OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Transect

A transect is a path along which one counts and records occurrences of the objects of study (e.g. plants).
It requires an observer to move along a fixed path and to count occurrences along the path and, at the same time (in some procedures), obtain the distance of the object from the path. This results in an estimate of the area covered and an estimate of the way in which detectability increases from probability 0 (far from the path) towards 1 (near the path). Using the raw count and this probability function, one can arrive at an estimate of the actual density of objects.
The estimation of the abundance of populations (such as terrestrial mammal species) can be achieved using a number of different types of transect methods, such as strip transects, line transects, belt transects, point transects, gradsects and curved line transects.
# Dallas Black Pride

Dallas Black Pride (also known as Dallas Southern Pride) is an annual five-day event to celebrate the emerging black LGBT community in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The event has been in existence since 1996. It is held in conjunction with the State Fair of Texas and State Fair Classic in Dallas every fall (late September/early October). Dallas Her Pride is the official women's host of Dallas Black Pride. Annually, about 15,000 people participate in the planned pride events, making it the largest black gay pride event in Texas and one of the largest in the nation.

## Juneteenth Weekend

Juneteenth Weekend is traditionally the first black gay pride event of the year in Dallas. As with the black pride event in the fall, there are many locals and visitors participating in the special events and celebrations empowering the black LGBT community in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex.
# Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley

The men's 400 metre individual medley event at the 1996 Summer Olympics took place on 21 July at the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center in Atlanta, United States.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
| World record | Tom Dolan (USA) | 4:12.30 | Rome, Italy | 6 September 1994 |
| Olympic record | Tamás Darnyi (HUN) | 4:14.23 | Barcelona, Spain | 27 July 1992 |

## Results
### Heats

Rule: The eight fastest swimmers advance to final A (Q), while the next eight to final B (q).
| Rank | Heat | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | 4 | Eric Namesnik | United States | 4:16.21 | Q |
| 2 | 4 | 6 | Marcel Wouda | Netherlands | 4:17.30 | Q, NR |
| 3 | 4 | 4 | Tom Dolan | United States | 4:17.66 | Q |
| 4 | 4 | 3 | Marcin Maliński | Poland | 4:18.34 | Q, NR |
| 5 | 4 | 5 | Curtis Myden | Canada | 4:18.43 | Q |
| 6 | 3 | 5 | Matthew Dunn | Australia | 4:19.51 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | 5 | Luca Sacchi | Italy | 4:19.63 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | 6 | Serghei Mariniuc | Moldova | 4:20.24 | Q |
| 9 | 3 | 4 | Jani Sievinen | Finland | 4:23.13 | q, WD |
| 10 | 2 | 2 | Frederik Hviid | Spain | 4:23.67 | q |
| 11 | 3 | 3 | Trent Steed | Australia | 4:24.39 | q |
| 12 | 2 | 3 | Toshiaki Kurasawa | Japan | 4:24.83 | q |
| 13 | 4 | 7 | Josef Horký | Czech Republic | 4:26.58 | q, NR |
| 14 | 3 | 2 | Tatsuya Kinugasa | Japan | 4:26.73 | q |
| 15 | 4 | 1 | Ratapong Sirisanont | Thailand | 4:26.99 | q, NR |
| 16 | 3 | 6 | István Batházi | Hungary | 4:27.37 | q |
| 17 | 2 | 1 | Alejandro Bermúdez | Colombia | 4:27.97 | q, NR |
| 18 | 3 | 7 | Valērijs Kalmikovs | Latvia | 4:28.04 | |
| 19 | 4 | 2 | Gergő Kiss | Hungary | 4:28.05 | |
| 20 | 2 | 8 | Mark Kwok Kin Ming | Hong Kong | 4:31.13 | |
| 21 | 4 | 8 | Kim Bang-hyun | South Korea | 4:31.16 | |
| 22 | 1 | 5 | Walter Soza | Nicaragua | 4:32.11 | NR |
| 23 | 2 | 7 | Krešimir Čač | Croatia | 4:34.02 | |
| 24 | 3 | 1 | Aleksandar Malenko | Macedonia | 4:34.06 | |
| 25 | 1 | 3 | Arsenio López | Puerto Rico | 4:34.81 | |
| 26 | 3 | 8 | Desmond Koh | Singapore | 4:36.87 | |
| 27 | 1 | 4 | Wan Azlan Abdullah | Malaysia | 4:38.95 | |

