# Elwetritsch

The Elbedritsch - also Elwetrittche,m, Ilwedritsch; in the plural Elwedritsche(n) - is an imaginary bird-like creature that is reported in southwest Germany (especially in the Palatinate and neighboring regions). The area of distribution is essentially congruent with the historical Palatinate. With emigrants, the belief in the existence of Elbedritsche also spread to Eastern Europe and North America (Pennsylvania) in the 18th century and to South America (Brazil) in the 19th century. The Elbedritsch is to be seen as a local variation on comparable imaginary creatures from other regions (cf. Wolpertinger).

## Appearance and origin

Elbedritsche are described as resembling chickens in the broadest sense. They are said to be flightless and are often depicted with a long beak. Sometimes they are depicted with deer antlers, often with six legs. What the depictions have in common is that Elbedritsche combine parts of different animals.
The belief in Elbedritsche is a cultural pattern whose roots lie in the time of the Neolithic Revolution. The process by which hunter-gatherers became farmers and pastoralists over a long period of time first took place in the “Fertile Crescent” of the Near East between 9500 and 7000 BC. The sedentary way of life gave rise to new requirements: the protection of property and the safeguarding of one's own life against harmful external influences such as hunger, disease and death in a constant location. While the first aspect contributed to the emergence of patriarchy, the second aspect favored the emergence of differentiated worlds of gods. Different deities were worshipped for each of life's adversities and were granted mercy through sacrificial offerings. Evidence of this can be found in the cultures of the Babylonians, Sumerians and Assyrians. At the same time, people assumed that actions and words could have a magical effect, which led to the belief in protective and harmful spells. Traces of this can also be found in Christian and Islamic texts. Some see the Sumerian demoness Lilith, whose popular etymology means “the nocturnal one”, as being responsible for sudden infant death syndrome and nocturnal heart attacks. Others see a connection to the Sumerian mother goddess Lamashtu. The phenomenon probably had several roots.
In this context, the special protection of one's own house and sleeping quarters against harmful external influences during the night when people slept should be seen. It was believed that the deities could enter the bedrooms as shape-shifters to punish a person themselves or through messengers sent by them - be it winged through the window, as a breath of mist through door cracks or as a feather floating from the ceiling. It was believed that they would crouch on a sleeping person's bed and press against their chest - the result could be a nightmare or, in the worst case, death. People protected themselves by painting certain symbols on beds, doors and windows and reciting defensive incantations.

## Spread and development

The belief in punishing deities or their harmful emissaries spread with the migratory movements of the Indo-European peoples from around 6000 BC, starting from a region in the Fertile Crescent (today located in northern Iran) westwards towards Europe and eastwards towards India. Today, 445 languages are assigned to the Indo-European language group, to which German also belongs. The individual languages are not only similar in terms of vocabulary and grammar. They also contain other archaic relics whose origins lie in the Fertile Crescent.
In the Iron Age - in Central and Northern Europe between around 750 BC and the year 0 - the cultural pattern described here manifested itself among the Germanic tribes in the belief in a world of gods, in which the gods also carried out punishments on people who disobeyed the applicable rules. As shapeshifters, they could take on any form, fly through the air and pass through the smallest cracks as a breath of mist. However, they could also commission so-called dark alves from the roots of the Germanic world tree “Yggdrasil” to fulfill this task. Deities such as alves squatted on sleeping people and squeezed them so that they could no longer breathe.
With the Christianization of the Germanic tribes between the 4th century and the time of Charlemagne in the 8th century, the belief in albums gradually faded into the background. The nightmares, however, remained. Over the following centuries, the original divine punishment developed into a human curse. Now members of the village - mostly people who were on the fringes of society and especially often women - were supposed to be responsible for nightmares. The belief in witches spread, who were popularly known as “Trut/Drud” (male) or “Trude/Drude” (female). They were also said to come to their victims shape-shifting, fly through the air and reach their victims through cracks in the house in order to harm them. Symbols such as pentagrams and hexagrams as well as incantations were used to ward them off.
According to popular belief, witches had willingly surrendered to the devil and therefore could not be redeemed, whereas people became druids through mishaps such as a slip of the tongue by the priest at a baptism. The "Drude" (engl. "night hag") could therefore be redeemed, for example by giving her a chicken that she could squeeze to death. The peak of witch hunts in Europe was between 1550 and 1650.
Over many generations, the older belief in albs and the more recent belief in night hags ("Druden") in the regions along the Rhine ultimately developed into the word “Albdrude” (in Switzerland and Austria, as well as in northern Germany, often called “Mahr” or “Nachtmahr”, cf. nightmare) alongside the terms “Albdruck” or “Albdrücken”. A corresponding female first name (“alb” = white, “trud” = strong) is documented in early documents from the monastery of Weissenburg (Alsace) in the variants “Albthruda” (774 AD) and “Albdrud” (788 AD). The term “Alptrude” can also be found in literary texts from the 19th century onwards, for example in Ludwig Bechstein's “Deutsches Sagenbuch” (1853). The entries “Albdricke” and “Alwedricke” are recorded in the Palatinate dictionary.

