diz roys d'Angleterre ont eu en leur temps envers mes diz prédécesseurs et encore a le roy d'Angleterre qui est à présent envers moy, et considéré toute la matière de mon fait de sa bénigne et accoustumée clémence, qui est le mirouer singulier et exemple entre les clirestiens de toute justice et de toute grâce et miséricorde pour touz opprimez relever et conforter, m'ayt octroyé son ayde et confort de gens d'armes et de navire pour recouvrer le dit royaume, qui est mon droit héritage, comme dit est; sachent tuit que je, en recongnoissant la grant amour que mon dit seigneur le roy de France m'a monstrée et monstre par vray effect en ce fait, ou quel et pour quel meclre sus a mis et exposé du sien trois cens mil francs d'or et plus, tant en gaiges de Rens d'armes, d'archiers et d'arbalestriers comme en navire et en gaiges et despens de marigniers, en hernoiz et en autres fraiz, missions et despens pluseurs, laquele somme je ne lui puis pas présentement rendre, promet loyaument et par la foy de mon corps et jure aux saints Euvangiles de Dieu, touchées corporelment pour moy et pour mes hoirs et successeurs à tousjoursmaiz, que la dicte somme de trois cens mil francs d'or je lui rendray et payeray entièrement ou à ses diz hoirs et successeurs ou ceulx qui auront cause d'eulx, ou à leur commandement à leur voulenté, sanz autre terme, et dès maintenant ay fait et accordé pour moy, pour mes hoirs et successeurs et pour tout mon pais et subgiez perpetuelment avec mon dit seigneur le roy de France, pour lui, pour ses hoirs et successeurs roys, pour tout son pais et ses subgiez bonnes et fermes amitiez, confédéracioiis et alliances, si que je les ayderay et conforteray de ma personne, de mes subgiez et pays, de tout mon povoir, loyaument, contre toutes personnes qui pevent vivre et mourir. En tesmoing de ce, j'ay scellé ces lettres de mon seel. Donné à Paris, le x$^e$ jour de may, l'an de grâce mil ccc soixante douze.
   Evain de Gales, to all those to whom these letters shall come, Greeting. The kings of England in past times having treacherously and covetously, tortuously and without cause and by deliberate treasons, slain or caused to be slain my ancestors, kings of Wales, and others of them have put out of their country, and that country have by force and power appropriated and have submitted its people to divers services, the which country is and should be mine by right of succession, by kindred, by heritage, and by right of descent from my ancestors the kings of that country, and in order to obtain help and succour to recover that country which is my heritage, I have visited several Christian kings, princes and noble lords, and have clearly declared and shown unto them my rights therein and have requested and supplicated their aid, and have latterly come unto the most puissant and renowned sovereign Charles, by the grace of God king of France, dauphin of Vienne, and have shown unto him my right in the aforesaid country and have made unto him the aforenamed requests and supplications, and he having had compassion upon my state and understanding the great wrong that the kings of England have done unto my ancestors in former times, and that the present king of England has done unto me, and of his beneficent and accustomed clemency in which he is the singular mirror and example amongst Christians of justice, grace and mercy to all those that are oppressed and require comforting, has granted me his aid and the assistance of his men-at-arms and fleet in order to recover the said realm, which is my rightful heritage, as has been said; know all ye, therefore, that in return for the great love that my said lord the king of France has shown unto me, and is truly showing by his expenditure of three hundred thousand francs of gold, and more, as well in the pay of men-at-arms, archers and arbalisters as in [the provision of] ships and the pay and expenses of the sailors, in harness and other matters and in various expenses, the which sum I am at the present time not able to furnish, I promise loyally and by my faith and oath upon the holy evangelists, touched corporeally by me, and for my heirs and successors for ever, the aforesaid sum of three hundred thousand francs of gold I will return and wholly repay, or my heirs and successors or those who may claim through them, or by their will or command, without any other terms; and I herewith have made and entered into, for me my heirs and successors and for all my country and subjects for ever, with my said lord the king of France for him and his successors and for all their country and subjects, a good and firm treaty, union and alliance, by which I will aid and assist them by my person, my subjects and my country, to the utmost of my power and loyalty against all persons alive or dead. In witness of which I have sealed these letters with mine own seal. Given at Paris the 10th day of May, the year of grace one thousand three hundred and seventy-two.

