# Political families in the Philippines

Nearly 250 Political families, labeled as "political dynasties in the Philippines", control the politics of all 82 provinces of Philippines at all levels. The rise of "taipans", the cartel of mixed political and business oligarch families which control the politics and own various crony capitalist businesses, has reshaped political alliances, with approximately 234 dynastic families winning positions in the 2019 midterm elections. They usually have a strong, consolidated support base concentrated around the province in which they are dominant. Members of such dynasties usually do not limit their involvement to political activities, as they participate in business and cultural activities to maximize their share in the political spoils. By 2025, Philippine politics exhibits a marked increase in dynastic control, with approximately 80% of provincial governors belonging to "fat dynasties", up from 57% in 2004. Similarly, dynastic representation in the House of Representatives has risen to 67% from 48% in 2004, and mayoral posts held by dynasties increased to 53% from 40% . In the 2022 Senate elections, at least 12.5% (3) leading candidates had relatives already in the 24 seat chamber. Notably, 4.5% (800 out of 18,000) positions contested had single candidates from warlord political clans against whom no one dared to contest.
Political dynasties in Philippines has significantly caused poverty, while openly engaging in the conflict of interest, rampant political corruption, nepotism, self-perpetuating cronyism, massive human rights violations, collective narcissism, blatent multi-party political scams and scandals, and rise in brazen crimes such as the extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances, yet they continue to thrive with impunity by violating conflict of interest and undermining the criminal justice system because these political dynasties exercise significant control over the police, prosecution, judiciary and jail facilities and other public resources. Although, political dynasties are explicitly prohibited by the 1987 Constitution only at the lowest level of local governance, such as the members of the youth-oriented Sangguniang Kabataan and under the Bangsamoro Electoral Code, the political dynasties at all other level of governance have been rampantly thriving despite the negative reaction of the populace towards them and their association with corruption. Notable "fat political dynasties in Philippine" (with more than one family member simultaneously grabbing political positions), among others, include the Marcoses and cronies, Aquinos, Dutertes, Roxases, Estradas, Ampatuans, etc. The more "fat dynasties" lead to more poverty.
Anti-dynasty movements fighting against the curse of political dynasties include the Movement Against Dynasties (MAD) and the Anti-Dynasty Movement (ANDAYAMO) by the civil society organizations, and other efforts include the filing of Supreme Court petition by Lawyers from the University of the Philippines to compel Congress to pass a law banning political dynasties. Numerous anti-political dynasty laws proposed over the years by the late Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago, Gabriela, Alliance of Concerned Teachers, Anakpawis and Kabataan partylists Erlinda Santiago, and many others, have been systematically overlooked since 1987 by the Congress dominated by political dynasties.

## History

Political dynasties have long been a feature of the Philippine political landscape. Political dynasties started emerging after the Philippine Revolution when the First Republic of the Philippines was established. With the decline of Spain's economic power and international prestige in the 19th century, the expansion of British and American influence around the world, and the political current of emergent nationalism among the children of the economically enfranchised bourgeois, the power of the peninsulares', or Spanish-born aristocracy declined propitiously. Following the defeat of the Spanish in the Spanish–American War, the surviving members of the Spanish or Spanish-sanctioned landholding elite and the newly ascendant merchant elite, who were mostly foreign expatriates or of Chinese origin, formed a de facto aristocracy to replace the power vacuum the Spanish had left.
Aristocracy survived and prospered under the American colonial regime, and remained a permanent fixture in Philippine society even following the independence of the Philippines which was finally confirmed following the devastation of the Philippines under the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. Over the years, political dynasties continued to adapt, as newer dynasties emerged to fill power vacuums left behind by the extinction of older dynasties. The majority of the available positions in Philippine government are currently held by members of these political dynasties.

## Philippine Constitution

The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines states in Article II Section 26: "The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law." According to the Philippine Institute for Development Studies, placing limits on political dynasties aims "to regulate self-serving and opportunistic behavior and to promote effective and accountable governance".

## Philippine laws

Despite the provision in the Constitution, the Sangguniang Kabataan Reform Act of 2016 is the only statute that has been implemented concerning the status of political dynasties in the Philippines. The closest explicit mention of political dynasties in Philippine law can be seen in Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code, where Book I, Title Two, Chapter 1, Section 43 states the term limit of local government officials. However, it does not include any limitations on the running of the incumbent's family relations or on the holding of multiple political positions by members of the same family.
   (a) The term of office of all local elective officials elected after the effectivity of this Code shall be three (3) years, starting from noon of June 30, 1992 or such date as may be provided for by law, except that of elective Barangay officials: Provided, That all local officials first elected during the local elections immediately following the ratification of the 1987 Constitution shall serve until noon of June 30, 1992.
   (b) No local elective official shall serve for more than three (3) consecutive terms in the same position. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of service for the full term for which the elective official concerned was elected.
   (c) The term of office of Barangay officials and members of the Sangguniang Kabataan shall be for three (3) years, which shall begin after the regular election of Barangay officials on the second Monday of May 1994.
According to Prof. Ronald Mendoza, "Clearly, political clans have found a way around term limits, by fielding more family members in power—giving rise to more fat political dynasties."

