OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Betacism

In historical linguistics, betacism (UK: /ˈbiːtəsɪzəm/ BEE-tə-siz-əm, US: /ˈbeɪ-/ BAY-) is a sound change in which [b] (the voiced bilabial plosive, as in bane) and [v] (the voiced labiodental fricative [v], as in vane) are confused. The final result of the process can be either /b/ → [v] or /v/ → [b]. Betacism is a fairly common phenomenon; it has taken place in Greek, Hebrew, and several Romance languages.

## Greek

In Classical Greek, the letter beta ⟨β⟩ denoted. As a result of betacism, it has come to denote [v] in Modern Greek, a process which probably began during the Koine Greek period, approximately in the 1st century CE, along with the spirantization of the sounds represented by the letters δ and γ. Modern (and earlier Medieval) Greek uses the digraph ⟨μπ⟩ to represent [b]. Indeed, this is the origin of the word betacism.

## Romance languages

Perhaps the best known example of betacism is in the Romance languages. The first traces of betacism in Latin can be found in the 3rd century CE. The results of the shift are most widespread in the Western Romance languages, especially in Spanish, in which the letters ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ are now both pronounced [β] (the voiced bilabial fricative) except phrase-initially and after a nasal consonant, when they are pronounced [b]; the two sounds ([β] and [b]) are now allophones. Betacism is one of the main features in which Galician and northern Portuguese diverge from central and southern Portuguese. In Catalan, betacism features in many dialects, but not in central and southern Valencian or the Balearic dialect. In Occitan language, betacism is common in Gascon, Languedocien and Auvergnat dialects. Other Iberian languages with betacism are Astur-Leonese and Aragonese.
Another example of betacism is in Neapolitan, or in Central Italian (particularly in Macerata) which uses ⟨v⟩ to denote betacism-produced [v], such that Latin bucca corresponds to Neapolitan vocca and to Maceratese vocca, Latin arborem to arvero or arvulo, and barba to Neapolitan varva and Maceratese varba.

### Betacism in Latin

A famous medieval Latin saying states:
   Beati hispani, quibus vivere bibere est. Translation: Fortunate are the Hispani, for whom living is drinking.
The saying is a pun referring to the fact that the Iberians would generally pronounce the letter v the same as b (which uses the sound [b] or [β]) instead of [w] or [v]. In Latin, the words vīvĕre ("to live") and bĭbĕre ("to drink") are distinguished by the use of the letters v and b, thus creating a point of confusion in the Iberian pronunciation.

## Hebrew

Betacism occurred in late Ancient Hebrew. The sound [b] (denoted ⟨ב⟩) changed post-vocalically to [β] and eventually to [v], except when geminated, when following a consonant, or word-initially when metrically separated from the preceding word-final vowel. As a result, the two sounds were allophones; but, due to later sound changes, including the loss of gemination, the distinction became partially phonemic in Modern Hebrew.
# Bukka Raya II

Vijayanagara Empire :
Ruling dynasties :
Sangama dynastyHarihara I1336–1356Bukka Raya I1356–1377Harihara Raya II1377–1404Virupaksha Raya1404–1405Bukka Raya II1405–1406Deva Raya I1406–1422Ramachandra Raya1422Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya1422–1424Deva Raya II1424–1446Mallikarjuna Raya1446–1465Virupaksha Raya II1465–1485Praudha Raya1485 :
Saluva dynastySaluva Narasimha Deva Raya1485–1491Thimma Bhupala1491Narasimha Raya II1491–1505 :
Tuluva dynastyTuluva Narasa Nayaka1491–1503Vira Narasimha Raya1503–1509Krishna Deva Raya1509–1529Achyuta Deva Raya1529–1542Venkata I1542Sadasiva Raya1542–1570 :
Aravidu dynastyRama Raya1542–1565Tirumala Deva Raya1565–1572Sriranga I1572–1586Venkata II1586–1614Sriranga II1614Rama Deva Raya1617–1632Venkata III1632–1642Sriranga III1642–1646 :
vte :
Bukka Raya II (born AD 1363) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty.
After the death of Harihara II, the succession of the throne was disputed amongst his three sons: Virupaksha Raya, Bukka Raya II, and Deva Raya I and eventually changed hands amongst them. First, Virupaksha Raya managed to rule for a few months before he was murdered by his brothers. Bukka Raya II then succeeded him as emperor. However, Bukka Raya II only reigned for a short time period before he was overthrown by his brother Deva Raya I who took the throne. His fate remains unknown.
# Paxo

