OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alexander Zarchin

Alexander Zarchin (Hebrew: אלכסנדר זרחין; 1897–1988) was a Ukrainian-Israeli chemist and inventor. He is most noted for inventing a process of sea water desalination.

## Biography

Born in Ukraine to a family of religious Zionists, as a young man, Zarchin studied industrial chemistry and specialized in metallurgy. In 1934, he was arrested by the authorities for the crime of Zionism (he patented a chemical process using magnesium as "LCLA" an acronym for the phrase "L'ma'an Tzion Lo Achsheh" ("for the sake of Zion I won’t forget you") from the Book of Isaiah) and was sentenced to five years in prison. Zarchin was then recruited into the Red Army, and by the end of World War II, he managed to reach West Germany, and from there he immigrated to Palestine in the summer of 1947. Since his arrival and settlement in Israel, his work was in the area of sea water desalination, petroleum production from bitumen stone, wind operated generators, and other areas.

### Invention of seawater desalination

In 1964, Alexander Zarchin obtained a patent for seawater desalination. Zarchin's method of sea water desalination involved freezing sea water in a vacuum, forming pure water crystals which are then melted to produce salt-free water. The salt is drained off in the vacuum stage. One of Alexander Zarchin's main contributions to the vacuum freezing vapor compression (VFVC) system was the incorporation of a compressor having a rotor with flexible unmachined blades made of thin stainless strip.
In 1965, Zarchin founded IDE Technologies.
# Heinrich Ernst Kayser

Heinrich Ernst Kayser (16 April 1815 in Altona, Hamburg – 17 January 1888 in Hamburg) was a German violinist, violist, pedagogue and composer.
* This article about a German composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Freeze warning

A freeze warning is a warning issued by the National Weather Service when the temperature is projected to be below 32°F for a long period of time. This is used if the temperature is low enough to cause the most impact at that time of year.
The warning is used in the fall to mark the end of the growing season with the first episode of a widespread freeze. This is due to the temperature threshold that kills certain types of commercial crops and residential plants. However, if the temperature drops below 28°F for a length of time it can kill most types of commercial crops and residential plants.The end of growing season occurs in mid to late October west of the Blue Ridge mountains and early November east of the mountains, but if the climate is warm the growing season may extend longer. Historically, these dates started earlier in September.
At the end of spring, another freeze warning is issued at the start of growing season if it is predicted to cause damage to new plants and crops.

## The Benefit of Freeze Warnings

Having a freeze warning is not just used to protect plants from freezing. Many people stand to benefit by abiding and following the precautions placed in a freeze warning. Homeowners, renters, or people who work with water outside stand to benefit from paying attention to freeze warnings because pipes, garden houses, and other equipment that uses water can be damaged in temperatures below freezing. The water freezes and then expands, causing damage to your equipment. One way to tend to this is by storing the equipment in a dry place during the winter season or using insulated pipes and winterizing covers.
A study shows that those who use predictive intervals, or warnings, took more precautionary action than those using deterministic forecasts. Some believe that weather warnings are pointless due to the capacity for the warning to be wrong, making them skeptical to using them. However, both groups, those using predictive intervals and deterministic forecasts, were able to understand the predictive interval verification graphics and use them to correctly identify the best performing forecast periods and achieving better results. By utilizing verification graphics, the National Weather Service is able to increase trust of the public.
# Javier Zuluaga

Javier Zuluaga is an American former professional football player. He was a fullback and linebacker for the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football for the Navy Midshipmen.

## High school

Zuluaga attended Roncalli High School located in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was a Co-Captain his senior year and helped lead his team to the 1988 3A State Championship.

## College

Originally committed to play football at Southern Illinois, a Marine recruiter convinced Zuluaga to attend the United States Naval Academy and play linebacker for the school's football team. He was co-captain from 1990 to 1993. Zuluaga was known for his hard hitting; during the 1991 season against William and Mary, Zuluaga tackled W&M's quarterback Chris Hakel causing the a bar of the face mask to get to stuck to Hakel's. In 1993, he had 17 tackles against Air Force, Navy won the game 28-24 ending an 11-year losing streak. Zuluaga as well as 26 other midshipmen were involved in a 1992 cheating scandal on an electrical engineering exam. A copy of the test was found the night before and was given out to many of the students. He was later expelled from the school – not for cheating, but for refusing to identify the people who were responsible.

