OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Annette Seegers

Annette Seegers (born 14 August 1952) is a South African academic who is emeritus professor in political studies at the University of Cape Town, where she has taught since 1986. She is best known for her research on civil–military relations in South Africa and elsewhere in Africa.

## Academic background

Born in East London, Seegers completed her undergraduate and master's degrees at the University of Pretoria. During her latter years there, she was attached as a researcher to the Institute for Strategic Studies. She attended the Loyola University Chicago on a Fulbright Scholarship and completed her PhD, under the supervision of Sam Sarkesian, in 1984.

## Academic positions

Seegers joined the political studies department at the University of Cape Town in 1986 and became a full professor in 1998. She was a longstanding head of the department. She was also a visiting professor at Princeton University between 1999 and 2016, and since 2018 has been a visiting professor at the Vienna School of International Studies.
Seegers held a variety of research and policy roles during South Africa's post-apartheid transition: she was a member of the technical committee on political violence at the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum; a political analyst at the Independent Electoral Commission in the run-up to the 1994 general election; an advisor to the head of research at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission; and a technical advisor to the Constitutional Assembly that drafted the 1996 South African Constitution, in which capacity she was attached to the committee that drafted chapter 11 on the security forces and prisons. She remained involved in defence and security policymaking in subsequent years. She has also served on the editorial board of Social Dynamics and African Security Review.

## Scholarship

Seegers's primary research interests are civil-military relations; inter- and intrastate wars; security studies; and the role of armed forces during transitions to democracy. Her usual focus is on cases from Africa.
She is best known for her research about the role of the South African military during apartheid and during the post-apartheid transition. Her 1996 book, The Military and the Making of Modern South Africa, was among the first on that topic and was described as "pathbreaking". It was warmly received by her contemporaries, and it became a seminal work in the field.
# Bill Finley

William James Finley (1863–1912) was a 19th-century professional baseball player. He played catcher and outfielder for the 1886 New York Giants. He attended Columbia University and Manhattan College.

## Death

Finley died at age 49 due to valvular heart disease in 1912. He is laid to rest in Calvary Cemetery.
# Rajah Annamalaipuram Ayyappan Koil, Chennai

Rajah Annamalaipuram Ayyappan Koil is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Ayyappa in Chennai, India. It is located at Raja Annamalaipuram, a coastal neighbourhood of Chennai.

## History

The temple was built by noted industrialist M. A. M. Ramaswamy Chettiar, son of Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar of the Chettinad Royal Family, who upon taking a pilgrimage to Sabarimala envisioned building a similar temple in 1973. The temple was established in 1981 and constructed and congregated in 1982 on the land donated to the temple by Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar. The Ayyappa idol, made of Panchaloha (five precious metals representing the five elements of nature), was made by Sri Bhattanachariar, a sculptor from Nagercoil. It was taken in a procession from the Krishnan Temple in Nagercoil to various places of religious importance in Tamil Nadu before it was installed in the Rajah Annamalaipuram temple on 25 January 1982. The first kumbabishekam (renovative ablution) was performed on 29 January 1982 and the second one was performed on 27 March 1994.
On 2008, third kumbabishegam was performed.
On 27th March 2024, fourth Kumbabishegam was performed with three new additional sanctums. (Vinayagar, Navagraham and Anjaneyar)

## The temple

The temple is built as an exact replica of the original Ayyappan Temple at Sabarimala in Kerala. The temple was constructed in three floors presumably to lend the feeling of being atop a hill similar to the Sabarimala hill. The architecture follows the Kerala style and tradition with 18 steps to the main shrine and the sanctum sanctorum. The temple is known as Vada Sabari or North Sabarimala. Methods of worship is similar to the Sabarimala temple, whereby devotees observe all fasting, carry Irumudi (the sacred twin baggage) and sing bhajans as they do for a pilgrimage to Sabarimala. There is a separate passage for other devotees coming to the temple without the Irumudi. The temple has all the features of Sabarimala with sub-shrines of Kannimoola Maha Ganapathy (Ganesha), [[Maaligaipurathu Amman, Nagaraja , Karuppunnaswamy, Valiya Kadutha Swamy and other deities. The single piece Dhvajasthamba or kodimaram (the flag post) of the temple is 40 feet tall. A meditation hall measuring 125 feet by 100 feet below the temple is where pilgrims are made to stay during the Mandala Pooja and the main festival. It is built of Jaipur tiles and is capable of accommodating 1,500 devotees. Music performances, religious discourses and other events are held in the hall during the festival and other important days.
The temple has a golden and a silver chariots taken on procession during festival days.

