OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lieutenant-commander (Canada)

In the Royal Canadian Navy, the rank of lieutenant-commander (LCdr) (French: capitaine de corvette or capc) is the naval rank equal to a major in the army or air force and is the first rank of a senior officer. Lieutenant-commanders are senior to lieutenants (N) and to the army and air force captains, and are junior to commanders and lieutenant colonels.
Following Royal Navy practice, promotion to the rank of lieutenant-commander was previously automatic following the accumulation of eight years' seniority as a lieutenant (N). That practice changed in the mid-1990s, after which lieutenant-commander appointments were limited and subject to competition.
Typical appointments for a lieutenant-commander include:
* Commanding officer of a minor warship, submarine or reserve division.
* Executive officer or head of department of a frigate, destroyer, supply ship, reserve division, or training establishment.
* Staff officer on a formation or task group headquarters staff.
The rank insignia for a lieutenant-commander is two 1⁄2-inch (1.3 cm) stripes with a 1⁄4-inch (0.6 cm) stripe between, worn on the cuffs of the service dress jacket, and on slip-ons on other uniforms. As senior officers, they wear one row of gold oak leaves along the edge of the visor of their service caps. Lieutenant-commanders of the Naval Operations Branch wear the officer's pattern of the branch cap badge: an anchor on a black oval, surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves at the sides and base of the oval, the whole surmounted by St Edward's Crown. Specialist officers in such branches as Logistics, Intelligence and Medical wear their branch cap badges.
Prior to the unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968, rank structure and insignia followed the British pattern. As part of the Canadian Naval Centennial, the executive curl pattern (shown only in the dress uniform tunic picture below) of naval officer's rank was returned to all uniforms in 2010.
* Navy uniform variations
* Dress uniform tunic
* Uniform shirts (old insignia)
* Shoulder boards for short-sleeve shirt and tropical white tunic (old insignia)
* CADPAT uniform (old insignia)
# Thorium oxide

Thorium oxide may refer to:
* Thorium monoxide (thorium(II) oxide), ThO
* Thorium dioxide (thorium(IV) oxide), ThO$_2$
# Bertya ingramii

Bertya ingramii, commonly known as narrow-leafed bertya, is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a slender to rounded shrub with linear to narrowly lance-shaped or narrowly elliptic leaves, separate male and female flowers arranged singly in leaf axils and oval capsules.

## Description

Bertya ingramii is a slender to rounded, monoecious shrub that has young stems with woolly, greyish-white hairs. Its leaves are linear to narrowly lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, or narrowly elliptic, 10–35 mm (0.39–1.38 in) long and 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) wide, the edges curved downwards, on a petiole 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long. The upper surface of the leaves has a few star-shaped hairs at first, later scaly, the lower surface whitish-grey to pale yellowish with woolly, star-shaped hairs. The flowers are arranged singly in leaf axils and more or less sessile or on a peduncle up to 1 mm (0.039 in) long. There are six to seven bracts, the outer bracts thick, densely hairy, 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) long the inner bracts 2 mm (0.079 in) wide and more or less glabrous. Male flowers have oblong to elliptic, overlapping brown tepals 3 mm (0.12 in) long, the stamen column 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long. Female flowers are 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) long and joined at their lower sides, the ovary is hairy, much longer than the tepals, and the three styles are each deeply divided. Flowerring occurs from August to November and the fruit is a capsule 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) long with glossy, reddish-brown seeds about 6 mm (0.24 in) long.

## Taxonomy

Bertya ingramii was first formally named in 1988 by Teresa Ann James from specimens collected by John Beaumont Williams on the top of Dangars Falls near Armidale in 1964. The specific epithet (ingrami) honours Mr C. Keith Ingram of Mount Tomah. It was one of eleven species selected for the Save a Species Walk campaign in April 2016; scientists walked 300 km to raise money for collection of seeds to be prepared and stored at the Australian PlantBank at the Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan.

## Distribution and habitat

Narrow-leafed bertya grows among rocks or in thin soils close to cliff edges in dry woodland at Dangars Falls, nearby Mihi Gorge and Gara Falls in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park near Armidale.

