# List of sovereign states in the 1860s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1860s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1860 and 31 December 1869. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

## Sovereign states
### A

| Name and capital city | Information on status and recognition of sovereignty |
| A ||
| Abemama – Kingdom of Abemama Capital: Abemama | Widely recognized state. |
| Abuja – Abuja Emirate Capital: Abuja | Widely recognized state. |
| Afghanistan – Emirate of Afghanistan Capital: Kabul | Widely recognized independent state. |
| Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr Capital: Agadez | Widely recognized state. |
| → Andorra – Principality of Andorra Capital: Andorra la Vella | Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain. |
| Angoche – Angoche Sultanate Capital: Angoche | Widely recognized independent state. |
| Anhalt – Duchy of Anhalt (from 1863 to 1 July 1867) Capital: Dessau | Widely recognized independent state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Anhalt-Bernburg – Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg (to 1863) Capital: Bernburg | Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863. |
| Anhalt-Dessau – Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau (to 1863) Capital: Dessau | Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863. |
| Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole Capital: Mbarara | Widely recognized state. |
| Annam – Empire of Annam Capital: Phú Xuân | Widely recognized state. Internal imperial system within Chinese tributary. |
| Anziku – Anziku Kingdom Capital: Monsol | Widely recognized state. |
| → Argentina Capital: Paraná (to 12 December 1861), Buenos Aires (from 12 December 1861) Argentine Confederation (to 12 December 1861) Argentine Republic (from 12 December 1861) | Widely recognized state. |
| Aro – Aro Confederacy Capital: Arochukwu | Widely recognized state. |
| Ashanti – Asante Union Capital: Kumasi | Widely recognized state. |
| Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa Capital: Aussa | Widely recognized state. |
| → Austria-Hungary / Austria Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania) Austrian Empire (to 29 May 1867) Austro-Hungarian Empire (29 May 1867) | Widely recognized state. |
| Avaria(to 1864) Capital: Khunzakh | Widely recognized state to 1864. Annexed by Russia in 1864. |
| B ||
| Baden – Grand Duchy of Baden Capital: Karlsruhe | Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation. |
| Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi Capital: Massenya | Tributary state of the Bornu Empire. |
| Bali – Kingdom of Bali Capital: Klungkung | Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali. |
| Bamana – Bamana Empire (to 1861) Capital: Ségou | Widely recognized state to 1861. Annexed by the Toucouleur Empire in 1861. |
| Baol – Kingdom of Baol Capital: Diourbel | Widely recognized state. |
| Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland Capital: Mongu | Widely recognized state. |
| Basutoland – Kingdom of Basutoland (to 1868) Capital: Maseru | Widely recognized state to 1868. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1868. |
| Bavaria – Kingdom of Bavaria Capital: Munich | Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation. |
| Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium Capital: Brussels | Widely recognized state. Belgium has sovereignty over 1 condominium: Moresnet (Condominium sui iuris of Belgium and Prussia) |
| Beni Abbas – Kingdom of Beni Abbas Capital: Kalâa of Ait Abbas | Widely recognized state. |
| Benin – Kingdom of Benin Capital: Edo | Widely recognized state. |
| Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan Capital: Punakha | Widely recognized state. |
| Biu – Biu Kingdom Capital: Biu | Widely recognized state. |
| Bolivia – Bolivian Republic Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative) | Widely recognized state. |
| Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora Capital: Nunue, Vaitape | Widely recognized state. |
| Bornu – Bornu Empire Capital: Ngazargamu | Widely recognized state. |
| Brakna – Brakna Emirate Capital: Aleg | Widely recognized state. |
| Brazil – Empire of Brazil Capital: Rio de Janeiro | Brazil was a federation of 20 states and one federal district. |
| Bremen – Free Hanseatic City of Bremen Capital: Bremen | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei Capital: Kampong Ayer | Widely recognized state. |
| Brunswick – Duchy of Brunswick Capital: Brunswick | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda Capital: Mengo | Widely recognized state. |
| Bukhara – Emirate of Bukhara Capital: Bukhara | Widely recognized state. |
| Bulungan – Sultanate of Bulungan Capital: Tanjung Palas | Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Sulu. |
| Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom Capital: Hoima | Widely recognized state. |
| Burma – Kingdom of Burma Capital: Mandalay | Widely recognized state. |
| Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi Capital: Gitega | Widely recognized state. |
| Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga Capital: Bugembe | Widely recognized state. |
| C ||
| Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia (to 11 August 1863) Capital: Oudong | Widely recognized state to 11 August 1863. Annexed by France from 11 August 1863. |
| → Canada – Dominion of Canada (from 1 July 1867) Capital: Ottawa | Widely recognized state from 1 July 1867. Commonwealth realm. |
| Cayor – Kingdom of Cayor Capital: Mboul | Widely recognized state. |
| Central Italy – United Provinces of Central Italy (to 22 March 1860) Capital: Modena | Widely recognized state to 22 March 1860. Client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia to 22 March 1860. Annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia on 22 March 1860. |
| Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak Capital: Champasak | Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam. |
| Cherokee Nation (to 1865) Capital: Tahlequah | Widely recognized state to 1865. Incorporated into the United States in 1865. |
| Chile Capital: Santiago Conservative Republic of Chile (to 18 September 1861) Liberal Republic of Chile (from 18 September 1861) | Widely recognized state. |
| China – Great Qing Empire Capital: Beijing | Widely recognized state. China had sovereignty over the following territories: Lanfang Republic (Vassal state) Sikkim (Protectorate)  Tibet (Protectorate) |
| Circassia – Circassian Parliament (to 21 May 1864) Capital: Shache | Widely recognized state. Not recognized by the Russian Empire. Annexed by the Russian Empire on 21 May 1864. |
| → Colombia / Granadine Confederation Capital: Bogotá Granadine Confederation (to 8 May 1863) United States of Colombia (from 8 May 1863) | Widely recognized state. |
| Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica Capital: San Jose | Widely recognized state. |
| D ||
| Dagbon – Kingdom of Dagbon Capital: Yendi | Widely recognized state. |
| Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey Capital: Abomey | Widely recognized state. |
| Dai Nam – Dai Nam Realm Capital: Phú Xuân | Widely recognized state. Tributary state of China. |
| Damagaram – Sultanate of Damagaram Capital: Zinder | Widely recognized state. |
| Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti Capital: N'Délé | Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga. |
| Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur Capital: Al Fashir | Widely recognized state to 1874. |
| Denmark Capital: Copenhagen Danish Unitary State (to 1864) Kingdom of Denmark (from 1864) | Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Danish West Indies (Colony) Greenland (Territory) Iceland (Dependency) |
| Dhala – Emirate of Dhala Capital: Dhale | Widely recognized state. |
| Dominican Republic – Second Republic (from 16 August 1865) Capital: Santo Domingo | Widely recognized state from 16 August 1865. |
| Dosso – Dosso Kingdom Capital: Dosso | Widely recognized state. |
| E ||
| → Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador Capital: Quito | Widely recognized state. |
| → → El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador Capital: San Salvador | Widely recognized state. |
| Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire Capital: Addis Ababa | Widely recognized state. |
| F ||
| Fadhli – Fadhli Sultanate Capital: Shuqrah | Widely recognized state. |
| Fante – Fante Confederacy (from 1868) Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state from 1868. |
| France – Empire of the French Capital: Paris | Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Cambodia (Protectorate from 1863) French Algeria (de jure Department of Metropolitan France, de facto Colony) French Cochinchina (Colony) French Guiana (Colony) French India (Colony) French Ivory Coast (Protectorate) French Oceania – French Establishments in Oceania (Colony) Guadeloupe (Colony) Martinique (Colony) Mayotte (Colony) New Caledonia (Colony) Obock (Colony) Réunion (Colony) Saint Barthélemy (Colony) Saint Martin (Colony) Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Colony) Shanghai (Concession) Tientsin (Concession) |
| Frankfurt – Free City of Frankfurt (to 20 September 1866) Capital: Frankfurt | Widely recognized independent state to 20 September 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 20 September 1866. Annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia on 20 September 1866. |
| Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon Capital: Timbo | Widely recognized state. |
| G ||
| Garo – Kingdom of Garo Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Gaza – Gaza Empire Capital: Manjacaze | Widely recognized state. |
| Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi Capital: Afgooye | Widely recognized state. |
| Gera – Kingdom of Gera Capital: Chala | Widely recognized state. |
| Gomma – Kingdom of Gomma Capital: Agaro | Widely recognized state. |
| Gowa – Sultanate of Gowa Capital: Jongaya | Widely recognized state. |
| Greece – Kingdom of Greece Capital: Athens | Widely recognized state. |
| Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala Capital: Guatemala City | Widely recognized state. |
| Gumma – Kingdom of Gumma Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Gyaaman – State of Gyaaman Capital: Sampa, Drobo | Widely recognized state. |
| H ||
| Ha'il – Emirate of Jabal Shammar Capital: Ha'il | Widely recognized state. |
| Haiti – Republic of Haiti Capital: Port-au-Prince | Widely recognized state. |
| Hamburg – Free City of Hamburg (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Dessau | Widely recognized independent state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Hanover – Kingdom of Hanover (to 20 September 1866) Capital: Hanover | Widely recognized independent state to 20 September 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 20 September 1866. Annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia on 20 September 1866. |
| Harar – Emirate of Harar Capital: Ge | Widely recognized state. |
| Hawaii – Kingdom of Hawaii Capital: Honolulu | Widely recognized state. |
| Hesse-Darmstadt – Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine Capital: Darmstadt | Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation to 1866. State of the North German Confederation from 1867. |
| Hesse-Homburg – Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg (to 24 March 1866) Capital: Bad Homburg | Widely recognized state to 24 March 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 1866. Returned to the Grand Duchy of Hesse on 24 March 1866. |
| Hesse-Kassel – Electorate of Hesse (to 20 June 1866) Capital: Bad Homburg | Widely recognized state to 20 June 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 20 June 1866. Annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia on 20 June 1866. |
| Holstein – Duchy of Holstein (to 30 October 1864) Capital: Glückstadt | Widely recognized state to 30 October 1864. In personal union with Denmark to 30 October 1864. Member of the German Confederation to 30 October 1864. Placed under joint rule by the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire from 30 October 1864. |
| → Honduras – Republic of Honduras Capital: Tegucigalpa | Widely recognized state. |
| Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine Capital: Huahine | Widely recognized state. |
| Hunza – State of Hunza Capital: Baltit | Widely recognized state. |
| I ||
| Igala – Igala Kingdom Capital: Idah | Widely recognized state. |
| Igara – Kingdom of Igara Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀ | Widely recognized state. |
| Isaaq – Isaaq Sultanate Capital: Hargeisa | Widely recognized state. |
| Italy – Kingdom of Italy (from 17 March 1861) Capital: Rome | Widely recognized independent state from 17 March 1861. |
| J ||
| → Japan Capital: Tokyo City Tokugawa shogunate (to 3 January 1868) Empire of Japan (from 3 January 1868 | Widely recognized state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Hokkaido (Colony from May 1869) |
| Jimma – Kingdom of Jimma Capital: Jiren | Widely recognized state. |
| Jolof – Jolof Kingdom Capital: Ouarkhokh | Widely recognized state. |
| K ||
| Kaabu – Kaabu Empire (to 1867) Capital: Kansala | Widely recognized state to 1867. Annexed by the Imamate of Futa Jallon in 1867. |
| Kaarta – Kingdom of Kaarta Capital: Diangounté, Nioros | Widely recognized state. |
| Kabulistan – Kingdom of Kabul Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa Capital: Bonga, Anderaccha | Widely recognized state. |
| Kajara – Kajara Kingdom Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Kakongo – Kingdom of Kakongo Capital: Kinguele | Widely recognized state. |
| Kalat – Khanate of Kalat Capital: Kalat | Widely recognized state. |
| Kano – Emirate of Kano Capital: Takai | Widely recognized state. Vassal of the Sokoto Caliphate |
| Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Kashgaria – Kashgar Emirate (from 1862) Capital: Kashgar | Widely recognized state from 1862. |
| Kathiri – Hadhrami Kathiri Dynasty in Seiyun Capital: Seiyun | Widely recognized state. |
| Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate Capital: Argungu | Widely recognized state. |
| Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom Capital: Sikasso | Widely recognized state. |
| Khasso – Kingdom of Khasso Capital: Médine | Widely recognized state. |
| Khiva – Khanate of Khiva Capital: Khiva | Widely recognized state. |
| Kokand – Khanate of Kokand Capital: Kokand | Widely recognized state. |
