OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rowland Powell-Williams

Rowland Powell-Williams (8 January 1872 – 16 December 1951) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket between 1897 and 1905 for Warwickshire, London County and the Gentlemen of England. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire and died in Yelverton, Devon. Up to 1900, which includes the whole period when he played for Warwickshire, he was known as Rowland Williams.
Powell-Williams was the son of Joseph Powell Williams, a close political associate of Joseph Chamberlain, councillor and alderman in Birmingham, and Member of Parliament for Birmingham South from 1885 to his death in 1904.
Powell-Williams was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, where he was in the school cricket team, and he played for Warwickshire's "Club and Ground" side from 1890 as a middle-order right-handed batsman. He played for Warwickshire in 1893, before the club was accorded first-class status, and then reappeared in five games in 1897 and 1898; he had limited success, with his highest score being 38 when he opened the second innings in the game against Gloucestershire in 1897. Further appearances were limited by his career as a barrister in London, where he lived and played club cricket at Beckenham: two of his five Warwickshire games were away matches against Kent, and his two single first-class appearances for London County in 1902 and MCC in 1905 both took place at London County's ground at Crystal Palace Park, very close to his Beckenham home.
# A-ration

The A-ration (officially Field Ration, Type A) is a United States military ration consisting of fresh, refrigerated, or frozen foods. A-rations may be served in dining facilities, prepared in the field using field kitchens, or prepared at a fixed facility and transported to field locations in containers. Its modern successor is the Unitized Group Ration – A (UGR-A), which combines multiple types of rations, including the A-ration, under one unified system.
The A-ration differs from other U.S. alphabetized rations such as the B-ration, consisting of canned or preserved food; C-ration, consisting of prepared wet food when A- and B-rations are not available; D-ration, consisting of military chocolate; K-ration, consisting of three balanced meals; and emergency rations, intended for emergencies when other food or rations are unavailable.

## Unitized Group Ration A

A-rations today may include the Unitized Group Ration – A, a hybrid meal kit designed to feed a group of 50 people for one meal. The UGR-A has several different varieties, including a tray-based heat and serve (T-rat) form, heated by hot water immersion when a field kitchen is not available, or the express form, with a self-heating module and disposable accessories. The UGR-A is used to sustain military personnel during worldwide operations that allow organized food service facilities.
The UGR-A includes perishable/frozen type entrees (A-rations) along with commercial-type components and perishable/frozen type entrees to provide the luxury of an A-ration meal in the field, configured into individual meal modules for ease of ordering, distribution, and preparation. The UGR-A has at least 9 months shelf life (at 80 °F or 27 °C for semi-perishable modules and at 0 °F or −18 °C for perishable modules).
# Cryptopygus campbellensis

Cryptopygus campbellensis is a species of springtail belonging to the family Isotomidae. The species was first described by Keith Arthur John Wise in 1964. The species is native to Campbell Island in the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands.

## Description

The species is deep blue to black in colour, with a body length of up to 1.5 mm (0.059 in). It can be differentiated from Cryptopygus antarcticus by having a rounded post-antennal organ.

## Distribution

The species is known to occur in the Campbell Islands. The holotype of the species was found at Rocky Bay on the south coast near Mount Dumas, under Tillaea in a penguin colony.
# Kazan Art School

The Kazan Art School is a state autonomous education institution in Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan. It's one of the oldest art schools in Russia, with a continuous history of more than 100 years.

## History

The school was founded in 1895 as a branch of the Imperial Academy of Arts. In its early years, it had four departments: painting, engraving, architecture, and sculpture. Early graduates included P.P. Benkov, Alexander Grigoriev and Nicolai Fechin, for whom the school is now named.
In 1918 the Kazan Art School was transformed into Kazan Free Art Studios, then in 1921 because officially known as the Kazan Art and Technical Institute. In these years the school was the basis for a series of several Kazan artists groups: "The Sunflower" (1918) which combined the aesthetics of modernism to avant-garde trends; "Rider" (1920-1924) which announced the development of engraving as an independent art; "Tatar Left Front of Art" (TatLEF) (1923-1926); the "Declaration of Five" (1927); and the "Tatar Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia "(TatAHRR) (1928), the regional branch of the national AKhRR socialist realism association.
The school remained open through the war years, and continues to provide arts education and training.
# Rimane

Rimane is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Davy Rimane (born 1979), member of the National Assembly of France for French Guiana's 2nd constituency (2022–present)
* Juliana Rimane (born 1959), former member of the National Assembly of France for French Guiana's 2nd constituency (2002–2007)
* Kévin Rimane (born 1991), French Guianan professional footballer
# Sam Cureatz

Sammy Lawrence Cureatz (born August 20, 1948) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1977 to 1990, and served as a cabinet minister in the government of Frank Miller.

