OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Action spectrum

An action spectrum is a graph of the rate of biological effectiveness plotted against wavelength of light. It is related to absorption spectrum in many systems. Mathematically, it describes the inverse quantity of light required to evoke a constant response. It is very rare for an action spectrum to describe the level of biological activity, since biological responses are often nonlinear with intensity.
Action spectra are typically written as unit-less responses with peak response of one, and it is also important to distinguish if an action spectrum refers to quanta at each wavelength (mol or log-photons), or to spectral power (W).
It shows which wavelength of light is most effectively used in a specific chemical reaction. Some reactants are able to use specific wavelengths of light more effectively to complete their reactions. For example, chlorophyll is much more efficient at using the red and blue regions than the green region of the light spectrum to carry out photosynthesis. Therefore, the action spectrum graph would show spikes above the wavelengths representing the colours red and blue.
The first action spectrum was made by T. W. Engelmann, who split light into its components by the prism and then illuminated Cladophora placed in a suspension of aerobic bacteria. He found that bacteria accumulated in the region of blue and red light of the split spectrum. He thus discovered the effect of the different wavelengths of light on photosynthesis and plotted the first action spectrum of photosynthesis.
Action spectra have a wide variety of uses in biological and chemical research, particularly in understanding the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light on biological molecules and systems. UV light wavelengths range between 295 nm-400 nm and are known to induce skin and DNA damage. As a result, action spectra have been used to measure the efficiency of different light wavelengths in disinfecting water, the rate and mechanism of photodegradation of folic acid in the blood, and the chirality of molecules to determine secondary structure. Further examples include suppression of melatonin by wavelength and a variety of hazard functions, related to tissue damage from visible and near-visible light.
# Diana Soviero

Diana Soviero (born March 19, 1946, in Jersey City) is an American operatic soprano of international stature, a recipient of the Richard Tucker Award in 1979.
Soviero studied at the Juilliard School of Music with Florence Berggren, Marinka Gurewich, Martin Rich, and Boris Goldovsky. She made her debut under the name Diana Catani-Soviero at the Chautauqua Opera in 1969 as Mimi in La Boheme. In the early years of her career she performed widely in smaller American theatres building herself a repertory.
She was a celebrity guest on a week of Match Game in 1980.
She made her debut at the New York City Opera in 1973, the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 1979, the San Francisco Opera in 1982, establishing herself in verismo roles, notably as Nedda, Manon Lescaut, Madama Butterfly.
Beginning in 1981, she appeared at the New York City Opera in Verdi's La Traviata, conducted by Mario Bernardi. and widely in Europe; Zürich, Toulouse, Nice, Hamburg, Munich, Rome, Palermo, etc. In 1987, she made her debuts at both La Scala in Milan, and the Metropolitan Opera in New York. She made her debut at the Paris Opéra in 1988, and Royal Opera House in London in 1989.
Her repertory includes; Gounod's Marguerite and Juliette, La traviata, Boito's Margherita, Puccini's Il trittico and Tosca, Giordano's Maddalena and Fedora, Cilea's Adriana Lecouvreur, etc.
Soviero is married to Bernard Uzan, renowned operatic stage director, who was the director of the Florida Grand Opera Young Artist Program from 1996 to 2001, and former general and artistic director of l'Opéra de Montréal, where she often appeared in the 1990s. She makes her home between New York City, Miami Beach, and France. She is a faculty member at Mannes School of Music.
Soviero and her husband Bernard Uzan were appointed co-artistic directors of Florida Grand Opera's Young Artist Program from 2016 until 2018.
# Diana Spearman

Diana Violet Constance Edith Spearman (22 February 1905 – 31 May 1991) was a British writer and conservative activist.

## Early life

She was born in India to Sir Arthur Havelock James Doyle, Bt and Joyce Ethelreda Howard, who was a granddaughter of the 4th Marquess of Townshend and the 17th Earl of Suffolk. She studied at the London School of Economics from 1925 to 1931, where she was awarded the Social Science Certificate with distinction (1927) and the Academic Diploma in Psychology (1931). She also completed one year of the BSc (Economics) degree in 1927–28.

## Politics

Spearman was appointed to the Conservative Research Department as their first female researcher, a post she held from 1934 until 1939 and again from 1949 until 1965. She stood for Parliament twice, both times as the Conservative candidate. The first was for Poplar South in the 1935 general election, where she lost to Labour's David Morgan Adams. However, she polled more than twice as many votes as the previous Conservative candidate. She contested Kingston upon Hull Central in the 1945 general election but lost to Labour's Mark Hewitson.
In 1948, Spearman accepted Friedrich Hayek's invitation to join the Mont Pelerin Society and she was also an active member of the Institute of Economic Affairs. In 1965, she founded the short-lived Longbow Group. With Roger Scruton and Michael Oakeshott, Spearman organised the Salisbury Group in the late 1970s, and in 1982 she co-founded The Salisbury Review with Scruton.