### Sangguniang Kabataan Reform Law

In 2016, the Sangguniang Kabataan Reform Law (Republic Act No. 10742) was signed into law, which made some significant changes to the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK). It changed the age of the council from 15 to 17 years old to 18 to 24 years old and it forbids individuals from seeking a youth council appointment who is closer than the second degree of consanguinity (have the same grandparents) from any elected or appointed official in the same area.
It is the first Philippine law with an anti-political dynasty restriction for elected positions, as stipulated by the 1987 Philippine Constitution.

### Bangsamoro Electoral Code

In the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), the Bangsamoro Transition Authority legislated an anti-dynasty rule in the Bangsamoro Autonomy Act No. 35, known as the Bangsamoro Electoral Code. The law was enacted in March 2023 and approved by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) on April 17, 2024. According to Section 3 (d) in Article IV of the Bangsamoro Electoral Code, "Nominees submitted by the RPPP [regional parliamentary political party] shall not be related to each other within the second degree of consanguinity or affinity."

### Proposed legislation

Several bills have been filed in relation to the prohibition of political dynasties, and are currently pending to be approved by the Congress. Many have called for Congress to pass the Anti-Dynasty Law, but this bill has been passed over by each Congress since 1987.
On January 24, 2011, Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago filed Senate Bill 2649, which prohibits political dynasties from holding or running for elected local government positions. The bill disqualifies the following candidates from running for local government positions:
* relatives of an incumbent elected official running for re-election up to the second degree of consanguinity, and are planning to run in the same province in the same election as the elected official
* relatives of an incumbent elected official that holds a national position up to the second degree of consanguinity, and are planning to run in the province of origin of the elected official
* persons that are not relatives of an elected official that are candidates to the same position in the same province in the same election but are related to each other up to the second degree of consanguinity.
The bill also prohibits relatives within the prohibited civil degree of relationship of an incumbent from succeeding to the incumbent's position, except for the positions of Punong Barangay and Sangguniang Barangay.
Three bills were filed in the House of Representatives that are similar in content to Senate Bill 2649:
* House Bill 172 filed on July 1, 2013, by representatives under the Bayan Muna, Gabriela, ACT, Anakpawis and Kabataan partylists
* House Bill 837 filed on July 2, 2013, by Representative Erlinda Santiago of the 1-SAGIP party list
* House Bill 2911 filed on September 18, 2013, by Representative Oscar Rodriguez from the 3rd district of Pampanga
On December 16, 2013, the House of Representatives Committee on Suffrage and Electoral Reforms agreed to replace the three House bills into a single bill filed as House Bill 3587. The bill sought to limit the number of candidates from the same political clan from running for public office in a given period. The bill would give "the best and brightest from a disadvantaged family equal access to public service which otherwise could have been held and occupied by other members of political dynasties", said Representative Fredenil Castro of the electoral reform committee.
In 2016, House Speaker and Quezon City representative Feliciano Belmonte Jr. filed House Bill 166 titled "Anti-political dynasty Act" seeking to prohibit the proliferation of political clans in the Philippines.
Anti-political dynasty bills were also filed separately by Representatives Kaka Bag-ao, Tomasitio Villarin, and Nancy Catamco (House Bill 3861) in 2016; Agusan del Norte Representative Lawrence Fortun (House Bill 110) in 2018; and by Representative Rodante Marcoleta (House Bill 145), Senators Franklin Drilon (Senate Bill 11), Panfilo Lacson (Senate Bill 30), Francis Pangilinan (Senate Bill 264) in 2019, and Robin Padilla (Senate Bill 2730) in 2024.
In 2018, 13 senators signed a committee report approving consolidated Senate Bill 1765 or the Anti-Political Dynasty Act of 2018, which seeks to ban political dynasties in the Philippines. The bill defines political dynasty as the "concentration, consolidation, and/or perpetuation of public office and political powers by persons related to one another within the second degree of consanguinity or affinity."

