# Particularly dangerous situation

In weather forecasting in the United States, "particularly dangerous situation" (PDS) is the wording used by the National Weather Service to convey special urgency in watch or warning messages for unusually extreme and life-threatening severe weather. It is used in the format "This is a particularly dangerous situation..." at the discretion of the issuing forecaster. A watch or warning bearing the phrase is referred to as a PDS watch or PDS warning.
First used by the Storm Prediction Center (SPC), a national guidance center of the National Weather Service, for tornado watches, the phrase was later applied to other severe weather watches and warnings by the agency's regional forecast offices. It is most commonly used for major tornado outbreaks or long-lived, extreme derecho events, and has been used for non-convective weather hazards such as exceptional flash flooding, or a wildfire.
PDS watches and warnings are uncommon. From 1996 to 2005, the SPC issued an average of 24 per year, less than 3% of all watches. When a PDS watch is issued, there are often more PDS watches issued for the same weather system, even on the same day during major outbreaks, so the number of days per year that a PDS watch is issued is significantly lower.

## Background

During the winter of 1981–82, the Severe Local Storms (SELS) unit switched to a more flexible method of issuing weather products. Ed Ferguson, Deputy Director of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC), suggested to Lead Forecaster Jack Hales that the guidance center could give more resolution to the tornado watch product. Hales suggested the PDS option to identify areas where, a few times each year, conditions are most likely to aid in the development of large and intense tornadoes. The first PDS tornado watch was issued by Robert H. Johns for the April 2, 1982 tornado outbreak across the southern and central Great Plains.
While historically applied only to severe thunderstorm, tornado and flash flood watches (i.e., severe local storm "polygonal" events), PDS wording could theoretically be applied to other types of weather watches (such as winter storm, high wind, hurricane, or fire weather watches) when an enhanced threat for such conditions exists. These watches have generally (but not always) been issued during a high risk or an upper-end moderate risk either of severe storms from the SPC's convective outlooks or of flash flooding from the Weather Prediction Center (WPC)'s excessive rainfall outlooks.
On April 24, 2011, the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Memphis, Tennessee, issued the first PDS flash flood watch to highlight the threat for widespread, significant and potentially life-threatening flash flooding due to repeated rounds of severe thunderstorms.
On December 19, 2017, and August 3, 2018, the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Reno, Nevada, issued PDS red flag warnings to highlight the threat for potentially life-threatening fire danger due to strong gusty winds and low humidity.

## Issuance
### PDS flash flood watch

PDS flash flood watches are issued when there is a higher-than-normal risk of widespread, life-threatening flash flooding. These watches are issued by local NWS Weather Forecast Offices, not the Storm Prediction Center.
Below is the first PDS flash flood watch, which was issued by the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 24, 2011, as mentioned above.

### PDS flash flood warning

PDS flash flood warnings are issued when there is a higher than normal risk of widespread, life-threatening flash flooding. Like PDS flash flood watches, they are issued by the local NWS Weather Forecast Offices, rather than the Storm Prediction Center. Recently, they have been issued as PDS flash flood emergencies, most notably by the National Weather Service offices in Houston and Corpus Christi, Texas.
This warning was issued on September 27, 2024, by the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Greenville–Spartanburg, South Carolina, in response to devastating flooding in western North Carolina caused by Hurricane Helene.
NCC023-027-111-291800- /O.NEW.KGSP.FF.W.0113.240927T2323Z-240929T1800Z/ /00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/
BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED Flash Flood Warning National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC 723 PM EDT Fri Sep 27 2024
...FLASH FLOOD EMERGENCY FOR CATAWBA RIVER FROM LAKE JAMES TO LAKE RHODHISS...
The National Weather Service in Greenville-Spartanburg has issued a
* Flash Flood Warning for...
* Until 200 PM EDT Sunday.
* At 723 PM EDT, Devastating rainfall of 6-25 (twenty-five) inches
* The latest pool elevations for the upper Catawba River lakes are
* The former record pool elevation at Lake James is 107.36 feet
* The current record pool elevation at Lake Rhodhiss is 110.10 feet
* This is an unprecedented and extremely dangerous event. Residents
* Please stay weather aware and monitor lake levels and Duke Energy
* For more information on lake levels or dam releases, people are
* Residents along the Catawba River are encouraged to stay aware of
* McDowell County Emergency Management, Burke County Emergency
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
Move to higher ground now! This is an extremely dangerous and life-threatening situation. Do not attempt to travel unless you are fleeing an area subject to flooding or under an evacuation order.
If you are in low-lying areas along the Catawba River you should move to higher ground immediately.
LAT...LON 3583 8188 3577 8179 3584 8164 3581 8159
FLASH FLOOD...OBSERVED FLASH FLOOD DAMAGE THREAT...CATASTROPHIC
JMP

