# Melilla

Melilla (/mɛˈliːjə/, Spanish: ; Tarifit: Mřič) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast. It lies on the eastern side of the Cape Three Forks, bordering Morocco and facing the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of 12.3 km$^2$ (4.7 sq mi). It was part of the Province of Málaga until 14 March 1995, when the Statute of Autonomy of Melilla was passed.
Melilla is one of the special territories of the member states of the European Union. Movements to and from the rest of the EU and Melilla are subject to specific rules, provided for inter alia in the Accession Agreement of Spain to the Schengen Convention.
As of 2019, Melilla had a population of 86,487. The population is chiefly divided between people of Iberian and Riffian extraction. There is also a small number of Sephardic Jews and Sindhi Hindus. Melilla features a diglossia between the official Spanish and Tarifit.
Like the autonomous city of Ceuta and Spain's other territories in Africa, Melilla is subject to an irredentist claim by Morocco.

## Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish, the English name Melilla is pronounced /mɛˈliːjə/ or /məˈliːjə/ to approximate the sound of the Spanish double L, properly in most standard Spanish dialects. The name is attested from the 9th century, deriving from Arabic Malīlya (مَلِيلْيَة,) of uncertain etymology. The name has been related to honey (Spanish: miel; Latin: mel; Ancient Greek: μέλι, méli) since Melilla was a notable site for beekeeping in antiquity, a bee appearing prominently on the city's bronze coinage under Mauretanian rule. Alternatively, it has been taken from words meaning "discord", "fever", or a medieval Arab figure. The placename perhaps comes from the Amazigh root M·L (meaning 'white'), producing the Amazigh mlilet and which results in the local Mrič via /l/→ [r] and /lt/ → [č] changes.

## Symbols

The city uses as its heraldic shield the arms of the House of Medina Sidonia by virtue of a royal decree from Alfonso XIII in 1913. The blazon that defines the coat of arms of Melilla is as follows:
   The official coat of arms of the city is that of the House of Medina Sidonia. It features a Ducal Crown overseeing Guzmán el Bueno, holding a dagger in a stance of readiness from the castle of Tarifa. It is supported by the Columns of Hercules, with the inscription Non Plus Ultra. It also includes arms on a field of azure, two cauldrons checkered in gold and gules, gringolled with seven serpents in sinople, arranged in a pale, and a bordure of the Royal Arms of the Kingdom of León and Kingdom of Castile, with nine pieces of gules, alternating with castles of gold, and nine pieces of silver with lions in gules. The coat of arms also features a motto at the top, behind the castle of Tarifa, on a winged ribbon with the legend Praefere Patriam Liberis Parentem Decet (It is right to place the Fatherland before the family), and at the base of the shield, but outside of it, a dragon in sinople.
The flag used by the autonomous city consists of the heraldic shield placed at the center of a light blue field. It bears the titles of Muy Valerosa y Humanitaria (Very Valiant and Humanitarian), granted by King Alfonso XIII through a Royal Decree on March 11, 1913, in recognition of the population's aid during the campaigns of 1893, 1909, and 1911. It also holds the title of Muy Caritativa (Very Charitable), granted by the same king on February 9, 1929, for providing assistance to the victims of the explosion at the Cabrerizas Bajas gunpowder magazine. Additionally, it bears the title of Adelantada del Movimiento Nacional (Leader of the National Movement), granted by Francisco Franco in March 1962, for being the city where the Spanish Civil War began. This last title has not been removed and remains unused by the city, recalling the unrecognized title of Adelantada de España en África (Leader of Spain in Africa) granted by the Catholic Monarchs for its role as a forward post in defending the Andalusian coast against the Barbary pirates.
The city's patrons are Our Lady of Victory and Saint Francis of Assisi.

## History
### Antiquity and Middle Ages

Melilla was a Phoenician and later Punic trade establishment under variations of the name Rusadir (Punic: 𐤓‬𐤔𐤀𐤃𐤓‬, ršʾdr), taken from the Phoenician name of the nearby Cape Three Forks. After Carthage's defeat in the Punic Wars, the city fell under the control of the Roman client state Mauretania. After its annexation under Caligula, Claudius organized it as part of the province of Mauretania Tingitana. Pliny mentions it as a native hillfort and port (Latin: oppidum et portus). It was made a Roman colony in AD 46, after which it was sometimes referenced as Flavia. Rusaddir was said to have once been the seat of a bishop, but there is no record of any bishop of the purported see and it is not included in the Catholic Church's list of modern titular sees.
The political history is similar to that of towns in the region of the Moroccan Rif and southern Spain. Melilla was progressively ruled by the Vandals, Byzantines, and the Visigoths. In the early 6th century, it was the main port of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom. After the Islamic conquest of North Africa, it fell under the Umayyads, Cordobans, Idrisids, Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, and Wattasids.

### Early Modern period

During the 15th century, the city declined, like most Mediterranean cities of the Kingdom of Fez, eclipsed by those on the Atlantic. After the Catholic Monarchs' conquest of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492, their Secretary Hernando de Zafra [es] gathered intelligence about the sorry state of the North African coast with territorial expansion in mind. He sent agents to investigate, and subsequently reported to the Catholic Monarchs that, as of 1494, locals had expelled the authority of the Sultan of Fez and had offered to pledge loyalty. While the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas put Melilla and Cazaza, until then reserved to the Portuguese, under the sphere of Castile, the conquest of the city had to wait, delayed by the French occupation of Naples.
The Duke of Medina Sidonia, Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, advocated seizing Melilla, to be headed by Pedro de Estopiñán [es], and the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, endorsed the initiative and provided the assistance of artillery officer Francisco Ramírez de Madrid. Melilla was occupied on 17 September 1497, virtually without violence as it was on the border between the Kingdom of Tlemcen and the Kingdom of Fez, and as a result had been fought over many times and left abandoned. No large-scale expansion into the Kingdom of Fez ensued, and, barring the enterprises of the Cardinal Cisneros along the Algerian coast in Mers El Kébir and Oran, and the rock of Badis in the territorial scope of the Kingdom of Fez, the Hispanic monarchy's imperial impetus was eventually directed elsewhere, to the Italian Wars against France, and, especially after 1519, to the newly discovered continent across the Atlantic.
Melilla was initially jointly administered by the House of Medina Sidonia and the Crown, and a 1498 settlement required the former to station a 700-man garrison in Melilla and the latter to provide the city with a number of maravedíes and wheat fanegas. The Crown's interest in Melilla decreased during the reign of Charles V. During the 16th century, soldiers stationed in Melilla were badly remunerated, leading to many desertions. The Duke of Medina Sidonia relinquished responsibility over the garrison of the place on 7 June 1556.
During the late 17th century, Alaouite sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif attempted to conquer the presidio, taking the outer fortifications in the 1680s and further unsuccessfully besieging Melilla in the 1690s.
One Spanish officer reflected, "an hour in Melilla, from the point of view of merit, was worth more than thirty years of service to Spain."

