# United Soccer League

The United Soccer League (USL) is a governing body that organizes a number of professional and amateur soccer leagues in the United States league system. It currently organizes its Championship, League One, and League Two for men, its Super League and W League for women, and the USL Academy and USL Youth for youth players. It also organizes the USL Cup, a league cup competition for its professional men's clubs.
The USL began in 1986 as a men's indoor soccer minor league, before branching out into outdoor soccer in 1989. After rebranding as the United States Interregional Soccer League (USISL), it commenced a women's outdoor league (the W-League) and split its men's outdoor league into two pro and one amateur league over the course of 1995–96. Its top pro flight would merge with the American Professional Soccer League to become the A-League in 1997 – a decision influenced by the advent of Major League Soccer (MLS). Its indoor league folded in 1998. The USISL adopted its current name, the USL, in 1999.
In 2011, a number of USL clubs broke away to form the North American Soccer League, necessitating the merger of its two pro leagues into one. The USL also took ownership of the Major Indoor Soccer League, though it and the W-League would fold by 2015. Despite these setbacks, the USL experienced growth in the late 2010s, leading to a split of the professional leagues back into two in 2019. It also revived the W League and established a pro women's league over the course of 2022–24. A third men's pro league, tenatively named USL Division One, is currently being planned for a 2027–28 debut.
The Rochester Rhinos men's team and Pali Blues women's team are the most successful clubs in the USL, having won four championships each in its top flights. Two USL clubs, the Rochester Rhinos and the Richmond Kickers, have won the men's U.S. Open Cup. Seven men's clubs that played in the USL – the Seattle Sounders, Portland Timbers, Vancouver Whitecaps, Montreal Impact, Orlando City SC, FC Cincinnati, and Nashville SC – are now MLS franchises.

## History

The United Soccer League (USL) traces its roots to 1985 when Francisco Marcos founded the Southwest Indoor Soccer League. Initially intended as a minor indoor league associated with the Major Indoor Soccer League, it began with five teams owned by operators of indoor soccer arenas in the Southwest United States. By 1986, Marcos' own team, the Austin Sockadillos, joined the league, expanding it to six teams.
In 1989, the league shifted its focus beyond semi-professional indoor soccer. A press release from that year revealed ambitions to align with the United States Soccer Federation (USSF)'s plan to professionalize soccer in the lead-up to the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The league aimed to become part of a structured, three-tiered system envisioned by the USSF.
By 1990, the league began with their first outdoor soccer competitions, and rebranded as the Sunbelt Independent Soccer League, reflecting broader ambitions. Throughout the 1990s, the league underwent significant changes. This included splitting out an amateur Premier League in 1995 (renamed to the Premier Development League (PDL) in 1997), and the launch of their first attempt at a women's league. A merger with the American Professional Soccer League was completed in 1997 to form the A-League (later named the USL First Division), solidifying its position in the U.S. soccer pyramid.
In 2009, several USL First Division clubs expressed dissatisfaction with the league's leadership and structure, leading to a significant split. These clubs formed a breakaway competition called the North American Soccer League (NASL), which aimed to operate as a separate second division under the USSF. This division sparked disputes over sanctioning rights between the USL and the NASL. In response, the USSF organized a temporary combined league in 2010 before officially sanctioning the NASL as a separate entity.
In 2010, the USL unified its First Division and Second Division under the name USL Pro to consolidate its professional competitions, and moved down to the third division. In 2013, USL Pro and Major League Soccer (MLS) entered a partnership to integrate their competitions, enhancing player development and strengthening the league's professional status. The W-League folded in 2015. Second division sanctioning was once again granted by USSF in 2017. In 2019, the professional league rebranded to USL Championship, the PDL rebranded as USL League Two, and a new division three league named USL League One was launched.
In recent years, the USL has expanded its reach significantly in the women's game. It reintroduced the W League in 2022 to support women's development and launched the USL Super League in 2024 as a Division I professional women's league alongside the National Women's Soccer League.
On February 13, 2025, the USL announced plans to launch a Division I league in 2027 that would exist apart from MLS, pending USSF approval. It also restated its desire to eventually introduce a promotion and relegation system like most other global soccer leagues. On March 18, 2025, USL club owners overwhelmingly passed a proposal to adopt promotion and relegation throughout all of the organization's professional leagues, though no timeline for the start of the process had been determined.

