# November 2024 Amsterdam riots

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On 6 and 7 November 2024, before and after a UEFA Europa League football match in Amsterdam between Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. and Dutch club AFC Ajax, tensions over the Israel–Hamas war escalated to violence. Targets of the violence included Israeli Maccabi Tel Aviv fans, a taxi driver, and some pro-Palestinian protesters. Seven people, including five Israelis, were sent to hospital and 20–30 people sustained light injuries. At least 71 people were arrested, including 49 Dutch nationals or residents and 10 Israelis.
In the run-up to the match, Maccabi Tel Aviv fans were filmed pulling Palestinian flags from houses, making racist anti-Arab chants, assaulting people, and vandalising local property. Plans to attack Israeli fans were subsequently shared through messaging apps with one chat calling for a "Jew hunt". After the match, a group of Maccabi fans were recorded assaulting people in the city centre, whilst Maccabi Tel Aviv supporters were ambushed and assaulted across the city. Individuals were attacked with fireworks, physically assaulted, and spat on.
The attacks on Israeli fans were condemned as antisemitic by Amsterdam mayor Femke Halsema, Dutch prime minister Dick Schoof, King Willem-Alexander, and several international leaders. The failure to condemn the Israeli fans' attacks, and the characterisation of such condemnation as "antisemitic", was also described as being one-sided.
The Palestinian Foreign Ministry, Palestinian Football Association, and UN Secretary-General António Guterres were among those condemning the attacks and other actions of the Israeli fans as anti-Arab and anti-Palestinian racism. Four days after the riots, Halsema published a report compiled with the chief prosecutor and chief of police which said the events were caused by a "toxic combination of antisemitism, hooliganism, and anger about the conflicts in ... the Middle East", and condemned racist violence against "all minority groups".

## Background

After the onset of the Israel–Hamas war on 7 October 2023, a number of protests related to the war have taken place in the Netherlands.
The Maccabi Tel Aviv fan base is known to include far-right ultra groups that have been involved in racist incidents in Israel in the past, including directing racist abuse at Arab and black players on their own team. In March, prior to a game against Olympiacos F.C. in Athens, a man carrying a Palestinian flag was taken to hospital after an altercation with a group of Maccabi fans. Other European matches played by Maccabi Tel Aviv this season had passed without violence, although a Men's National League game between Belgium and Israel, on 6 September 2024, had to be played behind closed doors in Hungary, after the Royal Belgian Football Association had declined to host the match due to security concerns.

### Prelude

The match between Ajax and Maccabi Tel Aviv was a Europa League group stage match held at the Johan Cruyff Arena. Ahead of the game, Amsterdam mayor Femke Halsema prohibited pro-Palestinian protests near the stadium due to concerns over possible violence. Halsema requested an additional threat assessment from the National Coordinator for Counterterrorism and Security (NCTV), noting increased tensions due to the Israel–Hamas war and the upcoming commemoration of the Kristallnacht, but the NCTV found no specific threats. Mossad agents joined the team on their trip to "provide maximum protection", and Amsterdam police increased their presence in the city centre the night before the match.
After the event, Israel claimed that it had warned the Dutch government of a potential threat to Israelis and Jews in the Netherlands, but the Netherlands denied this. The match was not initially flagged as high-risk, as Ajax is traditionally associated with Judaism, but the municipality nevertheless decided to treat it as such. Local authorities cited concerns over the potential for conflict in various areas, as "distressing" incidents targeting minorities—including Jews, Muslims and Palestinians specifically—had occurred before. A pro-Palestinian protester, who had called for a boycott of Maccabi Tel Aviv to match the boycott of Russian teams, had been attacked by Ajax supporters near Central Station on 2 November 2024.

## Riots
### 6 November

Tensions rose on the evening of 6 November, when 200 Maccabi supporters walked through the city centre and taxi drivers shouted "free Palestine" when passing them. There were also reports of Maccabi supporters shouting "fuck you Palestine".
A group of Maccabi Fanatics chased two men, beating one with a belt as he tried to escape in a taxi. After the police arrived, the group ran away, joining other Maccabi ultras, nearly all of whom wore black clothing instead of team colours, walking towards Rokin. This group of around 50 Maccabi supporters gathered in front of Villa Mokum, a squat where several Palestinian flags were displayed.
Residents of the squat barricaded themselves inside while one of the ultras ripped the flags off. Maccabi fans reportedly kicked the doors and tried to enter the house, threatening to kill the residents. Video footage showed a police car passing without stopping, leading to criticism on social media. A group of supporters vandalised a nearby taxi, including hitting the window with an object and trying to force the windows and doors open, while the driver was inside.
After Israeli fans' location was shared by a security guard, dozens of taxi drivers and scooters arrived at the casino where 200 of them were gathered. Several Israeli fans were chased inside. The police arrived and escorted the fans out.
A Maccabi supporter was also chased into the canal around 3.15am and forced to yell "Free Palestine", while people on the quay shouted Kankerjood ("cancer Jew"). Around the same time, two Israeli men were beaten and their phones and passports stolen by a group of men arriving by taxi near Stopera. Amsterdam police said they had prevented other disturbances, and that by 3.30am everything in the city had quietened down.
After the incidents on Wednesday night and throughout Thursday, calls for attacks on Israeli supporters were shared in Telegram, Snapchat, and WhatsApp. At least one chat referred to it as a "Jew hunt".

