# Sede vacante

In the canon law of the Catholic Church, sede vacante refers to the state during which a diocese or archdiocese is without a prelate installed in office, with the prelate's office being the cathedral. The term is used frequently in reference to papal vacancies occurring upon the Pope's death or resignation.

## History

Early in church history, the archpriest, archdeacon, and "primicerius of the notaries" in the papal court made a regency council which governed the sede vacante period.
It was the obligation of the Camerarius (papal chamberlain), the head of the Camera Apostolica, to formally establish the death of the pope. Gradually, this led to the theory that the Camerarius, as the chief of the curia, should conduct normal business even after the death of the pope, and also conduct the burial and the preparation for the new election. This process was evident with Camerarius Boso Breakspeare. During the long sede vacante of 1268 to 1271, the importance of the Camerarius was so clear that the Cardinals prepared to elect a new one if he died.

## Vacancy of the Holy See

After the death or resignation of a pope, the Holy See enters a period of sede vacante. In this case the particular church is the Diocese of Rome and the "vacant seat" is the cathedra of Saint John Lateran, the cathedral church of the Bishop of Rome. During this period, the Holy See is administered by a regency of the College of Cardinals.
According to Universi Dominici gregis, the government of the Holy See and the administration of the Catholic Church during sede vacante falls to the College of Cardinals, but in a very limited capacity. At the same time, all the heads of the departments of the Roman Curia "cease to exercise" their offices. The exceptions are the Cardinal Camerlengo, who is charged with managing the property of the Holy See, and the Major Penitentiary, who continues to exercise his normal role. If either has to do something which normally requires the assent of the Pope, he has to submit it to the College of Cardinals. Papal legates continue to exercise their diplomatic roles overseas, and both the Vicar General of Rome and the Vicar General for the Vatican City State continue to exercise their pastoral role during this period. The postal administration of the Vatican City State prepares and issues special postage stamps for use during this particular period, known as "sede vacante stamps".
The coat of arms of the Holy See also changes during this period. The papal tiara over the keys is replaced with the umbraculum, or ombrellino in Italian. This symbolizes both the lack of a Pope and the governance of the Camerlengo over the temporalities of the Holy See. As further indication, the Camerlengo ornaments his arms with this symbol during this period, which he subsequently removes once a pope is elected. Previously during this period the arms of the Camerlengo appeared on commemorative Vatican lira coinage. It now makes its appearance on Vatican euro coins, which are legal tender in all Eurozone states.
The interregnum is usually highlighted by the funeral Mass of the deceased pope, the general congregations of the College of Cardinals for determining the particulars of the election, and finally culminates in the papal conclave to elect a successor. Once a new pope has been elected (and ordained bishop if necessary) the sede vacante period officially ends, even before the papal inauguration.
Cardinals present in Rome are required to wait at least fifteen days after the start of the vacancy before they hold the conclave to elect the new Pope. After twenty days have elapsed, they must hold the conclave, even if some cardinals are missing. The period from the death of the Pope to the start of the conclave was often shorter but, after William Henry Cardinal O'Connell had arrived just too late for two conclaves in a row, Pius XI extended the time limit. With the next conclave in 1939, cardinals began to travel by air. Days before his resignation in February 2013, Benedict XVI amended the rules to allow the cardinals to begin the conclave sooner, if all voting cardinals are present. Historically, sede vacante periods have often been quite lengthy, lasting many months, or even years, due to lengthy deadlocked conclaves.
The most recent period of sede vacante of the Holy See began on 28 February 2013, after the resignation of Benedict XVI, and ended on 13 March 2013 with the election of Pope Francis, a period of 13 days.
The longest period without a Pope in the last 250 years was the approximately half year from the death in prison of Pius VI in 1799 and the election of Pius VII in Venice in 1800.

### Extended sede vacante periods

Whilst conclaves and papal elections are generally completed in short order, there have been several periods when the papal chair has been vacant for months or even years.
The following table details sede vacante periods in excess of a year:
| Preceding Pope | Subsequent Pope | Beginning | Ending | Duration |
| Clement IV | Gregory X | 29 November 1268 | 1 September 1271 | 2 years 10 months |
| Nicholas IV | Celestine V | 4 April 1292 | 5 July 1294 | 2 years 3 months |
| Clement V | John XXII | 20 April 1314 | 2 August 1316 | 2 years 3 months |
| Gregory XII | Martin V | 4 July 1415 | 11 November 1417 | 2 years 5 months |

