OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gravatal

Gravatal is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.
Located in a mountainous area, Gravatal has been a center for relaxation and health treatment for many years. Due to the heated water, that flows out from the soil at 37 °C and it is divided and supplies four local hotels (Termas, Internacional, Cabanas and Termas do Lago) and an aquatic complex. The spring water contains chemicals such as fluorine and lithium.
Approximately 2,000 people live in the region of the city where the spas are located, then in July, the population expands so that up to 50 thousand tourists can visit the area.
The area has tourist walking trails, a lookout, waterfalls, and a religious grotto. There are adventure sports operators who organize outings for rappelling, mountain biking, rafting, canyoning, ziplining, canopy tours, and climbing. The mountain ramp of Morro Seco is also used for hang gliders. Other tourist highlights are the horse drawn carriage tours and the knitwear mills.
Other tourist sights, include the 'Church of São Sebastião'. It was built in 1842 by Azoreans from the nearby city of Laguna, the building also received influence from the Italian immigrants (beginning in 1880) and German immigrants (beginning in 1910), with special mention of the altar, which is the work of German artist and teacher Hugo Berndt.

## Culture

800 meters from the centre of the Gravatal, is 'Ecopark Termas' built to promote ideas for sustainable development and well-being. It is a sight with 17,000 m$^2$, within 7,500 m$^2$ of preserved forest RPPN (private natural heritage reserve), located on Rua Antônio Pedro Mendonça.
# Abbot of Fearn

The Abbot of Fearn was the head of the Premonstratensian monastic community of Fearn Abbey, Easter Ross, Scotland. The Abbey was founded by canons from Whithorn Priory in Galloway, with the patronage of Fearchar mac an t-Sagairt, mormaer/earl of Ross. The foundation took place in the 1220s, according to the two distinct foundation dates given in the sources, either in 1221 or in 1227. Until about 1238, the Abbey was located at Fearn ("next to Kincaard in Stracharrin"), near Edderton, but it was moved to the Tarbat parish in that year and known thereafter as "nova Furnia". Despite the fact that the head of Whithorn Priory was a prior and Fearn an abbot, Fearn seems to have remained subordinate to Whithorn until at least the end of the 14th century, and even in 1440 Abbot Fionnlagh II was confirmed by the prior of Whithorn.The reason for this is that Whithorn was a cathedral priory; the nominal head of its community was the bishop, but its actual head was the prior, as was the common use in England at places like Durham and Carlisle, but this was not usual in Scotland. In these circumstances the cathedral prior had the same rights as an ordinary abbot.
Little is known about the history of the abbots, and not all seem to be known by name. Fearn served for several centuries as a small but productive abbey, and served as the burial site for the Earls of Ross. Monastic life began to decline after the Bishop of Caithness, a Church official named John Sinclair, put Fearn in Commendam by use of a falsified ecclesiastical document in 1490 and removed Fearn's abbot, Thomas MacCulloch, O. Praem. Several commendatory (and non-ecclesiastical) abbots ruled Fearn for several decades, but only for its financial benefits. Ross-shire went officially Presbyterian in 1560, and monastic life vanished completely. The Abbey property was taken over by the bishopric of Ross in 1609. The following is a list of abbots and commendators:

## List of abbots

* Maol Choluim (I) of Whithorn, 1220s or 1230s
* Maol Choluim (II) of Nigg, x 1251
* Macbeathad ("Machabeus") "Makhersin", 1251 x 1274
* Colin, 1255 x 1271
* Martein (Martin), 1299x1311
* John, 1299x1321
* Mark Ross, 1321 -1338
* Domhnall ("Donaldus") Pupill, 1345x1371 -1373
* Adam Monilaw, 1380 -1407
* Thomas Kiethirnathie, 1407x
* Fionnlagh (I) (or Finlay), 1436
* Fionnlagh (II) (Finlay McFaed), 1439-1483 x 1486
* Thomas MacCulloch, 1486-1490
* Nicholas Slugy, fl. 1491

## List of commendators

* Andrew Stewart, 1508-1517
* Patrick Hamilton, 1517-1526
* Donald Denoon, 1525-1541
* Robert Cairncross, 1541-1545
* David Paniter, 1545
* James Cairncross, 1545-1550
* Nicholas Ross, 1550-1569
* Thomas Ross, 1566-1596
* Walter Ross of Morangie, 15 84
* Patrick Gordon of Letterfourie, 1591
* Patrick Murray of Geanies, 1598
# Macroscelesaurus

Macroscelesaurus is an extinct genus of therocephalian therapsid from the Late Permian of South Africa. The type species Macroscelesaurus janseni was named by Sidney H. Haughton in 1918 from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone. It is one of the few therocephalians known from postcranial remains.

