OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Li Cai (psychometrician)

Li Cai (Chinese: 蔡力; pinyin: Cài Lì; born c. 1980) is an American statistician and quantitative psychologist. He is a professor of Advanced Quantitative Methodology at the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies with a joint appointment in the quantitative area of the UCLA Department of Psychology. He is also Director of the National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing, Managing Partner at Vector Psychometric Group.
He invented the Metropolis–Hastings Robbins–Monro algorithm for inference in high-dimensional latent variable models that had been intractable with existing solutions. The algorithm was recognized as a mathematically rigorous breakthrough in the "curse of dimensionality" and garnered numerous top-tier publications and national awards.

## Career

A native of Nanjing, China and alumnus of the Nanjing Foreign Language School, Cai earned a bachelor's degree with distinction from Nanjing University in 2001. He completed his undergraduate studies in three years and, in that time, also won multiple international competitions for public speaking. After earning a master's degree in journalism at Ohio State University in 2003, he moved to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, earning a second master's in mathematical statistics in 2006 and PhD in quantitative psychology in 2008.
He joined the psychology and education faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2008 and was awarded tenure in 2011. He was appointed a full professor in 2014.

## Research

Cai publishes methodology in statistics (including statistical computing) and psychometrics, and conducts applied research in educational measurement, health outcomes, and developmental psychology. He serves on the editorial boards of various journals in quantitative methods in the social sciences.

## Software

Cai develops flexMIRT, a statistical program for multilevel modeling and multidimensional item response theory. In addition, he is the coauthor (with David Thissen, his doctoral advisor) of IRTPRO, another program for parametric estimation and test scoring.
# The Bigelow Show

The Bigelow Show is an American television variety program that was broadcast on NBC from October 14, 1948 to July 7, 1949, and on CBS from October 5 to December 28, 1949.

## Overview

Ventriloquist Paul Winchell was host of the program, which featured mentalist Joseph Dunninger. Winchell and his dummy, Jerry Mahoney, provided comedy; Dunninger performed mind-reading acts with guests who were sometimes at sites away from the studio. He also did mind-reading acts with people in the studio audience, "always with a noted personality present to judge the honesty of the performance." He offered to pay $10,000 to anyone who could prove that he read minds with assistance from an accomplice. Guests included:
* United States Representative Aime J. Forand, who was in Washington, D. C., while Dunninger was on a stage in New York. A split-screen technique showed the two.
* Elizabeth Kenny, with Dunninger inside a lead vault.
* Branch Rickey Jr.
* Billy Rose in a remote part of Radio City.
On October 28, 1949, Winchell and Dunninger took the show to Camden, New Jersey, for a two-hour production that included all of the TV show's features. The presentation raised money for a fund that provided activities for underprivileged children in the Camden area.

## Production

The producing agency was Young & Rubicam, Inc., with Frank Telford as the producer and Preston Wood as the director. Dan Seymour was the announcer. Music was recorded. The sponsor was Bigelow-Sanford Carpet Company. On NBC The Bigelow Show was broadcast on Thursdays from 9:30 to 10 p.m. Eastern Time. Its competition included Actors Studio on ABC. The trade publication Billboard reported in May 1949 that after NBC's 8-8:30 program was canceled, the three shows that followed it "were said to be insecure", but the Bigelow program seemed stronger than the others. When the program moved to CBS, it was on Wednesdays from 9 to 9:30 p.m. E. T.

## Critical response

A review of the premiere episode in the trade publication Variety indicated that aspects of production needed to be improved for the show to achieve its potential. The review praised the talents of Winchell and Dunninger, but it said that use of better staging and better sets would have resulted in a better program. "Sets for both the stars", it said, "comprised merely unattractive drapery backdrops and a couple of tables and chairs tossed together." The review also said that Dunninger's act "left too much room for skepticism" despite the reward offered to anyone who might prove that he had cheated.
# Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs (Kenya)

The Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs of the Republic of Kenya is a ministry in the Government of Kenya which oversees the foreign relations of Kenya. It is currently headed by Prime Cabinet Secretary Honourable Musalia Mudavadi who is the Cabinet Secretary. Other top leaders are Dr. A. Korir Sing'Oei, the Principal Secretary in the State Department for Foreign Affairs, and Roseline K. Njogu, the Principal Secretary in the State Department for Diaspora Affairs.
The Ministry was established in 1963 after Kenya's independence. Since independence, Kenyan foreign policy has been designed and guided by the principles of peaceful co-existence, preservation of national security, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, non-alignment, national interest and adherence to the Charters of the United Nations and African Union.
A Service Charter, based on the current Strategic Plan and the Foreign Policy document, has been developed to guide the operations of the Foreign Ministry so that the Ministry can successfully implement its core mandate and functions. The Strategic Plan sets out what the Ministry is and what it does. The Ministry has developed a self-assessment mechanism, the Performance Contact, to facilitate delivery of services within predetermined targets.
# Atrauli

Atrauli is a town and a municipal board in Aligarh district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Situated on the bank of the river Ganges, Atrauli is around 27 km (17 mi) from Aligarh and 52 km (32 mi) from Khair.

## Etymology

The town is named after the sage Atri Muni who is believed to have visited the town. The town was earlier known as Atravali (अत्रावली), which later had been colloquially altered to Atrauli (अतरौली).

## History

During the 18th century Rao Durjan Singh Punia of Bijauli took possession of Atrauli.

## Geography

Atrauli is located at 28°01′44″N 78°17′10″E﻿ / ﻿28.029°N 78.286°E﻿ / 28.029; 78.286. It has an average elevation of 136 metres (446 feet). It is located . Also, Atrauli is in the plains of Ganga-Yamuna Doab, located at the right bank of the Ganges.

## Demographics

At the 2011 census, Atrauli had a population of 50,412, of which 26,368 were males and 24,044 were females. Atrauli has an average literacy rate of 47.5%, with 53.4% of the males and 41.1% of females literate. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 7,254. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have a population of 4,568 and 2 respectively. Atrauli had 8093 household in 2011.

## Notable people

* Nanua Chaprasi, Hindu spiritual guru and saint.
* Chandra Bhanu Gupta, Ex-Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
* Khadim Hussain Khan, Indian classical singer of Agra gharana.
* Sharafat Hussain Khan, Indian classical music singer.
* Ustad Alladiya Khan, founder of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana school of music.
* Ravikant Nagaich, Hindi film director.
* Ashok Singhal, National President of Vishwa Hindu Parishad
* Kalyan Singh, Two-time Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, former member of Lok Sabha, former governor of Himachal Pradesh and of Rajasthan.
* Sandeep Kumar Singh, Minister of State, Basic Education (Independent Charge), Uttar Pradesh
# Coy Branch

Coy Branch is a stream in Randolph County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Coon Creek.
Coy Branch has the name of a pioneer citizen.
# Qiu Leng

Qiu Leng (Chinese: 邱冷; pinyin: Qiū Lěng; Mandarin pronunciation:; born 29 September 1997) is a Chinese snowboarder, specializing in half pipe. She competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics, placing 16th.
# No Jin-hyuk

No Jin-hyuk (Korean: 노진혁; Hanja: 盧珍赫; born July 15, 1989, in Gwangju, South Korea) is a South Korean shortstop for the Lotte Giants in the Korea Baseball Organization. He bats left-handed and throws right-handed.

## Amateur career

As a five-tool player No was a fixture in the starting lineup beginning his freshman year at Sungkyunkwan University. Although he primarily played as a shortstop, No was utilized at third base and first base as well. As an amateur player No was selected for the South Korea national baseball team and competed in the Baseball World Cup twice in 2009 and 2011.

### Notable international careers

| Year | Venue | Competition | Team | Individual Note |
| 2009 | Europe | Baseball World Cup | 9th | .000 BA (0-for-6), 1 RBI, 1 BB |
| 2010 | Japan | World University Baseball Championship | 4th | .000 BA (0-for-2) |
| 2011 | Panama | Baseball World Cup | 6th | .400 BA (2-for-5), 1 R, 1 BB |