### Sede vacante periods since 1799

| Preceding Pope | Subsequent Pope | Beginning | Ending | Duration |
| Pius VI | Pius VII | 29 August 1799 | 14 March 1800 | 197 days |
| Pius VII | Leo XII | 20 August 1823 | 28 September 1823 | 39 days |
| Leo XII | Pius VIII | 10 February 1829 | 31 March 1829 | 49 days |
| Pius VIII | Gregory XVI | 30 November 1830 | 2 February 1831 | 63 days |
| Gregory XVI | Pius IX | 1 June 1846 | 16 June 1846 | 15 days |
| Pius IX | Leo XIII | 7 February 1878 | 20 February 1878 | 13 days |
| Leo XIII | Pius X | 20 July 1903 | 4 August 1903 | 15 days |
| Pius X | Benedict XV | 20 August 1914 | 3 September 1914 | 14 days |
| Benedict XV | Pius XI | 22 January 1922 | 6 February 1922 | 15 days |
| Pius XI | Pius XII | 10 February 1939 | 2 March 1939 | 20 days |
| Pius XII | John XXIII | 9 October 1958 | 28 October 1958 | 19 days |
| John XXIII | Paul VI | 3 June 1963 | 21 June 1963 | 18 days |
| Paul VI | John Paul I | 6 August 1978 | 26 August 1978 | 20 days |
| John Paul I | John Paul II | 28 September 1978 | 16 October 1978 | 18 days |
| John Paul II | Benedict XVI | 2 April 2005 | 19 April 2005 | 17 days |
| Benedict XVI | Francis | 28 February 2013 | 13 March 2013 | 13 days |

## Catholic dioceses and archdioceses

The term sede vacante can be applied to Catholic dioceses, archdioceses, and eparchies outside of Rome. In such cases, this means that the particular diocesan bishop or archbishop has either died, resigned, been transferred to a different diocese or archdiocese, or lost his office and a successor has not yet been installed or assumed office. If there is a coadjutor bishop for the (arch)diocese, then this period does not take place, as the coadjutor bishop or archbishop immediately succeeds to the episcopal see.
Within eight days after the episcopal see is known to be vacant, the college of consultors (or the cathedral chapter in some countries) is obliged to elect a diocesan or archdiocesan administrator. The administrator they choose must be a/an priest or (arch)bishop who is at least 35 years old.
If the college of consultors fails to elect a qualifying person within the time allotted, the choice of an administrator passes to the metropolitan archbishop or, if the metropolitan see is vacant, to the senior-most by appointment of the suffragan bishops. The pope can also decide to name an administrator himself to a diocese or archdiocese instead of waiting for the college of consultors of a particular (arch)diocese, metropolitan archbishop or the senior-most by appointment of the bishops within the ecclesiastical province to appoint a/an (arch)diocesan administrator where it is then called as apostolic administrator. Usually, the emeritus (arch)bishop will be appointed in such a case. If the appointed apostolic administrator is a diocesan bishop or archbishop of a diocese or archdiocese, then he governs two (arch)dioceses which are his own and the vacant one, with the latter being temporarily while a successor of a vacant (arch)diocese is not yet installed or assumed office.
Before the election of the administrator of a vacant see, the governance of the see is entrusted, with the powers of a vicar general, to the auxiliary bishop, if there is one, or to the senior among them, if there are several, otherwise to the college of consultors as a whole. The administrator has greater powers, essentially those of a bishop or archbishop except for matters excepted by the nature of the matter or expressly by law. Canon law subjects his activity to various legal restrictions and to special supervision by the college of consultors (as for example canons 272 and 485).
Vicars general and episcopal vicars lose their powers sede vacante if they are not bishops or archbishops; the vicars that are themselves having both positions retain the powers they had before the see fell vacant, which they are to exercise under the authority of the administrator. However, vicar generals retain their duties and responsibilities of the office—specifically during sede vacante serving as right-hand to the (arch)diocesan or apostolic administrator to establish continuity—until the succeeding (arch)bishop is installed or assumes office on a/an (arch)diocese.
A coat of arms of the last bishop or archbishop of a diocese or archdiocese, either the arms of a transferred, retired or died previous (arch)bishop or the one as (arch)bishop of a transferred (arch)diocese, may also be used during sede vacante period to indicate and establish continuity while awaiting for the installation of a successor. Once a successor is installed or assumed office which ends the sede vacante period, the coat of arms of a new (arch)bishop will then be used by the (arch)diocese and discontinuing the usage of the predecessor's arms.
The name of a bishop or an archbishop is not mentioned in the Eucharistic Prayer while a successor is not yet installed or assumed office where after mentioning the Pope, the celebrant will either immediately mention the statement "and all the clergy" skipping the name of a/an (arch)bishop or generally stating all the (arch)bishops as "the Order of Bishops". If a locally-appointed (arch)diocesan administrator or an apostolic administrator is a/an (arch)bishop, however, the name of an administrator is mentioned ("our Administrator", or simply as "our (Arch)bishop") as if a/an (arch)diocese have a prelate installed in office.
Additionally, the administrator cannot use the cathedra even if he is a bishop or an archbishop as it symbolizes the office of a full-time or mainstay prelate and the former only serves as the temporary head of a/an (arch)diocese while a successor is not yet installed into office therefore he can only use the chair reserved for the main celebrant of a mass.

## Other uses

The term has been adopted in sedevacantism, an extreme strand of the Catholic traditionalist movement. Sedevacantists believe that all popes since the Second Vatican Council have been heretics, and that therefore the see of Rome is vacant.