OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Giuseppe Rolli

Giuseppe Maria Rolli or Roli (1645 – 17 November 1727) is an Italian painter and engraver active during the Baroque period, mainly in his native Bologna.

## Biography

He was sent by his father to work along with Giuseppe Antonio Caccioli and later under Domenico Maria Canuti. He worked alongside his brother Antonio (1643-1695), who painted the quadratura.
Together the brothers painted for the Casa Ranuzzi in Bologna, Casa Miti in Imola, at the Camaldolese church of Monte d'Alvernia, at the church of the Scalzi and the Refectory of the Canons Lateranensi in Bologna, and at the cupoletta of San Lionardo in Bologna. By himself, Giuseppe painted the ceiling of the church of the Barnabites, the Oratory of San Giovanni Battista dei Fiorentini (1699), and the cupola of San Bartolomeo. He was recruited by the Prince of Baden to paint mythologic themes in frescoes. He gained a large inheritance and stopped painting, but then lost his fortune in later years.
# Claudio Scajola

Claudio Scajola (Italian pronunciation:; born 15 January 1948) is an Italian politician who is the mayor of Imperia since 2018 and the president of the province of Imperia since 2021.

## Career

Scajola was born in Imperia. A long-time member of Christian Democracy, he was mayor of Imperia during a short period in the 1980s and from 1990 to 1995, as his father and his brother had been. When Christian Democracy disbanded, he joined Forza Italia in 1995. He was then elected deputy in 1996 and was national coordinator of the party from 1996 to 2001 and again in 2003. He also led a faction named after him, the Scajoliani. He was the Italian Minister of the Interior from 2001 to 2002 and later the Italian Minister of Productive Activities in the third cabinet of Silvio Berlusconi. In this capacity, Scajola was a strong advocate for the Italian re-entry into commercial use of nuclear power for the generation of electricity.
Scajola has been nicknamed "SkyOla" because allegedly has been using Alitalia airplanes for private use. An air route was created from Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport to Villanova d'Albenga International Airport, which he uses regularly for traveling from and to his parliamentary job; it is rarely used by other passengers. This scandal was exposed in 2008 by the RAI television program AnnoZero.
In April 2010, Italian newspapers wrote that Scajola, back in July 2004, had used €1,100,000 in slush funds to buy a flat in Rome near the Colosseum. At least €900,000 of those funds where reportedly traced as coming from Diego Anemone, a real estate developer under accusation of public servants bribing. During a press conference, he defended himself saying that the house had been paid without his knowledge. These justifications were not deemed sufficient by public opinion and Scajola resigned from office in May 2010.
At the 2018 Italian local elections, Scajola was elected mayor of Imperia, 23 years after his last mayoral experience.

## Arrest

On 8 May 2014, Scajola was arrested for aiding the escape of Amedeo Matacena, a former member of the Italian Parliament who was convicted of criminal involvement with the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, and remained in police custody.

## Notable statements

In June 2002, Scajola told journalists in Cyprus that "Marco Biagi was only a jerk, only thinking about the renewal of his contract". Biagi was killed by terrorists in March 2002 and Scajola was the Italian Minister of the Interior. Scajola had to resign because of this sentence on 4 July 2002. Despite this, Berlusconi continued to support him.
# Aden Country Park

Aden Country Park is located in Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, first mentioned in the 10th-century Book of Deer. The park has a caravan area with camping, a small shop, a small cafe near the agricultural museum, a play area, the maintained ruins of Aden House, landscaped gardens, and a barbecue area. Aden Park can be accessed from Mintlaw by Station Road or Nether Aden Road.
It is home to the Aberdeenshire Farming Museum, forest walks and a ruined country house. Every year it hosts a pipe band contest which attracts bagpipe bands from around Scotland.

## Aberdeenshire Farming Museum

The Aberdeenshire Farming Museum comprises two main features. The early 19th-century semicircular Home Farm steading features interpretations of the 20th-century Aden Estate through costumed guides, and the "Weel Vrocht Grun" (well-worked ground) contains displays about the regional farming history and innovations in agriculture over the last two centuries.
The Hareshowe Working Farm was moved to Aden Country Park in the early 1990s. The farmhouse has been restored to a 1950s appearance and guided tours provide demonstrations of cooking and farm activities.

