# Conurbation

A conurbation is a region consisting of a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area in which transportation has developed to link areas. They create a single urban labour market or travel to work area.
Conurbations often emerged in coal-mining regions during the period of the Industrial Revolution. Patrick Geddes coined the term in his book Cities in Evolution (1915). He drew attention to the ability of the new technology at the time of electric power and motorised transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and gave as examples "Midlandton" in England, the Ruhr in Germany, Randstad in the Netherlands, and the Northeastern Seaboard in the United States.
For census purposes, the term as described is used in Britain, whereas in the United States a related concept of metropolitan area is used instead. Each polycentric "metropolitan area" may have its own common designation such as San Francisco Bay Area or the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Internationally the term "urban agglomeration" is often used to convey a similar meaning to "conurbation".
A conurbation is different from a megalopolis in that the urban areas of a megalopolis are close but not physically contiguous, and labor markets have not yet merged. The region structure should also be contrasted with a megacity, as a megacity is hierarchical with a dominant urban core, whereas a conurbation is polycentric and no single urban centre has the dominant role over all other centres.

## Africa
### Morocco

Rabat-Salé-Kénitra

### Nigeria

Lagos is a conurbation formed through the merged development of the initial Lagos city area with other cities and towns including Ikeja and Ojo. Also various suburban communities such as Agege, Alimosho, Ifako-Ijaiye, Kosofe, Mushin, Oshodi, and Shomolu are included in the area.

### South Africa

Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni (East Rand), and Tshwane (greater Pretoria) merged to form a region that has a population of 14.6 million.

## Asia
### Bangladesh

The city of Dhaka is linked with Narayanganj and Gazipur City; there are no gaps between Dhaka and the two cities. This conurbation which consists of the areas of the city of Dhaka and its surrounding cities and towns is collectively knowns as the Greater Dhaka City. The city of Dhaka is the core city of the conurbation and has a population of about 10 million. The satellite cities of the conurbation include Narayanganj, Gazipur, Tongi, Fatullah, Keraniganj, Tarabo, and Kaliganj.

### China

There are 3 well-known conurbations in China.
* The Yangtze River Delta consisting of Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Ningbo houses 150 million people and in 2016 it generated $2.76 trillion, 20 percent of China's national GDP. It is responsible for one-third of China's imports and exports.
* The Jingjinji, consisting of Tianjin, Beijing, Tangshan, and Qinhuangdao houses an estimated 130 million people and is responsible for a GDP of $1.1 trillion.
* The Pearl River Delta including Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Hong Kong, and Macau houses 60 million people and is responsible for a GDP of $1.5 trillion, 9% of China's national GDP.

### Indonesia

Greater Jakarta or Jabodetabek comprises the largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world with a population of around 30 million. The center and national capital, Jakarta, has a population of 10.3 million within its borders.
The second-most populated city in Indonesia, Surabaya, also forms a conurbation known as Gerbangkertosusila with a metropolitan population of about 10 million compared to the city proper of 3 million. Conurbations are also present around Bandung and Medan.

### India

The Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) consists of Mumbai and its satellite towns. Developing over a period of about 20 years, it consists of seven municipal corporations and fifteen smaller municipal councils. The region has an area of 4,355 km$^2$ and with a population of 20.5 million, and is among the top ten most populated urban agglomerations in the world. It is linked together through the Mumbai Suburban Railway system and a large network of roads.
The National Capital Region (NCR) is a name for the coordinated planning region which encompasses the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi as well as several surrounding districts in the neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan. However, the conurbation of Delhi is actually limited to the NCT of Delhi and the neighbouring contiguous urban areas comprising Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, Greater Noida and Ghaziabad. The area is officially known as the Central National Capital Region (CNCR), a small part of overall NCR. The population of this conurbation was estimated 21.7 million in 2011. It is the world's third most populous urban agglomeration.
The Amaravati Metropolitan Region (AMR) of Andhra Pradesh is a conurbation of three cities, namely Vijayawada, Eluru and Guntur and 11 other towns which include Mangalagiri, Tadepalle, Tenali, Ponnuru, Chilakaluripeta, Narasaraopeta, Sattenapally, Nandigama, Jaggayyapeta, Nuzividu, Gudivada and Vuyyuru. The new capital city of the state, Amaravati, is being developed between the cities of Vijayawada and Guntur at the center of the conurbation. The region holds a total population of 58 lakhs.
The Jamshedpur Metropolitan Area has Greater Jamshedpur and it contains the area and city of Adityapur, Maango, and Jugsalai.

## Europe
### Albania

Urban population rate: 61% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Tirane Metropolitan Area: 995,789
* Durrës Metropolitan Area: 131,865

### Austria

Urban population rate: 72% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Vienna Metropolitan Area: 2,056,565
* Graz Metropolitan Area: 306,742
* Linz Metropolitan Area: 243,243
* Innsbruck Metropolitan Area: 144,226
* Salzburg Metropolitan Area: 143,452

### Belarus

Urban population rate: 79% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
| Name | Population |
| Minsk Metropolitan Area | 2,093,512 |
| Gomel Metropolitan Area | 571,257 |
| Vitebsk Metropolitan Area | 382,195 |
| Mogilev Metropolitan Area | 334,165 |
| Brest Metropolitan Area (Brest + Terespol) | 326,182 |
| Grodno Metropolitan Area | 309,064 |
| Bobruisk Metropolitan Area | 197,539 |
| Baranavici Metropolitan Area | 162,854 |
| Pinsk Metropolitan Area | 132,029 |
| Borisov Metropolitan Area | 112,218 |

