# Red fascism

Red fascism is a concept equating Stalinism and other variants of Marxism–Leninism with fascism. As a term, it dates back to the 1920s and was originally used by left-wing individuals who were critics of Bolshevism; by the 1940s and the Cold War era, particularly in the United States, it was adapted as an anti-communist slogan within the framework of totalitarianism. Since the 1990s, the concept of red fascism began to overlap with that of red–brownism. Others, such as the French philosopher and journalist Bernard-Henri Lévy, associated it with red–green–brown alliances, "left-wing fascism" and the regressive left, and Islamofascism.
In the early 20th century, the original Italian fascists initially claimed to be "neither left-wing nor right-wing"; by 1921, they began to identify themselves as the "extreme right", and their founder Benito Mussolini explicitly affirmed that fascism is opposed to socialism and other left-wing ideologies. Accusations that the leaders of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era acted as "red fascists" have come from left-wing figures who identified as anarchists, left communists, social democrats, and other democratic socialists, as well as liberals and among right-wing circles both closer to and further from the political centre. The comparison of Nazism and Stalinism is controversial in academia.

## History
### Anti-Stalinist left origins

Use of the term "red fascist" was first recorded in the early 1920s, in the aftermath of both the Russian Revolution and the March on Rome. For instance, the Italian anarchist Luigi Fabbri wrote in 1922 that "red fascists" is "the name that had been given to those Bolshevik communists who are most inclined to espouse fascism's methods for use against their adversaries". In the following years, some socialists began to believe and argue that the Soviet government was becoming a red fascist state. Bruno Rizzi, an Italian Marxist and a founder of the Communist Party of Italy who became an anti-Stalinist, claimed in 1938 that "Stalinism [took on] a regressive course, generating a species of red fascism identical in its superstructural and choreographic features [with its fascist model]."
While primarily focused on critiquing Nazism, Wilhelm Reich considered Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union to have developed into red fascism. The term is often attributed to Franz Borkenau, a key proponent of the theory of totalitarianism, which posits that there are certain essential similarities between fascism and Stalinism. Borkenau used the term in 1939. Otto Rühle wrote that "the struggle against fascism must begin with the struggle against Bolshevism", adding that he believed the Soviets had influence on fascist states by serving as a model. In 1939, Rühle further professed:
   Russia was the example for fascism. ... Whether party 'communists' like it or not, the fact remains that the state order and rule in Russia are indistinguishable from those in Italy and Germany. Essentially they are alike. One may speak of a red, black, or brown 'soviet state', as well as of red, black or brown fascism.
Kurt Schumacher, who was imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps but survived World War II to become the first post-war SPD opposition leader in West Germany, described pro-Soviet communists as "red-painted fascists" or "red-lacquered Nazis". Similarly, the exiled Russian anarchist Volin, who saw the Soviet state as totalitarian and as an "example of integral state capitalism", used the term "red fascism" to describe it. In the United States, Norman Thomas (who ran for president numerous times under the Socialist Party of America banner), accused the Soviet Union in the 1940s of decaying into red fascism by writing: "Such is the logic of totalitarianism, [that] communism, whatever it was originally, is today red fascism." In the same period, the term was used by the New York Intellectuals, who were left-wing but sided against the Soviet Union in the developing Cold War.

### In the political mainstream during the Cold War

In the United States during and leading up to the Cold War, the term "red fascism" was used as an anti-communist slogan juxtaposing that Nazism and Stalinism were almost identical totalitarian systems. In a September 18, 1939, editorial, The New York Times reacted to the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact by declaring that "Hitlerism is brown communism, Stalinism is red fascism." The editorial further opined: "The world will now understand that the only real 'ideological' issue is one between democracy, liberty and peace on the one hand and despotism, terror and war on the other." After the war, in 1946, J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the FBI, gave a speech in which he said:
   Hitler, Tojo, and Mussolini brands of Fascism were met and defeated on the battle fıeld. All those who stand for the American way of life must arise and defeat Red Fascism in America by focusing upon it the spotlight of public opinion and by building up barriers of common decency through which it cannot penetrate.
The speech was reprinted in December 1946 in the Washington News Digest, and Hoover also entitled an article “Red Fascism in the United States Today” in American Magazine in February 1947. Also in 1946, Ukrainian writer Ivan Bahrianyi, in the pamphlet Why I Am Not Going Back to the Soviet Union, wrote about the Holodomor, repressions of Ukrainian intelligentsia, Soviet policy of Russification, and conception of the Soviet people. In one passage, he wrote:
Jack Tenney, an anti-communist politician who chaired the California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities, published a report entitled Red Fascism in 1947, which drew on the popular anti-fascism of the war years to portray the Soviet Union and Communism as similar to the Nazis. That same year, federal politicians Senator Everett Dirksen and Representative Henderson L. Lanham also used the term.

### Post-Cold War and contemporary

Lévy used "red fascism" in arguing that some European intellectuals have been infatuated with anti-Enlightenment theories and embraced a new absolutist ideology, one that is anti-liberal, anti-American, anti-imperialist, antisemitic, and pro-Islamofascist. In academic terms, "red–brownism" refers to the ideological convergence, emerging in the post-Soviet era and continuing to develop into the 21st century, among thinkers from European nationalist movements, Russian Marxist–Leninism, and the New Right. This movement has established red–brownism as a political opposition to capitalism, liberal democracy, the American way of life, and Western unipolarity, with strong Eurasianist undertones. In contemporary discourse, it is increasingly taking shape as a hub of dissent.