OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Claflin doctrine

Claflin doctrine is a U.S. law doctrine which states that a trust cannot be modified or terminated, even if all beneficiaries agree, if to do so would be contrary to a material purpose of the settlor. Material purposes include spendthrift, support, and discretionary trusts.
The rule takes its name from the 1899 Massachusetts case Claflin v. Claflin, in which a father had left a large sum of money to his son. However, the father specified that the money was to be paid in three installments: $10,000 at age 21, a further $10,000 at age 25, and the remainder of the estate at age 30, thus creating a trust. Upon turning 18, the son petitioned the court to force the early disbursement of the entire estate. The younger Claflin was relying on the doctrine that courts have the power to change trust provisions under certain circumstances. The court's decision clarified that courts lack the power to reform a trust such that it would undo a material purpose of the trust. The court then found that the delay in the distribution of the son's inheritance was a material purpose, aimed at preventing or abating financial mismanagement. Thus, the immediate distribution of the entire sum at once, even though son was eventually entitled to the entire amount, would go against the material purpose of the trust, and the court declined to change the terms of the trust.
# Atatürk Museum

Atatürk Museum may refer to:
* Atatürk Museum, Şişli, in Istanbul, Turkey
* Atatürk Museum (Adana)
* Atatürk Museum (Thessaloniki)
* Atatürk Museum, Mersin
* Atatürk's House Museum (Antalya)
# Law of the Northwest

Law of the Northwest is a 1943 American Western film directed by William Berke and starring Charles Starrett, Shirley Patterson and Arthur Hunnicutt.

## Cast

* Charles Starrett as Steve King
* Shirley Patterson as Michele Darcy
* Arthur Hunnicutt as Arkansas
* Stanley Brown as Neal Clayton
* Davison Clark as Tom Clayton
* Johnny Mitchell as Paul Darcy
* Donald Curtis as Frank Mason
* Douglas Leavitt as George Bradley
* Reginald Barlow as Jean Darcy
* John Tyrrell as Spokesman
* John Shay as Mayo
* Ed Cassidy as Biddle
* Eddie Laughton as Patton
* Al Boles as Henchman
* Chuck Baldra as Henchman
# Flybar

    Flybar may also refer to an element of the helicopter rotor.
The Flybar is a modification of the traditional pogo stick design which allows riders to propel themselves up to a world record 8 feet 6 inches into the air according to the Flybar's website. Developed in a collaborative effort between SBI Enterprises, Bruce Middleton and Andy Macdonald, it utilizes in place of the usual steel spring in a regular pogo stick 12 elastic bands used for propulsion, also known as thrusters. It weighs 20 pounds (9 kilograms) and is capable of producing up to 1,200 pounds-force (5,300 newtons) of thrust. The Flybar comes in another model, the Flybar 800, which is intended for lighter people.
# Melo amphora

Melo amphora, common name the Diadem volute, is a very large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Volutidae, the volutes.

## Etymology

The specific name amphora is the Latin word for vase, derived from the Greek amphoreus (αμφορεύς).

## Distribution

This species distribution is restricted to the tropical southwest Pacific, from southern Indonesia and New Guinea to the northern half of Australia.

## Habitat

This large sea snail is known to live in littoral and shallow sublittoral zones. It usually dwells in muddy bottoms at a maximum depth of nearly 10 m.

## Shell description

The maximum shell length of this species is up to 500 mm, usually around 300 mm.
This large shell has a bulbous or nearly oval outline. Its columella has three easily distinguishable oblique folds. The aperture is wide and near as long as the shell itself, and there is no operculum. It has a very large, inflated and posteriorly expanded body whorl. One of its most striking characteristics is the shoulder with prominent and curved hollow spines. These spines tend to become obsolete in later stages of growth. The spire is usually very short.
The color of the Melo amphora shell is said to be highly variable. It is commonly mainly coloured brown, white, or pale orange. It usually presents spiral darker brown banding. The interior is glazed, and is commonly coloured cream or pinky orange.

## Life habits
### Feeding

Melo amphora is known to be carnivorous. It is usually seen feeding on other volutes, like Zebramoria zebra, and may present cannibalistic behaviour, commonly feeding on smaller conspecific individuals.