### Finals
#### Final B

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 9 | 4 | Frederik Hviid | Spain | 4:22.47 | |
| 10 | 3 | Toshiaki Kurasawa | Japan | 4:23.36 | |
| 11 | 2 | Tatsuya Kinugasa | Japan | 4:24.25 | |
| 12 | 7 | Ratapong Sirisanont | Thailand | 4:26.35 | NR |
| 13 | 8 | Alejandro Bermúdez | Colombia | 4:26.64 | NR |
| 14 | 6 | Josef Horký | Czech Republic | 4:28.39 | |
| 15 | 5 | Trent Steed | Australia | 4:29.35 | |
| | 1 | István Batházi | Hungary | DSQ | |

#### Final A

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | 3 | Tom Dolan | United States | 4:14.90 | |
| | 4 | Eric Namesnik | United States | 4:15.25 | |
| | 2 | Curtis Myden | Canada | 4:16.28 | NR |
| 4 | 7 | Matthew Dunn | Australia | 4:16.66 | OC |
| 5 | 5 | Marcel Wouda | Netherlands | 4:17.71 | |
| 6 | 1 | Luca Sacchi | Italy | 4:18.31 | |
| 7 | 6 | Marcin Maliński | Poland | 4:20.50 | |
| 8 | 8 | Serghei Mariniuc | Moldova | 4:21.15 | |
# Chattergam

Chattergam is an Upper Town in B.K Pora Block of district Budgam of the Jammu and Kashmir. It is 9.8 km away from the Srinagar and 18 km from the district Budgam. Postal Head Office of Chattergam is Chadoora and its pincode is 191113.

## Demographics

As per the census of 2011, its total population was 3548, of which males are 1667 and 1881 are females.
# Adrianus van der Burch

Adrianus van der Burch or Vanderburchius (died 1606) was a Latin poet in the Dutch Republic.

## Life

He was born in Bruges, the son of Adrien van der Burch, and became clerk to the Court of Utrecht, of which his father had served as president. During the early decades of the Dutch Revolt he spent some time in exile in the Duchy of Cleves and then in Leiden, ultimately returning to Utrecht. He died in Utrecht on 24 December 1606.

## Works

* Laudes Hieronyma columnae, ascanii columnae (Antwerp, Plantin Press, 1582)
* Epigrammatum sacrorum centuriae II (Leiden, Franciscus Raphalengius, 1589)
* Epigrammatum centuriae III (1590)
* Hymnus paschalis, morte et resurrectione Christi (1590)
* Farrago piarum similitudinum (Leiden, Franciscus Raphalengius, 1593)
* Charites sive Silvas piorum amorum (1595)
* Fides ac spes (1597)
* Pia decasticha, seu sententiarum et exemplorum centuriae III (1599)
* Pii Lusus: In quibus Oscula & Oculi, ac post illos Tristia & Funera (Utrecht, Herman Borculos, 1600)
* Solatia, sive loci aliquot piarum consolationum (Utrecht, 1602)
* Piorum hexasticon centuriae IV (1603)
# Biochimie

Biochimie is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the fields of biochemistry, biophysics, and molecular biology. It is published by Elsevier on behalf of the Société française de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire [fr]. The journal, started as a French language publication, is also open to English language articles since the late 2000s. As of March 2021, the editor-in-chief is Bertrand Friguet, succeeding Richard H. Buckingham.

## History

The journal was established in 1914 under the title Bulletin de la Société de Chimie Biologique, obtaining its current title in 1971.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* BIOSIS Previews
* Chemical Abstracts Service
* Current Contents/Life Sciences
* Embase
* EMBiology
* Elsevier BIOBASE
* Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed
* PASCAL
* Science Citation Index Expanded
* Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.372.
# Dover Hill

Dover Hill can refer to:
* Dover Hill, Indiana, a town in the United States
* SS Dover Hill, a UK cargo ship completed in 1918 as SS Clan Macvicar, renamed SS Dover Hill in 1936 and scuttled in the Normandy landings in 1944
* SS Empire Nairobi, a UK Empire ship built in 1945, renamed SS Dover Hill in 1946, renamed five more times before being scrapped in 1968
# 7 km Farm

7 km Farm is a village in the Nicobar district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. It is located in the Great Nicobar tehsil.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, 7 km Farm has 37 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 83.33%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 141 | 72 | 69 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 27 | 12 | 15 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 87 | 42 | 45 |
| Literates | 95 | 52 | 43 |
| Workers (all) | 49 | 40 | 9 |
| Main workers (total) | 18 | 16 | 2 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 18 | 16 | 2 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 31 | 24 | 7 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 31 | 24 | 7 |
| Non-workers | 92 | 32 | 60 |
# Education in Bashkortostan

Education in Bashkortostan is part of the education system in Russia. A distinctive feature of this system is the possibility of studying in the Bashkir and Tatar languages and learning the languages of the national minority peoples in secondary schools with reservations: a substantial number of school students studying in Russian languages.

