# Blackwood-class frigate

The Type 14 Blackwood class were a ship class of minimal "second-rate" anti-submarine warfare frigates. Built for the Royal Navy during the 1950s at a time of increasing threat from the Soviet Union's submarine fleet, they served until the late 1970s. Twelve ships of this class served with the Royal Navy and a further three were built for the Indian Navy.

## Design

The Type 14 frigates were designed to be cheaper and smaller than the expensive Type 12 frigates. Although they lacked gun armament, their anti-submarine armament of two Limbo mortars, Mk 20 torpedoes and sonar fit equalled the larger Type 12, and as the crews of the Type 14 concentrated almost entirely on practising anti-submarine warfare, they were often the most effective frigates in anti-submarine exercises until the mid 1960s. The class were entirely specialised for the anti-submarine role and hence had little capability in any other, though they did perform fishery protection duties during the confrontations with Iceland over fishing rights.
In the late 1950s, during their time on patrols around Iceland to ensure that Iceland did not interfere with British fishermen's attempts to fish, problems were found with the hulls of the Type 14s in such heavy waters, so that their hulls had to be strengthened to cope with these patrols. However, they proved to be good sea boats throughout the dispute, which continued into the mid-1970s. The low profile of the superstructure was a deliberate design feature to confuse enemy attackers. The Type 14 design was flawed by the lack of a gun, and also by general lack of space. After experience with these frigates, the Admiralty decided that quality was the top priority of all ships, even though it meant having a smaller fleet.
One of the ships, Exmouth, was later converted 1966–1968 to act as experimental trials vessel for gas turbine propulsion, becoming the first major warship of the Royal Navy to be entirely powered by gas turbines. In this configuration she was easily distinguishable from other members of the class due to her larger (non-cylindrical, streamlined) funnel and large air intakes sited immediately fore and aft of the funnel. The success of these trials led to the adoption of all-gas turbine propulsion as standard on subsequent Royal Navy warship designs (Type 21 & 22 Frigates, Type 42 destroyers, 'Invincible' class carriers).

## Service

The Type 14s' limited size, at just 310 feet (94 m), restricted them from operating past the 1970s as anti-submarine ships. Their small hull limited the extent of modifications and upgrades possible, preventing the Type 14s from being armed with more effective weapons, effectively rendering them obsolete. All were decommissioned in the 1970s. The last operational were the gas powered Exmouth in 1977 and Hardy which attended the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 1977 and deployed again from the standby squadron in 1978.

### In film

The 1960 Norman Wisdom film The Bulldog Breed was made in Portland harbour with co-operation from the Royal Navy, and features several of the Blackwood-class frigates. An early scene shows a flotilla of Type 14s led by Murray. The 1958 British comedy "Further Up The Creek" features the fictional HMS Aristotle, a type 14 frigate. HMS Pellew (F62) appeared in 1961 British monster movie "Gorgo". HMS Dundas appeared in the Ava Gardner film The Little Hut in 1957.

## Ships
### Royal Navy

The Royal Navy ships were all named after British captains. Many had been in the Napoleonic wars and some were present at the Battle of Trafalgar.
* Blackwood – Henry Blackwood
* Duncan – Adam Duncan
* Dundas – James Whitley Deans Dundas
* Exmouth – Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
* Grafton – Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton
* Hardy – Thomas Hardy
* Keppel – Augustus Keppel
* Malcolm – Pulteney Malcolm
* Murray – George Murray
* Palliser – Hugh Palliser
* Pellew – Israel Pellew
* Russell – Thomas McNamara Russell

### Indian Navy

Three ships were built for the Indian Navy in the late 1950s
* Khukri, sunk by the Pakistani submarine PNS Hangor on 8 December 1971 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
* Kirpan
* Kuthar

