# Bennington College

Bennington College is a private liberal arts college in Bennington, Vermont, United States. Founded as a women’s college in 1932, it became co-educational in 1969. It is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

## History
### 1920s

The planning for the establishment of Bennington College began in 1924 and took nine years to be realized. While many people were involved, the four central figures in the founding of Bennington were Vincent Ravi Booth, Mr. and Mrs. Hall Park McCullough, and William Heard Kilpatrick.
A Women's Committee, headed by Mrs. Hall Park McCullough, organized the Colony Club Meeting in 1924, which brought together some 500 civic leaders and educators from across the country. As a result of the Colony Club Meeting, a charter was secured and a board of trustees formed for Bennington College. One of the trustees, John Dewey, helped shape many of the college's signature programs such as The Plan Process and Field Work Term through his educational principles.
In 1928, six years before the college would begin, Robert Devore Leigh was recruited by the Bennington College executive committee to serve as the first president of Bennington. Leigh presided over the forging of Bennington's structure and its early operation. In 1929 Leigh authored the Bennington College Prospectus which outlined the "Bennington idea".

### 1930s

The first class of eighty-seven women arrived on campus in 1932. The college was the first to include the visual and performing arts as full-fledged elements of the liberal arts curriculum.
Every year since the college began in 1932, every Bennington College student has engaged in internships and volunteer opportunities each winter term. Originally called the Winter Field & Reading Period, the two-month term was described by President Robert Devore Leigh in his 1928 Bennington College Prospectus as "a long winter recess giving students and faculty opportunity for travel, field work, and educational advantages of metropolitan life". This internship was renamed twice, as Non-Resident term and, as it is called today, Field Work Term.
In 1934 the Bennington School of Dance summer program was founded by Martha Hill. Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Hanya Holm, and Charles Weidman all taught at this laboratory. The program gained attendance by José Limón, Bessie Schonberg, Merce Cunningham, and Betty Ford. In 1935 the administration agreed to admit young men into the Bennington Theater Studio program, since men were needed for theatrical performances. Among the men who attended was the actor Alan Arkin.
Between 1935 and 1939 the famous social psychologist Theodore Newcomb conducted a study about the change of political attitude during the New Deal period.
President Leigh resigned in 1941, at the age of 50, saying he thought no college should be "shackled by executive leadership gradually growing stale, feeble or lacking in initiative". He was succeeded by a member of the Bennington faculty, Dr. Lewis Webster Jones, economist and labor mediator.

### 1940s–1980s

In 1946, Paula Jean Welden, a sophomore at the college, disappeared while on a hike of the nearby Long Trail. She was living in Dewey House at the time and had traveled alone. Many students assisted in the search, but Paula was never found. Frederick H. Burkhardt, who had been ready to decline an invitation to become president of the college, visited the campus was impressed with the cohesion and support of the community in the face of this tragedy and accepted the offer. At age 35, he became the youngest college president in the nation.
In 1951 the U.S. State Department issued a documentary on Bennington highlighting its unique educational approach as a model for the Allied rebuilding of German society after the War.
The college continued to expand its physical infrastructure. Built in 1959, the Edward Clark Crossett Library was designed by the modernist architect Pietro Belluschi. After opening, Crossett Library was featured in Architectural Forum and became a focus of study for many architecture students in the 1960s. Crossett Library went on to win the 1963 Honor Award for library design. In 1968, three new student houses were completed to help house the growing student population and were named in honor of William C. Fels, Jessie Smith Noyes, and Margaret Smith Sawtell. These houses were designed by the distinguished modernist architect, Edward Larrabee Barnes, who posthumously earned the 2007 American Institute of Architects Gold Medal.
In 1969, Bennington became fully coeducational, a move that attracted major national attention, including a major feature story in The New York Times Magazine. The presidency of Gail Thain Parker from 1972 to 1976 was marked by controversy over curriculum reform, affirmative action, and relations between faculty and administration.

