# Yangtze Delta

The Yangtze Delta or Yangtze River Delta (YRD), once known as the Shanghai Economic Zone, is a megalopolis generally comprising the Wu-speaking areas of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, southern Anhui. The area lies in the heart of the Jiangnan region (literally, "south of the Yangtze"), where the Yangtze drains into the East China Sea. Historically the fertile delta fed much of China’s population, and cities and commerce flourished. Today, it is one of China’s most important metropolitan areas and is home to China’s financial center, as well as a tourist destination and hub for manufacture ranging from textile to automaking. In 2021, the Yangtze Delta had a GDP of approximately US$4.3 trillion, about the same size as Japan.
The urban buildup in the area has given rise to what may be the largest concentration of adjacent metropolitan areas in the world. It covers 350,000 km$^2$ (140,000 sq mi) and is home to over 240 million people. With about a sixth of China's population and a fourth of the country's GDP, the YRD is one of the fastest growing and richest regions in East Asia.

## History

The Neolithic Liangzhu culture was based in this region, and in the Eastern Zhou period it was home to the powerful states of Wu, based in Suzhou, and Yue, based in the Shaoxing area. Nanjing first served as a capital in the Three Kingdoms period as the capital of Eastern Wu (AD 229–280). In the fourth century CE the Eastern Jin dynasty (AD 317–420) moved its capital here after losing control of the north and its capital Jiankang (present-day Nanjing) became a major cultural, economic, and political hub. During the mid to late period of the Tang dynasty (618-907), the region emerged as an economic hub, and by the late Tang the Delta became the Empire's foremost important agricultural, handicraft industrial and economic hub.
Hangzhou served as the Chinese capital during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279). Then called Lin'an, it became the biggest city in East Asia with a population more than 1.5 million, and one of the most prosperous cities in the world, which it remained after the Mongol conquest. At the same time, Ningbo became one of the two biggest seaports in East Asia along with Quanzhou (in Fujian province). Nanjing was the early capital of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and the region remained the most important economic region of the empire even after the Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing in 1421.
During the mid-late Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the first bud of capitalism of East Asia was born and developed in this area, although it was disrupted by the Manchu invasion and controlled strictly and carefully by the Confucian central government in Beijing, it continued its development slowly throughout the rest of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the delta again blossomed into a large socioeconomic hub.
During the Qianlong era (1735-1796) of the Qing dynasty, Shanghai began developing rapidly and became the largest port in the Far East. From late 19th century to early 20th century, Shanghai was the foremost commercial hub in the Far East. The Yangtze Delta became the first industrialized area in China. In the middle and late feudal society of China, the Yangtze River Delta region initially formed a considerable urban agglomeration.
After the Chinese economic reform program which began in 1978, Shanghai again became the most important economic region in Mainland China. In modern times, the Yangtze Delta metropolitan region is anchored by Shanghai, and also flanked by the major metropolitan areas of Hangzhou, Suzhou, Ningbo, and Nanjing, home to nearly 105 million people (of which an estimated 80 million are urban residents). It is the heart of China's economic development, surpassing other concentrations of metropolitan areas (including the Pearl Delta) in China in terms of economic growth, productivity and per capita income.
In 1982, the Chinese government set up the Shanghai Economic Area. Besides Shanghai, four cities in Jiangsu (Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Nantong) and five cities in Zhejiang (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Huzhou, Ningbo) were included. In 1992, a 14-city cooperative joint meeting was launched. Besides the previous 10 cities, the members included Nanjing, Zhenjiang and Yangzhou in Jiangsu, and Zhoushan in Zhejiang. In 1997, the regular joint meeting resulted in the establishment of the Yangtze Delta Economic Coordination Association, which included a new member Taizhou in Jiangsu in that year. In 1997, Taizhou in Zhejiang also joined the association. In 2003, the association accepted six new members after a six-year observation and review, including Yancheng and Huai'an in Jiangsu, Jinhua and Quzhou in Zhejiang, and Ma'anshan and Hefei in Anhui. In 2019, the area expanded to include the entirety of Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai.

## Demographics

The delta is one of the most densely populated regions on earth, and includes one of the world's largest cities on its banks — Shanghai, with a density of 2,700 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,000/sq mi). Because of the large population of the delta, and factories, farms, and other cities upriver, the World Wide Fund for Nature says the Yangtze Delta is the biggest cause of marine pollution in the Pacific Ocean.
Most of the people in this region speak Wu Chinese (sometimes called Shanghainese, although Shanghainese is actually one of the dialects within the Wu group of Chinese) as their mother tongue, in addition to Mandarin. Wu is mutually unintelligible with other varieties of Chinese, including Mandarin.

