# Queer ecology

Queer ecology is an endeavor to understand nature, biology, and sexuality in the light of queer theory, rejecting the presumptions that heterosexuality and cisgender ideas constitute any objective standard. It draws from science studies, ecofeminism, environmental justice, queer epistemology, and geography. These perspectives break apart various "dualisms" that exist within human understandings of nature and culture.

## Overview

Queer ecology states that people often regard nature in terms of dualistic notions like "natural and unnatural", "alive or not alive" or "human or not human", when in reality, nature exists in a continuous state. The idea of "natural" arises from human perspectives on nature, not "nature" itself.
Queer ecology rejects ideas of human exceptionalism and anthropocentrism that propose that humans are unique and more important than the non-human. Specifically, queer ecology challenges traditional ideas regarding which organisms, individuals, memories, species, visions, objects, etc. have value.
Queer ecology also states that heteronormative ideas saturate human understanding of "nature" and human society, and calls for the inclusion of a more radically inclusive, queered perspective in environmental movements. It rejects the associations that exist between "natural" and "heterosexual" or "heteronormative", and draws attention to how both nature and marginalized social groups have been historically exploited.
Through the lens of queer ecology, all living things are considered to be connected and interrelated. "To queer" nature is to acknowledge the complexities present in nature and to rid interpretations of nature from human assumptions and their disastrous impacts.
Queer ecologies can be associated with what Tara Tabassi, queer and feminist activist, calls "dirty resilience," or "the dismantling of structures of violence that target particular racialized and gendered bodies as disposable... [dirty resilience] is thus also the contextually specific creation of spaces and structures supporting self-determination and collective liberation, such as: land sovereignty; prison and apartheid regime abolition; new food systems; community accountability in place of policing and criminalization; non-proliferation and demilitarization; healthcare accessibility; free housing; collective decision-making; trauma transformation... [etc.]."
In speaking to the radically interdisciplinary nature of queer ecologies, Knox draws a thread between this and 'insurgent posthumanism,' – which "dissolves the dichotomy between humans and non-humans" and asks how to contribute to "the making of lively ecologies as a form of material transformation that instigates justice as an immediate, lived, worldly experience." - as well as to the work of Arakawa and Gins, and Simondon.

## Definition

The term 'queer ecology' refers to a loose, interdisciplinary constellation of practices that aim, in different ways, to disrupt prevailing heteronormative discursive and institutional articulations of human and nature, and also to reimagine evolutionary processes, ecological interactions, and environmental politics in light of queer theory. Drawing from traditions as diverse as: evolutionary biology; LGBTTIQQ2SA (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual, intersex, queer, questioning, two-spirited, and asexual) movements; queer geography and history; feminist science studies; ecofeminism; disability studies; and environmental justice - queer ecology highlights the complexity of contemporary biopolitics, draws important connections between the material and cultural dimensions of environmental issues, and insists on an articulatory practice in which sex and nature are understood in light of multiple trajectories of power and matter.

## History

The theoretical beginnings of queer ecology are commonly traced back to what are considered foundational texts of queer theory. For example, scholar Catriona Sandilands cites queer ecology's origins back to Michel Foucault's The History of Sexuality (1976). Sandilands suggests Foucault "lays the groundwork for much contemporary queer ecological scholarship" by examining the conception of sex as "a specific object of scientific knowledge, organized through, on the one hand, a 'biology of reproduction' that considered human sexual behavior in relation to the physiologies of plant and animal reproduction, and on the other, a 'medicine of sex' that conceived of human sexuality in terms of desire and identity." Foucault explains the "medicine of sex" as a way of talking about human health separate from the "medicine of the body". Early notions of queer ecology also come from the poetry of Edward Carpenter, who addressed themes of sexuality and nature in his work.
Judith Butler's work regarding gender also laid an important foundation for queer ecology. Specifically, Butler explores gender as performativity in their 1990 book, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Queer ecology proposes that when Butler's notion of performativity is applied to the realm of ecology, it dismantles the 'nature-culture binary. From the perspective of queer ecology, essential differences do not exist between "nature" and "culture". Rather, humans who have categorized "nature" and "culture" as distinct from one another perform these differences. From a scientific perspective, "nature" cannot be fully understood if animals or particles are considered to be distinct, stagnant entities; rather, nature exists as a "web" of interactions.
In part, queer ecology also emerged from ecofeminist work. Although queer ecology rejects traits of essentialism found in early ecofeminism, ecofeminist texts such as Mary Daly's Gyn/Ecology (1978) laid the foundation for understanding intersections between wom_n and the environment. Queer ecology develops these intersectional understandings that began in the field of ecofeminism about the ways sex and nature have historically been depicted. As a political theory that insists ecological and social problems are enmeshed, queer ecology has been compared to Murray Bookchin's concept of social ecology.