### 1990s

In 1993, the Bennington College Board of Trustees initiated a process known as "The Symposium". Arguing that the college suffered from "a growing attachment to the status quo that, if unattended, is lethal to Bennington's purpose and pedagogy", the board of trustees "solicit[ed] ... concerns and proposals on a wide and open-ended range of issues from every member of the faculty, every student, every staff member, every alumna and alumnus, and dozens of friends of the College." According to the trustees, the process was intended to reinvent the college, and the board said it received over 600 contributions to this end.
The results of the process were published in June 1994 in a 36-page document titled Symposium Report of the Bennington College Board of Trustees. Recommended changes included the following:
* Adoption of a "teacher-practitioner" ideal;
* Abandonment of academic divisions in favor of "polymorphous, dynamically changing Faculty Program Groups";
* Replacement of the college's system of presumptive tenure with "an experimental contract system"; and
* A 10% tuition reduction over the following five years. In 1988, according to The New York Times, Bennington was the most expensive college in the country.
Near the end of June 1994, 27 faculty members (approximately one-third of the total faculty body) were notified by certified mail that their contracts would not be renewed. (The exact number of fired faculty members is listed as 25 or 26 in some reports, a discrepancy partly because at least one faculty member, photographer Neil Rappaport, was reinstated on appeal shortly after his firing.) As recommended in the Symposium, the trustees abolished the presumptive tenure system, leaving the institution with no form of tenure. The firings attracted considerable media attention.
Some students and alumni protested, and the college was censured for its actions by the American Association of University Professors, who said, "academic freedom is insecure, and academic tenure is nonexistent today at Bennington College." Critics of the Symposium, and the 1994 firings, have alleged that the Symposium was essentially a sham, designed to provide a pretext for the removal of faculty members to whom the college's president, Elizabeth Coleman, was hostile. Some have questioned the timing of the firings, arguing that by waiting until the end of June, the college made it impossible for students affected by the firings to transfer to other institutions.
President Coleman responded that the decision was fundamentally "about ideas", stating that "Bennington became mediocre over time" and that the college was in need of radical change. Coleman argued that the college was in dire financial straits, saying that "had Bennington done nothing ... the future of this institution was seriously in doubt." In a letter to The New York Times, John Barr, chairman of the board of trustees, asserted that Coleman was "not responsible for the redesign of the college ... It was the board of trustees".
In May 1996, 17 of the faculty members terminated in the 1994 firings filed a lawsuit against Bennington College, seeking $3.7 million in damages and reinstatement to their former positions. In December 2000, the case was settled out of court; as part of the settlement, the fired faculty members received $1.89 million and an apology from the college. In the immediate wake of the controversy, for the 1994–1995 academic year, the college's enrollment dropped to a record low of 370 undergraduates, and the following year (1995–1996), undergraduate enrollment declined to 285. According to Coleman, a student body of 600 undergraduates was required for the college to break even.

### 2000s and 2010s

As of 2015, the college reports a total enrollment of 755 students with steady increases in quality student applications. Bennington College appeared on the Princeton Review's 2018 Best Northeastern Colleges List, which includes the schools that it considers "academically outstanding and well worth consideration in your college search". Bennington also appeared on Princeton's "Green Schools" list. Notably, Bennington was also featured in a 2016 article by Forbes as one of "Tomorrow's Hot Colleges" highlighting the institution's recent flourishing "under bold, entrepreneurial leadership".
In 2015 Bennington College announced a $5 million gift from the Helen Frankenthaler Foundation. The largest single gift ever awarded by the foundation has helped establish the Helen Frankenthaler Fund for the Visual Arts and provides support for all aspects of the school's visual arts program including curricula, facilities, programs, and faculty. In recognition of the gift, the visual arts wing of the college's 120,000-square-foot arts facility was renamed the Helen Frankenthaler Visual Arts Center.
In October 2016 the faculty adopted an open-access policy to make its scholarship publicly accessible online.
In the summer of 2020, the board of trustees announced that Laura Walker would be the next college president.
In 2021 the director of campus security resigned after hiring a white supremacist to the campus safety staff.
Bennington College has an acceptance rate of 45%.