| Kong – Kong Empire Capital: Kong | Widely recognized state. |
| Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo Capital: Mbanza-Kongo | Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal. |
| Korea – Kingdom of Great Joseon Capital: Seoul | Widely recognized state. |
| Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya Capital: Grand Cape Mount | Widely recognized state. |
| Kuba – Kingdom of Kuba Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| L ||
| Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom Capital: Lafia | Widely recognized state. |
| Liberia – Republic of Liberia Capital: Monrovia | Widely recognized state. |
| Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein Capital: Vaduz | Widely recognized state. |
| Limburg – Duchy of Limburg (to 11 May 1867) Capital: Maastricht | Widely recognized state to 11 May 1867. Member of the German Confederation. Annexed by the Netherlands on 11 May 1867. |
| Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea Capital: Saqqa | Widely recognized state. |
| Lippe – Principality of Lippe (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Detmold | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. Annexed by the Netherlands on 11 May 1867. State of the North German Confederation from 1867. |
| Loango – Kingdom of Loango Capital: Buali | Widely recognized state. |
| Lower Yafa – Sultanate of Lower Yafa Capital: Jaʿār | Widely recognized state. |
| Luba – Luba Empire Capital: Mwibele | Widely recognized state. |
| Lübeck – Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck (to 1867) Capital: Detmold | Widely recognized state to 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1867. |
| Lunda – Luba Empire Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Capital: Luxembourg City | Widely recognized state. |
| M ||
| Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao Capital: Tamontaka | Widely recognized state. |
| Mahra – Sultanate of Mahra Capital: Qishn | Widely recognized state. |
| Majeerteen Sultanate – Majeerteen Kingdom Capital: Alula | Widely recognized state. |
| Maldives – Sultanate of Maldive Islands Capital: Malé | Widely recognized state. |
| Mangareva – Kingdom of Mangareva Capital: Mangareva | Widely recognized state. |
| Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur Capital: Imphal | Widely recognized state. |
| Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi Capital: Manthimba | Widely recognized state. |
| Massina – Massina Empire (to 1868) Capital: Hamdullahi | Widely recognized state to 1868. Annexed by the Toucouleur Empire in 1868. |
| Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom Capital: Bulawayo | Widely recognized state. |
| Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Schwerin | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Neustrelitz | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Merina – Kingdom of Imerina Capital: Antananarivo | Widely recognized state. |
| → → Mexico Capital: Mexico City Republic of Mexico (to 10 April 1864) Mexican Empire (from 10 April 1864 to 15 May 1867) United Mexican States (from 15 May 1867) | Widely recognized state. |
| Monaco – Principality of Monaco Capital: Monaco | Widely recognized state. |
| Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro Capital: Cetinje | Widely recognized state. |
| Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco Capital: Fes | Widely recognized state. |
| Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire Capital: Multiple capitals | Widely recognized independent state. The following are a number of different kingdoms that make up the Mossi Empire:  Gurunsi  Gwiriko  Liptako  Nungu  Wogodogo  Yatenga |
| Mthwakazi – Kingdom of Mthwakazi Capital: Bulawayo | Widely recognized state. |
| Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman Capital: Muscat | De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate. |
| Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| N ||
| Nassau – Duchy of Nassau (to 23 August 1866) Capital: Wiesbaden | Widely recognized independent state to 23 August 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 23 August 1866. Annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia on 23 August 1866. |
| Negeri Sembilan Capital: Seremban | Widely recognized state. |
| Nejd – Emirate of Nejd Capital: Riyadh | Widely recognized state. |
| Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal Capital: Kathmandu | Widely recognized state. |
| Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands Capital: Amsterdam | Widely recognized state. |
| Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua Capital: Managua | Widely recognized state. |
| Niue – Kingdom of Niue-Fekai Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| North German Confederation (from 1 July 1867) Capital: Berlin | Widely recognized state from 1 July 1867. |
