# Denver Museum of Nature and Science

The Denver Museum of Nature & Science is a municipal natural history and science museum in Denver, Colorado. It is a resource for informal science education in the Rocky Mountain region. A variety of exhibitions, programs, and activities help museum visitors learn about the natural history of Colorado, Earth, and the universe. The 716,000-square-foot (66,519 m$^2$) building houses more than one million objects in its collections including natural history and anthropological materials, as well as archival and library resources.
The museum is an independent, nonprofit institution with approximately 450 full-time and part-time staff, more than 1,000 volunteers, and a 29-member board of trustees. It is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums and is a Smithsonian Institution affiliate.
In 2022, the museum received 1,151,000 visitors, ranking eighteenth in the List of most-visited museums in the United States. It was the fourth-most-visited U.S. museum of nature and science. The museum's official online magazine is called Catalyst.

## Education programs

The museum provides programming in six main areas. The exhibitions, Infinity Theater films, lectures, classes, and programs pertain to one or more of the following core competencies: anthropology, geology, health science, paleontology, space science, and zoology. More than 300,000 students and teachers visit the museum with school groups each year. In addition, the museum has science outreach programs and distance–learning opportunities for families, schools and surrounding communities. The museum also offers ongoing professional training workshops for teachers.

## History

In 1868, Edwin Carter moved into a tiny cabin in Breckenridge, Colorado, to pursue his passion, the scientific study of the birds and mammals of the Rocky Mountains. Almost single-handedly, Carter assembled one of the most complete collections of Colorado fauna then in existence.
Word of Carter's collection spread and, in 1892, a group of prominent Denver citizens declared their interest in moving his collection to the capital city for all to see. Carter offered to sell the entire collection for $10,000. The founders also secured a collection of butterflies and moths, and a collection of crystallized gold.
Together, these three collections formed the nucleus of what would become the Colorado Museum of Natural History, officially incorporated on December 6, 1900. After years of preparation and construction, the Colorado Museum of Natural History finally opened to the public on July 1, 1908. John F. Campion, the first president of the board, said in his dedication address, "A museum of natural history is never finished". The first director was hired and quickly recruited staff to build more exhibits and create public programs. By 1918, another wing had opened and research efforts were well underway.
In 1927, a team led by the Colorado Museum discovered two stone projectile points embedded in an extinct species of bison, in Folsom, New Mexico. These Folsom points demonstrated that humans had lived in North America more than 10,000 years ago, hundreds of years earlier than previously believed.
The city of Denver increased its funding for the museum, leading to a name change to Denver Museum of Natural History in 1948. The name was changed again in 2000 to the present Denver Museum of Nature and Science, reflecting the institution's wider focus.
The museum is partially funded by the Scientific and Cultural Facilities District (SCFD), which was created by area voters in 1988. It has also attracted large donations from benefactors, such as Morgridge Family Foundation led by philanthropist Carrie Morgridge, which gave $8 million to the museum in 2010, described as being the largest single gift since its founding.