## Statistics

Due to the increasing number of political dynasties in the Philippines, majority of the positions in government are held by politicians that are members of political dynasties. In fact, in the years 1995–2007, an average of 31.3% of all congressmen and 23.1% of governors were replaced by relatives. In the 1995 elections, of the 83 congressmen elected on to their third term, 36 of them were replaced by a relative in the succeeding elections. The term "relative" here referring to anyone with a familial connection such as a wife, a son or daughter, a cousin, etc. In many of these cases, the people who would eventually go on to take their place had no previous political background or experience save their familial connection.
In a study done in 2012 by economists Beja, Mendoza, Venida, and Yap, it was estimated that 40% of all provinces in the Philippines have a provincial governor and congressman that are related in some way. Another 2014 study done by Querubin of the Department of Politics in New York University indicated that an estimate 50–70% of all politicians are involved or associated in a political dynasty within the Philippines, including local government units. In the same study, it was concluded that approximately 70% of all jurisdiction-based legislators in the current Congress are involved in a political dynasty, with 40% of them having ties to legislators who belonged to as far as 3 Congresses prior. It is also said that 77% of legislators between the ages of 26–40 are also dynastic, which indicates that the second and third generations of political dynasties in the Philippines have begun their political careers as well.
To analyze patterns of political dynasties within the 15th Congress, categories were formed according to the number of familial ties each politician had to politicians belonging to previous Congresses:
* Category 1: Those with ties to the 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress as well as at least one family member elected into a local government unit between the years 2001 and 2010
* Category 2: Those with familial connections to at least one person belonging to the 12th, 13th, or 14th Congress
* Category 3: Those who share kinship with at least one person belonging to the 12th, 13th, or 14th dynasty, or at least one relative with a local government unit (LGU) position from the 2001, 2004, or 2007 elections
* Category 4: Those with at least one relation in the 12th, 13th, or 14th Congress or holding a local government unit (LGU) position in the elections in between 2001 and 2010
In a population of 229 legislators in the 15th Congress, 155 of them are classified as belonging to the fourth category. Of those 155, 144 of them also belong to the third category. 84 of the 144 belong in the second category, and of the 84, 10 belong to the first category.
As of October 2024, 80% of district seats in the House of Representatives is held by political dynasties. As of December 2024, 71 of 82 governors, or 87%, belong to political dynasties. Of the these 71 governors, 47 are running for re-election and 19 have relatives running to replace them in the May 2025 elections.

### Thin and fat political dynasties

There are two types of political dynasties, thin and fat, according to the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. A thin dynasty is one in which a political clan is able to manipulate one elected position over time. A fat dynasty is one in which a political clan holds multiple government positions simultaneously. According to Prof. Ronald Mendoza, "The more fat dynasties you have, the more poverty there's likely to be."
In Mindanao, four congressional districts have been held by the same families for almost 40 years (from 1987 to 2025). These families are the Zubiris in the 3rd district of Bukidnon, the Romualdos in Camiguin, the Bautistas in Davao Occidental, and the Almarios in the 2nd district of Davao Oriental.

## Poverty

The 10 poorest provinces in the Philippines are ruled by political dynasties. According to one study, these provinces "are afflicted by low levels of human development, bad governance, violence and poor business climates". Research suggests that either poverty results in the creation of political dynasty or that these dynasties exacerbate bad governance and worsen poverty conditions. Although the study found a correlation, this does not determine whether it is a causal relationship since poverty is multifaceted.
The study used empirical data that correlated political dynasty presence with socio-economic development. This study stated that "this partial correlation coefficient finds a positive relationship between poverty incidence and the proportion of political dynasties in each province."

## Corruption

Political dynasties have been blamed for worsening corruption in the Philippines. According to the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, "political dynasties breed corruption and ineptitude" because political power is monopolized by political dynasties. Corruption can be through plunder, bribery, unmerited government contracts, or misallocation of funds.
The dominance of powerful families have also allowed politicians facing corruption charges to get elected into public office.

### Stolen wealth of the Marcos family

The Marcos family, a political family in the Philippines, owns various assets that Philippine courts have determined to have been acquired through illicit means during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos from 1965–1986. These assets are referred to using several terms, including "ill-gotten wealth" and "unexplained wealth," while some authors such as Belinda Aquino and Philippine Senator Jovito Salonga more bluntly refer to it as the "Marcos Plunder".

## Impunity

Political dynasties have been linked to impunity, as political dynasties tend to exercise control over the police and other public resources. According to a Philippine Star editorial, "Dynasty building undermines the criminal justice system, with clans controlling the police, prosecution, judiciary and jail facilities in their turfs. This has engendered impunity, as the nation has seen in so many brazen political killings."

## Critical reception

Various writers wrote articles that analyze and critique politicians that fall under the domain of a political dynasty. Often, these articles hold these said persons and families in a critical light. Although political dynasties have already been present in the Philippines for a significant period of time, the public has only recently started clamoring for a change in system. The public support for the bill against political dynasties has steadily increased because the president, while part of a dynasty himself, fully supports the passage of the Anti-Dynasty Bill.
On a provincial scale, political dynasties are often held in higher regard- contrasted with dynasties that oversee a wider public, where reception is mostly negative.

