# George Reeves

George Reeves (born George Keefer Brewer; January 5, 1914 – June 16, 1959) was an American actor. He was best known for portraying Clark Kent/Superman in the television series Adventures of Superman (1952–1958).
His death by gunshot at age 45 remains controversial. The official finding was suicide, but some believe that he was murdered or the victim of an accidental shooting.

## Early life

Reeves was born January 5, 1914, as George Keefer Brewer in Woolstock, Iowa, the son of Donald Carl Brewer and Helen Lescher. Reeves was born five months into their marriage. When the couple separated, soon after Reeves's birth, Reeves and his mother moved from Iowa to Ashland, Kentucky, to stay with relatives for a time and then to her home in Galesburg, Illinois.
Later, Reeves's mother, who was of German descent, moved to California to stay with her sister. There, by 1920, she had met and married Frank Joseph Bessolo (according to that year's federal census). Reeves's father married Helen Schultz in 1925. Reeves reportedly never saw his father again. In 1927, when Reeves was 13, Frank Bessolo adopted him, and the boy took his stepfather's last name, becoming George Bessolo. The Bessolos’ marriage lasted 15 years, ending in divorce, with the couple separating while Reeves was away visiting relatives. When he returned, his mother told him his stepfather had died by suicide. According to biographer Jim Beaver, Reeves did not know for several years that Bessolo was still alive. Bessolo actually died March 4, 1944, at age 51, when his adopted son was well into his movie career.
Reeves began acting and singing in high school and continued performing on stage as a student at Pasadena Junior College.

## Acting career

While studying acting at the Pasadena Playhouse, Reeves met his future wife, Ellanora Needles, great-great-granddaughter of John Robinson, who had been a circus magnate and founder of the John Robinson Circus. They married on September 22, 1940, in San Gabriel, California, at the Church of Our Savior. They had no children and divorced 10 years later.
Reeves's film career began in 1939 when he was cast as Stuart Tarleton (incorrectly listed in the film's credits as Brent Tarleton), one of Scarlett O'Hara's suitors in Gone with the Wind. It was a minor role, but he and Fred Crane were in the film's opening scene. (Reeves and Crane both dyed their hair red to portray the Tarleton twins.) After Gone with the Wind was filmed, Reeves returned to the Pasadena Playhouse and was given the lead role in the play Pancho. This part directly led to his being contracted to Warner Brothers. Warner had him change his professional name to George Reeves. His Gone with the Wind screen credit reflects the change. Between the start of production on Gone With the Wind and its release 12 months later, several films on his Warner contract were made and released, making Gone With the Wind his first film role, but his fifth film release.
He starred in a number of two-reel short subjects and appeared in several B-pictures, including two with future President of the United States Ronald Reagan and three with James Cagney (Torrid Zone, The Fighting 69th, and The Strawberry Blonde). These roles did little to advance Reeves's career, and his contract with Warners was dissolved by mutual consent.
Released from his Warner contract, he signed a contract with Twentieth Century-Fox but was released after only a handful of films, one of which was the Charlie Chan movie Dead Men Tell. Twentieth Century-Fox loaned him to producer Alexander Korda to co-star with Merle Oberon in Lydia, a box-office failure, after which he freelanced, looking to find work in westerns. His friend Teddi Sherman introduced him to her father, producer Harry Sherman, who asked Reeves to do a screen test with Teddi for the Hopalong Cassidy films. Reeves and Sherman impressed the casting director by performing seven pages of script in a single take without pause. Reeves appeared in five Hopalong Cassidy westerns before being cast as Lieutenant John Summers opposite Claudette Colbert in So Proudly We Hail! (1942), a war drama for Paramount Pictures, which signed Reeves up for two films a year.
However, Reeves was inspired by So Proudly We Hail! to put his budding acting career on hold and enlist in the U.S. Army. He was drafted in early 1943. He was assigned to the U.S. Army Air Forces and performed in the USAAF's Broadway show Winged Victory. The long Broadway run was followed by a national tour and a movie version. Reeves was then transferred to the Army Air Force’s First Motion Picture Unit, where he made training films.
Discharged at the war's end, Reeves returned to Hollywood. Many studios were slowing down their production schedules, however, and some production units had shut down completely. He appeared in a pair of outdoor thrillers with Ralph Byrd. As more and more time passed between acting jobs that paid less and less, Reeves was reduced to appearing in a low-budget serial produced by Sam Katzman, The Adventures of Sir Galahad, and taking a second job digging cesspools. Reeves fit the rugged requirements of the roles, and, with his excellent memory for dialogue, he did well under rushed production conditions. He was able to play against type, starring as a villainous gold hunter in a Johnny Weissmuller Jungle Jim film. After separating from his wife, Reeves moved to New York City in 1949 (their divorce became final in 1950). He performed on live television anthology programs, as well as on radio, and then returned to Hollywood in 1951 for a role in a Fritz Lang film, Rancho Notorious.
In 1953, Reeves played a minor character, Sergeant Maylon Stark, in From Here to Eternity. The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture and gave Reeves the distinction of having appeared in two "Best Picture" films.