## Historical representations

Defense measures against demons on the farm were predominantly carried out using symbols (pentagrams, hexagrams). Only in a few cases, for example in Pennsylvania, have pictorial representations of "Albdruden" survived. These are found in the vicinity of granaries or directly on fruit chamber doors and represent special cases. They were expected to have a particularly apotropaic (defensive) effect on the farmer's family's most important assets - harvest and provisions. The depictions show the shape-shifter with wings, claws and horns. There are both bird-like and cat-like versions of the head. In these rarely documented cases, the demon is supposed to be warded off by itself - in other words, evil is driven away with evil.

## Medical background

The idea of a pressure demon that haunts sleepers and squeezes the air out of them could explain cases of nocturnal cardiac death, sudden infant death syndrome and sleep apnoea (cessation of breathing during sleep) in pre-Enlightenment times. However, the medical background to the pressure demon phenomenon is the so-called “sleep paralysis”. Sleeping people are unable to move - this is a protective mechanism of evolution. Sleep paralysis occurs when those affected regain consciousness too early in the waking process and thus consciously perceive the paralysis. Meanwhile, the eyes are open. Sleepers can only control their breathing and cannot speak. They often also perceive sounds or images and sometimes have the feeling that someone else is in the room. In this context, those affected report anxiety and pain. The first symptoms of sleep paralysis usually occur in childhood or adolescence, but decrease with age. Whereas in earlier times a pressure demon was blamed, children today tend to talk about “monsters under the bed”, while adults in rare exceptional cases refer to “abduction by aliens”.

## Related concepts

“Incubus” and ‘succubus’ are concepts related to the Night Elf, in which the erotic aspect dominates. In mythology, an “incubus” (from Latin: incubare for “to lie on top”, “to hatch”) is a nightmare-causing demon that mates with a sleeping woman at night without her noticing. The female counterpart is called a “succubus”. A succubus steals the sleeping man's semen unnoticed. The oldest mention of phenomena of this kind comes from Mesopotamia, known as “Lilu” and “Lilutu”. These are demons that appear to people in their sleep in the form of erotic dreams. However, the erotic aspect does not play a role in the phenomenon of the Albdrude as a pressure demon.

## Creation of the actual Elbedritsch

Primal fears such as the loss of control during sleep can be dealt with by first assigning the supposed demon a name and a form. Once this has been done, the demon is “shrunk”, which happens unconsciously and over a long period of time in human societies. In the case of the Elbedritsche, this happened on the one hand when people linguistically miniaturized the term “Albdrude” via intermediate forms such as “Albdrudche” and “Elbentrötsch” to “Elbedritsch” and “Elwedritsch”. An alternative path from Palatine “Albdricke” (Albdrücken) led from “Albdruck” via “Albdrickche” and “Albedrickche” or “Albedrickelche” ultimately to the same result. On the other hand, the overpowering figure itself was diminished by reducing the demon to a chicken-like bird. In the end, the creature was banished to the forest - far away from the sphere of influence of humans.
The separation of the Elbedritsch from the Albdrude must have taken place in the 17th century. By the time the 18th century emigrants arrived in Pennsylvania, the Elbedritsch had already shrunk to the size of a chicken. However, the fear of the Albdrude persisted in very rural regions (e.g. in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the term “Druddekopp”) right into the 20th century.
The ability of a changing shape is made clear by the fact that the creature created in this way unites body parts from various animals: the webbed feet of ducks and the wings of birds. The message here is: The demon can run, fly and swim. The aspect of infinite speed with which the Elbedritsch can move, ultimately making it invisible to humans, is often represented by the image of six legs. Even in Germanic times, Wodan's (in Norse: Odin) ability to travel infinitely fast and thus to be all-encompassing and omnipresent was visualized by the eight legs of his horse “Sleipnir”, among other things.
The custom of the Elbedritsche hunt, which has probably also been known since the 17th century, has its roots in the so-called “Trotterkopf” spell (“Druddekopp-Schpruch”). This is an old magical incantation that was intended to help banish druids (witches). It originates from the tradition of praying for health, which was called “Braucherei” in the southern regions of Germany. Words, herbs and objects (often ropes) were used to treat the sick and perform protective acts. In the Trotterkopf spell, the demon was assigned tasks that would take him a long time and take him to distant lands. In the end, he was faced with almost unsolvable tasks and thus banished, at least for a longer period of time. Unsolvable tasks are also assigned during the Elbedritsche hunt. An ignorant person, equipped with a sack and lantern, is supposed to stand in a clearing and catch Elbedritsche, which do not exist. In this way, those unfamiliar with the custom are also banished - at least for a longer period of time. The hunt represents a reversal of the power situation, as it were: Whereas before it was the Albdrude that haunted you during the night, the Elbedritsch is now hunted by humans. Through all the mechanisms described - naming, shaping, miniaturization plus hunting - the primal fear of the absolute loss of control during sleep is banished. The end result is a gain in control, which contributes to an improvement in people's lives.

