# Sabra (character)

Sabra (Hebrew: סברה) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Bill Mantlo and artist Sal Buscema, the character first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #250 (1980), before making a full appearance in issue #256 (1981). She has since been a member of both the X-Corporation and the New Warriors, often appearing as a supporting character for the Hulk and the X-Men.
Ruth Bat-Seraph (Hebrew: רות בת-שרף) is a mutant who serves as an agent to the Mossad. She is noted to be the first Israeli superheroine and has been received positively by the Jewish community. Shira Haas portrayed a reimagined version of Bat-Seraph, a former Black Widow assassin, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Captain America: Brave New World (2025), with her inclusion receiving polarizing responses.

## Development
### Concept and creation

The character was created by Belinda Glass, the first wife of American comic book writer Mark Gruenwald. The name "Sabra" (צַבָּר‎) was derived from a term to describe a native-born Israeli Jew, inspired by the prickly pear cactus—a fruit that is tough and thorny on the outside but soft on the inside. She was originally envisioned as the Israeli counterpart to Captain America (Steve Rogers), much like Red Guardian serves as the Russian equivalent.

### Publication history

Sabra officially debuted in The Incredible Hulk #256 (February 1981), created by writer Bill Mantlo and artist Sal Buscema. She appeared in a supporting role in the limited series Union Jack #1–4 (2006) by writer Christos Gage and artist Mike Perkins. She later appeared in the New Warriors (1995), by writer Evan Skolnick and artist Patrick Zircher. She starred in her first solo one-shot, Astonishing Tales: Sabra (2009), written by Matt Yocum.
Since her debut in the 1980s, Sabra has not featured heavily in Marvel comics, only making minor cameos and appearances. Despite this, she has been featured in various X-Men comics, and has been a vocal supporter of their mutant causes.

## Fictional character biography

Ruth Bat-Seraph is born near Jerusalem, and recruited into a super-soldier-inspired program run by the Israeli government after her mutant powers began to manifest. She later becomes the first superhuman agent to serve with the Mossad (Israeli's secret service). She also becomes a police officer in addition to serving as a government agent. She has a son named Jacob, who is killed by a Palestinian terrorist group.
Bat-Seraph's first public act as Sabra is a battle with the Hulk, whom she mistakenly believes is working with terrorists. Not long after that, Sabra is chosen as a pawn of Death in the latter's game against the Grandmaster. There, she meets Iron Man and the Arabian Knight (Abdul Qamar), and battles She-Hulk and Captain Britain. She faces another dispute with the Hulk in which her powers temporarily rob him of his voice, making it seem as if he is still a near-mindless monster. The two fight but eventually work through their differences and search for a child who is foretold to become a genocidal maniac, while contending with Achilles of the Pantheon who was sent to kill the boy.
Later, during a peace process meeting, Sabra finds herself fighting the New Warriors while under the mental influence of a mysterious, unexplained force. Some time after, Sabra finds herself caught up in the events of the anti-mutant campaign known as "Operation: Zero Tolerance". It is at this time that Sabra fights alongside the X-Men and begins to subscribe to the philosophies of Charles Xavier. Sabra spends some time as a member of the X-Corporation's Paris branch. She accompanies Xavier and other X-Men to Genosha after it was demolished by Sentinels.
During the JLA/Avengers crossover event, she is seen holding the Western Wall together after Krona's attack causes earthquakes across the globe. Sabra is also one of a handful of mutants to have retained their powers after the effects of M-Day. She is later seen, under request from the British government, aiding Union Jack against a terrorist attack on London. She comes into conflict with the new Arabian Knight (Navid Hashim) because of cultural differences, but they begrudgingly work together, paralleling her relationship with the first Arabian Knight during the Contest of Champions.
During the Civil War within the US superhero community over the Superhuman Registration Act, Sabra joins Bishop's government-sanctioned team that polices unruly mutants. Mossad assigns her to the force in exchange for intelligence and technology so Israel can enact its own registration program. Sabra is identified as pro-registration in the superhuman Civil War as one of the 142 registered superheroes under the Initiative.
During the events of Secret Invasion, Sabra is briefly seen fighting off Skrulls in Israel, and during the Ends of the Earth storyline, Sabra is one of the heroes that respond to Spider-Man's call for help against Doctor Octopus' satellite factories. She is shown fighting through Octobots at a seemingly abandoned factory until being shot by Crossbones with a sniper rifle. Prior to the events of Secret Empire, Sabra breaks into and secures a flash drive in a Hydra data storage, much to the anger of an alternate Captain America (Hydra Supreme). She later represents the Israeli government when she attends Black Panther's meeting in the Eden Room of Avengers Mountain.