## Background

Cureatz was educated at the University of Toronto and Queen's University, earning a law degree from the latter institution. He worked as a barrister and solicitor before entering political life.

## Politics

He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1977 provincial election, defeating Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP) incumbent Doug Moffatt by 122 votes in the riding of Durham East. He was re-elected by much greater margins in the elections of 1981 and 1985, and retained his seat in the Liberal landslide victory of 1987. He endorsed Dianne Cunningham's unsuccessful bid to lead the Progressive Conservative Party in 1990, and did not seek re-election in that year's provincial election.
Cureatz served as Deputy Speaker of the Ontario Legislature from 1981 to 1983. He appointed as a Minister without Portfolio in Frank Miller's government on May 17, 1985, but accomplished little of significance before Miller's government was defeated in the house.
Cureatz later sought election to the House of Commons of Canada, as a candidate of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. He ran in Durham in the federal elections of 1997 and 2000 but finished third on both occasions, behind Liberal Alex Shepherd and candidates of the Reform Party and Canadian Alliance.

### Parliamentary positions

Ontario provincial government of Frank Miller :
| Sub-Cabinet Post |||
| Predecessor | Title | Successor |
| | Minister Without Portfolio (1985 May–June) | |
| Special Parliamentary Responsibilities |||
| Predecessor | Title | Successor |
| Hugh Edighoffer | Deputy Speaker 1981-1983 | Terry Jones |

## After politics

Cureatz was appointed a Justice of the Peace in 2002.
# Radway, Alberta

Radway is a hamlet in central Alberta, Canada within Thorhild County. It is located 0.75 kilometres (0.47 mi) southeast of Highway 28, approximately 42 kilometres (26 mi) northeast of Fort Saskatchewan and 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Edmonton.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Radway had a population of 231 living in 90 of its 100 total private dwellings, a change of 35.1% from its 2016 population of 171. With a land area of 0.59 km$^2$ (0.23 sq mi), it had a population density of 391.5/km$^2$ (1,014.0/sq mi) in 2021.
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Radway had a population of 171 living in 69 of its 82 total private dwellings, a change of 5.6% from its 2011 population of 162. With a land area of 0.6 km$^2$ (0.23 sq mi), it had a population density of 285.0/km$^2$ (738.1/sq mi) in 2016.
# Pálovice

Pálovice is a municipality and village in Třebíč District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Pálovice lies approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) south-west of Třebíč, 44 km (27 mi) south of Jihlava, and 144 km (89 mi) south-east of Prague.
# Radmilo Kostić

Radmilo Kostić (Serbian Cyrillic: Радмило Костић; born December 1, 1971) is a politician in Serbia. He has served in the National Assembly of Serbia since 2012 as a member of the Serbian Progressive Party.

## Early life and career

Kostić was born in Pirot, then part of the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He is a graduate economist and is president of the Progressive Party committee in Pirot District.

## Parliamentarian

Kostić received the eighty-ninth position on the Progressive Party's Let's Get Serbia Moving electoral list in the 2012 Serbian parliamentary election. He missed direct election when the list won seventy-three mandates; he was, however, able to enter the assembly on October 30, 2012, as a replacement for Marija Blečić, who had resigned to take a government position. The Progressive Party became the dominant party in a coalition government after the election, and Kostić served as part of its parliamentary majority. He was re-elected in the 2014 and 2016 elections, both of which saw the Progressives and their allies win majority victories.
Kostić is currently a member of the parliamentary committee on finance, state budget, and control of public spending; and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with Greece and Japan.
# Qatari Popular Committee to Support the Palestinian Intifada

