OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Axel Jungstedt

Axel Adolf Harald Jungstedt (17 March 1859 – 14 March 1933) was a Swedish painter and professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. He is represented with paintings at the Gothenburg Art Museum, the National Gallery of Denmark, and the National Gallery of Norway, and contributed with decorations of the Stockholm Opera House.

## Biography

Axel Adolf Harald Jungstedt was born on 17 March 1859 in Norrköping in Östergötland, Sweden, the son of Johan Nils Jungstedt and Matilda Sundius. He was the brother of opera singer Matilda Jungstedt.
Jungstedt studied with Edvard Perséus at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts from 1878 to 1883. After completing his studies, he made study trips on academy scholarship from 1884–1888 to Italy, Germany and Switzerland. In Paris, he studied with William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905). He made summer trips to Switzerland in 1886 and 1887. He lived for some time in Munich and also visited Dresden and Berlin.
In 1888 he was again in Stockholm and opened his own painting school which he operated until 1896. His students included Emerik Stenberg and Elsa Beskow. He was awarded Litteris et Artibus in 1899. He was appointed professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts from 1909 to 1925.
In the 1890s he received his first portrait order. In 1892, he performed altarpieces for Norra Vings Church and Sura Church and 1905 for Vederslöv Church and in 1925 for Storkyrkoförsamlingen in Stockholm. Among his other works was the decoration of the Stockholm Opera House. His art is on display at the Gothenburg Art Museum and the National Gallery of Denmark in Copenhagen.
He is represented at the National Gallery of Norway with the painting Dannemora gruver from 1890.

## Gallery

* Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1902)
* Lady in a Black Dress (1882)
* Portrait of Architect Aron Johansson (1886)
# Coward (surname)

Coward is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charles Coward (1905–1976), English soldier captured during World War II who claimed to have rescued Jews from Auschwitz
* Chris Coward (born 1989), English football player
* Dena Coward, 21st century Canadian sports event coordinator
* Herbert Coward (born 1938), American actor
* John Coward (ice hockey) (1910–1989), British ice hockey player, member of the gold medal team at the 1936 Olympics
* John Coward (Royal Navy officer) (1937–2020), British retired vice-admiral
* John Coward, first officer of British Airways Flight 38 which crashed at Heathrow in 2008
* Michael Coward (1945–2003), British geologist
* Mike Coward (born 1946), Australian sports writer
* Noël Coward (1899–1973), English actor, playwright, and composer of popular music
* Pamela Coward, British educator and teacher
* Thomas Coward (1867–1933), English ornithologist and amateur astronomer
* William Coward (1657?–1725), English physician, controversial writer, and poet
* William Coward (merchant) (1648–1738), London merchant and supporter of Dissenters
* William Coward (pirate) (fl. 1689), minor English pirate

## Etymology

As a surname (attested from mid-13c.) it represents Old English cuhyrde "cow-herd."
# Fine Tubes

Fine Tubes is a UK-based designer and manufacturer of stainless steel, nickel, zirconium, and titanium alloy tubes, based in Estover, Plymouth, Devon. These highly specialized tubes are used in oil and gas power plants, nuclear power plants, airspace and aeronautics, large scale chemical-industrial manufacturing, medical practice (including implants), and high performance liquid chromatography.
Sales for the company include: Munich, Germany; Orléans, France; New Delhi, India; and Houston, Texas. Of note, The company has supplied cooling tubes to the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
In 2012, Fine Tubes was acquired along with its sister company, by The Watermill Group, an investment firm in the USA. It now operates as a subsidiary of Tubes Holdco Limited.
# Udo Frese

Udo Frese is assistant professor at the University of Bremen and leads the group for real time computer vision. He is also affiliated with the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Bremen.
He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg where he studied different aspects of the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem. He developed two successful mapping system: TreeMap and Multi-Level Relaxation (MLR). Additionally, he is working in the field of safety algorithms for robots including areas such as collision avoidance.
Together with Cyrill Stachniss and Giorgio Grisetti he is a co-founder of the open source SLAM repository called OpenSLAM.org.
# Creatine phosphate shuttle