## Human use

This species' flesh is edible, and commonly used as food by native fishermen. The size and ornamentation of the Melo amphora shell makes it highly regarded as a decorative item. It is also known to be used as a water carrier, and as a bailer for fishing boats (like other species from the Melo genus).
# Channel 14

Channel 14 or TV14 may refer to:

## Canada

Television stations that broadcast on digital channel 14 (UHF frequencies covering 470-476 MHz):
* CIII-DT in Ottawa, Ontario
* CITS-DT in London, Ontario
Television stations that operate on virtual channel 14:
* CITS-DT in London, Ontario
* CJMT-DT in Ottawa, Ontario

## Other uses

* TV-14, a rating for TV parental guidelines
* Vos TV (Canal 14), a Nicaraguan cable TV channel
* Paraguay TV, a government-owned Paraguayan TV station
* Canal Catorce (Channel 14), a Mexican public broadcaster
* Channel 14 (Israel)
# Andrian Cucovei

Andrian Cucovei (born 21 April 1982) is a former Moldovan footballer who played as defender.

## Honours

* Moldovan Cup: 2003-04, 2004–05
* Moldovan Supercup Runner-up: 2004, 2005
* Moldovan National Division Runner-up: 2003-04, 2006-07 (with Zimbru), 2007-08 (with Dacia)
# Classic Album Collection

(The) Classic Album(s) Collection may refer to:
* The Classic Albums Collection (Electric Light Orchestra album)
* The Classic Albums Collection 1974-1983 2013 by Kansas (band)
* Classic Album Collection, Vol. 1, Million Seller Songs
* Classic Album Collection, Vol. 2, Get Together with Andy Williams
# Tudor Deliu

Tudor Deliu (29 October 1955 – 4 August 2023) was a Moldovan politician, professor, and lecturer. He was a member of the Parliament of Moldova from 2010 to 2019, on the lists of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, acting as chairperson of the parliamentary faction of PLDM and secretary of the "Parliamentary Commission, Appointments and Immunities".

## Political life

During the period from 1990 to 1994, Deliu was mayor of Răzeni village in Ialoveni District.
Tudor Deliu was the first president of the social-political movement "For the Nation and Country Party" (now the Greater Moldova Party) from 5 May 2007 to the summer of 2008, when the party joined the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova. Subsequently, Tudor Deliu was on the PLDM electoral lists, but the movement continued to function.
In 2014 he was included in position 52 in the "TOP 100 most influential politicians of November 2014" (from the Republic of Moldova) in the version of Institute for Political Analysis and Consultancy ”POLITICON”.
On 9 September 2018, at the 7th Congress of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, Tudor Deliu was elected the new party's president.
According to the polls made in 2019 referring to the most popular politicians of the Republic of Moldova, Tudor Deliu is positioned eleventh among the top of politicians in which Moldovans have the highest trust and in another opinion poll it was positioned on the thirteenth position.

## Personal life and death

Deliu was a football fan, played football and even coached a local team. He was married and has three children. Besides Romanian, he also spoke French and Russian. Tudor Deliu was a veteran of the armed conflict on the left bank of the Dniester, where he was the Major General of the Carabinieri.
Tudor Deliu died on 4 August 2023, at the age of 67.
# Freda

Freda may refer to:
* Freda (given name)
* Freda (surname)
* Freda (character) from The Lord of the Rings film trilogy
* Ford Freda, a motor vehicle introduced in the Japanese market in 1995
* Freda Sandstone, a member of the Oronto Group of sandstones in Wisconsin
* Freda (tortoise), a pet featured in UK children's TV series Blue Peter
* Freda', a pop group from Sweden
* Freda (film), a 2021 film
* "Freda", a 2013 episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force
* Typhoon Freda, tropical cyclones named Freda

## Places

* Freda, Michigan, a former mining town in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States
* Freda Township, Grant County, North Dakota, a township in North Dakota, United States
** Freda, North Dakota, an unincorporated community and ghost town within the township of the same name
* Freda, Kaunas, a neighbourhood of Kaunas
* Fredrikinkatu, a street in Helsinki, Finland, nicknamed Freda
* 1093 Freda, a minor planet
# Lake George (Cass County, Minnesota)

Lake George is a lake in Cass County, Minnesota, in the United States.
Lake George was named for an early lumberman.
# Arshad Malik (judge)

Muhammad Arshad Malik was the former judge of accountability court in Pakistan. He sentenced former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in Al-Azizia Steel Mills case. He was dismissed from service by Lahore High Court in 2020 over a videogate following the Nawaz Sharif's sentence in his court. He died due to COVID-19 on 4 December 2020.

