OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Busemann–Petty problem

In the mathematical field of convex geometry, the Busemann–Petty problem, introduced by Herbert Busemann and Clinton Myers Petty (1956, problem 1), asks whether it is true that a symmetric convex body with larger central hyperplane sections has larger volume. More precisely, if K, T are symmetric convex bodies in R$^n$ such that
    $\mathrm {Vol} _{n-1}\,(K\cap A)\leq \mathrm {Vol} _{n-1}\,(T\cap A)$
for every hyperplane A passing through the origin, is it true that Vol$_n$ K ≤ Vol$_n$ T?
Busemann and Petty showed that the answer is positive if K is a ball. In general, the answer is positive in dimensions at most 4, and negative in dimensions at least 5.

## History

Unexpectedly at the time, Larman and Claude Ambrose Rogers (1975) showed that the Busemann–Petty problem has a negative solution in dimensions at least 12, and this bound was reduced to dimensions at least 5 by several other authors. Ball (1988) pointed out a particularly simple counterexample: all sections of the unit volume cube have measure at most √2, while in dimensions at least 10 all central sections of the unit volume ball have measure at least √2. Lutwak (1988) introduced intersection bodies, and showed that the Busemann–Petty problem has a positive solution in a given dimension if and only if every symmetric convex body is an intersection body. An intersection body is a star body whose radial function in a given direction u is the volume of the hyperplane section u$^⊥$ ∩ K for some fixed star body K. Gardner (1994) used Lutwak's result to show that the Busemann–Petty problem has a positive solution if the dimension is 3. Zhang (1994) claimed incorrectly that the unit cube in R$^4$ is not an intersection body, which would have implied that the Busemann–Petty problem has a negative solution if the dimension is at least 4. However Koldobsky (1998a) showed that a centrally symmetric star-shaped body is an intersection body if and only if the function 1/||x|| is a positive definite distribution, where ||x|| is the homogeneous function of degree 1 that is 1 on the boundary of the body, and Koldobsky (1998b) used this to show that the unit balls l$^p$ $_n$, 1 < p ≤ ∞ in n-dimensional space with the l$^p$ norm are intersection bodies for n = 4 but are not intersection bodies for n ≥ 5, showing that Zhang's result was incorrect. Zhang (1999) then showed that the Busemann–Petty problem has a positive solution in dimension 4. Richard J. Gardner, A. Koldobsky, and T. Schlumprecht (1999) gave a uniform solution for all dimensions.
# China International Electronic Commerce Center

China International Electron Commerce Center (CIECC) is a government agency operating under the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, that develops {Electron} information projects.
CIECC also facilitates international cooperation and exchanges in the electronic commerce with other countries at the state level.
The CIECC's English translation website appears to be not maintained, however the website for native Chinese speakers is updated daily.

## M-Commerce Lab

The M-Commerce Laboratory is designed to bridge the gap among industry, government and academia to facilitate certain aspects in the M-Commerce environment such as research and commercialization of mobile applications, mobile payment and security, and enterprise mobile commerce application. By providing an environment to study, develop and promote projects in the mobile commerce domain, the laboratory helps to enhance end-to-end innovation capabilities.
# Scleroprocta

Scleroprocta is a genus of crane fly in the family Limoniidae.

## Distribution

North America, Europe & Asia.

## Species

* S. acifurca Savchenko, 1979
* S. apicalis (Alexander, 1911)
* S. balcanica Stary, 1976
* S. cinctifer (Alexander, 1919)
* S. hexacantha (Alexander, 1970)
* S. innocens (Osten Sacken, 1869)
* S. krzeminskii Stary, 2008
* S. latiprocta Savchenko, 1973
* S. oosterbroeki Stary, 2008
* S. pentagonalis (Loew, 1873)
* S. slaviki Stary, 2008
* S. sororcula (Zetterstedt, 1851)
* S. tetonica (Alexander, 1945)
# King George V Playing Fields, Totteridge