## Permanent exhibits

Expedition Health
Expedition Health teaches visitors about the human body, including the science of taste. It opened on March 30, 2009, replacing the former Hall of Life.
Space Odyssey
Space Odyssey, which opened in 2003 and underwent a refurbishment in 2020, is about the Universe and our place in it. One major highlight of the exhibit is a full-scale replica of a Mars Exploration Rover, which was formerly found outside the exhibit from around 2004 to around 2016 or 2017.
Prehistoric Journey
Prehistoric Journey, which opened in 1995, traces the evolution of life on Earth. Displays include skeletons and skulls of prehistoric animals (synapsids, dinosaurs and others): Dimetrodon, Eryops, Allosaurus, Stegosaurus, Diplodocus, Edmontosaurus, Maiasaura, Megacerops, Archaeotherium, Hyaenodon, Merycoidodon, Stenomylus, Merycochoerus, Moropus, Dinohyus, Hesperotestudo, Gomphotherium, Synthetoceras and Teleoceras, a sea lily reef diorama from 435 million years ago, a cast/replica skull of the ancient placoderm fish, Dunkleosteus, and a collection of trilobites.
Wildlife Halls
The Wildlife Halls are animal dioramas showing scenes of daily life of many different animals, one of the largest collections of its type in North America. The Wildlife Halls in the museum are:
Level 3 Wildlife Halls:
Birds of the Americas
| Species and locations represented in Birds of the Americas |
| Mexico | Red-billed tropicbird | Heermann's gull | Brown noddy | American oystercatcher | Brown booby | Blue-footed booby | Magnificent frigatebird |
| British Guyana | Hoatzin | Scarlet ibis |
| Weld County, Colorado | Mallard | Pintail |
| Yuma County, Colorado | Greater prairie-chicken |
| Holt County, Missouri | Snow geese |
| Morgan County, Colorado | Bald eagle |
| Monroe County, Florida | Great white heron | American crocodile | Eastern diamondback rattlesnake | Tricolored heron |
| Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado | Sandhill crane |
| Guatemala | Spot-crowned woodcreeper | Mountain trogon | Blue-throated motmot | Rufous-collared robin | Guatemala junco | Emerald toucanet | Green violet-ear | Unicolored jay | Pink-headed warbler | Resplendent quetzal | Black-throated jay |
Explore Colorado (also known as Explore Colorado: From Plains to Peaks)
| Species and locations represented in Explore Colorado: From Plains to Peaks |
| Weld County, Colorado | Tiger swallowtail | Black-billed magpie | Virginia rail | Dragonfly | Yellow-headed blackbird | Red-winged blackbird | American bittern | Common yellow-throat | Mallard | American avocet | Pronghorn antelope | Thirteen-lined ground squirrel | Wilson's phalarope | Black-tailed prairie dog | Chestnut-collared longspur | Coyote | McCown's longspur | Wood nymph | Horned lark | Mountain plover | Western meadowlark | Uncas skipper butterfly | Lark bunting | Black-tailed jackrabbit |
| Arapahoe County, Colorado | Great blue heron | Snowy egret | Black-crowned night heron |
| Routt County, Colorado | Milbert's tortoiseshell butterfly | Orange sulpher butterfly | Sage grouse | Sage thrasher | Nuttall's sheep moth |
| Douglas County, Colorado | Scrub jay | Nuttall's cottontail | Sharp-tailed grouse | Rufous-sided towhee | Buck moth | Bandtailed pigeon |
| Custer County, Colorado | Deer mouse | Wild turkey |
| Ouray County, Colorado | Pine grosbeak | Fritillary butterfly | Long-horned beetle | Blue grouse | Phoebus parnassian butterfly | Red squirrel or chickaree | Brown creeper | Dark-eyed junco | Warbling vireo | Gray jay |
| Summit County, Colorado | Marten | Least chipmunk | Clark's nutcracker | Lincoln's sparrow | Wilson's warbler | White-crowned sparrow |
| Larimer County, Colorado | Water pipit | Pika | Yellow-bellied marmot | Phoebus parnassian butterfly | Bruce's checkerspot | White-tailed ptarmigan |
| Montezuma County, Colorado | Green-tailed towhee | Tarantula hawk wasp | Tarantula | Scaled quail | Blue-gray gnatcatcher | Collared lizard | Common bushtit | Plain titmouse | Piñon jay | Eastern fence lizard | Piñon mouse | Ringtail |
| Douglas County, Colorado | Golden eagle | Cottontail |
| Sonoran Desert, Arizona | Chuckwalla | Roadrunner | Gila woodpecker | Northern flicker | Tarantula | Gambel's quail | Elf owl | White-winged dove | Common poorwill | Peccary | Phainopepla | Cactus wren | Vermillion flycatcher |
Northern and Rare Birds (also known as Birds of North America)
| Species and locations represented in Birds of North America |
| Avery Island, Louisiana | Carolina parakeet | Ivory-billed woodpecker |
| Aransas County, Texas | Whooping crane |
| Johnson County, Iowa | Passenger pigeon |
| Ventura County, California | California condor |
| Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska | Harlequin duck | Steller's eider | Brant | King eider | Spectacled eider | Common eider |
| Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska | Willow ptarmigan | Sandhill crane | Snow bunting | Emperor goose | Pacific golden-plover | Yellow wagtail | Tundra swan | Red phalarope |
