OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# SPFL Reserve League

The SPFL Reserve League is the reserve team league for football in Scotland. The league began in 2018, as the SPFL Development League was replaced by a reserve team (i.e not age-restricted) format.

## History

In its first season, 2018–19, the league included 27 clubs, split into two divisions. At its end, several clubs (Aberdeen, Celtic, Hibernian, Rangers and St Johnstone) intimated that they would withdraw from the Reserve League to arrange their own programme of matches. The 2019–20 edition was formed with 19 clubs, with the season being curtailed early due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland; the winners were decided on a 'points per game' calculation.
After a two-year hiatus due to the pandemic, the league returned in season 2022–23 with ten clubs participating. Hibernian were the winners of a truncated competition, with only one round of matches (nine per team).
In 2023–24, Queen's Park won six of their eight Reserve League fixtures, securing the title. Their only defeat came against last season's champions Hibernian.
In 2024-25, six clubs will participate in the SPFL Reserve League and they will play each other twice across the season.

## Participating clubs

* (for 2023–24 - Airdrieonians, Ayr United and Hibernian withdrew)
* Dundee
* Dunfermline Athletic
* Kilmarnock
* Livingston
* Queen of the South
* Queen's Park

## Winners

| Season | Winner | Runner-up | League 2 Winner |
| 2018–19 | Rangers Reserves | Celtic Reserves | Livingston Reserves |
| 2019–20 | Hamilton Academical Reserves | Heart of Midlothian Reserves | Livingston Reserves |
| 2022–23 | Hibernian Reserves | Motherwell Reserves | |
| 2023–24 | Queen's Park Reserves | Dundee Reserves | |

## Reserve Cup

A knockout competition is organised alongside the League.
A total of 12 clubs entered the 2024/25 SPFL Reserve Cup, with the competing sides split into three groups of four on a broadly regional basis. Clubs played each other once and the winner of each group progressed to the semi finals. These were Dunfermline Athletic, Queen's Park, and Queen of the South F.C.. Kilmarnock, the best runner-up across the three groups, also qualifyed for the semi-finals.
The Final, between Kilmarnock and Queen of the South, will take place on the 25th of March 2025.
| Season | Winner | Runner-up |
| 2018–19 | Heart of Midlothian Reserves | Motherwell Reserves |
| 2019–20 | not completed | not completed |
| 2022–23 | Kilmarnock Reserves | Dunfermline Athletic Reserves |
| 2023–24 | Dunfermline Athletic Reserves | Livingston F.C. |
* ↑ Finalists were Aberdeen Reserves and Celtic Reserves.
# Xi people

Xi people may refer to:
* Xianbei
* Xibe people
* Bái-Xí, ancient Turkic [[Tiele] people, steppes people located in current northeast China. In 2017, Singaporean scholar Yang Shao-yun also identified Barsils.
* Kumo Xi, ancient Mongolic people, steppes people located in current northeast China
* Ancient relative of Kamboja people of Cambodia and India
# Cytochrome b559

Cytochrome b559 is an important component of Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit protein-pigment complex containing polypeptides both intrinsic and extrinsic to the photosynthetic membrane. Within the core of the complex, the chlorophyll and beta-carotene pigments are mainly bound to the antenna proteins CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB), which pass the excitation energy on to chlorophylls in the reaction centre proteins D1 (Qb, PsbA) and D2 (Qa, PsbD) that bind all the redox-active cofactors involved in the energy conversion process. The PSII oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) provides electrons to re-reduce the PSII reaction center, and oxidizes 2 water molecules to recover its reduced initial state. It consists of OEE1 (PsbO), OEE2 (PsbP) and OEE3 (PsbQ). The remaining subunits in PSII are of low molecular weight (less than 10 kDa), and are involved in PSII assembly, stabilisation, dimerization, and photoprotection.
Cytochrome b559, which forms part of the reaction centre core of PSII, is a heterodimer composed of one alpha subunit (PsbE), one beta (PsbF) subunit, and a heme cofactor. Two histidine residues from each subunit coordinate the heme. Although cytochrome b559 is a redox-active protein, it is unlikely to be involved in the primary electron transport in PSII due to its very slow photo-oxidation and photo-reduction kinetics. Instead, cytochrome b559 could participate in a secondary electron transport pathway that helps protect PSII from photo-damage. Cytochrome b559 is essential for PSII assembly.
This domain occurs in both the alpha and beta subunits of cytochrome B559. In the alpha subunit, it occurs together with a lumenal domain (InterPro: IPR013082), while in the beta subunit it occurs on its own.
Cytochrome b559 can exist in three forms, each with a characteristic redox potential. These forms are very low potential (VLP), ≤ zero mV; low potential (LP) at 60 mV; and high potential (HP) at 370 mV. There is also an intermediate potential (IP) form that has a redox potential at pH 6.5-7.0 that ranges from 170 to 240 mV. In oxygen-evolving reaction centers, more than half of the cyt b559 is in the HP form. In manganese-depleted non-oxygen evolving photosystem II reaction centers, cyt b559 is usually in the LP form.
# Jean Michel Karam