King George V Playing Fields is an area of playing fields of approximately 14 acres (5.7 ha) in Totteridge in the London Borough of Barnet. It is located south east of the junction of Barnet Lane and Dollis Brook.
Following the death of King George V in 1936 the King George's Fields Foundation was established to give grants for the establishment of playing fields, the work of the foundation is now undertaken by charity Fields in Trust. The Totteridge fields were originally the third largest of all King George's Fields at 93 acres (38 ha), and the Foundation gave a grant of £3,000 towards the total capital cost of £62,335. King George V Playing Fields, Totteridge have been legally protected since July 1943. The rules of the Foundation required permanent preservation of the area as a King George's Field as a memorial to the king, but less than a fifth of the original size remains.
The Master Atlas of Greater London shows King George's Fields extending west across Barnet Lane into what is now a farmer's field, and there used to be two 'King George's Fields' logos on stone plinths in the entrance to the field, but in 2012 the plinths were vandalised and the logos removed. North of the current King George's Fields is an area of public open space called Barnet Playing Fields, an area of 72 acres (29 ha) laid out in 1926. It is unclear whether this was ever part of King George's Fields.
Since 2016 it has been the home of St Kiernan's GFC, one of London's leading Gaelic football clubs.
# Astrothelium pseudannulare

Astrothelium pseudannulare is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Ecuador, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologists André Aptroot and Javier Etayo. The type specimen was collected from the Podocarpus National Park (Loja Province) at an altitude of 3,000 m (9,800 ft); there, it was found in a montane forest growing on smooth tree bark. The lichen has a smooth and shiny, olive-green thallus comprising patches of cortex that break through the host bark, covering areas about 1.0 to 3.5 mm in diameter. No lichen products were detected from collected samples of the lichen using thin-layer chromatography. The combination of characteristics of the lichen that distinguish it from others in Astrothelium are the rough thallus; the distribution of the ascomata, which ranges from solitary to irregularly confluent; and the form of the ascomata, which ranges from prominent to sessile. The ascospores are hyaline, spindle-shaped (fusiform), and have three septa; they measure 62–80 by 20–25 μm. The species epithet pseudannulare alludes to its resemblance to Astrothelium annulare, another species with large 3-septate spores.
# Amanda Ford (rugby union)

Amanda Tomlinson (née Ford; born 25 July 1970) is a former New Zealand rugby union player.

## Biography
### Rugby career

Ford was named as a reserve, but did not feature, in the Black Ferns match against the Californian Grizzlies at Lancaster Park in Christchurch; on 22 July 1989.
At RugbyFest 1990, she played for the University of Canterbury, the New Zealand Teachers College selection and New Zealand. She was selected for the 1991 Women's Rugby World Cup squad.

### Horse racing career

Ford currently competes in Harness racing, a form of horse racing. In 2021, she had her first win as a trainer.
# Alexander McNaughton

Alexander McNaughton (1693 - 1784) was the leader of a Scottish immigrant group that went on to found Argyle, NY. He was also the first Justice of the Peace in the region and in this position, handled the case and issued a warrant for Ethan Allen.

## Biography

McNaughton was born on Islay, Argyllshire, Scotland and died in Salem, NY. He married Mary MacDonald, the daughter of Sir Donald MacDonald, 3rd Baronet of Sleat (son of Sir James Mor Macdonald, 2nd Baronet) and Lady Mary Douglas (daughter of Sir Robert Douglas, tenth Earl of Morton). McNaughton’s wife was a descendant of John MacDonald, Lord of the Isles and Margaret Stewart (daughter of Robert II King of Scotland).
McNaughton emigrated with his family first to New York City on September 22, 1738 and shortly thereafter, moved to Orange County, NY.
He was amongst over 100 other immigrants from Scotland that were promised a large amount of land that was not initially provided to the immigrants. McNaughton successfully led the effort on March 2, 1764 to petition for 47,450 acres and became presiding trustee of the Argyle Patent. The land includes part of Fort Edward and Argyle.
The settlers formed the town of Argyle, NY, where McNaughton became the region's first Justice of the Peace. After riots broke out in the region on October 29, 1771, McNaughton issued warrants for those involved, including Ethan Allen.
Alexander is also the great grandfather of Moses Archibald McNaughton, a founding member of the Republican Party and Michigan pioneer.
# Kow

