OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pencil test (South Africa)

The pencil test is a method of assessing whether a person has Afro-textured hair. In the pencil test, a pencil is pushed through the person's hair. How easily it comes out determines whether the person has "passed" or "failed" the test.
This test was used to determine racial identity in South Africa during the apartheid era, distinguishing whites from coloureds and blacks. The test was partially responsible for splitting existing communities and families along perceived racial lines. Its formal authority ended with the end of apartheid in 1994. Pencils are now an important part of South African cultural heritage and a symbol of racism.

## Background

The Population Registration Act required the classification of South Africans into racial groups based on physical and socio-economic characteristics. Since a person's racial heritage was not always clear, a variety of tests were devised to help authorities classify people. One such test was the pencil test.
The pencil test involved sliding a pencil or pen in the hair of a person whose racial group was uncertain. If the pencil fell to the floor, the person "passed" and was considered "white". If it stuck, the person's hair was considered too curly to be white and the person was classified as "coloured" (of mixed racial heritage). The classification as coloured allowed a person more rights than one considered "Black," but fewer rights and duties than a person considered white.
An alternate version of the pencil test was available for Blacks who wished to be reclassified as coloured. In this version, the applicant was asked to put a pencil in their hair and shake their head. If the pencil fell out as a result of the shaking, the person could be reclassified. If it stayed in place, they remained classified as Black.

## Effects

As a result of the pencil test, combined with the vagueness of the Population Registration Act, communities were split apart on interpreted racial lines. In some cases, members of the same family were classified into different groups, and thus were forced to live apart.
In one famous case, a somewhat dark-skinned girl named Sandra Laing was born to two white parents. In 1966, when Sandra was age 11, she was subjected to a pencil test by "a stranger" and subsequently excluded from her all-white school when she failed the test. She was reclassified from her birth race of white to coloured. Sandra and the rest of her family were shunned by white society. Her father passed a blood type paternity test, but the authorities refused to restore her white classification.

## Reputation and legacy

Although the pencil test ended with the end of apartheid in 1994, the test remains an important part of cultural heritage in South Africa and a symbol of racism worldwide. For example, South African newspaper Mail & Guardian described incidents of mobs "testing" the nationality of suspected (black) foreigners as a "21-st [sic] century pencil test". Another South African commentator describing the same incidents called them "a gruesome re-creation of the infamous pencil test of the apartheid regime".
# Yoav Talmi

Yoav Talmi OQ (Hebrew: יואב תלמי; born April 28, 1943), is an Israeli conductor and composer.

## Biography

Yoav Talmi was born in Kibbutz, Merhavia Talmi studied composition and orchestral direction first in Israel, at the Rubin Academy of Music, later renamed The Buchmann-Mehta School of Music in Tel Aviv, and then in the United States of America, at the Juilliard School. In 1966, was awarded the Koussevitzky Conducting Prize at the Tanglewood Music Center. In 1973, won the Rupert Foundation Conducting Competition in London.
Yoav Talmi is married to Er'ella, flutist and author of children's books and adult novels. They have two children. In 2001, the Université Laval awarded Talmi an Honorary Doctorate. In 2009, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec. Yoav Talmi won the 2013 Israeli Prime Minister's Prize for Composers.

## Music career

Talmi was music director of the Arnhem Philharmonic from 1974 to 1980. Between 1977 and 1979 he served as the Principal Guest Conductor of the Munich Philharmonic and From 1984 to 1988, he was music director of the Israel Chamber Orchestra (ICO) and the Israeli Opera, and later held the title of principal guest conductor with the ICO. Talmi served as music director of the San Diego Symphony from 1987 to 1996, and made several recordings with them for the Naxos label. He was artistic director and Principal Conductor of l'Orchestre Symphonique de Québec (Québec Symphony Orchestra) from 1998 to 2011, and now has the title of conductor emeritus of the orchestra. He was Chief Conductor of the Hamburg Symphony Orchestra from 2000 to 2004. In February 2013, Talmi returned to the ICO as its music director, a post he held until 2015.
Talmi's compositions include the official march of the Israeli Army, Tsahal Tso'ed, an Elegy for Strings, Timpani and Accordion ("Dachau Reflections"). His composition "De Profundis for Choir and Orchestra" premiered in Quebec City in May 2011. His "Animi Motus" For Children's (or Women) Choir was premiered by the Jerusalem Symphony in 2015. A Clarinet Quintet (2017) and many other compositions and arrangements. Talmi is the head of the conducting department at The Buchmann-Mehta School of Music. Tel Aviv University. His compositions are published by the Israel Music institute (IMI), Kalmus Edition USA, Carl Fischer Music, Broekmans en van Poppel, Amsterdam and Les Production d'Oz, Canada.
# Diphan
## Biography