### Late Modern period

The current limits of the Spanish territory around the Melilla fortress were fixed by treaties with Morocco in 1859, 1860, 1861, and 1894. In the late 19th century, as Spanish influence expanded in this area, the Crown authorized Melilla as the only centre of trade on the Rif coast between Tetuan and the Algerian border. The value of trade increased, with goat skins, eggs and beeswax the principal exports, and cotton goods, tea, sugar and candles the chief imports.
Melilla's civil population in 1860 still amounted to only 375 estimated inhabitants. In a 1866 Hispano-Moroccan arrangement signed in Fes, both parties agreed to allow for the installment of a customs office near the border with Melilla, to be operated by Moroccan officials. The Treaty of Peace with Morocco that followed the 1859–60 War entailed the acquisition of a new perimeter for Melilla, bringing its area to that where the 12 km$^2$ the autonomous city currently stands. Following the declaration of Melilla as a free port in 1863, the population began to increase, chiefly with Sephardi Jews fleeing from Tetouan who fostered trade in and out of the city. The first Jews from Tetouan probably arrived in 1864, and the first rabbi arrived in 1867 and began to operate the first synagogue, located in the Calle de San Miguel. Many Jews arrived fleeing from persecution in Morocco instigated by Roghi Bu Hamara. Following the 1868 lifting of the veto of emigration to Melilla from Peninsular Spain, the population further increased with Spaniards. The Jewish population, who also progressively acquired Spanish citizenship, increased to 572 in 1893. The economic opportunities created in Melilla henceforth favoured the installment of a Berber population.
The first body of local government was the junta de arbitrios created in 1879, in which the military enjoy preponderance. The Polígono excepcional de Tiro, the first neighborhood outside the walled core (Melilla la Vieja), began construction in 1888.
In 1893, Riffian tribesmen launched the First Melillan campaign to try to conquer the city; the Spanish government sent 25,000 soldiers to defend it against them. The conflict was also known as the Margallo War, after Spanish General Juan García y Margallo, Governor of Melilla, who was killed in the battle. The new 1894 agreement with Morocco that followed the conflict increased trade with the hinterland, bringing the economic prosperity of the city to a new level. The total population of Melilla amounted to 10,004 inhabitants in 1896.
The turn of the new century saw attempts by France (based in French Algeria) to profit from their newly acquired sphere of influence in Morocco to counter Melilla's trading prowess by fostering trade links with the Algerian cities of Ghazaouet and Oran. Melilla began to suffer from this, to which the instability brought by revolts against Muley Abdel Aziz in the hinterland also added, although after 1905 Sultan pretender El Rogui (Bou Hmara) carried out a defusing policy in the area that favoured Spain. The French occupation of Oujda in 1907 compromised the Melillan trade with that city, and the enduring instability in the Rif still threatened Melilla. Between 1909 and 1945, the modernista (Art Nouveau) style was prevalent in local architecture, making Melilla's streets a "true museum of modernista-style architecture", second only to Barcelona, mainly stemming from the work of architect Enrique Nieto.
Mining companies began to enter the hinterland of Melilla by 1908. A Spanish company, the Compañía Española de las Minas del Rif [es], was constituted in July 1908, shared by Clemente Fernández, Enrique Macpherson, the Count of Romanones, the Duke of Tovar and Juan Antonio Güell [es], who appointed Miguel Villanueva as chairman. Thus two mining companies under the protection of Bou Hmara started mining lead and iron 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) from Melilla. They started to construct a railway between the port and the mines. In October of that year, Bou Hmara's vassals revolted against him and raided the mines, which remained closed until June 1909. By July the workmen were again attacked and several were killed. Severe fighting between the Spaniards and the tribesmen followed, in the Second Melillan campaign that took place in the vicinity of Melilla.
In 1910, the Spaniards restarted the mines and undertook harbor works at Mar Chica, but hostilities broke out again in 1911. On 22 July 1921, the Berbers under the leadership of Abd el Krim inflicted a grave defeat on the Spanish at the Battle of Annual. The Spanish retreated to Melilla, leaving most of the protectorate under the control of the Republic of the Rif.
A royal decree pursuing the creation of an ayuntamiento in Melilla was signed on 13 December 1918 but the regulation did not come into force, and thus the existing government body, the junta de arbitrios, remained in force.
A "junta municipal" with a rather civil composition was created in 1927; on 10 April 1930, an ayuntamiento featuring the same membership as the junta was created, equalling to the same municipal regime as the rest of Spain on 14 April 1931, with the arrival of the first democratically elected municipal corporation on the wake of the proclamation of the Second Republic.
The city was used as one of the staging grounds for the July 1936 military coup d'état that started the Spanish Civil War.
In the context of the passing of the Ley de Extranjería in 1986, and following social mobilization from the Berber community, conditions for citizenship acquisition were flexibilised and allowed for the naturalisation of a substantial number of inhabitants, until then born in Melilla but without Spanish citizenship.

### Autonomy and late 20th, 21st century

In 1995, Melilla —until then just another municipality of the Málaga— became an autonomous city, as their Statute of Autonomy was passed.
On 6 November 2007, King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia visited Melilla, with several display of affection from the population. The visit also sparked protests from the Moroccan government. It was the first time a Spanish monarch had visited Melilla in 80 years.
Melilla, together with Ceuta, declared the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha —Feast of the Sacrifice— an official public holiday from 2010 onward. It is the first time a non-Christian religious festival has been officially celebrated in Spain since the Reconquista.
In 2018, Morocco decided to close the customs office near Melilla, the first time since mid-19th century, without any consultation wtith Spain. The customs office was expected to reopen in January 2023. As of February 2025, trade was still tentative and limited.
Melilla was the location of the last public statue in Spain to commemorate former dictator Francisco Franco following Spain's Historical Memory Law, passed in 2007, which included provision to the removal of any artefacts which celebrated the Franco regime from all public buildings and spaces. Nonetheless, the statue remained on the Cuesta de la Florentina street until its final removal in 2021.

## Geography
### Location

Melilla is in northwest Africa, on the shores of the Alboran Sea, a marginal sea of the Mediterranean, the latter's westernmost portion. The city is arranged in a wide semicircle around the beach and the Port of Melilla, on the eastern side of the peninsula of Cape Tres Forcas, at the foot of Mount Gurugú [es] and around the mouth of the Río de Oro intermittent water stream, 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) above sea level. The urban nucleus was originally a fortress, Melilla la Vieja, built on a peninsular mound about 30 meters (98 ft) in height.
The Moroccan settlement of Beni Ansar lies immediately south of Melilla. The nearest Moroccan city is Nador, and the ports of Melilla and Nador are within the same bay; nearby is the Bou Areg Lagoon.