Kow or KOW may refer to:
* Kow (bull), a legendary bull in Meitei mythology of Manipur
* Ganzhou Huangjin Airport, IATA code KOW
* Ganzhou Huangjin Airport (former), IATA code KOW until replaced by new airport in 2008
* Kow Swamp, Victoria, Australia
** Kow Swamp Archaeological Site
* The Kings of Wessex Academy, a school in Somerset, England
* Kowloon station (MTR), Hong Kong, MTR station code KOW
* Octanol-water partition coefficient, K$_{ow}$

## People with the given name

* Kow Nkensen Arkaah (1927–2001), Ghanaian politician
* Kow Otani (born 1957), Japanese composer
* Andrew Kow Afful, Ghanaian diplomat

## People with the surname

* Eric Lee Kow (1912–1961), West Indian cricket umpire
* Shih-Li Kow (born 1968), Malaysian writer
# Boulder frog

Boulder frog may refer to:
* Black Mountain boulder frog (Cophixalus saxatilis), a frog in the family Microhylidae endemic to Australia, now severely reduced to the "Black Mountains" 25 km south-west of Cooktown, Queensland
* Blotched boulder-frog (Cophixalus petrophilus), a frog in the family Microhylidae from the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia
# Daniela Calzetti

Daniela Calzetti is an Italian-American astronomer known for her research on cosmic dust, star formation, and galaxy formation and evolution, and in particular for the Calzetti dust extinction law, an estimate for how much information about distant galaxies has been obscured by cosmic dust. She is a professor of astronomy and head of the astronomy department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and principal investigator of the Legacy ExtraGalactic Ultraviolet Survey project of the Hubble Space Telescope.

## Education and career

Calzetti is originally from Parma. She earned a laurea in physics from Sapienza University of Rome in 1987, where she completed her Ph.D. in 1992, with the dissertation Large-Scale Distribution of Galaxies and Clusters: The Scale of Inhomogeneity supervised by Remo Ruffini.
She worked as a researcher for the Space Telescope Science Institute from 1990 to 2007, when she moved to the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

## Recognition

Calzetti was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2020.
# Le retour de l'enfant prodigue

"Le retour de l'enfant prodigue" (transl. The Return of the Prodigal Son) is a short story by André Gide. Gide wrote the story in early 1907.
It is based on the Biblical parable of the prodigal son. The story begins with the prodigal son returning home, not repentant, but hungry, poor, and frustrated at having failed to achieve his goal. He engages in dialogues with his father, mother, and elder brother. In Gide's version of the parable, the prodigal has a younger brother, who admires what his older brother accomplished but cannot understand why he returned. He is on the verge of also leaving home. This younger brother asks the returned prodigal to join him before night is over and head back out on the road: the prodigal son refuses saying he must stay home to console their mother.
The story draws upon Gide's own life experiences, and his struggles with his Protestant upbringing. In Wallace Fowlie's words, "Gide is persistently asking the question whether the Law is suitable for all men".
The story has also been adapted for the stage and performed in Paris, where incidental music for it was written by Henri Sauguet in 1933.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Fowlie, Wallace (1965). André Gide: His Life and Art. New York: The Macmillan Co. pp. 57–67.
* This article about a short story (or stories) published in the 1900s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission

The Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission was in charge of the territory of the New Hebrides in the period 1887–1889 and again in 1890–1906. It was briefly suspended by the constitution of the unrecognized independent state of Franceville.

## History

During the 19th century, many Australian, British, French, and German settlers settled in the territory of the New Hebrides.
In 1878 the United Kingdom and France declared all of the New Hebrides to be neutral territory.
The New Hebrides became a neutral territory under the loose jurisdiction of the Commission, established by a Convention on 16 October 1887, for the sole purpose of protecting French and British citizens, but claimed no jurisdiction over internal native affairs.
# Campo de Besteiros

Campo de Besteiros is a civil parish in the municipality of Tondela, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 1,474, in an area of 7.93 km$^2$.
# Astrothelium ochroleucoides

Astrothelium ochroleucoides is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is found in Brazil and Guyana.