### PDS flood watch

A PDS flood watch is issued by the National Weather Service when significant and widespread flooding is likely, and will cause a high threat to life and/or property.
The first known flood watch was issued in mid-February 2025 across parts of Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, prompted by the February 2025 North American storm complex, which caused widespread catastrophic and deadly flooding across much of the area.
WGUS63 KPAH 141851 FFAPAH
Flood Watch National Weather Service Paducah KY 1251 PM CST Fri Feb 14 2025
.Rainfall is expected to begin before dawn Saturday increasing in intensity through the day. Thunderstorms are then expected to form in the late morning and persist through the evening. A large area of 4+ inches of rain is forecast. The region should prepare for an unusually dangerous and impactful flood event.
ILZ090-091-094-INZ088-KYZ001>022-MOZ112-114-150600- /O.CON.KPAH.FA.A.0002.250215T0600Z-250216T1200Z/ /00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/ Pope-Hardin-Massac-Spencer-Fulton-Hickman-Carlisle-Ballard- McCracken-Graves-Livingston-Marshall-Calloway-Crittenden-Lyon- Trigg-Caldwell-Union KY-Webster-Hopkins-Christian-Henderson- Daviess-McLean-Muhlenberg-Todd-Mississippi-New Madrid- Including the cities of Princeton, Owensboro, Metropolis, Madisonville, Bardwell, Hopkinsville, Wickliffe, Morganfield, Henderson, Hickman, Elizabethtown, Benton, Elkton, Marion, Clinton, Paducah, Greenville, Golconda, Smithland, Eddyville, Calhoun, New Madrid, Charleston, Cadiz, Dixon, Mayfield, Rockport, and Murray 1251 PM CST Fri Feb 14 2025
...FLOOD WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT CST TONIGHT THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT...
* WHAT...Significant and widespread Flash flooding caused by
* WHERE...Alexander, Gallatin, Hamilton, Johnson, Pulaski, Saline,
* WHEN...From midnight CST tonight through late Saturday night.
* IMPACTS...Excessive runoff may result in flooding of rivers,
* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
Those in the watch area should take precautions for flood conditions. Remove debris from storm drains and clear flood prone locations. You should monitor later forecasts and be prepared to take action should Flash Flood Warnings be issued.
ILZ082-083-085>089-092-093-INZ081-082-085>087-MOZ108>111-150600- /O.CON.KPAH.FA.A.0002.250215T0600Z-250216T1200Z/ /00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/ Hamilton-White-Williamson-Saline-Gallatin-Union-Johnson-Alexander- Pulaski-Gibson-Pike-Posey-Vanderburgh-Warrick-Ripley-Butler- Stoddard-Scott- Including the cities of McLeansboro, Boonville, Jonesboro, Fort Branch, Vienna, Sikeston, Mound City, Poseyville, Herrin, Petersburg, Doniphan, Evansville, Bloomfield, Carmi, Cairo, Poplar Bluff, Shawneetown, and Harrisburg 1251 PM CST Fri Feb 14 2025 /151 PM EST Fri Feb 14 2025/
...FLOOD WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT CST /1 AM EST/ TONIGHT THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT...
* WHAT...Significant and widespread flash flooding caused by
* WHERE...Alexander, Gallatin, Hamilton, Johnson, Pulaski, Saline,
* WHEN...From midnight CST /1 AM EST/ tonight through late Saturday
* IMPACTS...Excessive runoff may result in flooding of rivers,
* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
Those in the watch area should take precautions for flood conditions. Remove debris from storm drains and clear flood prone locations. You should monitor later forecasts and be prepared to take action should Flash Flood Warnings be issued.
JGG

### PDS high wind warning

PDS high wind warnings are issued by the National Weather Service when non-convective winds are expected to be especially damaging or dangerous to people and property, beyond what would be expected of a typical high wind warning.
The warning below was issued by the National Weather Service in Salt Lake City, Utah, on September 8, 2020, for an extreme downslope wind event in Salt Lake City and the northern Wasatch Front.