Jean Michel Karam (born in 1969) is a Lebanese engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. His areas work spans microelectronics, telecommunications, information technology, mobile device repair software, hardware engineering, and cosmetics.

## Education

Karam was born in Lebanon and was the third of four children. His father initially served in the army before transitioning into business.
In 1990, he moved to France to pursue higher education, obtaining an Electrical Engineering degree in 1993 from ESIEE Paris and a master's degree in Microelectronics from Université de Paris VII. In 1996, he completed a PhD in Microelectronics at the INPG.

## Career

In 1994, Karam began his career as a research engineer at the TIMA-CM (Techniques de l'Informatique et de la Micro-électronique pour l'Architecture Informatique) laboratory in Grenoble, France. He later became a Research Director, overseeing a team focused on developing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
In November 1997, Karam founded his first company, MEMSCAP, a supplier of products based on MEMS technology. On 2 March 2001, MEMSCAP became a publicly traded company on Eurolist C of the NYSE Euronext, Paris. In 2010, Karam spun off INTUISKIN from MEMSCAP, launching the skincare brand IOMA. Véra Strubi, former president of Thierry Mugler, joined the board of directors of MEMSCAP in 2007. As of 2024, Karam serves as the Chairman and CEO of both MEMSCAP and INTUISKIN/IOMA. He is also the president of the LEYLA charity, a non-profit association focused on combating orphan or rare diseases.
Karam currently holds over 80 patents and has worked on several scientific and economic publications.

## IEVA

In 2016, Karam founded IEVA alongside David Moulinier, who currently serves as Managing Director. IEVA works in combining microelectronics, sensors, and artificial intelligence with personalized cosmetics research.

## Awards

Karam and his company have received awards including:
* EU Business News award for ‘Best Personalised Beauty CEO’ in 2023
* U.S. Commercial Service (USCS) of the United States Department of Commerce – Award of Excellence for international commercial development (2012)
* SEMICON MicroNanoSystems Innovation Award (2009)
# David Scott (disambiguation)

David Scott (born 1932) is a former American astronaut.
David Scott may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* David Scott (painter) (1806–1849), Scottish painter
* David Scott (art historian) (1916–2009), American artist and art historian
* David Scott (poet) (1947–2022), English priest and writer
* Scotty (reggae vocalist) or David Scott (1950–2003), Jamaican reggae musician
* David Scott (author) (born 1961), American author
* David Scott (Pearlfishers) (born 1964), in pop group Pearlfishers
* David Scott (born 1988), South African musician known as The Kiffness
* David Scott (21st century), US developer of computer game Flash Element TD

## Politics

* David Scott (of Scotstarvit) (1689–1766), Scottish politician
* David Scott (of Dunninald) (1746–1805), Scottish merchant, director of East India Company, MP 1790–1805
* Sir David Scott, 2nd Baronet (1782–1851), British MP
* David Scott (Pennsylvania politician), U.S. Representative 1816–1817
* David Scott (Tasmanian politician) (1837–1893), Australian politician
* David Lynch Scott (1845–1924), Canadian militia officer and lawyer, and judge
* David Scott (Australian politician) (1848–1927), member of the NSW Legislative Assembly
* Sir David Aubrey Scott (1919–2010), British diplomat
* David Scott (Georgia politician) (born 1945), U.S. Representative

## Sports

* David Scott (gymnast) (1874–1959), Scottish
* David Scott (footballer) (born 1955), Australian rules footballer
* David Scott (rugby league) (born 1993), Scottish
* David Scott (cricketer) (born 1998), English

## Other

* David Scott (anthropologist) (born 1958), Columbia University anthropologist
* David Scott (Royal Navy officer) (1921–2006)
* David Scott (priest) (1924–1996), Archdeacon of Stow, England
* David J. Scott (born c. 1956), U.S. Air Force major general
* David Meerman Scott (born 1961), American online marketing strategist and author
* David Scott (headmaster), Australian educationalist
* David H. Scott (1916–2000), American geologist and planetary scientist
* David Scott (ship), several vessels of that name
# Jack of Spades: A Tale of Suspense

Jack of Spades: A Tale of Suspense is a novel by Joyce Carol Oates published in 2015 by The Mysterious Press.