## Conservation status

Bertia ingramii is classified as "endangered" under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
# Proxima Centauri d

Proxima Centauri d (also called Proxima d) is a candidate exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun and part of the Alpha Centauri triple star system. Together with two other planets in the Proxima Centauri system, it is the closest known exoplanet to the Solar System, located approximately 4.2 light-years (1.3 parsecs; 40 trillion kilometres; 25 trillion miles) away in the constellation of Centaurus. The first signs of the exoplanet emerged as a weak 5.15-day signal in radial velocity data taken from the Very Large Telescope during a 2020 study on Proxima b's mass. This signal was formally proposed to be a candidate exoplanet by Faria et al. in a follow-up paper published in February 2022.

## Characteristics

Proxima d is a sub-Earth at least one-quarter of the mass of Earth (or twice the mass of Mars), orbiting at roughly 0.029 AU (4.3 million km; 2.7 million mi) every 5.1 days. It is the least massive and innermost known planet of the Proxima Centauri system. It is the least massive exoplanet detected with the radial velocity method as of 2022. Its proximity to the star and short orbital period of 5.1 days suggest that it is likely tidally locked due to strong tidal forces. Although Proxima d orbits too close to its star to have a habitable equilibrium temperature (which likely reaches 360 K (87 °C; 188 °F) from about 190% of Earth's irradiation—assuming an Earth-like reflectivity, it is theoretically possible that Proxima d possesses polar regions with habitable temperatures.
Proxima d is considered a candidate exoplanet by its discoverers and the NASA Exoplanet Archive, because it has not been independently confirmed by more than one observatory. However, some astronomers regard Proxima d as confirmed because it could be detected via different methods of measuring the same radial velocity data from which Proxima d was discovered. As of 2022, Proxima d has been detected by the ESPRESSO spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope,$^{:9}$ and also at a 2σ level (which does not constitute confirmation) by the HARPS spectrograph at the La Silla Observatory.
# Djathtas për Zhvillim

Right for Development (Albanian: Djathtas për Zhvillim, DZh) is an Albanian political coalition in 2025 parliamentary election consisting of two parties of centre-right and right-wing spectrum. It is led by Dashamir Shehi.

## Composition

The table below shows the parties composing the coalition:
| Party | Party | Party | Leader | Ideology | Position |
| | LZHK | Movement for National Development Lëvizja për Zhvillim Kombëtar | Dashamir Shehi | Conservatism Factions: Monarchism | Centre-right to right-wing |
| | DJATHTAS | Right 1912 Djathtas 1912 | Enkelejd Alibeaj | Liberal conservatism | Center-right |
# Predatory Sparrow

Predatory Sparrow is an American hacker known for launching cyber-kinetic attacks targeting Iranian entities associated to Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). A cyber-kinetic attack is a specific type of cyberattack which damages cyber-physical systems such as nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, petrochemical plants, oil refineries, steel mills and microgrids. Predatory Sparrow hacker group is a state-sponsored military group affiliated to U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) who serves at the front-line of cyber offensive military operations.

## Timeline

Predatory Sparrow launched series of cyberattacks targeting Islamic Republic of Iran's steel production industry previously sanctioned for the proliferation of chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and high yield explosive (CBNRE) ballistic missile weapons of mass destruction (WMD) assembly.
In June 2022, Predatory Sparrow cyberattacks Mobarakeh Steel Company which resulted in the facility building bursting into a flame. CCTV footage of the steel mill plant was published by Mobarakeh Steel Company during the afterhours when workers had already finished their work shift. In the video, the machinery suddenly began to spew molten steel and then bursts into fire after employees had already left the plant.
During February 14, 2024, Predatory Sparrow cyberattacks the Iranian gas pipeline which caused a gas shortage across Iran. Iran's President Ebrahim Raisi had shared with news agencies CCTV video footage of the gas pipeline bursting to flames. Iran's government officials were notified of the hack that disrupted fuel for over 70% of Iran's petrol stations.
On June 6, 2024, Predatory Sparrow hacks the Iranian Parliament to retrieve Iran's military and government classified information document files, then after performing a second cyberattack which set the Islamic Consultative Assembly building on fire. The Iranian Parliament Cultural Commission Prime Minister, Mohammad Hossein Jalali, announced to Iranian news agencies that classified files had been breached by the hacker who also set the facility on fire.
On March 7, 2024, Predatory Sparrow launched a cyber-kinetic attack at the Aftab oil refinery located in Bandar Abbas that had caused an explosion which resulted with causalities of Basij Iranian paramilitary militants. Several people were injured while one had been pronounced dead during the explosion that occurred during the refinery's maintenance hours.
# John Hey Puget

