OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mark Chung (musician)

Mark Chung (born 3 June 1957) is a British-born German musician and music publisher, best known for his work as the bass guitarist of the German band Einstürzende Neubauten in the 1980s and 90s.

## Biography

Chung was born on 3 June 1957 in Leeds, England. He is of German and Chinese descent, and grew up in England, Jamaica, and Germany.
From 1980, Chung was a member of the West German post-punk band Abwärts from Hamburg. He joined Einstürzende Neubauten in 1981. He assumed responsibility for business management of the band until leaving in 1994 to concentrate on his work in the music industry.
He formed Freibank Music Publishing in 1986, initially for controlling and administering the copyrights of Einstürzende Neubauten, but Freibank also offered this service to other musicians and steadily grew.
In 1996, Chung moved to London, where he became senior vice-president of Sony Music International. After nine years with Sony Music, he moved back to Germany and now directs the Freibank office in Berlin. In 2006, he was elected chairman of the German association of independent music companies (Verband unabhängiger Musikunternehmen – VUT) and he also sits on the board of the public-private partnership Initiative Musik.
Chung is married and has two sons and a daughter.
# Sniatyn urban hromada

Sniatyn urban hromada (Ukrainian: Снятинська міська громада) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Kolomyia Raion of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. The administrative center is the city of Sniatyn.

## Settlements

The hromada consists of 1 city (Sniatyn) and 26 villages:
* Beleluia
* Budyliv
* Vydyniv
* Vovchkivtsi
* Horishnie Zaluchchia
* Dzhuriv
* Dolishnie Zaluchchia
* Drahasymiv
* Zavallia
* Zadubrivtsi
* Zapruttia
* Kniazhe
* Krasnostavtsi
* Novoselytsia
* Orelets
* Pidvysoke
* Popelnyky
* Potichok
* Prutivka
* Rusiv
* Stetseva
* Stetsivka
* Tulova
* Tuchapy
* Ustia
* Khutir-Budyliv
# Nimb Hotel

Nimb Hotel, or simply the Nimb, is a five-star boutique hotel in the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, Denmark. The hotel is located in a historic building from 1909 and was built in a Neo Mudejar 19th century carnival style. The Nimb Hotel regularly appears in the top five-star Hotels lists, in 2009 Condé Nast Traveller ranked it as #40 on their list of the best hotels in the world.

## History
### The first Bazar Building

When Tivoli opened in 1843, there was already a "Bazar in "Chinese style" almost at the site of the current building. It housed shops and a restaurant but burned down in 1862. A new building in the same style was ready the following year.

### The new building

The Bazar Building was torn down in 1908 in connection with the construction of Copenhagen Central Station. The existing building was built close to the original site, this time designed by architect and Tivoli director Knud Arne Petersen in Moorish style. It was inaugurated in 1909. It was initially used as an exhibition space, for instance for arts & crafts exhibitions, but also housed a restaurant.
The building took its name from Wilhelm and Louise Nimb, who had created a restaurant dynasty in Copenhagen. They were brought in by Tivoli to manage the restaurant Divan 2, which still exists. Under their supervision, it gained major popularity. It became a favoured hang-out for the city's establishment, colloquially known as Nimb's Verenda. The Nimb couple's two daughters, Henriette (1863 – 1919) and Serina (1865–1939), were brought up to take part in the family business and when the Bazar reopened in 1909, they took over the running of it. Later, the building housed various establishments but kept its name.

### 2000s revival

In the 2000s, the building was subject to major renovation and reopening in 2008 as the Nimb Hotel, with a cluster of gourmet-oriented enterprises. Restaurant Herman, headed by Danish chef Thomas Herman, opened by head chef Thomas Herman in partnership with the LøgismoseGrønlykke family, received one star in the Michelin Guide just ten months after its opening in 2008. Herman left the restaurant in 2012. It was after that for a while continued as Nimb Louise.