## Taxonomy

Astrothelium ochroleucoides was first described in 2016 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Marcela Cáceres. The type specimen was collected from Estação Ecológica de Cuniã (near Porto Velho, Rondônia), where it was growing on tree bark in primary rainforest. It is most similar to Astrothelium corallinum; the main difference between the two species is the presence of lichexanthone on the thallus and pseudostromata in Astrothelium ochroleucoides.

## Description

The thallus of Astrothelium ochroleucoides is corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny, and continuous, covering areas up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter. It is olive-green, approximately 0.1 mm thick, and surrounded by a black prothallus line about 0.3 mm wide. This species does not induce gall formation on the host bark.
Ascomata are spherical, measuring 0.4–0.6 mm in diameter, and immersed in groups of approximately 2–40 in pseudostromata. Pseudostromata have a surface different from the thallus, raised about 0.5–1.0 mm above the thallus, and are oval to irregular or reticulate in outline, up to about 3 mm wide. They are brownish-black, usually partly with a whitish cover, partly brownish, and partly whitish inside. The wall is dark brown all around, with a thickness of up to about 40 μm. Ostioles are apical, not fused, flat to convex, and brown. The hamathecium is not inspersed with oil globules. Asci contain four ascospores, which are hyaline, muriform, fusiform, and measure 80–115 by 15–24 μm, with an upper end rounded, lower end pointed, and angular lumina with only a few transverse, mostly oblique septa.
Pycnidia were not observed in this species. In terms of chemical spot tests, the thallus surface is UV+ (yellow), and the thallus medulla is K−. The whitish parts of the pseudostroma surface are UV+ (yellow) and K−, while the pseudostroma medulla is also K−. Thin-layer chromatography reveals the presence of lichexanthone in the thallus and on the pseudostroma.

## Habitat and distribution

Astrothelium ochroleucoides is found on twigs or bark of tree trunks in primary forests, parks, and savannahs. It is known from Brazil and Guyana, where it is locally abundant.
# Alexander McNaughtan

Alexander McNaughtan (28 November 1815 – 6 August 1884) was a Scottish born merchant and businessman who emigrated to Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania, Australia) in 1842. He produced a report for the Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land on combustible mineral substance from the Mersey River.

## Life and career

McNaughtan was born on the 28 November 1815 in Milngavie, Dumbartonshire, Scotland to Alexander McNaughtan, the local Presbyterian minister, and Janet, née Blackwood, of the Craigallion/Craigton bleaching family. He was Christened at New Kilpatrick (now Bearsden) on 17 December 1815.
He married his former boss's sister, Margaret Kerr, on 29 March 1849. The service was conducted by John Lillie at St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church in Hobart.
He returned to Hobart and lived with his wife until her death on 20 December 1868. On 12 January 1869 he sold his property before returning to Scotland.
McNaughtan died of heart disease at the family home of Heatherbank on 6 August 1884. He was buried under his father's headstone at the New Kilpatrick church alongside others in his family.
It is hypothesised by art researcher Stephen Scheding in his book The National Picture that McNaughtan may have been the last owner of Benjamin Duterrau's lost masterpiece, a large scale version of "The Conciliation". Scheding believed it was taken by McNaughtan to his family home of Heatherbank in 1869 however the picture has not been found.
# Alexandra Radius

Alexandra Mary Theodora (Lex) Radius (born 3 July 1942 in Amsterdam) is a retired Dutch ballerina.
Radius had her debut in 1957 at the Netherlands Ballet of Sonia Gaskell. There, in 1959, she met Han Ebbelaar, who would become her husband and lifelong dancing partner. Radius and Ebbelaar were soloists at the Dutch National Ballet, the Nederlands Dans Theater and, between 1968 and 1970, the American Ballet Theatre. Radius danced in classical pieces, but also in contemporary choreographies like those by Rudi van Dantzig and Hans van Manen. Her other regular dancing partners were Rudolf Nureyev, Henny Jurriëns and Alan Land. In 1990, she stopped performing ballet at the age of 48, on which occasion she was awarded the Medal of Honor for Art and Science of the Order of the House of Orange.
The Alexandra Radius Prize for rising young dance talent has been named after her.