Paxo is a brand of stuffing and Bread crumbs in the United Kingdom, currently owned by Premier Foods.
Paxo was devised in 1901 by John Crampton, a butcher from Eccles near Manchester, who wanted to have something extra to sell to his customers shopping for their Sunday lunch menus.
In the beginning sales growth of Paxo was slow because stuffing is mainly served with chickens and poultry was then traditionally regarded as a luxury. As the price of chickens dropped and that of red meats rose in the 1950s and 1960s, Paxo's popularity grew.
At Christmas, the product is advertised with the slogan "Christmas wouldn't be Christmas without the Paxo" (a play on the phrase "Christmas wouldn't be Christmas without the turkey").
Paxo was manufactured from the early 1950s in Sharston, Manchester, until 2009 when the factory was closed and production moved to the re-opened Bachelor's factory in Ashford, Kent.
# Basilio Ndong

Basilio Ndong Owono Nchama (born 17 January 1999) is an Equatoguinean professional footballer who plays for Liga I club Universitatea Craiova and the Equatorial Guinea national team. Mainly a left back, he can also operate as a left winger.

## Club career

Ndong is a Cano Sport Academy product. He began playing for them at Cadete (under-16) level as a left back and then in its Juvenil (under-19) side. He was transitioning to more offensive positions, always on the left side.
On 30 January 2018, just a week after concluding his participation with Equatorial Guinea at the 2018 African Nations Championship, he signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Macedonian club FK Shkupi.
In September 2021, he moved to Norwegian club Start, on loan from Westerlo. In November 2021, he joined Start permanently, signing a contract until summer 2024.

## International career

Ndong made his international debut in a 4–0 victory over South Sudan in a qualification game for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. He came on as a substitute for Rubén Belima.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 14 March 2025
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Shkupi | 2017–18 | Macedonian First Football League | 11 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11 | 0 |
| Shkupi | 2018–19 | Macedonian First Football League | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 26 | 0 |
| Shkupi | 2019–20 | Macedonian First Football League | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 10 | 0 |
| Shkupi | Total | Total | 44 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 47 | 0 |
| Westerlo | 2020–21 | Belgian First Division B | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 5 | 0 |
| Start (loan) | 2021 | Norwegian First Division | 8 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 10 | 0 |
| Start | 2022 | Norwegian First Division | 26 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 27 | 1 |
| Start | Total | Total | 34 | 1 | 3 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 37 | 1 |
| Universitatea Craiova | 2022–23 | Liga I | 15 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15 | 0 |
| Universitatea Craiova | 2023–24 | Liga I | 12 | 0 | 3 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| Universitatea Craiova | 2024–25 | Liga I | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 12 | 0 |
| Universitatea Craiova | Total | Total | 36 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 43 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 118 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 132 | 1 |
* ↑ Appearances in the UEFA Europa League
* ↑ Appearance in Liga I play-offs for UEFA Europa Conference League

### International

    As of match played 14 November 2024
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| Equatorial Guinea | 2016 | 2 | 0 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 2017 | 2 | 0 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 2018 | 6 | 0 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 2019 | 5 | 0 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 2020 | 2 | 0 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 2021 | 6 | 0 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 2022 | 11 | 0 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 2023 | 7 | 0 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 2024 | 13 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 54 | 0 |
# Fortune 500

The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest United States corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years. The list includes publicly held companies, along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available. The concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith, a Fortune editor, and the first list was published in 1955. The Fortune 500 is more commonly used than its subset Fortune 100 or superset Fortune 1000.