### Negative

According to Ludigil Garces, Karl Jandoc, and Mary Grace Lu, political dynasties limit political competition, exacerbating corruption, poverty, and abuse of power. Michael Henry Yusingco keeps on discussing this and more electoral issues in broadcasting stations and advising the COMELEC and other private institutions to galvanize communities to address voter problems and communicate them to policy-makers.
One notable theory concerning the negative effects of political dynasties is a political "Carnegie effect", named after Andrew Carnegie. The "Carnegie effect" is based on Carnegie's decision to give all his wealth to non-family members, where he argues that his son might have less incentive of working hard if he were to be assured of his father's wealth. This idea of inherited wealth and connections discouraging future generations to work hard can also be attributed to dynastic politicians. Dynastic politicians have a significant advantage from the start of their political career as they have a statistically higher probability, likely due to factors such as popularity and incumbency advantage, to win elections when pitted against politicians with no such political networks. Dynastic politicians also have generally lower educational attainment, because of their reliance on dynastic connections rather than bureaucratic or academic competence for their position.
There is also significant evidence to suggest that Philippine political dynasties use their political dominance over their respective regions to enrich themselves, using methods such as graft or outright bribery of legislators. These kinds of situations arise as conflicts of interests—political dynasties often hold significant economic power in a province—and their interests are overrepresented due to dynastic politics.
Political dynasties also tend to maintain the status quo and develop interests largely separate from the people they were supposed to be serving. Dynastic candidates, being almost exclusively from the upper classes, are naturally biased towards defending their own vested economic interests, which presents conflict of interest problems. Political dynasties also prevent challengers with potentially effective policy ideas from being able to take office, which limits the capacity for bureaucratic responsiveness and administrative effectiveness and adaptation to new ideas.

### Positive

According to Mancur Olson's theory of political governance or the "Roving Bandits vs. Stationary Bandits" theory, dynastic politicians are more likely to pursue long-term development-oriented strategies since they expect to hold power and benefit from their position for longer. This is usually set in contrast to non-dynastic politicians who would, under this theory, have less incentive to develop due to their limited term. Political dynasties have in theory increased women's political participation in politics. Female politicians hailing from political dynasties can easily get into politics due to their connections.

## Anti-political dynasty movements

Among the civil society organizations that campaign against political dynasties are the Movement Against Dynasties (MAD) and the Anti-Dynasty Movement (ANDAYAMO). In 2019, MAD organized a petition signing to pressure legislators into passing a law banning political dynasties. Election watchdog Kontra Daya conducts studies on political dynasties that field candidates in elections for party-list representatives.
Lawyers from the University of the Philippines filed a petition asking the Supreme Court to compel Congress to pass a law banning political dynasties.

## Philippine political families
### Ampatuan

The Ampatuan family has exercised political crowd control over the Maguindanao region since 2001, with several of its members holding positions in government. The family's patriarch, Andal Ampatuan Sr., was elected Governor of Maguindanao in 2001. His sons, Andal Ampatuan Jr. and Zaldy Ampatuan, were the former mayor of Datu Unsay and former governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao respectively. 80 members of the Ampatuan family ran for governmental positions during the 2013 elections. The Ampatuans' rise to power is attributed to support received from President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. As a result of their connection, the Ampatuans won Arroyo a large majority of votes from Maguindanao during the 2004 presidential elections. The Arroyo administration's issuance of Executive Order 546 then allowed the Ampatuans to form their own private army, also known as civilian volunteer organizations.
Despite their prominence in Maguindanao, the Ampatuans were generally unheard of outside of the region until the 2009 Maguindanao massacre. They were charged and sentenced for their involvement in the massacre that killed 57 people. The victims had been on their way to file the candidacy of Esmael "Toto" Mangudadatu for the 2010 elections when they were stopped by an armed convoy. They were later abducted and murdered; some victims were also reported to have been raped. After the discovery of the mass graves, President Arroyo declared martial law in Maguindanao. 198 people, including Andal Ampatuan Sr. and Andal Ampatuan Jr., were charged with murder. Charges against some of the suspects were later dropped. Andal Sr., suspected to be the mastermind behind the massacre, died on July 17, 2015.
Brothers Datu Andal Jr., Zaldy, and Anwar Ampatuan Sr. were convicted of 57 counts of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole on December 19, 2019. A total of 28 people, including other Ampatuan clan members and police officers were sentenced to life imprisonment.

### Aquino

The Aquinos are a political family that originated from Tarlac. The dynasty began with Servillano Aquino, a general during the Philippine Revolution and delegate of the Malolos Congress. His son, Benigno Aquino Sr., was a speaker in the House of Representatives during the Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic. He was charged and arrested for collaborating with the Japanese during World War II. The most prominent member of the family, Benigno Aquino Jr., was a leading figure in the opposition against the Marcos regime who was assassinated on the tarmac in the Manila International Airport in 1983 upon arriving from exile. After his death, his wife, Corazon Aquino became active in politics, becoming a key figure during the People Power Revolution. She later became the first female president of the Philippines after Ferdinand Marcos was exiled in 1986. Her term was marred by the restoration of democratic institutions, the Mendiola massacre, the 9 Coup d'etat attempts during her term and disasters such as the sinking of the MV Doña Paz, the 1990 Luzon earthquake, the Eruption of Mount Pinatubo and the Ormoc flash flood. Her death in 2009 garnered widespread public support reminiscent of her husband's which resulted in support for her son, Benigno Aquino III's successful campaign to become the Philippines' 15th president from 2010 to 2016.
Other prominent members of the family include the first cousin of Benigno III, Bam Aquino, who served as senator from 2013 to 2019. Other politicians from the Aquino family with a direct lineage to Sevillano Aquino include Benigno Jr.'s siblings Butz Aquino who was a senator from 1987 to 1995, and Tessie Aquino who was a senator from 1995 to 2004.