### Superman

In June 1951, Reeves was offered the role of Superman in a new television series titled Adventures of Superman. He was initially reluctant to take the role because, like many actors of his time, he considered television unimportant and believed few would see his work. The half-hour films were shot on tight schedules; at least two shows were made every six days. According to commentaries on the Adventures of Superman DVD sets, multiple scripts were filmed simultaneously to take advantage of the standing sets; for example, all the "Perry White's office" scenes for three or four episodes would be shot the same day, and the various "apartment" scenes would also be done consecutively.
Reeves's career as Superman had begun with Superman and the Mole Men, a film intended both as a B-picture and as the pilot for the TV series. Immediately after completing it, Reeves and the crew began production of the first season's episodes, all shot over 13 weeks in the summer of 1951. The series went on the air the following year, and Reeves was amazed at becoming a national celebrity. In 1952, the struggling ABC Network purchased the show for national broadcast, which gave him greater visibility.
The Superman cast members had restrictive contracts preventing them from taking other work that might interfere with the series. Except for the second season, the Superman schedule was brief (13 shows shot two per week, a total of seven weeks out of a year), but all had a "30-day clause", which meant that the producers could demand their exclusive services for a new season on four weeks' notice. This prevented long-term work on major films with long schedules, stage plays that might lead to a lengthy run, or any other series work.
Reeves, however, was able to leverage his new role and earn additional income by making numerous personal appearances. He had affection for his young fans and took his role-model status seriously. He avoided smoking cigarettes where children could see him and eventually quit smoking. He kept his private life discreet, including a romantic relationship with Toni Mannix, wife of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer general manager Eddie Mannix.
In the documentary Look, Up in the Sky: The Amazing Story of Superman, Jack Larson said that, when he first met Reeves, he told him that he enjoyed his performance in So Proudly We Hail! According to Larson, Reeves said that if Mark Sandrich had not died, he would not be there in "this monkey suit". According to Larson, Reeves also said he would feel better about the role if he knew he had any adult fans; he never learned that Adventures of Superman had adult fans even during its original broadcast run.
Between the first and second seasons of Superman, Reeves got sporadic acting assignments in one-shot TV anthology programs and in two feature films, Forever Female (1953) and Fritz Lang's The Blue Gardenia (1953), but by the time the series was airing nationwide, Reeves found himself so closely associated with the characters of Superman and Clark Kent that it was difficult for him to book other roles.
During the show's run, Reeves worked tirelessly with Toni Mannix to raise money for fighting myasthenia gravis; his efforts resulted in his being appointed as national chairman for the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation in 1955. During the second season, Reeves returned to working with the government when he appeared in a short film for the Treasury Department entitled Stamp Day for Superman, in which he caught the villains and told children why they should invest in government savings stamps.
After two seasons, Reeves decided not to renew his contract and left the show. He was frustrated with his low salary, the one-dimensional nature of his character, and how associating himself with Superman had ruined his credibility as a dramatic actor. At 40 years old, he also felt uncomfortable playing such an intensely physical role.
Eager to jump-start his failing career, Reeves established his own production company and conceived a TV adventure series called Port of Entry, which was to be shot on location in Hawaii and Mexico. Reeves wrote the pilot script himself. However, the producers of Superman, unable to find a suitable replacement, lured him back to the show with a major salary increase. He was reportedly making $5,000 (about $59,000 in today's dollars) per week, but only while the show was in production (about eight weeks each year). Reeves was never able to gain financing for his Port of Entry project, and the show was never made.
In 1957, the producers considered making a theatrical film: Superman and the Secret Planet. A script was commissioned from David Chantler, who had written many of the TV scripts. In 1959, however, negotiations began for a renewal of the series, with 26 episodes scheduled to go into production. By mid-1959, contracts were signed, costumes refitted, and new teleplay writers assigned. Noel Neill was quoted as saying that the cast of Superman was ready to do a new series of the still-popular show.
His good friend Bill Walsh, a producer at Disney Studios, gave Reeves a prominent role in Westward Ho the Wagons! (1956), in which Reeves wore a beard and mustache; it would be his final film appearance. Attempting to showcase his versatility, Reeves performed a song on the Tony Bennett show in August 1956. He appeared as Superman on I Love Lucy (Episode #166, "Lucy and Superman") in 1957. Character actor Ben Welden had acted with Reeves in the Warner Bros. days and frequently guest-starred on Superman. He said, "After the I Love Lucy show, Superman was no longer a challenge to him... I know he enjoyed the role, but he used to say, 'Here I am, wasting my life.'"
Reeves, Noel Neill, Natividad Vacío, Gene LeBell, and a trio of musicians toured with a public-appearance show from 1957 onward. The first half of the show was a Superman sketch in which Reeves and Neill performed with LeBell as a villain called "Mr. Kryptonite" who captured Lois Lane. Kent then rushed offstage to return as Superman, who came to the rescue and fought with the bad guy. The second half of the show was Reeves out of costume as himself, singing and accompanying himself on the guitar. Vacio and Neill accompanied him in duets.
Reeves and Toni Mannix split in 1958 and Reeves announced his engagement to society playgirl Leonore Lemmon. Reeves was apparently scheduled to marry Lemmon on June 19 and then spend their honeymoon in Tijuana. He complained to friends, columnists, and his mother about his financial problems. The planned revival of Superman was apparently a small lifeline. Reeves had also hoped to direct a low-budget science-fiction film written by a friend from his Pasadena Playhouse days, and he had discussed the project with his first Lois Lane, Phyllis Coates, the previous year. However, Reeves and his partner failed to find financing, and the film was never made. Another Superman stage show was scheduled for July with a planned stage tour of Australia. Reeves had options for making a living, but those options apparently all involved playing Superman again—a role that he was not eager to reprise at age 45.
Jack Larson and Noel Neill both remembered Reeves as a noble Southern gentleman (even though he was from Iowa) with a sign on his dressing room door that said "Honest George, the people's friend". Reeves had been made a "Kentucky Colonel" during a publicity trip in the South, and the sign on his dressing room door was replaced with a new one that read "Honest George, also known as Col. Reeves", created by the show's prop department. A photo of a smiling Reeves and the sign appears in Gary Grossman's book about the show.