## History

The Fortune 500, created by Edgar P. Smith, was first published in January 1955. The original top ten companies were General Motors, Jersey Standard, U.S. Steel, General Electric, Esmark, Chrysler, Armour, Gulf Oil, Mobil, and DuPont.

## Methodology

The original Fortune 500 was limited to companies whose revenues were derived from manufacturing, mining, and energy exploration. At the same time, Fortune published companion "Fortune 50" lists of the 50 largest commercial banks (ranked by assets), utilities (ranked by assets), life insurance companies (ranked by assets), retailers (ranked by gross revenues) and transportation companies (ranked by revenues). Fortune magazine changed its methodology in 1994 to include service companies. With the change came 291 new entrants to the famous list including three in the Top 10.

## Influence

As of 2020, the Fortune 500 companies represent approximately two-thirds of the United States' gross domestic product with approximately $14.2 trillion in revenue, $1.2 trillion in profits, and $20.4 trillion in total market value. These revenue figures also account for approximately 18% of the gross world product. The companies collectively employ a total of 29.2 million people worldwide, or nearly 0.4% of the world's total population.

## Overview

The following is the list of top 20 companies.

### Breakdown by state

This is the list of the top 18 states with the most companies within the Fortune 500 as of 2024.

### Breakdown by metropolitan area

This is the list of the top 10 metropolitan statistical areas with the most companies within the Fortune 500 as of 2024.
* ↑ Amazon is co-headquartered between Seattle and Arlington, Virginia, the latter being located in the Washington metropolitan area.
# Admetophoneus

Admetophoneus is a dubious genus of non-mammalian synapsid from Russia. Its type and only species is Admetophoneus kargalensis.

## History

Admetophoneus was named by the Russian paleontologist Ivan Efremov in 1954, based on some teeth, a fragmentary maxilla, and a humerus.$^{:260}$ It was originally classified as a member of Brithopodidae.$^{:235–236}$ Later, it was classified in Phthinosuchidae.$^{:984–985}$ Recent study, however, has shown that it is a member of Anteosauria, but lacks diagnostic features.$^{:287}$ It is essentially identical to the contemporaneous Titanophoneus, and could be synonymous with it, but its poor preservation means that it cannot be proven.
# Air League

The Air League is an aviation and aerospace non-profit organisation based in the United Kingdom. It is the UK's largest provider of aviation and aerospace scholarships and bursaries.
The Air League aims to inspire, enable, and support the next generation of aviation and aerospace professionals from all backgrounds across the UK. Each year thousands of people from around the UK, including disadvantaged youngsters and wounded and injured servicemen and women benefit from Air League support.

## History

Founded in 1909 as "The Aerial League of The British Empire", The Air League was formed to counter 'the backwardness and apathy' shown by the UK in the face of emerging aeronautical developments and to stress the 'vital importance from a commercial and national defence point of view of this new means of communication'.
The founders of the Air League were concerned that Britain was falling behind other nations in the development of its aviation capability. They foresaw the threats, both military and commercial, to the country's future wellbeing if aviation was not made central to government thinking. When the First World War broke out five years later, Britain was taking aviation sufficiently seriously to be able to develop and produce aircraft that could hold their own in the rapidly evolving scramble for air superiority.
In 1938 The Air League founded the Air Defence Cadet Corps, which is now the Air Training Corps.

## Presidents

* Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood, (1945–1947)
* Air Chief Marshal Sir Philip Joubert de la Ferté (1947–1954)
* Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood (1954–1956)
* Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso (1956–1958)
* Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton (1959–1968)
* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1959) – For the period of the Air League Jubilee celebrations
* Air Chief Marshal Sir Francis Fogarty (1968–1972)
* Air Chief Marshal Sir Denis Smallwood (1980–1984)
* Marshal of the RAF Sir John Grandy (1984–1987)
* Air Marshal Sir Charles Ness (1987–1990)
* Sir Michael Cobham (1990–1993)
* James Ewart Henderson CVO (1993–1996)
* Baron Tebbit (1996–1999)
* Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Knight (1999–2004)
* Sir Michael Marshall (2004–2009)
* Air Chief Marshal Sir Brian Burridge (2009–2014)
* Sir Roger Bone KCMG (2014–2021)
* Air Marshal Sir Christopher Harper (2021–Present)