## Description and history

Macroscelesaurus is known from a single holotype consisting of the mold of a partial skeleton. The impression was found on a sandstone block that made up the wall of a kraal or sheep enclosure near the town of Victoria West. It includes most of the postcranial skeleton, including the vertebral column, ribs, limbs, and the pelvic and pectoral girdles. Most of the skull is not preserved. The skeleton is preserved in ventral view, with the body curving to the right and the limbs bent to one side. The specimen was brought to South African paleontologist Sidney H. Haughton, and formally described the next year. On the basis of the impression, Haughton designated the species Macroscelesaurus janseni, after the discoverer of the specimen, F. J. Jansen. Although it was not found in a deposit, Haughton thought that the specimen originated from rock layers belonging to the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone. The fossil is now thought to have been from the younger Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone.
German paleontologist Oskar Kuhn renamed Macroscelesaurus as Haughtoniscus in 1934, as he thought the original name was too similar to Macroscelosaurus, the generic name for a prolacertiform reptile that had described in 1852. Under the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Kuhn's renaming was inappropriate and the name Macroscelesaurus is still considered valid.

## Classification

Haughton considered placing it within Dromasauria, a group of small anomodont therapsids. Most similarities between the two therapsids were seen in the limbs. He noted several differences, including the relatively large hind limbs of Macroscelesaurus (the fore and hind limbs of dromasaurians are about equal in length) and enlarged canines, which are not seen in dromasaurians. Haughton also considered the possibility that Macroscelesaurus was a therocephalian therapsid, because it shared more features in common with Ictidosuchus than any other therapsid.
Macroscelesaurus is now classified in the therocephalian clade Baurioidea, although its exact position is uncertain.
# Tawarja Dam

Tawarja Dam, is an earthfill dam on Tawarja river near Ausa, Latur district in the state of Maharashtra in India.

## Specifications

The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is 14.3 m (47 ft) while the length is 2,222 m (7,290 ft). The volume content is 361 km$^3$ (87 cu mi) and gross storage capacity is 20,520.00 km$^3$ (4,923.01 cu mi).

## Purpose

* Irrigation
# Barrel nut

    On some firearms the gun barrel is fastened to the receiver with a nut, referred to as a barrel nut.
A barrel nut (also known as steel cross dowel or dowel nut) is a specialized forged nut, and is commonly used in aerospace and ready-to-assemble furniture applications.
It is used to bolt thin sheet metal parts to larger, often billet or forged, parts. The barrel nut is a round slug, or formed sheet metal part with threads perpendicular to the length of the nut. The nut sits in a hole inside the forging and a standard bolt is threaded into the barrel nut from outside the sheet metal. They are preferred over a standard nut and bolt, because they do not require a flange to be machined or forged onto the receiving part, thus reducing weight.
Furniture cross dowel barrel nuts are cylindrical shaped metal nuts (metal dowels) used with furniture connector bolts to join two pieces of wood. The inside threaded hole is unusual in that it passes through the sides of the dowel. To install, the pieces of wood to be joined are aligned, then a bolt hole is drilled through one piece of wood and into the other. A dowel hole is drilled laterally across the bolt hole and the cross dowel is inserted into it. The end of the cross dowel is slotted so that a screwdriver can be inserted to rotate the dowel so that its threaded shaft aligns with the bolt hole. The furniture connector bolt is then inserted into the bolt hole and screwed into the cross dowel until the wood pieces are held tightly together.
Barrel nuts are also common in flat-pack furniture, where long bolts and barrel nuts are used to hold together T joints in chipboard sheets.
* A 10 mm long barrel nut with M6 threads
* Sketch of use in furniture
* A cutaway drawing of a cross dowel in use
* Sketch of use in wood construction
# Litoria chrisdahli

Litoria chrisdahli is a species of frog in the subfamily Pelodryadinae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea.
# Cladonia minisaxicola