The Qatari Popular Committee to Support the Palestinian Intifada was a committee established in Doha between 1988 and 1994 to lend financial support to Palestinians during the first Intifada uprising.
In July 1988, six months following the start of the first Palestinian Intifada, around 300 wealthy and influential Arab intellectuals met in Sana’a, Yemen to discuss the creation of a civil committee in order to support the Palestinian cause. Also discussed was Iran-Iraq war, which was then in its seventh and final year, and the formation of local committees in every Arab country.
Upon returning to Doha, several Qatari businessmen had decided to establish the Qatari Popular Committee to Support the Palestinian Intifada. Among them was Khalid bin Mohammed al Rabban. Rabban, born in Doha in 1942, is a British educated businessman who now owns multiple corporations and deals primarily in trading.
The committee began its fundraising activities in 1988 and continued uninterrupted for six years, until the Qatar National Bank ordered their account to be shut down. The committee raised millions of riyals from private donations as well as monthly contributions from its members, which included over 70 wealthy Qatari businessmen. Furthermore, the committee had partnerships with various different pro-Palestinian organizations, including the Palestinian Cooperation Foundation.
# 2020 term United States Supreme Court opinions of John Roberts

* The 2020 term of the Supreme Court of the United States began October 5, 2020, and concluded October 3, 2021. This was the sixteenth term of Chief Justice John Roberts's tenure on the Court.
* John Roberts 2020 term statistics
* 7
* Majority or Plurality
* 5
* Concurrence
* 1
* Other
* 3
* Dissent
* 0
* Concurrence/dissent
* Total =
* 16
* Bench opinions = 11
* Opinions relating to orders = 5
* In-chambers opinions = 0
* Unanimous opinions: 1
* Most joined by: Kavanaugh (7)
* Least joined by: Thomas (2 in full, 1 in part)
| Type | Case | Citation | Issues | Joined by | Other opinions |
| 201 | Democratic National Committee v. Wisconsin State Legislature | 592 U.S. ___ (2020) | | | Gorsuch Kavanaugh Kagan |
| Roberts concurred in the Court's denial of application to vacate stay. ||||||
| 402 | Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo | 592 U.S. ___ (2020) | | | per curiam Gorsuch Kavanaugh Breyer Sotomayor |
| Roberts dissented from the Court's grant of application for injunctive relief. ||||||
| 203 | FDA v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists | 592 U.S. ___ (2021) | | | Sotomayor |
| Roberts concurred in the Court's grant of application for stay. ||||||
| 104 | Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp | 592 U.S. ___ (2021) | | Unanimous | |
| 205 | South Bay United Pentecostal Church v. Newsom | 592 U.S. ___ (2021) | | | Barrett Gorsuch Kagan |
| Roberts concurred in the Court's partial grant of application for injunctive relief. ||||||
| 406 | Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski | 592 U.S. ___ (2021) | Article III | | Thomas Kavanaugh |
| 507 | Massachusetts Lobstermen's Assn. v. Raimondo | 592 U.S. ___ (2021) | | | |
| Roberts filed a statement respecting the Court's denial of certiorari. ||||||
| 108 | Torres v. Madrid | 592 U.S. ___ (2021) | | Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan, Kavanaugh | Gorsuch |
| 209 | Caniglia v. Strom | 593 U.S. ___ (2021) | | Breyer | Thomas Alito Kavanaugh |
| 110 | Fulton v. Philadelphia | 593 U.S. ___ (2021) | | Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan, Kavanaugh, Barrett | Barrett Alito Gorsuch |
| 111 | United States v. Arthrex, Inc. | 594 U.S. ___ (2021) | | Alito, Kavanaugh, Barrett; Gorsuch (in part) | Gorsuch Breyer Thomas |
| 112 | Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid | 594 U.S. ___ (2021) | | Thomas, Alito, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, Barrett | Kavanaugh Breyer |
| 213 | Lange v. California | 594 U.S. ___ (2021) | | Alito | Kagan Kavanaugh Thomas |
| 114 | PennEast Pipeline Co. v. New Jersey | 594 U.S. ___ (2021) | | Breyer, Alito, Sotomayor, Kavanaugh | Gorsuch Barrett |
| 115 | Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta | 594 U.S. ___ (2021) | | Kavanaugh, Barrett; Thomas, Alito, Gorsuch (in part) | Thomas Alito Sotomayor |
| 416 | Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson | 594 U.S. ___ (2021) | | Breyer, Kagan | Breyer Sotomayor Kagan |
| Roberts dissented from the Court's denial of application for injunctive relief. ||||||
# Põlula witch trials

The Põlula witch trials took place in the manor Põlula in Estonia in 1542. It centered around the noblewoman Anna Zoyge, who was accused by her husband Johann Meckes of having murdered her father-in-law with the assistance of five accomplices, who were all executed for witchcraft.