Diphan (1970 – 13 March 2017) was an Indian film director known for his contributions to Malayalam cinema. Diphan was the son of renowned dubbing artist Anandavally. He was best known as the director of the blockbuster film Puthiya Mukham (2009), starring Prithviraj Sukumaran. In addition to Puthiya Mukham, he also directed the action-packed Malayalam film Hero (2012 film), which again featured Prithviraj in the lead role.

## Career

Diphan started his career in Malayalam cinema industry as an Assistant Director, working under Shaji Kailas in films like Valliettan (2000), The Tiger (2005 film), and Sound of Boot (2008). His directorial breakthrough came with Puthiya Mukham, which became a major commercial success.
Following this, he directed Hero (2012 film), another action film starring Prithviraj Sukumaran. In 2013, he directed SIM (film) (Sorry I am Mad) and co-directed D Company (2013 film), an Anthology film featuring Jayasurya, Fahadh Faasil, Asif Ali (actor), Unni Mukundan and Anoop Menon.
In 2014, Diphan directed The Dolphins (film), starring Suresh Gopi and Anoop Menon. His last directorial venture was Sathya (2017 Malayalam film), which featured Jayaram and Nikita Thukral in lead roles.

## Death

Diphan passed away on 13 March 2017 due to complications from liver-related health issues. His contribution to Malayalam cinema, especially in the action genre, remains widely appreciated.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Cast | Reference |
| 2003 | The King Maker Leader | Vijayakumar, Sadiq Muhammed, Vijayaraghavan, Sai Kumar | |
| 2009 | Puthiya Mukham | Prithviraj Sukumaran, Bala Kumar, Priyamani Iyer, Meera Nandan | |
| 2012 | Hero | Prithviraj Sukumaran, Srikanth Krishnamachari, Yami Gautam, Anoop Menon | |
| 2013 | SIM | Ann Augustine, Manikandan Pattambi | |
| 2013 | D Company | Jayasurya Marudu, Anoop Menon, Fahadh Faasil, Asif Ali, Unni Mukundan, Parvati Nair | D Company (2013 film) |
| 2014 | The Dolphins | Suresh Gopi, Anoop Menon | The Dolphins (film) |
| 2017 | Satya | Jayaram, Parvathy Nambiar, Roma Asrani, Rahul Dev | |
# Peter Robinson (department store)

Peter Robinson was a chain of department stores with its flagship store being situated at Oxford Circus, London. Founded in 1833 as a drapery, Robinson bought up nearby shops on Oxford Street to create a department store. The Topshop chain debuted in 1964 as a section in a Peter Robinson branch. The shop building in Oxford Circus was completed in 1923 and is Grade II listed.