## Worship

The poojas (religious practices) in the temple are performed per the rules in Sabarimala, the difference being that the Sabarimala temple is open only on specific days in a year, while Rajah Annamalaipuram temple is open to devotees throughout the year.

## Festivals

The festivals at the temple begin from Karthikai first day (in November) with Mandala Pujas and Brahmotsavam.
# Japan Domestic Airlines

Japan Domestic Airlines Co., Ltd. (日本国内航空, Nihon Kokunai Kōkū) was the predecessor of Japan Air System. On April 15, 1964, Nitto Aviation Co., Ltd. (NAL) (日東航空, Nittō Kōkū), Fuji Airlines Co., Ltd. (FAL) (富士航空, Fuji Kōkū), and North Japan Airlines Co., Ltd. (NJA) (北日本航空, Kita Nihon Kōkū) merged to form Japan Domestic Airlines. On May 15, 1971, the airline merged with Toa Airways to form Toa Domestic Airlines; on April 1, 1988 the merged airline renamed itself to Japan Air System. Japan Air System merged into Japan Airlines in the early 2000s.
Nearly all of the aircraft used in the Japan Domestic Airlines' fleet were consisted of NAMC YS-11s. Both airlines had a similar color scheme from the beginning, usually blue and white, or with a blue tail. Japan Domestic Airlines focused mostly on mainland to island flights, while Toa Japanese Airlines focused on more domestic mainland flight plans and services.

## Fleet

* Boeing 727-100
* Convair 240
* Convair 880
* Douglas DC-3
* Douglas C-47
* de Havilland Heron
* NAMC YS-11
* Nord 262

## Accidents and incidents

* On May 29, 1965, a Convair 240 JA5088 landed at Obihiro Airport with the right side main landing gear retracted after it failed to lock down; no casualties.
* On August 26, 1966, a Convair 880 (JA8030) crashed on takeoff from Haneda Airport during a training flight due to an unexplained left yaw, killing the five crew. The aircraft was on lease to Japan Airlines.
# St James Gaels GAA

St. James Gaels, or Gaeil Naomh Shéamais in Irish, are a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in Dublin, Ireland.
St. James Gaels GAA Club was formed in July 1994 as the result of the amalgamation of An Caisleán and Guinness GAA Clubs. Both of these clubs had been in existence for many years but were struggling due to the increasing age profile within their respective base areas. Rather than allow two clubs to go out of existence, both sets of club officers agreed, following negotiation, to pool resources with a view to forming one club serving Walkinstown and surrounding areas.

## History

An Caisleán's roots can be traced back to a couple of weeks' after Dublin's victory over Derry in the 1958 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final. A group of church stewards in Walkinstown Church decided, in the aftermath of Dublin's success, that the newly constituted parish needed its own identity and that a parish GAA club was an important part in promoting that identity. CLG Naomh Gearóid (St. Gerard's) was subsequently formed.
In 1966, the club, which wished to play their games within the parish boundaries, formed an alliance with the Christian Brothers in Drimnagh Castle CBS schools, where they were given use of the school pitches and dressing rooms. As part of this alliance, the club members agreed to change their name to An Caisleán and became the club for brothers, pupils, and past pupils of the school, almost all of whom lived in Walkinstown parish. During its 28 years of existence, An Caisleán won a number of leagues and championships at various grades. This included winning the Intermediate Football League in 1987 and being runners-up in the Dublin Intermediate Football Championship in the same year. The junior hurlers also reached the final of the Dublin Junior Hurling Championship in 1979.
Guinness GAA Club's history goes back further than that of An Caisleán. The first club to represent and win in an All-Ireland (1891) for Dublin was a team called Young Irelands. Young Irelands team and officials were all labourers in Guinness's Brewery and in the 1890s they won several All Ireland titles at a time when club champions represented their counties in All Ireland championships. Young Irelands went out of existence in the early years of the 20th century and were replaced in the brewery by a club called Phoenix GFC. This club had limited success during their lifetime before they in turn were replaced in the mid-1940s by Guinness Hurling and Football Club, who based themselves in the Iveagh Grounds.
Guinness GAA Club, whose membership was confined to families and employees of the brewery and its associated companies, ran into difficulties as a result of the rationalising of the brewery operation during the economic downturn in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This rationalisation reduced the intake of staff members of playing age and forced those running the club to consider winding up their operation or merging with another club.
# Euconocephalus remotus