### Binay

The Binay political family started with Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay, a human rights lawyer who represented political prisoners for free in the 1970s during the Martial Law period of President Ferdinand Marcos. When Marcos was toppled in 1986, President Corazon Aquino appointed Jojo Binay as acting mayor of Makati. After a year, he was appointed as acting governor of Metro Manila. In 1988, he was elected for his first official term as mayor of Makati and served three terms successively until 1998. After a three year break, during which his wife Elenita served as mayor, he was elected again in 2001 as mayor and served for another three terms until 2010 when he became the 13th Vice President of the Philippines under Benigno Aquino III. He ran for the presidency but lost his bid to Rodrigo Duterte in the 2016 Elections. He ran for Congress representing the 1st District of Makati City in the 2019 elections but lost. He also ran for senator in the 2022 elections but also lost.
Among his five children, three of them joined him in politics as well, alternating between each other in the mayorship of Makati City. The eldest, Nancy Binay, was elected Senator in 2013 and landed 5th among 12 elected senators despite her having no prior government experience. She was reelected in 2019 for a second term. Another daughter Abigail Binay, a lawyer, is the incumbent mayor of Makati City. Abigail was previously elected as congressional representative of the 2nd district of Makati City in 2007 and served for three terms until her election as mayor in 2016. His only son Jejomar Binay Jr. also served as mayor of Makati City when he was elected in 2010 but in 2015 he was unseated by the Ombudsman of the Philippines. He is perpetually banned from holding any public office after the Court of Appeals affirmed the charges of grave misconduct, dishonesty and conduct prejudicial to the best interest of the service over the construction of a Makati school building on May 28, 2019. The mayorship of Makati City has been held by the Binays for 37 years since 1988.

