OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Battle of Shujabad (1780)

The Battle of Shujabad took place in February 1780, during the Afghan–Sikh Wars. The Afghans were led by Muzaffar Khan and Timur Shah Durrani, while the Sikhs were led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and other Sikh chiefs.

## Background

Early in January 1780, Timur Shah Durrani laid siege to Multan. Though the Sikhs were fewer in number, Timur Shah believed his resources were not enough, and as a result, dispatched a small force to Bahawalpur, while leaving the majority of his force at Multan. The Nawab of Bahwalpur gave tribute to Timur Shah and supplied him with 12,000 reinforcements. News also came that Jassa Singh, Gujar Singh, Haqiqat Singh, Lahna Singh, and Bhanga Singh, alongside other Sikh chiefs, were arriving from Lahore with an army of 15,000 to relieve Multan.

## Battle

Muzaffar Khan left Bahawalpur and met the Sikh force at Shujabad, where the battle was fought on 8 February 1780. During the battle, a dust storm flew, and Muzaffar Khan captured a Sikh drummer. Muzaffar Khan spared the drummer's life on condition that he would beat the drum to bring the Sikhs into battle, as Muzaffar Khan planned a trap. The Sikh drummer began beating the drum and the Sikh forces who had heard it rushed into a dust storm, despite poor visibility. Muzaffar Khan arranged his forces into two columns, arranged in such a way that when a Sikh force was encountered, one soldier would grab an opponent, and the other would kill him. This continued until the Sikhs lost thousands of men via the trap, which forced the Sikhs to retreat to Lahore. The Sikhs were defeated and suffered between 700 and 2,000 casualties. The Sikh force fled to Lahore and Timur Shah dispatched 20,000 soldiers in pursuit. The force overtook the Sikhs at Hujra Muqim Khan, 40 miles west of Lahore and defeated them.

## Aftermath

Following this, the Afghans reorganized at Multan and took it in the 1780 Siege of Multan. Muzaffar Khan became governor of Multan following its capture by the Afghans.
# Muhammad Safdar

Muhammad Safdar (Punjabi and Urdu: محمد صفدر) (1 February 1934 - 26 April 2023) was the former Governor of Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan, having served from 1999 to 2001. He had previously also served as the Pakistani Ambassador to Morocco and the Vice Chancellor of Punjab University during 1993.

## Army career

Muhammad Safdar belongs to Dulmial, Chakwal Pakistan and is a graduate of Military College Jhelum. Later he joined Pakistan Army. During his military career, Safdar commanded an infantry brigade and the 7th Infantry Division, Peshawar, served as commandant of the Command and Staff College, Quetta from 1982 to 1985 and then reached his professional peak as Chief of General Staff (CGS) in the GHQ having served there from 1986 to 1988. His last military appointment was commandant of the National Defence College from 1988 to 1989. Safdar retired from active service in July 1989.

## Political career

Safdar was the Pakistani ambassador to Morocco, vice-chancellor of the Punjab University and then Governor of Punjab. The general stayed as the Governor of Punjab till 29 October 2001, when he was replaced by Lahore Corps Commander Lt. Gen. Khalid Maqbool.

## Views

Brigadier (r) Shaukat Qadir, a political and defence analyst, had this to say about command attributes of Safdar, "In the course of my career I came across very few inspiring senior officers; most noteworthy among them was General Safdar, who later became VC Punjab University and, very briefly, Governor Punjab, and whose extraordinary dynamism in peace inspired one to believe that he would be a success in war."
Brigadier (r) Raja Azizur Rehman, a close friend and colleague of the governor, said this about the new governor when he was appointed in 1999, "he is consistent, professionally very sound, cool and calm. Has immense capacity for work and excels in shifting the essentials. He is soft-spoken and likes to listen, He carries a very happy team. He is very clear about his objectives and leaves no stone unturned to achieve that." The general is reputed to be well versed in the art of getting things done.
# Marie-Élisabeth Joly

Marie-Élisabeth Joly (1761 – 1798), was a French stage actress.
She was engaged at the Comédie-Française in 1781. She became a Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française in 1783.
She had a successful career and was particularly noted for her roles as a soubrette. She was popular among the audience and her premature death aroused much public sympathy.
# Makhdoom Ahmed Mehmood