## Literature

* Emmy Huf, Alexandra Radius. Han Ebbelaar. Dancing, J.M. Gottmer, Haarlem, 1979, ISBN 90-257-1209-6
* Ine Rietstap, Alexandra Radius. Een danscarrière, J.M. Gottmer, Haarlem, 1982, ISBN 90-257-1576-1
* Jessica Voeten, Springlevend! 25 jaar Dansersfonds '79: Alexandra Radius en Han Ebbelaar, Amsterdam, 2005, ISBN 90-901908-0-5

## Sources

* Alexandra Radius at the Theaterencyclopedie website.
# Bowl sink

A bowl sink, the first coined term for the more commonly known vessel sink, is a free-standing sink that sits directly on the counter-top or furniture on which it is mounted. Originally invented by Meredith Wolf, a former Rhode Island resident, the product serves as a conventional sink while providing a decorative feature. This type of sink is produced by numerous firms, and is found in many hotels, restaurants, and homes.
# Dhiren Banerjee

Dr. Dhirendranath Banerjee was an Indian politician and physician. He was a founding member of the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP) and an elected parliamentarian.
Banerjee became involved in political struggles during the 1921 Non-Cooperation Movement. He studied at Rajshahi College, where he befriended members of the Anushilan Samiti. He became an active member of the Anushilan Samiti resistance movement in the struggle for Indian independence.
Banerjee graduated from Campbell Medical School in 1928. With a medical diploma, he opened medical practice in the country-side. Whilst working as a physician he remained in touch with Anushilan Samiti. Banerjee was arrested and jailed in 1934.
Banerjee was a founding member of RSP in 1940. He moved to Balurghat and worked on organising RSP in the northern parts of the province. He led the 1956 anti-merger movement in West Dinajpur district (against merger of West Bengal and Bihar). He won the unreserved seat in the Balurghat constituency in the 1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He was a leading figure in the 1959 Food Movement in West Dinajpur district.
Banerjee died in Balurghat on 8 January 1978, at the age of 74 years.
# Thornton State Beach

Thornton State Beach is a protected beach in the state park system of California, United States. It is located on the Pacific coast of Daly City in the San Francisco Bay Area. The 58-acre (23 ha) park was established in 1955.
The Mediterranean climate tends toward cold and wind, with fog common in summer.
The beach was named for the first white settler of the area, one Robert S. Thornton of Rhode Island, a blacksmith who had arrived in the San Francisco area in 1851.
The park was closed in 2009 due to damage and continued danger from landslides, but as of late 2021 is fully open.
# Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field

The Campo de Calatrava volcanic field is a volcanic field in Spain. The volcanic field is in the centre of the province of Ciudad Real, in a region known as Campo de Calatrava.
The volcanic field has an area of more than 5000 km$^2$ and more than 300 individual structures and contains pyroclastic cones, lava domes and maars. The field erupted basaltic to foiditic lavas from the Pliocene to the Holocene in Columba volcano with phreatomagmatic activity, and fumaroles were observed in the 16th-18th centuries in the Sierra de Valenzuela territory. Earlier activity has been subdivided in several phases. The first affecting mostly the centre of the field is K-Ar dated between 8.7 and 6.4 Ma. A second phase occurred in the Pleistocene 1.3 Ma and 0.7 Ma. The maars involve both hard-substrate maars formed in metasediments of the basement and soft-substrate maars in Pliocene unconsolidated sediments. Both types of maars are distributed in NE-SW and NW-SE directions following faults established during the Miocene. During the lower Pliocene, the system underwent uplift and erosion. Some maars contain sediments including travertine possibly related to carbon dioxide emissions. Gas emissions, sometimes increased following earthquake activity, are common in the field and include hydrogen sulfide, CO$_2$ and water.