### Climate

Melilla has a hot Mediterranean climate on the border with a hot Semi-arid climate, influenced by its proximity to the sea, rendering much cooler summers and more precipitation than inland areas deeper into Africa. The climate, in general, is similar to the southern coast of peninsular Spain and the northern coast of Morocco, with relatively small temperature differences between seasons. Minimum temperatures have never been below 0 °C (32 °F) during 1991-2020 period, and only 2.2 days per year have maximum temperature above 35 °C (95 °F).
Climate data for Melilla, altitude: 52 m (1991–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) | 34.2 (93.6) | 29.6 (85.3) | 30.6 (87.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 37.0 (98.6) | 41.8 (107.2) | 40.0 (104.0) | 36.0 (96.8) | 35.0 (95.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 30.6 (87.1) | 41.8 (107.2) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 21.5 (70.7) | 22.0 (71.6) | 23.8 (74.8) | 25.2 (77.4) | 28.9 (84.0) | 31.4 (88.5) | 35.6 (96.1) | 35.0 (95.0) | 31.7 (89.1) | 29.0 (84.2) | 26.3 (79.3) | 22.4 (72.3) | 36.5 (97.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) | 17.1 (62.8) | 18.5 (65.3) | 20.2 (68.4) | 22.9 (73.2) | 26.0 (78.8) | 29.0 (84.2) | 29.6 (85.3) | 27.0 (80.6) | 23.8 (74.8) | 20.2 (68.4) | 17.8 (64.0) | 22.4 (72.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.6 (56.5) | 13.9 (57.0) | 15.3 (59.5) | 16.9 (62.4) | 19.6 (67.3) | 22.7 (72.9) | 25.6 (78.1) | 26.3 (79.3) | 23.8 (74.8) | 20.6 (69.1) | 17.0 (62.6) | 14.6 (58.3) | 19.2 (66.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) | 10.8 (51.4) | 12.1 (53.8) | 13.6 (56.5) | 16.3 (61.3) | 19.4 (66.9) | 22.2 (72.0) | 23.1 (73.6) | 20.7 (69.3) | 17.4 (63.3) | 13.8 (56.8) | 11.4 (52.5) | 15.9 (60.6) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) | 6.9 (44.4) | 7.8 (46.0) | 9.9 (49.8) | 12.0 (53.6) | 15.8 (60.4) | 19.0 (66.2) | 20.1 (68.2) | 17.2 (63.0) | 13.3 (55.9) | 9.3 (48.7) | 7.4 (45.3) | 5.6 (42.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) | 2.8 (37.0) | 3.4 (38.1) | 6.0 (42.8) | 9.4 (48.9) | 12.4 (54.3) | 16.0 (60.8) | 14.6 (58.3) | 13.6 (56.5) | 9.4 (48.9) | 5.0 (41.0) | 4.0 (39.2) | 0.4 (32.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 55.3 (2.18) | 48.2 (1.90) | 43.6 (1.72) | 37.7 (1.48) | 15.2 (0.60) | 7.2 (0.28) | 0.5 (0.02) | 3.8 (0.15) | 18.9 (0.74) | 42.6 (1.68) | 53.3 (2.10) | 48.2 (1.90) | 374.5 (14.75) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.1 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 43 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 73.1 | 72.9 | 72.8 | 70.8 | 68.5 | 68 | 67 | 69.8 | 73.6 | 75.7 | 74.5 | 74.4 | 71.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 188.9 | 184.8 | 203.3 | 226.2 | 269.9 | 295.7 | 304.2 | 278.6 | 220.1 | 203.4 | 183 | 176 | 2,734.1 |
| Source 1: NCEI, Météo Climat ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Infoclimat ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Melilla 47 m (1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) | 34.2 (93.6) | 29.6 (85.3) | 30.6 (87.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 37.0 (98.6) | 41.8 (107.2) | 40.0 (104.0) | 36.0 (96.8) | 35.0 (95.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 30.6 (87.1) | 41.8 (107.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) | 17.0 (62.6) | 18.5 (65.3) | 20.1 (68.2) | 22.5 (72.5) | 25.8 (78.4) | 28.9 (84.0) | 29.4 (84.9) | 27.1 (80.8) | 23.7 (74.7) | 20.3 (68.5) | 17.8 (64.0) | 22.3 (72.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) | 13.8 (56.8) | 15.2 (59.4) | 16.6 (61.9) | 19.1 (66.4) | 22.4 (72.3) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 23.8 (74.8) | 20.4 (68.7) | 17.0 (62.6) | 14.6 (58.3) | 18.9 (66.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) | 10.6 (51.1) | 11.9 (53.4) | 13.2 (55.8) | 15.7 (60.3) | 19.0 (66.2) | 21.7 (71.1) | 22.4 (72.3) | 20.5 (68.9) | 17.2 (63.0) | 13.7 (56.7) | 11.2 (52.2) | 15.6 (60.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) | 2.8 (37.0) | 3.4 (38.1) | 6.0 (42.8) | 9.4 (48.9) | 12.4 (54.3) | 16.0 (60.8) | 14.6 (58.3) | 13.6 (56.5) | 9.4 (48.9) | 5.0 (41.0) | 4.0 (39.2) | 0.4 (32.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 58 (2.3) | 57 (2.2) | 44 (1.7) | 36 (1.4) | 20 (0.8) | 7 (0.3) | 1 (0.0) | 4 (0.2) | 16 (0.6) | 40 (1.6) | 57 (2.2) | 50 (2.0) | 391 (15.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.3 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 43.2 |
| Average snowy days | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72 | 74 | 73 | 69 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 69 | 72 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 184 | 170 | 192 | 220 | 258 | 279 | 289 | 268 | 210 | 194 | 176 | 168 | 2,607 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología ||||||||||||||

### Terrain

The relief of Melilla is characterized by its variety, including a rocky peninsula, an elevated plateau, and a volcanic massif. The Melilla Peninsula, which extends into the Mediterranean Sea, is dominated by elevated terrain. To the southeast is the coastal lagoon of Mar Chica, and to the south lies the volcanic massif of Gurugú. The city's maximum altitude exceeds 200 meters above sea level. Melilla is built on a hill that gently slopes down towards the sea to the east, while the western area features more rugged terrain. The eastern coast has rocky cliffs with panoramic views of the sea. This diverse relief has influenced the urban layout, with the old town adapted to the irregularities of the land, while the more modern neighborhoods extend into the flatter areas.

### Hydrography

The main river of Melilla is the Río de Oro, which originates in Mount Gurugú, in Morocco, where it is called the Río Meduar, southwest of the city. It flows into the bay of Melilla between the beaches of San Lorenzo and Los Cárabos.
The river remains dry for most of the year, only flowing when there are continuous rains, such as those on October 26, 2008, which washed away the Melilla fence and caused the Río de Oro and its streams to overflow. A small dam near the Melilla fence, on the Nano River, was also destroyed. The river flows in a roughly southwest-northeast direction and receives water from the left side from the Tigorfaten streams, the Cañada de la Muerte, the Nano River, and the Cabrerizas ravine. On the right, it receives water from the Farhana and Sidi-Guariach streams.