## Professional career

No was selected 21st overall by the NC Dinos in the 2012 KBO Draft. Although No batted a disappointing .194 with 2 home runs and 25 RBI in the 2012 Futures League, he became the Dinos' starting shortstop showing great defensive skills.
The Dinos' starting shortstop for the 2013 season was 2007 KBO batting champion Lee Hyun-gon who was traded from the Kia Tigers as a free agent. However, he was replaced by No early on, who showed better offensive and defensive stats as a backup shortstop. On April 27, 2013, No hit his first KBO league home run, which was an inside the park, against starting pitcher Kim Sun-woo of the Doosan Bears.
In 2014, the Dinos signed free-agent shortstop Son Si-hyun from the Doosan Bears and moved No back to the bench. After spending two mediocre seasons, No left the Dinos for another two seasons to serve mandatory military service.
As Son's both offensive and defensive skills deteriorated significantly, No became starting shortstop for the Dinos in the 2018 season when he played 125 games and batted .283, 42 runs batted in (RBI), 21 doubles and 11 home runs. The next season, he finished third on the team with 13 home runs, a .264 batting average, 43 RBIs and 23 doubles in 110 games.
# Nikolai Kuzmin (artist)

Nikolai Vasilievich Kuzmin (Russian: Николай Васильевич Кузьмин; born 1938) is a Russian painter. After studying in the Art College of Pavlovo-na-Oke, close to his home village Talynskoye, he entered the Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry and became an alumni in 1970. In 1991 he entered the Artists' Union of the USSR, which became in 1992 the Union of Russian Artists.
The painter has travelled and painted widely in Western Europe and organised some exhibitions there, notably in France. The artist's paintings are available in the Matthieu Dubuc gallery in Rueil-Malmaison, in the vicinity of Paris-La Défense. The artist's exhibitions take place in galleries, museums and annual exhibitions organised in common by artists, such as Art Capital or Souvenir de Corot in Paris and its neighbourhood. The artist has been participating for many years in the Watercolour and Drawing Annual Exhibition in Grand Palais and in Grand Palais Éphémère, Paris, France. Every year from 2022 onwards, also at Art Capital, Nikolai Kuzmin took part at Grand Palais Éphémère and at Grand Palais in the 'Salon Comparaisons' annual exhibition, together with the 'Ut pictura poesis' and later 'Inevitable Figuration' groups of artists, of which he is a member, both successively led by the painter Carole Melmoux.
Nikolai Kuzmin also has regular exhibitions in Russia, notably with the Moscow Union of artists, of which he is a member. In 2024, Nikolai Kuzmin became an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Arts.

## Artwork

Nikolai Kuzmin's favourite painting technique is oil on canvas with spatula.
Nikolai Kuzmin's painting is not far from expressionism and fauvism.
The painter's work has been strongly influenced by the remembrance of his childhood.
Nikolai Kuzmin likes painting the architecture of his home town Moscow. He also paints the landscapes he observes during his travels, like on the island of Korčula in Croatia.
The themes covered by Nikolai Kuzmin's paintings are varied:
* Garden-spring-blooming
* Artwork on paper / On the road to Murom-the Farewell
* Abstract oil artwork / Interlacing of roads
* Portrait
* After the war
* Travel:
    ○ Paris Region:
       - Ponds of Corot
       - Forest of Fausses Repose
       - Versailles-Viroflay
       - Around Paris
       - Paris
    ○ French Province:
       - Mediterranean
       - Corsica
       - Sainte-Victoire-Mountain
       - The Alps
       - Brittany
       - Normandy
       - Other French regions
    ○ Croatia
    ○ Crimea
* Native soil
* At the dacha
* Architecture:
    ○ Moscow
    ○ Russia
    ○ Western Europe (Denmark, United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium)
* Landscape:
    ○ Russian landscape
    ○ Russian winter landscape
    ○ Western Europe (Denmark, United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium)
* Religious, popular and mythological:
    ○ Religious
    ○ Popular
    ○ Mythological
* Still life and Flowers:
    ○ Still life
    ○ Flowers
* Other themes
# Pioneer Bluffs

Pioneer Bluffs is a historic ranch in Chase County, Kansas, located 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the city of Matfield Green. The ranch was settled in 1859 by Charles W. Rogler, who originally used the land for his farm. Rogler began ranching on the land in the late 1800s, and his son Henry rented pastures to owners bringing their herds through Chase County to market in the early twentieth century. The ranch is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is currently a public museum.