The creatine phosphate shuttle is an intracellular energy shuttle which facilitates transport of high energy phosphate from muscle cell mitochondria to myofibrils. This is part of phosphocreatine metabolism. In mitochondria, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are very high as a result of glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation processes, whereas creatine phosphate levels are low. This makes conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine a highly favored reaction. Phosphocreatine is a very-high-energy compound. It then diffuses from mitochondria to myofibrils.
In myofibrils, during exercise (contraction) ADP levels are very high, which favors resynthesis of ATP. Thus, phosphocreatine breaks down to creatine, giving its inorganic phosphate for ATP formation. This is done by the enzyme creatine phosphokinase which transduces energy from the transport molecule of phosphocreatine to the useful molecule for contraction demands, ATP, an action performed by ATPase in the myofibril. The resulting creatine product acts as a signal molecule indicating myofibril contraction and diffuses in the opposite direction of phosphocreatine, back towards the mitochondrial intermembrane space where it can be rephosphorylated by creatine phosphokinase.
At the onset of exercise phosphocreatine is broken down to provide ATP for muscle contraction. ATP hydrolysis results in products of ADP and inorganic phosphate. The inorganic phosphate will be transported into the mitochondrial matrix, while the free creatine passes through the outer membrane where it will be resynthesised into PCr. The antiporter transports the ADP into the matrix, while transporting ATP out. Due to the high concentration of ATP around the mitochondrial creatine kinase, it will convert ATP into PCr which will then move back out into the cells cytoplasm to be converted into ATP (by cytoplasmic creatine kinase) to be used as energy for muscle contraction.
In some vertebrates, arginine phosphate plays a similar role.

## History

The idea of the creatine phosphate shuttle was suggested as an explanation for altered blood glucose levels in exercising diabetic patients. The change in blood glucose levels were very similar to the alterations that would occur if a diabetic patient would receive a shot of Insulin.It was then proposed that contraction of myofibrils during rigorous exercise freed creatine which imitated the effects of Insulin by consumption of ATP and releasing ADP. With the discovery of the mitochondrial isozyme of creatine kinase which participates in the shuttle, the other isozyme in the cytosol, Samuel Bessman further contributed to the creatine phosphate shuttle and proposed that the reversible properties of the creatine kinase enzyme was why exercise in diabetic patients can imitate the effects of Insulin.
# Avun

38°51′N 48°14′E﻿ / ﻿38.850°N 48.233°E﻿ / 38.850; 48.233
Avun (also, Aun) is a village in the Yardymli Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Urakəran.
# Crambe (sponge)

Crambe is a genus of demosponges belonging to the family Crambeidae.

## Species

* Crambe acuata (Lévi, 1958)
* Crambe amarilla Esteves, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2007
* Crambe chilensis Esteves, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2007
* Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862)
* Crambe erecta Pulitzer-Finali, 1993
* Crambe maldonadoi Esteves, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2007
* Crambe panamensis Maldonado, Carmona, van Soest & Pomponi, 2001
* Crambe tailliezi Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 1982
* Crambe tuberosa Maldonado & Benito, 1991
# Udea cretacea

Udea cretacea is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Ivan Nikolayevich Filipjev in 1925. It is found in Georgia and Russia (Caucasus).
# Festigny, Marne

Festigny (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.
# Crataegus sect. Douglasia

Section Douglasia is a North American section within the genus Crataegus of species with black fruit.

## Series

Series in section Douglasia include:
* Cerrones
* Douglasianae
* Purpureofructus
# Filler (surname)

Filler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Deb Filler (born 1954), New Zealand born writer/performer, character artist and producer
* Graham Filler, American politician
* Louis Filler (1911–1998), American teacher and scholar
* Martin Filler (born 1948), American architecture critic
* Ross Filler (born 1972), known as Remedy, American rapper
# Avdan, Çamlıdere

Avdan is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Çamlıdere, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 142 (2022).
# Avdan, Tavas

Avdan is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Tavas, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 612 (2022).
# Finn Palmstrøm

Finn Palmstrøm (19 October 1903 – 26 January 1987) was a Norwegian jurist. He was a budala and judge before and during the Second World War, and also fought as a soldier. After the war he was a civil servant and judge, serving as district stipendiary magistrate between 1946 and 1973. He also had a short period in local politics.