| Bering Strait, Alaska | Black-legged kittiwake | Horned puffin | Common murre | Crested auklet | Pigeon guillemot | Tufted puffin | Least auklet | Parakeet auklet | Pelagic cormorant |
| Bonaventure Island | Black-legged kittiwake | Gannet | Common murre | Razorbill | Atlantic puffin |
South America (also known as Sketches of South America)
| Species and locations represented in Sketches of South America |
| Brazil | Brocket | White-lipped peccary | Howler monkey | King vulture | Blue-crowned parakeet | Monk parakeet | Red-headed blackbird | Blue-fronted parrot | Capybara | Pampas deer | Scarlet macaw | Toddy flycatcher | Tapir | Swamp deer | Orange-fronted parakeet | Amazon Cassin's parakeet | Scaly-headed parrot |
| Galápagos | Sally lightfoot crab | Galápagos mockingbird | Galápagos marine iguana | Galápagos tortoise | Galápagos land iguana | Vermilion flycatcher |
| Patagonia | Guanaco |
| Brazil | Greater rhea | Giant anteater |
| Brazil | Maned wolf |
Botswana, Africa (also known as Africa-Botswana: Sharing a Fragile Land and Botswana: Safari to Wild Africa)
| Species and locations represented in Botswana: Safari to Wild Africa |
| Botswana | Chacma baboon | Rufus-crowned roller | Greater kudu | Sable antelope | Warthog | Red-billed francolin | Steenbok | Plains zebra |
| Northern Botswana | Lion | Yellow-billed hornbill |
| Botswana | Sitatunga | Malachite kingfisher | Nile crocodile | Hippopotamus |
| Botswana | Dung beetle | Cheetah | Impala |
| Southern Botswana | Gemsbok | Zebra white | African monarch | Brown-veined white | Lemon traveler | Banded gold tip | Broad-bordered grass yellow | African orange tip | Springbok | Red hartebeest |
| Northern Botswana | African fish eagle | Red lechwe | African monarch | Waterbuck |
| Botswana | Bat-eared fox | African civet | African porcupine | Giant eagle owl | Ratel or honey badger | Spring hare | African wildcat |
| Botswana | Leopard | Common duiker |
| Botswana | Aardwolf | Aardvark | Cape pangolin |
Level 2 Wildlife Halls:
Bears and Sea Mammals (also known as Into the Wild: Bears and Sea Mammals and North America's Bears and Northern Sea Mammals)
| Species and locations represented in North America's Bears |
| Aleutian Islands, Alaska | Brown bear |
| Yakutat, Alaska | Glacier bear |
| Gribbell Island, British Columbia | Spirit bear |
| Alaska | Barren ground grizzly |
| Archuleta County, Colorado | Grizzly bear |
| Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming | Grizzly bear | Black bear |
| Species and locations represented in Northern Sea Mammals |
| Diomede Islands, Bering Strait | Walrus | Bearded seal | Ringed seal | Spotted seal |
| Pribilof Islands, Alaska | Northern fur seal |
| Monterey County, California | California sea lion | Steller sea lion |
| Alaska | Polar bear | Ribbon seal |
Edge of the Wild
| Species and locations represented in Edge of the Wild |
| Weld County, Colorado | Pronghorn | Black-tailed prairie dog | Coronis fritillary | Lesser earless lizard | Prairie Rattlesnake | Lark bunting |
| Park County, Colorado | Bison | White-tailed jackrabbit |
| Clear Creek County, Colorado | Elk (Wapiti) | Lewis' woodpecker | Porcupine | White-breasted nuthatch | Dark-eyed junco | Mountain chickadee |
| Yuma County, Colorado | White-tailed deer | Western box turtle | Blue jay | Great horned owl | Bobwhite | Woodhouse's toad |
| Eagle County, Colorado | Mule deer | Western tanager | Long-tailed weasel | Steller's jay | American robin | Western toad | Least chipmunk | Phoebus parnassian | Colorado chipmunk |
| El Paso County, Colorado | Mule deer | Deer mouse | Long-tailed weasel | Steller's jay | Red squirrel | Red-naped sapsucker |
| Park County, Colorado | Bighorn sheep | Mexican woodrat | Glover's silk moth (cocoon) |
| Mesa County, Colorado | Mountain lion | Gopher snake | Eastern fence lizard | Piñon jay |
North American Wildlife (also known as North America's Wild Places and Scenes of Change)
| Species and locations represented in North America's Wild Places |
| Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska | Canada lynx |
| Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming | American marten | Red squirrel | Golden-mantled ground squirrel | Clark's nutcracker |
| Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska | Mountain goat | Gyrfalcon, largest of the falcons |
| Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska | Gray wolf |
| Denali National Park, Alaska | Dall's sheep |
| Ellesmere Island | Muskox | Gray wolves (white variety called "Arctic") |
| Cassiar Mountains, British Columbia | Stone's sheep | Hoary marmot |
| Prudhoe Bay, Alaska | Caribou | Willow ptarmigan in winter-white plumage |
| San Miguel County, Colorado | American mink | Steller's jays |
| Denali National Park, Alaska | Wolverine |
| Species and locations represented in Scenes of Change |
| Jackson County, Colorado | Beaver |
| Elbert County, Colorado | Coyote | Darkling beetle | Edwards' fritillary | Orange sulphur |
| Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska | Caribou | Arctic ground squirrel | Moose |
| Montague Island, Alaska | Sitka deer | American crow | Steller's jay |