## History

Peter Robinson (1804–1874), a Yorkshireman, opened a linen drapery shop at 103 Oxford Street in 1833. By 1840, he had opened a Court & General Mourning House store at 247–249 Regent Street, which became known as "Black Peter Robinsons". They always had a brougham, harnessed with a coachman dressed in black and lady fitters sat inside, ready to hurry off to the home of a newly bereaved widow. He increased his store space in Oxford Street by buying up nearby shops, so by 1850 he was able to create a department store which was known for selling fashionable ladies clothes and accessories.
In 1865 he expanded further into Regent Street, buying Hodge and Lowman Linen drapers, which occupied 252–262 Regents Street.
During the 1850s, John Lewis, later the founder of a rival department store, worked for Peter Robinson, initially as a drapery assistant, but worked his way up to being the youngest silk buyer in London. In 1864 he was offered a partnership in the business, but declined; instead, he opened his own drapery on Oxford Street. Peter Robinson, the founder is buried in a family grave at Highgate Cemetery. Robinson died in 1895 leaving the large sum of £ 1,119,660 in his will. (worth £ 113.5 million in 2022)
The current building at Oxford Circus was designed by architect Henry Tanner Junior. Being completed in 1912, it is Grade II listed. The building was substantially extended in 1923.
The business grew into a small chain of department stores and in 1946, Burton's (which became the Arcadia Group) took over the chain. The business continued to expand, with new stores opening across the United Kingdom, including Lime Street in Liverpool. Anglia Television televised the opening in 1961 of the Peter Robinson Store in Norwich (later a Topshop). At the height of the business Peter Robinson had 39 stores.
In 1964, to try to attract the younger buyer, Peter Robinson's Topshop was opened on the third floor of the Sheffield store (located in Angel Street). In 1965, the basement of the Oxford Circus store was converted to be a Peter Robinson Topshop.
In 1970, George Martin's Associated Independent Recording company opened the first AIR Studios recording complex on the top floor of the Oxford Circus building, where it remained in operation until 1992.
In 1974, Burton's Group, the parent company decided that Peter Robinson and Topshop should be separated, with Peter Robinson aiming for the over 25s. The number of stores was reduced from 22 to six. By the end of the 1970s the Peter Robinson brand had all but disappeared.
# List of Israeli flying aces

The following is a list of Israeli flying aces in Arab-Israeli wars.

## List of aces

| Name | Country | Service | Victories |
| Giora Epstein | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 17 |
| Amir Nachumi | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 14 |
| Asher Snir | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 13.5 |
| Israel Baharav | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 12 |
| Yiftah Spector | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 12 |
| Oded Marom | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 11 |
| Ya'akov Richter | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 10.5 |
| Yehuda Koren | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 10.5 |
| Shlomo Levi | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 10 |
| Dror Harish | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 9 |
| Eitan Carmi | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 9 |
| Moshe Melnik | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 9 |
| Shlomo Egozi | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 8 |
| Ilan Gonen | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 8 |
| Amos Bar | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 8 |
| Ran Ronen (Pekker) | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 8 |
| Uri Gil | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 7.5 |
| Menachem Enian | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 7.5 |
| Michael Tsuk | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 7 |
| Yirmiahu Kadar | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 7 |
| Amos Amir | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 7 |
| Roy Manoff | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 7 |
| Avner Naveh | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 7 |
| Moshe Hertz | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 6.5 |
| Ehud Hankin | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 6 |
| Rudy Augarten | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 6 (2 WWII) |
| Yoram Agmon | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 6 |
| Uri Even-Nir | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 6 |
| Menachem Sharon | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 6 |
| Eli Menachem | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 6 |
| Eitan Peled | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 6 |
| Yossi Yavin | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 6 |
| Gideon Livni | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5.5 |
| Ezra Dotan | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Reuven Rozen | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Gideon Dror | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Shlomo Navot | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Itzhack Amitay | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Ben-Ami Peri | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Itamar Neuner | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Avraham Gilad | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Yoram Geva | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Zoryana Cohen | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Assaf Ben-Nun | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Giora Romm | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Menachem Shmul | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Yoram Peled | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
| Eytan Stibbe | Israel | Israeli Air Force | 5 |
# The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King

Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King is a 2005 platform game developed by Tose for the Game Boy Advance. The game was published by D3 Publisher in Japan, and by Buena Vista Games internationally. A prequel to the 1993 stop motion animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas, it tells the story of Jack Skellington's first encounter with Oogie Boogie, and how he claimed the title of "The Pumpkin King".
The Pumpkin King was released at the same time in North America as The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge for PlayStation 2 and Xbox.

## Gameplay

The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King is a platform game, with exploration gameplay similar to the Castlevania series.