### 7 November
#### Before the match

City officials met at 11am to discuss whether to cancel the game due to the "aggression shown by Maccabi supporters and the reaction of the taxi drivers". They decided to let the game proceed, opening the stadium earlier to allow Israeli fans to clear the streets sooner, and asking the football clubs and taxi companies to avoid politics and maintain the peace.
That afternoon, pro-Palestinian demonstrators held a demonstration at Anton de Komplein [nl], near the football stadium. Some protesters attempted to reach the stadium, despite the protest ban, while a group of Ajax hooligans attempted to approach the protesters. The police successfully prevented both groups from reaching each other. The commemoration of the Kristallnacht in the city centre proceeded without disruptions.
Maccabi Fanatics also convened in the city centre at 1pm, in particular around Dam Square, displaying banners for Israeli soldiers and setting off flares. They chanted, among other things, "Fuck the Arabs". Counterdemonstrators chanted anti-Israeli slogans. Police instructed individuals displaying pro-Palestinian symbols or chanting slogans like "Free Palestine" to leave the square.
At around 5pm, the Maccabi ultras moved towards the stadium, leading to fights in side streets and in Station Square. On their way to the match, Israeli fans chanted "Ole ole ole, let the IDF win and f--- the Arabs" and "Why is there no school in Gaza? There are no children left there." At the stadium, a group of Maccabi fans interrupted a minute of silence for the victims of the 2024 Spanish floods with anti-Palestinian chanting and whistles.

#### After the match

After the game, Maccabi supporters moved to the city centre. Israeli fans were filmed singing anti-Arab songs while police escorted them to the metro. Another video showed Israeli supporters pulling down another Palestinian flag from a building, accompanied by chants of "Olé, olé" and "fuck you". A group of Maccabi fans were also recorded walking through the city centre and assaulting people with belts. After midnight, chanting Maccabi supporters kicked the front door of a woman with a pro-Palestinian poster in her window.
According to the Dutch police, Maccabi Tel Aviv supporters were ambushed in various locations throughout the city. Halsema said the attacks included "hit-and-run" assaults by "boys on scooters". Footage showed fans being beaten and chased with knives. Eyewitnesses reported attempted stabbings, individuals being thrown into a river, and attackers beating and spitting on Israelis. One man was kicked repeatedly while apparently unconscious in the street.
Footage showed a group of men being chased down a street in the city centre and being struck by someone out of shot; one man on the ground repeatedly shouted: "I'm not Jewish!" Dutch police attempted to protect Israeli fans and organised buses to take them to their hotels.
A video captured after midnight by Dutch photographer Annet de Graaf, and verified by The New York Times, showed a group of Maccabi fans picking up pipes and boards from a construction site, then chasing and beating a man. Teenage reporter Benderbij, who also filmed the Maccabi fans after the match, said "the group threw the iron bars at police cars" before an arrest was made. Later, the group threatened the teenager to stop filming.
Dutch authorities said that attackers made a distinction between Jewish Amsterdammers and visiting fans, saying there was no sign of attacks on the former, and no sign of attacks on Jewish synagogues. Most of the people involved in the attacks on Maccabi fans were taxi drivers and youths on scooters, who believed there were ex-IDF soldiers and Mossad agents among the Maccabi fans.

### Further unrest

In the nights following the attacks, people thought to be Jewish continued to be targeted, including being forced out of taxis and ordered to show their passports to check if they were Israeli. On 11 November, four days after the attacks, Amsterdam police made multiple arrests after clashes in Amsterdam's '40-'45 Square between dozens of rioters and officers. One person was filmed shouting "cancer Jews", and an empty tram was damaged by fireworks. Amsterdam police said it was not clear there was a direct connection to the previous week's unrest, and some arrests were made separately from the tram incident.