## Personal life

She married Alexander Spearman in 1928. The marriage was dissolved in 1951. Latterly she was the companion of Labour MP and peer Reginald Paget.

## Works

* Modern Dictatorship (London: Jonathan Cape, 1939).
* Democracy in England (London: Rockliff, 1957).
* The Novel and Society (London: Routledge & Kegan, 1966).
* The Animal Anthology (London: Baker, 1966).
* A Time You Remember (Braunton: Merlin, 1989).
# Diana Staehly

Diana Staehly (born 31 October 1977) is a German actress.

## Education

Staehly's training began in 1997, when she first took private acting lessons. In 2000 she was trained at the Hollywood Acting Workshop in Cologne. She moved to New York City in 2001 and studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute. From 2002 to 2006, she studied media and cultural studies.

## Career

Through her hobby, Staehly came to work-routed RTL soap opera Unter uns, when the casting agency for the series was looking for a talented actress. From 1997 to 2000, she played the role of Susanne "Sue" Sommerfeld in the series. In 2002, she took on a role in the series Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei. From 2001 to 2006, she had a role in the series Die Anrheiner. From 2004 to 2012, she appeared in the comedy series Stromberg as Tanja Steinke (née Seifert) and in 2014 in the film Stromberg – The Movie. From 2007 to 2015, she played in the ZDF series Die Rosenheim-Cops with the role of financial controller Patrizia Ortmann. In January 2012, she played in the ZDF series Die Bergretter in the episode "Gold Rush" the highly pregnant Sophie Zeidler. From September 2016, Staehly was seen as the new main commissioner Anna Maiwald in the ZDF series Cologne P.D., succeeding Christina Plate. The shooting of the consequences of the 13th season began in January 2016 in Cologne. In addition, from 2017 on, she plays the lead actress Anna in Triple Ex.
Staehly made her film debut in the German comedy Special Escort [de] (2007) alongside of Florian Lukas and Sebastian Bezzel.

## Personal life

Since 2007, Staehly is married to the director René Wolter, with whom she has a daughter (b. 2012).

## Filmography

* 1997-2000: Unter uns (TV series, 23 episodes)
* 2000: Beauties
* 2001-2006: Die Anrheiner (TV series, 54 episodes)
* 2002-2014: Alarm für Cobra 11 - Die Autobahnpolizei (TV series, 3 episodes)
* 2003: Wilsberg (TV series)
* 2004: Verschollen
* 2004: König von Kreuzberg (TV series, 7 episodes)
* 2004-2012: Stromberg (TV series, 46 episodes)
* 2005: Cologne P.D.
* 2006: Forsthaus Falkenau - Entscheidung in der Savanne
* 2006: Inga Lindström - Sommertage am Lilja-See (TV film)
* 2006: Rosamunde Pilcher - Sommer der Liebe (TV film)
* 2007: Special Escort [de]
* 2007: Unter anderen Umständen: Bis dass der Tod euch scheidet
* 2007-2016: Die Rosenheim-Cops (TV series, 247 Episodes)
* 2012: Die Bergretter - Goldrausch
* 2012: Der letzte Bulle - Aller guten Dinge sind drei
* 2012: Die Tote ohne Alibi (TV film)
* 2014: Stromberg - Der Film
* 2015: Hanna Hellmann (TV miniseries, 2 episodes)
* 2015: Mein gebrauchter Mann (TV film)
* 2016: Bettys Diagnose - Turteln und Zwitschern
* 2016: Stuttgart Homicide - Dirty Harry
* since 2016: Cologne P.D. (TV series, 25 episodes)
* 2017: Triple Ex (TV series)
# Kauffman House (Grand Lake, Colorado)

The Kauffman House is a rustic log house in Grand Lake, Colorado that functioned as a hotel from its construction in 1892 to 1973. It was built by Ezra Kauffman, a local prospector, trapper and builder of log structures who operated it as a hotel until his death in 1920 at age 71. It was then operated as a summer hotel by his widow and daughters until World War II.
The log structure is built of timber cut, sawn and hauled by Ezra Kauffman. The logs were sawn on three sides and left rounded on the outside. Inside walls were lined with metal and a muslin facing, with wallpaper pasted to the fabric in most rooms, with colored fabric left exposed in some rooms. Oilcloth was used on the kitchen walls and ceiling. The logs were laid on a stone foundation. Gables are finished in fish-scale shingles. The house featured an indoor water supply fed from a galvanized tank in the attic, which was filled from a hand pump at the lakeshore. Water was hauled by hand in the winter.
In 1946 the Kauffmans sold the house to Henry Rhone who operated it until 1973, when the Grand Lake Historical Society purchased the house for use as a museum. It is the only pre-20th century log hotel remaining in Grand Lake.
The Kauffman House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1974.
# Kauffman Fellows Program