### Dimacuha

The Dimacuha political family is also the one of the longest unbroken political rule, ruling over the City of Batangas. It started with Eduardo "Eddie" B. Dimacuha who became mayor from 1988 to 1998, then his son Angelito "Dondon" A. Dimacuha from 1998 to 2001, and again Eduardo "Eddie" B. Dimacuha from 2001 to 2010, then his wife Vilma A. Dimacuha from 2010 to 2013, and again Eduardo "Eddie" B. Dimacuha from 2013 to 2016. They owned a business like Dimacuha Days Gasoline and Service (now Dimacuha Days Shell Station) in Pallocan West, R. Dimacuha Construction And Trucking Services owned by Victor Reginald "Regie" Dimacuha also known as RD Dimacuha in Diversion Road, Batangas City, R and R Dimacuha Enterprises Inc. also in Diversion Road, Batangas City and other enterprises considered as an ill-gotten wealth because of corruption in the city and unexplained who's wealth coming from in the oligarchy business.
He and the Sangguniang Panlungsod created the Real Properties Act in Ordinance No. 20, which it passed on November 25, 2013 that which people paying high taxes for their own interests in their properties. Which they consider their selves as the Villars of Batangas for being a land grabber and ruthless businessmen turned politicians. It benefit the brothers Arthur Guinhawa Blanco and Hamilton Guinhawa Blanco, the politicians which they became ally for 9 years after being rivaled against them under Joe Tolentino slate and corrupting the services of the people.
The father of the family started to lead the city with full of corruption in the government, secret drug dealing, smuggling, raping the women, bribery, and killing of opposition leaders. Eddie was the one who have started committing adultery with several woman, including the mistress from the Atienza family. His goons killed the husband of his mistress, because Vilma knows that it can damage their name. He raped Precil Recillita Cecilio (now Precil Recillita C. Quine) after 1992 local elections many times within his 6 body guards and police at the De Joya Compound. Dimacuha warned her that if she tell to the police, he will kill her family. No one believes in Cecilio's narrative, because Dimacuha manipulates the police that she is a liar. Although, she has a bruises the 6 body guards and the police made. Later on, she escaped the city without committing justice of his crimes. He was charged of corrupt practices of public officials, malversation of public funds, fraud and illegal exaction, and fraud against the public treasury by a taxpayer. But later was dismissed by Court of Tax Appeals because they manipulate the judges in favor of them. Bong Macalalad of Batangas City leaks, wrote the article against the Dimacuhas, because the city is not progressing due to the corruption of the political family. Eddie was involved in killing the journalist Melinda Magsino, because Mei was raped by him and sought to have love triangle.
The current progenitor of the Dimacuha political dynasty is Beverly Rose A. Dimacuha–Mariño, who ruled the city from 2016 to present. Her wife, Vittorio "Marvey" A. Marino is a congressman of 5th district in Batangas City used also a "trapo" tactics by naming his program such as "MAM Card" for health insurance, and financial assistance to garner votes. He was known for being the useless and the most unpopular congressman in Batangas with no bills that passed into law. Only he co-authored Maharlika Investment Corporation that which it subjects to corruption and gathering funds from other banks like the Land Bank and Philippine National Bank. He was also the congressman who vote in favor of Impeachment of Sara Duterte, to steal taxpayers' money from his own city and to get a reward from the House speaker Martin Romualdez for impeaching the vice president. They are responsible for implementing infrastructure projects named after them under the initial of their father called "EBD" such as schools, bridges, barangay halls, multi-purpose halls, and sports courts. Also they named their selves in scholarships, health services, clean and green, social action programs, and livelihood programs, as well as their discipline task force called "EBD Task Force Disiplina", that may strengthen the bailiwick to prevent them be replaced over the years of ruling the city.
They are responsible for implementing infrastructure projects named after them under the initial of their father called "EBD" such as schools, bridges, barangay halls, multi-purpose halls, and sports courts. Also they named their selves in scholarships, health services, clean and green, social action programs, and livelihood programs, as well as their discipline task force called "EBD Task Force Disiplina", that may strengthen the bailiwick to prevent them be replaced over the years of ruling the city. Also, the statue of the couple's Eddie and Vilma was erected on the top of the footbridge as balcony near the University of Batangas citing that this was a tactic of developing their selves a Cult of personality in which their task force enforcing the students cross to the footbridge with an eyesore statue of them. On January 30, 2025, Dimacuha and Mariño opened the controversial Balagtas Flyover, which it cause heavy traffic and inconvenient to decongest the city. By the use of epal tactics, it draws a flak of people and they said it was misused their tax to pay what they are doing. They have bought ₱6-Billion of modern vans or trucks to illegally arrest who are not voting for them and make a premature campaigning, which hipocritically they does when Dimacuha use epal tactics of opening the New City Cemetery and Park based in Bolbok Diversion Road, General Assembly Building in Catandala, and others that the money is used from the taxpayers which they stoled from the pockets.
During election period, they are playing unfair tactics by ordering their task force, barangay captains, and kagawads like removing of opponents or mayoralty-council candidates' tarpaulin and replace by their own tarpaulin just like what they did in Balagtas, Batangas when the mayoralty candidate of Partido Federal ng Pilipinas Clemente "Chessie" Berberabe posted that it was unfair to remove their large tarpaulins, especially his running mate for Vice Mayor Carlo Mercado, Carlito Bisa running for Congressman, and other councilors were removed to be replaced by a large and desperately vote grabbing tactic tarpaulin made by Team EBD consist of Mariño running for Mayor, Dimacuha running for Congresswoman, Alyssa Renee Cruz running for re-election as Vice mayor, and other councilors, which is unethical. Also there is a history that Eddie Dimacuha always ordering barangay captains and his men to rig to elections or make an election fraud like hacking the system of vote counting machine and death threat tactics that causes the mayoralty candidate of 2001 Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino mayoralty candidate Florencio de Loyola,and 2007 Lakas-CMD mayoralty candidate Ruel "Wawing" Chavez, 2010 Nacionalista Party mayoralty candidate Emilio Francisco "Doc Jun" Berberabe Jr., 2004 and 2013 from Liberal Party Jose Vrigilio "Joe" Tolentino, and 2016 mayoralty candidate from PDP–Laban Kristine Balmes to lose in elections by cheating the elections that Dimacuhas committed. During 2007 elections, Wawing Chavez has the lead of a more than 30 thousand of votes. But suddenly, due to power outages ordered by Eddie Dimacuha, they take advantage or exploit to cheat the elections and throw the ballot papers in favor of Wawing. So that, Dimacuha won by cheating in 2007 after the electric power restored. Wawing was so popular during 2007 election, but due to cheating, the platforms were suddenly disappeared due to prevention of being unseated. On the year 2010, 2013, and 2016, the Dimacuhas are making this another tactic that same in 2007 by cheating against Emilio "Doc Jun" Berberabe Jr., Joe Tolentino, and Kristine Balmes. They are removing students from their scholarship program under their name sake, if they don't vote for her and her husband as mayor and congressman, also if they are not their allies in favor of their opponents or what they endorse in barangay elections which they portray theirselves as dictators of the city. And also, the "Team EBD" always offering raffle promo during new year, which is considered a vote buying. The post from their own facebook page garnered 4,000 likes and 1,600 shares as of 2025, which they fooled Batangueños by buying votes of using this tactics. They are using demolition jobs like ordering Batangas News FB page to do online survey, because they are desperate to gain votes and to rule Batangas City for many years without progress. The Dimacuha-Mariño supporters are so desperate, because they try to hack the Facebook account of Clemente Berberabe on February 10, 2025. Also their supporters have paid trolls like doing demolition job and commenting defamation against their political opponents like Berberabe and Bisa.
They are removing students from their scholarship program under their name sake, if they don't vote for her and her husband as mayor and congressman, also if they are not their allies in favor of their opponents or what they endorse in barangay elections which they portray theirselves as dictators of the city. And also, the "Team EBD" always offering raffle promo during new year, which is considered a vote buying. The post from their own facebook page garnered 4,000 likes and 1,600 shares as of 2025, which they fooled Batangueños by buying votes of using this tactics. They are using demolition jobs like ordering Batangas News FB page to do online survey, because they are desperate to gain votes and to rule Batangas City for many years without progress. The Dimacuha-Mariño supporters are so desperate, because they try to hack the Facebook account of Clemente Berberabe on February 10, 2025. Also their supporters have paid trolls like doing demolition job and commenting defamation against their political opponents like Berberabe and Bisa.
On February 11, 2025, a post of the FB page "Tinig ng Batangas City" headlined that Mariño and Dimacuha used bribery tactics and manipulate the barangay captains of the 105 barangays by paying them P300,000 cash incentives to cheat in the elections against Clemente Berberabe, Carlo Mamisay Mercado, Carlito Bisa, and other Team Bagong Batangas City members to gain another sweep of 19-0 or the 19-0 sweep to solidify the support in the grassroots in the way of using epal or fooling tactics. This has been subjected to COMELEC's complaint by the Makabayan Batangas Chapter. So that, there is an evidence where Mariño and Dimacuha are committing corruption by the use of taxpayers' money.
Today, Batangas City was branded as the North Korea of the Philippines because of propaganda that spread by Dimacuha of vote buying and epal tactics in giving ayudas, scholarship allowances of P4,000 to P6,000, and EBD or MAM Cards just to grab their votes and have to rule forever. The Mayorship of Batangas City has been held by the Dimacuhas for 37 years since 1988, without progress in such developments and the city was being surpassed by Lipa City economically.