John Hey Puget (1829–1894) was a colonel in the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars. He was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
Puget was the eldest son of John Hey Puget Sr. and Isabella Hawkins (c. 1797–1882), the daughter of a judge in India. He was educated at Trinity College, University of Cambridge (BA 1849, MA 1854). He married Florence Annie de Arroyave (died 1897) in 1863. They resided at Poynter's Grove, Totteridge.
Puget and his wife are remembered in a stained-glass window by Kempe, located on the north wall of St Andrew's church, Totteridge. The window that depicts St Alban, patron saint of the diocese, and St Andrew.
# Postal Services Act

Postal Services Act may refer to:

## Malaysia

* Postal Services Act 1991 (Act 465), an Act of Parliament in Malaysia
* Postal Services (Successor Company) Act 1991 (Act 466), an Act of Parliament in Malaysia
* Postal Services Act 2012 (Act 741), provides for the licensing of postal services and the regulation of the postal services industry

## United Kingdom

* Postal Services Act 2000, established an industry regulator, a consumer watchdog, and required a "universal service" of post to be provided
* Postal Services Act 2011, enabled the British Government to sell shares in Royal Mail to private investors

## United States

* The US Postal Service Act of 1792.
# Party of Young People

The Party of Young People (Romanian: Partidul Oamenilor Tineri; POT, lit. '[I] can') is a political party in Romania, founded by MP Anamaria Gavrilă, who had previously left the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). POT supported the candidacy of independent Călin Georgescu in the 2024 presidential election, even before Georgescu appeared in opinion polls.

## History

The Party of Young People was founded by Anamaria Gavrilă on 31 July 2023.

### 2024 elections

In the 2024 local elections, the party won 11 local councillor mandates. The party did not participate in the 2024 European Parliament election.
For the 2024 parliamentary election, the party has nominated over 140 candidates from various professions (entrepreneurs, lawyers, drivers, sales specialists, engineers), including many candidates from the diaspora.

### Support for Georgescu's candidacy

The Party of Young People attempted to register Anamaria Gavrilă's candidacy for the 2024 presidential election, but later gave up and chose to support Călin Georgescu following an internal poll. The party strongly associates itself with Georgescu and calls on Georgescu voters to vote for it in the parliamentary elections.
Party of Young People campaigns heavily on social media, such as TikTok, Instagram and Telegram (often through viral videos). Party president Anamaria Gavrilă has collected almost 3 million likes on Instagram for her political posts. The party holds money giveaways and contests for the best posts to promote itself and Georgescu, and encourages the use of the hashtag #POT.

## Ideology

The Party of Young People has been described as extreme right, sovereigntist, anti-establishment, nationalist, pro-Trump and populist, opposing abortion rights and promoting vaccine hesitancy. It declares itself to be a supporter of traditional and Christian values. It supports free market economics. Most organisations and political leaders consider the party to be Eurosceptic although Anamaria Gavrilă declared "We were and will remain Europeans". The party has been accused of lacking financial transparency, and is suspected of having links to shadowy influence groups.
POT defines itself as centre-right. The party does not present a clear political platform, but only supports the "Romanian mission". In its rhetoric, the party often uses words such as faith, God, miracle, etc. POT is considered a splinter party known in Romanian media as the "new AUR" and sharply criticizes the PSD and PNL parties.

## Electoral history
### Legislative elections

| Election | Chamber | Chamber | Chamber | Senate | Senate | Senate | Position | Aftermath |
| Election | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Position | Aftermath |
| 2024 | 596,736 | 6.46 | 24 / 331 | 591,927 | 6.39 | 7 / 134 | 6th | Opposition to PSD-PNL-UDMR minority government (2024–present) |
# Mikhail Atallah

Mikhail Jibrayil (Mike) Atallah is a Lebanese American computer scientist, a distinguished professor of computer science at Purdue University.