## Aftermath

The five people who were hospitalized were eventually released, while approximately 20 to 30 others sustained minor injuries. Following the return of Maccabi fans to Israel, a video was posted on social media showing them chanting the racist slogans they had chanted in Amsterdam, including: "Why is school out in Gaza? There are no children left there."
Amsterdam officials issued an emergency ordinance banning any demonstrations for three days after the overnight attacks, and giving Dutch police the authority to stop and search individuals. Police were also stationed in larger numbers at Jewish institutions across the city. A bomb threat on a synagogue turned out to be false, and calls to attack mosques circulated online. The ordinance was extended for four more days on 10 November. The organisations Erev Rav, an anti-Zionist group, and the Stop Racism and Fascism Platform cancelled a local Kristallnacht commemoration due to the "violent" Maccabi supporters, describing the subsequent violence as "resistance against the hooligans" and saying they had no confidence in the authorities to guarantee the safety of the event.
On 13 November 2024, pro-Palestinian protesters who had assembled in Dam Square despite the protesting ban were filmed apparently being attacked by police. Mayor Halsema said a high priority investigation by the police and the prosecution service had been launched into the incident and whether the violence was "in accordance with official instructions". Halsema ended the protest ban on 14 November 2024, saying that enforcing the ban had become "untenable".
In preparation for the 2024–25 UEFA Nations League match on 14 November between France and Israel at Stade de France near Paris, French authorities mobilised over 4,000 law enforcement officers throughout the city with RAID escorting the Israeli team and their fans. Security checks near the stadium were also increased and a ban on political messages and Palestinian flags in the stadium was enforced. Despite this, some Israeli officials urged fans not to attend for their safety.

### Legal

A total of 71 people were arrested in relation to the football match. Before and during the match, police arrested 62 people, including three for public violence. Among the people arrested were 49 Dutch residents and 10 Israelis. No arrests were made after the match, on the night of 7 November, but the police announced they would be searching for suspects.
In December 2024, five people were convicted for their role in the violence, with sentences of up to six months in prison. A 19-year-old was tried under juvenile law and given 100 hours' community service. The prosecutor said the violence was "influenced by the situation in Gaza, not by antisemitism", and said "there was no evidence of ... a terrorist intent". The prosecution also said the violence had "little to do" with soccer. Six more suspects, including three minors, are due to be tried later in 2025. One suspect, a refugee from the Gaza Strip, will be tried for attempted manslaughter, pending psychiatric evaluation.

### Media reporting

The UK's Sky News and Israel's Channel 12 were criticised for editing reports and deleting social media posts referencing the anti-Arab behaviour of Israeli fans. Sky News removed references to Maccabi Tel Aviv fans tearing down a flag, even though the three men on video could be heard speaking Hebrew, and deleted a reference to Maccabi fans attacking locals. Channel 12 deleted a post about Maccabi Tel Aviv fans tearing down a Palestinian flag and having altercations with Muslim taxi drivers after the network faced backlash, including from Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu's son Yair, who asked: "Whose side is Channel 12 on?" on his Telegram channel.
Dutch photographer Annet de Graaf filmed Maccabi supporters attacking Amsterdammers, but many media outlets initially misreported that the video showed an "antisemitic" mob beating Israelis. The New York Times attributed this to an error made by Reuters, who syndicated the footage. Several media outlets issued a correction or clarification, including The Guardian, The New York Times, the BBC, DW, and Tagesschau.
Guardian columnist Owen Jones criticised media coverage of the events for failing to cover the Israeli supporters' behaviour in the run-up to the clashes, saying, "if you condemn racist fanatics literally relishing in the mass slaughter of children, then you will be branded a hateful bigot". Marc Owen Jones, a disinformation expert and associate professor at Hamad Bin Khalifa University in Qatar, said that media outlets from The New York Times to the BBC had given a "ridiculously skewed" version of events and "uncritically embraced what looked like an Israeli government press release".

## Response
### Netherlands

The attacks were condemned by Dutch authorities, who described them as antisemitic. Some Israeli and Dutch authors also described the incident as a pogrom.
Dutch Prime Minister Dick Schoof said he was "horrified" by the "antisemitic attacks" on Israelis, and that the country had "failed" its Jewish community. He said the attackers would be found and prosecuted, and cancelled his attendance at the 2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Azerbaijan to monitor the response to the unrest. Schoof also criticised comparisons between the actions of the Israeli fans and the attacks on Israeli fans that followed. He said Israeli fans' actions would also be investigated, but added: "There is nothing, absolutely nothing to serve as an excuse for the deliberate search and hunting down of Jews." Justice Minister David van Weel said the perpetrators would be held accountable. VVD leader Dilan Yeşilgöz described the images as "incredibly sick" and the attacks as "pure Jew-hatred." King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands expressed "deep horror and shock" at the attacks, adding: "We failed the Jewish community of the Netherlands during World War II, and last night we failed again."
The responses of some far-right politicians, such as Geert Wilders, were criticised for weaponizing the incident against "Moroccans" and "multicultural scum", including calls to report those convicted of the attacks. On 15 November 2024, Nora Achahbar, the State Secretary for Benefits and Customs resigned from the cabinet, citing polarising comments by politicians both in the cabinet and to the public. This almost led to the collapse of the country's four-party governing coalition.
The Forward, a Jewish American newspaper, reported that many in the Netherlands' small Jewish community were worried about their own safety, as they were "treated like representatives of Israel". In a viral Instagram post, Jelle Zijlstra, a Jewish community organizer in Amsterdam, called for nuance as she condemned both the antisemitic attacks and the Maccabi "hooligans". A rabbinical student in Amsterdam said: "We don't know that the people who got attacked last night were those same people who chanted racist chants. There is real evidence that people went 'Jew hunting.'" In the aftermath of the attacks, some Dutch Jews said the attacks left them feeling unsafe in the Netherlands, prompting some to emigrate to Israel.