Cladonia minisaxicola is a rare species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found in Bahia, Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres. The type specimen was collected by the authors from the Serrano along Rio de Lençóis at an altitude between 450 and 500 m (1,480 and 1,640 ft); here the lichen was found growing on siliceous sandstone rock in a transitional forest. Cladonia minisaxicola is only known to occur at the type locality (part of the Chapada Diamantina mountains), and is only known from the type specimen. The lichen has a crustose thallus that consists of lobe-like nodes that collectively form an irregular crust measuring up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter. Although it differs from all other species of Cladonia in the form of its non-squamulose primary thallus, its position in that genus has been confirmed with molecular phylogenetic analysis. The specific epithet minisaxicola acknowledges its small size and saxicolous growth.
# Fiona Greenham

Fiona Margaret Greenham (born 19 May 1976) is a British former field hockey player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics. She was born in Portsmouth, England. She represented England and won a silver medal, at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur.
# Gravataí River

Gravataí River (Portuguese pronunciation:) is a river that runs along Gravataí (a city located in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre city).
* This article related to a river in Rio Grande do Sul is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Maravanpatti

Maravanpatti is a small village located in the Karambakudi block in the Pudukkottai district. It is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Pudukottai Bus stop and 15 kilometres (9 mi) from Alangudi. Maravanpatti is administered under Karambakudi, and is considered under Kanakkankadu Panchayath. It has a population of 3,200 living in 678 households (as of 1 March 2011).

## Chithirai Thiruvizha

The festival of Chithirai Thiruvizha is celebrated every year on the full moon day of Chithirai. This is a three-day festival. Anyone who has left the village for work returns home for the festival. Several cultural programs are hosted in the temple grounds, with each program sponsored by a family from the village.
# Straker

Straker is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anthony Straker, English-born Grenadian footballer
* Arthur Straker, English first-class cricket player
* D. Augustus Straker, Barbados-born lawyer and jurist, first black lawyer to appear before the Michigan Supreme Court
* Granville Straker, American music businessman and record producer
* Les Straker, baseball player
* Sir Louis Straker, deputy prime minister and foreign minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Nick Straker, English musician, of the Nick Straker Band
Fictional characters:
* Edward "Ed" Straker and his son Johnny Straker, fictional characters in the television series UFO
* Kevin Straker, the name of the "Ken" character in the Japanese version of the video game Street Fighter 2010
* Richard Straker, a character in Stephen King’s 1975 horror novel ’Salem’s Lot.
* John Straker, a character in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s 1892 story The Adventure of Silver Blaze.
# Asarum europaeum

Asarum europaeum, commonly known as asarabacca, European wild ginger, hazelwort, and wild spikenard, historically cabarick, is a species of flowering plant in the birthwort family Aristolochiaceae, native to large parts of temperate Europe, and also cultivated in gardens. It is a creeping evergreen perennial with glossy green, kidney shaped leaves and solitary dull purple flowers hidden by the leaves. Though its roots have a ginger aroma, it is not closely related to the true culinary ginger Zingiber officinale, which originates in tropical Asian rainforests. It is sometimes harvested for use as a spice or a flavoring. In former days, it was used in snuff and also medicinally as an emetic and cathartic.

## Description

The prostrate stems are 10–15 centimetres (3.9–5.9 in) long, each bearing two reniform leaves with long petioles. The leaves are about 10 cm wide. The upper surface of the leaves is shiny, and they have a pepper-like taste and smell. There are also 2 to 3 stipules present that occur in two rows opposite each other on the stem. The flowers are solitary, terminal and nodding. The flower tube is composed of fused tepals that ends with 3 petal-like projections that are brownish towards their ends and dark purple toward the centre. There are 12 stamens present. The flowers emerge in the late winter and spring.

## Distribution and habitat

Asarum europaeum has a wide distribution in Europe. It ranges from southern Finland and northern Russia south to southern France, Italy, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Bulgaria. It is absent from the British Isles and Scandinavia, and also from northwestern Germany and the Netherlands. Within Europe, the plant is grown outside of its range in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands.
It occurs mostly in deciduous woodland or coniferous forests, especially in calcareous (chalky) soils.

## Subspecies

There are two recognised subspecies other than the type, including A. europaeum ssp. caucasicum, which is confined to the southwestern Alps, and A. europaeum ssp. italicum, which is found in central and northern Italy as well as in the Skopska Crna Gora mountains of North Macedonia and Kosovo.