## Trial

In 1542, the Baltic German nobleman and landowner Johann von Meckes accused his wife Anna Zoyge of having caused the death of his father and the illness of himself by use of poison, which was at that time strongly associated with witchcraft. As the landowners at that time had the right to conduct private trials on their estates, he had his wife arrested and interrogated himself. Anna Zoyge confessed guilt and pointed out her maid Anna and the cunning woman Margrete for having provided her with the poison, and they were both arrested. Anna Zoyge herself escaped and sought refuge with her brother Johann Zoyge in Haljala.
The maid Anna and Margrete claimed that Anna Zoyge was not only guilty of having poisoned her father-in-law and spouse but also attempted to cause Jürgen Maidell to fall in love with her by use of sorcery. Margrete claimed to have read three chants over salt, which had turned in to poison after three breaths from her, and that the maid Anna had taken it to Anna Zoyge with the instruction that the salt was to be placed under the feet of the intended victim; and that if consumed by the instigator, the body of the victim would be invaded by snakes and toads.

## Sentences

The maid Anna and Margrethe implicated a miller, a shepherd and his spouse. All five were found guilty as charged and sentenced to be executed by burning. Anna Zoyge herself was sentenced to banishment in her absence: when she returned to Põlula in 1544, she was arrested and sentenced to death, but it is unknown if the sentence was executed.

## Aftermath

The Põlula witch trials is significant as the first witch trial in the Baltics with more than one execution, and alongside the Paide witch trials in 1615 (where nine people were executed), it remained one of the largest witch trials in the region, where witch trials commonly only resulted in one or two executions at the same occasion and almost never more than four. In the Baltic provinces (Estonia, Livonia, Courland), witch trials conducted in the private courts of the landowners were to become common, but the information about them are not always preserved. The Põlula witch trials were also significant in the sense that in following Baltic witch trials, poisoning by enchanted food or drink, where the bodies of the victim were said to be invaded by maggots and toads, were to become a common accusation.
# Qingfengdian

Qingfengdian (simplified Chinese: 清风店; traditional Chinese: 清風店; pinyin: Qīngfēngdiàn) is a town under the administration of Dingzhou City in western Hebei province, China, located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northeast of downtown Dingzhou and just off of China National Highway 107. It has an area of 53 square kilometres (20 sq mi) and a reported population of 49,000 people. Established in 1961, it underwent rural reform in 1982 and 1984 and became a full township in 1997. As of 2011, the town has jurisdiction over 27 villages.
# Rafael Pujals

Rafael Pujals Cárdenas (ca. 1830 – 23 April 1889) was a late 19th-century Puerto Rican physician practicing in Ponce, Puerto Rico, that excelled as a civic leader.

## Physician

Pujals Cárdenas was born in Humacao, Puerto Rico, and graduated from the University of Barcelona, Spain. He was the first physician with a medical degree title in Ponce, becoming the first medical doctor on the staff at Hospital de Damas, where he worked without pay. He later became the first medical director of Hospital Tricoche.
In addition to his private medical practice, Dr. Pujals was also the physician for the famed Ponce Municipal Fire Corps in the last quarter of the 19th century.

## Civic leader

Pujals also excelled as a civic leader and on 30 June 1877, he became the first director of the reorganized Gabinete Ponceño de Lectura (Ponce Reading Cabinet), an early version of today's Ponce Public Library. In 1886, he was also one of the nine cosigners of El Plan de Ponce that Roman Baldorioty de Castro had championed seeking greater political autonomy for Puerto Rico. He was also an active participant at the Grito de Lares.

## Death

Pujals died in Ponce on 23 April 1889, victim of an asystole.