### Presidents

| Term | Name |
| 1928–1941 | Robert Devore Leigh |
| 1941–1947 | Lewis Webster Jones |
| 1947–1957 | Frederick H. Burkhardt |
| 1957–1964 | William C. Fels |
| 1965–1971 | Edward J. Bloustein |
| 1972–1976 | Gail Thain Parker |
| Spring 1976 | Joseph S. Iseman (Interim) |
| Fall 1976 | Robert Woodworth (Interim) |
| 1977–1982 | Joseph S. Murphy |
| 1982–1986 | Michael K. Hooker |
| 1987–2013 | Elizabeth Coleman |
| 2013–2019 | Mariko Silver |
| 2019–2020 | Isabel Roche (Interim) |
| 2020–Present | Laura Ruth Walker |

## Academics

In 2024, the college had a student to faculty ratio of 9:1 with 63% of classes with fewer than 20 students. Bennington College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

### Undergraduate admissions

In 2024, the college accepted 45.3% of undergraduate applicants, with those admitted having an average 3.51 GPA. The college does not require submission of standardized test scores, Bennington being a test optional school. Those submitting test scores had an average 1260-1370 SAT score (13% submitting scores) or average 29-33 ACT score (5% submitting scores).

### Rankings

In 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked Bennington tied for #112 in National Liberal Arts Colleges, tied for #19 in Most Innovative Schools, and tied for #96 in Top Performers on Social Mobility out of 211 National Liberal Arts Colleges.

### Plan Process

At Bennington, students receive graduate-style advising from a faculty member who assists with course selection, internship and job applications, graduate school preparation, and more. Bennington does not have traditional academic majors for undergraduate students. Instead, the Plan Process is an alternative to majors, which encourages students to lead their own education, rather than choosing from pre-existing paths.
Within the Plan Process, there are no required courses, so from the moment students arrive, they are free to begin crafting their plan of study to meet their interests and explore new fields. In their second year, students must submit an essay-style Plan proposal, which details their desired primary and secondary areas of study, a summary of their interests and previous coursework, and a framework for how their studies should progress to culminate in senior work in one of the existing disciplines such as Society, Culture and Thought, Advancement of Public Action, Dance, Environmental Studies, Visual Arts, and others (see,) Students then meet with a committee of faculty members and their academic adviser to review the proposed Plan and make any necessary changes. After their Plan is improved, students regularly meet with their adviser to choose relevant courses and meet again with the Plan committee each fall to discuss their progress towards completion. Because of the Plan Process, no two students at Bennington will graduate with the same exact mix of learning.

### Field Work Term

Field Work Term is a required annual internship program that gives students the opportunity to gain professional experience beyond the classroom before graduating. Field Work Term experiences often inform students' decisions about career planning and can even lead to job opportunities post graduation. Bennington is the only college that has required an annual internship for students since its founding.

### Special programs

* Center for Creative Teaching
* Isabelle Kaplan Center for Languages and Culture
* The Museum Fellows Term
* Quantum Leap Program

### Graduate programs

Bennington college offers the Master of Fine Arts (MFA) in multiple disciplines and the Postbaccalaureate Premedical Program. Previously an MAT or BA/MAT was offered in Education through the Center for Creative Teaching, until discontinued around 2012.

#### Bennington Writing Seminars

Bennington Writing Seminars is a low-residency Master of Fine Arts program in writing founded by Poet Liam Rector in 1994. After Rector's death in August 2007, Sven Birkerts was director until 2017. Poet Mark Wunderlich is the current director of Bennington Writing Seminars. U.S. Poet Laureate Donald Hall was a long time writer-in-residence.
In 2007, The Atlantic named it one of the nation's best, and Poets & Writers Magazine named it one of the top three low-residency programs in the world in 2011. Core faculty has included fiction writers David Gates, Amy Hempel, Alice Mattison, Jill McCorkle, Rick Moody, Lynne Sharon Schwartz, and Paul Yoon; nonfiction writers Eula Biss, Jenny Boully, Susan Cheever, Melissa Febos, Phillip Lopate, and James Wood; and poets April Bernard, Jennifer Chang, Amy Gerstler, Major Jackson, Timothy Liu, Ed Ochester, Carmen Giménez Smith, Craig Morgan Teicher, and Mark Wunderlich.
Notable alumni of the program include Bill Ayers, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, Jasmin Darznik, Amy Gerstler, Tod Goldberg, Nathalie Handal, Erica Hunt, Angela Jackson, Suleika Jaouad, Morgan Jerkins, Molly Jong-Fast, Fedwa Malti-Douglas, Megan Mayhew Bergman, Susan Scarf Merrell, Marie Mutsuki Mockett, Ivy Pochoda, Rolf Potts, Jamie Quatro, Mark Sarvas, Cynthia D'Aprix Sweeney, and Sarai Walker.