## Plot

One year before the events of the film, Jack Skellington is preparing for Halloween. When Oogie Boogie hears from his henchmen Lock, Shock and Barrel that Jack is scarier than him, he sends them to kidnap Jack. They, however, bring Sally, a rag doll-like creature who is Doctor Finkelstein's new assistant and has a crush on Jack.
On Halloween, Jack finds the town deserted and hears from the Mayor that everyone is hiding from a bug infestation. Lock, Shock and Barrel wreak havoc around the town. Along the way, Jack helps the townspeople and in return collects weapons, upgrades, and information. Jack learns of Oogie Boogie and that he lives under the treehouse on the edge of town.
Jack confronts Oogie and learns that he is behind the whole mess and wants to turn Halloween into Crawloween. Jack and Oogie battle to decide who will rule the town. Oogie claims he will win and turn Halloween Town into Bug Town. Jack defeats Oogie and orders him to fear him and not to leave the lair. Jack rescues Sally, meeting her for the first time, and Halloween goes ahead as planned. Oogie vows to get his revenge.

## Development

The game was showcased at E3 2005.

## Reception

Aggregate scores :
| Aggregator | Score |
| GameRankings | 69.43% |
| Metacritic | 71/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| GameSpy | |
| IGN | 6.5/10 |
| Nintendo Power | 6.5/10 |
| Nintendo World Report | 8/10 |
The game has a score of 69.43% from GameRankings and 71 out of 100 from Metacritic. IGN gave it a score of 6.5 out of 10, saying, "Nightmare Before Christmas might not be all that amazing visually, and audio-wise it's the absolute pits. But it does give kids a solid Nightmare Before Christmas-based adventure, even if it lacks that special 'zing' that the unique license could have afforded."
# Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School

The Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (CIJWS) in Vairengte, Mizoram, India is a training and research establishment of the Indian Army specialising in unconventional warfare, especially counter-insurgency and guerrilla warfare. CIJWS is one of the premier counter-insurgency training institutions in the world.
The Commandant of CIJWS is a Major General </ref>{{https://www.ssbcrack.com/2024/04/major-general-vinod-nambiar-assumes-command-of-prestigious-cijws-counter-insurgency-and-jungle-warfare-school.html#:~:text=Major%20General%20Vinod%20Nambiar%20Assumes,Insurgency%20and%20Jungle%20Warfare%20School}}</ref>

## History

The success of this school prompted the establishment of another counter-insurgency training centre, the Kaziranga Special Jungle Warfare Training School in Assam.
# Ginkgo adiantoides

Ginkgo adiantoides is an extinct ginkgo species in the family Ginkgoaceae from the Late Cretaceous to the Miocene.
Evolutionary history is unresolved. Morphological and molecular data show a wide range of possible relationships with cycads and conifers.
Ginkgo leaves were borne on both long and short shoots on lateral branches of the main stem. They are recognized by their distinctive leaf shape and open dichotomous venation pattern. Ginkogoales are spermatophytes, belong to the lignophyte clade, and are euphyllophytes.
# Vladimir Grebennikov

Vladimir Alekseevich Grebennikov (August 22, 1932 – December 20, 1992) was an ice hockey player who played for the Soviet national team. He won a bronze medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics as an Ice Hockey Men. In 1950-53 he played with Spartak Moskva, then in 1953-54 played with Dvorets Kultury imeny Karl Marksa Elektrostal, and in 1954-64 was with Krylya Sovetov Moskva. Vladimir Grebennikov ended his career with Spartak Ryazan in 1964-66.

## Career highlights

| SEASON | AWARDS BY SEASON |
| 1956-1957 | World Championship Silver Medal |
| 1959-1960 | Olympic Bronze Medal |
# Godfrey Bolles Lee

Godfrey Bolles Lee (19 March 1817 – 29 January 1903) was an English amateur cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1837 to 1845.
Mainly associated with Oxford University and Hampshire, he made 8 known appearances in first-class matches.
Lee spent most of his life at Winchester College, where he was educated. He was a tutor at Winchester from his graduation from New College, Oxford, in 1839 through to 1860, then bursar at New College for a year. He was a fellow of New College 1835–61. He then returned to Winchester as Warden from 1861 until his death in 1903. He was ordained as a Church of England priest in 1846.
# Bob Samuelson

Robert Lewis Samuelson (born July 30, 1966) is an American former volleyball player. Samuelson won a bronze medal with the United States national team in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
At the Barcelona Olympics, Samuelson was the central character in the controversial preliminary round match against Japan in which the United States won until the result was overturned on appeal. A jury set up by the International Volleyball Federation ruled that by Samuelson having received his second yellow card, a red card and an automatic point to Japan should have been given, thus giving Japan the point they needed to win the match. The entire United States men's team then shaved their heads in solidarity with Samuelson.