## Education in national minority languages in secondary schools

According to the Ministry of Education of Bashkortostan schoolchildren taught fourteen native languages at 2000 year. They are Bashkir, Russian, Tatar, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovian, German, Latvian, Ukrainian, Byelorussian, Greek, Jewish and Polish.
Taking into account needs of the republic for the teachers of native languages, there have been opened departments in Birsk State Pedagogical Institute (now Birsk branch of the Bashkir State University) for training them: teachers of the Bashkort language and literature — 1996; teachers of the Tatar language and literature — 1995; teachers of the Mari language and literature — 1993.

### Education in Bashkir

Bashkir language is one of official languages of Bashkortostan. After 2010, the number of hours for studying the Bashkir language, literature, history and culture of Bashkortostan has drastically reduced in the republic under various pretexts in the curricula of schools. There is an acute question of the development of Bashkir schools. Under various pretexts, the federal authorities give priority to Russian schools. But unlike the Bashkir schools, all subjects in them, naturally, are conducted in Russian, because they face completely different tasks. Bashkir children studying in this way are deprived of the opportunity to study their native language, literature, history and culture of the people.

### Education in Tatar

Since 2002, secondary school number 84 was reformed for the gymnasium with the Tatar language of studying.

### Education in Moksha and Erzya

As of 2017 the Mordovian language was studied in six schools, and specialists in the field of the Mordovian language are trained for Bashkortostan schools on the basis of the Sterlitamak multi-vocational college.

### Education in Armenian

The State Armenian School in Ufa was established by a decree of the Head of the Ufa City Administration in 2001.

### Education in Hebrew

A Jewish secondary school in Ufa opened in 2003 with reservations: limited reception children are not Jewish.
# Coelomomyces elegans

Coelomomyces elegans is a species of mosquito parasitic fungi, in the genus Coelomomyces. It has been found in Culex gelidus mosquitoes, in Matara, Sri Lanka.
It is distinguishable from other species of Coelomomycetacea by its resting sporangia, which are ornamented by circular depressed areas with papillae. Other distinct features include prominent vertical striae within ridges and a dehiscence split bordered by papillae.
# Daman taluka

Daman Tehsil is the only tehsil (Taluk) of union territory Daman district located in western India. Daman is the headquarters of the tehsil and district.

## Villages in Daman Tehsil

Source:
* Daman
* Bhamati
* Bhimpore
* Dabhel
* Damanwada
* Deva Paradi
* Devaka
* Dholar
* Dunetha
* Jampor
* Nanivankad
* Kachigam
* Kadaiya
* Magarwada
* Marwad
* Nayala Paradi
* Palhit
* Pariyari
* Ringanwada
* Thana Paradi
* Varkund
* Zari
# About U

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| DIY | |
| Sputnikmusic | 3.5/5 |
| The Line of Best Fit | 9/10 |
About U is the debut studio album by American band Muna, released through RCA Records on February 3, 2017. It is a dark-pop, synth-pop. and dance-pop album influenced by 80's new wave.

## Background

"Winterbreak", the lead single from About U, was released on February 19, 2016. The track went on to peak at number 31 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart. "Loudspeaker" followed as the second single on April 8, 2016. The release of "Loudspeaker" was accompanied by an EP of the same name, which included the title track, as well "So Special", "Winterbreak" and "Promise", all of which ended up on About U. They performed the song on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon on November 4, 2016.
"I Know a Place" was released as the third single from the album on December 2, 2016. The song peaked at number 39 on the Adult Top 40 Airplay chart. The band performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on February 7, 2017 with new anti-Trump lyrics. "Crying on the Bathroom Floor" was released as the album's fourth single on January 20, 2017.
On March 9, 2018 the band released the EP About U: One Year On which featured acoustic versions of "Crying on the Bathroom Floor", "If U Love Me Now", and "I Know a Place".