### Soils

Pedogenesis is a synthetic process in which the rest of the natural factors, both biotic and abiotic, are involved.
Melilla features a mountainous geography and relief that influence the formation of its soils. The Mediterranean climate, with dry summers and mild winters, favors the development of calcareous and stony soils. The vegetation, mainly shrubs and scattered forests, contributes to the formation of humus, increasing fertility in certain areas.
The soils in Melilla include calcareous, stony, and clayey types, depending on the relief and altitude. Pedogenetic processes are marked by erosion, decomposition of organic matter, and the alkalinity of the soils due to the presence of limestone. However, human activities such as urbanization and agriculture have impacted these processes, leading to soil compaction and loss of fertility.

### Flora

Biogeographically speaking, Melilla is part of the Holarctic Kingdom, specifically within the Mediterranean Region, Western Mediterranean Subregion.
In general terms, the typical vegetation of Melilla is Mediterranean forest, characterized by evergreen and xerophytic plants, adapted to the dry summer period. In the Rostrogordo Pine Forests, common species include the Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine), Olea europaea (wild olive), Ficus benjamina (weeping fig), Trachycarpus fortunei (windmill palm), cypress, and Capsicum annuum (bell pepper). The dominant understory is made up of woody, spiny, and aromatic species: plants such as rosemary, thyme, and rockrose are very typical of Melilla.

### Fauna

The fauna of Melilla is closely linked to its natural environment, particularly to the vegetation that dominates the region. Despite the alterations caused by urban expansion and human impact, a surprising diversity of species has managed to adapt and survive in this territory.
Among the most representative species are reptiles such as the common chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) and the spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca), which are unique to the region and are considered endangered. The spur-thighed tortoise, in particular, has a historical connection with Melilla, as evidence of its presence has been found since ancient times. This species remains an important part of the local fauna, and its popularity in captivity reflects its close relationship with Melilla's culture.
The bird fauna is also very rich, with several species of birds of prey, both diurnal and nocturnal, such as the peregrine falcon, kestrel, and owl. Additionally, Melilla is a notable stopover for migratory birds, with more than 100 species recorded that pass through its skies during their journeys between Europe and Africa.
The marine ecosystem of Melilla also hosts species that are endangered, such as the loggerhead sea turtle and the bottlenose dolphin, although information about these ecosystems is limited. Moreover, its waters contain interesting species such as Mediterranean coral reefs and various marine invertebrates.

### Protected Natural Areas

The city of Melilla has two protected areas classified as SACs (Special Areas of Conservation) within the Natura 2000 network:
* Barranco del Nano. Protected due to its military zone status, it stands out as a habitat for the araar (Tetraclinis articulata), a conifer native to the Atlas forests, and the presence of cat's-head rockrose (Helianthemum caput-felis) and Cartagena rockrose (Cistus heterophyllus). Among the animal species, it is sometimes possible to spot the golden jackal (Canis aureus) from the Moroccan side, and reptiles such as the Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca) and common chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) are frequently found.
* Aguadú Cliffs. A maritime-terrestrial space that includes cliffs, beaches, and marine bottoms, all especially rich in plant and animal species. The cliff nesting bird colonies, such as those of Audouin's gull (Larus audouinii), are particularly noteworthy. In the marine bottoms, the presence of rusty limpet (Patella ferruginea), an endangered species of mollusk found in abundance here, is remarkable. At depths of 15 to 20 meters, some of the best Mediterranean coral reefs in Spain can be found. On the terrestrial platform, various species of arthropods and terrestrial mollusks endemic to the area are abundant.

### Beaches

The city has the following beaches: Aguadú Beach, Horcas Coloradas Beach, Alcazaba Beach, Galápagos Cove Beach, Trápana Cove Beach, San Lorenzo Beach, Carabos Beach, Hipodromo Beach, and Hipica Beach.

## Government and politics
### Self-government institutions

The government bodies stipulated in the Statute of Autonomy are the Assembly of Melilla, the President of Melilla and the Council of Government. The assembly is a 25-member body whose members are elected through universal suffrage every 4 years in closed party lists following the schedule of local elections at the national level. Its members are called "local deputies" but they rather enjoy the status of concejales (municipal councillors). Unlike regional legislatures (and akin to municipal councils), the assembly does not enjoy right of initiative for primary legislation.
The president of Melilla (who, often addressed as Mayor-President, also exerts the roles of Mayor, president of the Assembly, president of the Council of Government and representative of the city) is invested by the Assembly. After local elections, the president is invested through a qualified majority from among the leaders of the election lists, or, failing to achieve the former, the leader of the most voted list at the election is invested to the office. In case of a motion of no confidence the president can only be ousted with a qualified majority voting for an alternative assembly member.
The Council of Government is the traditional collegiate executive body for parliamentary systems. Unlike the municipal government boards in the standard ayuntamientos, the members of the Council of Government (including the vice-presidents) do not need to be members of the assembly.
Melilla is the city in Spain with the highest proportion of postal voting; vote buying (via mail-in ballots) is widely reported to be a common practice in the poor neighborhoods of Melilla. Court cases in this matter had involved the PP, the CPM and the PSOE.
On 15 June 2019, following the May 2019 Melilla Assembly election, the regionalist and left-leaning party of Muslim and Amazigh persuasion Coalition for Melilla (CPM, 8 seats), the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, 4 seats) and Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs, 1 seat) voted in favour of the Cs' candidate (Eduardo de Castro) as the Presidency of the Autonomous City, ousting Juan José Imbroda, from the People's Party (PP, 10 seats), who had been in office since 2000.
Melilla also maintains a local police force known as Policia Local de Melilla (Ciudad Autonoma de Melilla - Policia Local).

### Administrative subdivisions

Melilla is subdivided into eight districts (distritos), which are further subdivided into neighbourhoods (barrios):
* 1st
** Barrio de Medina Sidonia.
** Barrio del General Larrea.
** Barrio de Ataque Seco.
* 2nd
** Barrio Héroes de España.
** Barrio del General Gómez Jordana.
** Barrio Príncipe de Asturias.
* 3rd
** Barrio del Carmen.
* 4th
** Barrio Polígono Residencial La Paz.
** Barrio Hebreo-Tiro Nacional.
* 5th
** Barrio de Cristóbal Colón.
** Barrio de Cabrerizas.
** Barrio de Batería Jota.
** Barrio de Hernán Cortes y Las Palmeras.
** Barrio de Reina Regente.
* 6th
** Barrio de Concepción Arenal.
** Barrio Isaac Peral (Tesorillo).
* 7th
** Barrio del General Real.
** Polígono Industrial SEPES.
** Polígono Industrial Las Margaritas.
** Parque Empresarial La Frontera.
* 8th
** Barrio de la Libertad.
** Barrio del Hipódromo.
** Barrio de Alfonso XIII.
** Barrio Industrial.
** Barrio Virgen de la Victoria.
** Barrio de la Constitución.
** Barrio de los Pinares.
** Barrio de la Cañada de Hidum

