# Nickel mining in Western Australia

Nickel mining in Western Australia has been an industry that has had many fluctuations of fortune in its history. Large fluctuations in the world nickel price have seen mines close and reopen on several occasions.
Nickel mining is the sixth largest commodity sector in Western Australia with a value of $4.946 billion in 2021–22. The 147,190 tonnes sold during this time period accounted for 5.5 percent of the world's Nickel production and 100 percent of all nickel produced in Australia. The 2021–22 value of nickel sales was the highest in 15 years while the amount produced was the lowest in 20 years.
From 1997 to 2022, Western Australia was the only state or territory in Australia to produce nickel. With the restart of nickel concentrate production at the Avebury nickel project in Tasmania in October 2022, this status changed.
Australia (predominantly Western Australia) holds one-third of the world's known reserves of nickel-producing laterites and sulfide deposits. As of 2011, Australia was the world's fifth largest nickel producer. The only other significant Australian nickel production outside Western Australia is a refinery at Yabulu, Queensland which processes ore from New Caledonia, Indonesia and the Philippines.
Cobalt is produced as a by-product in Western Australia nickel mines, producing 5,314 tonnes at a value of $522 million was produced in 2021–22.

## Early mines

The first Nickel mines in Western Australia were developed in the late 1960s in Kambalda, Laverton and the Kimberley region of Western Australia.
The price of nickel peaked at about £7,000 per pound in late 1969, driven by demand from the Vietnam War and the major Canadian producer, Inco (now Vale Canada), being embroiled in industrial action, creating a supply shortage. In November 1969, a prospector working for Poseidon NL made a promising nickel discovery at Mount Windara near Laverton. The discovery created a spectacular investment bubble when its shares moved from $0.50 to $280 in February 1970.
During the early 1970s, an exploration boom fueled by speculators followed, with new companies searching for new deposits. Western Mining Corporation (WMC) purchased Poseidon and developed the find into a major mining and processing operation which continued until 1989. WMC had initially identified a total resource of 8.5 million tonnes of ore @ 2.02% Ni for 172,000 tonnes of nickel metal. The first shipment of nickel concentrate was made in 1974, but by this time the nickel price had fallen significantly. By 1990 the company had mined 5 million tonnes of ore at an average grade of 1.59% Ni and had produced 80,000 tonnes of the metal. Operations at Windara re-commenced several times during the 1990s. Several of the Kambalda mines have since been sold and the remainder are known the Windarra Nickel Mine which, as of 2012 is under care and maintenance.
WMC was taken over by BHP and the company was delisted from the Australian Securities Exchange in 2005.
The 1971 movie Nickel Queen reflected upon the Poseidon bubble.

## Nickel West

Nickel West is a division of BHP. In Western Australia, BHP's nickel operations are combined under the Nickel West Operation which includes Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Leinster Nickel Mine, Kambalda Nickel Concentrator, Kalgoorlie Nickel Smelter and Kwinana Nickel Refinery.
Production figures published by the company at the end of 2008 are for the whole Nickel West Operations and not broken down to individual mines. In the calendar year 2008 Nickel West produced 85,800 tonnes of nickel. At the time, Nickel West also included the Ravensthorpe Nickel Mine.
In 2012 there were press reports suggesting the operations may be divested.
Due to an oversupply of nickel and a consequent drop in nickel prices, BHP announced on 11 July 2024 that it would temporarily close all of its Nickel West operations in October 2024 and place them in care and maintenance. This decision is scheduled to be reviewed in February 2027 but BHP would continue to spend $450 million annually on its nickel operations to facilitate a potential restart. The decision was estimated to affect 1,600 workers and the mines and smelters but BHP committed to offer all employees affected a redeployment or redundancy.

## Current mining operations

The following companies operated Nickel mines in Western Australia in 2022–23, according to the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. To qualify for the department's official list of principal mining projects an operation has to either had mineral sales valued at more than $5 million, or, for operations where such figures are not reported, had a minimum of 50 employees:
| Mine | Owner | Location | Production(tonnes) | Period |
| Leinster Nickel Mine | BHP | Shire of Leonora | 80,000 | 2022–23 |
| Mount Keith Mine | BHP | Shire of Wiluna | 80,000 | 2022–23 |
| Ravensthorpe Nickel Mine | First Quantum Minerals | Shire of Ravensthorpe | 21,725 | 2023 |
| Forrestania Operations | IGO | Shire of Kondinin | 11,931 | 2022–23 |
| Nova Operations | IGO | Shire of Dundas | 22,915 | 2022–23 |
| Murrin Murrin Mine | Minara Resources | Shire of Laverton | 31,100 | 2023 |
| Kambalda Nickel Operations | Wyloo Metals | Shire of Coolgardie | 1,404 | 2021–22 |
| Savannah Mine | Panoramic Resources | Shire of Halls Creek | 5,402 | 2022–23 |
* ^[1] The Nova Operations also produced 10,266 tonnes of cooper and 803 of cobalt in 2022–23
* ^[2] Production figure is for the combined Nickel West Operations
* ^[3] The Murrin Murrin Mine also produced 2,100 tonnes of cobalt in 2023
* ^[4] Production at the Kambalda Nickel Operations commenced in 2022, was sold to private company Wyloo Metals in 2023, and is scheduled to be placed into care and maintenance in May 2024
* ^[5] The Savannah mine also produced 3,129 tonnes of cooper and 368 of cobalt in 2022–23. It was subsequently placed into care and maintenance in January 2024

### Nickel processing facilities

In 2020–21, BHP operates three processing facilities for Nickel in Western Australia, the Kalgoorlie Nickel Smelter, the Kambalda Nickel Concentrator and the Kwinana Nickel Refinery while Minara Resources operates the Murrin Murrin nickel refinery.