## Critical reception

About U received critical acclaim upon release. Tim Sendra of AllMusic called the album "a promising debut" "with a pleasingly direct lyrical approach, very assured vocals, and enough songs with sharp enough hooks ("Loudspeaker"), emotional punches ("Winterbreak"), or both ("End of Desire") to make it worth the effort to check the record out." DIY's El Hunt called About U "an album that captures the soaring highs and plunging lows [of life], all in one brilliantly executed swoop." Pip Williams, writing for The Line of Best Fit praised the band for representing queer women in their songs, saying "its twelve tracks are an unflinching and unapologetic documentation of the LA trio's lives, and by extension the lives of so many queer women the world over. To hear our own lives reflected in music made by people like us is still devastatingly rare; and to hear a pop album openly mention queer sex in its opening track ("So Special") is even more so."
About U placed at number 41 on Billboard's list of the best albums of 2017 and the 20th best of the year by The Line of Best Fit.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by and produced by Muna

## Charts

Chart performance for About U :
| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) | 7 |
# Ellen Eddy Shaw

Ellen Eddy Shaw (April 1, 1874 – December 20, 1960) was an American writer, editor, and teacher on gardening and farming. From 1913 to 1945, she was Curator of Elementary Instruction at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

## Early life

Shaw was born in Woburn, Massachusetts, the daughter of Marcus Morton Shaw and Jane Elizabeth Cobb Shaw. She graduated from Woburn High School in 1893, and earned a bachelor's degree from Tufts College and began medical school there, before she left to care for her ailing father, and began a teaching career instead.

## Career

Shaw taught school as a young woman, and supervised the nature study program at the Ethical Culture School in New York. She edited the children's page of Garden magazine, and the nature department of Country Life in America. She wrote The Library of Work and Play: Gardening and Farming (1911), and Garden Flowers of Spring, Summer, and Autumn (1917, 3 volumes). She was managing editor of the magazine of the National Plant, Flower, and Fruit Guild. She was president of the American Nature Study Society in 1939 and 1940, vice president of the National Council of Garden Teachers, and secretary of the School Garden Association of America.
Shaw was Curator of Elementary Instruction at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden from 1913 until she retired in 1945. Under her guidance, over half a million city children were exposed to gardening and nature study. She gave nature programs, taught workshops, raised funds, held events, and wrote about the garden's work in national publications. She lectured about her work in England in 1931, and in Amsterdam in 1935. She ran the BBG Children's Garden Club, providing scaled-down garden tools and incentives (including scholarship money, medals and badges), for children who created rooftop gardens, raised vegetables, and identified flower specimens, among other achievements. She encouraged older children to recruit younger children into gardening tasks, and rewarded acts of responsibility and cooperation. "Children are my job," she explained in 1925, "and what I try to teach them here primarily is not gardening, but I strive to make of them better men and women I try to show them, through the solving of problems here, how to learn life's lessons."
Shaw retired in September 1945 and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden established the Ellen Eddy Shaw Fellowship to honor her contributions. The first recipient of that fellowship was Elizabeth Hess.

## Personal life

Shaw died in 1960, aged 86 years, in Taunton, Massachusetts. Shaw's Children's Garden remains as an educational program of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
# 1985 Italian Open – Women's singles

Manuela Maleeva was the defending champion, but did not compete this year.
Raffaella Reggi won the title by defeating Vicki Nelson-Dunbar 6–4, 6–4 in the final. Reggi became the last Italian tennis player, male or female, on winning the tournament. No other Italian player reached the final until the 2014 edition, where Sara Errani lost against Serena Williams.

## Seeds

* Myriam Schropp (quarterfinals)
* Raffaella Reggi (champion)
* Iva Budařová (quarterfinals)
* Sandra Cecchini (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First Round | First Round | First Round | First Round | First Round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | M Schropp | 4 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Longo | 6 | 4 | 4 | 1 | M Schropp | 2 | 0 | | | | | | | | | |
| Q | L Golarsa | 1 | 6 | 1 | | V Nelson-Dunbar | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | V Nelson-Dunbar | 6 | 2 | 6 | | | | | | | V Nelson-Dunbar | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| 4 | S Cecchini | 2 | 1 | | | | | | | | L Garrone | 4 | 0 | | | | |
| | L Garrone | 6 | 6 | | | L Garrone | 6 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| LL | I Cueto | 6 | 6 | | LL | I Cueto | 3 | 6 | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| | C Jexell | 2 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | V Nelson-Dunbar | 4 | 4 |
| Q | C Nozzoli | 0 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | 2 | R Reggi | 6 | 6 |
| | A Kanellopoulou | 6 | 1 | 2 | Q | C Nozzoli | 7 | 2 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| | M Skuherská | 2 | 4 | | 3 | I Budařová | 5 | 6 | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | I Budařová | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | Q | C Nozzoli | 0 | 1 | | | | |
| | A Villagrán | 6 | 6 | 2 | | | | | | 2 | R Reggi | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| | K Skronská | 4 | 7 | 6 | | K Skronská | 6 | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| | J Golder | 2 | 4 | | 2 | R Reggi | 3 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | R Reggi | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Bipradas Pipilai