### Belgium

Urban population rate: 98% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Bruxelles Metropolitan Area: 1,468,754
* Antwerp Metropolitan Area: 767,652
* Liege Metropolitan Area: 373,662
* Gent Metropolitan Area: 250,379
* Charleroi Metropolitan Area: 222,465

### Bosnia and Herzegovina

Urban population rate: 56% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Sarajevo Metropolitan Area: 235,734

### Bulgaria

Urban population rate: 76% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Sofia Metropolitan Area: 1,068,057
* Plovdiv Metropolitan Area: 331,578
* Varna Metropolitan Area: 286,140
* Burgas Metropolitan Area: 102,154

### Croatia

Urban population rate: 65% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Zagreb Metropolitan Area: 643,962
* Split Metropolitan Area: 215,968
* Rijeka Metropolitan Area: 115,636

### Czech Republic

Urban population rate: 78% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Prague Metropolitan Area: 1,201,278
* Brno Metropolitan Area: 313,582
* Ostrava Metropolitan Area: 150,766
* Plzen Metropolitan Area: 146,255

### Denmark

Urban population rate: 89% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Copenhagen Metropolitan Area: 1,338,887
* Aarhus Metropolitan Area: 252,649
* Odense Metropolitan Area: 147,088
* Aalborg Metropolitan Area: 101,029

### Estonia

Urban population rate: 74% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Tallinn Metropolitan Area: 449,861

### Finland

Urban population rate: 88% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Helsinki Metropolitan Area (Helsinki + Espoo): 1,001,125
* Tampere Metropolitan Area: 153,567
* Turku Metropolitan Area: 104,248

### France

Urban population rate: 86% (2015)
| Name | Population | Year |
| Ile-de-France Conurbation (Greater Paris) | 9,711,512 | 2015 |
| Lyon Metropolitan Area (Greater Lyon) | 1,152,368 | 2015 |
| Marseille Metropolitan Area (Greater Marseille) | 909,727 | 2015 |
| Lille Metropolitan Area (Lille + Mouscron) | 903,281 | 2015 |
| Cote-d'Azur Conurbation (Nice + Cannes) | 733,095 | 2015 |
| Toulouse Metropolitan Area (Greater Toulouse) | 658,107 | 2015 |
| Bordeaux Metropolitan Area (greater Bordeaux) | 585,031 | 2015 |
| Nantes Metropolitan Area (Greater Nantes) | 436,853 | 2015 |
| Strasbourg Metropolitan Area (Strasbourg + Kehl) | 422,097 | 2015 |
| Toulon Metropolitan Area (Greater Toulon) | 368,851 | 2015 |
| Grenoble Metropolitan Area (Greater Grenoble) | 338,199 | 2015 |
| Rouen Metropolitan Area (Greater Rouen) | 320,960 | 2015 |
| Montpellier Metropolitan Area (Greater Montpellier) | 293,865 | 2015 |
| Rennes Metropolitan Area (Greater Rennes) | 227,572 | 2015 |
| Nancy Metropolitan Area (Greater Nancy) | 213,797 | 2015 |
| Tours Metropolitan Area (Greater Tours) | 211,591 | 2015 |
| Dijon Metropolitan Area (Greater Dijon) | 208,040 | 2015 |
| Cambrin Metropolitan Area (Greater Cambrin) | 207,779 | 2015 |
| Clermont-Ferrand Metropolitan Area (Greater Clermont-Ferrand) | 191,311 | 2015 |
| Reims Metropolitan Area (Greater Reims) | 189,743 | 2015 |
| Mulhouse Metropolitan Area (Greater Mulhouse) | 189,297 | 2015 |
| Le Havre Metropolitan Area (Greater Le Havre) | 187,643 | 2015 |
| Orleans Metropolitan Area (Greater Orleans) | 179,869 | 2015 |
| Angers Metropolitan Area (Greater Angers) | 176,839 | 2015 |
| Saint-Etienne Metropolitan Area (Greater Saint-Etienne) | 172,766 | 2015 |
| Caen Metropolitan Area (Greater Caen) | 164,788 | 2015 |
| Metz Metropolitan Area (Greater Metz) | 151,221 | 2015 |
| Le Mans Metropolitan Area (Greater Le Mans) | 147,383 | 2015 |
| Brest Metropolitan Area (Greater Brest) | 142,527 | 2015 |
| Amiens Metropolitan Area (Greater Amiens) | 136,532 | 2015 |
| Limoges Metropolitan Area (Greater Limoges) | 129,255 | 2015 |
| Dunkerque Metropolitan Area (Greater Dunkerque) | 127,529 | 2015 |
| Perpignan Metropolitan Area (Greater Perpignan) | 115,845 | 2015 |
| Pau Metropolitan Area (Greater Pau) | 112,672 | 2015 |
| Troyes Metropolitan Area (Greater Troyes) | 109,941 | 2015 |
| Besançon Metropolitan Area (Greater Besançon) | 108,712 | 2015 |
| Annecy Metropolitan Area (Greater Annecy) | 102,728 | 2015 |
| Nîmes Metropolitan Area (Greater Nîmes) | 101,743 | 2015 |
| Valenciennes Metropolitan Area (Greater Valenciennes) | 101,583 | 2015 |