## Professional career

In 1994, he tried out for the Baltimore CFL Colts, but did not make the roster. On May 17, 1994, he was signed by the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League; he was released August 6, 1994.

## Personal life

Zuluaga and his wife have three children. His son Luke ran track and field for the Air Force Falcons.
# Buffalo Creek (Elk River tributary, Oklahoma)

Buffalo Creek is a stream in McDonald and Newton counties in Missouri and Delaware County, Oklahoma. It is a tributary of the Elk River.
The stream headwaters arise in Newton County south of Neosho near the campus of Crowder College at 36°48′15″N 94°21′38″W﻿ / ﻿36.80417°N 94.36056°W﻿ / 36.80417; -94.36056 and it flows west passing under US Route 71 and then southwest into McDonald County passing the community of May. It continues to the southwest passing under Missouri routes 43 and 76 and the community of Tiff City and into Oklahoma. It reaches its confluence with the Elk about two miles southwest of the border at 36°38′04″N 94°37′53″W﻿ / ﻿36.63444°N 94.63139°W﻿ / 36.63444; -94.63139.
Buffalo Creek was named for the fact a pioneer killed a buffalo near its banks.
# Cyril Rutherford

Cyril Rutherford (20 August 1873 – 9 April 1951) was a French rugby union player of Scottish origin who played as a three-quarter for Racing Club at the turn of the century, becoming one of the most important and influential figures in the early development of French rugby. He was also a rugby football referee, overseeing a national French final in 1905 and an international match with France in 1908.

## Sporting career

Born on 20 August 1873 in Pulborough, West Sussex, Rutherford was 22 when he arrived in France, joining the ranks of Racing Club in the late 1890s, where he played a pivotal role, together with Alexandre Pharamond, Frantz Reichel, and Léon Binoche, in helping Racing win the 1899–1900 French Rugby Union Championship, scoring a try and five conversions in a 37–3 victory over Stade Bordelais in the final on 22 April at Levallois-Perret. Following the retirement of both Pharamond and Reichel, he became the team's captain, leading his side to another French Rugby Union Championship in 1901–02, beating the same opponents 6–0 in the final on 23 March at the Parc des Princes. In December 1899, he started for Racing in a match against London Irish FC.
In 1904, Rutherford retired from playing to devote himself to refereeing, and within just a year, he was entrusted with the 1905 final despite his lack of experience. He also served as the international secretary of the USFSA, from which he organized the French national team's matches abroad. On 1 January 1908, he refereed an international match between France and England, which ended in a 19–0 win for the English. On 19 January 1919, the 46-year-old Rutherford refereed an unofficial international meeting between France and Australia at the Parc des Princes, and a few months later, he oversaw a "Cup of Hope" between Tarbes and Bayonne. He was also a touch judge not only in France's first-ever match on 1 January 1906, but also in the 1924 Olympic final between France and the USA in Paris. He was later knighted into the Legion of Honour.

## Later life and death

Outside sports, Rutherford worked as a fabric merchant. He died in the 5th arrondissement of Paris on 9 April 1951, at the age of 77. Following his death, the French Rugby Federation organized a consolation event called Coupe Cyril Rutherford in his honor.

## Honours
### Stade Français

* French Rugby Union Championship:
** Champions (2): 1899–1900, 1901–02
# Steven C. Swett

Steven Carton Swett (born 1934) is an American journalist and publisher who worked for various print publications and received a Gerald Loeb Award.

## Early life

Swett born in 1934 to Catharine (Carton) and Paul P. Swett Jr. in Hartford, Connecticut. Through his mother, Swett is a descendant of Connecticut Colonial Governor Thomas Welles (1594–1660).
Swett attended Milton Academy in Massachusetts. As editor of The Orange and Blue, the school newspaper, Swett received an award in 1952 from The Boston Daily Globe for "best newspaper make-up". He graduated in 1952.
At Harvard University, Swett was a member of the Hasty Pudding Club and the Delphic Club. He was elected to the Harvard Crimson news board in 1953, and served as sports editor before graduating magna cum laude in 1956.