## Heteronormativity and the environment

Queer ecology recognizes that people often associate heteronormativity with the idea of "natural", in contrast to, for example, homosexuality, trans, and non-binary identities, which people generally, under particular structures, associate with the "unnatural". These expectations of sexuality and nature often influence scientific studies of the non-human. The natural world often defies the heteronormative notions held by scientists, helping humans to redefine our cultural understanding of what "natural" is and therefore how we might be able to "queer" environmental spaces. For example, in 'The Feminist Plant: Changing Relations with the Water Lily,' Prudence Gibson and Monica Gagliano explain how the water lily defies heterosexist notions. They argue that because the water lily is so much more than its reputation as a "pure" or "feminine" plant, we need to reevaluate our understanding of plants and acknowledge the connections between plant biology and models for cultural practice, through a feminist lens.
In A Political Ecology of 'Unnatural Offenses,' Kath Weston points out that environmentalism and queer politics rarely seem to intersect, but that "this dislocation rests on a narrow association of ecology with visible landscapes and sexuality with visible bodies bounded by skin." In The Body as Bioregion, Deborah Slicer wrote that "[t]he environmentalists' silence about the body is all too familiar. My worry is that this silence reflects that traditional and dangerous way of thinking that the body is of no consequence, that our own corporeal nature is irrelevant to whatever environmentalists are calling "Nature"." As Nicole Seymour states, "... new models of gender and sexuality emerge not just out of shifts in areas such as politics, economics, and medicine, but out of shifts in ecological consciousness."
In the Orion Magazine article, "How to Queer Ecology: One Goose at a Time," Alex Carr Johnson calls for a stop to the dualistic and generalizing categorization of nature and its possibilities. Two opposing interpretations are found by comparing David Quammen’s essay “The Miracle of Geese” and Bruce Bagemihl’s book, Biological Exuberance. While Quammen used evidence of monogamous and heterosexual partnerships amongst geese as an ecological mandate for such behaviors, Bagemihl observed monogamous and homosexual partnerships. These partnerships were frequent and persistent, not from a lack of potential mates of the opposite sex. Such conflicting accounts of the “natural” exemplify how interpretation, extrapolation, and communication of nature and the natural subsequently restricts and reduces the capacity to conceptualize and understand what it constitutes.

## Reimagining scientific perspectives

In disciplines of the natural sciences like evolutionary biology and ecology, queer ecology allows scholars to reimagine cultural binaries that exist between "natural and unnatural" and "living and non-living".
Timothy Morton proposes that biology and ecology deconstruct notions of authenticity. Specifically, he proposes that life exists as a "mesh of interrelations" that blurs traditional scientific boundaries, like species, living and nonliving, human and nonhuman, and even between an organism and its environment. Queer ecology, according to Morton, emphasizes a perspective on life that transcends dualisms and distinctive boundaries, instead recognizing that unique relationships exist between life forms at different scales. Queer ecology nuances traditional evolutionary perspectives on sexuality, regarding heterosexuality as impractical at many scales and as a "late" evolutionary development.
Other scholars challenge the contrast that exists between "human" and "non-human" classifications, proposing that the idea of "fluidity" from queer theory should also extend to the relationship between humans and the non-human.

## Queer ecology and human society

Queer ecology is also relevant when considering human geography. For example, Catriona Sandilands considers lesbian separatist communities in Oregon as a specific manifestation of queer ecology. Marginalized communities, according to Sandilands, create new cultures of nature against dominant ecological relations. Environmental issues are closely linked to social relations that include sexuality, and so a strong alliance exists between queer politics and environmental politics. "Queer geography" calls attention to the spatial organization of sexuality, which implicates issues of access to natural spaces, and the sexualization of these spaces. This implies that unique ecological relationships arise from these sexuality-based experiences. Furthermore, queer ecology disrupts the association of nature with sexuality. Matthew Gandy proposes that urban parks, for example, are heteronormative because they reflect hierarchies of property and ownership. "Queer", in the case of urban nature, refers to spatial difference and marginalization, beyond sexuality.
Queer ecology is also important within individual households. As a space influenced by society, the home is often an ecology that perpetuates heteronormativity. Will McKeithen examines queer ecology in the home by considering the implications of the label "crazy cat lady". Because the "crazy cat lady" often defies societal heterosexist expectations for the home, as she, instead of having a romantic, cis-male, human partner, treats animals as legitimate companions. This rejection of heteropatriarchal norms and acceptance of multispecies intimacy, creates a queer ecology of the home.
Queer ecology is also connected to feminist economics, concerned with topics such as social reproduction, extractivism, and feminized forms of labour, largely unrecognized and unremunerated by dominant Capitalist, Neo-Colonial and Neo-Imperialist systems. Feminist economics may be said to be using queer ecology, to disentangle the gender binary, including the ties between the cis-female body's reproductive potential and the responsibilities of social reproduction, childcare, and nation building.