## College

After finishing high school at Westchester High School in Westchester, Los Angeles, Samuelson played volleyball for Los Angeles Pierce College, leading the team to the state title in 1986. He was also selected as California's junior college player of the year.
Samuelson then played college volleyball at Cal State Northridge (CSUN), where he was a two-time All-American. He set the school record with 44 kills in a match against George Mason in 1989.
Samuelson was inducted into the CSUN Hall of Fame in 1994.

## Japanese V.League

Samuelson left the national team to compete for the Suntory Sunbirds of the Japanese V.League in 1994, where he played for three seasons. Samuelson led the team to the championship in his first season, and was named the league's Most Valuable Player.

## Beach volleyball

Samuelson briefly played beach volleyball in 1994, and then again between 2004 and 2006.

## Personal life

Samuelson is a father of triplet boys.

## Awards

* Two-time NCAA All-American
* FIVB World Cup bronze medal — 1991
* Olympic bronze medal — 1992
* FIVB World Championship bronze medal — 1994
* CSUN Hall of fame — 1994
* Japan V.League Champion — 1995
* Japan V.League MVP — 1995
# Line 11 (Mumbai Metro)

Green Line 11 (Extension) of the Mumbai Metro is a part of the metro system in Mumbai, India. The project is expected to be completed by 2030.
The 12.68 km (7.9 mi) line from Wadala to CSMT is estimated to cost ₹8,739 crore. The Government of Maharashtra is keen to implement the Master Plan Corridors recommended by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in a fast-track mode and aims to complete them within the next 3 to 4 years. To initiate this process, it was decided to update the Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) and prepare new DPRs for potential elevated metro corridors.
In January 2023, the government directed that the rights to execute the construction of Line 11 be transferred to the Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Limited (MMRCL). Subsequently, MMRCL revised the alignment from the original route (Wadala–CST) to a new route (Anik Bus Depot – Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Circle), passing through localities such as Nagpada Junction, Byculla, Bhendi Bazaar, and Crawford Market.

## Stations

Initially, a total of ten stations were planned for this extension, of which eight are underground and two are elevated. The concourse of all elevated stations is proposed to be along roads with sufficient right of way. These stations are designed to accommodate passengers from the eastern port area of Mumbai.
The average inter-station distance is approximately 1.27 km (0.79 mi), varying between 0.85 km (0.53 mi) to 2.1 km (1.3 mi), depending on site conditions, operational requirements, and traffic constraints.
Green Line 11 :
| # | Station Name | Station Name | Status | Connections | Layout |
| # | English | Marathi | Status | Connections | Layout |
| 1 | Anik Nagar Bus Depot | अणिक नगर बस आगार | Proposed | Line 4 (Under Construction) | Elevated |
| 2 | Bhakti Park (Wadala) | भक्ति पार्क (वडाळा) | Proposed | Line 4 (Under Construction) | Elevated |
| 3 | CGS Colony | सीजीएस कॉलनी | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 4 | Ganesh Nagar | गणेश नगर | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 5 | BPT Hospital | बीपीटी हॉस्पिटल | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 6 | Sewri | शिवडी | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 7 | Hay Bunder | गवत बंदर | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 8 | Coal Bunder | कोळसा बंदर | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 9 | Reay Road | रे रोड | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 10 | Byculla | भायखळा | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 11 | Nagpada Junction | नागपाडा जंक्शन | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 12 | Bhendi Bazaar | भेंडी बाजार | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 13 | Crawford Market | क्रॉफर्ड मार्केट | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 14 | Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus | छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज टर्मिनस | Proposed | Line 3 (Under Construction) | To Be Decided |
| 15 | Horniman Circle | हॉर्निमन सर्कल | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |
| 16 | SPM Circle | एसपीएम सर्कल | Proposed | None | To Be Decided |