Makhdoom Ahmed Mehmood (Urdu: مخدوم احمد محمود) (born 12 September 1955) is a Pakistani businessman and politician who is the chairman of JDW Group. Belonging from Jamal Din Wali Tehsil Sadiqabad of District Rahim Yar Khan, in Punjab. He was elected to the National Assemblies on IJI ticket in 1990–1993, PMLN's ticket from 1993 to 1996 and 1996 to 1999. He was also elected to Punjab Assembly on PML-N ticket from 1988 to 1990, and on PML-F ticket from 2008 to 2012. He remained District Nazim Rahim Yar Khan from 2001 to 2005. At the end of 2012, he left PML-F and joined PPP on desire of then President Asif Ali Zardari who had declared him Governor-designate of Punjab.
Before joining the Peoples Party, he was part of the Muslim League-F, but joined the Peoples Party after settling for the governorship. He left PML-F and became Governor Punjab. Presently, he is the president of PPP South Punjab chapter.

## Political career

On 3 January 2013, he took oath as 29th Governor of Punjab. He resigned from the post of the governor on 13 May 2013 after PML-N swept the 2013 Pakistani general election.
# Snow City

Snow City is Singapore's first indoor snow center located within the Science Centre Singapore area, beside the Omni-Theatre in Jurong East.

## Background

The 3,000 square-meter center Snow City was built at the cost of S$6 million and was officially opened on the 3rd June 2000. It was created through a joint venture by the Science Centre, Singapore and NTUC Income Co-operative Pte Ltd. This collaboration was intended to provide the residents of the tropical country of Singapore with a first-hand experience of the cold climates and snow, which they might not otherwise get.

## Highlights

Visitors will first arrive at the Air Lock, which is maintained at 10°C. This allows visitors to acclimate to the lower temperatures before they enter the chamber itself.
The major focus of Snow City is its Snow Chamber, a 1200 sq-metre room covered with snow. The Snow Chamber is well maintained at -5°C, and the snow level is kept constantly at 40 cm in depth. Between 10 and 15 tons of snow is created each week in order to maintain this level. The snow is produced using a special Snow Gun, which cools the water using liquid nitrogen.
Inside the Snow Chamber, is a 60 meter long high slope which is about 3 storeys high. 'Snowtubing' is the main activity, where visitors will be sliding down the snow slope while sitting on an inflatable tube.
There is also a Snow-Play Area for the younger children.
There is a place for wine and dine on level 2, named Alphine Lodge.
Snow City's sound educational programmes and workshops are available to schools and other interested groups.

## Technology

A specially designed Snow Gun is used in the production of snow on site.
Firstly, water is atomized using high-pressure compressed air. The water then arrives at the snow gun and is pushed out of the special nozzles at the end of the barrel. Liquid nitrogen at a temperature of approx. -196°C is then passed through the snow gun simultaneously, causing the extreme cold of the liquid nitrogen to instantly freeze the atomized water into snowflake-like crystallites.
The simplified formula to produce snow is:
* One ton of liquid nitrogen + one ton of water = one ton of "snow"
# 2018 Women's State of Origin

The 2018 Women's State of Origin was the first State of Origin rugby league match between the New South Wales and Queensland women's teams played at North Sydney Oval on 22 June 2018.
The game was the first played under the State of Origin banner. Prior to 2018, the teams played each other annually in the Women's Interstate Challenge before being rebranded as State of Origin. New South Wales defeated Queensland 16–10 to record their third straight win over the Maroons. New South Wales centre Isabelle Kelly was awarded the Nellie Doherty Medal for Player of the Match.

## Background

On 6 December 2017, the National Rugby League announced that the Women's Interstate Challenge, which ran from 1999 to 2017, would be rebranded as the Women's State of Origin. The game which, was previously played as a curtain-raiser, would now be a standalone fixture broadcast on the Nine Network and Fox Sports.