| Nri – Kingdom of Nri Capital: Igbo-Ukwu | Widely recognized state. |
| Nshenyi – Nshenyi Kingdom Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| O ||
| Obwera – Obwera Kingdom Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Oldenburg – Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Oldenburg | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Onitsha – Onitsha Kingdom Capital: Onitsha | Widely recognized state. |
| Orange Free State Capital: Bloemfontein | Widely recognized state. |
| Oron – Oron Nation Capital: Oron | Widely recognized state. |
| Orungu – Kingdom of Orungu Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State Capital: Constantinople | Widely recognized state. The following are autonomous territories of the Ottoman Empire: Egypt (De jure Autonomous vassal under de facto British occupation) Kuwait (Vassal state) Mecca (Non-sovereign state) Qatar (De facto autonomous Kazak) Samos (Autonomous state) Tunis (Vassal state; De facto Independent state) |
| Oyo – Oyo Empire Capital: Oyo-Ile | Widely recognized state. |
| P ||
| Pahang – Sultanate of Pahang Capital: Pekan | Widely recognized state. |
| Papal States – State of the Church Capital: Rome | Widely recognized state. |
| Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay Capital: Asunción | Widely recognized state. |
| Patani – Sultanate of Patani Capital: Patani | Widely recognized state. |
| Pate – Pate Sultanate (to 1870) Capital: Faza | Widely recognized state. |
| Perak – Sultanate of Perak Capital: Ipoh | Widely recognized state. |
| Persia – Sublime State of Persia Capital: Tehran | Widely recognized state. |
| Peru – Peruvian Republic Capital: Lima | Widely recognized state. |
| Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal Capital: Lisbon | Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, vassal state and possession of Portugal: Portuguese Cape Verde (Colony) Portuguese East Africa (Colony) Portuguese Guinea (Colony) Portuguese India (Colony) Portuguese Macau (Colony) Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (Colony) Portuguese Timor (Colony) Portuguese West Africa (Colony) Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá (Possession) |
| Potiskum – Potiskum Emirate Capital: Potiskum | Widely recognized state. |
| Prussia – Kingdom of Prussia (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Berlin | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Q ||
| Qu'aiti – Qu'aiti Sultanate of Shihr and Mukalla Capital: Al-Shihr | Widely recognized state. |
| R ||
| Raiatea – Kingdom of Raiatea Capital: Uturoa | Widely recognized state. |
| Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui Capital: Anakena | Widely recognized state. |
| Rarotonga – Kingdom of Rarotonga Capital: Anakena | Widely recognized state. |
| Reuss Elder Line – Principality of Reuss Elder Line (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Greiz | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Reuss Junior Line – Principality of Reuss Junior Line (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Greiz | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| → Romania – Romanian United Principalities Capital: Bucharest | Widely recognized state. |
| Rujumbura – Rujumbura Kingdom Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Rukiga – Rukiga Kingdom Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state. |
| Russia – Russian Empire Capital: Saint Petersburg | Widely recognized state. |
| Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda Capital: Nyanza | Widely recognized state. |
| Ryūkyū Kingdom Capital: Shuri | Widely recognized state. |
| S ||
| Saloum – Kingdom of Saloum (to 1864) Capital: Kahone | Widely recognized state to 1864. Annexed by France in 1864. |
| Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa Capital: Apia | Widely recognized state. |
| San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino Capital: San Marino | Widely recognized state. |
| Sarawak – Kingdom of Sarawak Capital: Kuching | Widely recognized state. |
| Sardinia – Kingdom of Sardinia (to 17 March 1861) Capital: Turin | Widely recognized state to 17 March 1861. Annexed by the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861. |
| Saxe-Altenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Altenburg | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Gotha | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Saxe-Lauenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Ratzeburg | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Saxe-Meiningen – Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Meiningen | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Weimar | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Saxony – Kingdom of Saxony (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Dresden | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Schaumburg-Lippe – Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Bückeburg | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Schleswig – Duchy of Schleswig (to 1866) Capital: Schleswig | Widely recognized state to 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 1866. Annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866. |
| Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Rudolstadt | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Sondershausen | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Selangor – Sultanate of Selangor Capital: Klang | Widely recognized state. |
| Serbia – Principality of Serbia (from 19 April 1867) Capital: Belgrade | Widely recognized state. |
| Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara Capital: Kota Mambang Segara | Widely recognized state. |
| Shilluk Kingdom (to 1861) Capital: Fashoda | Widely recognized state to 1861. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1861. |
| Siam – Kingdom of Siam Capital: Bangkok | Widely recognized state. The following are vassal states of Siam: Kedah (Vassal state) Luang Phrabang (Vassal state) Perlis (Vassal state) |
| Sine – Kingdom of Sine (to 1867) Capital: Diakhao | Widely recognized state to 1867. Disestablished in 1867. |
| Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate Capital: Sokoto | Widely recognized state. |
| Solimana – Solimana Chiefdom (to 1869) Capital: Falaba | Widely recognized state to 1869. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1869. |
| Spain Capital: Madrid Kingdom of Spain (to 1868) Provisional Government (from 1868) | Widely recognized state. Spain had three colonies, and two possessions: Elobey, Annobón and Corisco (Colony) Fernando Po (Colony) Río Muni (Colony) Spanish North Africa (Possession) |
| Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu Capital: Maimbung | Widely recognized state. |
| Sweden and Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway Capital: Stockholm, Christiania | Personal union of the separate kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. |
| Switzerland – Swiss Confederation Capital: Bern | Widely recognized state. Switzerland was a federation of 25 cantons. |
| T ||
| Tagant – Emirate of Tagant Capital: Tidjikja | Widely recognized state. |
| Tahiti – Kingdom of Tahiti Capital: Tidjikja | Widely recognized state. |
| Tonga Capital: Nuku'alofa Tu'i Tonga (to 1865) Kingdom of Tonga (from 1865) | Widely recognized state. |
| Tooro – Tooro Kingdom Capital: Kabarole | Widely recognized state. |
| Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire Capital: Segou | Widely recognized state. |
| Transvaal – South African Republic Capital: Pretoria | Boer republic. |
| Trarza – Emirate of Trarza Capital: Mederdra | Widely recognized state. |
| Tuggurt – Sultanate of Tuggurt Capital: Tuggurt | Widely recognized state. |
| → Two Sicilies – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (to 12 February 1861) Capital: Naples | Widely recognized state to 12 February 1861. Annexed by the Kingdom of Italy on 12 February 1861. |
| U ||
| United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Capital: London | Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom: Amoy (Concession) Ascension Island (Possession) Bahama Islands (Crown colony) Bahrain (Protectorate) Baker Island (Uninhabited possession) Barotseland (Protectorate) Bermuda (Crown colony)  British Ceylon (Crown colony) British Guiana (Colony) British Honduras (Crown colony) → British Hong Kong (Crown colony) → British Jamaica (Crown colony) British Leeward Islands (Federal colony) British Mauritius (Crown colony) British West Africa (Crown colony) → British Windward Islands (Crown colony)  Cape Colony (Colony) Colony of Natal (Colony) Falkland Islands (Crown colony) Gambia (Crown colony and protectorate) Gibraltar (Crown colony)  Gold Coast (Crown colony) Graham Land (Uninhabited possession) Guernsey (Crown dependency) Hankou (Concession) Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Uninhabited possession) Heligoland (Protectorate) British Raj - Indian Empire (Crown colony) Isle of Man (Crown dependency) Jarvis Island (Uninhabited possession)  Jersey (Crown dependency) Lagos (Colony) Maldive Islands (Protectorate) → Malta (Crown colony) Manipur (Protectorate) Muscat and Oman (Protectorate) Nepal (Protectorate) Newfoundland (Crown colony) → New South Wales (Colony) New Zealand (Colony) Niger Districts (Protectorate) British New Guinea (Colony) → Queensland (Colony) Saint Helena (Crown colony) → South Australia (Colony) → Straits Settlements (Crown colony) Tasmania (Colony) Tientsin (Concession) Tristan da Cunha (Crown colony) Trucial States (Protectorate) → Victoria (Colony) Victoria Land (Uninhabited possession) Walvis Bay (Protectorate) Western Australia (Colony) |