#### Dance

The MFA in Dance is designed as a two-year, four-term program; however, those who cannot commit to four consecutive terms are encouraged to propose an alternative schedule when applying.

#### Music

Like the MFA in Dance program, the MFA in Music is a two-year, four-term program. Students pursue work at an advanced level in either composition or voice. (In exceptional cases, students wishing to pursue postgraduate work in other performance areas may be considered.)

#### Public Action

The Center for the Advancement of Public Action at Bennington College established a Master of Fine Arts in Public Action in 2018. Directed by Susan Sgorbati, the program aims to support artists working in social justice.

#### PostBac PreMed

Bennington's PostBac program was suspended indefinitely in 2021. It was a one-year program, beginning and ending in June, and it covered the basic requirements for medical school and other health profession tracks.

## Campus

The groundbreaking ceremony for Bennington College took place on August 16, 1931, and construction of the original Bennington College campus was completed by 1936. The Boston architectural firm, J.W. Ames and E.S. Dodge designed Commons, the 12 original student houses, as well as the reconfiguration of the Barn from a working farm building into classrooms and administrative offices. The original student houses were named for the people integral to the founding of the college. The campus was built by more than 100 local craftsmen, many of whom had been out of work since the stock market crash of 1929. The campus stretches 440 acres with main campus centered on 10 acres. There are 300 wooded acres, 15 acres of wetland, and 5 acres of tilled farmland.
Historic elements of the campus were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022.

### Academic buildings

* The Barn
* Center for the Advancement of Public Action
* Crossett Library
* Dickinson Science Building
* Jennings Music Building
* Deane Carriage Barn
* Stickney Observatory
* Tishman Lecture Hall
* East Academic Center Buildings
* Visual and Performing Arts Center

### Residence halls

94% of students live on campus. There are 21 student houses and all dorms are co-educational. Each dorm hosts a weekly "Coffee Hour" on Sunday evenings where students discuss campus and house issues together. There are also 15 staff/faculty houses.

#### Colonial houses

* Bingham
* Booth
* Canfield
* Dewey
* Franklin
* Kilpatrick
* Leigh
* McCullough
* Stokes
* Swan
* Welling
* Woolley

#### Barnes houses

* Fels
* Noyes
* Sawtell

#### Woo houses

* Merck
* Paris-Borden
* Perkins

#### Other houses

* Longmeadow
* Welling Town House
* Shingle Cottage
* Paran Creek Apartments

### Dining, fitness, and recreation

* Historic Commons Building
* Meyer Recreation Barn & Climbing Gym
* The Student Center & Snack Bar
* The Upstairs/Downstairs Cafe
* Soccer Field
* Tennis Courts
* Basketball Court
* Running and Hiking Trails

## Student life

In 2024, Bennington College had a total undergraduate enrollment of 785, with a gender distribution of 34 percent male students and 66 percent female students. 94 percent of the students live in college-owned, -operated, or -affiliated housing and 6 percent of students live off campus.

### Annual events

Bennington has annual events.

#### 24-Hour Play

    Plays are written and performed in the span of one day.

#### Roll-a-rama

    Roller skating in Greenwall Auditorium.

#### Sunfest

    A day-long music festival in May.

### Publications

The Silo is a student-run and produced journal of arts and letters at Bennington College. It has been published since 1943.
The Bennington Free Press is the student-run and produced newspaper of Bennington College. It has been published since 2003.
"Footnotes" is an academic journal created by the Student Educational Policies Committee, beginning in spring 2016.