## Economy

The gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 1.6 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 0.1% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 19,900 euros or 66% of the EU27 average in the same year. Melilla was the NUTS2 region with the lowest GDP per capita in Spain.
Melilla does not participate in the European Union Customs Union (EUCU). There is no VAT (IVA) tax, but a local reduced-rate tax called IPSI. Preserving the status of free port, imports are free of tariffs and the only tax concerning them is the IPSI. Exports to the Customs Union (including Peninsular Spain) are however subject to the correspondent customs tariff and are taxed with the correspondent VAT. There are some special manufacturing taxes regarding electricity and transport, as well as complementary charges on tobacco and oil and fuel products.
The principal industry is fishing. Cross-border commerce (legal or smuggled) and Spanish and European grants and wages are the other income sources.
Melilla is regularly connected to the Iberian peninsula by air and sea traffic and is also economically connected to Morocco: most of its fruit and vegetables are imported across the border. Moroccans in the city's hinterland are attracted to it: 36,000 Moroccans cross the border daily to work, shop or trade goods. The port of Melilla offers several daily connections to Almería and Málaga. Melilla Airport offers daily flights to Almería, Málaga and Madrid. Spanish operators Air Europa and Iberia operate in Melilla's airport.
Many people travelling between Europe and Morocco use the ferry links to Melilla, both for passengers and for freight. Because of this, the port and related companies form an important economic driver for the city.

### Tourism

In order to boost growth and as a measure to promote tourism in the Autonomous City of Melilla, the Tourist Board has developed a Regulatory Decree for bonuses for Tourist Packages to Melilla.
The Tourist package consists of the application of discounts on return tickets by plane or boat provided that they include accommodation during the stay in Melilla in one of the types of tourist accommodation or at the home of a resident of the city and do not exceed, between the round trip dates, ten days.

## Water supply

Melilla's water supply primarily came from a network of dug wells (which by the turn of the 21st century suffered from overexploitation and had also experienced a degradation of the water quality and the intrusion of seawater), as well as the capture of the Río de Oro's underflow. Seeking to address the water supply problem, works for the construction of a desalination plant in the Aguadú cliffs, projected to produce 22,000 m$^3$ (29,000 cu yd) a day, started in November 2003. The plant entered operation in March 2007. Its daily operation is partially funded by the central government. Relative to the Spanish average (and similarly to the Canary and Balearic Islands), the city's population spends a comparatively larger amount of money on bottled water.
Funded by the European Regional Development Fund and the Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir [es], works for the expansion of the plant's production capabilities up to 30,000 m$^3$ (39,000 cu yd) a day started by September 2020.

## Architecture

The dome of the Chapel of Santiago, built in the mid-16th century by Miguel de Perea with help from Sancho de Escalante, is a rare instance of Gothic architecture in the African continent.
Parallel to the urban development of Melilla in the early 20th century, the new architectural style of modernismo (irradiated from Barcelona and associated to the bourgeois class) was imported to the city, granting it a modernista architectural character, primarily through the works of the prolific Catalan architect Enrique Nieto.
Accordingly, Melilla has the second most important concentration of Modernista works in Spain after Barcelona, Mainly concentrated in the city's ensanche. Nieto was in charge of designing the main Synagogue, the Central Mosque and various Catholic Churches.
* Dome of the Chapel of Santiago [es]
* Modernista building, former headquarters of El Telegrama del Rif newspaper.
* Local synagogue
* Melilla's central mosque

## Demographics
### Religion

Melilla has been praised as an example of multiculturalism, being a small city in which one can find Christians, Muslims, Jews, Hindus, and Buddhists represented.

#### Judaism

Percentagewise, Melilla may be the most Jewish city in Spain with around 1,000 Jews still living in the city, down from 7,000 around the year 1930 which is mainly due to economic reasons resulting in moving to the Spanish mainland, Israel or elsewhere. During the second half of the 19th century, many of Sephardic Jews moved from northern Morocco to Melilla. The first ones were traders from the Moroccan cities who came for economic and safety reasons. Later, impoverished Jews from the rural Riffian areas joined, also because of safety reasons.

#### Christianity

According to the Spanish Center for Sociological Research, Roman Catholicism is the largest religion in Melilla. In 2019, the proportion of Melillans that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 65.0% (31.7% define themselves as not practising, while 33.3% as practising). 30% identify as followers of other faiths, 2.7% identify as non-believers, and 2.3% identify as atheists.
The Roman Catholic churches in Melilla belong to the Diocese of Málaga.

#### Islam

Some sources indicate that Muslims account for roughly half the population in Melilla, which is in conflict with the Spanish Center for Sociological Research reported numbers.

#### Hinduism

There is a small, autonomous, and commercially important Hindu community present in Melilla, which has fallen over the past decades as its members move to the Spanish mainland and numbers about 100 members today.

### Language

Melilla features a diglossia, with Spanish as the first and official language and Tarifit as the second language, with limited written codification, and usage restricted to family and domestic relations and oral speech.
The population can be thus divided into monolingual Spanish speakers of European ethnic origin (without competence in any other language than those formally taught at school); those descended from Tamazight-speaking parents, usually bilingual in Spanish and Tamazight; and Moroccan immigrants and cross-border workers, with a generally dominant Tamazight language (with some also competent in Arabic) and a L2 competence in Spanish. The Spanish spoken in Melilla is similar to the Andalusian variety from Cádiz, whereas the Berber variant spoken in Melilla is the Tarifit common with the neighbouring Nador area. Rather than Berber (Spanish: bereber), Berber speakers in Melilla use either the glotonym Tmaziɣt, or, in Spanish, cherja for their language.
The first attempt to legislate a degree of recognition for Berber in Melilla was in 1994, in the context of the elaboration of the Statute of Autonomy, by mentioning the promotion of the linguistic and cultural pluralism (without explicitly mentioning the Berber language). The initiative went nowhere, voted down by PP and PSOE. Reasons cited for not recognizing Tamazight are related to the argument that the variety is not standardized.

## Healthcare

Melilla is equipped with the Comarcal Hospital of Melilla, inaugurated in 1988. It also has four health centers, which are Centro, Zona Norte (Cabrerizas), Zona Oeste (Alfonso XIII), and Zona Este (Polavieja). The healthcare centers in the Health Area of Melilla are managed by Ingesa (National Institute of Health Management). Construction of the new University Hospital of Melilla began in 2009, with its inauguration scheduled for 2023. The healthcare centers in Melilla are insufficient as they are overcrowded due to the high demand for medical assistance from Moroccan citizens. Melilla has the highest emergency room usage rate in Spain due to the Moroccan citizens who cross the border daily, between 25,000 and 30,000, which overload the emergency services due to the legislation on universal healthcare in the National Health System. Despite the presence of hospitals in Nador, Berkán, Alhucemas, and Oujda in Morocco, they prefer the Comarcal Hospital in Melilla due to the free healthcare provided. Additionally, as children born in Spanish territory to Spanish parents obtain Spanish nationality, there is a significant influx of pregnant women, who sometimes travel recklessly. As a result, Melilla has the demographic peculiarities of being the city with the highest birth rate per capita and the youngest average age in Spain. These and other medical interventions in Melilla and Ceuta caused losses of 105 million euros in 2018.

