# Xiangtan

Xiangtan (Chinese: 湘潭) is a prefecture-level city in east-central Hunan province, south-central China. The hometowns of several founding leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, including Chairman Mao Zedong, President Liu Shaoqi, and Marshal Peng Dehuai, are in Xiangtan's administration, as well as the hometowns of Qing dynasty and republic era painter Qi Baishi, scholar-general Zeng Guofan, and tennis player Peng Shuai.
Xiangtan forms a part of the Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region with Changsha as the core city along with Zhuzhou, also known as Changzhutan City Cluster, one of the core cities in Central China.
Xiangtan is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index. It is home to Xiangtan University, a Double First-Class Construction university, and two provincial key public universities of Hunan Institute of Engineering and Hunan University of Science and Technology, as well as a high-tech industrial development zone.

## Geography

Xiangtan is located on the lower reaches of the Xiang River.

## Etymology

The name "Xiangtan" is derived from local geography, but the explanations for its origin vary somewhat in details. In any case, "Xiang" (湘) refers to the Xiang River, while "Tan" (潭) is a Chinese term that means "deep pool", specifically one produced by a moving current or waterfall; "Tan" in rivers generally are places where the current eddies. One reasoning is that the city was built by a large eddy in a bend of the Xiang River, and was thus called "Xiang-Tan". Another more likely story says the name originated in the Xiangzhou Eddy, today called the Zhao Eddy (昭潭). The Zhao Eddy is an ancient whirlpool located in a deep section of the Xiang River near the traditional border between Xiangtan and Changsha, and is named for King Zhao of Zhou, who is said to have died there.

## History
### Pre-Ming dynasty

Relics from the Daxi culture indicate that people inhabited the Xiangtan area in the 3rd millennium BC. Shang dynasty bronzewares have been found in the region, as well as tombs from the Warring States period. During the Three Kingdoms period, the kingdom of Eastern Wu built a city in the west of modern Xiangtan City and organized the Hengyang Commandery (衡陽郡) around it. In 749, the Tang dynasty organized the area as Xiangtan County, centered at modern Yisu River (易俗河). By the time of the Northern Song dynasty, Xiangtan's good access to both land and water trade routes had established it as the major commercial center of the region.

### Ming and Qing dynasties

Xiangtan prospered throughout the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty upon an economic foundation of trading in rice and traditional Chinese medicinal ingredients, and was sometimes referred to as "Little Nanjing" or "Golden Xiangtan". Prior to the Second Opium War, Xiangtan was a central transfer point for import and export goods going to and from ports in Canton, Shanghai, and Wuhan, supported by approximately 200,000 inhabitants.

## Population

As of 2010 census, Xiangtan had 2,748,552 inhabitants, of whom 1,877,919 lived in the built-up area (2 urban districts plus Xiangtan county). Together with the four adjoining urban districts of Zhuzhou, its built-up area is home to 2,933,069 inhabitants. In 2007, the city was named China's top ten livable cities by Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at the 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.

## Geography and climate

Xiangtan has a humid subtropical climate with long, hot summers, and cool to cold, cloudy, damp winters with occasional snow flurries. Within its administrative area, the annual mean temperature is 17.4 °C (63.3 °F), with the coolest month being January, which averages 5.1 °C (41.2 °F), and the hottest July, at 29.1 °C (84.4 °F).
Climate data for Xiangtan, elevation 64 m (210 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.5 (74.3) | 30.1 (86.2) | 32.4 (90.3) | 35.4 (95.7) | 36.0 (96.8) | 37.5 (99.5) | 39.6 (103.3) | 41.8 (107.2) | 40.0 (104.0) | 34.2 (93.6) | 32.7 (90.9) | 24.7 (76.5) | 41.8 (107.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.8 (47.8) | 11.8 (53.2) | 16.1 (61.0) | 22.6 (72.7) | 27.1 (80.8) | 30.1 (86.2) | 33.7 (92.7) | 33.1 (91.6) | 28.9 (84.0) | 23.6 (74.5) | 17.8 (64.0) | 11.7 (53.1) | 22.1 (71.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) | 7.9 (46.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 17.9 (64.2) | 22.5 (72.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 29.1 (84.4) | 28.3 (82.9) | 24.2 (75.6) | 18.8 (65.8) | 13.1 (55.6) | 7.5 (45.5) | 17.7 (63.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) | 5.1 (41.2) | 8.9 (48.0) | 14.5 (58.1) | 19.1 (66.4) | 22.8 (73.0) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 15.4 (59.7) | 9.7 (49.5) | 4.4 (39.9) | 14.5 (58.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.2 (20.8) | −8.0 (17.6) | −1.6 (29.1) | 2.4 (36.3) | 9.6 (49.3) | 13.2 (55.8) | 19.3 (66.7) | 17.1 (62.8) | 12.1 (53.8) | 2.0 (35.6) | −1.4 (29.5) | −12.1 (10.2) | −12.1 (10.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 73.2 (2.88) | 87.7 (3.45) | 144.6 (5.69) | 156.1 (6.15) | 198.1 (7.80) | 230.7 (9.08) | 157.8 (6.21) | 105.7 (4.16) | 76.1 (3.00) | 61.8 (2.43) | 77.2 (3.04) | 55.1 (2.17) | 1,424.1 (56.06) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.9 | 14.1 | 17.7 | 17.0 | 16.6 | 15.1 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 10.6 | 155.8 |
| Average snowy days | 4.5 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 8.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81 | 81 | 83 | 81 | 82 | 84 | 77 | 79 | 81 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 81 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 61.6 | 66.2 | 81.7 | 108.8 | 138.8 | 141.1 | 231.3 | 214.2 | 159.1 | 132.4 | 113.9 | 96.0 | 1,545.1 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 19 | 21 | 22 | 28 | 33 | 34 | 55 | 53 | 44 | 38 | 36 | 30 | 34 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||