### Germany

Urban population rate: 76% (2015)
| Name | Population | Year |
| Ruhr Conurbation (Bonn + Cologne + Düsseldorf + Wuppertal + Dortmund + Hagen) | 7,275,319 | 2015 |
| Berlin Metropolitan Area (Greater Berlin) | 3,390,255 | 2015 |
| Hamburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Hamburg) | 1,677,733 | 2015 |
| Munich Metropolitan Area (Greater Munich) | 1,573,652 | 2015 |
| Frankfurt am Main Metropolitan Area (Greater Frankfurt am Main) | 1,523,808 | 2015 |
| Stuttgart Metropolitan Area (Greater Stuttgart) | 1,160,180 | 2015 |
| Nurnberg Metropolitan Area (Greater Nurnberg) | 679,089 | 2015 |
| Hannover Metropolitan Area (Greater Hannover) | 599,164 | 2015 |
| Dresden Metropolitan Area (Greater Dresden) | 513,723 | 2015 |
| Bremen Metropolitan Area (Greater Bremen) | 506,342 | 2015 |
| Mannheim Metropolitan Area (Greater Mannheim) | 466,696 | 2015 |
| Leipzig Metropolitan Area (Greater Leipzig) | 455,581 | 2015 |
| Augsburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Augsburg) | 312,094 | 2015 |
| Karlsruhe Metropolitan Area (Greater Karlsruhe) | 286,982 | 2015 |
| Aachen Metropolitan Area (Aachen + Kerkrade) | 226,264 | 2015 |
| Kassel Metropolitan Area (Greater Kassel) | 222,869 | 2015 |
| Bielefeld Metropolitan Area (Greater Bielefeld) | 214,193 | 2015 |
| Kiel Metropolitan Area (Greater Kiel) | 209,786 | 2015 |
| Munster Metropolitan Area (Greater Munster) | 207,455 | 2015 |
| Heidelberg Metropolitan Area (Greater Heidelberg) | 196,429 | 2015 |
| Magdeburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Magdeburg) | 193,706 | 2015 |
| Halle Metropolitan Area (Greater Halle) | 185,076 | 2015 |
| Braunschweig Metropolitan Area (Greater Braunschweig) | 180,612 | 2015 |
| Freiburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Freiburg) | 179,912 | 2015 |
| Rostock Metropolitan Area (Greater Rostock) | 168,453 | 2015 |
| Chemnitz Metropolitan Area (Greater Chemnitz) | 168,021 | 2015 |
| Lubeck Metropolitan Area (Greater Lubeck) | 150,413 | 2015 |
| Saarbrücken Metropolitan Area (Greater Saarbrücken) | 146,109 | 2015 |
| Oldenburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Oldenburg) | 144,961 | 2015 |
| Erfurt Metropolitan Area (Greater Erfurt) | 141,749 | 2015 |
| Koblenz Metropolitan Area (Greater Koblenz) | 138,095 | 2015 |
| Regensburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Regensburg) | 133,794 | 2015 |
| Wurzburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Wurzburg) | 121,062 | 2015 |
| Heilbronn Metropolitan Area (Greater Heilbronn) | 121,015 | 2015 |
| Bremerhaven Metropolitan Area (Greater Bremerhaven) | 116,975 | 2015 |
| Darmstadt Metropolitan Area (Greater Darmstadt) | 116,051 | 2015 |
| Osnabruck Metropolitan Area (Greater Osnabruck) | 105,944 | 2015 |
| Ulm Metropolitan Area (Greater Ulm) | 103,439 | 2015 |

### Greece

Urban population rate: 68% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Athens Metropolitan Area: 3,166,757
* Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area: 783,450
* Heraklion Metropolitan Area: 159,049
* Patras Metropolitan Area: 146,128
* Larisa Metropolitan Area: 118,892

### Hungary

Urban population rate: 72% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Budapest Metropolitan Area: 1,743,875
* Debrecen Metropolitan Area: 139,471
* Pecs Metropolitan Area: 123,329
* Szeged Metropolitan Area: 122,060
* Miskolc Metropolitan Area: 115,425

### Ireland

Urban population rate: 69% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Dublin Metropolitan Area: 1,310,160
* Cork Metropolitan Area: 137,272

### Italy

Urban population rate: 73% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
| Name | Population |
| Milano conurbation (Milano + Monza and nearby cities) | 3,579,039 |
| Napoli conurbation (Napoli + Caserta + Salerno and nearby cities) | 3,415,763 |
| Roma conurbation | 2,799,884 |
| Torino conurbation | 1,243,448 |
| Palermo conurbation | 720,937 |
| Firenze conurbation (Firenze + Prato + Pistoia and nearby cities) | 711,105 |
| Catania Metropolitan Area | 529,493 |
| Genova Metropolitan Area | 523,194 |
| Bologna Metropolitan Area | 456,780 |
| Bergamo Metropolitan Area | 448,364 |
| Bari Metropolitan Area | 311,280 |
| Cagliari Metropolitan Area | 257,468 |
| Padova Metropolitan Area | 244,498 |
| Brescia Metropolitan Area | 243,287 |
| Venezia Metropolitan Area | 222,475 |
| Verona Metropolitan Area | 216,582 |
| Pescara Metropolitan Area | 212,590 |
| Messina Metropolitan Area | 178,836 |
| Trieste Metropolitan Area | 178,655 |
| Modena Metropolitan Area | 155,015 |
| Como Metropolitan Area | 151,878 |
| Livorno Metropolitan Area | 149,983 |
| Parma Metropolitan Area | 148,518 |
| Taranto Metropolitan Area | 136,105 |
| Reggio Calabria Metropolitan Area | 128,270 |
| Foggia Metropolitan Area | 126,645 |
| Rimini Metropolitan Area | 126,273 |
| Vicenza Metropolitan Area | 121,637 |
| Reggio Emilia Metropolitan Area | 119,756 |
| Bolzano Metropolitan Area | 107,197 |
| Massa Metropolitan Area | 101,572 |
| Udine Metropolitan Area | 101,454 |