## Early life and judicial career

Born in Rawalpindi, Malik joined judiciary as civil judge in August 2000. He was promoted to session judge in 2010. He was appointed in Accountability Court Islamabad-II in 2018 by Law Ministry of Pakistan.
During his judicial career he presided over many important cases. Former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was disqualified by Supreme Court of Pakistan in Panama case and corruption references were filed against him in accountability courts by National Accountability Bureau. In Arshad Malik's court he was sentenced to seven years prison in Al-Azizia reference while acquitting in Flagship reference.

## Video scandal

In July 2019 Maryam Nawaz released a video of Arshad Malik in press conference and claimed that his father's conviction was compromised and judge was blackmailed which was being confessed in video allegedly. Her claim led to inquiry against Malik and he was suspended and later removed from service by Lahore High Court in July 2020. He challenged the dismissal and his hearing was due in Lahore High Court.

## Death

He died on 4 June 2020 due to cardiac arrest and his son claims his father died due to cardiac arrest because of the pressure of sharif family.
# Marianna Nagy

Marianna Nagy may refer to:
* Marianna Nagy (figure skater) (1929–2011), Hungarian pair skater
* Marianna Nagy (handballer) (born 1957), Hungarian Olympic handball player
* Marianna Nagy (speed skater) (born 1984), Hungarian Olympic speed skater
# Giuseppe Montalbano

Giuseppe Montalbano may refer to:
* Giuseppe Montalbano (1895–1989), Italian politician, member of the National Council and Constituent National Assembly
* Giuseppe Montalbano (1925–2021), Italian politician, mayor and senator
# Arch of Trajan

Arch of Trajan may refer to:
* Arch of Trajan (Ancona), Italy
* Arch of Trajan (Benevento), Italy
* Arch of Trajan (Canosa), Italy
* Arch of Trajan (Mactaris), Maktar, Tunisia
* Arch of Trajan (Mérida), Spain
* Arch of Trajan (Rome), Italy
* Arch of Trajan (Timgad), Algeria
# Ade, Indiana

Ade is an unincorporated community in Washington Township, Newton County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

## History

Ade was laid out as a town in 1906. It was named for John Ade, the first recorder of Newton County and the father of George Ade, an American author and playwright. A post office was established at Ade in 1904, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1912.
# Astoria High School

Astoria High School may refer to:
* Astoria High School (Illinois), Astoria, Illinois
* Astoria High School (Oregon), Astoria, Oregon
# Frederic Lamond

Frederic Lamond may refer to:
* Frederic Lamond (pianist) (1868–1948), Scottish pianist and composer
* Frederic Lamond (Wiccan) (1931–2020), Wiccan writer and member of the Bricket Wood coven
# Lake George (Indiana)

Lake George may refer to any of these lakes in Indiana, USA:
* Lake George (Steuben County, Indiana), a recreational lake on the Indiana-Michigan state line
* Lake George (Hammond, Indiana), a lake in the city of Hammond, Lake County
* Lake George (Hobart, Indiana), a mill pond in the city of Hobart, Lake County
# Arrigo Solmi

Arrigo Solmi (1873–1944) was an Italian legal scholar. He served as the minister of grace and justice between 1934 and 1939 in the cabinet of Benito Mussolini. He was among the pioneers in the establishment of international relations as an academic subject in Italy.

## Early life and education

Solmi was born in Finale Emilia on 27 January 1873. In 1895 he graduated from the University of Modena.