## Plot

Jack of Spades is written from a first-person point-of-view by the protagonist Andrew J. Rush.
Rush, in his fifties, is a celebrated mystery author, so much so that he has earned the sobriquet “the gentleman’s Stephen King” bestowed by an admiring literary establishment.
Rush finds himself driven to examine unexplored facets of his persona and adopts the pseudonym “Jack of Spades” under which he secretly publishes lurid and licentious tales, utterly at odds with his respectable public image.
When his two daughters read editions from the Jack of Spades series they are revolted by its violence and misogyny. Rush is further dismayed when he is accused by an unstable woman writer, C. W. Haider, who accuses him of plagiarizing her unfinished manuscripts; the suit is dismissed in court. Nonetheless, Rush is further driven to doubt his literary talents, a dire blow to his self-esteem.
An anxious Rush begins to drink heavily, and finds that his internal monologue is being occupied by his creation, the Jack of Spades. His marriage begins to unravel. He hatches a scheme to enlist Haider as a tool to attack the reputation of Stephen King.

## Reception

Praising Jack of Spades for its “compelling psychological suspense,” The Seattle Times reviewer Adam Woog, calls the narrative “smooth—so smooth that readers barely notice how she tightens her silken noose of a plot around their throats.”
Literary critic Eric K. Anderson at LonesomeReader Blog registers this positive assessment: “Jack of Spades is a fast-paced read filled with high drama and the expertly-rendered delineation of a writer’s descent into madness...It’s also a brilliantly enjoyable tribute to the greatest writers of this popular form of the novel.”

## Footnotes

* ↑ Woog, 2015
* ↑ Anderson, 2015

## Sources

* Anderson, Eric K. 2015. Review of Joyce Carol Oates's Jack of Spades. Bearing Witness: Joyce Carol Oates Studies. Vol. 2, Article 4. LonesomeReader Blog. University of San Francisco. https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=jcostudies Accessed 14 March, 2025.
* Oates, Joyce Carol. 2015. Jack of Spades: A Tale of Suspense. The Mysterious Press, New York. ISBN 978-0802125057.
* Wong, Adam. 2015. “Crime fiction: the governor’s wife, a writer with a secret.” The Seattle Times, May 9, 2015. https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/books/crime-fiction-the-governors-wife-a-writer-with-a-secret/ Accessed 10 March, 2025.
# Emblem of Mongolia

The national emblem of Mongolia is used by the government of Mongolia as one of its three state symbols—the others being the flag and anthem. It is officially used for example on documents such as Mongolian passports, and government and embassy placards.

## Description

The state emblem was adopted on 13 January 1992, when the new constitution came into force. The details of it are laid out in Chapter 1, Article 12(3) of the Constitution of Mongolia.
The outer rim features a tumen nasan, symbolizing eternity, surrounding a circular blue field, symbolizing the sky. On the centre of the field is a combination of the Soyombo symbol and the wind horse (treasured steed), symbolizing Mongolia's independence, sovereignty, and spirit. Sun, moon and fire symbols derived from the Xiongnu. Above the field is a Cintamani (Чандмань), representing the Tibetan Buddhist Three Jewels, which in Mongolian folklore grants wishes. Below the central emblem is a green mountain range, with the Wheel of Dharma (Хүрд) at the center. On the bottom of the mountain range and wheel is a khadag (Хадаг), a ceremonial scarf.