## Aden House

The mansion house was originally granted to the Keith family in 1324, from whom it passed to the Russells of Montcoffer. It was said to have been beautiful before it was ruined. Alexander Russell of Montcoffer (1723–98) bought the Aden estate in 1758 from James Ferguson of Kinmundy.
John Smith reconstructed the mansion in 1832 with "a magnificent balustraded west wing and Doric-columned, domed, projecting west bow".
Alexander Russell's great-great-grandson, Sidney Russell (1895-1965), was the last Russell laird to live at Aden. He sold the estate in 1937 and moved to Dorset. The Barony of Aden is still held by the Russell family.
During World War II, it was used as an army barracks, and it is said that the inside decoration was damaged and had lost its lustre once the army was finished with it. After the war, the house was left to fall into ruin. As of 1990, only its outside walls remained standing.
The house is made of grey granite.
# Atelopus oxyrhynchus

Atelopus oxyrhynchus is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and intermittent rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
A. oxyrhynchus contains tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent neurotoxin that induces muscle paralysis and/or death. Unlike Atelopus varius, which do not retain TTX when raised in captivity and thus acquires TTX exogenously, A. oxyrhynchus maintains its toxicity when raised in captivity. This has also been shown for the rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa. These organisms raise questions about the source of TTX, as the most supported hypothesis for TTX toxicity in other animals is an exogenous origin, either through dietary uptake or bacterial symbiosis.
# Floyd Cooper (Canadian football)

Floyd Cooper is a former official in the Canadian Football League, originally from Burlington, Ontario.
# Leading-edge droop flap

The leading-edge droop flap is a device on the leading edge of aircraft wings designed to improve airflow at high angles of attack. The droop flap is similar to the leading-edge slat and the Krueger flap, but with the difference that the entire leading edge section rotates downwards, whereas the slat and Krueger flap are panels which move away from the wing leading edge when it is deployed.

## Location

A leading-edge droop flap comprises the rounded front part of a wing, in movable form. The Airbus A380 has droop flaps between the fuselage and each inboard engine, at the leading edge of the thickest part of each wing. Early variants of the Hawker Siddeley Trident had two droop flaps on the outboard of each wing and a Krueger flap on the section closest to the fuselage.

## Use and effect

Droop flaps function with other high-lift devices on an aircraft to increase the camber of the wing and reduce the stalling speed. On the Airbus A380, the first stage of lift device selection deploys the droop flaps (called droop noses by Airbus) and leading-edge slats located further out on the wing; with the main flaps starting to extend when the second stage is selected. The variable sections on the A380 may be drooped to a position 22 or 25 degrees lower than their stowed position. Another function of droop flaps on the A380 is to change the stall characteristics of the wing. The A380's designers found that the airflow between the engines was separating from the wing surface prior to the airflow between the engine and the fuselage, an undesirable characteristic. Adding droop between the engine and the fuselage fixed the problem; whereas using a leading-edge slat would not have done so because of the gap (or slot) created between a slat and the wing when a slat is deployed.

## Aircraft with droop flaps

* Airbus A380
* Airbus A350
* Dassault Falcon 20
* Hawker Siddeley Trident
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23
* Northrop F-5
# Bactrothrips

Bactrothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, first described by Heinrich Hugo Karny in 1912. In 2011, Mound and Tree synonymised the genus, Lasiothrips, with Bactrothrips