## The Nimb today

In October 2015 Nimb was awarded "Hotel of the Year" by Small Luxury Hotels (SLH) from 520 hotels across 82 countries around the world.
In addition to the hotel, the Nimb complex contains:
* Six concept driven restaurants and bars
* Nimb, a brasserie
* Cocktail bar with large murals from the Danish artist Cathrine Raben Davidsen
* Andersen Bakery Nimb, a Danish-inspired Japanese chain of bakeries
# Vishwasa Devi

Vishwasa Devi (Maithili: विश्वास देवी, Romanised: Viśvasadevi) was the queen of the Mithila Kingdom in the Oiniwar Dynasty during the mediaeval period. She ascended the throne of the Mithila Kingdom after the death of the King Padmasimha. She ruled the kingdom for twelve years since 1431 CE to 1443 CE.

## Later life

Her names in different historical documents are written with slightly different spelling. They are Vishwasa Devi, Viśvasadevi, Visvasadevi and Viswavasa Devi. She was married to the King Padmasimha of the Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila. Padmasimha was the brother of the King Shivasimha in Mithila. After the marriage with King Padmasimha, she became the queen of the kingdom. The king Padmasimha later died in 1431 CE without having a child. Since the king was childless so after the death of the king, the queen Vishwasa Devi took control on the territory and ascended the throne of the kingdom in 1431 CE. She ruled the kingdom for 12 years till 1443 CE. She was the second queen in the Oiniwar Dynasty after the queen Lakhimadevi, who ascended the throne of the kingdom and ruled the territory.

## Rule and legacy

The queen Vishwasa Devi established a new village Visual in the kingdom after her name. Then she transferred the capital of the Mithila Kingdom from Padma to the newly established village Visual.
During her regime, she patronised the scholars in the kingdom. Her royal court became the centre for the gathering of eminent scholars just like the court of the King Janaka in Ramayana. She organised a notable Yajna known as Chatuscharan Yajna at her royal court where large numbers of scholars gathered. In the Yajna, fourteen hundred Mimansa scholars alone were invited by the queen Vishwasa Devi.
# Gramapriya

Gramapriya is a breed of chicken developed by the Project Directorate on Poultry based in Hyderabad, . The Gramapriya starts laying eggs at an age of 175 days. In 72 weeks a Gramapriya chicken can lay 200–225.
# Mandela Bay Theatre Complex

Mandela Bay Theatre Complex, formerly the PE Opera House, (sometimes referred to as MBTC) is a theatre in Gqeberha, South Africa. It opened in 1892 and is a proclaimed a national monument since 1980. It is one of the preferred venues for performing arts in the Eastern Cape. It is the oldest theater in Africa and one of the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere.
The Main Stage was built for ballet, opera and bigger productions, like musicals and has 598 seats on two levels. Besides the main stage, there is a smaller, multi-function space called The Barn Theatre with capacity for 100 to 150 people, depending on the style of production. MBTC supports performing arts education and development programmes.

## History

Built in 1892, it preceded the local railway and was initially lighted with candles and limelight for about 16 years, before gas lighting was adopted. It is the oldest and the last remaining Victorian theatre on the continent of Africa. Apart from various international performers and international ballet companies, South African performers like Athol Fugard, John Kani, Thoko Ntshinga, Winston Ntshona, and Elizabeth Connell has performed here.
# United States Capitol Guide Service

The United States Capitol Guide Service is a guide service charged by the United States Congress to "provide guided tours of the interior of the United States Capitol Building for the education and enlightenment of the general public, without charge for such tours." It exists under 2 U.S.C. § 2166. The Service's operations are part of the United States Capitol Visitor Center operations.