## Biography

Atallah received his bachelor's degree from the American University of Beirut in 1975. He then moved to Johns Hopkins University for his graduate studies, earning a master's degree in 1980 and a Ph.D. in 1982 under the supervision of S. Rao Kosaraju. Since that time he has been a member of the Purdue University faculty.
In 2001, Atallah co-founded Arxan Technologies, Inc., a provider of internet anti-piracy and anti-tampering software, and in 2007, he became its chief technology officer.

## Research

Atallah has published over 200 papers on topics in algorithms and computer security.
Atallah's thesis work was on the subject of parallel algorithms, and he continued working in that area as a faculty member. Algorithmic research by Atallah includes papers on parallel and dynamic computational geometry, finding the symmetries of geometric figures, divide and conquer algorithms, and efficient parallel computations of the Levenshtein distance between pairs of strings. With his student Marina Blanton, Atallah is the editor of the Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook (CRC Press, 2nd ed., 2009, ISBN 978-1-58488-818-5).
Atallah's more recent research has been in the area of computer security. His work in this area has included techniques for text-based digital watermarking. and the addition of multiple guard points within software as an anti-piracy measure.

## Awards and honors

In 2006, Atallah was elected as a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for his "contributions to parallel and distributed computation". He has been a fellow of the IEEE since 1997. Previously he received a Presidential Young Investigator Award from the National Science Foundation in 1985.
# Feminine Intuition

"Feminine Intuition" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, originally published in the October 1969 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected in The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories (1976), The Complete Robot (1982), and Robot Visions (1990).

## Plot summary

Clinton Madarian, the successor to Susan Calvin at U.S. Robots who has just retired, initiates a project to create a "feminine" robot which not only has female physical characteristics but will (it is hoped) have a brain with "feminine intuition." After several failures together costing half a billion dollars, JN-5 (also known as Jane) is produced and the company plan to use it (her) to analyse astronomical data at the Lowell Observatory at Flagstaff, Arizona, to calculate the most likely stars in the vicinity of Earth to have habitable planets. This will allow the most effective use of the hyperspace drive to explore those stars.
Madarian and Jane go to Flagstaff and after absorbing as much knowledge on astronomy as possible, Jane gives Madarian an answer. Mandarian and Jane board the plane that will take them back to U.S. Robots, and Mandarian calls the director of the company with the news, stating that "a witness" had also heard Jane's answer. Unfortunately, Madarian and Jane are killed and destroyed respectively in an aircrash before completing the call.
Desperate to know what, if anything, Jane had discovered, U.S. Robots asks Susan Calvin for her assistance. She solves the problem using her own version of feminine intuition – a combination of careful information gathering and astute psychological reasoning. She deduces from the timing of the call (and Madarian's propensity to call as soon as possible) that the "witness" must have been the truck driver that took them to the plane. Information provided by this truck driver enables her to reconstruct Jane's answer.
# Qatari connection affair

This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
The Qatari connection affair ("Qatargate") is an Israeli political scandal involving several members of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's Office. In the affair, it is alleged that several members of the Prime Minister's office were simultaneously aid to promote the interests of the government of Qatar, which gave the financial support to Hamas and was its foreign ally.

## Events

On 10 February 2025, Ofer Hadad [he] reported on Channel 12 that several members of Benjamin Netanyahu's Office: Yisrael Einhorn, Ofer Golan, Jonatan Urich [he], and Eli Feldstein (who had already been arrested prior to the publication, due to his involvement in the theft and leak of classified documents, in which Qatar's name had been also mentioned) were employed by a firms paid by the Qatari government to lobby senior members of the Israeli government and Security establishment, as well as to improve its image. Journalist Nir Dvori [he] wrote that he had often received information from Feldstein which promoted the image of Qatar, but refused to publish it.
On 12 February 2025, opposition leader Yair Lapid, and leader of The Democrats, Yair Golan requested an investigation into the affair, with Golan arguing it constituted potential treason.
On 15 February 2025, the Shin Bet stated in response to inquiries by Knesset members Gilad Kariv Naama Lazimi, that it would investigate the affair. On 27 February 2025, the Attorney General of Israel formally instructed the Shin Bet and Israeli Police to investigate the affair.