## Construction programme

| Navy | Pennant | Name | (a) Hull builder (b) Main machinery manufacturers | Laid down | Launched | Accepted into service | Commissioned | Estimated building cost | Fate |
| Royal Navy | F54 | Hardy | (a) & (b) Yarrow and Co Ltd, Scotstoun, Glasgow | 4 February 1953 | 25 November 1953 | 8 December 1955 | 15 December 1955 | £1,449,000 | Operational to 1977,final active deployment from standby squadron in 1978, sunk as target 1984. |
| Royal Navy | F48 | Dundas | (a) & (b) JS White and Co Ltd, Cowes, Isle of Wight | 17 October 1952 | 25 September 1953 | March 1956 | 16 March 1956 | £1,434,000 | Broken up 1983. |
| Royal Navy | F91 | Murray | (a) & (b) Alexander Stephen and Sons Ltd, Glasgow | 30 November 1953 | 22 February 1955 | 5 June 1956 | 5 June 1956 | £1,625,000 | Broken up 1970. |
| Royal Navy | F85 | Keppel | (a) & (b) Yarrow and Co Ltd, Scotstoun, Glasgow | 27 March 1953 | 31 August 1954 | 6 July 1956 | 6 July 1956 | £1,506,000 | Broken up 1979. |
| Royal Navy | F62 | Pellew | (a) Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd, Wallsend-on-Tyne (b) The Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Co Ltd, Wallsend-on-Tyne | 5 November 1953 | 29 September 1954 | 26 July 1956 | 26 July 1956 | £1,548,000 | Broken up 1971. |
| Royal Navy | F51 | Grafton | (a) & (b) JS White and Co Ltd, Cowes, Isle of Wight | 25 February 1953 | 13 February 1954 | 8 January 1957 | 8 January 1957 | £1,411,000 | Broken up 1971. |
| Royal Navy | F97 | Russell | (a) Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd, Wallsend-on-Tyne (b) The Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Co Ltd, Wallsend-on-Tyne | 11 November 1953 | 10 December 1954 | 7 February 1957 | 7 February 1957 | £1,581,000 | Broken up 1985. |
| Royal Navy | F78 | Blackwood | (a) & (b) JI Thornycroft and Co Ltd, Woolston, Southampton | 14 September 1953 | 4 October 1955 | August 1957 | 22 August 1957 | £1,769,000 | Broken up 1976. |
| Royal Navy | F88 | Malcolm | (a) Yarrow and Co Ltd, Scotstoun, Glasgow (b) Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Co, Wallsend-on-Tyne | 1 February 1954 | 18 October 1955 | December 1957 | 12 December 1957 | £1,582,000 | Broken up 1978. |
| Royal Navy | F94 | Palliser | (a) & (b) Alexander Stephen and Sons Ltd, Glasgow | 15 March 1955 | 10 May 1956 | December 1957 | 13 December 1957 | £1,620,000 | Broken up 1983. |
| Royal Navy | F84 | Exmouth | (a) & (b) JS White and Co Ltd, Cowes, Isle of Wight | 24 March 1954 | 16 November 1955 | December 1957 | 20 December 1957 | £1,422,000 | Broken up 1979. |
| Royal Navy | F80 | Duncan | (a) & (b) JI Thornycroft and Co Ltd, Woolston, Southampton | 17 December 1953 | 30 May 1957 | October 1958 | 21 October 1958 | £1,960,000 | Broken up 1985. |
| Indian Navy | F149 | Khukri | (a) & (b) JS White and Co Ltd, Cowes, Isle of Wight | 29 December 1955 | 20 November 1956 | | 16 July 1958 | | Torpedoed and sunk by the Pakistan submarine Hangor 9 December 1971. |
| Indian Navy | F144 | Kirpan | (a) & (b) Alexander Stephen and Sons Ltd, Glasgow | 5 November 1956 | 19 August 1958 | | July 1959 | | Transferred to Coast Guard Service 1978. Decommissioned 1987. |
| Indian Navy | F146 | Kuthar | (a) & (b) JS White and Co Ltd, Cowes, Isle of Wight | 19 September 1957 | 14 October 1958 | | November 1959 | | Transferred to Coast Guard Service 1978. Decommissioned September 1988. |

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 Marriott,Leo, 'Royal Navy Frigates Since 1945', Second Edition, ISBN 0-7110-1915-0, Published by Ian Allan Ltd (Surrey, UK), 1990
* ↑ Purvis,M.K., 'Post War RN Frigate and Guided Missile Destroyer Design 1944–1969', Transactions, Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA), 1974
* ↑ Freidman, Norman (2006). British Frigates and Destroyers: The Second World War and After. p. 236.
* ↑ "Unit cost, i.e. excluding cost of certain items (e.g. aircraft, First Outfits)." Text from Defences Estimates
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Navy Estimates, 1956–57, pages 238–9, List and particulars of new ships which have been accepted or are expected to be accepted into HM service during the Financial Year ended 31 March 1956
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 page 515.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Blackman, Raymond VB Jane's Fighting Ships, 1961–62 pub Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd, page 270.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Navy Estimates, 1957-8, pages 234–5, List and particulars of new ships which have been accepted or are expected to be accepted into HM service during the Financial Year ended 31 March 1957
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Navy Estimates, 1958–59, pages 234–5, List and particulars of new ships which have been accepted or are expected to be accepted into HM service during the Financial Year ended 31 March 1958
* 1 2 3 Navy Estimates, 1959–60, pages 230–1, List and particulars of new ships which have been accepted or are expected to be accepted into HM service during the Financial Year ended 31 March 1959
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Blackman, Raymond VB Jane's Fighting Ships, 1961–62 pub Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd, page 114.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 page 173.
* ↑ Prezelin, Bernard Combat Fleets of the World 1990, pub Naval Institute Press, 1990, page 245.
* ↑ Ministry of Defence Annual Report 1988, pub Government of India, 1988, page 7.

## Publications

* Purvis, M.K., 'Post War RN Frigate and Guided Missile Destroyer Design 1944–1969', Transactions, Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA), 1974
* Marriott, Leo, 'Royal Navy Frigates Since 1945', Second Edition, ISBN 0-7110-1915-0, Published by Ian Allan Ltd (Surrey, UK), 1990
* Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
* "Indian Navy - Blackwood Class Type 14 Frigates". Marine News Supplement: Warships. 76 (5): S277–S281. May 2022. ISSN 0966-6958.