## Education

The University of Granada offers undergraduate programmes at their campus in Melilla. Like all areas of Spain, Melilla is also served by the National University of Distance Education (UNED).
While primary and secondary education are generally offered in Spanish only, a growing number of schools are entering the Bilingual Education Programme.

## Heritage
### Melilla la Vieja

It was built between the 16th and 19th century, following models from the Renaissance to the bastions of the Hispano-Flemish school built during the Bourbon period. It features a walled city initially constructed by Italian engineers and later by Spaniards and professionals from the Netherlands.
In the 18th century, its walls were reformed, and a series of bastions and buildings were constructed, reflecting the Spanish kings' interest in its defense.

### External Forts

These are a set of fortifications, forts not connected to each other and separated by considerable distances, built in the second half of the 19th century in a neomedieval style that is more graceful than threatening, overflowing with beauty. In some cases, they are painted in bright colors, like orange, making them seem more like game elements than defensive structures.
They are built with local stone for the walls and brick for the arches and vaults, using outdated fortification techniques, incapable of withstanding modern artillery. The Riffian tribes, the enemy from which they were supposed to defend Melilla, did not have artillery.

### Expansion

From the end of the 19th century, a period of splendor began, resulting in a modern city.
Melilla is, after Barcelona, the city with the greatest representation of Modernist architecture in Spain and the greatest representation of Modernism on the African continent. Hundreds of buildings (more than 500 are cataloged) are spread across the central expansion and its neighborhoods. This modern area is also protected as a Cultural Heritage site and contains numerous buildings by an architect from the School of Barcelona based in Melilla, Enrique Nieto y Nieto, who created a large modernist work, following the architect Lluís Domènech i Montaner. His floral modernist buildings stand out. Other modernist authors in Melilla include Emilio Alzugaray Goicoechea and Tomás Moreno Lázaro.
In the 1930s, Art Deco took hold in Melilla's architecture, with architects such as Francisco Hernanz Martínez and Lorenzo Ros Costa creating spectacular buildings in the city's neighborhoods.
It also features historicist and eclectic buildings.

### Municipal Cemetery of Purísima Concepción

It is the main cemetery of the Spanish city of Melilla. Located in the Plaza del Cementerio, at the end of Cañada del Agua, it began construction in 1890, under the project of Commander of Engineers Eligio Suza and contractor Manuel Fernández. It was inaugurated on January 1, 1892, and blessed by Vicar Juan Verdejo.
The first corpse buried there was that of Francisco López López, a four-month-old child.

### Sculptural Elements

Also notable are sculptural elements, such as those erected to commemorate the heroes of the campaigns in Morocco: Monumento a los Héroes de Taxdirt (1910) and the Monumento a los Héroes y Mártires de las Campañas (1927-1931), those from the Francoist regime, like the Monumento a los Héroes de España (1941) or the Statue of Francisco Franco and other contemporary pieces, Homenaje al Modernismo Melillense, Monumento a Pedro de Estopiñán y Virués, Encuentros, and Homenaje a Fernando Arrabal.

### Other Places of Interest
#### Plazas

There are the Plaza de España, Plaza Menéndez Pelayo, and Plaza Comandante Benítez.

#### Henandez Park

* Hernandez Park
* Hernandez Park
* Hernandez Park
* Hernandez Park
* Hernandez Park
It is the most important park in Melilla, created in 1902 in a trapezoidal shape according to the design of engineer Vicente García del Campo, and is located in Plaza de España.

#### Parque Lobera

It is named after its founder, Cándido Lobera Girela, who, when he was president of the Junta de Arbitrios, created this park to prevent the construction of shanties on his land.

#### Parque Agustín Jerez
## Culture
### Museums and Exhibition Halls

* Museum of Archaeology and History
* Melilla Military History Museum
* Andrés García Ibáñez Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art
* Gaselec Electricity Museum
* Melilla Automobile Museum
* Hospital del Rey
* Exhibition Hall of the Gaselec Foundation
* Former Colegio del Buen Consejo
* Royal Maritime Club of Melilla
In Melilla, there are several museums including the Melilla Museum, located in the Almacenes de las Peñuelas, the Archaeological and Historical Museum and the Sephardic and Berber Museum, the Melilla Military Museum, at the Baluarte de la Concepción Alta, the Sacred Art Museum with access to the Conventico Caves, the Museo Casa del Reloj, at the Torre de la Vela, the Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions of Melilla, at the Association of Melilla Studies, the Gaselec Electricity Museum, the Melilla Automobile Museum, and the exhibition halls at the Hospital del Rey of the Gaselec Foundation, the Vicente Manchón at the Federico García Lorca Cultural Center, and the Royal Maritime Club of Melilla.

### Theatres

In Melilla, there is the Theatre Kursaal-Fernando Arrabal, under the Ministry of Culture of the Autonomous City of Melilla, and the Exhibition and Congress Palace, under the Melilla Tourism Board, which hosts the main theater, dance, musical performances, and shows in the city. The Teatro-Cine Perelló is the only commercial cinema in Melilla, operating since 1932. In the summer, concerts are held in Melilla la Vieja, the Carvajal Auditorium, and the fairgrounds, featuring both national and international artists. Throughout the year, there is a lot of activity from local musical groups, mainly in private venues and bars.

### Feasts and festivals

* Christmas: The public holidays are Christmas (December 25), New Year's Eve (December 31), New Year's Day (January 1), and the celebration of the Three Kings (January 6).
* Easter: with Holy Thursday and Good Friday.
* Ramadan: Eid al-Fitr
* Eid al Adha: July 11
* Assumption of Mary: August 15.
* Patron Saints' Festival: the celebration of Our Lady of Victory, September 8.
* Day of Melilla, September 17. It commemorates the conquest of Melilla in 1497 by Pedro de Estopiñán, when Melilla became part of the Crown of Castile.
* National Day of Spain: October 12
* All Saints' Day: November 1
* Constitution Day: December 6
* Feast of the Immaculate Conception: December 8

### Melilla Fair
#### Feria de Septiembre

During the celebration of the Melilla Fair in September, the streets are transformed into traditional symbols of Spanish culture and history, with sweet wine, tapas, and live flamenco shows. The day events consist of dancing, live music (such as flamenco) and bullfights at Plaza de Toros de Melilla, while the night fair is moved to the Recinto Ferial, consisting of restaurants, clubs, and an entire fair ground with rides and games.

### Melilla Film Week

The Melilla Film Week (Semana de Cine de Melilla), dedicated exclusively to films produced in Spain is held annually during a week in March or April.

### Charles V Renaissance Market

Charles V Renaissance Market is a festive event that takes place in Melilla la Vieja, recreating a medieval market for three days. It is held annually, on the first weekend of July.