## Species

* Bactrothrips aberlenci
* Bactrothrips aliceae
* Bactrothrips alluaudi
* Bactrothrips aterrimus
* Bactrothrips atrispinis
* Bactrothrips bancoensis
* Bactrothrips berlandi
* Bactrothrips brevitubus
* Bactrothrips bucculentus
* Bactrothrips buffai
* Bactrothrips carbonarius
* Bactrothrips congoensis
* Bactrothrips cookae
* Bactrothrips delamarei
* Bactrothrips divergens
* Bactrothrips elongatus
* Bactrothrips flectoventris
* Bactrothrips furcatus
* Bactrothrips furvescrus
* Bactrothrips grandis
* Bactrothrips guineaensis
* Bactrothrips guineensis
* Bactrothrips hesperus
* Bactrothrips honoris
* Bactrothrips hoodi
* Bactrothrips houstoni
* Bactrothrips idolomorphus
* Bactrothrips inermis
* Bactrothrips kenyensis
* Bactrothrips kranzae
* Bactrothrips laingi
* Bactrothrips lamottei
* Bactrothrips levidens
* Bactrothrips longisetis
* Bactrothrips longiventris
* Bactrothrips luteus
* Bactrothrips macropteryx
* Bactrothrips malgassus
* Bactrothrips montanus
* Bactrothrips moultoni
* Bactrothrips natalensis
* Bactrothrips nativus
* Bactrothrips nigripes
* Bactrothrips pallidicrus
* Bactrothrips parvidens
* Bactrothrips perplexus
* Bactrothrips pictipes
* Bactrothrips pitkini
* Bactrothrips priesneri
* Bactrothrips propinquus
* Bactrothrips quadrituberculatus
* Bactrothrips titschacki
# Amitabh Bagchi

Amitabh Bagchi (born 1958) alias Anil alias Sumit da is an Indian Maoist ideologue and senior Politburo member of Communist Party of India (Maoist).

## Career

Bagchi hailed from Shivdas Bhaduri Street, Shyampukur area of Kolkata, West Bengal. His father's name is Ranjit Kumar Bagchi. He was a postgraduate student of Jadavpur University. Bagchi was active in undivided Bihar since the early 1990s in land movement in Jehanabad and Patna belt. He led the Naxalite movement in Bihar and is one of the founders of the erstwhile Central Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Party Unity. Bagchi became the secretary of the Central Military Commission and Politburo member of CPI (Maoist). He has close relation with Kishanji at the time of Lalgarh movement in West Bengal. He was in charge of Eastern Regional Committee of the party, known there as Alokji and asked local leaders to tie up with Assamese tribal like Khasis, Rabhas and Garo people. Jharkhand Police arrested Bagchi and Tauhid Mulla alias Kartik, West Bengal State Committee member from the Hatia Patna Intercity Express at Ranchi on 19 August 2009. On 23 August 2010, he was sentenced to life imprisonment by a fast-track court. Bagchi is detained at present Birsa Munda Central Jail of Ranchi.
# All Around Me (disambiguation)

"All Around Me" is a song by Flyleaf from their 2005 self-titled debut album. The phrase may also refer to:
* "All Around Me" (Savage Garden song), from their 1997 self-titled debut album
* "All Around Me", a song by Audio Adrenaline from Until My Heart Caves In, 2005
# Marthinus

Marthinus or Martinus is an old Dutch, Danish or Norwegian male given name - a latinised form of Martin.
Notable people with this name include:
* Marthinus Bekker (born 1933), South African Navy officer
* Marthinus Jacobus Oosthuizen (1818–1897), South African voortrekker
* Marthinus Otto (born 1980), South African cricketer
* Marthinus du Plessis (born 1932), South African pentathlete
* Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1819–1901), South African politician
* Marthinus Prinsloo (1838-1903), Orange Free State farmer, politician and commander-in-chief in the Second Boer War
* Marthinus Nikolaas Ras (1853–1900), South African farmer
* Marthinus van Schalkwyk (born 1959), South African politician
* Marthinus Theunis Steyn (1857–1916), South African lawyer, politician, and statesman
* Marthinus Strydom (born 1965), South African investor
* Martinus Thomsen (born 1890), Danish author, philosopher and mystic.
* Marthinus Versfeld or Martin Versfeld (1909–1995), South African philosopher
# Eston (disambiguation)

Eston is a town in England.
Eston may also refer to:
* Eston (name)
* Eston, Saskatchewan, Canada
* Eston, a trade name for Quinestrol
* Eston (guitars). a house brand of Rose Music Australia
# Additive group