## Characterization
### Costumes and equipment

   Wrist bracelets equipped with neuronic-frequency stunners that shoot "energy quills". Cape has a device that neutralizes gravity, enabling flight.
Throughout her comic appearances, Sabra's various costumes have always incorporated elements of the Israeli flag, specifically the Star of David, to emphasize her national identity. Upon debut in the 1980s, Sabra's original outfit reflected the "look of the time", utilising a headband and a "short girl-boss haircut". The outfit was also adorned by an anti-gravity blue cape, with a clasp sporting the Star of David. The cape contains a gravity-polarization device which gives Sabra the power of flight. The cape also has an "optical navigation device which functions as an auto-pilot". She also utilizes neuronic-frequency stunners built into her two wrist bracelets that shoot "energy quills" (described as small bundles of low-density plasma) which travels below the speed of sound and can paralyze the nervous system of any organic being almost instantaneously.
In the 1990s, Sabra's costume no longer utilised a cape as it was "either deemed ridiculous or too complicated to draw", and instead featured a "second Star of David clasp at the hip and went for sort of a Cloak vibe", being compared to that of Cloak. Since the 2000s, Sabra's costume has been a black and white body suit with a subtle gray brooch sporting the Star of David. Dissident Muse Journal writer Franklin Einspruch criticised the watering down of her outfit calling it an "understatement" and that she has become a "generic Western brunette with a meaningless array of belt pouches and a black and white body suit".
In addition to her superhero equipment and powers, Sabra has used standard military weapons and is a trained member of the Israeli military. She has also trained as a policewoman.

### Powers and abilities

Sabra possesses superhuman abilities due to her mutant heritage, including "superhuman strength, speed, agility, reflexes, endurance, and stamina". Her mutant ability also allows her to transfer her powers (determined randomly) and life force with others. Comic Book Resources ranked her at number seven in their list of the "10 Strongest Female Marvel Protagonists". She can withstand high fire impacts including that of Pistol-caliber rifle, and can heal / regenerate faster and more extensively than a regular human being.

## Reception

   Although there were several attempts to create local superheroes in Israel [...] none of them managed to survive for long. The only ones who succeeded in this mission, even going one step further and creating a female superhero rather than a male one, were the guys from Marvel.
Sabra has been positively received by the Jewish community, and has been dubbed the "Superheroine of the State of Israel". Noted for being the first Israeli superheroine, Nirit Anderman of the Israeli newspaper Haaretz noted that despite there being multiple attempts in the late 1970s to create Israeli superheroes, such as Sabraman, Super Shlumper and Falafel Man, none of them took off compared to Sabra. Nicole Lampert of The Jewish Chronicle called the character a "great Jewish superhero", while Brenton Stewart of Comic Book Resources referred to Sabra as one of Marvel's most prominent international superheroes, adding that "while she's never had her own series, she's carved out one of the most fascinating histories [...] in her various encounters with the X-Men, the Hulk and Marvel's other heroes". Cali Halperin of Jewish Telegraphic Agency listed her as one of the "5 Female Jewish Superheroes Everyone Should Know".
Sabra has been included in other character rankings including Screen Rant's "10 Best Marvel Characters Who Made Their Debut In The Hulk Comics" where writer Dalton Norman called her "an important fixture in the Marvel Universe". Deirdre Kaye of Scary Mommy also included Sabra on their list of female heroes and role models in Marvel Comics. In 2022, Margaret David of SlashFilm included Sabra in their "10 Marvel Characters We Expect To See Introduced In MCU Phase 5" list, noting, that "with the world of the Avengers under siege by new paranoia and powers, mirroring our world's rampant and long-standing problem of anti-Semitism, Sabra's probably going to be the vehicle for meaningful commentaries. Further, it's going to be great to see more diversity and faith in our heroes."
The character has been received negatively by Palestinians and Arabs for valorizing the Mossad, with the Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) finding her appearance in The Incredible Hulk #256 "sickening". In November 2023, the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions National Committee also called the character a personification of "apartheid Israel" that promotes the "oppression of Palestinians", and called for a boycott against Marvel merchandise during Black Friday of that year.