### PDS red flag warning

PDS red flag warnings are issued by the National Weather Service to inform the public that there is an unusually high threat of wildland fire combustion, and rapid spread of wildfires, due to very dry fuels, very low humidity levels, and strong winds.
The PDS red flag warning below was issued by the National Weather Service in Reno, Nevada, on December 19, 2017.
On August 3, 2018, the National Weather Service in Reno, Nevada, issued another PDS red flag warning to communicate the threat of life-threatening fire danger due to strong gusty winds and low humidity.
On April 12, 2022, the National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma, issued a PDS red flag warning because of an extreme fire weather behavior (overlap of extremely dry fuels, humidity as low as 8 percent and wind gusting to 60 mph).
On January 7, 2025, during a destructive wildfire event affecting much of greater Los Angeles and surrounding areas, the National Weather Service in Los Angeles-Oxnard, California issued numerous PDS red flag warnings due to extreme winds and low humidity.

### PDS severe thunderstorm watch

PDS severe thunderstorm watches are issued when there is a higher than normal risk of severe thunderstorm winds capable of major structural damage (in addition to large hail and perhaps a few isolated tornadoes), usually due to a strong and persistent derecho. These watches are very rare (accounting an average of only two each year), as the risk for tornadoes must remain low enough to not warrant a tornado watch (a normal tornado watch would be issued if the tornado risk is significant alongside the extreme wind threat).
This PDS severe thunderstorm watch shown below was issued by the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, Oklahoma, on May 12, 2022, for a derecho in portions of Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and South Dakota.

### PDS special marine warning

PDS Special marine warnings are issued by the National Weather Service to inform mariners of weather conditions that present a considerable threat to life and property.
On April 19, 2018, the Baltimore/Washington, D.C. forecast office upgraded a special marine warning to PDS status as a gust front approached Chesapeake Bay.

### PDS special weather statement

PDS special weather statements are usually issued by the NWS for hazards that do not have a specific code of their own, and pose an exceptionally high risk of damage and loss of life.
The PDS special weather statement below was issued by the National Weather Service in Buffalo, New York, on December 11, 2013, regarding extreme amounts of lake effect snow to impact the defined area. The same office issued multiple PDS Special Weather Statements for hurricane-force winds forecast to hit the Buffalo area on February 24, 2019.

### PDS tornado watch

PDS tornado watches are issued when there is a significantly higher than normal risk of multiple EF2 or stronger tornadoes – especially those that are predicted to be long-track in nature, with path lengths of more than 20 miles – in the watch area (usually amounting to damage consistent with EF4 or EF5 tornadoes at maximum), in addition to including significant wind and hail damage. This enhanced wording in a Tornado Watch is meant to alert the public of the potential for very life-threatening severe weather. Under current criteria, such would be issued when the probability for significant tornadoes is 80% or greater. PDS Tornado Watches are often issued on high risk days for severe weather, though have been issued on high-end moderate risk days.
The PDS tornado watch shown below was issued on April 27 during the tornado outbreak sequence of April 25–28, 2024.

### PDS tornado warning

PDS tornado warnings are currently issued on an experimental basis by the 38 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices within the Central Region. The criteria for a PDS warning are when a tornado on the ground has been spotted or confirmed, or a significant tornado is expected based on radar signatures. While the intention of this experimental warning may be to replace the loosely defined tornado emergency, PDS tornado warnings are structured as the second highest level of tornado warning within the impact based warning system (an experiment – which also includes tags within warning products illustrating radar indications or physical observations of tornadoes, and damage potential – participated by the 33 Weather Forecast Offices within the Central Region, as well as eight additional offices within the Western, Eastern and Southern regions that began utilizing the system in the spring of 2014); a tornado emergency, the highest warning level, is used within the United States for destructive tornadoes approaching more densely populated areas. These are the first warnings issued with PDS wording, and like PDS flash flood watches, are issued by local forecast offices.
Below is an example of a PDS Tornado Warning, issued for the 2021 Naperville–Woodridge-Darien tornado on June 20, 2021.

### PDS wind chill warning

PDS wind chill warnings are issued when there is an enhanced risk of frost bite, hypothermia, and eventually death due to extremely low wind chills. These warnings are issued by the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices rather than the Storm Prediction Center.
The PDS wind chill warning shown below was issued by the National Weather Service in the Twin Cities on January 5, 2014.

### Other watches and warnings

While the use of PDS wording for other types of watches and warnings has not been used, PDS wording could theoretically be applied to any kind of watch or warning to alert the public to weather events where there exists an increased risk of loss of life or widespread damage to property. Such situations could include PDS watches or warnings for blizzards, ice storms, or extreme heat.