# Jennifer Lee (filmmaker)

Jennifer Michelle Lee (born Rebecchi; October 22, 1971) is an American filmmaker and playwright. She served as the chief creative officer (CCO) of Walt Disney Animation Studios from 2018 to 2024, before stepping down to return to full-time filmmaking. She is best known as the writer and one of the directors of Frozen (2013) and its sequel Frozen 2 (2019), the former of which earned her an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Besides being the first female CCO of Walt Disney Animation Studios, Lee was the first female director of a Walt Disney Animation Studios feature film and the first female director of two feature films that each earned more than $1 billion in gross box office revenue.

## Early life

Jennifer Michelle Rebecchi was born on October 22, 1971 to Linda Lee and Saverio Rebecchi, who were living in Barrington, Rhode Island at the time. After their divorce, Lee and her older sister Amy, who later became an English teacher, lived with their mother in East Providence, Rhode Island. Both Lee and her older sister graduated from East Providence High School and the University of New Hampshire. Lee earned a bachelor's degree in English in 1992 and relocated to New York City, where she worked as a graphic artist in publishing; she designed audiobooks for Random House. As an adult, she began using her mother's maiden name, Lee, in a professional capacity and in January 1995, legally changed her last name from Rebecchi to Lee.

## Career

Lee graduated from Columbia University School of the Arts' Film Program with an MFA in film in 2005. While at Columbia, she won several awards for excellence in screenwriting and gave birth to her daughter.
Her script for The Round Up was a quarter-finalist in the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting competition in 2009 and was subsequently optioned by Appian Way Productions.
In March 2011, Phil Johnston, a former classmate at Columbia, called Lee to ask her to join him at Disney Animation in Burbank to help him write Wreck-It Ralph. What was supposed to be a temporary eight-week writing gig eventually turned into a much longer commitment. First, she was asked to stay on until Ralph was finished. She then became involved with Frozen, initially as screenwriter and later as director alongside Chris Buck. When Lee was brought on board, she helped transition the film from an action-adventure to "more musical, with more comedy." She worked closely with the songwriters (Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez) in the writing of the script. Frozen gave her the opportunity to celebrate "wild and wonderful" girls like her childhood self, and her daughter, Agatha. It was also the highest-earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings, until surpassed by Warner Bros.' Wonder Woman.
On May 17, 2014, Lee delivered the commencement address to the class of 2014 at her alma mater, the University of New Hampshire. She revealed that she had struggled with self-doubt while growing up,$^{:2:00}$ and then in April of her junior year of college, her boyfriend was killed in a boating accident, after which she felt "no doubt, only grief ... and for a brief moment ... [knew] better than to waste a second doubting."$^{:6:18}$ Years later, that memory would help her overcome her initial doubt over whether she was good enough to apply to Columbia.$^{:7:10}$ At Columbia, Johnston recognized she was talented but insecure, and one day asked her to "promise ... that you'll leave it out of your work, just know that you're good enough and move on." She concluded: "If I learned one thing it is that self-doubt is one of the most destructive forces. It makes you defensive instead of open, reactive instead of active. Self-doubt is consuming and cruel and my hope today is that we can all collectively agree to ban it ... Please know, from here on out, you are enough and dare I say, more than enough." UNH then awarded her the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters.
In September 2014, it was announced that Lee and Buck would co-direct a short film featuring the Frozen characters called Frozen Fever. It was released in March 2015. Lee was one of several Disney writers and directors who received credit for "Creative Leadership" on the 2014 film Big Hero 6 and the 2016 film Moana, and received screen credit as one of the writers who developed the story for the 2016 film Zootopia.
In August 2014, Variety reported that Lee's next project after Frozen would be an adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time. After the news broke, Lee tweeted: "Been in love with the book for over 30 years. Writing this script means the world to me." Catherine Hand, the executive producer of the 2003 television film version, and Jim Whitaker produced for Disney, and Ava DuVernay directed the film, based on Lee's script. A Wrinkle in Time was released in March 2018.
On March 12, 2015, Disney announced that Lee and Buck would co-direct a full length sequel to Frozen.
In June 2018, Lee was named the chief creative officer of Walt Disney Animation Studios, following John Lasseter's departure from Disney. Lee is also set to write and produce a film titled The Way Between, for Tooley Entertainment, with Kyra Sedgwick set to direct.
In September 2022, Lee was announced to write the screenplay for Disney's animated film Wish, released in November 2023.
In September 2024, Lee announced that she was stepping down from her position as Disney Animation's chief creative officer to return to full-time filmmaking at the studio—specifically, to direct and write Frozen 3 and to also write and executive produce Frozen 4. Jared Bush was named as her successor.

## Personal life

Lee married Robert Joseph Monn on May 30, 1999, at the Rhode Island Country Club. They have a daughter, Agatha Lee Monn (b. 2003), who voices pre-teen Anna for the middle verse of "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" in Frozen. They later divorced.
In November 2019, Lee confirmed that she was in a relationship with Frozen 2 actor Alfred Molina. They were married in August 2021 by actor and mutual friend Jonathan Groff who had introduced them, and live in the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles County, California with Lee's daughter.