## Teams

| New South Wales | Position | Queensland |
| Sam Bremner | Fullback | Chelsea Baker |
| Taleena Simon | Wing | Karina Brown (c) |
| Corban McGregor | Centre | Amelia Kuk |
| Isabelle Kelly | Centre | Meg Ward |
| Nakia Davis-Welsh | Wing | Rhiannon Revell-Blair |
| Lavina O'Mealey | Five-Eighth | Zahara Temara |
| Maddie Studdon (c) | Halfback | Ali Brigginshaw |
| Simaima Taufa | Prop | Rona Peters |
| Rebecca Riley | Hooker | Brittany Breayley |
| Elianna Walton | Prop | Heather Ballinger |
| Talesha Quinn | 2nd Row | Tazmin Gray |
| Kezie Apps | 2nd Row | Maitua Feterika |
| Vanessa Foliaki | Lock | Annette Brander |
| Nita Maynard | Interchange | Mariah Storch |
| Rebecca Young | Interchange | Steph Hancock |
| Holli Wheeler | Interchange | Kody House |
| Hannah Southwell | Interchange | Tallisha Harden |
| Ben Cross | Coach | Jason Hetherington |
Source:

## Match summary

* Friday, 22 June 7:40 pm (AEDT)
| New South Wales | 16 – 10 | Queensland |
| Tries: Isabelle Kelly (7', 54') 2 Nakia Davis-Welsh (36') 1 Goals: Maddie Studdon 2/3 (9', 55') | Report 1st: 6 – 6 2nd: 10 – 4 | Tries: 2 (12', 45') Karina Brown Goals: 1/2 Chelsea Baker (13') |
* North Sydney Oval Attendance: 6,824
* Nellie Doherty Medal: Isabelle Kelly Referee: Jon Stone, Peter Gough
# Quinebaug Mill–Quebec Square Historic District

Quinebaug Mill–Quebec Square Historic District is a historic district roughly bounded by the Quinebaug River, Quebec Square, and Elm and S. Main Streets in the town of Brooklyn (extending partly into the town of Killingly) in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The district encompasses a well-preserved 19th-century mill village. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

## Description and history

The district is primarily located within the census-designated place of East Brooklyn and is within the village of Quebec. It consists of the weave shed built by the Quinebaug Mill Company and the surrounding residential area known as Quebec village. The residential portions of the village are characterized by rows of brick mill worker housing, some in long rows of attached housing units, others in smaller combinations housing between two and four units. Stylistically, the buildings range from the Greek Revival to the Queen Anne.
The Quinebaug Mill was built by Amos D. Lockwood starting in 1851 on the Quinebaug River, near the site of an 1820 Tiffany Mill. The Quinebaug Mill became one of the largest and most complete cotton mills in Connecticut by the end of the 19th century. Most of the mill was destroyed by fire, but the weave shed and the houses for workers survived. The housing area, which dates back from 1881, was rebuilt as low-cost housing in 1984 and contains six brick row houses, each containing eight apartments, surrounding a green space.
The historic district is considered to be a well-preserved example of a textile mill village, a type of company town that was common in 19th-century eastern Connecticut.
# Stéphane Artano

Stéphane Artano (French pronunciation:; born 9 March 1973) is a French politician who served as Senator for Saint Pierre and Miquelon from 2017 to 2023.

## Career

A member of Archipelago Tomorrow, Artano was elected to the president of the Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon on 24 March 2006. He was reelected in March 2012 against Annick Girardin, who has been serving as Minister of Overseas France since 2017. He was reelected for a third mandate in this position in March 2017. On 24 September 2017, Artano was elected as the Senator for Saint Pierre and Miquelon, defeating incumbent Karine Claireaux. He took office the following 2 October and served a six-year term.
# Umiam Lake

Umïam Lake, is a reservoir in the hills 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Shillong in the state of Meghalaya, India. It was created by damming the Umïam River in the early 1960s. The principal catchment area of the lake and dam is spread over 225 square kilometres (87 sq mi).

## Geography

Two rivers, namely, Wah Umkhrah and Wah Umshyrpi, feed into the Umiam lake.

## History
### Umïam dam

Umïam Dam, which impounds the lake, was built by the Assam State Electricity Board in the early 1960s. The dam's original purpose was to store water for hydroelectric power generation. The Umïam Stage I powerhouse, north of the lake, has four 9-MW turbine-generators, which entered commercial operation in 1965. Umïam Stage I was the first reservoir-storage hydroelectric project commissioned in the northeastern region of India. (Umtru Hydroelectric Project, a run-of-river project with an original capacity of 8.4 MW, began operation in 1957). Three more stages of the Umïam Project were subsequently built downstream.
Before the construction of the dam for electricity, Khasi communities inhabited the Umïam Valley now flooded by the lake. Apart from the Gauhati-Shillong Road, the valley consisted of Ri-Kynti (public) and Ri-Raid (clan) land. When the Assam State Electricity Board conceptualised the hydroelectric project in June 1958, the plan envisioned submerging part of the valley, where Khwan and Umsaw villages were located. Two hundred families were scheduled to be displaced for the reservoir, dam, and powerhouse. People of Khwan and Umsaw initially opposed the plan to flood their villages.

