# Kabayan Mummies

The Fire Mummies, also known as the Kabayan Mummies, Benguet Mummies, or Ibaloi Mummies, are a group of mummies found along the mountain slopes of Kabayan, Benguet, a town in the northern Philippines. They were made from as early as 2000 BCE. Today, they remain in natural caves as well as in a museum in Kabayan.

## Description

Some scientists believe that the Fire Mummies were created by the Ibaloi people between 1200 and 1500 CE in five towns in Benguet, and buried in caves. Others believe that they date back to as far as 2000 BCE. What makes the Fire Mummies unique is their mummification process, which would begin shortly before a person died and consisted of ingesting a very salty drink. After death, the corpse was washed and set over a fire in a seated position, drying the fluids; smoke from tobacco was blown into the mouth to dry the body's internal organs. Eventually, herbs were rubbed into the body. Mummified bodies were then placed in a coffin made of pine wood and laid to rest in rock shelters, natural caves, or artificial burial niches.

### Discovery

When the Fire Mummies were uncovered by Westerners in the early 20th century, (they had been known to local communities for hundreds of years), many of them were stolen, as the caves were mostly unprotected. Because of this, Monument Watch, a nonprofit organization, declared the site as one of the 100 most endangered in the world.

## Today

After logging operations intensified in the area, the location of many caves became known. This has led to looting as well as vandalism, such as graffiti. The Kabayanummies were listed in the 1998 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund. Funding through American Express was used for emergency conservation and the creation of a comprehensive management plan. Additionally, authorities from surrounding municipalities have collaborated in cultural awareness campaigns to introduce the mummies to Filipinos. Tourist facilities have been constructed in order to control visitation and prevent harmful intrusions.
The Fire Mummies remain in natural caves with relatively minor security, and they have been designated as one of the 100 world's most endangered heritage sites. Officials claim to be aware of another 50–80 mummies, whose locations they have chosen to keep secret. A small museum in Kabayan also displays a few mummies.

### National Museum-Kabayan

In May 2024, the National Museum of the Philippines RAOD Chief Paolo Mar Chan announced a PHP25 million rehabilitation of National Museum-Kabayan's Site 1, home to several female mummies. The site houses a geological collection and artifacts on local death rites and rituals, mummies, plants used in the mummification process, and Kabayan-Ibaloi items. The museum also conserves and protects the Timbac burial caves and the mummy rocks, including the "Apo Anno" mummy, a revered ancestor, in Buguias, Benguet.

## Declarations

The Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves are listed as National Cultural Treasures by the National Museum of the Philippines pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 260 signed by President Ferdinand Marcos in August 1973. It is also under consideration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Scholars are also pushing for the inclusion of the mummy burial caves in neighboring Buguias town in the Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves nomination of the Philippines in the UNESCO Tentative List. The caves in Buguias are home to a Benguet folk hero, Apo Anno; the burial caves in Kabayan and Buguias will collectively be called as the Benguet Mummy Burial Caves or Mummy Burial Caves in Kabayan and Buguias.