## Competitions
### Men's competitions

The USL operates three divisions within the U.S. soccer pyramid for men's professional and developmental teams:
* USL Championship: The second division of professional men's soccer in the United States, sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation. It includes a regular season and playoffs to determine the league champion.
* USL League One: One of two third-division leagues of professional men's soccer, launched in 2019 to focus on smaller markets and player development. It also features a regular season and playoffs.
* USL League Two: A developmental league primarily for collegiate players aspiring to go professional. It operates during the summer and provides a platform for scouting and talent development.

### Women's competitions

* USL Super League: A professional league launched in 2024, with joint top-tier status within women's soccer.
* USL W League: A pre-professional women's league reintroduced in 2022 to create a pathway for collegiate players and young talent.

### Former competitions

The USL has a history of organizing leagues and competitions that have since evolved or ceased operations:
* USL First Division: The former top-tier league operated by the USL until 2010, when it was restructured into the USL Pro (now USL Championship).
* USL Second Division: Operated as a lower-level professional league until 2010, when its teams were absorbed into other USL leagues.
* Southwest Indoor Soccer League: The USL's original indoor competition, established in 1986. It provided a platform for amateur and semi-professional teams in the Southwest United States.
* Sunbelt Independent Soccer League (Indoor Division): After expanding into outdoor soccer in 1990, the league continued operating indoor divisions to maintain year-round competition. The indoor leagues were phased out as the organization shifted its focus to outdoor soccer in the 1990s.
These competitions show the evolution of the USL from its origins as an indoor soccer league to a modern, multi-tiered system supporting professional and developmental soccer across North America.