### Kosovo

Urban population rate: 42% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Pristina Metropolitan Area: 218,971

### Latvia

Urban population rate: 72% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Riga Metropolitan Area: 516,897

### Lithuania

Urban population rate: 72% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Vilnius Metropolitan Area: 339,420
* Kaunas Metropolitan Area: 236,910
* Klaipeda Metropolitan Area: 103,210

### Luxembourg

Urban population rate: 88% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Luxembourg Metropolitan Area: 161,303

### Malta

Urban population rate: 89% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Birkirkara Metropolitan Area (Valletta and nearby cities): 366,066

### Moldova

Urban population rate: 55% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Chisinau Metropolitan Area: 450,581

### Netherlands

Urban population rate: 84% (2015)
| Name | Population | Year |
| Rotterdam Metropolitan Area (Rotterdam + Delft + Den Haag) | 1,913,888 | 2015 |
| Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (Greater Amsterdam) | 1,128,715 | 2015 |
| Utrecht Metropolitan Area (Greater Utrecht) | 445,245 | 2015 |
| Leiden Metropolitan Area (Greater Leiden) | 302,157 | 2015 |
| Eindhoven Metropolitan Area (Greater Eindhoven) | 280,211 | 2015 |
| Heerlen Metropolitan Area (Heerlen + Herzongenrath) | 262,204 | 2015 |
| Dordrecht Metropolitan Area (Greater Dordrecht) | 240,823 | 2015 |
| Arnhem Metropolitan Area (Greater Arnhem) | 199,884 | 2015 |
| Tilburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Tilburg) | 196,361 | 2015 |
| Haarlem Metropolitan Area (Greater Haarlem) | 195,554 | 2015 |
| Nijmegen Metropolitan Area (Greater Nijmegen) | 180,486 | 2015 |
| Zoetermeer Metropolitan Area (Greater Zoetermeer) | 166,121 | 2015 |
| Groningen Metropolitan Area (Greater Groningen) | 163,386 | 2015 |
| Almere Metropolitan Area (Greater Almere) | 162,857 | 2015 |
| Alkmaar Metropolitan Area (Greater Alkmaar) | 154,296 | 2015 |
| Amersfoort Metropolitan Area (Greater Amersfoort) | 142,167 | 2015 |
| Breda Metropolitan Area (Greater Breda) | 135,821 | 2015 |
| Enschede Metropolitan Area (Greater Enschede) | 131,601 | 2015 |
| Velsen Metropolitan Area (Greater Velsen) | 126,175 | 2015 |
| 's-Hertongenbosch Metropolitan Area (Greater 's-Hertongenbosch) | 121,267 | 2015 |
| Maastricht Metropolitan Area (Maastricht + Maasmechelen) | 113,653 | 2015 |
| Apeldoorn Metropolitan Area (Greater Apeldoorn) | 107,444 | 2015 |
| Zwolle Metropolitan Area (Greater Zwolle) | 101,499 | 2015 |

### Northern Macedonia

Urban population rate: 67% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Skopje Metropolitan Area: 402,733

### Norway

Urban population rate: 84% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Oslo Metropolitan Area: 889,573
* Stavanger Metropolitan Area: 205,533
* Bergen Metropolitan Area: 148,237
* Trondheim Metropolitan Area: 142,104

### Poland

Urban population rate: 68% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
| Name | Population |
| Warsaw Metropolitan Area | 1,999,986 |
| Katowice conurbation | 1,408,364 |
| Krakow Metropolitan Area | 723,413 |
| Gdansk Metropolitan Area | 615,013 |
| Lodz Metropolitan Area | 582,587 |
| Wroclaw Metropolitan Area | 531,845 |
| Poznań Metropolitan Area | 531,736 |
| Lublin Metropolitan Area | 320,313 |
| Bialystok Metropolitan Area | 289,226 |
| Szczecin Metropolitan Area | 269,836 |
| Walbrzych Metropolitan Area | 182,732 |
| Rzeszow Metropolitan Area | 180,696 |
| Bielsko-Biala Metropolitan Area | 136,717 |

### Portugal

Urban population rate: 68% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Lisbon Metropolitan Area: 2,443,987
* Porto Metropolitan Area: 1,060,250
* Funchal Metropolitan Area: 135,362

### Romania

Urban population rate: 65% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
| Name | Population |
| Bucharest Metropolitan Area | 1,971,350 |
| Cluj-Napoca Metropolitan Area | 321,095 |
| Iasi Metropolitan Area | 304,851 |
| Timisoara Metropolitan Area | 288,523 |
| Constanta Metropolitan Area | 273,012 |
| Craiova Metropolitan Area | 260,150 |
| Galati Metropolitan Area | 232,217 |
| Brasov Metropolitan Area | 230,438 |
| Ploiesti Metropolitan Area | 187,350 |
| Oradea Metropolitan Area | 156,341 |
| Giurgiu Metropolitan Area | 141,675 |
| Braila Metropolitan Area | 138,888 |
| Pitesti Metropolitan Area | 132,100 |
| Targu-Mures Metropolitan Area | 118,255 |
| Sibiu Metropolitan Area | 117,695 |
| Bacau Metropolitan Area | 117,407 |
| Arad Metropolitan Area | 112,052 |
| Oltenita Metropolitan Area | 108,928 |