| Porter's Creek, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee | Black-and-white warbler | Scarlet tanager | Eastern chipmunk | Ovenbird | Black-throated blue warbler | Dark-eyed junco | Red squirrel | Striped skunk | White-eyed vireo |
| Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee | Southern flying squirrel | Whip-poor-will | Hairy-tailed mole | Raccoon | Eastern screech-owl |
| Hoh River, Olympic National Park, Washington | Douglas squirrel | Pacific banana slug | Yellow-spotted millipede | Lorquin's admiral |
| Orient Mine, San Luis Valley, Colorado | Mexican free-tailed bat |
| Citrus County, Florida | West Indian manatee | Pinfish | Striped mullet | Bluegill |
Australia and South Pacific Islands (also known as Australia and South Pacific)
| Species and locations represented in Australia |
| Australia | Australian king parrot | Short-nosed echidna | Superb lyrebird | Crimson rosella | Brush bronzewing | Laughing kookaburra |
| Australia | Gould's sand goanna | Emu | Frilled lizard | Galah | Crested pigeon | Red-tailed cockatoo | Budgerigar | A mob of red kangaroos |
| Australia | Koala |
| Australia | Lumholtz's tree kangaroo |
| Barron Falls, Northern Queensland, Australia | Paradise riflebird | Little red flying fox | Spectacled flying fox | Gouldian finch | Double-wattled cassowary | Scrub python | Brush turkeys | Rainbow lory |
| Species and locations represented in South Pacific |
| Sub-Antarctic Campbell Island, New Zealand | Royal albatross |
| Sub-Antarctic Campbell Island, New Zealand | New Zealand fur seal | Rockhopper penguin | Erect-crested penguin | Yellow-eyed penguins | Silver gull | Southern giant petrel | Southern elephant seal | Brown skua |
| Laysan Island, Hawaii | White tern | Common noddy | Sooty tern | Brown booby | Pacific golden plover | Laysan albatross | Ruddy turnstone | Bristle-thighed curlew | Black-bellied plover | Laysan finch | Laysan honeycreeper | Laysan duck | Laysan millerbird | Red-tailed tropicbird | Wedge-tailed shearwater | Black-footed albatross | Laysan rail | Masked booby | Great frigate bird |
Out of all of the dioramas in the museum listed here, only one, Western Brazil, which depicted wildlife on the Brazilian savanna, was removed for not being scientifically accurate, because it included animals that didn't naturally interact with each other in the wild. However, at least three pieces of evidence that prove that the diorama did exist can be found in the museum: one being a cropped image of the screenshot of the diorama's brocket deer from the museum's 1961 annual report in Edge of the Wild, and the other two being the scarlet macaw and blue-fronted parrot found in the glass case at South America's entry wall.
Insects & Butterflies
Insects & Butterflies is a wildlife exhibit on the first floor that's separated into four displays: Pinning Down Insects, which classifies the different groups of arthropods and features the twelve common orders of insects; Deceits & Defenses, which shows different insects that have their own ways of defending themselves, as well as including a miniature diorama depicting a foothills shrubland with many hidden insects; Colorado Lepidoptera, which features 171 species of butterflies and moths found in Colorado including the Colorado hairstreak, Colorado's state insect; and Form Follows Function, which shows the life cycle of a mourning cloak butterfly, a small collection of rainforest butterflies, and two species of Morpho butterflies next to a model of scales from one of the wings of a blue morpho.
Egyptian Mummies
Egyptian Mummies contains two mummies, along with several coffins and other various antiquities from ancient Egypt. In both 1991 and 2016, the mummies were subjected to CT scans at Children's Hospital in Aurora, Colorado. Also on display is a miniature temple, based on one from the time of King Ramses II.
Coors Gems & Minerals
Coors Gems & Minerals is a hall where visitors can examine many colorful crystals and minerals found both locally and globally. It features a re-created mine based on the Sweet Home mine, where the Alma King, the largest specimen of rhodochrosite exhibited near the entrance, was originally found on August 21, 1992. It is also home to the museum's oldest exhibit: crystallized leaf gold, which was donated in 1900, the same year the museum was founded.
Konovalenko Gem Carvings
The museum features the only public collection of gem carvings by the Ukrainian-born Soviet artist Vasily Konovalenko outside of Moscow, located on the third floor within the South American Wildlife Hall.
Crane Hall of North American Indian Cultures
The Crane Hall of North American Indian Cultures is currently closed for renovations
Ancient Denver
Ancient Denver, a series of paintings by local artists that depict the Denver area from 300 million years ago to the present.
In addition to the exhibit halls, skeletons of Tyrannosaurus rex, a pair of Thalassomedon and a fin whale, as well as a replica of the Chief Kyan totem pole, can be found in the rotunda. A display that shows how escalators work is also found at one of the two up escalators on the first floor.