### MCU inclusion

In 2022, it was announced that a version of Sabra would appear in the fourth Captain America film as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Variety reported that Marvel Studios would change her origin to avoid perpetuating harmful stereotypes, aiming to avoid criticism from pro-Palestinian organizations. This included not using the name "Sabra" due to its connection to the Sabra and Shatila massacre which occurred two years after the character's comic debut in 1980 and has since carried negative associations. A week before the theatrical release of the film, now titled Captain America: Brave New World (2025), producer Nate Moore reported that the character would no longer be a mutant or a Mossad agent, and would instead be depicted as a former Black Widow assassin. Despite the changes to her character, several people protested at the film's premiere.
Several critics expressed polarising concerns about Sabra's depiction in the MCU prior to her debut. Palestinian-American writer and analyst Yousef Munayyer called the decision to include her "insensitive" due to the Gaza–Israel conflict. Marvel Comics critic Kent Worcester questioned Marvel's decision to include the character in the first place, given her minor role in the comics and the political sensitivities surrounding her. With a contrary view, the American Jewish Committee criticized the removal of the character's Israeli identity, comparing it to changing Captain America's nationality, arguing it undermined the character's origins. Before the film's premiere, York University professor Shama Rangwala opined that Marvel "wants to have mass appeal [...] but will likely end up pleasing no one" having alienated both pro-Israel and pro-Palestinian audiences.
Critical responses of the character were also polarized with many arguing that the MCU's iteration of the character was stripped of her comic counterpart's characteristics (such as being a mutant or having a costume). In a review for the movie, Vulture writer Darren Franich argued that Bat-Seraph was "buried in a quick shift from vague antagonist to vague ally", adding that "on the page, [Bat-Seraph] was motivated by national pride, but onscreen she has no motivation, quickly becoming an inessential secondary sidekick". The Times of Israel writer Jordan Hoffman criticised the movie but praised Haas saying that, "not even a well-trained Israeli security agent slash assassin can save this movie". Conversely, The Jerusalem Post writer Hannah Brown noted that while "she doesn't wear superhero duds like tights and a cape, she is nevertheless a force to be reckoned with" and also praised Marvel's decision to keep the character Israeli.

## Other versions

* An alternate universe variant of Sabra from Earth-58163 appears in House of M: Masters of Evil #4 as a member of the Red Guard.
* The severed head of an alternate universe variant of Sabra from Earth-1610 appears in Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars #2 as one of the trophies of Doctor Faustus.

## In other media
### Television

Sabra makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Fantastic Four episode "Doomsday" (1996).

### Film

Ruth Bat-Seraph appears in Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Captain America: Brave New World (2025), portrayed by Israeli actress Shira Haas. In the film, Bat-Seraph is a former Black Widow assassin who was trained in the Red Room, and is the head of security for President Thaddeus Ross. During an international summit, she fights Isaiah Bradley who attempts to assassinate Presdent Ross and imprisons him; however she eventually discovers that he was under the influence of mind control. She then aids Captain America and Falcon in stopping Samuel Sterns. She later befriends an exonerated Bradley who buys her tickets to a basketball game.

### Merchandise

* The MCU incarnation of Ruth Bat-Seraph received a Funko Pop bobblehead figure.
* The MCU incarnation of Ruth Bat-Seraph received a Lego minifigure in the "Captain America vs. Red Hulk Battle" set.