## Description

The present-day ranch covers 40 acres (16 ha) of the original 160-acre (65 ha) farm established by Charles Rogler. At its peak, the ranch covered 4,020 acres (1,630 ha), most of which was used for grazing. The property has sixteen original buildings and structures from the ranch. The main buildings on the ranch are the 1908 farmhouse, a two-story structure with a Foursquare design, and the 1915 main barn, a two-story structure with a gambrel roof. The ranch also includes a granary, a chicken shed, the original farmhouse and barn from 1872, a windmill from the Aermotor Windmill Company, and several smaller outbuildings. A replica of Charles Rogler's original log cabin was built on the ranch in 1960.

## History

Charles W. Rogler, an Austrian immigrant who had previously lived in Ohio and Iowa, settled on the plot of land that would become Pioneer Bluffs in 1859. Rogler developed his land into a farm where he grew corn and orchard trees and raised cattle, pigs, and horses. He married Mary Satchel in 1869 and had five children, and continued to grow his land during his life. Upon his death in 1888, the property was managed by his friend Henry Brandley until his children were old enough to inherit it; by the time the children took over the land in 1900, it had grown to 4,020 acres (1,630 ha).
Rogler's son Henry, who acquired an agriculture degree from Kansas State Agricultural College in 1898, led the ranch's management in the twentieth century. He bought most of his siblings' holdings, ultimately gaining 2,720 acres (1,100 ha) acres of the original ranch, and began to take the ranch's business in new directions. At the time, nearby Bazaar had a branch station on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway that ranchers would use to ship their cattle to the Kansas City market. Rogler began renting his pastures to cattlemen who needed to store their cattle locally prior to shipment, becoming part of what was known as the transient cattle industry. He also acted as a middleman for other local landowners, connecting them with cattle owners in need of a pasture for a fee. Rogler also kept his own herd of Hereford cattle at the ranch and grew alfalfa, millet, and corn. He was also active in local politics, serving terms in the Kansas House of Representatives and Kansas Senate.
Henry Rogler's son Wayne also became a rancher, and he took over the ranch after Henry's retirement and death. Like his father, Wayne was elected to the Kansas House of Representatives and Senate.
The ranch was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 13, 1990. It is currently open to the public as a ranching museum and heritage site.
# Ap Tau Pai

Ap Tau Pai (Chinese: 鴨兜排) is a small island between Yan Chau Tong and Crooked Harbour in the north-eastern New Territories of Hong Kong. It is located in Ap Chau Bay (鴨洲海), North-east of Hong Kong. It is under the administration of North District.
# 1905 Army Cadets football team

The 1905 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1905 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Robert Boyers, the Cadets compiled a 4–4–1 record, shut out three opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 104 to 60.
Army's losses were to Virginia Tech, Harvard, Yale, and the Carlisle Indians. In the annual Army–Navy Game, the Cadets and Midshipmen tied at six. Halfback Henry Torney was honored as a consensus first-team player on the All-America team.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 30 | Tufts | The PlainWest Point, NY | W 18–0 | |
| October 7 | Colgate | The PlainWest Point, NY | W 18–6 | |
| October 14 | VPI | The PlainWest Point, NY | L 6–16 | |
| October 21 | Harvard | The PlainWest Point, NY | L 0–6 | |
| October 28 | Yale | The PlainWest Point, NY | L 0–20 | 4,000 |
| November 11 | Carlisle | The PlainWest Point, NY | L 5–6 | |
| November 18 | Trinity (CT) | The PlainWest Point, NY | W 34–0 | |
| November 25 | Syracuse | The PlainWest Point, NY | W 17–0 | |
| December 2 | vs. Navy | University FieldPrinceton, NJ (Army–Navy Game) | T 6–6 | |
# Payload Assist Module

The Payload Assist Module (PAM) is a modular upper stage designed and built by McDonnell Douglas (Boeing), using Thiokol Star-series solid propellant rocket motors. The PAM was used with the Space Shuttle, Delta, and Titan launchers and carried satellites from low Earth orbit to a geostationary transfer orbit or an interplanetary course. The payload was spin stabilized by being mounted on a rotating plate. Originally developed for the Space Shuttle, different versions of the PAM were developed:
* PAM-A (Atlas class), development terminated; originally to be used on both the Atlas and Space Shuttle, designed for satellites up to 4,400 lb (2,000 kg)
* PAM-D (Delta class), uses a Star-48B rocket motor, designed for satellites up to 2,750 lb (1,250 kg)
* PAM-DII (Delta class), uses a Star-63 rocket motor, designed for satellites up to 4,150 lb (1,880 kg)
* PAM-S (Special), uses a Star-48B as a kick motor for the space probe Ulysses
The PAM-D module, used as the third stage of the Delta II rocket, was the last version in use. As of 2018, no PAM is in active use on any rockets.