### Serbia

Urban population rate: 63% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Beograd Metropolitan Area: 1,200,547
* Novi Sad Metropolitan Area: 286,753
* Nis Metropolitan Area: 219,095
* Kragujevac Metropolitan Area: 140,856

### Slovakia

Urban population rate: 62% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Bratislava Metropolitan Area: 310,204
* Košice Metropolitan Area: 223,173

### Slovenia

Urban population rate: 57% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Ljubljana Metropolitan Area: 252,736

### Spain

Urban population rate: 82% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
| Name | Population |
| Madrid conurbation | 5,680,137 |
| Barcelona conurbation | 3,908,362 |
| Valencia Metropolitan Area | 1,404,208 |
| Bilbao Metropolitan Area | 729,222 |
| Sevilla Metropolitan Area | 696,193 |
| Zaragoza Metropolitan Area | 624,271 |
| Málaga Metropolitan Area | 522,827 |
| Palma de Mallorca Metropolitan Area | 467,468 |
| Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Metropolitan Area | 378,494 |
| Granada Metropolitan Area | 362,800 |
| Murcia Metropolitan Area | 341,431 |
| Alicante Metropolitan Area | 331,089 |
| Santa Cruz de Tenerife Metropolitan Area | 324,645 |
| Pamplona Metropolitan Area | 296,609 |
| Valladolid Metropolitan Area | 290,636 |
| Vigo Metropolitan Area | 265,407 |
| A Coruña Metropolitan Area | 249,861 |
| Gijón Metropolitan Area | 229,261 |
| Algeciras Metropolitan Area | 215,007 |
| San Sebastián Metropolitan Area | 214,645 |
| Santander Metropolitan Area | 206,816 |
| Vitoria Metropolitan Area | 203,909 |
| Alcalá de Henares Metropolitan Area | 184,497 |
| Oviedo Metropolitan Area | 170,846 |
| Almería Metropolitan Area | 169,121 |
| Castellón de la Plana Metropolitan Area | 158,875 |
| Salamanca Metropolitan Area | 143,857 |
| Logroño Metropolitan Area | 142,370 |
| Ceuta Metropolitan Area | 137,945 |
| Girona Metropolitan Area | 132,100 |
| Tarragona Metropolitan Area | 131,944 |
| Jerez de la Frontera Metropolitan Area | 130,424 |
| Cádiz Metropolitan Area | 130,037 |
| Melilla Metropolitan Area | 126,133 |
| Mataró Metropolitan Area | 123,418 |
| Marbella Metropolitan Area | 119,627 |
| Burgos Metropolitan Area | 117,187 |
| Huelva Metropolitan Area | 113,533 |
| Torrevieja Metropolitan Area | 105,360 |

### Sweden

Urban population rate: 88% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Stockholm Metropolitan Area: 1,543,892
* Gothenburg Metropolitan Area: 599,675
* Malmo Metropolitan Area: 339,007
* Uppsala Metropolitan Area: 133,611
* Helsingborg Metropolitan Area: 106,339
* Vasteras Metropolitan Area: 104,147

### Switzerland

Urban population rate: 77% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
* Zurich Metropolitan Area: 689,208
* Geneve Metropolitan Area (Geneve + Annemasse): 433,727
* Lausanne Metropolitan Area: 288,888
* Basel Metropolitan Area (Basel + Lorrach + Buschwiller): 285,823
* Bern Metropolitan Area: 193,474
* Luzern Metropolitan Area: 146,604

### United Kingdom

Industrial and housing growth in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries produced many conurbations. Greater London is by far the largest urban area and is usually counted as a conurbation in statistical terms, but differs from the others in the degree to which it is focused on a single central area. In the mid-1950s the Green Belt was introduced to stem the further urbanisation of the countryside in South East England.
The list below shows the most populous urban areas in the UK as defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Different organisations define conurbations in the UK differently for example, the Liverpool–Manchester or the Manchester–Liverpool conurbation is defined as one conurbation by AESOP in a comparison report published by the University of Manchester in 2005 found here. The Liverpool–Manchester Conurbation has a population of 5.68 million.
Urban population rate: 89% (2015)
vte Largest urban areas of the United Kingdom (England and Wales: 2011 census built-up area; Scotland: 2016 estimates settlement; Northern Ireland: 2001 census urban area) :
| Rank | Urban area | Pop. | Principal settlement | Rank | Urban area | Pop. | Principal settlement |
| 1 | Greater London | 9,787,426 | London | 11 | Bristol | 617,280 | Bristol |
| 2 | Greater Manchester | 2,553,379 | Manchester | 12 | Edinburgh | 512,150 | Edinburgh |
| 3 | West Midlands | 2,440,986 | Birmingham | 13 | Leicester | 508,916 | Leicester |
| 4 | West Yorkshire | 1,777,934 | Leeds | 14 | Belfast | 483,418 | Belfast |
| 5 | Greater Glasgow | 985,290 | Glasgow | 15 | Brighton & Hove | 474,485 | Brighton |
| 6 | Liverpool | 864,122 | Liverpool | 16 | South East Dorset | 466,266 | Bournemouth |
| 7 | South Hampshire | 855,569 | Southampton | 17 | Cardiff | 390,214 | Cardiff |
| 8 | Tyneside | 774,891 | Newcastle upon Tyne | 18 | Teesside | 376,633 | Middlesbrough |
| 9 | Nottingham | 729,977 | Nottingham | 19 | Stoke-on-Trent | 372,775 | Stoke-on-Trent |
| 10 | Sheffield | 685,368 | Sheffield | 20 | Coventry | 359,262 | Coventry |