Bipradas Pipilai was a 15th-century poet. He was the son of Mukunda Pipilai, the family hailed from Baduria-Batagram in 24 Parganas, now in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## The Manasa Vijay

He was one of the poets who contributed to the Manasamangal genre of poems in praise of the serpent-goddess, Manasa. So far, three of his manuscripts have been discovered. Initially, an incomplete version of his work was edited and published by Haraprasad Shastri in 1897 based on two manuscripts discovered till then. In 1953, a complete version of the text was edited and published by Sukumar Sen under the title Vipradāsa's Manasā-Vijaya as a part of the Bibliotheca Indica series of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. It was based on all three manuscripts. In these manuscripts, the date of his work is found as 1417 Saka era (1495-96). Bijay Gupta of Barisal wrote his Manasamangal at around the same time.
Bipradas is particularly well known for his vivid description of the journeys of the merchant Chand Sadagar, giving details of Saptagram and the lower reaches of the Hooghly-Saraswati rivers.
# Alberto Dell'Acqua

Alberto Dell'Acqua (born 14 March 1938) is an Italian actor and stuntman. He appeared in more than forty films since 1955 mostly Italian Spaghetti Westerns, and was often credited as Robert Widmark, Cole Kitosh, Al Waterman and Albert Nova.

## Selected filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2001 | Nella terra di nessuno | | Italian Film |
| 1998 | The Son of Sandokan | Jafar | Italian TV Series |
| 1989 | After Death | Scientist | Italian Film |
| 1983 | Endgame | Gabe Mantrax | Italian Film |
| 1979 | Zombi 2 | Zombi | Italian/American Film |
| 1977 | Quel pomeriggio maledetto | Luc | Italian Film |
| 1977 | Babanın Evlatları | Pire Mehmet | Turkish Film |
| 1976 | Baş Belası | Piç Rıza / Fırlama Necmi | Turkish Film |
| 1975 | Üç Kağıtçılar / Che Carambole Ragazzi | Piç Rıza | Turkish/Italian film; Bilingual film |
| 1975 | Zwei Teufelskerle auf dem Weg ins Kloster [de] | Jim | West German/Italian Film |
| 1974 | Dschungelmädchen für zwei Halunken [de] | Jeff | West German/Italian Film |
| 1974 | Man with the Golden Winchester | Don Rocardo Villaverde / Zorro | aka Son of Zorro; Italian/Spanish Film |
| 1973 | Battle of the Amazons | Llio | Italian/Spanish Film |
| 1972 | Alleluja e Sartana figli di... Dio | Sartana | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1972 | Trinità e Sartana figli di... | Sartana | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1970 | I vendicatori dell'Ave Maria | Pete | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1969 | Boot Hill | Sam | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1968 | Vengeance | Richie | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1968 | Long Days of Hate | Rooney | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1968 | Il suo nome gridava vendetta | | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1968 | A Sky Full of Stars for a Roof | | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1968 | Kill Them All and Come Back Alone | The Kid | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1968 | Man, Pride and Vengeance | Remendado | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1968 | A Minute to Pray, a Second to Die | | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1968 | Il suo nome gridava vendetta | | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1967 | Wanted | | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1967 | Up the MacGregors! | Dick MacGregor | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1966 | Texas, Adios | Jim Sullivan | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1965 | Seven Guns for the MacGregors | Dick MacGregor | Italian Spaghetti Western |
| 1964 | Giants of Rome | Valerius | Italian/French Film |
| 1955 | La Rossa | Bambino | Italian Film |
# Scroogenomics

Scroogenomics is a non-fiction book written by the economist Joel Waldfogel.

## Overview

In his book Waldfogel argues that purchasing gifts for other people is a "terrible way to allocate resources" as a result of gift givers' lack of knowledge of the recipients' true preferences. Waldfogel estimates that approximately $12 billion a year in the U.S. and $25 billion a year worldwide is misallocated in Yuletide giftgiving, which he calls "an orgy of wealth destruction".