## Research and collections

* The Anthropology Collection contains over 50,000 objects and is made up of archaeological and ethnological artifacts from North America. The department also curates collections from Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Additional holdings include the 800-piece Ethnological Art Collection, and archival photographs and documents. The department is fully committed to compliance with the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and all other national and international laws that impact anthropological objects.
* Earth Sciences Collection consists of six main groups: vertebrate paleontology, paleobotany, invertebrate paleontology, minerals, meteorites, and micromount.
* Health Sciences Collection is composed of rare and unique human anatomy specimens, as well as a small selection of pieces of medical importance.
* Space Sciences Lab is responsible for the museum's Scientific Instruments Collection. This collection is composed of instruments that have been used by museum staff members or are excellent type-examples of particular instruments. In addition, the Department of Space Sciences maintains a large digital collection of images and multimedia assets (presentations, video, visualizations) of use in research, public programs, and Space Odyssey.
* Zoology Collection houses over 900,000 specimens or specimen lots (groups of specimens) including over 40,000 vials of arachnids (spiders and their relatives), over 780,000 insects, especially the orders Coleoptera (the beetles) and Lepidoptera (the butterflies and moths), 17,000 shell lots representing shells from all over the world, approximately 52,000 bird specimens, including a significant nest and egg collection, over 14,000 specimens of mammals, including several threatened or endangered species and several species now considered extinct. The small botany collection includes over 2,500 specimens representing 130 families. Specimens records are published, via Arctos and Symbiota, to data portals such as SCAN, ORNIS, MANIS, VertNet, GBIF, GenBank, and BISON.
* Bailey Library and Archives focuses on anthropology, earth sciences, health sciences, space sciences, zoology, the Rocky Mountain West, and museum studies. It contains over 53,000 publications, 2,500 rare books, and 9,000 volumes of scientific periodicals.