### Ukraine

Boundaries are referred to the Treaty on the Russian–Ukrainian border signed in 2003.
Urban population rate: 73% (2024). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.
| Name | Population |
| Kyiv Metropolitan Area | 2,575,199 |
| Kharkiv Metropolitan Area | 1,284,380 |
| Odesa Metropolitan Area | 977,813 |
| Dnipro Metropolitan Area | 761,540 |
| Donetsk Metropolitan Area | 690,522 |
| Zaporizhzhia Metropolitan Area | 624,951 |
| Lviv Metropolitan Area | 604,320 |
| Krivyy Rih Metropolitan Area | 471,275 |
| Mikolaiv Metropolitan Area | 412,070 |
| Vinnitsa Metropolitan Area | 383,836 |
| Mariupol Metropolitan Area | 363,415 |
| Luhansk Metropolitan Area | 342,311 |
| Simferopol Metropolitan Area | 338,634 |
| Chernihiv Metropolitan Area | 278,668 |
| Cherkasy Metropolitan Area | 278,510 |
| Poltava Metropolitan Area | 275,189 |
| Khmelnitskyy Metropolitan Area | 259,104 |
| Kherson Metropolitan Area | 246,357 |
| Zhytomir Metropolitan Area | 242,883 |
| Chernivtsi Metropolitan Area | 240,725 |
| Ivano-Frankivsk Metropolitan Area | 237,552 |
| Rivne Metropolitan Area | 228,212 |
| Kropivnitskyy Metropolitan Area | 225,913 |
| Kamianske Metropolitan Area | 223,589 |
| Lutsk Metropolitan Area | 218,316 |
| Sumy Metropolitan Area | 214,376 |
| Kremenchuk Metropolitan Area | 213,125 |
| Bialitserkva Metropolitan Area | 207,328 |
| Horlivka Metropolitan Area | 195,806 |
| Sevastopol Metropolitan Area | 189,598 |
| Ternopil Metropolitan Area | 187,740 |
| Melitopol Metropolitan Area | 166,662 |
| Kramatorsk Metropolitan Area | 150,246 |
| Alchevsk Metropolitan Area | 139,091 |
| Nikopol Metropolitan Area | 132,379 |
| Sloviansk Metropolitan Area | 132,301 |
| Uzhhorod Metropolitan Area | 124,809 |

## North America
### Canada
#### Golden Horseshoe (Ontario)

The Golden Horseshoe is a densely populated and industrialized region centred on the west end of Lake Ontario in Southern Ontario, Canada. The largest cities in the region are Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton, Hamilton, Oakville, Burlington, St. Catharines, and Niagara Falls. If metropolitan areas (which are somewhat distinct from the core urban area of the Golden Horseshoe by about 30 to 50 km of less developed and semi-rural land) are included (similar to Combined Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States as defined by United States Office of Management and Budget), the total population is 8.8 million people. This is slightly over a quarter (25.6%) of the population of Canada, approximately 75% of Ontario's population, and one of the largest metropolitan areas in North America.
The larger area is named the Greater Golden Horseshoe and includes the metropolitan areas of Kitchener (including adjacent cities it is often referred to as Waterloo Region), Barrie, Guelph, Peterborough, and Brantford. The Greater Golden Horseshoe is also part of the Windsor-Quebec Corridor and its southeastern boundary is across the Niagara River from the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area in the United States.

#### Greater Montreal (Quebec)

Greater Montreal is Canada's second-largest conurbation. Statistics Canada defines the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) as having 4,258.31 square kilometres (1,644.14 sq mi) and a population of 3,824,221 as of 2011, which represents almost half of the population of the province of Quebec. Slightly smaller, there are 82 municipalities grouped under the Montreal Metropolitan Community to coordinate issues such as land planning, transportation, and economic development.

#### Lower Mainland (British Columbia)

British Columbia's Lower Mainland is the most populated area in Western Canada. It consists of many mid-sized contiguous urban areas, including Vancouver, North Vancouver (city and district municipality), West Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, Surrey, and Coquitlam, among others. The Lower Mainland population is around 2.5 million (as of 2011) and the area has one of the highest growth rates on the continent of up to 9.2 percent from the 2006 census.

#### Ottawa-Gatineau / National Capital Region

The National Capital Region (NCR) is made up of the capital, Ottawa, and neighbouring Gatineau which is located across the Ottawa River. As Ottawa is in Ontario and Gatineau is in Quebec, it is a unique conurbation. Federal government buildings are located in both cities and many workers live in one city and work in the other. The National Capital Region consists of an area of 5,319 square kilometres that straddles the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The area of the National Capital Region is very similar to that of the Ottawa-Gatineau Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) although the National Capital Region contains a number of small neighbouring communities that are not contained within the CMA. When all the communities are included, the population of the area is about 1,500,000. Ottawa-Gatineau is the only CMA in the nation to fall within two provinces and is the fourth largest.

### Mexico
#### Mexico City (CDMX)

The "CDMX" is the most densely populated center in North America. Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México), constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities—and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo. However, for normative purposes, Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México) an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As of 2019 an estimated 27,782,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City, making it the largest metropolitan area in North America. It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas, of which the biggest are Puebla, Toluca, and Cuernavaca-Cuautla. Together those areas make up the Mexico City megalopolis.

#### Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara)

The Guadalajara conurbation in the state of Jalisco (colloquially known as the City of Guadalajara, as that is the state capital and most populous of the cities) consists of seven municipalities: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, Zapotlanejo, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. Officially two other cities (Juanacatlán and Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos) are also considered part of the Metropolitan Area, although they are not contiguous with the other seven. The area had an estimated population of 4 500 000 in 2010, spread over a combined area of 2,734 square kilometres (1,056 sq mi).