## Career

After university, Swett worked briefly for The Baltimore Sun before entering the Army.
In 1961, Swett was part of a team at The Wall Street Journal that received the Gerald Loeb Award for Newspapers.
In the mid-1960s, Swett managed the Education Department at Time, Inc. and served as the education editor.
Swett joined Scholastic Magazines Inc. in 1968 as the promotion director of the Junior-Senior High School Division. In 1976, he was appointed publisher of the newly created educational periodicals division.
Swett began writing for the Valley News in 1988 as a business and financial reporter. He left the West Lebanon, New Hampshire, paper in 1993 to join an investment management firm.

## Personal life

Swett married Shiela Lawrence Chanler on October 5, 1957, at St. Matthews Church in Bedford, New York. Sheila, born December 23, 1935, graduated from Radcliffe College in 1957 and began teaching after they married. They had four children – Benjamin, Sarah, Paul, and Evelyn.
Swett and four friends fulfilled their childhood dream in 1987 by sailing across the Atlantic in a 38-foot yacht from Woods Hole to Scotland. He wrote about his experience in his book Twenty-three Days in the North Atlantic.
In 1999, the couple donated a conservation easement on their 236–acre property near Crescent Lake and Downer State Forest in Vermont to the Upper Valley Land Trust.
Shiela died at their home in Hanover, New Hampshire, on May 20, 2022, after battling multiple myeloma for fifteen years.

## Selected bibliography

* "The Test of a Reformer: A Study of Seth Low, New York City Mayor, 1902-1903", New-York Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 1 (1960)
* Twenty-three Days in the North Atlantic, Transatlantic Press (1988)
* Josiah's Journey: Chapters in the Life of The Reverend Josiah Swett, DD, Teacher, Preacher and Poet in 19th Century Vermont, Bragg Hill Press (2010)
* The Metalworkers: Robert Poole, His Ironworks, and Technology in 19th Century America, Baltimore Museum of Industry (2022)
# Augustin Semler

Augustin Semler, also known as Gustav Semler or Szemes Gusztáv (1904 – 1947), was a Romanian international footballer. He had two spells at defunct club Chinezul Timișoara, and also played for French side Montpellier HSC. He was also part of Romania's squad for the football tournament at the 1924 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches.

## Career statistics
### Club

| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Chinezul Timișoara | 1925–26 | Divizia A | 17 | 41 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 17 | 41 |
| Chinezul Timișoara | 1926–27 | Divizia A | 16 | 20 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 16 | 20 |
| Chinezul Timișoara | Total | Total | 33 | 61 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 33 | 61 |
| Bocskai Debrecen | 1929–30 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 |
| Chinezul Timișoara | 1933–34 | Divizia A | 13 | 7 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 13 | 7 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 55 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 71 |

#### Notes
### International

| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| Romania |
| Romania | 1924 | 1 | 1 |
| Romania | 1925 | 1 | 2 |
| Romania | 1926 | 2 | 3 |
| Romania | 1927 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 5 | 6 |

### International goals

    Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first.
| No | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 31 August 1924 | Prague, Czechoslovakia | Czechoslovakia | – | 1–4 | Friendly |
| 2. | 31 May 1925 | Sofia, Bulgaria | Bulgaria | – | 4–2 | Friendly |
| 3. | 31 May 1925 | Sofia, Bulgaria | Bulgaria | – | 4–2 | Friendly |
| 4. | 7 May 1926 | Taksim Stadium, Istanbul, Turkey | Turkey | 1–0 | 3–1 | Friendly |
| 5. | 7 May 1926 | Taksim Stadium, Istanbul, Turkey | Turkey | 3–0 | 3–1 | Friendly |
| 6. | 3 October 1926 | Zagreb, Croatia | Czechoslovakia | – | 3–2 | King Alexander Cup |

## Honours
### Chinezul Timișoara

* Liga I (4): 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26, 1926–27

### Bocskai Debrecen

* Hungarian Cup (1): 1929–30
# Disappearance of Sudiksha Konanki

Sudiksha Chowdary Konanki (/suːˈdɪkʃə koʊˈnɑːŋki/ soo-DIK-shə koh-NAHNG-ki; born December 13, 2004) is a 20-year-old Indian student at University of Pittsburgh who has been missing since March 6, 2025. On spring break with a few of her friends at the RIU Hotel & Resort in Punta Cana, she was reported to last been seen with a 22-year-old American man on the beach before her disappearance.