#### Amsterdam

Amsterdam mayor Femke Halsema initially described the attackers as "antisemitic hit-and-run squads" and said the incident reminded her of pogroms against Jews in Europe. Halsema later said she regretted her use of the word "pogrom" and condemned the weaponisation of the word to attack Dutch Muslims and Moroccans. She criticised Israeli and Dutch politicians for framing the violence as targeted attacks on Israelis by local Moroccans and Palestinians. She also said she had not been warned about Maccabi Tel Aviv supporters' history as "ultra-nationalists" before the match and called for an independent inquiry into the incident. Jazie Veldhuyzen, an Amsterdam councillor for the left-leaning De Vonk party, said "Maccabi hooligans" initiated the violence when they attacked local homes, and that the city and the right-wing government were exploiting the incidents to persecute migrants.
Four days after the events, the mayor's office published a report written with Chief Prosecutor René de Beukelaer and Police Chief Peter Holla which condemned violence against minority groups in the city, and said it would conduct an independent inquiry into the riots. It said the events were caused by a "toxic combination of antisemitism, hooliganism, and anger about the conflicts in Palestine and Israel, and other countries in the Middle East".

### Israel

Israeli president Isaac Herzog called the events an "anti-Semitic pogrom" and a warning to any nation that values freedom, but expressed confidence in the Dutch authorities' ability to protect Israelis and Jews. Israeli foreign minister Gideon Sa'ar advised Israelis in Amsterdam to stay in their hotels, and reached out to his Dutch counterpart, Caspar Veldkamp, for assistance in transporting Israeli citizens safely to the airport. Sa'ar described the events as "barbaric and antisemitic," and "a blaring alarm call for Europe and the world".
In a call with Dutch PM Schoof, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu emphasized the seriousness of the attacks and requested heightened security for Israelis and Dutch Jews. He also compared the attacks to the Kristallnacht, noting the attacks took place on its 86th anniversary. Yad Vashem also noted the anniversary, saying the events showed an "alarming resurgence of antisemitism". Netanyahu arranged for El Al, Israel's flag carrier, to run eight free rescue flights from Amsterdam to Tel Aviv, transporting 2,000 Israelis.
Some Israeli journalists were critical of the media coverage of the event. Israeli-American journalist Mairav Zonszein of the International Crisis Group said it was "absurd" to compare the violence in Amsterdam to the pogroms in Russia. Israeli journalist Gideon Levy contrasted the Amsterdam attacks with the "daily pogroms in the West Bank" against Palestinians and the war in Gaza.

### Palestine

The Palestinian Foreign Ministry issued a statement rejecting all forms of violence and condemning anti-Arab racism and the desecration of the Palestinian flag by Maccabi supporters. The ministry expressed concern over the three days of "violent acts" in the capital carried out by fans known for their "racist tendencies". The ministry called on the Dutch government to investigate those responsible for the unrest and to ensure the protection of Palestinians and Arabs, saying it was concerned Israeli settlers and soldiers were spreading "racist notions" across European cities. The ministry said the growing influence of these groups was a "direct attack on Palestinian identity and symbols". Tayseer Nasrallah, part of Fatah's internal parliamentary body, said the attacks were "proof that the world is sick of the Jews".
The Palestinian Football Association said they were "gravely concerned" about the incident, and condemned the anti-Palestinian racism and Islamophobia expressed by Maccabi Tel Aviv fans. It also said it had "presented FIFA with extensive evidence of such hateful expressions, yet concrete action remains lacking". According to France 24, no European leader condemned the racist anti-Arab chants or the violent actions carried out by the Israeli supporters.
Hamas senior spokesperson Sami Abu Zuhri said the Amsterdam unrest was a spontaneous response to Israel's actions in Gaza. He said the events illustrate the public reaction to the ongoing "Gaza genocide", and that ending the violence in Gaza was essential for upholding human rights and supporting both regional and global security.