## Cultivation

A. europaeum is quite shade-tolerant and is often employed as groundcover where little else will grow. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

## Photo gallery

* Leaves
* A. Europaeum in the UBC Botanical Garden
* Flower, Moscow region, Russia (Bff 2010)
* Leaf adaxial side.
* Leaf abaxial side.
# Groovy Times

"Groovy Times" is a song by the Clash, featured on their The Cost of Living EP and also included with initial pressings of the US release of the band's debut album. It was originally recorded as "Groovy Times Are Here Again" during the recording sessions for Give 'Em Enough Rope, however this demo has never been officially released, but can be found on many Clash bootlegs. It was never performed live.
The song's lyrics are filled with images of urban decay and civil unrest and focus on recurring Clash themes of alienation, monotony and oppression. According to their author, Joe Strummer, the lyrics were sparked by his disgust at the erection of fences in Britain's football terraces, built to keep fans apart in response to football hooliganism. Ten years later the Hillsborough Disaster would prove these fences fatal and his concerns irrefutably correct. The 'King of Early Evening ITV' mentioned in the song is confirmed as Bill Grundy, whose career was ruined after his infamous interview with the Sex Pistols and was indeed presenting early evening television on British terrestrial channel ITV. "I can remember his first appearance now look what's happened to him, so they put him in a dog suit like from 1964" is about singer-songwriter Elvis Costello.
The music, acoustic and guitar based, was predominantly written by Mick Jones and feature harmonica parts by him but credited to 'Bob Jones', a pseudonym that was apparently a reference to singer/songwriter Bob Dylan.
"Groovy Times" has subsequently been re-released on the Clash on Broadway and Singles Box box sets, its single-disc equivalent The Singles and the Super Black Market Clash and The Essential Clash compilations.

## Personnel

* Joe Strummer – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar
* Mick Jones – backing vocals, harmonica, acoustic lead guitars
* Paul Simonon – bass guitar
* Topper Headon – drums

## Sources

* Topping, Keith (2003). The Complete Clash. Reynolds & Hern LTD.
* Gilbert, Pat (2005). Passion Is a Fashion: The Real Story of The Clash. Aurum Press Ltd.
* This 1970s single–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Leo Britt

Leo Ernest Britt (27 March 1908 – 1979) was a British-American actor. He made about 40 film and television appearances between 1933 and 1975, both in England and the United States. He is perhaps best-remembered as the storyteller at a party in Alfred Hitchcock's Dial M for Murder (1955). One of his last film roles was General James Scarlett in the historical drama The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968).
He became a U.S. citizen in 1955, but returned to England, where he died aged 71.

## Filmography

* The Monkey's Paw (1933) as Lance Corporal (uncredited)
* The Roof (1933) as Tony Freyne
* They Came by Night (1940) as George
* Take My Life (1947) as John Newcombe
* The Magnetic Monster (1953) as Dr. Benton
* No Escape (1953) as Minor Role (uncredited)
* Elephant Walk (1954) as Planter Chisholm
* Dial M for Murder (1954) as The Storyteller
* The Black Shield of Falworth (1954) as Sir Robert
* Moonfleet (1955) as Ephraim (uncredited)
* The Court Jester (1955) as Sir Bertram (uncredited)
* The Dirty Dozen (1967) as German General in Staff Car (uncredited)
* The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968) as Gen. Scarlett
* Moon Zero Two (1969) as Senior Customs Officer
* Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969) as Elder Master (uncredited)
# 2024 Eschborn–Frankfurt

The 2024 Eschborn–Frankfurt was a road cycling one-day race that took place on 1 May in the Frankfurt Rhein-Main metro area in southwest Germany. It was the 61st edition of Eschborn–Frankfurt and the 21st event of the 2024 UCI World Tour. It was won by Maxim Van Gils in a bunch sprint.

## Teams

14 of the 18 UCI WorldTeams and five UCI ProTeams made up the nineteen teams that participated in the race. All teams entered a full squad of seven riders. In total, 133 riders started the race, of which 96 finished.
UCI WorldTeams
* Alpecin–Deceuninck
* Arkéa–B&B Hotels
* Bora–Hansgrohe
* Cofidis
* Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
* EF Education–EasyPost
* Intermarché–Wanty
* Lidl–Trek
* Movistar Team
* Soudal–Quick-Step
* Team Bahrain Victorious
* Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
* Team Jayco–AlUla
* UAE Team Emirates
UCI ProTeams
* Israel–Premier Tech
* Lotto–Dstny
* Q36.5 Pro Cycling Team
* Tudor Pro Cycling Team
* Uno-X Mobility