## History

Created in 1876 in honor of the United States turning 100 years old, the Capitol Guide Service was subject to the direction, supervision, and control of a Capitol Guide Board consisting of the Architect of the Capitol, the Sergeant at Arms of the Senate, and the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives. These same three officials also made up the Capitol Police Board. The board was abolished in 2008. Key Guide Service personnel included the Director, four Assistant Directors, as well as many regular guides.
Personnel of the Capitol Guide Service could also be transferred to the United States Capitol Police force at the discretion of the Capitol Guide Board to provide ushering and informational services, and other services not directly involving law enforcement. This sometimes happened during major events, such as presidential inaugurations and Lying in State ceremonies.
The Capitol Guides operated out of facilities located on the south side of the United States Capitol. Visitors were processed through the South Visitor Facility which included security screening and then directed into the Capitol, itself, via a walk around the west front of the building to enter through a west terrace door. Behind the South Visitor Facility was a trailer, which served as the temporary rest area and locker facility for the guides. Upon the opening of the Capitol Visitor Center (CVC) on December 2, 2008, both buildings were removed and all guide-related operations as well as the guides themselves were transferred to the jurisdiction and oversight of the Architect of the Capitol, specifically the Visitor Services Division of the Capitol Visitor Center.
In 2018 (effective January 2019) the United States Capitol Guide Service was transferred to the Office of the Capitol Visitor Center.

## Uniform

The Capitol Guide Service had two uniforms, a full dress and summer uniform. The full dress uniform was notable for its striking red blazer with a circular patch on the left breast. It was accompanied by a white shirt, navy blue tie, and navy blue pants. It could be accompanied by a navy blue vest. It was required for ceremonies and other formal occasions, as well as cold weather. The less formal summer uniform was a red cotton short sleeve polo shirt with circular patch on the left breast. It was accompanied by navy blue pants. The summer uniform was generally not worn until temperatures were above 70 °F (21 °C).
# Leonard Schulman

Leonard J. Y. Schulman (born September 14, 1963) is professor of computer science in the Computing and Mathematical Sciences Department at the California Institute of Technology. He is known for work on algorithms, information theory, coding theory, and quantum computation.

## Personal biography

Schulman is the son of theoretical physicist Lawrence Schulman.

## Academic biography

Schulman studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he completed a BS degree in mathematics in 1988 and a PhD degree in applied mathematics in 1992. He was a faculty member in the College of Computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology from 1995 to 2000 before joining the faculty of the California Institute of Technology. From 2003-2017, he served as the director of the Center for Mathematics of Information at Caltech. He also participates in the Institute for Quantum Information and Matter. In 2017-2018, he was a EURIAS Senior Fellow at the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

## Research

Schulman's research centers broadly around algorithms and information. He has made notable contributions to varied areas within this space including clustering, derandomization, quantum information theory, and coding theory. In coding theory he proved the Interactive Coding Theorem (a generalization of the Shannon Coding Theorem.) In clustering, his work on quantifying the effectiveness of Lloyd-type methods for the k-means problem, was named a Computing Reviews "Notable Paper" in 2012. In quantum computation, he is known for his work on the non-abelian hidden subgroup problem, and for his work on noise thresholds for ensemble quantum computing.

## Awards and honors

Schulman received the MIT Bucsela Prize in 1988, an NSF Mathematical Sciences Postdoctoral Fellowship in 1992 and an NSF CAREER award in 1999. His work received the IEEE S.A. Schelkunoff Prize in 2005. Schulman was also recognized for the ACM Notable Paper in 2012. In 2022 he was awarded the FOCS Test of Time Award for his work on error correction in the setting of interactive communication. He was the editor-in-chief of the SIAM Journal on Computing for two terms (2013-2018.) He was elected as a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, in the 2022 Class of SIAM Fellows, "for seminal contributions to coding theory, quantum computing and matrix analysis, and outstanding service".
# Marshall Rauch

Marshall Arthur Rauch (February 2, 1923 – March 2025) was an American politician in the state of North Carolina.