### Owain after the treaty of Bruges

Owain first attacked the island of Guernsey, and was still there when a message arrived from Charles ordering him to abandon the expedition in order to go to Castile to seek ships to attack La Rochelle. Owain defeated an English and Gascon force at Soubise later that year, capturing Sir Thomas Percy and Jean de Grailly, the Captal de Buch. Another invasion of Wales was planned in 1373 but had to be abandoned. In 1374 he fought at Mirebau and at Saintonge. In 1375 Owain was employed by Enguerrand de Coucy to help win Enguerrand's share of the Habsburg lands due to him as nephew of the former Duke of Austria. However, during the Gugler War they were defeated by the forces of Bern and had to abandon the expedition.

## Assassination

In May 1372 in Paris, Owain announced that he intended to claim the throne of Wales. He set sail from Harfleur with money borrowed from Charles V.
In 1377 there were reports that Owain was planning another expedition, this time with help from Castile. The alarmed English government sent an agent, the Scot John Lamb, to assassinate Owain, who had been given the task of besieging Mortagne-sur-Gironde in Poitou. Lamb gained Owain's confidence and became his squire, which allowed him to stab Owain to death in July 1378, something Walker described as 'a sad end to a flamboyant career'. The Issue Roll of the Exchequer dated 4 December 1378 records "To John Lamb, an esquire from Scotland, because he lately killed Owynn de Gales, a rebel and enemy of the King in France ... £20". Owain was buried at the church of St Leger, near Cognac, France.
With the assassination of Owain Lawgoch the senior line of the [[[House of Aberffraw]] became extinct. The title "Prince of Wales" was later claimed by Owain Glyndŵr by "right of inheritance".

## Owain in legend

* The 20th-century reprint of Le Morte d'Arthur introduced by John Rhys tells of Owain Lawgoch (Owen of Cardiganshire), a man of untold riches and 7 feet tall with a red right hand living in a Snowdonia (Eryri) cave:
   This Owen is Henry the Ninth, Who lives in the land of strangers.
* The name Owain in Welsh folklore is a fabled name of the "son of destiny", to which Lawgoch aspired to. The prophecy was repeated by Owain Glyndŵr two decades after Owain Lawgoch's death, following the Glyndŵr rebellion against the English Crown, Owain's name has endured infamy to date.
* Several legends grew around Owain, of which one version from Cardiganshire runs as follows. Dafydd Meurig of Betws Bledrws was helping to drive cattle from Cardiganshire to London. On the way, he cut himself a hazel stick and was still carrying it when he encountered a stranger on London Bridge. The stranger asked Dafydd where he had cut the stick, and ended up accompanying him back to Wales to the place where the stick had been cut. The stranger told Dafydd to dig under the bush, and this revealed steps leading down to a large cave illuminated by lamps, where a man seven feet tall (213 cm) with a red right hand was sleeping. The stranger told Dafydd that this was Owain Lawgoch "who sleeps until the appointed time; when he wakes he will be king of the Britons".
* The quarry reservoir at Aberllefenni in Gwynedd was once known as Llyn Owain Lawgoch, and there is a story linking him with the nearby mansion, Plas Aberllefenni, recorded in "Trem Yn Ol" by J. Arthur Williams.
* In Guernsey, Owain is remembered as Yvon de Galles. He and his Aragonese mercenaries have been absorbed into the island's folklore as an invasion of diminutive but handsome fairies from across the sea. The story goes that the shipwrecked king of the fairies was found unconscious on a Guernsey shore by a girl named Lizabeau. When he awoke, he fell in love with her and carried her across the sea to be his queen. However, the other fairies soon decided that they wanted Guernsey brides, and they invaded the island. The men of the island fought bravely but were slaughtered wholesale, except for two men who hid in an oven. The fairies then took Guernsey wives, which is said to be the reason for the typical Guernseyman's dark hair and short stature.
* A memorial to Owain Lawgoch at his death location was unveiled Mortagne-sur-Gironde in 2003.