An additive group is a group of which the group operation is to be thought of as addition in some sense. It is usually abelian, and typically written using the symbol + for its binary operation.
This terminology is widely used with structures equipped with several operations for specifying the structure obtained by forgetting the other operations. Examples include the additive group of the integers, of a vector space and of a ring. This is particularly useful with rings and fields to distinguish the additive underlying group from the multiplicative group of the invertible elements.
In older terminology, an additive subgroup of a ring has also been known as a modul or module (not to be confused with a module).
# Atelopus palmatus

Atelopus palmatus (common name: Andersson's stubfoot toad) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Cordillera Oriental of eastern Ecuador and is known from the Napo and Pastaza Provinces at elevations of 1,150–1,740 m (3,770–5,710 ft) above sea level. Its type locality is "Rio Pastaza".

## Description

Males measure 20–21 mm (0.79–0.83 in) and females 28–31 mm (1.1–1.2 in) in snout–vent length.

## Habitat and conservation

Its natural habitats are humid montane forests. It is a diurnal species. Males have been observed during the night on dry leaves by a marsh, and during the day between rocks and sand by water. A female has been observed during the day in flooded leaf litter on a swamp. Gravid females carrying about 80 eggs have been found between March and July.
It is most threatened by the fungal infectious disease chytridiomycosis which causes dramatic decline and affects other species of its genus. Other threats include habitat loss through agriculture (both crops and livestock), logging, planned mining and wood plantations.
# Lak people

Lak people may refer to:
* Laks (Caucasus), an ethnic group of Dagestan, North Caucasus, Russia
* Laks (Iran), an ethnic group of southwestern Iran
# Leading-one detector

A leading-one detector (LOD) is an electronic circuit commonly found in central processing units and especially their arithmetic logic units (ALUs). It is used to detect whether the leading bit in a computer word is 1 or 0, especially for floating point operations and binary logarithms.
# Mendozachorista

Mendozachorista is an extinct genus of insect which existed in Argentina during the Late Triassic period. It was named by Carsten Brauckmann, Oscar F. Gallego, Norbert Hauschke, Rafael G. Martins-Neto, Elke Groening, Jan-M. Ilger and María B. Lara in 2010, and the type and only species is Mendozachorista volkheimeri. It is known only from an impression of a Mecopterida-like wing found in the Llantenes Formation in Mendoza Province.
# Abronia cunemica

Abronia cunemica, also known commonly as the Coapilla arboreal alligator lizard and el dragoncito de Coapilla in Mexican Spanish, is a species of lizard in the family Anguidae. The species, which was described in 2024 by Adam Clause et al., is native to southern Mexico.

## Geographic range

A. cunemica is endemic to the Mexican state of Chiapas. The type locality is "vicinity of Coapilla, Municipio de Coapilla, Northern Highlands, Chiapas, Mexico".

## Ecology and behaviour

A. cunemica are elusive tree-dwellers, feeding mainly on insects. They are rarely seen due to their limited distribution and ambiguous behaviour.
They can reach a length of up to 9.8 inches and are characterized by their yellow-brown scaly bodies with darker brown blotches.
# Edward George Brown

Edward George Brown (1829 – 3 August 1895) was a Danish-born Australian politician.
He was born in Kokadahl in Denmark to pastoralist John Brown and Charlotte Dowling. The family moved to New South Wales in 1836 and Brown attended The King's School, Parramatta. He settled in the Tumut, where he owned extensive property. On 12 December 1854 he married Amelia Matilda Shelley, with whom he had twelve children. He was a long-serving Tumut alderman, serving five times as mayor.
In 1866 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, winning the by-election for Tumut. He was defeated in 1872, and left colonial politics for a long period. In 1891, almost twenty years after his previous defeat, he was re-elected to Tumut as a Free Trader. He was defeated in 1894.
Brown died in Tumut in 1895.
# Allied Air Forces Southern Europe

Allied Air Forces Southern Europe (AIRSOUTH) was a military aviation component command of the NATO Military Command Structure from 1951 to 2004.