## Career

Following his graduation Solmi worked at the National Library of Palermo. He taught history of Italian law, international law, and constitutional rights at the University of Cagliari between 1902 and 1906. In 1906 he was promoted to professorship and began to teach at the University of Siena and then at the University of Parma. From 1912 he worked at the University of Pavia of which he served as rector. In October 1925 Solmi joined the National Fascist Party led by Benito Mussolini. In 1924, 1929, 1934 and 1939 he was elected to the Italian Parliament. He was named as the undersecretary of national education in 1932. Between 1935 and 1939 he served as the minister of grace and justice.

### Activities

Solmi was one of the scholars who contributed to the establishment of the Institute for International Political Studies. The others were Carlo Emilio Ferri, Giuseppe Gallavresi and Giorgio Mortara.

## Personal life and death

Solmi married Ines Dallari on 28 April 1900. He died in Grottaferrata on 5 March 1944.

### Awards

Solmi was the recipient of the following: knight, officer, commander and grand cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy and knight, officer, grand officer and grand cordon of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.
# Maria Pallini

Maria Pallini is an Italian politician. She was elected to be a deputy to the Parliament of Italy in the 2018 Italian general election for the Legislature XVIII of Italy.

## Career

Pallini was born on 25 May 1984 in Avellino.
She was elected to the Italian Parliament in the 2018 Italian general election, to represent the district of Campania 2 for the Five Star Movement.
# Lac de la Cavayère

Lac de la Cavayère is an artificial lake in the Occitanie région of France, close to the medieval town of Carcassonne.
The lake, also known as Carcassonne Plage (in English, Carcassonne Beach), was created by the building of a 23 metre high dam in 1988 after severe forest fires affected the area in 1985. The surface area of the lake, which is fed by the creeks of Montirat, Bazalac and Mitgé, is 180,000 m$^2$ and it is 1.5 million cubic metres in volume.
It is a short distance from the town of Carcassonne and has been made into a popular recreation area. Ducks and wildfowl are common and the 400,000 m$^2$ surrounding area is notable for a diversity of habitats, flora and fauna.
The beaches slope gently and there are supervised bathing areas. Boats are available for rent and there are picnic areas and a crazy golf course as well as a nearby chateau.
During 2005 the lake was closed to bathing due to strong algal blooms.
# Allan Griffiths Watson

Allan Griffiths Watson (1876–1945) was South African Railways (SAR) Chief Mechanical Engineer (1929-1936).
Watson was born in 1876 in Hopetown, Cape Colony. He received his early education in Cape Colony. He moved to Scotland in 1895 to work for Neilson, Reid and Company at their Hyde Park Works; returning five years later to work for the Cape Government Railways. He rose up through various positions in the CGR and its successor, the South African Railways and Harbours Administration, until he was appointed to succeed Lieut-Col. F. R. Collins as Chief Mechanical Engineer as of 1 April 1929.
Soon after Watson was appointment as Chief Mechanical Engineer, he set out on a program of standardisation of locomotive boilers and engine parts, which ultimately led to a considerable reduction in the time taken for locomotive repairs. At the time, 88 different types of locomotive were in service on the South African Railways, for which some fifty types of replacement boiler were still being ordered prior to 1929.
He was responsible for many innovations and improvements to SAR locomotives. He raised the boiler pitch from 8 feet 6 inches (2,591 millimetres) to 9 feet 2+1⁄2 inches (2,807 millimetres) in one swoop, whereas it had been increased from 7 feet (2,134 millimetres) to 8 feet 6 inches (2,591 millimetres) by increments of 1 inch (25 millimetres) or so at a time during the previous thirty years. He introduced his own design of flexible side and roof firebox stays with rocking washers, which proved to be resistant to the build-up of scale which gradually rendered conventional types of stay rigid and inflexible.
He retired in 1936, and died in Cape Town on 13 November 1945.
# Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre

The Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre was the site of the shooting events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The venue is located in Markópoulo, on the outskirts of the eastern suburbs of Athens. It has a seating capacity of 4,000, though a public capacity of only 2,330 for the Olympics. The venue was completed in March, 2004 and officially opened on August 2, 2004, shortly before the beginning of the Olympics.
The facility is now in the process of being converted to the official shooting range and training center of the Hellenic Police.
# Essential Services Protection Corps

Essential Services Protection Corps was a Union Defence Force (UDF) unit formed in South Africa in October 1939. It was formed to maintain internal security, guarding essential infrastructure in the country during the Second World War.