## Filmography
### Films

| Year | Film | Credited as | Credited as | Credited as | Credited as | Credited as |
| Year | Film | Director | Writer | Executive Producer | Other | Notes |
| 2012 | Wreck-It Ralph | No | Screenplay | No | No | |
| 2013 | Frozen | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Voice of Queen Iduna / Additional Voices |
| 2014 | Big Hero 6 | No | No | No | Yes | Creative Leadership |
| 2016 | Zootopia | No | Story | No | Yes | Creative Leadership |
| 2016 | Moana | No | No | No | Yes | Creative Leadership |
| 2018 | A Wrinkle in Time | No | Screenplay | No | No | |
| 2018 | Ralph Breaks the Internet | No | No | Yes | Yes | Studio and Creative Leadership |
| 2019 | Frozen 2 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Studio and Creative Leadership |
| 2021 | Raya and the Last Dragon | No | No | Yes | Yes | Studio and Creative Leadership |
| 2021 | Encanto | No | No | Yes | Yes | Studio and Creative Leadership |
| 2022 | Strange World | No | No | Yes | Yes | Studio and Creative Leadership |
| 2023 | Wish | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Studio and Creative Leadership |
| 2024 | Moana 2 | No | No | Yes | Yes | Studio and Creative Leadership |
| 2025 | Zootopia 2 | No | No | Yes | Yes | Studio and Creative Leadership |
| 2027 | Frozen 3 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Studio and Creative Leadership |
| TBA | Frozen 4 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Studio and Creative Leadership |

### Shorts and series

| Year | Title | Director | Story | Executive Producer | Notes |
| 2004 | A Thousand Words | Assistant | No | Producer | |
| 2015 | Frozen Fever | Yes | Yes | No | |
| 2020 | At Home with Olaf | No | No | Yes | YouTube short films |
| 2020 | Once Upon a Snowman | No | No | Yes | Disney+ Original short film |
| 2021 | Us Again | No | No | Yes | |
| 2021 | How to Stay at Home | No | No | Yes | Disney+ Original short films |
| 2021 | Olaf Presents | No | No | Yes | Disney+ Original short films |
| 2021 | Far from the Tree | No | No | Yes | |
| 2022 | Baymax! | No | No | Yes | Disney+ Original short films |
| 2022 | Zootopia+ | No | No | Yes | Disney+ Original short films |
| 2023 | Once Upon a Studio | No | No | Yes | |
| 2024 | Iwájú | No | No | Yes | Disney+ Original long-form limited series |
| 2024 | D.I.Y. Duck | No | No | Yes | |

### Other credits

| Year | Title | Credit |
| 2014 | The Story of Frozen: Making a Disney Animated Classic | Herself |
| 2016 | Imagining Zootopia | Herself |
| 2017 | Quality Problems | Very Special Thanks |
| 2017 | Olaf's Frozen Adventure | Special Thanks |
| 2020 | Into the Unknown: Making Frozen 2 | Herself; Special Thanks |
| 2021 | How to Stay at Home | Special Thanks |

## Accolades

| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result | Reference |
| 2013 | EDA Award | Best Animated Feature Film | Frozen | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2013 | EDA Female Focus Award | Best Woman Director | Frozen | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2013 | EDA Female Focus Award | Best Woman Screenwriter | Frozen | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2013 | AFCA Award | Best Animated Film | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2013 | Dubai International Film Festival | People's Choice Award | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2013 | SLFCA Award | Best Animated Film | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2013 | Annie Awards | Writing in an Animated Feature Production | Wreck-It Ralph | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | Academy Awards | Best Animated Feature Film of the Year | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | BAFTA Film Award | Best Animated Film | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | BAFTA Children's Award | BAFTA Kids Vote - Feature Film | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | BAFTA Children's Award | Best Feature Film | Frozen | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | Saturn Award | Best Writing | Frozen | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | Annie Awards | Outstanding Achievement in Directing in an Animated Feature Production | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | Annie Awards | Outstanding Achievement in Writing in an Animated Feature Production | Frozen | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | Gold Derby Award | Animated Feature | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | Hugo Award | Best Dramatic Presentation - Long Form | Frozen | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | International Online Cinema Awards (INOCA) | Best Animated Feature | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | Italian Online Movie Awards (IOMA) | Best Animated Feature Film (Miglior film d'animazione) | Frozen | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | Seattle Film Critics Award | Best Animated Feature | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2014 | VES Award | Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2015 | Tokyo Anime Award | Grand Prize, Feature Film | Frozen | Won | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2017 | Gold Derby Award | Original Screenplay | Zootopia | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2019 | Seattle Film Critics Award | Best Animated Feature | Frozen II | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2020 | BAFTA Film Award | Best Animated Featured Film | Frozen II | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2020 | Annie Awards | Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production | Frozen II | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2020 | Annie Awards | Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production | Frozen II | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2020 | Gold Derby Award | Animated Feature | Frozen II | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2020 | LEJA Award | Best Animated Feature | Frozen II | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |
| 2020 | OFTA Film Award | Best Animated Picture | Frozen II | Nominated | [47] [better source needed] |