The Kauffman Fellowship is a two-year educational, networking, and leadership development program for venture capitalists. It was named after Ewing Marion Kauffman. The Kauffman Fellows Program is a nonprofit with a history of identifying, educating, mentoring and networking future venture capitalists. As of 2011, it had graduated more than 250 fellows, who have worked at venture firms in the U.S. and internationally.

## History

The Kauffman Fellows Program originated as an endeavor of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, from which it was spun out in 2000, and is now managed by the Center for Venture Education, based in Palo Alto, California.

## Notable Kauffman Fellows

* Trish Costello, Portfolia
* Mamoon Hamid, Social Capital
* Jenny Lee, GGV Capital
* Mala Gaonkar
* Michael McCullough
* Justin Rockefeller
# Kazuma Shinjō

Kazuma Shinjō (新城 カズマ, Shinjō Kazuma) is a Japanese science fiction writer whose work was first published in 1991. In 2006. Kazuma won the Seiun Award for Summer / Time / Traveler.

## Selected works

* Hōrai gakuen (蓬莱学園), 1991–1997
* Marion & Co. (マリオン&Co.), 1997
* Kurou denshō (狗狼伝承), 1998–2001
* Hoshino, baberu (星の、バベル), 2002
* Jesters' Galaxy (ジェスターズ・ギャラクシー), 2002–2004
* Isuberu no sen fu (イスベルの戦賦), 2003
* Summer / Time / Traveler (サマー/タイム/トラベラー), 2005
* Light Novel „Chō“ Nyūmon (ライトノベル「超」入門), 2006
# Ferrer's goby

Ferrer's goby (Pseudaphya ferreri) is a species of goby native to the Mediterranean Sea where it occurs in inshore waters inhabiting areas with sandy substrates. This species grows to a length of 3.5 centimetres (1.4 in) TL. This species is the only known member of its genus. The specific name honours Jaume Ferrer Aledo (1854-1956), a pharmacist and amateur ichthyologist who studied the fish fauna in the Balearic Islands.
# Magdalenasaura

Magdalenasaura is a genus of lizards in the family Gymnophthalmidae. The genus is exclusively endemic to the Cordillera Central in Colombia.

## Species

The genus Magdalenasaura contains two species: M. adercum and M. leurosquama.
# Doumen

Doumen may refer to:
* Doumen District, in Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
* François Doumen (born 1940), French racehorse trainer
* Gert Doumen (born 1971), Belgian football goalkeeper
# KCOR

KCOR may refer to:
* KCOR-CD, a low-power television station (channel 27, virtual 34) licensed to serve San Antonio, Texas, United States
* KXTN (AM), a radio station (1350 AM) licensed to serve San Antonio, Texas, which held the call sign KCOR from 1946 to 2014 and from 2015 to 2019
* KMYO, a radio station (95.1 FM) licensed to serve Comfort, Texas, United States, which held the call sign KCOR-FM from 2000 to 2008 and from 2014 to 2015
* KWEX-DT, a television station (channel 41) licensed to serve San Antonio, Texas, which formerly used the call sign KCOR-TV
# Skorupski

Skorupski (feminine Skorupska) is a Polish surname. Notable people include:
* Jan Stanisław Skorupski (born 1938), Polish essayist
* John Skorupski (born 1946), British philosopher
* Krzysztof Skorupski (born 1989), Polish rallycross driver
* Łukasz Skorupski (born 1991), Polish footballer
* Ute Skorupski (born 1959), East German rower
* Nina Skorupska, British engineer
# 2005 Columbia Lions football team