Euconocephalus remotus is a species of insect in the family Tettigoniidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1869 and is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.
# Udayadivākara

Udayadivākara (c. 1073 CE) was an Indian astronomer and mathematician who authored an influential and elaborate commentary, called Sundari, on Laghu-bhāskarīya of Bhāskara I. No personal details about Udayadivākara are known. Since the commentary Sundari takes the year 1073 CE as its epoch, probably the commentary was completed about that year. Sundari has not yet been published and is available only in manuscript form. Some of these manuscripts are preserved in the manuscript depositories in Thiruvananthapuram. According to K. V. Sarma, historian of the astronomy and mathematics of the Kerala school, Udayadivākara probably hailed from Kerala, India.

## Historical significance of Sundari

Apart from the fact that Sundari is an elaborate commentary, it has some historical significance. It has quoted extensively from a now lost work by a little known mathematician Jayadeva. The quotations relate to the cakravala method for solving indeterminate integral equations of the form $Nx^{2}+1=y^{2}$. This shows that the method predates Bhaskara II contrary to generally held beliefs. Another important reference to Jayadeva’s work is the solution of the indeterminate equation of the form $Nx^{2}+C=y^{2}$, $C$ being positive or negative.

## A problem and its solution

Udayadivākara used his method for solving the equation $Nx^{2}+C=y^{2}$ to obtain some particular solutions of a certain algebraic problem. The problem and Udayadivākara's solution to the problem are presented below only to illustrate the techniques used by Indian astronomers for solving algebraic equations.

### Problem

Find positive integers $x$ and $y$ satisfying the following conditions:
    ${\begin{aligned}x+y&={\text{a prefect square}},\\x-y&={\text{a prefect square}},\\xy+1&={\text{a prefect square}}.\end{aligned}}$

### Solution

To solve the problem, Udayadivākara makes a series of apparently arbitrary assumptions all aimed at reducing the problem to one of solving an indeterminate equation of the form $Nx^{2}+C=y^{2}$.
Udayadivākara begins by assuming that $xy+1=(2y+1)^{2}$ which can be written in the form $x-y=3y+4$. He next assumes that $3y+4=(3z+2)^{2}$ which, together with the earlier equation, yields
    ${\begin{aligned}x&=12z^{2}+16z+4,\\y&=3z^{2}+4z,\\x+y&=15z^{2}+20z+4.\end{aligned}}$
Now, Udayadivākara puts
    $15z^{2}+20z+4=u^{2}$
which is then transformed to the equation
    $(30z+20)^{2}=60u^{2}+160.$
This equation is of the form $Nx^{2}+C=\lambda ^{2}$ with $N=60$, $C=160$ and $\lambda =30z+20$. Using the method for solving the equation $Nx^{2}+C=y^{2}$, Udayadivākara finds the following solutions $(u=2,\lambda =20)$, $(u=18,\lambda =140)$ and $(u=8802,\lambda =68180)$ from which the values of $x$ and $y$ are obtained by back substitution.
# Elasha Biyaha

Elasha Biyaha (Somali: Ceelasha Biyaha) is a suburb located in the Lower Shabelle region of Somalia, approximately 16 kilometers northwest of Mogadishu.

## Overview

Elasha Biyaha is situated on the northwestern outskirts of Mogadishu, nestled between Afgooye and the capital city. The area is 10 km from Mogadishu, measuring from Ex-Control Afgooye. The name Ceelasha Biyaha literally means "The Water Wells" in Somali, which encapsulates the area's significance, intimately linked to a primary well that sustained the settlers with its water source. The area holds importance due to its proximity to major urban centers.
The area was uninhabited before the Somali Civil War, only consisting of the Somali Water Agency, built by the German government in 1978. After the Ethiopian invasion of Somalia in 2006 the area became heavily populated as waves of people fleeing urban fighting fled to Elasha Biyaha establishing a refugee camp there.
Elasha Biyaha has two large markets; the "second" Bakara market and the Safa and Marwa market. The first was established in 2007 as people from Mogadishu fled the Ethiopian war, while the other was established after the area became a formal settlement. Approximately 90% of the vegetables and other fresh produce supplied to Mogadishu come from Afgooye and Lower Shabelle, passing through Elasha Biyaha.
The suburb is home to two of the largest military bases in Somalia; Siinka-Dheer base, one of the main headquarters of the Somali National Army (SNA), responsible for securing Mogadishu.and Arbacow base, originally established by ATMIS but later handed over to Somalia's Gorgor unit.
On March 18, 2025, al-Shabaab captured the suburb during the Shabelle offensive.