### Gastronomy

* Rape a la Rusadir (dish from Melilla)
* Paella (Spanish and Rifian cuisine)
* Olla gitana (Andalusian cuisine)
* Pollo a la moruna (Rifian cuisine)
* Harira (Maghrebi cuisine)
* Fish casserole (Spanish cuisine)
* Fried fish (Andalusian and Rifian cuisine)
* Pinchitos of spiced meat (Rifian cuisine)
* Msemen (folded flatbread, Rifian cuisine)
* Pastela (Maghrebi cuisine)
* Couscous (Maghrebi cuisine)
* Green tea with mint (Rifian cuisine)
* Tajine with fish, chicken, beef, lamb, or kefta (minced meat) (Maghrebi cuisine)
* Shellfish, especially clams, shrimp, and prawns, in garlic or grilled

### Melilla in Popular Culture

It appears in novels such as When You Read This Letter by Vicente Gramaje, Demiurgo: the Awakening of Fools by Francisco Elipe Torné and Ferrán Cubells Tomeo. Special mention should be made of the novels by Arturo Pérez Reverte, such as Corsairs of Levante and The Queen of the South. The city is also mentioned in Mi Melilla Entrevista (1949) by Vicente Aleixandre, Canto a Melilla (1920) by Alberto Álvarez de Cienfuegos, and several works by Carmen Conde, including Empezando la Vida. Memories of a Childhood in Melilla (1914-1920). Also notable is the work by Carmen Burgos In War: Episodes of Melilla (1909) and her work as a war correspondent during the Second Melillan campaign. Furthermore, A Woman in the War of Spain by Carlota O'Neill, The Good Reputation by Ignacio Martínez de Pisón, The Colonel's Daughter by Martín Casariego, The Fiancé of the World by Felipe Benítez Reyes, and The Queen of Sugar by Dolores García Ruíz. The impact of the Rif War on Melilla was narrated by numerous journalists in their chronicles, such as War Chronicles: Melilla 1921 (1921) by Indalecio Prieto and Teresa de Escoriaza and The Pain of War (1921).
It also appears in series, such as La Reina del Sur (2011), the historical Times of War (2017), the crime series La unidad (2020), and Holy Family (2022).
It also appears in films such as In Ghentar, Death Comes Easily (1967) (depicting the fictional African republic of Ghentar), Golden Balls (1993), and You Shall Die in Chafarinas (1995), filmed in Melilla. Recently, The Man Who Knew Infinity (2015), Chavela (2017), part of the plot of Adú (2020) takes place in the North African city, Alegría (2021), and Jumping the Fence (2024).

## Border security
### Defence and Civil Guard

The defence of the enclave is the responsibility of the Spanish Armed Forces' General Command of Melilla. The Spanish Army's combat components of the command include:
* 52nd Regulares Infantry Regiment;
* 1st Tercio Gran Capitán Regiment of the Spanish Legion;
* 10th 'Alcántara' Cavalry Regiment equipped with Leopard 2 main battle tanks and Pizarro infantry fighting vehicles;
* 32nd Mixed Artillery Regiment with Grupo de Artillería de Campaña I/32 equipped with 155/52mm towed howitzers and Grupo de Artillería Antiaérea II/32 equipped with 35/90 SKYDOR/35/90 GDF-007 anti-aircraft guns; and,
* 8th Engineer Regiment
The command also includes its headquarters battalion as well as logistics elements.
In addition to the defence of Melilla, the garrison is also responsible for the defence of islands and rock formations claimed by Spain off the coast of Morocco. Units of the garrison are deployed to these rock formations to secure them against Moroccan incursions and did so notably during the Perejil Island crisis in 2002. To enhance coastal security, the Spanish Navy based a dedicated patrol boat (Isla Pinto) in Melilla from mid-2023. Melilla itself is about 350 kilometres (220 mi) distant from the main Spanish naval base at Rota on the Spanish mainland while the Spanish Air Force's Morón Air Base is within 300 kilometres (190 mi) proximity.
The Civil Guard is responsible for border security and protects both the territory's fortified land border against frequent, and sometimes significant, migrant incursions.

### Trans-border relations

Melilla forms a sort of trans-border urban conurbation with limited integration together with the neighbouring Moroccan settlements, located at one of the ends of a linear succession of urban sprawl spanning southward in Morocco along the R19 road from Beni Ensar down to Nador and Selouane. The urban system features a high degree of hierarchization, specialization and division of labour, with Melilla as chief provider of services, finance and trade; Nador as an eminently industrial city whereas the rest of Moroccan settlements found themselves in a subordinate role, presenting agro-town features and operating as providers of workforce.
The asymmetry, as reflected for example in the provision of healthcare, has fostered situations such as the large-scale use of the Melillan health services by Moroccan citizens, with Melilla attending a number of urgencies more than four times the standard for its population in 2018. In order to satisfy the workforce needs of Melilla (mainly in areas such as domestic service, construction and cross-border bale workers, often under informal contracts), Moroccan inhabitants of the province of Nador were granted exemptions from visa requirements to enter the autonomous city. This development in turn induced a strong flux of internal migration from other Moroccan provinces to Nador, in order to acquire the aforementioned exemption.
The 'fluid' trans-border relations between Melilla and its surroundings are however not free from conflict, as they are contingent upon the 'tense' trans-national relations between Morocco and Spain.

### Border securitization

Following the increasing influx of Algerian and sub-Saharan irregular migrants into Ceuta and Melilla in the early 1990s, a process of border fortification in both cities ensued after 1995 to reduce the border's permeability, a target attained to some degree by 1999, although peak level of fortification was reached in 2005.
Melilla's border with Morocco is secured by the Melilla border fence, a 6 metres (20 ft) tall double fence with watch towers; yet migrants (in groups of tens or sometimes hundreds) storm the fence and manage to cross it from time to time. Since 2005, at least 14 migrants have died trying to cross the fence. The Melilla migrant reception centre was built with a capacity of 480. In 2020 works to remove the barbed wire from the top of the fence (meanwhile raising its height up to more than 10 metres (33 ft) in the stretches most susceptible to breaches) were commissioned to Tragsa [es].
In June 2022, at least 23 sub-Saharan migrants and two Moroccan security personnel were killed when around 2,000 migrants stormed the border. The death toll has been estimated to be as high as 37 by certain NGOs. Around 200 Spanish and Moroccan law enforcement officers and at least 76 migrants were injured. Hundreds of migrants succeeded in breaching the fence, and 133 made it across the border. Widely circulated footage showed dozens of motionless migrants piled together. It was the worst such incident in Melilla's history. The United Nations, the African Union and a number of human rights groups condemned what they deemed excessive force used by Moroccan and Spanish border guards, although no lethal weapons were employed, and the deaths were later attributed to "mechanical asphyxiation".
Morocco has been paid tens of million euros by both Spain and the European Union to outsource the EU migration control. Besides the double fence in the Spanish side of the border, there is an additional 3 metres (9.8 ft) high fence entirely made of razor wire lying on the Moroccan side as well as a moat in between.