## History

From 1960 to 1991, the Mongolian People's Republic used an emblem with a very similar shape, but with several differing elements. Instead of the Wind Horse, a horseman on a normal horse is shown. In the background, the sun rises above mountains. The Tibetan Buddhist symbols are replaced by symbols of Socialism. A gearwheel stands for industrialization, sheaves around the perimeter stand for the farming class, and the top featured a red star with the socialist version of the Soyombo. Along the bottom, a blue-red ribbon is placed in front of the gearwheel, with the letters БНМАУ, the abbreviation for Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс ('Mongolian People's Republic').
Before 1961, the emblem did not bear most of the socialist symbols. The horseman carried a long lasso pole and the heads of four types of herd animals were shown on the sides. A red ribbon at the bottom bore the name of the country in the traditional Mongolian alphabet between 1940 and 1949 with the Cyrillic abbreviation after that.
* Soyombo of the Bogd Khaanate (1911–1924)
* State emblem of Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1940)
* State emblem of Mongolian People's Republic (30 June 1940 – 12 September 1949)
* State emblem of Mongolian People's Republic (12 September 1949 – 6 July 1960)
* State emblem of the People's Republic of Mongolia (6 July 1960 – 12 February 1992)
# Patrick Cottrell

Patrick Cottrell (born Patty Yumi Cottrell, 1981) is an American writer. He is the author of Sorry to Disrupt the Peace and the winner of a 2018 Whiting Award. He teaches at the University of Denver.

## Biography

Cottrell was born in South Korea in 1981 and was adopted, along with two biologically unrelated younger Korean boys, into a family from the Midwestern United States. He was raised in Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Milwaukee.
Cottrell started his first novel in his early thirties. In 2012 he received his M.F.A. from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. After moving from New York to Los Angeles, he completed the novel in 2016. The resulting book, a "stylized contemporary noir" titled Sorry to Disrupt the Peace, was published by McSweeney's in 2017. Cottrell has called the book "an anti-memoir". It tells the story of Helen, a woman adopted from Korea at a young age, who returns to her adoptive parents' home in Milwaukee after her adoptive brother's suicide. Writing for The Rumpus, Liza St. James called the book "marvelously interior" and praised the writing as "discursive and associative and gripping all at once". The Guardian called the book "electrifying in its freshness" and the San Francisco Chronicle called it "a strange and lovely thing". Sorry to Disrupt the Peace won a National Gold Medal from the Independent Publisher Book Awards for Best First Book in the Fiction category. It also won Barnes & Noble’s 2017 Discover Award for Fiction.
In 2018 Cottrell received the Whiting Award in fiction, which is given to promising writers in the early stages of their careers. The selection committee said that his writing "opens up fresh lines of questioning in the old interrogations of identity".
Cottrell came out as transgender in 2021.

## Recognition

* 2017: Barnes & Noble Discover Award
* 2017: National Gold Medal from the Independent Publisher Book Awards for Best First Book – Fiction
* 2018: Whiting Award
# Xi people

Xi people may refer to:
* Xianbei
* Xibe people
* Bái-Xí, ancient Turkic [[Tiele] people, steppes people located in current northeast China. In 2017, Singaporean scholar Yang Shao-yun identified as Barsils.
* Kumo Xi, ancient Mongolic people, steppes people located in current northeast China
* Ancient relative of Kamboja people of Cambodia and India
# José Riveiro

José Luis Riveiro (born 15 September 1977) is a Spanish professional football manager who currently manages Orlando Pirates FC in South African Premiership.

## Career

Born in Vigo, Galicia, Riveiro began his coaching career at an early age, and took over his first senior team, CD Teis in the regional leagues shortly after. After three years in charge of the team, he spent two seasons as an assistant and coach of Rápido de Bouzas' youth categories before returning to Teis.
In 2010, Riveiro was appointed manager of Mondariz FC in the Primeira Autonómica (sixth division), achieving promotion to the Preferente in his first campaign. While in charge of the club, he was also a coach of CD Choco and RC Celta de Vigo's youth categories.

### Finland

Riveiro resigned from Mondariz in May 2014, and moved abroad in July to work at Finnish side FC Honka, as an assistant coach. In April of the following year, he moved to fellow league team PK-35 Vantaa, also as an assistant.
On 7 June 2016, Riveiro was appointed assistant manager of HJK Helsinki.
On 5 October 2018, he was named manager of FC Inter Turku. In his first season in charge, Riveiro led Inter to the 2nd position in the Veikkausliiga, qualifying the side to a European competition after six years. On 25 September 2020, he renewed his contract for the 2021 campaign. For the 2022 season, Inter replaced him with Miguel Grau.