## Demographics

According to the UNHCR, in 2007 Elasha Biyaha had an estimated population of 24,500, comprising 20 percent men, 35 percent women, and 45 percent children.
# Asier Córdoba

Asier Córdoba Querejeta (born 31 March 2000) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a winger for Sestao River.

## Club career
### Athletic Bilbao

Córdoba was born in Bilbao, Biscay, Basque Country, and joined Athletic Bilbao's youth setup in 2010, from Askartza Claret CF. Initially promoted to the farm team ahead of the 2018–19 season, he started to play for the reserves in Segunda División B, and made his senior debut with the latter club on 29 September 2018 by starting in a 1–2 away loss against Real Oviedo Vetusta.
Córdoba scored his first senior goal 5 May 2019, netting the opener in a 3–0 away win against CD Calahorra. On 29 June 2020, he was released by the club as his contract was due to expire in the following day.

### Osasuna

On 3 July 2020, Córdoba agreed to a three-year deal with CA Osasuna, initially assigned to the B-team in the third division. He made his debut for the B-side on 15 November, starting in a 0–1 away loss against SD Tarazona.
Córdoba made his first team debut on 15 December 2020, coming on as a half-time substitute for Juan Cruz in a 6–0 away routing of UD Tomares, for the season's Copa del Rey. The following 9 July, he terminated his contract with the club.

### Alcorcón

On 9 July 2021, Córdoba signed for AD Alcorcón in Segunda División. He made his professional debut on 21 August, replacing Juan Hernández in a 0–2 home loss against CF Fuenlabrada.
On 31 January 2022, Córdoba left Alkor after terminating his contract.

### Logroñés

On 31 January 2022, just hours after leaving Alcorcón, Córdoba joined Primera División RFEF side SD Logroñés.

### Den Bosch

On 24 June 2022, Córdoba moved to a foreign club for the first time in his career, signing a two-year contract with Dutch second-tier Eerste Divisie club Den Bosch.

### Return to Logroñés

On 8 January 2023, Córdoba returned to SD Logroñés.

### Sestao River

On 18 July 2024, Córdoba signed with Sestao River in the third tier.

## Personal life

Córdoba has two brothers who are also footballers. His elder sibling Aitor (born 1995) is a central defender who graduated from the youth setup at SD Leioa and played in the second division with Burgos CF. His middle brother Iñigo is also a winger, and was also groomed at Athletic Bilbao. Their sister Ainhoa (born 2001) plays for Leoia's women's team in the Basque regional league.
# Adelaide Knight

Adelaide Knight, also known as Eliza Adelaide Knight, (1871–1950), was a British suffragette and communist. She was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB).

## Biography

Born in Tower Hamlets, East End of London, in 1871, Eliza Adelaide ("Addy") Knight was a frail child, born with deformed thumbs, who had two accidents in childhood which led to her enduring poor health. Due to her childhood injuries, she used a stick or crutches.

## Activism

In 1905 Knight joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and worked as secretary for the organisation's first East London branch in Canning Town, established by Annie Kenney and Minnie Baldock. In 1906 suffragettes Knight, Annie Kenney, and Mrs. Jane Sbarborough were arrested along with Teresa Billington-Greig when they tried to obtain an audience with H. H. Asquith, a prominent member of the Liberal Party. Offered either six weeks in prison or giving up campaigning for one year, despite her poor health Knight chose prison, as did the other women. Kenney, in her autobiography, described Knight as "extraordinarily clever."
She joined the Central Committee of the WSPU, but resigned from the organisation in 1907 due to its lack of democracy, her view that WSPU leadership failed to keep their promises to working women and having witnessed a false claim made by Christabel Pankhurst in order to promote enfranchisement for propertied women only. Following this, Knight and her husband joined the Adult Suffrage Society and she became the branch secretary for Canning Town.