## Transportation
### Airport

The city is served by Melilla Airport. In 2024, it handled 507,957 passengers. The airport has a daily link with nine cities in Spain. It's serviced by Air Nostrum, flying to the Spanish cities of Málaga, Madrid, Barcelona, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca, Granada, Sevilla, Santiago de Compostela, Tenerife, Asturias and Almería.
| Cities | Airport name | Airlines | Aircraft | Frequencies |
| Spain |||||
| Almería | Almeria Airport | Air Nostrum | ATR 72-600 | Daily |
| Barcelona | Barcelona-El Prat Airport | Air Nostrum | ATR 72-600 | Th Sa |
| Granada | Granada-Jaen Airport | Air Nostrum | ATR 72-600 | Daily |
| Gran Canaria | Gran Canaria Airport | Air Nostrum (Seasonal: July to August) | ATR 72-600 | Tu Th Sa |
| Madrid | Madrid-Barajas Airport | Air Nostrum | ATR 72-600 | Daily |
| Málaga | Malaga Airport | Air Nostrum | ATR 72-600 | Daily |
| Palma de Mallorca | Palma de Mallorca Airport | Air Nostrum (Seasonal: July to August) | ATR 72-600 | M Tu Th |
| Santiago de Compostela | Santiago de Compostela Airport | Air Nostrum (Seasonal: July to August) | ATR 72-600 | Sa |
| Seville | Seville Airport | Air Nostrum | ATR 72-600 | M F Su |

### Seaport

The Port of Melilla is the city's seaport, operating continuously at least since 1908. The port is one of the busiest ports on the Mediterranean Sea, with 646,836 passengers in 2023. The port has a ferry connection to the Port of Málaga, playing a role in the so-called Operación paso del estrecho ("Operation Pass of the Strait"), the planned seasonal transit of passengers during the summer months from Europe to North-Africa (and back to Europe).
The city is linked to Málaga, Almería and Motril by ferry.
| City | Port Name | Shipping company |
| Nationals |||
| Málaga | Port of Malaga | Trasmediterránea/ Baleària |
| Almería | Port of Almeria | Trasmediterránea/ Baleària |
| Motril | Port of Motril | Baleària |
Three roads connect Melilla and Morocco but require clearance through border checkpoints.

### Public transportation
#### Urban bus

The city has a good bus network managed by the Cooperativa Ómnibus de Automóviles, which connects all districts of the city. The price of a single ticket is €0.90, paid directly to the driver upon boarding. For frequent travellers, a more economical option is to purchase a rechargeable Bonobús card, available at kiosks and tobacconists. This card allows you to take ten trips for approximately €8.50.
Lines :
| Line | Route | Frequency |
| Line 1 | Plaza de España - Real | 20 - 30 min |
| Line 2 | Mercado Central - Plaza de España - Frontera Beni Enzar | 15 min (Monday to Saturday) - 20 min (Sundays and holidays) |
| Line 3 | General Marina - Alfonso XIII - Real | 20 - 30 min |
| Line 5 | Torres Quevedo - Cabrerizas | 30 min |
| Line 6 | Torres Quevedo - Reina Regente - Frontera Mariguari | 40 min |
| Line 7 | Mercado Central - Frontera de Farjana | 20 min (Monday to Saturday) - 40 min (Sundays and holidays) |
Prices vary depending on the rate accessed:
| Rate type | Price |
| Single/regular ticket | 90 cents |
| Wallet card | 75 cents |

## Sport
### Football

The city's football club, UD Melilla, plays in the third tier of Spanish football, the Segunda División B. The club was founded in 1943 and since 1945 have played at the 12,000-seater Estadio Municipal Álvarez Claro. Until the other club was dissolved in 2012, UD Melilla played the Ceuta-Melilla derby against AD Ceuta. The clubs travelled to each other via the Spanish mainland to avoid entering Morocco. The second-highest ranked club in the city are Casino del Real CF of the fourth-tier Tercera División. The football's governing institution is the Melilla Football Federation.

### Basketball

Club Melilla Baloncesto is the main basketball team in the city. Founded in 1984, the team competes in LEB Oro, the second tier of Spanish basketball, just below the ACB League. Melilla Baloncesto has been a competitive team within this league, having played several promotion phases to the ACB over the years. The team plays its home games at the Pabellón Municipal de Deportes Javier Imbroda, which has a capacity of around 5,000 spectators. This pavilion is the heart of the Melilla fanbase, who passionately support the local team at every game. Although the club has not yet achieved promotion to the ACB, it has been a constant contender in the LEB Oro, regularly participating in the playoffs and demonstrating a high level of play. Additionally, Melilla Baloncesto has been successful in developing young players and providing a platform for talents who have later excelled in other competitions. Similar to football, matchups against other LEB Oro teams, such as Club Ourense Baloncesto or Cáceres Ciudad del Baloncesto, often generate significant excitement due to the rivalry and the competitive nature of both clubs in the league.

## Dispute with Morocco

The Moroccan government has repeatedly called for Spain to transfer the sovereignty of Melilla, Ceuta and the plazas de soberanía to Morocco, with Spain's refusal to do so serving as a major source of tension in Morocco–Spain relations. In Morocco, Ceuta is frequently referred to as the "occupied Sebtah", and the Moroccan government has argued that the city, along with other Spanish territories in the region, are colonies. One of the major arguments used by Morocco in their attempts to acquire sovereignty over Melilla refers to the geographical position of the city, as Melilla is an exclave surrounded by Moroccan territory and the Mediterranean Sea and has no territorial continuity with the rest of Spain. This argument was originally developed by one of the founders of the Moroccan Istiqlal Party, Alal-El Faasi, who openly advocated for Morocco to invade and occupy Melilla and other North African territories under Spanish rule. Spain, in line with the majority of nations in the rest of the world, has never recognized Morocco's claim over Melilla. The official position of the Spanish government is that Melilla is an integral part of Spain, and has been since the 16th century, centuries prior to Morocco's independence from Spain and France in 1956. The majority of Melilla's population support continued Spanish sovereignty and are opposed to Moroccan control over the territory.
In 1986, Spain joined NATO. However, Melilla is not under NATO protection since Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty limits such coverage to Europe and North America and islands north of the Tropic of Cancer. However, French Algeria was explicitly included in the treaty upon France's entry. Legal experts have claimed that other articles of the treaty could cover Spanish territories in North Africa but this interpretation has not been tested in practice. During the 2022 Madrid summit, the issue of the protection of Melilla was raised by Spain, with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stating: "On which territories NATO protects and Ceuta and Melilla, NATO is there to protect all Allies against any threats. At the end of the day, it will always be a political decision to invoke Article 5, but rest assured NATO is there to protect and defend all Allies". On 21 December 2020, following statements made by Moroccan Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani that Melilla is "Moroccan as the Sahara", the Spanish government summoned the Moroccan ambassador, Karima Benyaich, to convey that Spain expects all its partners to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its territory in Africa and asked for an explanation for Othmani's words.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Melilla is twinned with:
* Caracas (Venezuela).
* Cavite City (Philippines).
* Ceuta (Spain).
* Toledo (Spain).
* Málaga (Spain).
* Montevideo (Uruguay).
* Motril (Spain); since January 2008.
* Almería (Spain).
* Mantua (Italy); since September 2013.
* Vélez-Málaga (Spain); since January 2014.
* Antequera (Spain); as of 2016, in process.