### Orlando Pirates

On 25 June 2022, Riveiro was announced as the head coach of the South African suite, Orlando Pirates FC. He then went on to help Orlando Pirates win the 2022 MTN 8 League Cup and the 2022–23 Nedbank Cup, and secured the 2nd spot in the South African Premier Division to qualify for the CAF Champions League in his first campaign. Riveiro led the club to win 2023 MTN 8 Cup and went on to defend the 2023–24 Nedbank Cup against Mamelodi Sundowns. In 2024, he made history when he became the first coach to win the MTN 8 three times consecutively after winning the 2024 edition.

## Managerial statistics

    As of 30 September 2024
Managerial record by team and tenure :
| Team | Nat | From | To | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record |
| Team | Nat | From | To | G | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win % |
| Inter Turku | | 1 January 2019 | 31 December 2021 | 102 | 56 | 13 | 33 | 164 | 109 | +55 | 054.90 |
| Orlando Pirates | | 1 July 2022 | Present | 94 | 57 | 17 | 20 | 166 | 77 | +89 | 060.64 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 196 | 113 | 30 | 53 | 330 | 186 | +144 | 057.65 |

## Managerial honours

Inter Turku
* Veikkausliiga runner-up: 2019
Orlando Pirates
* South African Premiership runner-up: 2022–23, 2023–24
* Nedbank Cup: 2023, 2024
* MTN 8: 2022, 2023, 2024
* South Afican Premiership: 2025
# Xi people

Xi people may refer to:
* Xianbei
* Xibe people
* Bái-Xí, ancient Turkic Tiele people, steppes people located in current northeast China. In 2017, Singaporean scholar Yang Shao-yun identified as Barsils.
* Kumo Xi, ancient Mongolic people, steppes people located in current northeast China
* Ancient relative of Kamboja people of Cambodia and India
# SPFL Reserve League

The SPFL Reserve League is the reserve team league for football in Scotland. The league began in 2018, as the SPFL Development League was replaced by a reserve team (i.e not age-restricted) format.

## History

In its first season, 2018–19, the league included 27 clubs, split into two divisions. At its end, several clubs (Aberdeen, Celtic, Hibernian, Rangers and St Johnstone) intimated that they would withdraw from the Reserve League to arrange their own programme of matches. The 2019–20 edition was formed with 19 clubs, with the season being curtailed early due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland; the winners were decided on a 'points per game' calculation.
After a two-year hiatus due to the pandemic, the league returned in season 2022–23 with ten clubs participating. Hibernian were the winners of a truncated competition, with only one round of matches (nine per team).
In 2023–24, Queen's Park won six of their eight Reserve League fixtures, securing the title. Their only defeat came against the previous season's champions Hibernian.
In 2024-25, six clubs will participate in the SPFL Reserve League and they will play each other twice across the season.

## Participating clubs

* (for 2023–24 - Airdrieonians, Ayr United and Hibernian withdrew)
* Dundee
* Dunfermline Athletic
* Kilmarnock
* Livingston
* Queen of the South
* Queen's Park

## Winners

| Season | Winner | Runner-up | League 2 Winner |
| 2018–19 | Rangers Reserves | Celtic Reserves | Livingston Reserves |
| 2019–20 | Hamilton Academical Reserves | Heart of Midlothian Reserves | Livingston Reserves |
| 2022–23 | Hibernian Reserves | Motherwell Reserves | |
| 2023–24 | Queen's Park Reserves | Dundee Reserves | |

## Reserve Cup

A knockout competition is organised alongside the League.
A total of 12 clubs entered the 2024/25 SPFL Reserve Cup, with the competing sides split into three groups of four on a broadly regional basis. Clubs played each other once and the winner of each group progressed to the semi finals. These were Dunfermline Athletic, Queen's Park, and Queen of the South F.C.. Kilmarnock, the best runner-up across the three groups, also qualifyed for the semi-finals.
The Final, between Kilmarnock and Queen of the South, will take place on the 25th of March 2025.
| Season | Winner | Runner-up |
| 2018–19 | Heart of Midlothian Reserves | Motherwell Reserves |
| 2019–20 | not completed | not completed |
| 2022–23 | Kilmarnock Reserves | Dunfermline Athletic Reserves |
| 2023–24 | Dunfermline Athletic Reserves | Livingston F.C. |
* ↑ Finalists were Aberdeen Reserves and Celtic Reserves.