## Background

The unit was formed on 29 October 1939 under the command of Brigadier C.H. Blaine and initially consisted of the Cape Town, Durban, East London, and Port Elizabeth companies. By December of the same year, two further companies were added.
The men enlisted were 45 years or older and consisted of ex-servicemen. They were to guard essential infrastructure such as roads, railways, ports, airports, waterworks, and power stations. It started with a complement of fifty-six officers, 2,400 ranks and three hundred non-white personnel and this rose to 8,468 men of all races. It was merged into the Auxiliary Services in October 1950. The unit recorded 275 war dead.

## Formation

It consisted of two regiments. Lt-Col. J. Spence commanded the 1st Regiment. It consisted of an Inland Company, Cape Town Company, Durban Company, East London Company, and Port Elizabeth Company.
The 2nd Regiment was commanded by Colonel P. Imker Hoogenhout and consisted of the Roads Company under Lt-Col. B. Gould.
# University of the Holy Quran and Islamic Sciences

The University of the Holy Quran and Islamic Sciences is a university in the state of Khartoum, Sudan. It is based in Omdurman.

## History

The University of Holy Quran and Islamic Sciences was established in 1990. The new university combined the existing Holy Quran College, established in 1981, and the Omdurman Higher Institute, established in 1983. The Omdurman Higher Institute consisted of the Sharia College, Arabic Language College and Girls' College. The university is government-owned, funded by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.

## Programs

The university teaches Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, the Arabic language and principles of religion and community life. Students learn the heritage of Arabic and Islamic civilization. Colleges are the College of the Holy Quran, Faculty of Sharia, Faculty of Arabic Language, Faculty of Da'wa and Media, Economics and Administrative Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, School of Languages, Graduate Studies and Community College. Although based in Omdurman, the university has faculties in all the states of Sudan.

## Affiliations

The university belongs to the Union of Arab Universities, the Union of African Universities and Union of Islamic Universities, and cooperates with the Islamic Organization for Culture, Education and Sciences. It is also a member of the Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World.
# Tsiamäe

Tsiamäe is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.
# Frederic Lansing Day

Frederic Lansing Day was an American playwright b. September 28, 1890 in Newton, Massachusetts d. 1981 in Wilton, New Hampshire. Frederic Day, the son of Henry Brown Day, the founder of the Day Trust Company, was a Socialist and Unitarian. He graduated from Yale in 1912 and married Katharine Munroe (b. 1891 d. 1956) whom he later divorced. They had a home built in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1920. He later remarried to Frances Palfrey (b.1909 d. 2004). Frederic Day worked briefly as a journalist and as an employee in his father's bank. He published at least four plays: The Makers of Light: A Play in Three Parts (1925) originally produced by The 47 Workshop of Harvard and published by Brentano's, The Slump (1920), also produced by The 47 Workshop, Heaven is Deep, and The fall of the house of Usher: a dramatization in seven scenes of Edgar Allan Poe's short story.

## Makers of Light

Makers of Light is a drama copyrighted by Day in 1920 and published in 1925. It was first shown at the Agassiz House Theater in Cambridge Nov. 25, 1921. The cast consisted of F.C. Packard, Jr., Angela Morris, Edith Coburn Noyes, Dorothy Sands, Oviatt McConnell, Henry Carlton, James Daly, F.L. Strong, Norman Clark, E.P. Goodnow and Robert Bushnell. It opened at the Neighborhood Playhouse of New York City, the Little Theater of Cleveland and the Play House of Cleveland.
   "Makers of Light, when originally produced by the 47 Workshop made so deep an impression that later it was played at the Neighborhood Playhouse, New York City. Here it was again praised for its sincerity, subtle characterization of the chief figures and its power. Given at the Little Theater, Clevland, in the winter of 1924, it was revived the following autumn." -Professor George P. Barker
The dedication to the Makers of Light reads, "To my father; For his affection in spite of disapproval, his loyalty in spite of disbelief."