## Life and career

A native of New York City, Rauch was born there to Nathan A. and Tillie (Wohl) Rauch. He attended Duke University. Rauch moved to Gastonia in Gaston County, North Carolina, where he was involved in many county, civic and community organizations. In the 1950s and early 1960s, Rauch served on the Gastonia City Council with stints as mayor pro tempore. He married Jeanne Girard in 1946 and had five children. Rauch also owned Rauch Industries Inc. a Christmas ornament company in Gaston County, North Carolina from 1954 to 1998.
In 1967, he was elected to the North Carolina State Senate, representing the 25th district. He served until 1990. Rauch still was the longest-serving Jewish senator in North Carolina history.
In 2013, Rauch was honored by the Gaston County Community Foundation. There is a section of Interstate 85 designated the Senator Marshall Arthur Rauch Highway near Gastonia that is named after him.
Rauch turned 100 on February 2, 2023, and died in March 2025, at the age of 102.
# Nokia 5630 XpressMusic

The Nokia 5630 XpressMusic is a multimedia and music-dedicated smartphone announced in February and released in June 2009, running Symbian v9.3.
# A. H. Chapman House

The A. H. Chapman House at 256 E. 12th St. in Chico, California was built in 1859. It has also been known as "Little Chapman Mansion". It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
It corresponds to a published house plan designed by architect Andrew Jackson Downing. It is likely that it was specifically designed by architect Henry W. Cleaveland, known to be a "disciple" of Downing and known to have been "working in Chico in the 1870s when the house was twice expanded to its present form."
# A. L. Lovejoy House

The A. L. Lovejoy House is a historic house in Somerville, Massachusetts. The three-story wood-frame Second Empire house was built in the early 1870s for Alvan Lovejoy, a Boston "fancy goods" dealer who probably commuted using either the street car or steam rail that served Union Square. The house has a typical Second Empire mansard roof clad in polychrome slate. Windows are decorated with hoods, and there are decorative brackets on the front entry porch, the roof cornice, and the roof of the projecting front bay.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
# A. M. Detmer House

The A.M. Detmer House is a historic residence in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1880s, it has been named a historic site as an example of the work of a prominent architect.
Amadeus M. Detmer was a leading member of the firm of Warburg and Company, which was located at Sixth and Main Streets downtown; it did business as a "merchant tailor", serving high-end buyers of custom clothing. Detmer had the house built in 1885, choosing leading Cincinnati architect Samuel Hannaford to produce the design; Hannaford had become prominent because of his design for Music Hall in the 1870s, and by 1885 he was approaching the end of his time in independent practice.$^{:11}$
Detmer's house is a brick building constructed on a stone foundation. Rather than exemplifying a single architectural style, the house is eclectic. Among its prominent components are a trio of parapets mixing the roles of gables and dormer windows, constructed in a Flemish Revival style; a porch with Doric columns underneath a pediment, constructed around the main entrance; and numerous corbelled chimneys. Two bays wide, the facade includes stringcourses of limestone as part of its Flemish Revival parapet, along with small finials; together with the chimneys and the steep hip roof, the parapets help to lend the house the appearance of height greater than its actual two and a half stories.
In 1980, the A.M. Detmer House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places; it qualified for inclusion due to its well-preserved historic architecture. Nearly 40 other properties in Cincinnati and other parts of Hamilton County, including 14 other houses, were added to the Register at the same time as part of a multiple property submission of buildings designed by Samuel Hannaford and/or his sons. The Detmer House is significantly newer than some of the houses included in this group, for the oldest of Hannaford's residential designs in the city was constructed in 1862.$^{:3}$
# Shantimol Philips

Shantimol Philips is an Indian athlete. She won a Silver medal in 4 × 400 m relay in the 1990 Asian Games.
# Tina Brower-Thomas

Tina Louise Brower-Thomas is an American nanotechnology and quantum materials researcher and STEM education advocate. She is the Education Director at the Center for Integrated Quantum Materials, and Executive Director of its Howard University branch.