## Later life

Knight served as a Poor Law Guardian for West Ham. She developed a friendship with Dora Montefiore with whom she travelled to France in 1908 to address meetings there. In March 1909, Knight resigned as branch secretary of the Adult Suffrage Society due to illness through pregnancy and received letters of thanks. She moved from Plaistow to Abbey Wood later that year with her family.
In 1920 she joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) as a founding member with Dora Montefiore but declined an invitation to join a delegation to the Soviet Union due to poor health. In Abbey Wood she joined the Women's Cooperative Guild and, together with her husband, the Independent Labour Party and the Workers Educational Association.

## Family

Knight married Donald Adolphus Brown (1874-1949), the son of a Guyanese naval officer and an English mother, in 1894. Donald took his wife's surname and became known as Donald Knight. The couple had four children between 1895 and 1901, three of whom died in a smallpox outbreak in 1902. Adelaide gave birth to another son in 1904 and a daughter in 1909. Her husband worked as a foreman at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, where he received a medal for bravery for tackling a fire there.
Knight died in 1950; her husband had died a year earlier. Their daughter, Winifred Langton, wrote a memoir of her parents edited by Addy's granddaughter, Fay Jacobsen, entitled Courage. She wrote that her father "vigorously supported his wife in every possible direction" and reflected that she learned to fight from her mother and to care from her father.
# Liddeston

Liddeston is a small coastal village in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It belongs to the Milford North ward of the community of Milford Haven in the historical hundred of Roose. It is located to the north of the town of Milford Haven and the village of Hubberston.

## History

The area which became Liddeston was originally a small hamlet or farm that was granted to the nearby Benedictine priory known as Pill Priory in the mid-thirteenth century. The original settlement was recorded as 'Lidden's township'. The settlement, along with the priory, was acquired in the 16th century by the Barlows of Slebech. It formed a main thoroughfare linking the hamlets of Lower Priory where the 12th century Pill Priory ruins are situated and Hubberston. Before the construction of Milford Docks, the waterway at Liddeston, known as Havens Head, provided shelter for vessels and processed unloaded lime. The opening of the docks meant that this trade ceased, and brought unemployment to the community.
To the north west of Liddeston, on an exposed crest of a nearby hill, is the 'Long Stone', a standing stone. The Long Stone is of redstone, but little of it now remains.
# Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives

Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives (ZERI) is a decentralized global network that was founded by Gunter Pauli in 1994 at the UNU with support from the Japanese government. Initially headquartered at the UNDP in Geneva and later at IUCN in Gland, ZERI currently operates as a decentralized network with 34 project offices worldwide.

## History

ZERI participated in the World Expo in 2000 in Hanover, Germany, constructing a pavilion almost entirely from Guadua, a bamboo species that grew locally in Colombia.
In 2009, the Specialty Coffee Association of America recognized ZERI for a 15-year project in Colombia that collaborated with coffee farms to use the unharvested coffee plant material and trimmings to grow Shiitake mushrooms. The project was estimated to have created approximately 10,000 jobs.
The Zero Emissions Commitment (ZEC) is a concept in climate science that explores how Earth's system processes may evolve after achieving net zero carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and the potential effects on global surface temperatures.
Gunter Pauli initiated The Blue Economy concept in 2009. The book was accepted on November 2, 2009, as a Report to the Club of Rome and was published in 2010.
At the 20th anniversary of ZERI's creation on November 12, 2014, at the UNU in Tokyo, it was reported that 34 organizations associated with Gunter Pauli’s initiative from around the world had implemented 188 projects, mobilized €4 billion in capital, and generated approximately 3 million jobs.

## ZERI International Board

The board consists of the following people:
* The Rt Hon Anders Wijkman (Sweden)
       Co-President of the Club of Rome
       Member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences
       Former Member of the European Parliament and President of Globe Europe (2000–2009)
* Prof. Dr. Ashok Khosla (India)
       Chairman of Development Alternatives Group
       Former Chairman of IUCN
* Prof. Dr. Heitor Gurgulino de Souza (Brazil)
       President of the World Academy of Arts and Sciences
       Former Rector of the UNU (1988–1997)
* Prof. Dr. Jorge Reynolds Pombo (Colombia)
       Scientist and Inventor
* Prof. Yasuhiro Sakakibara (Japan)
       Entrepreneur and Philanthropist