## Background

Sudiksha Chowdary Konanki was born to Subbarayudu and Sreedevi Konanki in India on December 13, 2004. A permanent U.S. resident since 2006, she lives in Chantilly and studies biology and chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh with the goal of pursuing a career in medicine.

## Disappearance

On Monday, March 3, 2025, Konanki and five fellow students traveled to the Dominican Republic for spring break, staying at the Riu República hotel. On March 6, at around 3:00 am, Konanki was seen drinking with a group of five women and two men at the hotel bar. Surveillance footage captured the group heading to the beach at 4:15 am with Konanki seen walking arm in arm with Joshua Steven Riibe, a 22-year-old college student from Iowa. While the others departed at around 5:00 am, Konanki remained with Riibe. According to Riibe, a wave swept them out to sea, and he attempted to rescue Konanki. He claimed to have last seen her walking in knee-deep water before falling asleep on the beach.
# Patna, East Ayrshire

Patna is a village in East Ayrshire, Scotland, straddling the traditional districts of Carrick and Kyle.

## History

It was established in 1802 by William Fullarton to provide housing for workers on the coalfields of his estate. Fullarton's father had worked as an employee of the British East India Company, and the town is named after the city of Patna in the Bihar province of India. Patna lies southeast of Ayr on the A713 to Castle Douglas at its junction with the road to Kirkmichael just north of Dalmellington. Patna lies between the villages of Polnessan and Waterside, and the River Doon flows through it
The Patna Campus was completed in 2012 and hosts Patna Primary School (a non-denominational school. Head Teacher - C. McPhail), St Xavier's Primary School (a Catholic primary school which was formerly located in Waterside but has been moved into Patna, and is also attended by pupils from Dalmellington, Bellsbank, Maybole and surrounding areas. Head Teacher - A. Rooney)

## Landmarks

A secondary school, Doon Academy, is located in the nearby village of Dalmellington.
Patna also has a small library and fitness gym and a community centre contained within the Patna Campus, a health centre, some shops, a football field, a bar “The Wheatsheaf Inn”, access to numerous country walks, an orange and masonic lodge and a golf club (although the golf course is now closed). The River Doon is popular with local anglers. There are two bridges within the village, used as vehicle and pedestrian crossing points over the River Doon. These bridges are known locally as the 'ol brig' and 'new brig'.
The village was served until 1964 by Patna railway station. The platforms have been demolished and nothing remains of the station.

## Famous residents

* Sir David Campbell MC FRSE (1889-1978) was born and raised in Patna.
# Attempted assassination of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud

On 18 March 2025, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was targeted by Al-Shabaab in an assassination attempt using improvised explosive devices near Villa Somalia, while his entourage headed to Aden Adde International Airport in Mogadishu. He narrowly survived.

## Background

Al-Shabaab, a Jihadist militant group and ally of Al-Qaeda, has waged an insurgency for more than a decade and continues to control parts of southern and central Somalia.