## Death

Reeves died of a gunshot wound to the head, in the upstairs bedroom of his home at 1579 Benedict Canyon Drive in Benedict Canyon between 1:30 and 2:00 a.m. on June 16, 1959, according to the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) report.
Leonore Lemmon and other party guests were in the home at the time. Lemmon told the police that she was in the living room with the guests at the time of the shooting, but hearsay statements from Fred Crane, Reeves's friend and colleague from Gone with the Wind, put Lemmon either inside or in direct proximity to Reeves's bedroom. According to Crane (who was not present), Bill Bliss had told Millicent Trent after the shot rang out, while Bliss was having a drink, that Leonore Lemmon came downstairs and said, "Tell them I was down here, tell them I was down here!"
A number of questionable physical findings were reported by investigators and others. No fingerprints were recovered from the gun. No gunpowder residue was found on Reeves's hands. (Some sources contend that it may not have been looked for, as gunshot residue testing was not routinely performed in 1959.) The bullet that killed Reeves was recovered from the bedroom ceiling, and the spent shell casing was found under his body. Two additional bullets were discovered embedded in the bedroom floor. All three bullets had been fired from the weapon found at Reeves's feet, though all witnesses agreed they heard only one gunshot, and there was no sign of forced entry or other physical evidence that a second person was in the room. Despite the unanswered questions, Reeves's death was officially ruled a suicide, based on witness statements, physical evidence at the scene, and the autopsy report.
In contemporaneous news articles, Lemmon attributed Reeves's alleged suicide to depression caused by his "failed career" and inability to find more work. The report made by the LAPD states, "[Reeves was]... depressed because he couldn't get the sort of parts he wanted." Newspapers and wire-service reports quoted LAPD Sergeant V. A. Peterson as saying: "Miss Lemmon blurted, 'He's probably going to go shoot himself.' A noise was heard upstairs. She continued, 'He's opening a drawer to get the gun.' A shot was heard. 'See there—I told you so!'"
Reeves is interred at Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum in Altadena, California. In 1960, Reeves was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on Hollywood Boulevard for his contributions to the TV industry. In 1985, he was posthumously named one of the honorees by DC Comics in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.