### Complete historical team list
#### UISL/USISL

| Amarillo Challengers (Indoor: 1986–1990, 1991–92) Ann Arbor Elite (1995) Arizona Cotton (1993–94, Indoor: 1991–93, as Phoenix Hearts in 1991–92) Arkansas A's (1990–1992, 1994, Indoor: 1989–1992, as Arkansas Diamonds in 1994) Georgia Steamers/Atlanta Lightning (Indoor: 1990–1992) Atlanta Magic (1993–94, Indoor: 1991–96, as Atlanta Lasers in 1993) Austin Lone Stars (1989–94, Indoor: 1987–91, as Austin Sockadillos in 1992–93) Baltimore Bays (1993–94, Indoor: 1992–98) Birmingham Grasshoppers (1993–94) Boca Raton Sabres (1992–94) Boston Storm (1994) Brandon Braves (Indoor: 1994–96) Cape Cod Crusaders (1994) Central California Valley Hydra (1994) Charlotte Eagles (1993–94) Charleston Battery (1993–94) Chattanooga Express (1992–94, Indoor: 1992–96, as Chattanooga Railroaders in 1992–93) Chico Rooks (1993–94) Cincinnati Cheetahs (1994) Cocoa Expos (1994, Indoor: 1993–94) Colorado Comets (1989–91, Indoor: 1989–92) Columbia Heat (1993–94, as Columbia Spirit in 1993) Connecticut Wolves (1993–94) Coral Springs Kicks (1993) Dallas Rockets (1992–94, Indoor: 1991–92, as North Texas Mid-Cities Flyers in 1991–92) Dallas/Fort Worth Toros (1989–94, Indoor: 1986–93, 95/96, various names) Dallas Lightning (1993–94, Indoor: 1993–94, 1995–96, as Tyler Lightning in 1993, as Texas Lightning in 1993–94) Delaware Wizards (1993–94) Des Moines Menace (1994) Detroit Wheels (1994–95) East Bay Red Riders (1992–93) East Los Angeles Cobras (1993–94) El Paso Patriots (1991–1994, Indoor: 1989–1991, as El Paso Sixshooters in 1989/90, as El Paso Spurs in 1990/91) Florida Stars (1994) Fort Lauderdale Kicks (1994) Greensboro Dynamo (1993–94, Indoor: 1993–94) Gwinnett County Steamers (1991–1992, Indoor: 1990/91) Hampton Roads Hurricane (1994) Hawaii Tsunami (1994) Houston Express (Indoor: 1988/89–89/90) Jacksonville Fury (1994–95) Jersey Dragons (1994) Kansas City All-Stars (Indoor: 1996–97) Knoxville Impact (Indoor: 1992–96) Las Vegas Quicksilver (1994) Lexington Bluegrass Bandits (1994) Lincoln Brigade (1997) (Indoor: 1996–97) Long Island Rough Riders (1994) Louisville Thoroughbreds (1994) Lubbock Lazers (1989–91, Indoor: 1986–93, as Lubbock Tornado in 1991–92) Memphis Jackals (1991–94, Indoor: 1990–92, as Memphis Survivors in 1991–92, as Memphis United Express in 1992) Mesquite Kickers (Indoor: 1994–97) | Michigan Madness (1996) Milwaukee Rampage (1994) Minnesota Thunder (1994) Montclair Standard Falcons (1993–94) Myrtle Beach Boyz (1995) Nashville Metros (1991–94, Indoor: 1990–94) New Mexico Chiles (1989–1991, 1994, Indoor: 1986/87–90/91, as Albuquerque Outlaws in 1986/87, as Albuquerque Gunners in 1987/88–1990, as New Mexico Roadrunners in 1990/91) New Orleans Storm (1993–99; as New Orleans Riverboat Gamblers in 1993–97) New York Fever (1994) North Bay Breakers (1992–94) North Jersey Imperials (1994) Ohio Xoggz (1994–96, as Columbus Xoggz in 1994–95) Oklahoma City Slickers (1993–96, as Oklahoma City Heat in 1996) Oklahoma City Warriors (1989–93, Indoor: 1986–93) Oklahoma City Warriors (Indoor: 1996–98, as Oklahoma City Alliance in 1996–97) Omaha Flames (1996–97, Indoor: 1996–98) Orlando Lions (1992–94, Indoor: 1993–96) Permian Basin Mirage (1990, Indoor: 1989–92) Philadelphia Freedom (1994, Indoor: 1995–97, as Pennsylvania Freedom in 1994–96) Phoenix Hearts (Indoor: 1989/90–90/91; Outdoor: 1990–91) Raleigh Flyers (1993–95) Reading Rage (Indoor: 1995–96) Reno Rattlers (1994) Richardson Rockets (Indoor: 1989/90–90/91; Outdoor: 1990–91) Richmond Kickers (1993–94, Indoor: 1993–94) Rockford Raptors (1994) St. Louis Knights (1994) San Antonio Pumas (1989–1994, Indoor: 1988–93, as San Antonio Generals in 1991–93, as San Antonio Heat in 1988/89–1989)) San Diego Top Guns (1994) San Fernando Valley Golden Eagles (1993–94) San Francisco United All Blacks (1992–94, as San Francisco All Blacks in 1992) San Francisco Bay Diablos (1993–94) San Jose Hawks (1993) Santa Cruz Surf (1993–94) Shasta Scorchers (1994) Silicon Valley Firebirds (1992–94, as Palo Alto Firebirds in 1992) Sioux City Breeze (1994) South Florida Flamingos (1994) Texas Arsenal (Indoor: 1992–94, as Texas Stampede in 1992–93) Toledo Twisters (Indoor: 1993–94) Tucson Amigos (1990–94, Indoor: 1989–93) Tulsa Renegades (1989–91, Indoor: 1989–92) Tulsa Roughnecks (1993–99, Indoor: 1993–98, as Green County Roughnecks in 1999) Virginia Kickers/Richmond Kickers (1997–98) Waco Kickers (1990, Indoor: 1989/90, merged into North Texas United after 1990 season) Washington Mustangs (1994) Wichita Blue (1995–96, 1999, as Wichita Blue Angels in 1994) Wichita Tornado (Indoor: 1988/89) |