## Notable alumni and faculty
### Alumni

* Betty Ford, Former First Lady of the United States
* Judith Butler, Feminist theorist and philosopher
* Andrea Dworkin, Feminist activist/writer
* Bret Easton Ellis, Author of Less than Zero and American Psycho
* Donna Tartt, Author of The Secret History and The Goldfinch
* Jonathan Lethem, Author of Motherless Brooklyn and The Fortress of Solitude
* Alan Arkin, Actor
* Carol Channing, Actress and comedian
* Holland Taylor, Actress
* Justin Theroux, Actor
* Peter Dinklage, Actor
* Tim Daly, Actor
* Richard Deacon, Actor
* Bruce Berman, Film industry executive and producer
* Katharine Holabird, Author of Angelina Ballerina books
* Melissa Rosenberg, Screenwriter, creator of Jessica Jones
* Joan Hinton, Nuclear physicist, China activist.
Anne Ramsey, Actress

### Faculty

Faculty has included Wharton and James biographer R. W. B. Lewis, essayist Edward Hoagland, literary critics Camille Paglia and Stanley Hyman (whose wife Shirley Jackson referenced Bennington College in her writing, particularly Hangsaman), rhetorician Kenneth Burke, former United Artists' senior vice-president Steven Bach, novelists Arturo Vivante, Bernard Malamud and John Gardner, trumpeter/composer Bill Dixon, saxophonist and pianist Charles Gayle, composers Allen Shawn, Henry Brant, and Vivian Fine, painters Kenneth Noland, Mary Lum and Jules Olitski, politicians Mansour Farhang and Mac Maharaj, poets Léonie Adams and Howard Nemerov, sculptor Anthony Caro, dancer/choreographer Martha Graham, drummer Milford Graves, author William Butler (author of The Butterfly Revolution), economist Karl Polanyi and a number of Pulitzer Prize-winning and acclaimed poets including W. H. Auden, Stanley Kunitz, Mary Oliver, Theodore Roethke, Donald Hall, and Anne Waldman, and educator Joseph S. Murphy, the future Chancellor of the City University of New York.

## Robert Frost Stone House Museum

In 2017, Bennington College acquired the Robert Frost Stone House Museum through a gift from the Friends of Robert Frost. Robert Frost lived in the colonial era home in Shaftsbury, VT from 1920 to 1929, during which time he wrote many of his well known works including the poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening".
Frost was involved in the founding of Bennington during the 1930s, suggesting the use of narrative evaluations which became a core aspect of the college's academic process.

## In literature

Camden College, a fictionalized version of Bennington, appears in the works of Bret Easton Ellis, Jill Eisenstadt, and Jonathan Lethem. Whereas Ellis's Camden College is located in New Hampshire, Lethem's Camden is in Vermont, and is notable for being the most expensive college in the United States. All three of the writers attended Bennington College, which is really located in Vermont, and was at one time notorious for being the most expensive college in the United States. Bennington graduate Donna Tartt uses the same Bennington-inspired backdrop for her 1992 novel The Secret History, but for her it is Hampden College. However, Eisenstadt and Lethem use 'Camden' in From Rockaway (1987) and The Fortress of Solitude (2003), respectively.
Camden is first mentioned in Ellis's debut novel Less than Zero (1985), and is the central setting of his next, The Rules of Attraction (1987). Eisenstadt's From Rockaway and Tartt's The Secret History both depict working class young people who gain scholarships to the fictionalized liberal arts college; both are alluded to in The Rules of Attraction (Ellis having read the first draft of Secret History). Characters said to have attended Camden appear in Ellis's American Psycho (1991), The Informers (1994) and Glamorama (1998), the last of which features flashback sequences to the characters' Camden days. In Jonathan Lethem's The Fortress of Solitude (2003), Camden appears later in the novel once main character Dylan Ebdus begins college. In Ellis's pseudo-autobiographical horror novel Lunar Park (2005), the fictional Bret Easton Ellis attended Camden College and recalls many of its fictional characters.