### Major offensives in southern Somalia

On 20 February 2025, Al-Shabaab started a new offensive called "Operation Ramadan", against the Somali National Army and African Union Stabilization Mission in Somalia forces, and allied clan militias (Somali: Macawiisleey), in Hirshabelle State. The militant group's objective was to regain territory lost in the 2022 ground offensive led by the federal government and African Union, particularly strategic towns and supply routes, and to take control of Somalia's capital Mogadishu.
Al-Shabaab took over more than 15 towns and villages in the Middle Shabelle, Hiran, and Lower Shabelle regions within the first day of the offensive. The state capital Jowhar was later surrounded by Al-Shabaab fighters, and Hirshabelle's president Ali Guudlaawe fled the city. Opposition media compared the event to Afghan president Ashraf Ghani's escape from Kabul when it fell to the Taliban.
On March 7, 2025, the US Embassy in Mogadishu issued an alert cautioning of potential attacks by Al-Shabaab, prompting several nations to cancel flights to Mogadishu airport. In a speech on March 8, 2025, Mohamud accused the United States of disseminating "fake alerts," and such warnings were intended to destabilize his administration. Mohamud argued that these alerts undermined Somalia's sovereignty and urged the nation to focus on self-reliance rather than depending on foreign support.

## Attack

The explosion struck the El-Gaabta intersection near the Presidential Palace, Villa Somalia and the target was President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud entourage as he was traveling to Mogadishu airport. The blast killed at least 10 people and 20 others injured including security personnel.

## Aftermath

Al Shabaab militants claimed the responsibilty of the assassination. The Federal Government of Somalia detained reporters who covered the incident.
# Paloma Mizuho Rugby Stadium

Paloma Mizuho Rugby Stadium (パロマ瑞穂ラグビー場) due to a naming rights deal with gas heater construction company Paloma, is a rugby stadium in Nagoya, Japan. It is currently used mostly for rugby union matches. The stadium holds 11,900 people and was built in 1941.

## Overview

It was formerly known as Nagoya Mizuho Rugby Stadium (名古屋市瑞穂公園ラグビー場). Since April 2015 it has been called Paloma Mizuho Rugby Stadium for the naming rights.
It's also used by Toyota Verblitz, a rugby union team in the League One.
# Reblec

Reblec or réblèque is a fresh, small-rimmed cheese made from spontaneously surfaced cream, to which whole raw milk is added.
If cream is also added during production, it takes the name reblec de crama, which means 'cream reblec' in Valdôtain dialect.

## Etymology

The name comes from the Valdôtain dialect term reblètsé, meaning to empty the cows' teats after milking, reiterative of the verb blètsé, meaning 'to milk'.
Reblec follows the same etymology as Reblochon.

## Production and consumption

Reblec is mainly produced in the Aosta Valley and it can be consumed as early as 12 hours after it is made.
It is also served as a dessert, topped with sugar, cinnamon or with a dusting of chocolate.
# 1830 Colombian presidential election

Indirect presidential elections were held in Gran Colombia on 4 May 1830 following the resignation of incumbent president Simón Bolívar. Joaquín Mosquera was elected president, whilst Domingo Caycedo was elected vice president.

## Background

Suffering from ill-health, President Bolívar resigned in January 1830 during a Constitutional Convention. He named Domingo Caycedo as his successor until a Congressional vote in May.

## Results
### President

| Candidate | First round | First round | Second round | Second round | Third round | Third round |
| Candidate | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % |
| Eusebio Canabal [es] | 26 | 54.17 | 17 | 35.42 | 14 | 29.17 |
| Joaquín Mosquera | 17 | 35.42 | 27 | 56.25 | 34 | 70.83 |
| Domingo Caycedo | 5 | 10.42 | 4 | 8.33 | | |
| Total | 48 | 100.00 | 48 | 100.00 | 48 | 100.00 |
| Source: Historia electoral colombiana |||||||

### Vice President

| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Domingo Caycedo | 33 | 68.75 |
| Eusebio Canabal | 12 | 25.00 |
| José Vallarino | 2 | 4.17 |
| Vicente Borrero | 1 | 2.08 |
| Total | 48 | 100.00 |
| Source: Historia electoral colombiana |||

## Aftermath

Mosquera and Caycedo were forced out of office on 4 September under pressure from the military. General Rafael Urdaneta was appointed interim president the following day whilst a response from Bolívar on whether he would return to the Presidency was awaited. However, he refused to accept the post, and gave his support to Urdaneta. Bolívar died in December.
Following a brief civil war in early 1831, Urdaneta left office and elections were held for a Constituent Assembly. Presidential elections were held the following year.