# Vittorio Pini

Vittorio Pini (20 August 1859, in Reggio Emilia – 8 June 1903, in the penal colony of Cayenne) was a worker, activist, and theorist of individualist and illegalist anarchism. Having arrived in France during the 1880s, he was, alongside Clément Duval, one of the first anarchists to develop illegalism there. Engaged in a series of robberies and thefts with other militants, he led a frugal life and used the proceeds of his crimes to support anarchist groups, newspapers, and printing presses.
His arrest by the French police triggered intense debates within the anarchist movement in France, which was then divided over the legitimacy of emerging illegalism. While historical figures such as Jean Grave initially refused to support this new form of militancy, Pini theorized it during his trial, presenting individual reappropriation as legitimate for four main reasons: to resolve economic inequalities directly through force, to terrorize the bourgeoisie, to pedagogically transmit anarchist ideas on property, and finally, to prepare and incite the population to rise up for the revolution.
The group he founded later influenced several illegalist associations. He was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment and deported to the penal colony of Cayenne, from which he attempted to escape twice before being recaptured and eventually dying there.

## Biography
### Youth and militantism

Vittorio Achillo Pini was born in Reggio Emilia on 20 August 1859. His mother was named Anna Marzucchi, while his father, Mauro Marzucchi, was a Garibaldian volunteer. One of his grandfathers was hanged in 1831 for conspiring against the government. He grew up in poverty, and several of his brothers died from poverty during his youth. Pini had to start working as a typographer at the age of twelve to support his family. There, he joined the printing house of an Italian republican newspaper and became politically engaged on the left through reading this journal.
He joined the First International before moving to Milan, where he participated in a six-month strike with the city's typographers. The strike ultimately failed, convincing him that this method would not succeed. During this period, he worked as a firefighter and once saved a family from a burning building while on duty. In his youth, Pini also frequented anarchist and revolutionary circles in Rome, as evidenced by his later encounters in France with several companions from these circles, including his friend Sante Magrini.

### Western Europe, founding illegalism

He left Italy in 1886 after being sentenced to two years in prison for assaulting Baron Franchetti, a wealthy landowner who had attempted to force farmers to vote for him. Passing through Switzerland, he arrived in Paris, where he founded the group of the Intransigeants of Paris and London with Luigi Parmeggiani, Caio Zavoli, and Alessandro Marroco.
This group quickly engaged in a series of robberies and thefts, being among the first to develop the ideology of revolutionary banditry, using London and Belgium as their rear bases. The revolutionaries used the money obtained from these actions to finance newspapers and anarchist organizations. Despite earning over 500,000 francs through various activities, Pini personally never kept more than twenty-five cents per day for his own sustenance. The rest of the funds were allocated to printing houses, including the one he established, or to anarchist groups.
This group became the foundation for several later illegalist anarchist associations, attracting figures such as Charles Malato and Errico Malatesta. The French police described these networks in the early 1890s as follows:
   Previously, it was led by Pini, Duval, and the Schouppe brothers. Then it recruited Gallau [...] Matthieu Gustave, etc... At present, the most notorious members of the gang are the Italians Malato, Malatesta, Merlino, Pommati, the Magrini brothers; and the Frenchmen Mollet, Capp or Kapp [...]. These individuals are themselves connected in Paris with Weil, Lapie, Cluzel, Millet, Vinchon, and others [...]. The most audacious robberies committed recently in Paris are their work.
During this period, he was convicted three times by the French justice system:
* 19 October 1886: 2 months in prison for fraud.
* 26 January 1887: 13 months in prison for breach of trust.
* 4 July 1887: 4 months in prison for assault and battery.
He fled to Belgium after the 6 July 1887 attack, for which he was suspected. There, he fell into such extreme poverty that he could not eat for days and eventually collapsed in a Brussels cabaret. He was subsequently hospitalized and later imprisoned by the Belgian police, who had to determine whether he could be extradited to France, where he was accused of a diamond theft. However, he managed to prove that at the time of the theft, he was still a firefighter in Milan and had not yet emigrated. As a result, Belgian authorities refused extradition and instead issued an expulsion order, after which he traveled to London.
In 1888, Pini wrote several texts, including the Manifesto degli anarchici in lingua italiana al popolo d’Italia, an ideological statement of individualist anarchism. In this text, he attacked Amilcare Cipriani, accusing him of betraying anarchist ideals by aligning with Italian patriots and the state. Two socialist deputies close to Cipriani, Celso Ceretti and Camillo Prampolini, defended him and accused Pini and Parmiggiani of being police informants and provocateurs. This categorization deeply angered the anarchists targeted by these accusations. In response, they left the United Kingdom for Italy, where they carried out the Mirandola stabbing on 13 February 1889, injuring Ceretti.
Three days later, they were arrested while traveling towards Reggio Emilia, where Prampolini was at the time. However, both anarchists managed to escape shortly after their arrest, and Pini returned to France.

### Trial and deportation

His home was searched after a denunciation by the French police and subsequently arrested on 18 June 1889 when they discovered burglary tools and stolen goods there. He was subsequently put on trial on 4 and 5 November 1889.
During the trial, Pini theorized the practice of 'individual reclamation' for four main reasons: To directly correct economic inequalities through force, to terrorize the bourgeoisie, to pedagogically convey anarchist ideas about property, to prepare and incite the population to rise up and carry out the Revolution. His trial created a rift among anarchists in France. Established figures in the movement, such as Jean Grave, editor-in-chief of Le Révolté, initially refused to consider this new form of anarchist activism—illegalism—as legitimate. Grave’s stance was viewed as authoritarian and mistaken by several militants, something noted by a police informant, who reported:
   There is much discontent with Grave and especially Méreau, the manager. [of the Le Révolté newspaper]
The trials of Pini and Clément Duval gave rise to the notion of 'bandit justice', a practice that would persist in French anarchist circles up until the Bonnot Gang. Jean-Marc Delpech observed that, like other anarchists of his time—Duval and Émile Henry—Pini fully assumed responsibility for his actions during the trial. He declared:
   It is with full awareness of fulfilling a duty that we attack property. […] I do not blush at your accusations, and I take great pleasure in being called a thief by you.
He was sentenced to 20 years of penal labor and responded to the sentence by exclaiming:
   Long live anarchy! Down with the thieves!
Before his transfer to the penal colony of Cayenne on 15 August 1890, he attempted an escape but failed. At the penal colony, he met and befriended Clément Duval. The following year, alongside Placide Schouppe, he successfully escaped, traveling up the Maroni river in a canoe. They then attempted to cross into Venezuela on foot, but Pini had to stop due to severe swelling in his feet. While he was painting a boat, the Dutch army arrested them and sent them back to the penal colony.
Pini died in the penal colony of Cayenne on 8 June 1903.

## Legacy
### Historiography

Jean Grave depicted Pini and his associates in a highly negative light, writing about them:
   It was only later that I learned that, together with the Schouppe brothers, Pini and Parmeggiani formed a gang of burglars whose operations amounted to hundreds of thousands of francs. These Schouppe brothers, it seems, claimed to be anarchists, but in reality, they were nothing more than hedonists and common thieves. Of their lucrative thefts, I have never heard that even the slightest portion went toward any propaganda effort.
However, this portrayal by Grave was later challenged by historian Jean Maitron, who, after studying Pini's life, found no reason to doubt the sincerity of his anarchist convictions.