## Pre-war life and career

He was born in Kristiania as a son of professor Arnfinn Palmstrøm (1867–1922) and Henrikke Qvigstad (1864–1907), and younger brother of actuary Henrik Palmstrøm. He finished his secondary education in 1922 and took the cand.jur. degree at the University of Oslo in 1926. After working the years 1926 to 1929 as a junior solicitor, he started his own law firm together with Richard August Riekeles in 1930. Palmstrøm was a deputy judge in Vest-Telemark District Court from 1935 to 1937, and then returned to the law firm.

## World War II

During the Winter War, which lasted from 1939 to 1940, Palmstrøm was a volunteer on the Finnish side, fighting against the Soviet Union. He returned to Norway to find his country invaded by Germany on 9 April 1940, and Palmstrøm took part in the subsequent fighting. He soon fled to the United Kingdom, where he joined Norwegian Independent Company 1 ("Kompani Linge"). He trained with the company in 1941 and 1942, and participated in the Måløy Raid. From 1942 to 1945 he was a defender in the Norwegian military court in London. He held the rank of lieutenant colonel. From 1944 to 1946 he also headed the "Norwegian national office", an office tasked with registering people whom the Norwegian government-in-exile regarded as war criminals.

## Post-war life and career

From 1945 to 1946 he was an acting assistant secretary in the Norwegian Ministry of Justice. He was also present at the Nuremberg Trials of 1945 and 1946, and wrote the Report on Germany's Crimes against Norway together with Rolf Normann Torgersen. He was also one of four Norwegian members of the United Nations War Crimes Commission, together with Jacob Aars Rynning, Erik Colban and Terje Wold.
In 1946 he finally quit the law firm as he was appointed as the district stipendiary magistrate of Tana District Court. From 1946 to 1952 he was also a judge in cases pertaining to war affairs in Finnmark. From 1952 to 1973 he was the district stipendiary magistrate of Solør District Court. While serving here, he was also a member of Åsnes municipal council from 1960 to 1962. After retiring, he moved back to Oslo where he functioned as a civil servant in the Ministry of Agriculture.
He was decorated with the Defence Medal 1940–1945, the 1939–45 Star, the Haakon VII 70th Anniversary Medal and a Finnish war medal. He was married to British citizen Bettine Marie Louise Ridley since 1937. He died in January 1987 and was buried at Vestre gravlund.
# Ayanna Dyette

Ayana Dyette (10 January 1986 – 1 July 2018) was a Trinidad and Tobago volleyball player. She was part of the Trinidad and Tobago women's national volleyball team.
She participated in the 2015 Pan-American Games in Toronto, Canada. She also participated at the FIVB world tour held in United States.

## Education

Ayanna was a student of Holy Name Convent, Port-of-Spain, after which she received a volleyball scholarship to attend the Indian State college where she got her degree in Business Administration and Management. She also pursued her Bachelor of Science degree in Business, Management and Marketing and Related support services at the Delaware State University from 2006 to 2008.

## Career

Ayanna was the Public Relations Officer during the presidentship of Mushtaque Mohammed.
In February 2014, she worked as the Financial Advisor with the Panamerican Life Insurance.
She was also the Customer Service Representative with RBC bank from October 2012 to April 2013.

## Death

She died of cervical cancer.

## Tributes

1. Hon. Shamfa Cudjoe, Minister of Sport and Youth Affairs of Trinidad and Tobago gave Ayanna a tribute.
2. Trinidad and Tobago Olympic Committee
# Fissurina duplicans

Fissurina duplicans is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is found in primary rainforests of Brazil. The lichen has an endoperidermal thallus and a double margin of lirellae, setting it apart from similar species.

## Taxonomy

Fissurina duplicans was formally described as a new species in 2014 by lichenologists Marcela Cáceres, André Aptroot, and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the first two authors in Fazenda São Francisco, north of Porto Velho (Rondônia, Brazil), where it was found growing on tree bark in a primary rainforest.

## Description

Fissurina duplicans grows on tree trunks and has a continuous, endoperidermal thallus that can reach up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter. The lichen's surface is smooth to uneven, with a mottled yellow-green colour and whitish areas surrounding the ascomata. The lichen's photobiont is Trentepohlia, which has yellowish-green, irregularly shaped cells. The photobiont layer is embedded deeply within the thallus, and is 20–30 μm thick.
One of the distinguishing characteristics of Fissurina duplicans is its double margin of lirellae, which separates it from other similar species such as Fissurina pseudostromatica. The lirellae are shortly immersed, unbranched, and formed in whitish, pseudostromatic areas that contrast with the yellow-green parts of the remaining thallus. The ascospores are ellipsoid, hyaline, contain 3 septa; they are smaller than those of F. pseudostromatica.