### Former operations

Former operations include:
| Mine | Owner | Location | Production period | Production(tonnes) |
| Beta Hunt Mine | Karora Resources | Shire of Coolgardie | 1973–20082014–2018 | |
| Black Swan Nickel Mine | Poseidon Nickel | City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder | 1997–2008 | 179,000 |
| Bulong Nickel Mine | Wingstar Investments | City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder | 1998–2003 | |
| Cawse mine | Wingstar Investments | City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder | 1999–2008 | |
| Cosmos Nickel Mine | IGO | Shire of Leonora | 2000–2012 | 127,000 |
| Emily Ann and Maggie Hays nickel mines | Poseidon Nickel | Shire of Dundas | 2001–2009 | |
| Lanfranchi Tramways Nickel Mine | Black Mountain Metals | Shire of Coolgardie | 2005–2015 | |
| Radio Hill Nickel Mine | Artemis Resources | City of Karratha | 2004–2008 | |
| Waterloo Nickel Mine | Northern Star Resources | Shire of Leonora | 2006–2008 | |
| Windarra Nickel Mine | Poseidon Nickel | Shire of Laverton | 1974–19781981–1991 | 93,446 |

## Controversies
### Fatalities

Fatalities in Western Australian nickel mining include:
* During the development of the Leinster Nickel Mine, on 27 April 1977, five employees died at the mine's Perseverance shaft after falling 35 metres in an ore bucket.
* In 1981, an employee was killed in an underground cave-in at the Leinster mine. On 11 December 1985, two men died of asphyxiation in the underground operation of the mine, the second one dying while attempting to rescue the first. On 11 April 2010, a miner fell to his death at the mines underground operation.
* On 9 June 1978, two employees were killed at the Kwinana Nickel Refinery, J. W. Bell and S. J. Haywood. Bell collapsed in a hazardous environment in a converter vessel due to what is presumed to have been a faulty seal on his face mask. Haywood attempted to assist him and both died of asphyxiation, inhaling nitrogen gas.

### Environmental pollution

Despite only operating for five years from 1998 to 2003, clean-up at the Bulong Nickel Mine was reported in April 2016 to cost as much as $6.8 million. At this point, $6 million in clean-up cost had already been accumulated by the mine. A$1.1 million bond had been collected from the former owners of the mine, which proved insufficient to cover the cost. Introduced in 2013, mining companies were required to pay around one percent of their profits into a mining rehabilitation fund, which was only accessible once it reached a sum of $500 million. In 2016, this was estimated to be 20 years away and therefore not able to cover the estimated state-wide cost of $60 million to rehabilitate mines like Bulong.
Because of local concern over the state of the abandoned tailings storage facility and evaporation ponds at Bulong, the mining lease having expired in 2013, and its impact on near-by Lake Yindarlgooda, the Western Australian Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety commissioned an investigation which resulted in a 900-page report published in 2021.

## Statistics

Annual statistics for the Western Australian nickel mining industry:
| Subject | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| Production (tonnes/annum) | 47,830 | 54,490 | 50,170 | 53,270 | 61,110 | 92,990 | 103,300 | 114,100 | 135,190 | 125,770 |
| Production value ($A billion) | 0.586 | 0.596 | 0.490 | 0.472 | 0.459 | 0.897 | 1.097 | 1.051 | 1.146 | 0.877 |
| Subject | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| Production (tonnes/annum) | 143,930 | 167,450 | 179,460 | 191,680 | 182,210 | 180,420 | 183,560 | 173,660 | 172,360 | 178,390 |
| Production value (A$ billion) | 1.806 | 2.239 | 2.002 | 2.458 | 3.031 | 3.503 | 3.815 | 8.059 | 5.142 | 2.997 |
| Employees | 5,038 | 5,160 | 4,699 | 5,714 | 6,704 | 9,423 | 10,583 | 12,736 | 13,307 | 7,561 |
| Subject | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| Production (tonnes/annum) | 180,150 | 192,450 | 208,540 | 228,300 | 232,673 | 183,320 | 175,752 | 157,564 | 163,374 | 154,383 |
| Production value (A$ billion) | 4.041 | 4.649 | 3.712 | 3.625 | 3.419 | 3.17 | 2.203 | 2.095 | 2.636 | 2.700 |
| Employees | 7,266 | 9,168 | 8,798 | 7,664 | 6,447 | 6,096 | 5,645 | 5,900 | 5,474 | 6,062 |
| Subject | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Production (tonnes/annum) | 153,516 | 158,710 | 147,190 | 160,371 |
| Production value (A$ billion) | 3.168 | 3.480 | 4.946 | 5.743 |
| Employees (Full time) | 7,500 | 7,553 | 8,301 | 9,839 |
| Employees (all personnel on site) | 7,285 | 7,345 | 8,294 | |