## Tourist destination

The lake serves as a major tourist attraction for the state of Meghalaya. It is also a popular destination for water sport and adventure facilities. Tourists visit this spot for kayaking, water cycling, scooting, and boating.

## Ecological effect

Apart from storing water for electricity generation, the lake also provides numerous ecosystem services at micro, meso and macro levels. Downstream irrigation, fisheries, and drinking water cater to local anthropogenic needs.

## Toxic threat and silting

Due to the rising population of Shillong upstream of the lake, the lake is starting to become highly polluted. The rivers, Wah Umkhrah and Wah Umshyrpi, have become drains in Shillong city. They carry household and market sewage, and industrial waste which drains into the lake.
Also, there is the heavy problem of silting. An estimated 40,000 cubic metres (1,400,000 cu ft) of silt enters Umïam Lake every year. Causes range between upstream encroachments, deforestation, blockage of natural drainage systems, and unscientific mining et al. in the catchment area. Excessive silt load in the lake has lowered the storage.

## Gallery

* Roadside view of Umïam Lake
* View of Umïam Lake
* View of Umïam Lake
* View of Umïam Lake
* Sunset at Umïam Lake
* View of Umïam Lake
* Magnificent Umïam lake
* Lakeside boats, Umïam Lake
* Umïam lake view
* Umam Lake Panaroma View
# Jack the Ripper (2004 video game)

Jack the Ripper is an adventure video game, based upon the unidentified serial killer Jack the Ripper. The game was released for Microsoft Windows in 2004. It was developed by Galilea Games and published by The Adventure Company.
The game is set in New York in 1901, where James Palmer, a reporter of the newspaper New York Today, is investigating a set of murders similar to those of "Jack the Ripper" in Whitechapel thirteen years earlier; the murders turn out to be the work of the actual Ripper.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| Metacritic | 58/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| Adventure Gamers | |
| Computer Games Magazine | |
| Computer Gaming World | |
| GameSpot | 5.2/10 |
| GameSpy | |
| GameZone | 5.8/10 |
| IGN | 7.8/10 |
| Jeuxvideo.com | 13/20 |
| PC Gamer (US) | 61% |
The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
# Bollywood Times

Bollywood Times was a Canadian Hindi language specialty channel owned by Channel Zero.
Bollywood Times broadcast Bollywood films encompassing a variety of genres including action, comedy, horror, and crime. It also aired television series including comedies, dramas, and thrillers. Programs were primarily sourced from India, in addition to Canadian content.

## History

In May 2010, FDR Media Group Inc. was granted approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a television channel called Bollywood Times HD TV, described as "a national, niche third-language ethnic Category 2 specialty programming service devoted to mainstream as well as art films in the Hindi-language not broadcast on other feature film channels."
The channel launched on November 28, 2011, on Bell Fibe TV as Bollywood Times exclusively in high definition (HD). The channel launched on Rogers Cable only days later in December 2011 in both HD and standard definition.
At an undisclosed point, FDR's broadcast licenses were acquired by Channel Zero. In January 2018, the channel was dropped by all providers who carried it (along with sister network Mehndi TV) and subsequently shut down.
# Bombay Stock Exchange

BSE Limited, also known as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), is an Indian stock exchange which is located on Dalal Street. Established with the efforts of cotton merchant Premchand Roychand in 1875, it is the oldest stock exchange in Asia, and also the tenth oldest in the world. The BSE is the world's 6th largest stock exchange with a market capitalization exceeding US$5 trillion on 21 May 2024.