## Habitat and distribution

Fissurina duplicans is currently only known to exist in primary rainforests in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. The species thrives in shaded understory environments within undisturbed rainforests.
# Fissurina elixii

Fissurina elixii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is found in New South Wales and Tasmania in Australia.

## Taxonomy

The lichen was first described in 1998 by the lichenologist Alan W. Archer; he initially classified it as a species of genus Graphis. The type specimen was collected from Monga National Park in New South Wales at an elevation of 665 m (2,182 ft); there it was found growing on Eucryphia moorei in a rainforest. The botanical name honours John Elix, who collected the type. Archer transferred the taxon to the genus Fissurina in 2005.

## Description

Fissurina elixii has a pale olive-grey, glossy, continuous, and cracked thallus that is 40–100 μm thick and forms irregular, diffuse patches up to 60 mm wide, without crystals of calcium oxalate. Its lirellae (elongated, slit-like reproductive structures) are scattered, unbranched, straight or slightly curved, measuring 0.5–2 mm long, appearing as cracks in the thallus with the cortex forming a pair of lips that gape slightly, revealing the upper edge of the slightly carbonised (blackened) exciple, which usually obscures the disc. In cross-section, the exciple is poorly differentiated from adjacent tissues, varying in thickness and colour from hyaline (translucent) to yellowish laterally and basally to brown-black or olive-black apically, with numerous periphysoids (hair-like structures) at the margins.
The hypothecium (tissue layer beneath the hymenium) of the lichen is 10–20 μm thick, while the hymenium (spore-bearing layer) measures 80–120 μm. The asci (spore-containing structures) typically contain 6–8 spores, measuring 70–100 by 17–25 μm, with paraphyses (filamentous structures in the hymenium) that are 1.5–2 μm wide and have minutely spinous apices. The ascospores are broadly ellipsoid with rounded apices, transversely 3-septate (with three cross-walls), typically measuring 16–26 by 8–11 μm, and has a pale blue staining reaction to iodine when mature. Chemically, the lichen primarily contains 2–methoxypsoromic acid and a minor amount of 2'–O–demethyl–2–methoxypsoromic acid. Although the thallus is generally too thin to reliably conduct chemical spot tests, a P+ (yellow) reaction is possible at the lirellae. Identification of these chemical compounds typically requires high-performance liquid chromatography, as they appear similar to psoromic and conpsoromic acids on thin-layer chromatography plates.

## Habitat and distribution

Fissurina elixii has been documented growing on the trunks of Anopterus glandulosus and Tasmannia lanceolata trees within relic stands of Atherosperma-dominated rainforest located in southeastern Tasmania. Additionally, this species is found in eastern New South Wales, although it is relatively rare there. What sets Fissurina elixii apart from other Tasmanian species within its genus is its unique chemical composition, specifically the presence of substances structurally related to psoromic acid.
# Fiona Grasby

Wing Commander Fiona Jane Grasby, OAM is a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) officer. She served as Warrant Officer of the Air Force (WOFF-AF) from 6 November 2019 until 1 December 2022. Grasby was the first woman to serve as WOFF-AF and the first woman to be appointed a service warrant officer in the Australian Defence Force.

## Early life

Grasby was raised in Gwandalan, New South Wales. Her father had served with the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment during the Vietnam War.

