# Star (keelboat)

The Star is a 6.9 metres (23 ft) one-design racing keelboat for two people designed by Francis Sweisguth in 1910. The Star was an Olympic keelboat class from 1932 through to 2012, the last year keelboats appeared at the Summer Olympics.
It is sloop-rigged, with a mainsail larger in proportional size than any other boat of its length. Unlike most modern racing boats, it does not use a spinnaker when sailing downwind. Instead, when running downwind a whisker pole is used to hold the jib out to windward for correct wind flow. Early Stars were built from wood, but modern boats are generally made of fiberglass. The boat must weigh at least 671 kg (1,479 lb) with a maximum total sail area of 26.5 m$^2$ (285 sq ft). The Star class pioneered an unusual circular boom vang track, which allows the vang to effectively hold the boom down even when the boom is turned far outboard on a downwind run. Another notable aspect of Star sailing is the extreme hiking position adopted by the crew and at times the helmsman, who normally use a harness to help hang low off the windward side of the boat with only their lower legs inside.

## History

The Star was designed in 1910 by Francis Sweisguth, a draftsman at the William Gardner Marine Architect office. Over the course of his career Sweisguth designed a variety of yachts. A more traditional example of his work is Silent Maid, a Barnegat Bay B-class catboat designed shortly after the Star. The first 22 stars were built in Port Washington, New York by Ike Smith during the winter of 1910–11. Since that time, over 8,400 boats have been built, with more than 2,000 actively racing in 170 fleets.
The hull is a hard chine design with a slight curve to the bottom section, and a bulb keel. The Star was originally rigged with a large, low-aspect-ratio gunter mainsail and jib, which was replaced by a short bermuda rig gradually during the early 1920s, before the current tall bermuda sail plan was adopted in 1930. In 1965, fiberglass replaced wood as the primary hull material. Other changes to the strict design rules for the Star class, include adding flexible spars, an innovative circular-track boom vang, and self-bailers.

## Events
### Olympics

The Star was added to the Olympic roster for the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Due to World War II, there were no Olympic games held in 1940 or 1944, and for 1976, the Star was replaced by the Tempest for keelboat competition. In 2011 keelboats were removed from sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. The last keelboat Olympics competition was at the 2012 London Summer Olympics.
| Gamesvte | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 1932 Los Angeles details - Open | United States (USA) Gilbert Gray Andrew Libano | Great Britain (GBR) George Colin Ratsey Peter Jaffe | Sweden (SWE) Gunnar Asther Daniel Sundén-Cullberg |
| 1936 Berlin details - Open | Germany (GER) Peter Bischoff Hans-Joachim Weise | Sweden (SWE) Arvid Laurin Uno Wallentin | Netherlands (NED) Bob Maas Willem de Vries Lentsch |
| 1948 London details - Male | United States (USA) Hilary Smart Paul Smart | Cuba (CUB) Carlos de Cárdenas Carlos de Cárdenas Jr. | Netherlands (NED) Adriaan Maas Edward Stutterheim |
| 1952 Helsinki details - Open | Italy (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode | United States (USA) John Price John Reid | Portugal (POR) Joaquim Fiúza Francisco de Andrade |
| 1956 Melbourne details - Open | United States (USA) Herbert Williams Lawrence Low | Italy (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode | Bahamas (BAH) Durward Knowles Sloane Farrington |
| 1960 Rome details - Open | Soviet Union (URS) Timir Pinegin Fyodor Shutkov | Portugal (POR) Mário Quina José Manuel Quina | United States (USA) William Parks Robert Halperin |
| 1964 Tokyo details - Open | Bahamas (BAH) Durward Knowles Cecil Cooke | United States (USA) Richard Stearns Lynn Williams | Sweden (SWE) Pelle Petterson Holger Sundström |
| 1968 Mexico City details - Open | United States (USA) Lowell North Peter Barrett | Norway (NOR) Peder Lunde Jr. Per Wiken | Italy (ITA) Franco Cavallo Camillo Gargano |
| 1972 Munich details - Open | Australia (AUS) David Forbes John Anderson | Sweden (SWE) Pelle Petterson Stellan Westerdahl | West Germany (FRG) Wilhelm Kuhweide Karsten Meyer |
| 1980 Moscow details - Open | Soviet Union (URS) Valentin Mankin Aleksandr Muzychenko | Austria (AUT) Hubert Raudaschl Karl Ferstl | Italy (ITA) Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni |
| 1984 Los Angeles details | United States (USA) William Earl Buchan Steven Erickson | West Germany (FRG) Joachim Griese Michael Marcour | Italy (ITA) Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni |
| 1988 Seoul details - Open | Great Britain (GBR) Michael McIntyre Bryn Vaile | United States (USA) Mark Reynolds Harold Haenel | Brazil (BRA) Torben Grael Nelson Falcão |
| 1992 Barcelona details - Open | United States (USA) Mark Reynolds Harold Haenel | New Zealand (NZL) Rod Davis Don Cowie | Canada (CAN) Ross MacDonald Eric Jespersen |
| 1996 Atlanta details - Open | Brazil (BRA) Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira | Sweden (SWE) Hans Wallén Bobby Lohse | Australia (AUS) Colin Beashel David Giles |
| 2000 Sydney details - Open | United States (USA) Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl | Great Britain (GBR) Ian Walker Mark Covell | Brazil (BRA) Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
| 2004 Athens details - Male | Brazil (BRA) Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira | Canada (CAN) Ross MacDonald Mike Wolfs | France (FRA) Pascal Rambeau Xavier Rohart |
| 2008 Beijing details - Male | Great Britain (GBR) Iain Percy Andrew Simpson | Brazil (BRA) Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada | Sweden (SWE) Fredrik Lööf Anders Ekström |
| 2012 London details - Male | Sweden (SWE) Fredrik Lööf Max Salminen | Great Britain (GBR) Iain Percy Andrew Simpson | Brazil (BRA) Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |

### World Championships

The Star World Championships has been held annually since 1923. Most titles has American sailor Lowell North won, with five titles between 1945 and 1973 and another seven podiums. The most crowned skipper-crew combination is Italian duo Agostino Straulino and Nicolò Rode and Brazilian duo Robert Scheidt and Bruno Prada with three titles each. Also, American Mark Reynolds has three titles, but with different crew.

### Star Sailors League

The Star Sailors League was created in 2013 by athletes to establish a sustainable sailing circuit.

## Famous Star sailors

* Ralph Craig (Olympic 100 and 200 meter Champion: 1912)
* Duarte Bello (Championship competitor, 1947–1970s. Invented auto-bailers and circular boom-vang track)
* John F. Kennedy (Nantucket Sound Star Class Championship: 1936)
* Agostino Straulino (Olympic Champion: 1952; World Champion: 1952, 1953, 1956; Olympic Silver: 1956)
* Robert Halperin (Olympic Bronze: 1960; Pan American Games Gold: 1963)
* Paul Elvstrøm (World Champion: 1966, 1967)
* Dennis Conner (World Champion: 1971, 1977)
* Buddy Melges (World Champion: 1978, 1979)
* Iain Percy (Olympic Champion: 2008; World Champion: 2010; Olympic Silver: 2012)
* Robert Scheidt (Olympic Silver: 2008; Olympic Bronze: 2012; World Champion: 2008, 2011, 2012; SSL Finals: 2013)
* Fredrik Lööf (World Champion: 2001, 2004; Olympic Champion: 2012)