### Duterte

The Duterte political family began with Vicente "Nene" Gonzales Duterte, a lawyer and former mayor of Danao, Cebu in 1945 who in 1946, migrated with his family to Davao to practice law and became a governor of the then-unified province of Davao in 1959 until 1965 when President Ferdinand Marcos appointed him as Secretary of General Services which position he held until his death in 1968. Although Davao became a stronghold of the Dutertes, his hometown Danao remains a bailiwick of the Duterte clan whose family members took turns dominating Danao's local politics. While his nephew Ronald Regis Duterte, also a lawyer, was a member of the legislative council of Cebu City for 17 years since 1963 with three consecutive terms before becoming its vice mayor in 1980 and ultimately as mayor in 1983. Ronald became the president of the then University of Southern Philippines (USP) in 1991 and later on as dean of its college of law.
His son Rodrigo "Digong" Duterte, also a lawyer, who followed his political footsteps in Davao, became the 16th President of the Philippines after winning in the 2016 presidential election. He served until 2022 Before becoming president, he was a mayor of Davao City for 22 years serving for seven terms. At 71, he is the oldest person to assume the presidency and the first to hail from Mindanao.
Other prominent members of the Duterte family include Rodrigo's children: Sara Duterte, Paolo Duterte, and Sebastian Duterte. Sara Duterte is now serving as the 15th Vice President of Philippines after being elected in May 2022 in tandem with Bongbong Marcos who won the presidency by landslide votes. Prior to becoming the vice president, Sara Duterte was the mayor of Davao City having taken it over for the second time from her father when the latter ran for the presidency in 2016. She previously held the mayorship in 2010 replacing her father who at the time on his third term and likewise served as vice mayor to his father in 2007. Paolo Duterte is the incumbent Davao City 1st District Representative since 2019 and former Deputy Speaker of the House for Political Affairs. He previously served as his father's vice mayor in 2013 and later as her sister's vice mayor in 2018. Sebastian Duterte, who ran unopposed, replaced Paolo as vice mayor in 2019 and replaced Sara as mayor in May 2022 elections. The mayorship of Davao City has been held continuously by the Dutertes since 1988 except for one term in 1998 until 2001 where Rodrigo was succeeded at the end of his third term by his vice mayor Benjamin de Guzman.

### Estrada

The Estrada political family began with Joseph "Erap" Ejercito Estrada, who began as a successful film actor. The popularity Estrada gained from acting proved to be valuable when he pursued a career in politics. He served as the mayor of San Juan from 1969 to 1986, senator from 1987 to 1992, and vice president from 1992 to 1998. He later succeeded Fidel Ramos to be the 13th President of the Philippines. Allegations of corruption under his administration led to an impeachment trial, which was discontinued after the Senate, serving as the impeachment court, voted against opening an envelope possibly containing incriminating evidence. This resulted in the four-day-long Second People Power Revolution. His resignation from presidency was declared soon afterwards and he was later convicted of plunder. Despite this, the absolute pardon given by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo allowed Estrada to run unsuccessfully for President in 2010 and eventually be elected mayor of Manila in 2013. Estrada ran and won his second term as mayor in 2016 but lost his bid for the third term in 2019. Estrada retired from politics since then, although he continues to lead his party, Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino. Estrada's wife and First Lady, Loi Estrada, served as senator from 2001 to 2007.
Many other members of the Estrada family are still active in politics, particularly in San Juan. Among these are his sons, Jinggoy Estrada and JV Ejercito, who both served as Mayor of San Juan and Senator. JV's mother and Erap's partner, Guia Guanzon Gomez, was the 18th Mayor of San Juan who served for three terms from 2010 to 2019. Jinggoy is currently facing plunder charges before the Sandiganbayan anti-graft court over his involvement in a multibillion peso pork barrel scam. He was arrested and detained in 2014, and released on bail in 2017. Both Jinggoy Estrada and JV Ejercito ran unsuccessfully for the Senate in 2019, but were elected to the Senate in 2022 winning the 12th and 10th place respectively.