| → → → → United States – United States of America Capital: Washington D.C. | Widely recognized state. The following are territories of the United States of America: → → → → Arizona (Territory) → → → → Bajo Nuevo Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → → → Dakota (Territory) → → → → Idaho (Territory) → → → → Indian Territory (Territory) → → → → Johnston Atoll (Uninhabited territory) → → → → Kingman Reef (Uninhabited territory) → → → → Middlebrook Island (Uninhabited territory) → → → → Midway Atoll (Uninhabited territory) → → → → Montana (Territory) → → → → Navassa Island (Uninhabited territory) → → → → New Mexico (Territory) → → → → Quita Sueño Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → → → Roncador Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → → → Serrana Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → → → Serranilla Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → → → Swan Islands (Uninhabited territory) → Tientsin (Concession) → → → → Washington (Territory) → → → → Wyoming (Territory) → → → → Utah (Territory) |
| Upper Aulaqi Sultanate Capital: Nişāb | Widely recognized state. |
| Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom Capital: Sa'id | Widely recognized state. |
| Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa Capital: Mahjaba | Widely recognized state. |
| Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay Capital: Montevideo | Widely recognized state. |
| V ||
| → Venezuela Capital: Caracas Republic of Venezuela (to 1864) United States of Venezuela (from 1864) | Widely recognized state. |
| W ||
| Wadai – Wadai Empire Capital: Abéché | Widely recognized state. |
| Wahidi Balhaf – Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf Capital: Balhaf | Widely recognized state. |
| Wahidi Haban – Wahidi Sultanate of Haban Capital: Habban | Widely recognized state. |
| Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq Capital: Tosora | Widely recognized state. |
| Waldeck-Pyrmont – Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (to 1 July 1867) Capital: Altenburg | Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
| Wituland – Witu Sultanate Capital: Witu | Widely recognized state. |
| Wolaita – Kingdom of Wolaita Capital: Lasho, Dalbo, Sodo | Widely recognized state. |
| Württemberg – Kingdom of Württemberg Capital: Stuttgart | Widely recognized state. |
| Y ||
| Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma Capital: Fofa | Widely recognized state. |
| Yeke – Yeke Kingdom Capital: Bunkeya | Widely recognized state. |
| Z ||
| Zabarma – Zabarma Emirate (from 1860) Capital: Not specified | Widely recognized state from 1860. |
| Zanzibar – Sultanate of Zanzibar Capital: Stone Town | Widely recognized state. |
| Zululand – Kingdom of Zulu Capital: Bulawayo | Widely recognized state. |
| States claiming sovereignty ||
| Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh Capital: Kutaraja | Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire. |
| Alabama – Republic of Alabama (from from 11 January to 4 February 1861) Capital: Montgomery | Unrecognized state, incorporated into the United States on 4 February 1861. |
| Araucanía and Patagonia – Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (from 17 November 1860 to 5 January 1862) Capital: Perquenco | Unrecognized state. Claimed by Argentina and Chile. |
| Assiniboia – Provisional Government of Assiniboia (from 1869) Capital: Batoche | Unrecognized state, Provisional Government. Claimed by the Dominion of Canada. |
| Buenos Aires – State of Buenos Aires (to 12 December 1861) Capital: Perquenco | Unrecognized state. Rejoined Argentina on 12 December 1861. |
| → → → → → Confederate States – Confederate States of America (from 4 February 1861 to 5 May 1865) Capital: Greensboro | Unrecognized state. Dissolved on 5 May 1865. |

## States claiming sovereignty

* Couto Misto (to June 23, 1868)
* Cuba – Republic of Cuba (from October 10, 1868)
* Ezo – Republic of Ezo (from December 15, 1868 to June 27, 1869)
* Florida – Republic of Florida (from January 10 to February 4, 1861)
* Goust – Republic of Goust
* Ionian Islands – United States of the Ionian Islands
* Louisiana – Republic of Louisiana (from January 26 to February 4, 1861)
* Manitobah – Republic of Manitobah (from June 1867 to 1868)
* Mississippi – Republic of Mississippi (from January 9 to February 1, 1861)
* North Carolina – Republic of North Carolina (from May 20 to May 21, 1861)
* Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (from January 22, 1863 to June 18, 1864)
* → South Carolina – Republic of South Carolina (from December 20, 1860 to February 8, 1861)
* Taiping Heavenly Kingdom - Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (to July 1864)
* Tennessee - Republic of Tennessee (from June 8 to July 2, 1861)
* Tavolara – Kingdom of Tavolara
* Texas – Republic of Texas (from February 1 to March 2, 1861)
* Virginia – Republic of Virginia (from April 17 to May 7, 1861)