# Obushera

Obushera is a collective term for four traditional fermented cereal beverages originating from Western Uganda: Obutoko, Enturire, Ekitiribita, and Obuteire. These beverages are widely consumed in the western, southwestern, and central regions of Uganda, where they serve as popular drinks and, to a lesser extent, as weaning foods for infants. Obushera can find its roots in Ugandan culture and is often valued for its nutritional benefits and unique fermentation process.

## Production and Varieties

Obushera is produced through the spontaneous fermentation of gelatinized slurries made from flour derived from malted or un-malted millet and/or sorghum. The fermentation process typically lasts between 1 and 4 days, though it can extend longer depending on the desired characteristics of the final product.
Each variety of Obushera has distinct preparation methods and flavor profiles:
* Obutoko: This variety is made by fermenting malted sorghum. It is one of the most common types of Obushera and serves as a base for other variants. It can be made following several procedures; here is the most common method: Pour boiling water into a large open container; mix the flour in the water and stir until the flour dissolves, making a thick paste; pour boiling water into the paste and stir very fast to make the porridge without lumps; leave it to cool (15 minutes); Add fermented millet flour to make it sweet; stir to mix evenly and cover tightly in a bucket or pot; leave it to stay for a night and it will be ready to drink; transfer to a jerrycan or jar, you may store it in a fridge.
* Enturire: An alcoholic variant of Obushera, Enturire is produced by extending the fermentation of Obutoko and mixing it with honey. This results in a slightly sweet, alcoholic beverage.
* Ekitiribita: A thin porridge-like beverage, Ekitiribita is prepared from un-malted millet and is typically consumed within 1–2 days of preparation. It is known for its light consistency and mild flavor.
* Obuteire: This variety is produced by inoculating Ekitiribita with millet malt and fermenting it for 1–4 days. It has a thicker consistency compared to Ekitiribita and a more pronounced fermented flavor.

## Cultural and health benefits

Obushera is often consumed during social gatherings, ceremonies, and as a daily refreshment. The beverages are also used as weaning foods for infants due to their nutritional content, which includes carbohydrates, proteins, and beneficial microorganisms from the fermentation process.
The fermentation of Obushera preserves it since it does not necessarily need refrigeration. Obushera usually contains protein and other micronutrients such as vitamin A and iron. The lactic acid bacteria and yeast involved in the fermentation process also provide probiotic benefits, promoting gut health. Obushera can be enriched with probiotics, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus yoba. This strain of probiotic can help reduce the severity of diarrheal diseases, which are a significant health issue in Uganda.

## Challenges and Modern Adaptations

Despite its cultural significance, the production of Obushera faces notable challenges such as inconsistent quality due to the spontaneous nature of fermentation and the lack of standardized production methods. Although Obushera production is becoming increasingly commercialized, the processing is still largely an unoptimized artisanal craft, and the procedure relies on chance fermentation, leading to inconsistent quality and short shelf life. Researchers and food scientists are exploring ways to optimize fermentation conditions, improve shelf life, and ensure food safety without compromising the unique characteristics of Obushera.