# Black Axe (confraternity)

The Black Axe is an international confraternity with roots in Nigeria. Originally formed from and inspired by the Neo Black Movement of Africa (NBM), it was established at the University of Benin (Benin City, Edo State) as part of the Pan-African movement in 1977.
The BBC has since called Black Axe a "mafia-style gang", known to engage in activities such as cybercrime, election fraud, human trafficking, illegal drug trading, intimidation, and violence. On 10 July 1999, forty Black Axe members were involved in the Obafemi Awolowo University massacre, in Ifẹ, Osun State, in which five students were killed and eleven were injured. In 2024, the Neo Black Movement of Africa publicly separated itself from Black Axe.

## History

On July 7, 1977, nine students from the University of Benin, led by Nicholas Idemudia started the Neo Black Movement of Africa (NBM), a male brotherhood focused on "intellectual radicalism in pursuit of Pan-African struggles." Adopting a logo of a black axe "smashing the shackles of colonialism," the NBM was a response to the Pyrates' reported excesses." This logo gave the group its common name, the Black Axe.
NBM became a prominent group at many universities in Nigeria during the 1980s. Its leaders then decided to connect with the Neo black movement of Africa, calling itself a brotherhood focusing on black realism and determinism. The iteration led to the creation of a subgroup, the Black Axe, around 1994.
Black Axe blended the historical religion of Nigeria with anti-colonial activism, leading some to call it a cult. It adopted violence to make its members "strong men". It claimed to fight against oppression, saying that its members would only kill for justice and would not kill the innocent. As the Black Axe expanded and its violence increased, the 1994 graduating members decided to separate the confraternity from the University of Benin.
in 2008, Black Axe's membership was estimated to be over one thousand "educated males." In 2024, NBM of Africa publicly disassociated itself from the Black Axe confraternity and expelled nearly fifty connected members, including four former NBM national presidents. However, various publications refer to NBM and Black Axe as synonymous, including the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. In April 2024, reporter Biaca Bridger wrote, "Due to the secretive nature of the group it is difficult to ascertain the alleged links between the Neo-Black Movement and Black Axe. However, throughout Nigeria, the two groups are synonymous, with their members taking part in organized crime, human trafficking and money laundering."

## Symbols

Black Axe's symbol comes from NBM and is a black axe above two hands in chains or the shackles of colonialism. Like NBM, its colors are white, black, and yellow. Members wear white shirts, black pants, a yellow tie, and headgear consisting of a yellow ribbon. White represents harmony and purity of the body and mind, black represents sympathy with the Black race, and yellow represents the intelligence of its members. Its members are called Axemen.

## Rituals

Before recruitment and initiation, the potential members must sign an "oath of secrecy," pledging that they would never reveal any information to non-members or violate the group's rules. Then the initiation ceremony, which is sometimes called "Blending," takes place and all of the new members are gathered. Their gatherings are nicknamed called "Jollification."
There are several initiation processes that these men must go through before they are granted admission. It is claimed that "the Axemen are stripped naked and forced to lie in mud while enduring severe physical abuse, crawl through their tormentors' legs in a process known as ‚devil's passage,‘ and drink blood." This is used to degrade them and connect them. It has also been said that some of the ceremonies include bonfires, drugs, and the sexual assault of women.
Leaders use death threats and other types of violence against members that have any ideas of leaving the confraternity and the secrecy runs on fear. Some members, usually first-year students, are forcefully initiated. The Black Axe does this by "portraying the university environment as hostile and students as in need of protection." After they are initiated, they are given a black robe with their logo and told that they "have just acquired (their) coffin."
The confraternity also has a ceremony called a "gyration" where they worship Korofo, whom they also call "the unseen God" or "the devil to guide all men".

## Governance

There is little information on the structure and hierarchy of the group. The group has a hierarchal structure that keeps everything running, comprising:
* Priest
* Chairman – an elected officer
* Eyes – responsible for keeping an eye out for police at different events and initiation
* Criers – responsible for publicity, including fliers and emails
* Butchers – responsible for enforcing the rules, punishing members, and fighting rival confraternities

## Member misconduct

The BBC has called the Black Axe a "mafia-style gang".

### Election fraud

The Black Axe seems to have engaged in political misconduct. For example, Augustus Bemigho, a 2019 APC party candidate for political office, was connected to the Black Axe. Emails show that he "sent guidance on scamming to a network of collaborators on 62 occasions and communicated with others about specific scamming targets." Some of the documents in his emails show that in Benin City, 35 million naira ($85,000; £64,000) was directed to the Black Axe to secure votes in 2012.

### Cybercrime

In October 2021, eight members of the Black Axe were arrested and charged in connection with Internet scams. In 2011 and 2012, members of the group in South Africa were accused of running romance scams and advance-fee schemes to defraud investors. They used the widely known Nigerian email scams, as well as social media, dating websites, and phone numbers to target US citizens.
In 2021 and 2022, Interpol arrested 75 suspected members of the Black Axe for trying to wire one million dollars over many bank accounts. This operation spanned four countries in four continents. Along with cars and luxury items, Interpol agents seized 12,000 SIM cards that helped identify many suspects.
In 2023, a member of the Black Axe was caught trying to steal one million dollars through money laundering. Starting in 2017, a man, who was supposedly working with the Black Axe, opened many bank accounts to conceal money that was secured from fraudulent schemes such as business email compromises. One of the names he operated under was the Abravoo Trading Company.

### Confraternity violence and crime

Much of Black Axe's violent crime, including murders and rapes, are not reported, as there is little policing within Benin City. There are many instances of violence between the Black Axe and other confraternities. At least 53 people were injured or killed between March 2009 and June 2013 in fights between the Black Axe and their rivals, the Eiye confraternity.
On 10 July 1999, forty members of the Black Axe drove to Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile-Ife. Holding shotguns and hatchets, they called out to specific students, saying things like "Faro, come out if you are a man! Legacy, come out if na your father born you!" Black Axe members entered the student's residence killing five and injuring eleven people.
In May 2009, there was a fight between the Black Axe and the De Norsemen Kclub of Nigeria. This led to injuries and deaths amongst students at the University of Abuja. In March 2010, another fight broke out against the Maphite confraternity, resulting in the deaths of nine people
In 2016, almost two dozen Black Axe members were arrested in Italy for "mafia conspiracy, drug trafficking, exploitation of prostitution and violent crimes." A year later, more Black Axe members were suspected in other sex trafficking activities in Italy.
In January 2022, four Black Axe members were arrested after forcing a woman into human trafficking. She was forced into prostitution after a ritual that bonded her to her traffickers' debts. It was reported that she had been "imprisoned, raped, blackmailed, and forced into prostitution to pay a debt of about €15,000."