### United States
#### Puerto Rico

The Caribbean area has a conurbation in Puerto Rico consisting of San Juan, Bayamón, Guaynabo, Carolina, Canóvanas, Trujillo Alto, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Cataño, and Caguas. The area is colloquially known as the "Área Metropolitana", and houses around 1.4 million inhabitants spread over an area of approximately 396.61 square kilometers (153.13 sq mi), making it the largest city in the Caribbean by area.

#### New York Tri-state area

One example of a conurbation is the expansive concept of the New York metropolitan area (the Tri-state region) centered on New York City, including 30 counties spread among New York State, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, with an estimated population of 21,961,994 in 2007. Approximately one-fifteenth of all U.S. residents live in the Greater New York City area, the world's most brightly illuminated urban conurbation and largest urban landmass. This conurbation is the result of several central cities whose urban areas have merged.

#### Greater Boston Area

Holding a population of 7,427,336 as of 2005, the Combined Statistical Area including Greater Boston consists of Boston proper and a collection of distinct but intertwined cities including Providence, Rhode Island; Worcester, Massachusetts; and Manchester, New Hampshire. Most importantly, the cities that compose the Greater Boston CSA are interlinked by heavy public transportation infrastructure, maintain continuously urban interstices, and hold mutual commuting patterns.

#### San Francisco Bay Area

Another conurbation is the combination of the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, and several minor urban centers with a combined population of nearly 8 million people, known as the San Francisco Bay Area.

#### Greater Los Angeles Area

The Greater Los Angeles Area consists of the merging of several distinct central cities and counties including Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura. The area is also often referred to simply as southern California or colloquially as SoCal (a larger region which includes San Diego). In 2016, Southern California had a population of 23,800,500, making it slightly larger than the New York Tri-State Area, and is projected to remain so due to a faster growth rate. But because southern California is not yet a recognized Combined Statistical Area by the United States Office of Management and Budget, the New York Tri-State Area officially remains the nation's largest as of now.

#### Baltimore–Washington Area

The traditionally separate metropolitan areas of Baltimore and Washington, D.C. have shared suburbs and a continuous urbanization between the two central cities (Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area).

#### San Diego–Tijuana

The largest conurbation between the United States and Mexico is San Diego–Tijuana. It includes the two countries' busiest border crossing and a shared economy.

#### Dallas–Fort Worth

Three large cities—Dallas, Fort Worth, and Arlington—make up this area. Each city is linked by bordering city limits or suburbs. The area is also known as the Dallas–Fort Worth "metroplex", so called because it has more than one principal anchor city of nearly equal size or importance, and is included in the emerging megalopolis known as the Texas Triangle. According to Texas Monthly, the term is a portmanteau of the terms "metropolitan" and "complex" and was created by a local advertising agency, TracyLocke. The North Texas Commission trademarked the term "Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex" in 1972 as a replacement for the previously ubiquitous term "North Texas". Urban areas with smaller secondary anchor cities (including Mexico City, New York City, Los Angeles, Houston, Chicago, and Phoenix) are not considered to be conurbations.

#### Detroit–Windsor

The major U.S. city of Detroit lies immediately across the Detroit River from Windsor, Ontario in Canada. In many respects—economically, historically, culturally, socially, and geographically—Windsor is more a part of Metro Detroit than of Ontario. The two cities and their surrounding suburbs are commonly referred to collectively as the Detroit–Windsor area. The Detroit-Windsor border is the largest commercial border crossing in North America and the busiest between the two countries.

#### South Florida

The entire tri-county area also known as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach metropolitan area is now continuously urbanized along a roughly 100 miles (161 km) length of the Florida east coast as well as extending inland and continuing south of Miami as far as Florida City. Although this is generally all referred to as a single metropolitan area, not a conurbation, it is sometimes broken up into the Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach metros.

#### Minneapolis–St. Paul

Minneapolis–Saint Paul is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, and is composed of 182 cities and townships built around the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix rivers. The area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis, with the highest population and Saint Paul, the state capital.

#### Quad Cities

The Quad Cities is a metropolitan area located along the border of Illinois and Iowa. Straddling the Mississippi River as it flows west, the area once known as the "Tri Cities" consists of a handful of larger cities and smaller municipalities that have grown together. The largest cities include Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline in Illinois as well as Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa.

#### Stamford-Hartford

Hartford is the capital city of Connecticut and fourth largest by population. Together, with Waterbury, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, these five cities form a conurbation, as people continue moving into the suburbs of these cities from rural areas, and the Boston and New York City metropolitan areas. Majority of Connecticut's growth in the last decade was centered in and around these five cities. Combined, the population exceeds 1 million.

#### The Valley of the Sun

Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona. It is the center of The Valley of the Sun which is recognized by the United States Census Bureau as Chandler, Mesa, and Phoenix in the MSA. Other communities in the metropolitan area include Scottsdale, Glendale, Tempe, Gilbert, and Peoria.

#### The Front Range Urban Corridor

Denver is the capital and most populous city in Colorado, as well as the most populous municipality in the Front Range Urban Corridor. This conurbation encompasses 18 counties in Colorado and Wyoming and had an estimated population of 4,976,781 in 2018, an increase of 14.84% since the 2010 United States Census.