### Controversy

Reeves's mother thought it was premature and peremptory to rule the death a suicide, and retained attorney Jerry Giesler to petition for a reinvestigation of the case as a possible homicide. The findings of a second autopsy, conducted at Giesler's request, were the same as the first, except for a series of bruises of unknown origin about the head and body. A month later, having uncovered no evidence contradicting the official finding, Giesler announced that he was satisfied that the gunshot wound had been self-inflicted and withdrew.
Actors Alan Ladd and Gig Young were reportedly skeptical of the official determination. Reeves's friend Rory Calhoun told a reporter "No one in Hollywood believed the suicide story." In their book Hollywood Kryptonite, Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger make a case for the involvement of MGM vice president and fixer Eddie Mannix. Reeves had been having an affair with his wife Toni Mannix. Others suggested that Eddie Mannix, rumored to have Mafia ties, ordered Reeves killed.

### In popular culture

The 2006 film Hollywoodland, starring Ben Affleck as Reeves and Diane Lane as Toni Mannix. Adrien Brody plays Louis Simo, a fictional private investigator with a working class Italian American background and an obsession with chasing fame and fortune. Simo is partially inspired by actual private detective Milo Speriglio, who was hired by Reeves' mother to investigate her son's death. The film's fictionalized investigation suggests four possible explanations:
    1. An accidental shooting by an angry and intoxicated Lenore Lemmon during a heated argument.
    2. A contract killing arranged by Eddie Mannix, who is also subtly hinted to have quietly sabotaged Reeves' efforts to found his own production company, in retaliation for breaking Toni's heart.
    3. A revenge killing by a jealous and heartbroken Toni Mannix, who allegedly still had the house keys and knew about a separate way in and out of the upstairs room, and covered up afterwards by Eddie Mannix out of loyalty and genuine love for his wife.
    4. A simple act of suicide rooted in George Reeves' despondent belief that he was a complete failure in both his acting career and personal life.
While seeking to remain open-ended, the film implies that suicide is the most likely explanation for Reeves' death. This climactic realization devastates Brody's character, but also causes him to reevaluate his own priorities in life, which ultimately causes him to cease chasing celebrity status and focus instead upon his neglected role as a family man.
A computer graphics version of Reeves as Superman appears in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash (2023). The use of the computer graphics render led to a backlash from fans.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1939 | Espionage Agent | Warrington's secretary (uncredited) | Feature film |
| 1939 | On Dress Parade | Southern soldier in trench (uncredited) | Feature film |
| 1939 | Four Wives | Laboratory Man (uncredited) | Feature film |
| 1939 | Smashing the Money Ring | Trial Spectator (uncredited) | Feature film |
| 1939 | The Monroe Doctrine | John Sturgis | Short film |
| 1939 | Ride, Cowboy, Ride | Pancho Dominguez | Short film |
| 1939 | Gone with the Wind | Stuart Tarleton – Scarlett's beau (credited erroneously onscreen as playing Brent Tarleton - see above) | Feature film |
| 1940 | The Fighting 69th | Jack O'Keefe (uncredited) | Feature film |
| 1940 | Calling Philo Vance | Steamship Clerk (uncredited) | Feature film |
| 1940 | Father Is a Prince | Gary Lee | Feature film |
| 1940 | Virginia City | Major Drewery's telegrapher (uncredited) | Feature film |
| 1940 | Tear Gas Squad | Joe McCabe | Feature film |
| 1940 | Pony Express Days | William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody | 20 min. short film |
| 1940 | Meet the Fleet | Benson | Short film |