## Champions

| † | Won the regular season championship |
| § | Won the U.S. Open Cup |

### Men's leagues

| Year | Division II | Division II | Division III | Division III | Semi-pro | Semi-pro |
| Year | Div. | Champions | Div. | Champions | Div. | Champions |
| 1989 | | | | | SOSL | Colorado Comets † |
| 1990 | | | | | SISL | Colorado Comets (2) |
| 1991 | | | | | SISL | Richardson Rockets |
| 1992 | | | | | USISL | Palo Alto Firebirds |
| 1993 | | | | | USISL | Greensboro Dynamo |
| 1994 | | | | | USISL | Greensboro Dynamo (2) |
| 1995 | | | Pro | Long Island Rough Riders | Premier | Richmond Kickers § |
| 1996 | Select | California Jaguars | Pro | Charleston Battery | Premier | Central Coast Roadrunners |
| 1997 | AL | Milwaukee Rampage | D3 Pro | Albuquerque Geckos | PDSL | Central Coast Roadrunners (2) |
| 1998 | AL | Rochester Raging Rhinos † | D3 Pro | Chicago Stingers | PDSL | San Gabriel Valley Highlanders |
| 1999 | AL | Minnesota Thunder | D3 Pro | Western Mass Pioneers | PDL | Chicago Sockers |
| 2000 | AL | Rochester Raging Rhinos (2) | D3 Pro | Charlotte Eagles | PDL | Chicago Sockers (2) |
| 2001 | AL | Rochester Raging Rhinos (3) | D3 Pro | Utah Blitzz † | PDL | Westchester Flames |
| 2002 | AL | Milwaukee Rampage (2) | D3 Pro | Long Island Rough Riders (2) | PDL | Cape Cod Crusaders |
| 2003 | AL | Charleston Battery | Pro | Wilmington Hammerheads FC | PDL | Cape Cod Crusaders (2) |
| 2004 | AL | Montreal Impact | Pro | Utah Blitzz (2) | PDL | Central Florida Kraze |
| 2005 | USL1 | Seattle Sounders | USL2 | Charlotte Eagles (2) | PDL | Des Moines Menace |
| 2006 | USL1 | Vancouver Whitecaps | USL2 | Richmond Kickers † | PDL | Michigan Bucks |
| 2007 | USL1 | Seattle Sounders (2) † | USL2 | Harrisburg City Islanders | PDL | Laredo Heat |
| 2008 | USL1 | Vancouver Whitecaps (2) | USL2 | Cleveland City Stars | PDL | Thunder Bay Chill |
| 2009 | USL1 | Montreal Impact (2) | USL2 | Richmond Kickers (2) | PDL | Ventura County Fusion |
| 2010 | D2 Pro | Puerto Rico Islanders | USL2 | Charleston Battery (2) † | PDL | Portland Timbers U23s |
| 2011 | | | USL Pro | Orlando City SC † | PDL | Kitsap Pumas |
| 2012 | | | USL Pro | Charleston Battery (3) | PDL | Forest City London |
| 2013 | | | USL Pro | Orlando City SC (2) | PDL | Austin Aztex |
| 2014 | | | USL Pro | Sacramento Republic FC | PDL | Michigan Bucks (2) |
| 2015 | | | USL | Rochester Rhinos † | PDL | K–W United FC |
| 2016 | | | USL | New York Red Bulls II † | PDL | Michigan Bucks (3) |
| 2017 | USL | Louisville City FC | | | PDL | Charlotte Eagles |
| 2018 | USL | Louisville City FC (2) | | | PDL | Calgary Foothills FC |
| 2019 | USLC | Real Monarchs | USL1 | North Texas SC † | USL2 | Flint City Bucks (4) |
| 2020 | USLC | Cancelled | USL1 | Greenville Triumph SC † | USL2 | Cancelled |
| 2021 | USLC | Orange County SC | USL1 | Union Omaha † | USL2 | Des Moines Menace (2) |
| 2022 | USLC | San Antonio FC † | USL1 | Tormenta FC | USL2 | Ventura County Fusion (2) |
| 2023 | USLC | Phoenix Rising FC | USL1 | North Carolina FC | USL2 | Ballard FC |
| 2024 | USLC | Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC | USL1 | Union Omaha (2) † | USL2 | Seacoast United Phantoms |
| Year | Div. | Champions | Div. | Champions | Div. | Champions |
| Year | Division II | Division II | Division III | Division III | Semi-pro | Semi-pro |
* 1 2 Season was cancelled before a champion could be determined, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

