# Robert J. Schoelkopf

Robert J. Schoelkopf III (born January 24, 1964) is an American physicist, most noted for his work on quantum computing as one of the inventors of superconducting qubits. Schoelkopf's main research areas are quantum transport, single-electron devices, and charge dynamics in nanostructures. His research utilizes quantum-effect and single-electron devices, both for fundamental physical studies and for applications. Techniques often include high-speed, high-sensitivity measurements performed on nanostructures at low temperatures. Schoelkopf serves as director of the Yale Center for Microelectronic Materials and Structures and as associate director of the Yale Institute for Nanoscience and Quantum Engineering. Since 2014, Schoelkopf is also the Director of the Yale Quantum Institute. He is Professor of Physics and Sterling Professor of Applied Physics at Yale University. The title of Sterling Professor is the highest honor bestowed upon Yale faculty.

## Biography

Schoelkopf was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of art dealer and Hudson River School expert Robert J. Schoelkopf II. Schoelkopf received his A.B. in physics from Princeton University, cum laude, in 1986, and his Ph.D. from Caltech in 1995. From 1986 to 1988 he was an electrical/cryogenic engineer in the Laboratory for High-Energy Astrophysics at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, where he developed low-temperature radiation detectors and cryogenic instrumentation for future space missions. He came to Yale as a postdoctoral researcher in the group of Daniel Prober in 1995.
Moving to Yale University, he was from 1995 to 1998 a lecturer and associate research scientist, advancing to assistant professor in 1998, and professor of applied physics and physics in 2003. He was later awarded the titles Sterling Professor of Applied Physics and Physics and William A. Norton Professor of Applied Physics and Physics.
Schoelkopf was a visiting professor at the University of New South Wales in Australia in 2008. He has been an invited lecturer at universities and professional organizations throughout the United States and in Canada and Europe. Schoelkopf was a semi-finalist for Discover magazine's Technological Innovation of the Year in 1999. His other honors include NASA's Technical Innovator Award. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Physical Society.
He became the William A. Norton Professor at Yale in 2013 and the Sterling Professor of Applied Physics and Physics.
Schoelkopf was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2015. His other honors include Fellow in the American Physical Society and Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

## Research

Robert Schoelkopf focuses his research on the development of superconducting devices for quantum information processing, which might eventually lead to revolutionary advances in computing. In 2007, a team of scientists led by Schoelkopf and Steven Girvin made a major breakthrough in quantum computing when it engineered a superconducting communication "bus" to store and transfer information between distant quantum bits, or qubits, on a chip. Their work is the first step to making the fundamentals of quantum computing useful. In 2009, their team demonstrated the first electronic quantum processor which could perform a quantum computation.
Schoelkopf's techniques emphasize high-speed, high-sensitivity measurements performed on nanostructures at low temperatures. Together with his former supervisor Daniel Prober and his laboratory team, Schoelkopf invented the Radio-Frequency Single-Electron Transistor, an electrometer capable of measuring sub-electron charges on nano-second timescales. This new transistor allowed them to study electrical transport at the single-charge level in various systems. They also developed new types of sensors and detectors that employ these capabilities.
Schoelkopf's current research focus, together with Michel Devoret and Steven Girvin of the Yale Department of Applied Physics, is to further develop superconducting circuits that might one day lead to a practical quantum computer. Other projects are directed at developing "hybrid" quantum systems based on integrating cold atoms, molecules, or electrons with solid-state circuits.

## Schoelkopf's law

In quantum computing technology, roughly every three years, quantum decoherence has been improved by a factor of 10. It is the quantum computing analogue of Moore's law.

## Honors and awards

* Comstock Prize in Physics (2024)
* Connecticut Medal of Science (2017)
* Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2015)
* Fritz London Memorial Prize (together with Michel Devoret and John Martinis, 2014)
* Max Planck Research Award (together with Jörg Wrachtrup, 2014)
* John Stewart Bell Prize (together with Michel Devoret, 2013)
* Yale Science and Engineering Association Award for Advancement of Basic and Applied Science (2010)
* Joseph F. Keithley Award For Advances in Measurement Science (2009)
* Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (2007)
* Fellow of American Physical Society (2005)
* Member of Defense Science Study Group (2004–2005)
* Yale University Junior Faculty Fellowship (2002–2003)
* David and Lucille Packard Foundation Fellow (2000–2005)

## Patents

“High Efficiency Near-Field Electromagnetic Probe Having a Bow-Tie Antenna Structure,” R.D. Grober, R.J. Schoelkopf, and D.E. Prober.

## Selection of papers

* Devoret, M. H.; Schoelkopf, R. J. (March 8, 2013). "Superconducting Circuits for Quantum Information: An Outlook". Science. 339 (6124). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1169–1174. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1169D. doi:10.1126/science.1231930. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23471399. S2CID 10123022.
* Reed, M. D.; DiCarlo, L.; Nigg, S. E.; Sun, L.; Frunzio, L.; Girvin, S. M.; Schoelkopf, R. J. (2012). "Realization of three-qubit quantum error correction with superconducting circuits". Nature. 482 (7385). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 382–385. arXiv:1109.4948. Bibcode:2012Natur.482..382R. doi:10.1038/nature10786. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22297844. S2CID 2610639.
* DiCarlo, L.; Chow, J. M.; Gambetta, J. M.; Bishop, Lev S.; Johnson, B. R.; Schuster, D. I.; Majer, J.; Blais, A.; Frunzio, L.; Girvin, S. M.; Schoelkopf, R. J. (June 28, 2009). "Demonstration of two-qubit algorithms with a superconducting quantum processor". Nature. 460 (7252). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 240–244. arXiv:0903.2030. Bibcode:2009Natur.460..240D. doi:10.1038/nature08121. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19561592. S2CID 4395714.
* Schoelkopf, R. J.; Girvin, S. M. (2008). "Wiring up quantum systems". Nature. 451 (7179). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 664–669. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..664S. doi:10.1038/451664a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18256662. S2CID 205035812.
* Wallraff, A.; Schuster, D. I.; Blais, A.; Frunzio, L.; Huang, R.- S.; Majer, J.; Kumar, S.; Girvin, S. M.; Schoelkopf, R. J. (2004). "Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics". Nature. 431 (7005). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 162–167. arXiv:cond-mat/0407325. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..162W. doi:10.1038/nature02851. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15356625. S2CID 55812008.