## Tritschology

Over the course of the 20th century, ignorance of the cultural and historical context gave rise to a very amusing pseudo-scientific preoccupation with the topic of “Elbedritsche”, known as “Tritschology”. All kinds of supposed origin stories were invented, the imaginary species of the mysterious animal was lovingly described and ever more variants were added. Basically, this is a continuation of the process that took place with the transition from the Albdrude to the Elbedritsch. The unknown is frightening. That's why invented stories are supposed to make the inexplicable ultimately explicable - even if every tritschological approach must ultimately fail here. Tritschology is tritschology - and science is science. The phrase “tritschology is the scientific study of Elbedritsche”, which you sometimes read, is simply wrong.
The technique of hunting Elbedritsche has been continuously refined. Today, the consumption of alcohol plays a role in many cases, which in turn fits in well with the real cultural-historical background. After all, the aim is to actively process the primal fear of the night and the loss of control during sleep.

## Customs

In the Palatinate, you can track down the Elbedritsche. The “Elwetritsche-Brunnen” in Neustadt an der Weinstraße and the “Elwetritsche-Weg” (hiking trail) in Dahner Felsenland are particularly well-known. Supposed Elwedritsch enclosures can be seen in the zoos of Landau and Kaiserslautern. The Palatinate Museum of Natural History in Bad Dürkheim displays a taxidermied Elbedritsch in a showcase.

## Geographical distribution

The area in which tales of the Elwetritsch are spread expands from the Palatinate Forest in the west of Germany towards the east across the Upper Rhine Plain to the southern parts of the Odenwald. The mythical creature also appears in the north of Baden-Württemberg. In the Main-Tauber-Kreis, where they are known as “Ilwedridsche”, the children are told that at night the creatures sleep in the crowns of the willow trees standing next to the river Tauber. In Neustadt an der Weinstraße, which is said to be the “capital” of the Elwetritsches, there is an Elwetritsche-fountain, created by Gernot Rumpf. Other sources consider Dahn in the southwestern Palatinate, which also has an Elwetritsche-fountain, Erfweiler or other villages as secret capitals of these creatures.

### Pennsylvania

In Pennsylvania among the Pennsylvania Dutch, the Elwetritsch is known as the Elbedritsch. The lore concerning the Elbedritsch is similar to that of the Elwetritsch in that the victim of the trick was set out with a bag to catch one and left abandoned. The Pennsylvania Dutch are convinced that Palatinate people—their biggest group of ancestors—had taken some “Elbedritschelcher” (diminutive of Elbedritsch) with them “so dass sie kenn Heemweh grigge deede” (so that they wouldn't become homesick). Tales of the Elbedritsche are also documented in Amish communities. The newsletter of the Pennsylvania German Society is Es Elbedritsch.

## Classification

Elbedritsche were - at least originally - not mythical animals or fantastic creatures. They have only developed into the latter since the publication of the Harry Potter books (see J.K. Rowling: “Fantastic Beasts & Where to Find Them, 2001). This fact is an argument for the fact that this cultural pattern is still subject to constant change today. Originally, however, Elbedritsche were “personifications of primal fears tamed by man” that were banished to the forest.
Instead of a “cultural pattern”, science also speaks of a “meme”. This is a pattern of information (e.g. a thought, a song, a fairy tale, a custom) that is stored in the brain and can be recalled. The meme can be passed on through communication - across generations and great distances. Memes are subject to socio-cultural evolution. “Mutations” occur during the passing on process. Memes divide, then change in different ways in different places and in this way form a network of patterns over time, in which the relationship is sometimes difficult to recognize. Thus, Elwedritsche can be something different in the Alpine region of the 16th and 17th centuries than in Pennsylvania in the 18th and 19th centuries - and in the Palatinate of the 20th and 21st centuries. And yet they are connected by a common core. If you want to penetrate to this core, you have to move “backwards” in time and space and thus follow the Indo-European migration to its origin in the Fertile Crescent. This is where what we know today as Elwedritsch originated. The underlying primal meme of the phenomenon is: “How do I conquer the primal fear of losing control during sleep?” Everything that has developed is ultimately an answer to this question.

## Elwetritsch monuments

There are several monuments in the Palatinate:
* Dahn:
** Elwetritsche fountain
** Elwetritsche educational trail
** Elwetritsche hiking trail
** Elwetritsche monument in municipal park
** Local carnival club uses Elwetritsche as mascot
* Neustadt an der Weinstraße:
** Elwetritsche fountain (illustrated)
* Wernigerode:
** Elwetritsche fountain
* Winnweiler:
** Local brewery Bischoff uses Elwetritsche as mascot

## Literatur

* Michael Werner: Elwedritsche - Dunkle Gefährten. AGIRO Verlag (Neustadt an der Weinstraße), ISBN 978-3946587781.