### Dismissal of the Shin Bet chief

On 13 March 2025 the former Shin Bet's chief, Nadav Argaman, told Yonit Levi on the Channel 12 news, that if he concluded that the prime minister would decide to act against the law, then he would disclose everything he knew. As a consequence, Netanyahu complained to the Israeli police against Argaman, accusing him of blackmailing him. On 16 March 2025 the police started the investigation against Argaman. An expert of the Israeli criminal law said that the maximum punishment would be seven years in prison.
The Shin Bet made a report, which stated also the responsibility of the Government of Israel for the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel. On 16 March 2025 Netanyahu claimed that Ronen Bar would be dismissed in the near session of the government. Gali Baharav-Miara wrote a letter to Netanyahu and stated that the decision was not valid, due to the Shin Bet's investigation upon the Qatargate issue and the conflict of interest for Netanyahu.
On 17 March 2025 Yair Golan said that the reason of dismissal of the head of the Shin Bet was clear: the Qatargate investigation and the unwillingness to make a comprehensive hostage deal, which would end the war in Gaza. The Guardian wrote that the dismissal would further increase the accusations against the Netanyahu government for the alleged attempt to establish an authoritarian regime in Israel (authoritarianism). About sixty Israeli protest leaders, including Karine Nahon, Shikma Bressler and Moshe Radman, gathered for a meeting.
# Scott Wheeldon

Scott Wheeldon (born (1986-02-23)23 February 1986) is a former English professional rugby league footballer who played as a prop for Hull F.C., Hull KR, London Broncos, Castleford Tigers, Featherstone Rovers and Sheffield Eagles .

## Background

Wheeldon was born in Kingston upon Hull, Humberside, England.

## Career

He is a product of Hull FC's academy ranks.
Wheeldon made his Super League début in 2006. In the same year, he appeared for Hull F.C. in the 2006 Super League Grand final, playing from the interchange bench in his side's 4-26 defeat by St. Helens.
Wheeldon then went on to sign for local rivals Hull Kingston Rovers in 2008 and made his début in the Robins home game against Celtic Crusaders.
Wheeldon transferred to London Broncos in 2012 and spent two seasons there before joining the Castleford Tigers in 2014.
He featured for the Tigers in the 2014 Challenge Cup Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Wembley Stadium. In 2014 Wheeldon was voted the best player of table 21 at the Castleford Tigers end of year player awards.
In November 2015, it was announced that Wheeldon had signed for Sheffield Eagles on a 3-year deal. However, two seasons later he was released having played over 50 games and scoring 12 tries.
Following his release by the Eagles, Wheeldon joined their Championship rivals Featherstone Rovers in October 2017.
Having played 37 during the 2018 season for "Fev", Wheeldon re-joined the Eagles, where he ended his senior playing career in 2021.
# Grover L. Broadfoot

Grover Lee Broadfoot (December 27, 1892 – May 18, 1962) was an American lawyer and judge from Wisconsin. He was a justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court for thirteen years and was briefly Chief Justice for the last 5 months of his life. Earlier in his career, he had been the 30th Attorney General of Wisconsin, a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, Mayor of Mondovi, Wisconsin, and District Attorney of Buffalo County for twelve years.

## Biography

Born in Independence, Wisconsin, Broadfoot moved with his family to Mondovi, Wisconsin, where he graduated from high school. Broadfoot graduated from the University of Wisconsin, where he also received his law degree in 1918, and then enlisted in the army during World War I. Later he was the district attorney of Buffalo County, Wisconsin and was mayor of Mondovi, Wisconsin from 1943 to 1947. In 1947 he served in the Wisconsin State Assembly until June 5, 1948, when he resigned to become Attorney General of Wisconsin. He then resigned on November 12, 1948, when he was appointed to the Wisconsin Supreme Court. In 1962 he became chief justice, serving until his death. He died of a heart ailment in Minneapolis.