| 1940 | Calling All Husbands | Dan Williams | Feature film |
| 1940 | Always a Bride | Mike Stevens | Feature film |
| 1940 | 'Til We Meet Again | Jimmy Coburn | Feature film |
| 1940 | Ladies Must Live | George Halliday | Feature film |
| 1940 | Torrid Zone | Sancho, Rosario's Henchman | Feature film |
| 1940 | Gambling on the High Seas | Newspaper Reporter | Feature film |
| 1940 | Knute Rockne, All American | Distraught Player (uncredited) | Feature film (aka A Modern Hero) |
| 1940 | Argentine Nights | Eduardo 'El Tigre' Estaban | Feature film (sings in this role) |
| 1941 | The Strawberry Blonde | Harold | Feature film |
| 1941 | Blood and Sand | Captain Pierre Lauren | Feature film |
| 1941 | The Lady and the Lug | Doug Abbott | Short film |
| 1941 | Throwing a Party | Larry Scoffield | Short film |
| 1941 | Lydia | Bob Willard | Feature film (aka Illusions) |
| 1941 | Man at Large | Bob Grayson | Feature film |
| 1941 | Dead Men Tell | Bill Lydig | Feature film |
| 1942 | Border Patrol | Don Enrique Perez | Feature film |
| 1942 | Blue, White and Perfect | Juan Arturo O'Hara | Feature film |
| 1942 | The Mad Martindales | Julio Rigo | Feature film |
| 1942 | Sex Hygiene | Pool player #1 | U.S. Army training film |
| 1943 | Hoppy Serves a Writ | Steve Jordan | Hopalong Cassidy movie |
| 1943 | Buckskin Frontier | Surveyor | Feature film |
| 1943 | The Leather Burners | Harrison Brooke | Feature film |
| 1943 | Bar 20 | Lin Bradley | Feature film |
| 1943 | Colt Comrades | Lin Whitlock | Feature film |
| 1943 | So Proudly We Hail! | Lt. John Summers | Feature film |
| 1943 | The Kansan | Jesse James (uncredited) | Feature film |
| 1944 | Winged Victory | Lt. Thompson | Feature film |
| 1945 | Airborne Lifeboat | Pilot | TV film |
| 1947 | Champagne for Two | Jerry Malone | Feature film (aka Musical Parade: Champagne for Two) |
| 1947 | Variety Girl | Himself (uncredited) | Feature film |
| 1948 | Jungle Goddess | Mike Patton | Feature film |
| 1948 | Thunder in the Pines | Jeff Collins | Feature film (released in sepiatone) |
| 1948 | The Sainted Sisters | Sam Stoakes | Feature film |
| 1948 | Jungle Jim | Bruce Edwards | Feature film |
| 1949 | The Great Lover | Williams | Feature film |
| 1949 | Samson and Delilah | Wounded messenger | Feature film |
| 1949 | Adventures of Sir Galahad | Sir Galahad | 15-chapter film serial |
| 1950 | The Good Humor Man | Stuart Nagle | Feature film |
| 1951 | Superman and the Mole Men | Superman / Clark Kent | Feature film (aka Superman and the Strange People) |
| 1952 | Rancho Notorious | Wilson | Feature film |
| 1953 | The Blue Gardenia | Police Capt. Sam Haynes | Feature film |
| 1953 | From Here to Eternity | Sgt. Maylon Stark (uncredited) | Feature film |
| 1954 | Stamp Day for Superman | Superman / Clark Kent | Educational short film |
| 1956 | Westward Ho the Wagons! | James Stephen | Final film role |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Episode(s) |
| 1949 | The Clock | | 2 episodes |
| 1949 | Actors Studio | | Episode: "The Midway" |
| 1949–50 | The Silver Theatre | Frank Telford | 2 episodes |
| 1949–50 | Suspense | Various roles | 4 episodes |
| 1949–52 | Kraft Television Theatre | Various roles | 7 episodes |
| 1950 | Believe It or Not | | Episode: "Journey Through the Darkness" |
| 1950 | The Trap | | Episode: "Sentence of Death" |
| 1950 | Starlight Theatre | | 2 episodes |
| 1950 | The Web | | 2 episodes |
| 1950 | Hands of Murder | | "Blood Money" |
| 1950 | The Adventures of Ellery Queen | | Episode: "The Star of India" |
| 1950–51 | Lights Out | | 2 episodes |
| 1952–58 | Adventures of Superman | Superman / Clark Kent | 104 episodes |
| 1952 | Fireside Theater | John Carter | Episode: "Hurry Hurry" |
| 1952 | Ford Theatre | James Lindsey – Father | Episode: "Heart of Gold" |
| 1955 | Funny Boners | Superman | March 15, 1955 |
| 1957 | I Love Lucy | Superman | Episode: "Lucy and Superman" |