## Early life and education

Brower-Thomas's parents were William A. Brower, a jazz historian, and producer well known in the Washington, D.C., and New Orleans jazz community, and Anita Hillman Brower, who worked in academia as a fundraiser and executive. She attended Montgomery County Public Schools. She was interested in chemistry from an early age; as a youth, she would attempt to concoct her own cleaning solutions, in some cases ruining her kitchen floor and producing holes in her coat. Her parents encouraged her interests by providing her with a chemistry set and taking her into the laboratories at Howard University.
She received a B.S. in chemistry from Howard University. She then attended Polytechnic University (now New York University Tandon School of Engineering), receiving an M.S. in chemistry and a PhD in materials chemistry, focusing on molecular self-assembly of hierarchical molecular structures on gold surfaces.

## Career

She was a postdoctoral research fellow at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. As part of her postdoctoral research, she was part of a project that built electrically conductive molecular networks using cowpea mosaic virus engineered with surface cystine residues to anchor gold nanoparticles. After her postdoctoral position, she was a consultant to DARPA and the Department of Homeland Security.
She returned to Howard University in 2007, initially working with Gary Lynn Harris to mentor undergraduate students. She became the Education Director at the Center for Integrated Quantum Materials, a National Science Foundation-funded collaboration between Harvard University, Howard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Museum of Science in Boston. She also became Executive Director of its Howard University branch. Her research program includes molecular self-assembly, surface functionalization, chemical vapor deposition, and chemical intercalation of 2D materials. As of 2022, she also has a visiting faculty appointment at Harvard University. In 2023, Brower-Thomas and Kenneth Evans-Lutterodt of Brookhaven National Laboratory received a $1.5 million grant on diamond thin films for quantum information systems sponsored by the Office of Naval Research's Department of Defense’s University Instrumentation Program (DURIP).
Brower-Thomas is known for her work in STEM education. She emphasizes early STEM education and engagement at the high school and earlier levels, in order to retain interest in STEM careers especially by women and people of color. She has said that lack of access to resources at schools that serve underserved communities could cause a quantum version of the digital divide. She also emphasizes the interdisciplinary of quantum information as a field.
# John Preskill

John Phillip Preskill (born January 19, 1953) is an American theoretical physicist and the Richard P. Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology, where he is also the director of the Institute for Quantum Information and Matter.
Preskill is an active scientist in the field of quantum information science and quantum computation, and he is known for coining the term "quantum supremacy" and that of "noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ)" devices.

## Biography

Preskill was born on January 19, 1953, in Highland Park, Illinois. He attended Highland Park High School, from where he graduated as class valedictorian in 1971. Preskill graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University with an A.B. in physics in 1975, completing his senior thesis, titled "Broken symmetry of the Pseudoscalar Yukawa theory", under the supervision of Arthur S. Wightman. Preskill received his Ph.D. in the same subject from Harvard University in 1980. His graduate adviser at Harvard was Steven Weinberg.
While still a graduate student, Preskill made a name for himself by publishing a paper on the cosmological production of superheavy magnetic monopoles in Grand Unified Theories. Since we do not observe any magnetic monopoles, this work pointed out serious flaws in the then current cosmological models, a problem which was later addressed by Alan Guth and others by proposing the idea of cosmic inflation.
After three years as a junior fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows, Preskill became associate professor of theoretical physics at Caltech in 1983, rising to full professorship in 1990. Since 2000 he has been the director of the Institute for Quantum Information at Caltech. In recent years most of his work has been in mathematical issues related to quantum computation and quantum information theory. He is known for coining the term "Quantum Supremacy" in a 2012 paper.
Preskill has achieved some notoriety in the popular press as party to a number of bets involving fellow theoretical physicists Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne. Hawking conceded the Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet in 2004 and gave Preskill a copy of Total Baseball, The Ultimate Baseball Encyclopedia.
Preskill was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1991 and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2014.
# Thorium chloride

Thorium chloride may refer to:
* Thorium(II) chloride (thorium dichloride), ThCl$_2$
* Thorium(III) chloride (thorium trichloride), ThCl$_3$
* Thorium(IV) chloride (thorium tetrachloride), ThCl$_4$