# Aristocracy

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Aristocracy (from Ancient Greek ἀριστοκρατίᾱ (aristokratíā) 'rule of the best'; from ἄριστος (áristos) 'best' and κράτος (krátos) 'power, strength') is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.
Across Europe, the aristocracy exercised immense economic, political, and social influence. In Western Christian countries, the aristocracy was mostly equal with magnates, also known as the titled or higher nobility, however the members of the more numerous social class, the untitled lower nobility (petty nobility or gentry) were not part of the aristocracy.

## Classical aristocracy

In ancient Greece, the Greeks conceived aristocracy as rule by the best-qualified citizens—and often contrasted it favorably with monarchy, rule by an individual. The term was first used by such ancient Greeks as Aristotle and Plato, who used it to describe a system where only the best of the citizens, chosen through a careful process of selection, would become rulers, and hereditary rule would actually have been forbidden, unless the rulers' children performed best and were better endowed with the attributes that make a person fit to rule compared with every other citizen in the polity.
Hereditary rule in this understanding is more related to oligarchy, a corrupted form of aristocracy where there is rule by a few, but not by the best. Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Xenophon, and the Spartans considered aristocracy (the ideal form of rule by the few) to be inherently better than the ideal form of rule by the many (politeia), but they also considered the corrupted form of aristocracy (oligarchy) to be worse than the corrupted form of democracy (mob rule). This belief was rooted in the assumption that the masses could only produce average policy, while the best of men could produce the best policy, if they were indeed the best of men. Later Polybius in his analysis of the Roman Constitution used the concept of aristocracy to describe his conception of a republic as a mixed form of government, along with democracy and monarchy in their conception from then, as a system of checks and balances, where each element checks the excesses of the other.

## Modern aristocracy

In modern times, aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a privileged group, the aristocratic class, and has since been contrasted with democracy.

## Concept

The concept evolved in ancient Greece in which a council of leading citizens was commonly empowered. That was contrasted with representative democracy in which a council of citizens was appointed as the "senate" of a city state or other political unit. The Greeks did not like the concept of monarchy, and as their democratic system fell, aristocracy was upheld.
According to Tomás Fernández de Medrano, a just and virtuous form of republic is known as aristocracy, meaning the rule of the most virtuous, referred to in Latin as Optimates because they are regarded as good and honorable. In his 1602 political treatise Repùblica Mista, Medrano explains how this system arises when a select group of men, distinguished by their virtue, morality, and wisdom, hold authority over the rest—whether broadly or in specific matters—governing solely for the benefit and welfare of the public. A prime example of this was seen in Sparta, whose exceptional governance allowed it to dominate Greece for nearly five centuries.
Plato's concept of aristocracy envisions an ideal state governed by a philosopher-king—a ruler who possesses wisdom and a love for truth. He defines these "philosopher-kings" as individuals who "love the sight of truth." To illustrate this idea, Plato uses analogies such as a captain steering a ship and a doctor administering medicine, emphasizing that just as not everyone is naturally suited to navigation or medicine, not everyone is fit to govern. A significant portion of the Republic is then dedicated to outlining the educational system necessary to cultivate philosopher-kings.
In contrast, the 1651 book Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes describes an aristocracy as a commonwealth in which the representative of the citizens is an assembly by part only. It is a system in which only a small part of the population represents the government; "certain men distinguished from the rest."
Modern depictions of aristocracy tend to regard it not as the ancient Greek concept of rule by the best, but more as an oligarchy or plutocracy—rule by the few or the wealthy.

## Differentiation

Aristocracies corrupt counterpart is oligarchy. Socrates describes oligarchy as a system rife with corruption and instability. As the ruling elite prioritize their own wealth, they enact laws that further concentrate power and resources in their hands. This deepens economic divisions between the rich and the poor, leading to class conflict and internal strife. According to Tomás Fernández de Medrano in his 1602 República Mista, oligarchy occurs when a small group of noble or wealthy individuals control public administration but neglect the needs of the poor, prioritizing personal gain over the common good. Such governance inevitably turns into tyranny, as historically seen in Sicily and other ancient oligarchies.
Medrano also warns against the dangers of aristocratic rule when consumed by internal strife, stating that when the Optimates (the aristocracy) become driven by anger, hatred, envy, and rivalry, they inevitably destroy themselves and bring ruin to the republic through factionalism and division. Medrano illustrates the dangers of internal discord through historical examples, citing Babylon’s fall to Cyrus, Carthage’s destruction, and Greek disunity under Alexander the Great. He notes that Rome’s decline, from Jugurtha’s downfall to later internal strife, mirrors the fate of Sparta, the Numidians, and other divided civilizations—including Rome itself, as Cato had foreseen.
Despite the original conceptual drawing by Aristotle in classical antiquity, aristocracy is not in modern times understood in opposition to oligarchy or strictly as a form of government, with entitled nobility as in monarchies or aristocratic merchant republics. Its original classical understanding has been taken up by the modern concepts that can be loosely equivalent to meritocracy or technocracy.

## History

Aristocracies dominated political and economic power for most of the medieval and modern periods almost everywhere in Europe, using their wealth and land ownership to form a powerful political force. The English Civil War involved the first sustained organised effort to reduce aristocratic power in Europe.

### Britain

In the 18th century, the rising merchant class attempted to use money to buy into the aristocracy, with some success. However, the French Revolution in the 1790s forced many French aristocrats into exile and caused consternation and shock in the aristocratic families of neighbouring countries. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, some of the surviving exiles returned, but their position within French society was not recovered.
Beginning in Britain, industrialization in the 19th century brought urbanization, with wealth increasingly concentrated in the cities, which absorbed political power. However, as late as 1900, aristocrats maintained political dominance in Britain, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Austria and Russia, but it was an increasingly-precarious dominion.

### 20th century

The First World War had the effect of dramatically reducing the power of aristocrats in all major countries. In Russia, aristocrats were imprisoned and murdered by the communists. After 1900, liberal and socialist governments levied heavy taxes on landowners, spelling their loss of economic power.