The 2005 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University during the 2005 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Columbia finished last in the Ivy League.
In their third and final season under head coach Bob Shoop, the Lions compiled a 2–8 record and were outscored 337 to 116. Bill Beechum, Prosper Nwokocha and Joe Winters were the team captains.
The Lions' winless (0–7) conference record placed eighth in the Ivy League standings. Columbia was outscored 293 to 63 by Ivy opponents.
Columbia played its homes games at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium in Upper Manhattan, in New York City.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 17 | at Fordham* | Coffey FieldBronx, NY (Liberty Cup) | W 23–17 | 6,912 |
| September 24 | Duquesne* | Wien StadiumNew York, NY | W 23–13 | 3,511 |
| October 1 | at Princeton | Princeton StadiumPrinceton, NJ | L 3–43 | 8,835 |
| October 8 | at Lafayette* | Fisher FieldEaston, PA | L 7–14 | 1,500 |
| October 15 | Penn | Wien StadiumNew York, NY | L 16–44 | 10,131 |
| October 22 | at Dartmouth | Memorial FieldHanover, NH | L 6–17 | 6,222 |
| October 29 | Yale | Wien StadiumNew York, NY | L 3–37 | 2,025 |
| November 5 | Harvard | Wien StadiumNew York, NY | L 7–55 | 2,354 |
| November 12 | at Cornell | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY (rivalry) | L 7–45 | 4,727 |
| November 19 | No. 18 Brown | Wien StadiumNew York, NY | L 21–52 | 6,705 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from The Sports Network Poll released prior to the game ||||||
# Brian and the Judge

Brian and the Judge was a radio talk show syndicated by Fox News Radio. It was hosted by Fox News personalities Brian Kilmeade and Judge Andrew Napolitano. The show was launched to replace Tony Snow's radio show when he left the program to become White House Press Secretary in 2006. The show is aired daily between the hours of 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon ET on XM and Sirius satellite radio networks and over the internet. The show is carried nationally for one to three hours on various radio stations, however is not broadcast over terrestrial radio in all markets. On May 28, 2010, Napolitano announced he was leaving the show, leaving Kilmeade to host the show solo under the title Kilmeade and Friends.
# Siyətük

Siyətük (also, Seatuk) is a village and municipality in the Astara Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 982. The municipality consists of the villages of Siyətük, Vəznəş, and Sekəşam.
# János Kass

János Kass (December 26, 1927 – March 29, 2010) was a Hungarian illustrator, printmaker, graphic designer, postage stamp designer, animated film director and teacher. Born in Szeged, he was the storyboard artist for the first fully digital animated film and died March 29 in Budapest.

## Career

Beginning his artistic studies at the Applied Art Academy, Kass finished in 1951 at the Academy of Fine Arts, a student of Gyula Hincz, György Kádár and György Konecsni. From 1956 to 1959 he held the Derkovits scholarship.
From 1961 to 1962, he was assistant professor at the Book-Art Academy in Leipzig, Germany.
Kass regularly took part in every major national exhibition at home and abroad. He had one-man shows in Italy (1963), Australia (1970) and Switzerland (1976). He participated in the Venice Biennial (1960), the Youth Biennial in Paris (1961), and Biennials in Lugano, Tokyo, Ljubljana, São Paulo and Buenos Aires, along with "Intergrafik" exhibitions in Berlin.
He made many friends within the British graphic art fraternity while spending some months in London during 1980, working on one of the earliest, fully digitised computer-animated films, Dilemma, with John Halas. He had already won recognition with his illustrations and book designs. At the 1973 Leipzig Book Fair, his work was awarded the title of best illustrated book at the fair. This accolade was repeated at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 1999.
The 11-minute Dilemma was nominated at that year's Cannes Film Festival for the Golden Palm for Best Short Film, and is considered the first fully digital animated film. Kass was also a background artist for the So Beautiful and So Dangerous segment of Ivan Reitman Productions' 1981 animated feature film Heavy Metal.
Kass' drawings, etchings and silk-screen prints were exhibited in the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge in 1989 and in 1990 at London Olympia. He later held a one-man show in Edinburgh.

## Personal life

Eszter Kass, his daughter from a first marriage to the artist Gabriella Hajnal, also became an artist. His second wife, Vera Bánki, is a translator of English historical studies. They survive him.
# Skoda (barquentine)

Skoda was a barquentine built in Kingsport, Nova Scotia in 1893 by shipbuilder Ebenezer Cox, marking the end of an era as the last vessel built by Cox and the last large vessel built in Kingsport.

## Background

Skoda, a 658-ton barquentine, was built in Kingsport, Nova Scotia, designed by veteran master shipbuilder Ebenezer Cox. The barquentine marked the end of his thirty-year shipbuilding career, and was also the last deep sea vessel built and launched in Kingsport, bringing the shipbuilding era to a close at a yard that built some of the largest sailing ships in Canada.
Skoda was commissioned for C. Rufus Burgess of Wolfville, Nova Scotia, who was the largest builder and owner of ships in the area. The vessel was named a patent medicine factory in Wolfville, also owned by Burgess. Skoda was launched on June 1, 1893. She loaded lumber at nearby Parrsboro after the launch for a maiden voaye to the west of England.