## History

Allied Air Forces Southern Europe (AIRSOUTH) was established in temporary facilities in Florence, Italy on 5 August 1951. Its first commander was Lieutenant General David M. Schlatter. AIRSOUTH moved, along with its superior organisation, Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH), to permanent facilities in the Bagnoli district of Naples in April 1954 and Lieutenant General Laurence Carbee Craigie took command of AIRSOUTH at that time. AIRSOUTH was in turn given command of the 6th Allied Tactical Air Force which was based in İzmir in Turkey.
From December 1992, Lieutenant General Joseph W. Ashy and then, from September 1994, Lieutenant General Michael E. Ryan, in their successive roles as commander of AIRSOUTH, directed the NATO air combat operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including the bombing missions of Operation Deliberate Force in summer 1995, which created the context for the U.S. Government to broker the Dayton Agreement between the waring parties in November 1995.
Lieutenant General Michael C. Short, as commander of AIRSOUTH, directed the NATO air combat operations in Kosovo, including the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in spring 1999, during the Kosovo War, which led to the formation of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo in June 1999.
AIRSOUTH deactivated and some of its staff moved to İzmir in Turkey to form Allied Air Command İzmir in 2004. This move was strongly opposed at the time by the Greek Government who argued that it could give the Turkish Government influence over Greek airspace.
# Martinic

Martinic may refer to:
* Martinic family, Bohemian nobility
* Martinić, Croatian surname
# Archie Spigner

Archie Spigner (August 27, 1928 – October 29, 2020) was an African-American politician who served in the New York City Council from 1974 to 2001. He was born in Orangeburg, South Carolina.
On the city council, he represented south-east Queens. He was also influential in races for other positions. He was called the "godfather of politics in southeastern Queens" by Gregory Meeks due to his ability to control who got elected from that area.
He died on October 29, 2020, in Queens, New York City, New York at age 92. The cause was cancer.
# Additive genetic effects

Genetic effects are broadly divided into two categories: additive and non-additive. Additive genetic effects occur where expression of more than one gene contributes to phenotype (or where alleles of a heterozygous gene both contribute), and the phenotypic expression of these gene(s) can be said to be the sum of these contributions.
Non-additive effects involve dominance or epistasis, and cause outcomes that are not a sum of the contribution of the genes involved.
Additive genetic effects are singularly important with regard to quantitative traits, as the sum of these effects informs the placement of a trait on the spectrum of possible outcomes. Quantitative traits are commonly polygenic (resulting from the effects of more than one locus).

## Heritability
### Broad sense heritability

Variation in phenotypes across a population arises from the interaction between environmental variation and genetic variation between individuals. This can be stated mathematically as:
V$_P$ = V$_E$ + V$_G$, where the terms refer to variation in phenotype, environment, and genotype respectively.
Broad sense heritability (H$^2$, or H$_B$) refers to the phenotypic differences arising from all genetic effects, and can be described as the ratio of genotypic variation to that of phenotypic variation in the population, or: H$^2$ = V$_G$ / V$_P$.
The genotypic variation from the above equation can be subdivided into V$_A$ (additive effects), V$_D$ (dominance effects), and V$_I$ (epistatic effects).

### Narrow Sense Heritability

Narrow sense Heritability (h$^2$ or H$_N$) focuses specifically on the ratio of additive variance (V$_A$) to total phenotypic variance (V$_P$), or: h$^2$ = V$_A$ / V$_{P.}$
In the study of Heritability, Additive genetic effects are of particular interest in the fields of Conservation, and Artificial selection. The effects of dominance and epistasis are not reliably transmitted to progeny (see Mendelian inheritance, laws of segregation and independent assortment). This means that h$^2$ represents the phenotypic variation that is reliably passed from one generation to the next and which can be used to predict changes in mean fitness between generations.

## Fisher's Fundamental Theorem

Fisher's Fundamental Theorem asserts a direct correlation between the amount of genetic variation in a population and the possible variation in mean fitness for that population. This Theorem suggests that where a trait affects individual fitness, the amount of variation due to additive genetic effects will decline with each successive generation, and all other things being equal, will approach zero.