## Arts and literature

A significant shift towards an ecological aesthetic in New York can be traced back to an interdisciplinary festival in 1990 called the Sex Salon which took place at the art space Epoché in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Celebrating both nonbinary forms of sexuality and the rooting of culture within a neighborhood ecosystem, the three day salon was the first large gathering of artists, writers and musicians outside the Borough of Manhattan. The ecologically engaged movement, eventually referred to as the Brooklyn Immersionists, included the ecofeminist periodical, The Curse and the night space, El Sensorium which promoted a form of identity-free abandon called the "omnisensorial sweepout."
The Immersionist scene came to a climax in 1993, according to Domus, with the ecological culture experiment, Organism. The event blurred the boundaries between humans and their environment and featured numerous overlapping cultural and natural systems cultivated by 120 members of Williamsburg's creative community. The ecological "web jam" included a genderless "elvin napping system" and a participatory exercise in sexual empowerment called The Boom Boom Womb by the polyamorous rock group, Thrust. The all night event was attended by over 2000 guests and has been cited by Newsweek, the Performing Arts Journal (PAJ), Die Zeit and the New York Times. Organism's program notes invited the audience into an implicitly queer merging of the human body with its ecosystem:
"Wiffle your fingers through the mush. Invite a friend into the jello with you. This is all one strange continuum, a conflux of linkages, systems, feedback loops, waveforms... How do we extract pleasure from such an equation? Can we build a hybrid of steel, brick, plants, [bodies] and thought, absorbing pleasure from it as we ourselves become integrated into its monstrous flesh?"
In May 1994, an editorial essay in UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies entitled "Queer Nature" spoke to the notion of queer ecology. The piece identified the disruptive power possible when one examines normative categories associated with nature. The piece asserted that white cis-heterosexual males hold power over the politics of nature, and that this pattern cannot continue. Queer Ecological thinking and literature was also showcased in this issue, in the form of poetry and art submissions—deconstructing heteronormativity within both human and environmental sexualities. In 2015, Undercurrents proceeded to release an update to their original issue and a podcast to celebrate 20 years of continued studies in queer ecology.
In 2013, Strange Natures, by Nicole Seymour, explored the queer ecological imagination, futurity, and empathy through culture and popular culture, including the contemporary transgender novel and different forms of cinema.
Theater is a significant setting for exploring ideas of queer ecology, because the theater-space can provide an alternative environment, from which to consider a reality independent from the socially constructed and enforced, binaries and heteronormativity of the outside world. In this way, theater has the potential to construct temporary "queer ecologies" on stage.
Writers such as Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Willa Cather, and Djuna Barnes, have been said to complicate the common notion that environmental literature consists exclusively of heterosexual doctrine and each of their work sheds light on the ways that human sexuality is connected to environmental politics. Robert Azzarello, has also identified common themes of queerness and environmental studies in American Romantic and post-Romantic literature that challenge conventional ideas of the "natural".
In 2023, Knox referred to Camille Vidal-Naquet's Sauvage, as a queer ecological film, in a presentation titled Queer Ecologies through Camille Vidal-Naquet’s, Sauvage (2018).

## Queer Ecologies and Crip Theory

Placing queer ecologies in intimate relation with disability studies, in Queer Ecologies; Sex, Nature, Politics, Desire, Giovanna Di Chiro quotes Eli Clare as follows:
   "The body as home, but only if it is understood that bodies can be stolen, fed lies and poison, torn away from us. They rise up around me - bodies stolen by hunger, war, breast cancer, AIDS, rape, the daily grind of the factory, sweatshop, cannery, sawmill; the lynching rope; the freezing streets; the nursing home and prison... disabled people cast as supercrips and tragedies; lesbian/gay/bisexual/trans people told over and over again that we are twisted and unnatural; poor people made responsible for their own poverty. Stereotypes and lies lodge in our bodies as surely as bullets. They live and fester there, stealing the body."