## Oceania
### Australia
#### Albury-Wodonga

Albury and Wodonga are cross border cities which are geographically separated by the Murray River. Albury on the north of the river is part of New South Wales, while Wodonga on the south bank is in Victoria. In the early 1970s Albury-Wodonga was selected as the primary focus of the Whitlam government's scheme to arrest the uncontrolled growth of Australia's large metropolitan areas (in particular Sydney and Melbourne) by encouraging decentralisation. The two cities combine to form an urban area with an estimated population of 93,603.

#### Canberra-Queanbeyan

A cross border built-up area comprising the nation's capital Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory and the city of Queanbeyan in New South Wales, which is considered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to have a single labour market.

#### Newcastle, Sydney, and Wollongong

This conurbation in New South Wales extends from Newcastle and surrounding satellite towns of the Hunter Valley through the Central Coast. It is broken up only by waterways and national parks, through to the greater Sydney metropolitan area and the Wollongong urban area. The total length from the top to the bottom of the conurbation is around 270 km with a population of just over 6 million people.
Transport is linked throughout the region by motorways, the M1, M2, M4, M5, M7, M8, M15 and M31. An extensive public transport network allows for commuting for work or services across and between multiple distinct but joined centres, with NSW TrainLink's intercity network serving Sydney, the Central Coast, Newcastle, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra.
Plans for making Wollongong, Sydney and Newcastle a single city have been around since the 1960s. A report titled The Committee for Sydney contains a chapter called The Sandstone Mega-Region, Uniting Newcastle, the Central Coast, Sydney, Wollongong (since all of the cities are in a geological region called the Sydney Basin, which is made up of Sydney sandstone). The report says that the link would benefit the "six cities" within the region, which are: Illawarra and Wollongong, the Western City (Greater Western Sydney), the Central City (Parramatta), the Eastern City (Sydney central business district, eastern suburbs, and Northern Sydney), the Central Coast (Gosford) and Newcastle (including Lake Macquarie).

#### Greater Perth

The Perth Metropolitan Region, and Peel regions form a continuous urban area in Western Australia more than 130 km (80 miles) long, on a north–south axis. It is sometimes known as Greater Perth and has a population of more than 2.3 million (2023). Introduction of the Mandurah railway line in 2007 made it possible for commuters to travel the 70 km (43.5 mi) from Mandurah to Perth in 51 minutes.

#### South East Queensland

A built-up area 200 kilometres long which is centred on Brisbane, includes the local government areas (LGAs) of Gold Coast, Ipswich, Logan City, Moreton Bay, Redland City, Sunshine Coast, Noosa Shire, and Tweed Heads, New South Wales. This area is served by a single public transport network, Translink.
Broader definitions of South East Queensland are also used, including the separate built-up area of Toowoomba (140 kilometres; 87 miles west of Brisbane), which is not part of the Translink network. Expansive definitions of South East Queensland give it a population of more than 3.4 million people (2014), covers 22,420 square kilometres (8,660 sq mi), incorporates ten LGAs, and extends 240 kilometres (150 mi) from Noosa in the north to the Gold Coast (some sources include Tweed Heads).

#### Greater Darwin

The Greater Darwin metropolitan area is a built-up urban area in the Northern Territory that spans across two cities: Darwin (the capital of the Northern Territory) and Palmerston (Darwin's satellite city). It lies within three local government areas: the City of Darwin, Litchfield Municipality and the City of Palmerston.

### New Zealand

In 2010 Auckland became a unitary authority encompassing seven former city and district councils including Auckland City, Manukau City, North Shore City and Waitakere City as well as a number of smaller towns, rural area and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. Auckland Council is the largest council in Australasia and the region has a population of 1,529,300, being almost 33% of the total population of New Zealand. The entire urban area rather than the constituent administrative city was often referred to as "Auckland" by New Zealanders long before formal recognition.
The Wellington Metropolitan Area compromises the four cities of Wellington City, Porirua and the cities of Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt, together known as Hutt Valley. The Wellington Metropolitan Area is the second largest urban population in New Zealand with a population of 440,900 as of the 2023 census (or 550,500 if the Wairarapa region is included), followed by Christchurch City at 396,200.

## South America
### Argentina

| Conurbation | Population | Year | Note |
| Buenos AiresGreater Buenos Aires | 13,641,973 | 2010 | Metro region excluding La Plata and its metro area (an additional 694,253 [ INDEC ]). |
* Greater Buenos Aires (12.046.799) – Greater La Plata (694.253) – Zárate / Campana

### Brazil

The entire Rio–São Paulo area is also sometimes considered a conurbation, and plans are in the works to connect the cities with a high-speed rail. However the government of Brazil does not consider this area a single unit for statistical purposes, and population data may not be reliable.
| Conurbation | Population | Year | Note |
| São PauloCME São Paulo | 27,640,577 | 2009 | The CME of São Paulo is federally defined as the São Paulo Metro region (RMSP) and its conurbations. |
| Rio de JaneiroRM Rio de Janeiro | 12,330,186 | 2016 | Metropolitan region. |
| Minas GeraisRM Belo Horizonte | 5,916,189 | 2018 | Usually referred to as the Greater Belo Horizonte, comprising 34 municipalities and some 16 other surrounding cities. |

### Colombia

| Conurbation | Population | Year | Note |
| Bogotá D.C.Metropolitan Area of Bogotá | 10,733,206 | 2014 | Conurbation only between Bogota and Soacha |
| MedellínMetropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley | 3,821,797 | 2014 | Metro region |

### Perù

| LimaLima Metropolitan Area | 9,500,000 | 2017 | Lima is expected to become a megacity before the end of the decade, and this conurbation is estimated to have grown by over one million people between 2007 and 2017. |