### Marcos

The Marcoses are one of the most well-known political families in the Philippines. The dynasty started with Mariano Marcos, a lawyer from Ilocos Norte who was a member of the House of Representatives back in 1925. The Solid North, and particularly Ilocos Norte, remains to be the Marcoses’ political stronghold today. Several of the Marcoses currently cannot set foot in any United States territory because of a contempt judgement.
The family was at its peak during the presidency of Ferdinand E. Marcos, son of Mariano Marcos, who ruled from 1965 until 1986. Marcos's family members also held several governmental positions during this period. Though they were exiled as a result of the People Power Revolution, the Marcos family has since regained power and is currently active in Philippine politics. Imelda Marcos, wife of Ferdinand and former first lady, was a governor and assemblywoman of Metro Manila and representative of the first district of Leyte and later, the second district of Ilocos Norte. Marcos’ daughter, Imee Marcos, is an incumbent senator, having been elected in 2019. She was previously the governor of Ilocos Norte. Marcos' only son, Bongbong Marcos, a former senator, governor of Ilocos Norte, and second district representative of Ilocos Norte, ran unsuccessfully for the vice presidency in the 2016 vice presidential race. He is the 17th President of the Philippines after winning the 2022 Philippine Presidential Election, receiving 31 million votes.

### Ortega

The Ortega political clan is believed to be the Philippines' political family with the longest unbroken political rule, ruling over the province of La Union for over a century. The current progenitor of the Ortega political dynasty is former governor Manuel "Manoling" Ortega, who served as Governor of the province from 2007 to 2016.

### Roxas

The Roxas political family started with Manuel Acuña Roxas, the fifth president of the Philippines. Before being president, he served as the governor of Capiz. As a descendant of Antonia Róxas y Ureta, he is also related to the Zobel de Ayalas, a prominent business family. His son, Gerardo Roxas, served as a representative of the 1st District of Capiz and senator. His grandson, Gerardo Roxas Jr. served as a representative of the 1st District of Capiz in 1987 until his death in 1993. He was succeeded by his elder brother, Manuel "Mar" Araneta Roxas II, who was elected in 1993 and later became Secretary of Trade and Industry in 2000 under the Estrada administration. Mar Roxas ran successfully as senator in 2004 but was unsuccessful in his bid for the vice presidency in 2010. He was appointed as Secretary of Transportation and Communications in 2011 and Secretary of the Interior and Local Government in 2012 under the administration of President Benigno Aquino III. In 2016, he ran for the presidency, in which he lost to Rodrigo Duterte, ranking second. In 2019, he ran for senator but failed to secure a seat, placing 16th in the elections.

### Villar

The Villar political clan is one of the richest and ruthless political dynasties based in Las Piñas. They are the owners of the company Vista Land and Camella which they converted farmlands into subdivisions since 1977. They have a name sake city based in Cavite connecting to Laguna and southern parts of Metro Manila called the Villar City.
It started with Manuel Villar, who ran as a representative Las Piñas-Muntinlupa's at-large district in 1992 and won a seat. He became a senator from 2001 until 2013, when he joined Nacionalista in 2003 and became a chairman. He ran for president in 2010 presidential election, but lost to Benigno Aquino III. His wife, Cynthia Villar ran as Representative of the Lone District of Las Piñas and won in a landslide victory in 2001 and seated until 2010. She ran for senator in 2013 Senate election and won a seat replacing her husband and re-elected in 2019. She was one of the authors of Republic Act No. 11203 or the Rice Tariffication Law, which reduced the salary of the farmers and can contribute to the government.
Their son Mark Villar was a Secretary of Public Works and Highways during the Duterte Administration from 2016 to 2022. He is controversial, because he built the CAVITEX–C-5 Link or the Las Pinas flyover. The project has no direction, but it affects the Right of way of the LRT Line 1 Cavite Extension. He ran for senator in 2022 Senate election and won a seat. Camille Villar their daughter on the other hand is a representative on member of the House of Representatives for Las Piñas since 2019. She is currently running for the 2025 elections as a senator.
The Villars are one of the top spenders of senatorial campaign. Manny spend ₱38, 500,000, Cynthia spend ₱135,529,000, Mark spend ₱133, 900,000 , and Camille spend ₱13, 000, 000

### Ynares

The Ynares political clan is one of the old and longest political rule, ruling over the province of Rizal.
The current progenitor of the political clan is Nina Ynares, who became a governor from 2022 to present succeeding her mother Rebecca Ynares.