# Sibley's 1863 Campaign

Henry Sibley's 1863 Campaign was a military expedition led by Brigadier General Henry Hastings Sibley during the Dakota War of 1862 aftermath. The campaign aimed to suppress and disperse the Dakota Sioux who had fled westward following their defeat in Minnesota. This campaign, part of the broader series of confrontations between the United States and Native American tribes during the 19th century, occurred from June to September 1863, primarily in present-day North Dakota.

## Background

The Dakota War of 1862, also known as the Sioux Uprising, resulted from deep-seated tensions between the Dakota Sioux and white settlers in Minnesota Territory. Economic hardship, broken treaties, and delayed annuity payments from the U.S. government exacerbated Dakota frustrations, culminating in an uprising in August 1862. Following the defeat of the Dakota forces and mass trials, many Dakota fled westward into the Dakota Territory.
In response, General Sibley, who had led U.S. forces during the latter stages of the 1862 conflict, was tasked with pursuing and neutralizing these bands to prevent further violence along the frontier.

## Objectives

Sibley's objectives were threefold:
* To punish the Dakota Sioux responsible for the uprising.
* To prevent further incursions into Minnesota settlements.
* To establish a U.S. military presence in Dakota Territory, facilitating westward expansion.

## The Campaign
### Organization of Forces

Sibley's force was composed of approximately 2,000 men, primarily Minnesota volunteer infantry and cavalry regiments, supported by artillery units. The army was divided into brigades and equipped for long-range expeditions across the Northern Plains.

### Battle of Big Mound (July 24, 1863)

Sibley's column encountered a large Dakota encampment near present-day Tappen, North Dakota. After initial skirmishing, the Dakota were forced to abandon their position. The engagement resulted in several Dakota casualties and marked the beginning of their retreat westward.

### Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake (July 26, 1863)

As the Dakota regrouped at Dead Buffalo Lake, Sibley's forces launched an attack on the following day. A fierce battle ensued with both sides exchanging artillery and small arms fire. The Dakota attempted to capture Sibley's supply wagons but were ultimately repelled.

### Battle of Stony Lake (July 28, 1863)

The final significant battle occurred at Stony Lake. Sibley's forces inflicted further losses on the retreating Dakota bands, who dispersed further into the plains.

## Aftermath

Following these engagements, the Dakota Sioux split into smaller groups, some moving into Canada and others westward towards the Missouri River. The campaign effectively reduced the Dakota's capacity to threaten Minnesota settlements.
Sibley established several military outposts, including Fort Rice and Fort Abraham Lincoln, cementing U.S. control over the region.

## Legacy

Historians debate the long-term effectiveness and morality of Sibley's campaign. While it temporarily curtailed Dakota resistance, it also led to increased displacement and hardship for Native populations.
Sibley’s actions are also linked to the broader U.S. policies of Indian Removal and manifest destiny. Today, sites like Dead Buffalo Lake and Stony Lake are recognized for their historical significance, with some efforts made to memorialize both the U.S. soldiers and Dakota who fought there.