## Geography
### Metropolitan areas

| Metropolitan area | Chinese | Cities |
| Greater Shanghai Metropolitan Area | 大上海都市圈 | Shanghai |
| Suxichang Metropolitan Area | 苏锡常都市圈 | Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou |
| Hefei Metropolitan area | 合肥都市圈 | Hefei |
| Nanjing Metropolitan Area | 南京都市圈 | Nanjing |
| Ningbo Metropolitan Area | 宁波都市圈 | Ningbo |

### Cities

Central areas include Shanghai, Nanjing, Jiujiang, Wuxi, Changzhou, Suzhou, Nantong, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Yancheng, Taizhou (Jiangsu), Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Huzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Jinhua, Zhoushan, Taizhou (Zhejiang), Hefei, Wuhu, Maanshan, Tongling, Anqing, Chuzhou, Chizhou, Xuancheng.
| City | Area km$^2$ | Population (2020) | GDP (CN¥) | GDP (US$) |
| Shanghai | 6,341 | 26,875,500 | CN¥ 4,465 billion | US$ 663.9 billion |
| Suzhou | 8,488 | 12,748,252 | CN¥ 2,396 billion | US$ 356.0 billion |
| Hangzhou | 16,821 | 11,936,010 | CN¥ 1,875 billion | US$ 279.0 billion |
| Nanjing | 6,587 | 9,314,685 | CN¥ 1,691 billion | US$ 242.7 billion |
| Ningbo | 9,816 | 9,618,000 | CN¥ 1,570 billion | US$ 233.5 billion |
| Wuxi | 4,628 | 7,462,135 | CN¥ 1,485 billion | US$ 221.0 billion |
| Nantong | 8,544 | 7,726,635 | CN¥ 1,138 billion | US$ 169.2 billion |
| Changzhou | 4,385 | 5,278,121 | CN¥ 955 billion | US$ 142.0 billion |
| Shaoxing | 8,279 | 5,270,977 | CN¥ 735 billion | US$ 109.9 billion |
| Taizhou (Jiangsu) | 5,787 | 4,512,762 | CN¥ 640 billion | US$ 94.7 billion |
| Yangzhou | 6,626 | 4,559,797 | CN¥ 711 billion | US$ 93.4 billion |
| Jiaxing | 4,009 | 5,400,868 | CN¥ 551 billion | US$ 73.6 billion |
| Zhenjiang | 3,837 | 3,210,418 | CN¥ 502 billion | US$ 72.0 billion |
| Taizhou (Zhejiang) | 9,411 | 6,662,888 | CN¥ 356 billion | US$ 57.1 billion |
| Huzhou | 5,818 | 3,367,579 | CN¥ 272 billion | US$ 40.7 billion |
| Zhoushan | 1,378 | 1,157,817 | CN¥ 151 billion | US$ 20.0 billion |
| Yangtze River Delta Economic Region | 110,755 | 125,300,444 | CN¥ 19.493 trillion | US$ 2.869 trillion |

## Geology
### Coastal erosion

The Three Gorge Dam has huge impacts on both upstream and downstream. Since 2003, the Yangtze River delta front has experienced severe erosion and significant sediment coarsening.

### Subaqueous delta

The Yangtze River derived sediment has not really dispersed across the East China Sea continental shelf, instead, an elongated (~800 km) distal subaqueous mud wedge (up to 60 m thick) extending from the Yangtze River mouth southward off the Zhejiang and Fujian coasts into the Taiwan Strait.

## Culture

The Yangtze River Delta is both a geographical and a socio-economic region, characterised by shared or similar cultural traditions and historical experiences. Distinct regional cultures, such as Hui, Huaiyang, Wuyue, Shanghai-style, and Chu-Han, each retain their own identities while also influencing and merging with one another, contributing to the diverse culture of the Delta. The region’s rich cultural heritage has played a role in supporting its economic development, helping it become one of China’s most economically dynamic areas, with high levels of openness and innovation.

## Economy

The area of the Yangtze Delta incorporates more than twenty relatively developed cities in three provinces. The term can be generally used to refer to the entire region extending as far north as Lianyungang, Jiangsu and as far south as Wenzhou, Zhejiang.

### Fishing and agriculture

The Yangtze Delta contains the most fertile soils in all of China. Rice is the dominant crop of the delta, but further inland fishing rivals it. In Qing Pu, 50 ponds, containing five different species of fish, produce 29,000 tons of fish each year. One of the biggest fears of fish farmers in this region is that toxic water will seep into their man-made lagoons and threaten their livelihood.

## Governance

Yangtze Delta regional cooperation requires effort from governments of Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi.
They've gradually established a three-tier model of governance on increased regional cooperation:
* Leadership: Symposium of Governors of YRD Area (长三角地区主要领导座谈会)
* Coordination: Joint Conference on Cooperation and Development of YRD Area (长三角地区合作与发展联席会议)
* Operation:
** Offices of the Joint Conference (联席会议办公室)
** Office of YRD Regional Cooperation (长三角区域合作办公室)
*** Specialized Task Forces (专题合作组)
There is also a conference with longer history for economical cooperation:
* Coordinative Conference on Economy for Cities in YRD (长三角城市经济协调会, since 1992)
** Joint Conference of Mayors (市长联席会议)
** Office of the Coordination Society (协调会办公室)

### Plans

* Outline of the Regional Integration Development Plan of the Yangtze River Delta

## Transportation

The region has a well-developed transport infrastructure, with one of the highest rates of private vehicle ownership in China. Traffic regulations in Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang are also comparatively stricter than in other parts of the country. Major shipping and trade hubs, such as the Port of Shanghai and the Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan, are located here; these ports are the largest in the world for container and cargo handling, respectively. The area is also home to the Hangzhou Bay Bridge, the world’s longest cross-sea bridge at 36 km, and has the densest network of rapid transit railways, spanning 12 lines.

## Climate

The Yangtze Delta has a marine monsoon subtropical climate, with hot and humid summers, cool and dry winters, and warm spring and fall. Winter temperatures can drop as low as -10 °C (a record), however, and even in springtime, large temperature fluctuations can occur.