## 2001 re-entry incident

On January 12, 2001, a PAM-D module re-entered the atmosphere after a "catastrophic orbital decay". The PAM-D stage, which had been used to launch the GPS satellite 2A-11 in 1993, crashed in the sparsely populated Saudi Arabian desert, where it was positively identified.

## Gallery

* PAM-D stage in assembly
* SBS-3 satellite with PAM-D stage being launched from Space Shuttle Columbia
* Saudi officials inspect a PAM-D module that re-entered the atmosphere in 2001
* SATCOM KU-2 attached to a PAM-DII is being released from the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Atlantis during STS-61B
* Ulysses is mated with the PAM-S
# Pistol Factory Dwelling

The Pistol Factory Dwelling is a historic house at 1322 Whitney Avenue in Hamden, Connecticut. Built in 1845 and enlarged before 1860, it is an unusual example of a Greek Revival worker's boarding house, built by Eli Whitney II (son and business success to inventor Eli Whitney) to house workers at his nearby pistol factory. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

## Description and history

The Pistol Factory Dwelling is located in eastern Hamden, set on a knoll above Whitney Avenue just north of its junction with Mather Street. It is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof, two asymmetrically placed brick chimneys, and a clapboarded exterior. The main facade is five bays wide, with windows in a slightly asymmetrical placement around the main entrance. The entrance is flanked by fluted boards that resemble pilasters, sidelight windows, and another set of fluted boards, and is topped by a half-round transom window. The side gable ends have narrow horizontal windows in them, and there is a small shed-roof ell extending to the rear.
The house was built in 1845 by Eli Whitney II to house skilled workers at a pistol factory he had established nearby (on a site now flooded by Lake Whitney). The house was built as a single-pile three-bay structure, with a single-story ell to the side, which was later (before 1860) raised to match the main block in height. The house was eventually sold to one of its tenants, and was moved in 1940 to accommodate road work (but retaining its orientation to the roadway). It is the only structure that survives that is related to the pistol factory, whose site was flooded in 1861 by Whitney in a bid to improve water power for a combined arms factory further downstream.
# Pittenger Cottage

Pittenger Cottage is a historic cure cottage located at Saranac Lake, town of North Elba in Essex County, New York. It was built about 1920 and is a two-story wood-frame dwelling with a small two-story wing and a verandah that extends across the front facade. It features five cure porches. It was operated as a private, registered sanatorium and boarding cottage from about 1921 to 1932.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
# Pittsboro Masonic Lodge

Pittsboro Masonic Lodge, also known as Columbus Lodge No. 102, is a historic Masonic Lodge located at Pittsboro, Chatham County, North Carolina. It was built in 1838, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style frame building. In 1846, it was enlarged by the addition of the distinctive pedimented second-story overhang carried on heavy square pillars. It is one of the oldest still-functioning Masonic halls in North Carolina.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
# Turner Fork

Turner Fork is a stream in Randolph County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Silver Creek.
Turner Fork has the name of an early citizen.
# George Fisher (New York politician)

George Fisher (March 17, 1788 – March 26, 1861) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
Born in Franklin, Massachusetts, Fisher attended the common schools and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in Oswego County, New York, in 1816 and commenced practice in Oswego, New York. He was appointed inspector of schools in 1818. Trustee of the village of Oswego in 1828 and 1833.
Fisher was elected as an Anti-Jacksonian and presented credentials as a Member-elect to the Twenty-first Congress. He served from March 4, 1829, to February 5, 1830, when the seat was awarded to Silas Wright, Jr., who contested the election. The House committee that investigated found that 130 votes for Wright were mistakenly not counted for him. Fisher did not object to the conclusion or appear in his defense and formally resigned on March 9, 1830.
Fisher became the Trustee of schools in 1830 and continued the practice of law in Oswego, New York, until 1833. He and his family then moved to France for the education of his children, where he spent five years. He then returned to Oswego and engaged in real estate operations and served as president of the Northwestern Insurance Co. for several years. He moved to New York City about 1856 and died there March 26, 1861.