### Women's leagues

| Year | Division I | Division I | Semi-pro | Semi-pro | Semi-pro | Semi-pro |
| Year | Div. | Champions | Div. | Champions | Div. | Champions |
| 1995 | | | WL | Long Island Lady Riders † | | |
| 1996 | | | WL | Maryland Pride | | |
| 1997 | | | WL | Long Island Lady Riders (2) | | |
| 1998 | | | WL1 | Raleigh Wings | WL2 | Fort Collins Force |
| 1999 | | | WL1 | Raleigh Wings (2) | WL2 | North Texas FC |
| 2000 | | | WL1 | Chicago Cobras | WL2 | Springfield Sirens |
| 2001 | | | WL1 | Boston Renegades | WL2 | Charlotte Lady Eagles |
| 2002 | | | WL | Boston Renegades (2) | | |
| 2003 | | | WL | Hampton Roads Piranhas | | |
| 2004 | | | WL | Vancouver Whitecaps | | |
| 2005 | | | WL | New Jersey Wildcats | | |
| 2006 | | | WL | Vancouver Whitecaps (2) | | |
| 2007 | | | WL | Washington Freedom | | |
| 2008 | | | WL | Pali Blues † | | |
| 2009 | | | WL | Pali Blues (2) | | |
| 2010 | | | WL | Buffalo Flash | | |
| 2011 | | | WL | Atlanta Silverbacks Women | | |
| 2012 | | | WL | Ottawa Fury | | |
| 2013 | | | WL | Pali Blues (3) | | |
| 2014 | | | WL | Los Angeles Blues (4) | | |
| 2015 | | | WL | Washington Spirit Reserves | | |
| 2022 | | | USLW | Tormenta FC | | |
| 2023 | | | USLW | Indy Eleven | | |
| 2024 | | | USLW | North Carolina Courage U23 | | |
| Year | Div. | Champions | Div. | Champions | Div. | Champions |
| Year | Division I | Division I | Semi-pro | Semi-pro | Semi-pro | Semi-pro |

### Indoor leagues

| Year | Div. | Champions |
| 1986–87 | SISL | Garland Genesis † |
| 1987–88 | SISL | Oklahoma City Warriors † |
| 1988–89 | SISL | Lubbock Lazers |
| 1989–90 | SISL | Addison Arrows (2) |
| 1990–91 | SISL | Colorado Comets |
| 1991–92 | USISL | Oklahoma City Warriors (2) |
| 1992–93 | USISL | Atlanta Magic † |
| 1993–94 | USISL | Atlanta Magic (2) |
| 1994–95 | USISL | Atlanta Magic (3) † |
| 1995–96 | USISL | Baltimore Bays |
| 1996–97 | IL | Baltimore Bays (2) † |
| 1997–98 | IL | Baltimore Bays (3) † |
| 2011–12 | MISL | Milwaukee Wave |
| 2012–13 | MISL | Baltimore Blast † |
| 2013–14 | MISL | Missouri Comets |

## Staff

* Alec Papadakis – Chief executive officer
* Justin Papadakis – Chief operating officer and chief real estate officer
* Paul McDonough – President and chief soccer officer