## Result

Result :
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Maxim Van Gils (BEL) | Lotto–Dstny | 4h 46' 48" |
| 2 | Alex Aranburu (ESP) | Movistar Team | + 0" |
| 3 | Riley Sheehan (USA) | Israel–Premier Tech | + 0" |
| 4 | Lukas Nerurkar (GBR) | EF Education–EasyPost | + 0" |
| 5 | Roger Adrià (ESP) | Bora–Hansgrohe | + 0" |
| 6 | Kobe Goossens (BEL) | Intermarché–Wanty | + 0" |
| 7 | Kevin Vermaerke (USA) | Team dsm–firmenich PostNL | + 0" |
| 8 | Søren Kragh Andersen (DEN) | Alpecin–Deceuninck | + 0" |
| 9 | Marc Hirschi (SUI) | UAE Team Emirates | + 0" |
| 10 | Markus Hoelgaard (NOR) | Uno-X Mobility | + 0" |
# Gravamen

Gravamen (from Latin gravare, to weigh down; gravis, heavy), (plural gra·va·mens or gra·vam·i·na) is a complaint or grievance, the ground of a legal action, and particularly the more serious part of a charge against an accused person. In legal terms, it is the essential element of a lawsuit.
In English the term is used chiefly in legal submissions and judicial opinions. The word is commonly misspelled gravaman.
Apart from the normal usage of the word, the gravamen test is used in contract law to distinguish between the sale of goods and services in "hybrid" transactions. Under the test each component of the sale is isolated and individually determined to be either a good or a service. The more common approach used by courts is the predominant purpose test which looks at the general thrust of the exchange rather than each individual component.
The term is also used in ecclesiastical courts, being the technical designation of a memorial presented from the Lower to the Upper House of Convocation, setting forth grievances to be redressed, or calling attention to breaches in church discipline.
# List of scenic railroads

For scenic gravity railroads, an early terminology, see roller coasters
A scenic railroad or scenic railway is a train service operating leisure tours of sights such as mountain scenery and foliage tours.

## Scenic railroads
### United States

Scenic railroads in the United States include:
* Adirondack Scenic Railroad
* Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad
* Cass Scenic Railroad at Cass Scenic Railroad State Park
* Catskill Mountain Railroad
* Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad
* Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad
* Conway Scenic Railroad
* Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad
* Kettle Moraine Scenic Railroad (defunct)
* Mount Hood Railroad
* Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad
* Newport Scenic Railway
* Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad
* Potomac Eagle Scenic Railroad
* Rio Grande Scenic Railroad
* Stone Mountain Scenic Railroad
* Western Maryland Scenic Railroad
* Winnipesaukee Scenic Railroad

### Great Britain

According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, scenic railways in Britain are miniature railroads traveling by artificial scenery for example at amusement parks.
# Baby I'm Back (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | link |
Baby I'm Back is the third solo album of James "J.T." Taylor. The album includes hits "Baby I'm Back" and "Prove My Love". This album was released by MCA Records in 1993.

## Track listing

| # | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| 1. | Baby I'm Back | James "J.T." Taylor, Nija Battle, Khalis Bayyan | 5:05 |
| 2. | Love Thing | Robert Meeks, James "J.T." Taylor, Marcus Quintanilla, Paul Mitchell | 4:03 |
| 3. | Next 2 U | Khalis Bayyan, James "J.T." Taylor | 5:08 |
| 4. | Dreamin' | Robert Meeks, Paul Mitchell, James "J.T." Taylor, Marcus Quintanilla | 4:26 |
| 5. | You've Got the Flavor | James "J.T." Taylor, Paul Mitchell, Robert Meeks, Marcus Quintanilla | 4:28 |
| 6. | Prove My Love | James "J.T." Taylor, Bobby Wooten | 6:13 |
| 7. | Some Kind of Woman | James "J.T." Taylor | 4:34 |
| 8. | I Wanna Know | James "J.T." Taylor, Bobby Wooten | 5:58 |
| 9. | Under My Wings | Bobby Wooten, James "J.T." Taylor | 5:21 |
| 10. | Feel the Need | James "J.T." Taylor, Ross Anderson, Simon Law | 6:25 |
| 11. | Baby I'm Back (Acapiano) | James "J.T." Taylor, Nija Battle, Khalis Bayyan | 5:09 |
# Michael Alfonso

Michael Alfonso may refer to:
* Mike Awesome (Michael Lee "Mike" Alfonso, 1965–2007), American professional wrestler
* Michael Alfonso (murderer) (born 1969), former American fugitive convicted of murder