## Selection of temporary exhibits

The museum features temporary exhibits from other museums. Temporary exhibits tend to be at the museum for a period of around six months. Exhibitions the museum have featured in that past include
* Maya: Hidden Worlds Revealed, a large exhibit covering art, culture, astronomy, religion, ball games and warfare, as well as potential reasons for the collapse of the Mayan empire.
* Whales: Giants of the Deep, an exhibit that originated in New Zealand, where there was a large whale-fishing industry. The exhibit includes whale skulls and skeletons, videos, cultural artifacts, and "explaration stations".
* Traveling the Silk Road, artifacts from the ancient trade route, from Xi’an, the imperial city of China's Tang Dynasty, to Istanbul.

## Gates Planetarium

Gates Planetarium is a 125-seat planetarium that features unidirectional, semi-reclining stadium seating, 16.4 surround-sound system featuring Ambisonic, a 3-D spatial sound system, and a perforated metal dome, 56 ft (17 m) in diameter and tilted 25 degrees. The current planetarium replaces an older, dome-style planetarium.

## Infinity Theater

The Infinity Theater on the second floor of the museum was built as the Phipps Auditorium in 1940, and was used for lectures, concerts, and films until 1980. Renovated and reopened in 1983 as the Phipps IMAX Theater, it seats 440 people and now shows large-format films daily.
In July 2022, the Phipps IMAX Theater was closed for renovations for sound, visual, and lobby. The theater is now open as of February 2023 and gave it the new name of "Infinity Theater". It is now a state of the art theater suitable for all types of visual enjoyment.

## Morgridge Family Exploration Center and Avenir Collections Facility

In 2014, a $70 million addition was added to the museum containing the Morgridge Family Exploration Center and the Avenir Collections Center.
The Morgridge Family Exploration Center constitutes three above-ground levels that encourage visitors to learn about science and the natural world. The center includes Exploration Studios, a new temporary exhibition gallery, an atrium space, a completely redeveloped Discovery Zone for early learners, and the outdoor, Boettcher Plaza with unique public art.
The Avenir Collections Center, part of a $70 million expansion in 2007, is a climate-controlled facility devoted to housing for nearly 1.5 million artifacts and specimens. The facility includes 63,000 square feet (5,900 m$^2$) in two underground levels, and holds specimens such as bison from the 1870s, passenger pigeons, the last grizzly bear to be killed in Colorado in 1979, and roadkill brought in by the public. The data from these specimens is placed in online databases, and linked to public databases, like BioPortal.

## Museum secrets

The museum contains a number of hidden secrets that visitors may search for. On the Denver Museum website, there are four different downloadable scavenger hunts available, ranging from State Parks to "Museum Treasures". Kent Pendleton, one of the museum's diorama painters, painted eight elves in his work, hidden throughout the museum. Guests are encouraged to search for the elves with one of the printable scavenger hunts.

## Gallery

* Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton located at the museum entrance
* A Stegosaurus stenops and an Allosaurus fragilis from the Prehistoric Journey exhibit
* A Diplodocus longus
* A Dimetrodon limbatus and an Eryops megacephalus
* Coffin lid of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu, a scribe at the Temple of Amun in Thebes
* An assortment of Ushabti figurines
* The so-called "Poor Woman's Mummy", from the Ptolomeic period.
* Ancient Mammal at Denver Museum of Nature and Science
* Wapiti Elk from a diorama
* Mountain Lion diorama
* Bighorn sheep diorama
* The Museum's famous 1942 Polar bear diorama, featuring a ringed seal
* Diorama featuring Grizzly bears at Chimney Rock; Grizzlies have not been extant in Colorado since 1979
* Plains Zebras and a Steenbok in a diorama from the 'Botswana' exhibit
* Passenger Pigeons from Johnson County, Iowa in this 1890s scene in a diorama featuring the now extinct bird
* A Bearded seal, a Ringed seal, and two Spotted seals from a portion of a diorama from the Bering Strait near the Diomede Islands
* Amulets at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science
* A diorama featuring two southern cassowaries
* Comparison of skulls from a normal Grizzly bear and its Alaska subspecies
* Display of assorted Darwin's finches
* The "Alma King", the world's largest rhodochrosite crystal
* Diorama from the 'North American Indian Cultures' exhibit, depicting a group of Cheyenne Indians in the 1860s near modern-day Denver
* Tiny the Torosaurus at Denver Museum of Nature and Science
* Dinosaur sculpture next to the Museum's parking structure