## Administrative divisions

The city of Xiangtan has direct jurisdiction over two districts (区; qū), two county-level cities (市; shì), and one county (县; xiàn):
* Yuetang District (岳塘区)
* Yuhu District (雨湖区)
* Shaoshan City (韶山市)
* Xiangxiang City (湘乡市)
* Xiangtan County (湘潭县)
Map :
| Yuhu Yuetang Xiangtan County Xiangxiang (city) Shaoshan (city) |||||
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pingyi | Population (2010) | Area (km$^2$) |
| City Proper |||||
| Yuetang District | 岳塘区 | Yuètáng Qū | 501,348 | 206.4 |
| Yuhu District | 雨湖区 | Yǔhú Qū | 457,955 | 451.39 |
| Suburban |||||
| Shaoshan City | 韶山市 | Sháoshān Shì | 86,036 | 247.3 |
| Xiangxiang City | 湘乡市 | Xiāngxiāng Shì | 787,216 | 1,912.7 |
| Rural |||||
| Xiangtan County | 湘潭县 | Xiāngtán Xiàn | 915,997 | 2,132.8 |

## Economy

In 2006, Xiangtan's nominal GDP was ¥42.2 billion (US$6.2 billion), a year-on-year growth of 13.2% from the previous year. Its per capita GDP was ¥15,455 (US$2,265).
Xiangtan is famous for its production of lotus seed and soy sauce. People in Xiangtan like to chew areca nut (槟榔; bīngláng), though the area itself doesn't grow them. Most raw areca nut fruits are from Hainan and processed locally. The history of consuming areca nut dates back to 400 years ago, when people chewed it for pandemic prevention. Nowadays, it is quite common to see people chewing areca nut in Hunan. In 2003, the sales revenue of areca nut industry in Xiangtan had reached ¥800 million.

## Government

The current Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Xiangtan is Cao Jiongfang and the current mayor is Zhang Yingchun.

## Transportation

Xiangtan is well connected by roads, river and rail. There is a shuttle bus service connecting to Changsha Huanghua International Airport.

## Tourism

Many people continue to visit Shaoshan, Xiangtan to visit the birthplace of Mao Zedong, the former Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1976.
Some local people like to visit zhaoshan, a small mountain surrounded by trees in Xiangtan.

## Sports

Professional tennis player Peng Shuai was born and trained in Xiangtan. Xiangtan Stadium was the home to Bayi Football Team of the Chinese Football Association Jia League (now Chinese Super League) from 2002 to 2003.

## Colleges and universities

Xiangtan is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index. It is home to Xiangtan University, a Double First-Class Construction university, and two provincial key public universities, Hunan Institute of Engineering and Hunan University of Science and Technology. Following is a list of institutions with full-time bachelor programs in Xiangtan:
* Xiangtan University (湘潭大学)
* Hunan University of Science and Technology (湖南科技大学)
* Hunan Institute of Engineering (湖南工程学院)
* Xiangtan Institute of Technology [zh] (湘潭理工学院)
* Hunan Software Vocational and Technical University [zh] (湖南软件职业技术大学)

## Notable locals

Xiangtan is the birthplace of:
* Mao Zedong
* Mao Yichang
* Mao Ning
* Peng Dehuai
* Qi Baishi
* Zeng Guofan
* James Soong
* Tang Hongbo
* Peng Shuai
* Ma Ho-ling
* Ma Ying-jeou