## History

Bombay Stock Exchange was founded by Premchand Roychand in 1875. While BSE Limited is now synonymous with Dalal Street, it was not always so. In the 1850s, four Gujarati and one Parsi stockbroker gathered together under a Banyan tree in front of Bombay (now Mumbai) Town Hall, where Horniman Circle is now situated. A decade later, the brokers moved their location to under the banyan trees at the junction of Meadows Street and what was then called Esplanade Road, now Mahatma Gandhi Road. With a rapid increase in the number of brokers, they had to shift places repeatedly. At last, in 1874, the brokers found a permanent location, the one that they could call their own. The brokers group became an official organization known as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association" in 1875.
On 12 March 1993, a car bomb exploded in the basement of the building during the 1993 Bombay bombings. The BSE is also a Partner Exchange of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchange initiative, joining in September 2012. BSE established India INX on 30 December 2016. India INX is the first international exchange of India. BSE became the first stock exchange in the country to launch commodity derivatives contract in gold and silver in October 2018.
BSE was demutualized and corporatized on 19 May 2007, pursuant to the BSE (Corporatization and Demutualization) Scheme, 2005 notified by SEBI. It was listed on NSE on 3 February 2017.

## Criticism and controversies

The Indian stock exchanges BSE and NSE have witnessed several high-profile corruption scandals. At times, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has barred several individuals and entities from trading on the exchanges for insider trading, stock manipulation, especially in illiquid mid-caps, small-caps and penny stocks.
# Branch Avenue station

Branch Avenue station is an island-platformed Washington Metro station in Suitland, Maryland, United States. The station was opened on January 13, 2001, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). The station presently serves as the southeastern terminus for the Green Line, with the Branch Avenue rail yard lying just beyond this station. The station is located near the intersection of Auth Road and Old Soper Road.
This is also the station closest to Andrews Air Force Base.

## History

Plans for a station as the southeastern terminus of the Green Line initially appeared in the original 1968 route map. However, by 1978 the Prince George's County Council, after initially supporting the Branch Avenue alignment, changed their support to moving the terminus to a location adjacent to the Rosecroft Raceway. Metro followed suit and pursued the Rosecroft alignment instead of Branch Avenue in 1980. By May a group of citizens filed suit against Metro stating that the route was improperly changed and failed to conform to the plan adopted by county voters in 1968. In February 1981, the court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs in stating the routing to Rosecroft could not be undertaken until it went through public review. After further appeal, in March 1982 the judge ruled that none of the proposed Green Line along the Rosecroft alignment could start construction until it went through the entire planning process again. After deciding to not file an appeal, in December 1984 Metro voted to change the southeastern terminus back to Branch Avenue thus allowing for construction to commence on the Green Line towards Prince George's County.
Groundbreaking for the final segment of the Green Line occurred on September 23, 1995. The station opened on January 13, 2001. Its opening coincided with the completion of approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) of rail southeast of the Anacostia station and the opening of the Congress Heights, Naylor Road, Southern Avenue and Suitland stations. This represented the completion of the system as originally planned.

## Station layout

Branch Avenue station has an island platform in an open cut between Auth Way and Capital Gateway Drive. Parking lots are located both east and west of the station platform. Constructed adjacent to the station is a 37-acre (15 ha) rail yard with the capacity to store 116 cars.
# Industry Will Save Georgia

Industry Will Save Georgia (Georgian: მრეწველობა გადაარჩენს საქართველოს, romanized: mrets'veloba gadaarchens sakartvelos) is a center-right political party in Georgia.

## History

The party was founded in 1999 by Gogi Topadze, the proprietor of a big beer and drinks company (Kazbegi), and gathered pro-business and industrial lobbyists. Its main objective was to change the country's economic policy, especially by fighting the influence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The party took part in the 1999 parliamentary elections and won 15 seats, making it the third-strongest party. Even though it was not part of the government, it co-operated with then-ruling Citizens' Union of Georgia (CUG) of President Eduard Shevardnadze and did not constitute a firm opposition.
During the 2004 legislative election, the party was part of the Rightist Opposition alliance, together with the New Rights party. The coalition won 23 seats, making it the second force in parliament, behind new president Mikheil Saakashvili's dominating United National Movement.
In the 2012 parliamentary election, the party participated as part of the winning Georgian Dream alliance. The party left the Georgian Dream coalition before the 2016 parliamentary elections. Despite this, the Georgian Dream coalition continued to cooperate with the party. During the 2016 elections, Industry Will Save Georgia won their only majoritarian, Simon Nozadze, constituency without facing a competing candidate from the Georgian Dream.

## Political platform

In his book Semiotics of Drink and Drinking, anthropologist Paul Manning describes Gogi Topadze's ideology as "attempting to create an autarchic link on national production to national consumption."