## Legacy

The government of Puerto Rico honored Dr. Pujals naming a school in Ponce after him. He is also recognized for his contributions in civic duty at the Ponce Park for the Illustrious Ponce Citizens.
# Saint-Sixte, Lot-et-Garonne

Saint-Sixte (French pronunciation:; Languedocien: Sant Sixt) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.

## Geography

The river Auroue forms all of the commune's western border, then flows into the Garonne, which forms all of its northern border.
# Saint-Siméon-de-Bressieux

Saint-Siméon-de-Bressieux (French pronunciation:, literally Saint-Siméon of Bressieux) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1800 | 1,452 | — |
| 1821 | 2,096 | +1.76% |
| 1846 | 2,221 | +0.23% |
| 1872 | 1,975 | −0.45% |
| 1901 | 2,349 | +0.60% |
| 1926 | 1,771 | −1.12% |
| 1946 | 1,638 | −0.39% |
| 1962 | 1,774 | +0.50% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1968 | 1,861 | +0.80% |
| 1975 | 2,527 | +4.47% |
| 1982 | 2,600 | +0.41% |
| 1990 | 2,437 | −0.81% |
| 1999 | 2,498 | +0.28% |
| 2007 | 2,739 | +1.16% |
| 2012 | 2,808 | +0.50% |
| 2017 | 2,887 | +0.56% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Rai Singh of Bikaner

Raja Rai Singh was the Raja of Bikaner between 1571 and 1612. He served Mughal Emperor Akbar first as the Subahdar of the province Lahore. He participated in the imperial Mughal campaigns in Gujarat and Malwa, and later served as the governor in Burhanpur and Lahore. One of his daughter was married to the Mughal Emperor Jahangir,she was senior to his another rajput queen from the Rathore house of Jodhpur.

## Biography

He was born in 1541. After the death of his father in 1571, Rai Singh assumed the rule of Bikaner. In 1576, when the emperor Akbar was visiting the shrine at Ajmer, he went there with 6000 horse and paid homage to the emperor.
Subsequently, Rai went on to join the force against the Gujarat Sultanate. In the Gujarat campaign, Bikaneri forces suffered heavy losses. On the completion of the campaign, Rai Singh received the title of Raja as well as a grant of 52 parganas.
In 1585, he was sent to Khandesh in the Deccan. Between 1587 and 1592, he was the general in command on the Deccan front. In 1593, when a large force was assembled against Burhan Nizam Shah II, he served as the principal advisor to Prince Daniyal Mirza. He was made the governor of Burhanpur.
By the 1590s, tension had grown between Rai and the minister Karam Chand Bachhawat, who was at the helm of affairs in Bikaner while Rai served in imperial campaigns. In 1595, after a plot to assassinate Rai was discovered, Karam Chand had to flee Bikaner.
In 1604, the emperor Akbar died and Jahangir ascended the Mughal throne. The same year, Karam Chand also died. Rai was once again dispatched as governor to Burhanpur, where he proceeded with his son Sur Singh. In 1612, he died in Burhanpur. Three of his queens and three concubines performed sati on his pyre.

## Legacy

Rai was among the highest ranked Hindu nobles of the Mughal court. His reign is regarded as a turning point in the history of Bikaner. Revenues from the fiefs granted to the Rai, as well as war exploits made the state wealthy. The capital grew into an opulent town, and several important buildings were commissioned. These include the Junagarh Fort. Exploits from the campaigns, including idols from Gujarat and Sirohi, as well as miniature paintings collected by Rai, were brought back to Bikaner. During his reign, a rudimentary school of painting developed which evolved into the Bikaner school.
# Rag pudding

Rag pudding is a savoury dish consisting of minced meat and onions wrapped in a suet pastry, which is then cooked in a cheesecloth. Invented in Oldham, the dish is also popular in Bury and Rochdale, and is eaten across the Lancashire area. Rag pudding pre-dates ceramic basins and plastic boiling bags in cookery, and so the cotton or muslin rag cloths common in Oldham were used in the dish's preparation during the 19th century. Rag pudding is similar in composition and preparation to steak and kidney pudding, and may be purchased from traditional local butcher's shops in Lancashire.