## RAAF career

Grasby joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) at age 17 in 1987. She completed her initial employment training as a supplier but in 1992 remustered as security police, specialising in counterintelligence and special investigations. Promoted to sergeant in 1999, she was appointed Senior Non-Commissioned Officer in Charge of Counterintelligence at No. 86 Wing RAAF. Grasby briefly transferred to the Air Force Reserve from 2001 to 2003, following the birth of her son, but returned to the Permanent Air Force as Senior Non-Commissioned Officer in Charge of Special Investigations for No. 386 Expeditionary Combat Support Squadron RAAF. In this role, she deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Catalyst.
Grasby was appointed a Ground Training Instructor at the RAAF Security and Fire School, RAAF Base Amberley, in 2006, promoted to flight sergeant in 2007, and posted as Base Security Officer at RAAF Base Williams. She returned to the RAAF Security and Fire School in 2009 as Course Director of the Physical and Protective Security Training Flight. In July 2012, Grasby deployed to Afghanistan as second-in-command of the Force Protection and Security Section at Multi National Base Tarin Kot. Returning to Australia in February 2013, she was posted to RAAF Base Amberley as Deputy Security Officer of No. 2 Security Forces Squadron RAAF.
On promotion to warrant officer, Grasby was made Security Manager at No. 82 Wing RAAF in 2014. She subsequently redeployed to Iraq as Facility Security Manager for the Air Task Group – Strike on Operation Okra and, in 2016, was made executive warrant officer of No. 95 Wing RAAF. She was next appointed as Air Command Warrant Officer in January 2018. In the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours, Grasby was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for "meritorious service in the development of leadership and workforce resilience for the Australian Defence Force as a Warrant Officer in Number 82 Wing, the Executive Warrant Officer of Number 95 Wing, and as the Executive Warrant Officer of Air Command."
Grasby succeeded Warrant Officer Robert Swanwick to be appointed the 9th Warrant Officer of the Air Force (WOFF-AF) on 6 November 2019. She was the first woman to serve as WOFF-AF and the first woman to be appointed a service warrant officer in the Australian Defence Force. Grasby handed over the role to Warrant Officer Ralph Clifton in December 2022. She was subsequently commissioned as an officer and, as a wing commander, was appointed commanding officer of the Joint Military Police Force.

## Personal life

Grasby is married and has two children, a daughter and a son.
# Kırkpınar, Emirdağ

Kırkpınar is a village in the Emirdağ District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 107 (2021).
# Kızılçukur, Tarsus

Kızılçukur is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 291 (2022). It is situated in the southern slopes of the Toros Mountains. Berdan River is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the west of the village. The village lies 35 kilometres (22 mi) away from Tarsus 60 kilometres (37 mi) away from Mersin.
# Carlia sexdentata

Carlia sexdentata, commonly known as the six-toothed rainbow-skink, is a species of skink in the genus Carlia. It is endemic to Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia.
# Shire of Allora

The Shire of Allora was a local government area north of the regional centre of Warwick in the Darling Downs region of Queensland. The shire, administered from Allora, covered an area of 702.0 square kilometres (271.0 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1869 until 1994, when it was dissolved and amalgamated with City of Warwick, Shire of Rosenthal and Shire of Glengallan to form the Shire of Warwick.

## History

The Borough of Allora came into being on 21 July 1869 under the Municipal Institutions Act 1864. The surrounding region was incorporated on 11 November 1879 as the Clifton Division under the Divisional Boards Act 1879. With the passage of the Local Authorities Act 1902, the Municipality of Allora became the Town of Allora and Clifton Division became Shire of Clifton on 31 March 1903. On 23 January 1915, the Town of Allora was abolished and merged with the southern part of the Shire of Clifton to create the Shire of Allora. The Shire's offices were located at 78 Herbert Street, Allora.
On 19 March 1992, the Electoral and Administrative Review Commission, created two years earlier, produced its report External Boundaries of Local Authorities, and recommended that local government boundaries in the Warwick area be rationalised into 3 new local government areas. That recommendation was not implemented, but the outcome was that the Shire of Allora was merged with the Shires of Glengallan and Rosenthal and the City of Warwick to form a new Shire of Warwick. The Local Government (Allora, Glengallan, Rosenthal and Warwick) Regulation 1994 was gazetted on 20 May 1994. On 25 June, an election was held for the new council, and on 1 July 1994, the Shire of Allora was abolished.

## Towns and localities

The Shire of Allora included the following settlements:
* Allora
* Berat
* Clintonvale
* Deuchar
* Ellinthorp
* Goomburra
* Hendon
* Mount Marshall
* Talgai
* Willowvale

## Chairmen and Mayors
### Chairmen of Shire of Allora

* 1927: Thomas Muir

### Mayors of Town of Allora

* 1906: W. Deacon

## Population

| Year | Population |
| 1933 | 2,624 |
| 1947 | 2,217 |
| 1954 | 2,106 |
| 1961 | 1,961 |
| 1966 | 1,890 |
| 1971 | 1,719 |
| 1976 | 1,666 |
| 1981 | 1,679 |
| 1986 | 2,041 |
| 1991 | 2,132 |
| 1996 | 2,234 |