## Shipbuilder

In his time, Ebenezer Thomas Cox (b. 19 Dec 1828, d. 8 Sept 1916) was one of the leading shipbuilders. He spent thirty years as designer and master builder at the shipyard in Kingsport. He built thirty ships during this span, with his ships averaging at 1,000 tons each. Cox died in Kingsport, Nova Scotia in 1916 at the age of eighty-eight years.

## Later Use

Burgess owned the barquentine until 1900 when the Barquentine Skoda Company, Limited of Wolfville, Nova Scotia took ownership. In 1912, the Skoda was sold to Lester Ashley Rodden of Mobile, Alabama and was registered at that port in 1915.
# Skullage

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Blabbermouth.net | 5/10 |
| Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles | 7/10 |
| Stormbringer | 3/5 |
| The Hollywood Reporter | (favorable) |
Skullage is a compilation/live album by American heavy metal band Black Label Society, although the first two songs are from Zakk Wylde's solo career and side project Pride & Glory. Some versions also come with a bonus DVD.
This is the third compilation released to document Wylde's catalogue, the first being the promotional-only No More Tears EP, followed by Kings of Damnation 98–04 in 2005.

## Track listing
### Disc I (CD)

* "Machine Gun Man" – 4:57 (Pride & Glory)
* "Dead as Yesterday" – 2:51 (Book of Shadows)
* "All for You" – 4:00 (Stronger Than Death)
* "13 Years of Grief" – (Stronger Than Death)
* "Bleed for Me" – (1919 Eternal)
* "Doomsday Jesus" – (The Blessed Hellride)
* "Stillborn" – (The Blessed Hellride)
* "Won't Find It Here" – (Hangover Music Vol. VI)
* "Suicide Messiah" – (Mafia)
* "In This River" – (Mafia)
* "Fire It Up" – (Mafia)
* "New Religion" – (Shot to Hell)
* Slightly Amped Instrumental Intro (acoustic) – recorded live on February 13, 2004 in Lehigh Valley
* "The Blessed Hellride" (acoustic) – recorded live on February 13, 2004 in Lehigh Valley
* "Spoke in the Wheel" (acoustic) – recorded live on February 13, 2004 in Lehigh Valley
* "Stillborn" (acoustic) – recorded live on February 13, 2004 in Lehigh Valley

### Disc II (DVD)

* "All for You"
* "13 Years of Grief"
* "Bleed for Me"
* "Stillborn" (video)
* "Suicide Messiah" (video)
* "In This River" (video)
* "Fire It Up" (video)
* "Acoustic" (live)
* "Instrumental Intro" (Live in Lehigh Valley)
* "The Blessed Hellride" (Live in Lehigh Valley)
* "Spoke in the Wheel" (Live in Lehigh Valley)
* "We Live No More" (Live in Lehigh Valley)
* "Stillborn" (Live in Lehigh Valley)
* "New Religion"
* "Welcome to the Compound"

## Credits (CD side)

* Zakk Wylde – vocals, guitar, bass on 3–9, piano
* James LoMenzo – bass on tracks 1, 2, 9, 10, 11
* John DeServio – bass on track 12
* Brian Tichy – drums on track 1
* Joe Vitale – drums on track 2
* Philth – drums on tracks 3 and 4
* Christian Werr – drums on track 5
* Craig Nunenmacher – drums on tracks 6–12
* Nick Catanese – 12-string acoustic guitar on tracks 13–16

## Charts

Chart performance for Skullage :
| Chart (2018) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 111 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 9 |
| US Top Hard Rock Albums (Billboard) | 17 |
# Kolczyn

Kolczyn may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Kolczyn, Masovian Voivodeship
* Kolczyn, Lublin Voivodeship
* Kołczyn, Lublin Voivodeship
* Kołczyn, Lubusz Voivodeship
# Drag City

Drag City may refer to:
* "Drag City" (song), a 1963 song from Jan & Dean's album of the same name
* Drag City, Jan and Dean discography 1963
* Drag City (record label), an indie record label, film distributor, and book publisher
# Drag City (song)

"Drag City" is a 1963 song by Jan and Dean, written by Jan Berry, Roger Christian, and Brian Wilson. It describes the narrator's trip to a drag racing strip and borrows heavily from an earlier Jan and Dean song "Surf City," also co-written by Berry and Wilson.
"Drag City" was released as the title track from the album of the same name. It was the first of the duo's seven hit songs in 1964, and charted in the top ten in January.

## Personnel

The musicians on the session included:
* Earl Palmer, drums

## Chart performance

| Chart (1963-64) | Peak position |
| Canada CHUM Chart | 13 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 10 |