## Women's Aerial League

The Women's Aerial League was also set up in 1909 – on 4 May
Relations with the Aerial League were friendly, but this organisation led its own existence, and also set up the Boys' and Girls' Aerial League. It was merged into the Aerial League in 1910.
# Crocus imperati

Crocus imperati is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae, endemic to Italy.
Its flowering time is winter and early spring. Its features are lilac flowers with a dark purple outside.
Its closest relative is Crocus Versicolor.
# Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers

Raising Cane's Restaurants, LLC, doing business as Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers (commonly referred to as Raising Cane's or Cane's) is an American fast casual chain specializing in chicken fingers founded in 1996 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, by Todd Graves and Craig Silvey. The company is named after Graves's dog, a yellow Labrador. Other yellow Labradors have served as company mascots, as well as certified therapy animals.

## History

Founders Todd Graves and Craig Silvey were studying at different universities when they wrote a plan for a chicken-finger restaurant which Silvey submitted in a business plan-writing course, receiving a C-minus grade. At the time, Graves worked at Guthrie's Chicken Fingers.
The business plan was rejected numerous times by potential investors, so Graves and Silvey earned the needed money working various manual labor jobs. They obtained an SBA loan, which they used to open their first restaurant, located in Baton Rouge at the intersection of Highland Road and State Street near the LSU campus. Silvey sold his share of the partnership shortly after the second restaurant opened.
In March 2020, many of Cane's locations switched from dine-in to pick-up and take-out service only due to the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas others closed temporarily. As of July 2020, certain locations had reopened their dining rooms, although Graves said the company was in no rush to do so on the full scale.
In 2021, in response to a shortage of workers at the time, the company began dispatching hundreds of their corporate employees to work in its restaurants as cooks and cashiers, in addition to their existing duties regarding the hiring of new employees. The company planned to hire 10,000 new employees. The company's co-CEO said that the corporate employees are trained in the kitchen and on the register under normal circumstances.
In 2022, Raising Cane's sued a shopping center in Hobart, Indiana. After the restaurant chain had signed a long-term lease, it came to light that the shopping center had a non-compete agreement with McDonald's which prohibited other vendors selling de-boned chicken products in the complex.
In 2023, Raising Cane's started a campaign with Post Malone. In April 2023, a restaurant designed by Malone opened in Midvale, Utah. In June, themed cups were launched. In October, a Post Malone and Dallas Cowboys themed location opened in Dallas.
In June 2024, Raising Cane's started a campaign based on their iced tea, featuring actor and rapper Ice T as the campaign's mascot. The campaign ended at the end of June.
A new location opened in Encino, California, on October 22, 2024, which included a design that gives a nod towards the area's movie history.

## International expansion

The chain first began expanding internationally in 2015, opening its first restaurant in Kuwait. The namesake mascot, a dog, is not seen on signage and merchandise, as dogs are not popular in Kuwait due to religious reasons. The restaurant chain expanded to Dubai in 2024.
# Yusei Matsui

Yusei Matsui (松井優征, Matsui Yūsei) is a Japanese manga artist. He was an assistant of Yoshio Sawai, the manga artist of Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo. He is the author and illustrator of three manga which are Neuro: Supernatural Detective, Assassination Classroom, and The Elusive Samurai.

## Career

In 2000, with "Rubbing Dead" (an unknown manga), he won the fascinating manga award at the 51st manga festival, judged by the public who were surprised by the drawing style.
Neuro: Supernatural Detective was originally serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from February 2005 to April 2009, with its chapters collected in 23 tankōbon (bound volumes). A 25-episode anime television series directed by Hiroshi Kōjina and animated by Madhouse was originally broadcast on Nippon Television from October 2007 to March 2008. In 2011, the anime series was licensed by Viz Media and uploaded to the company's website. Neuro: Supernatural Detective has spawned a light novel, two audio albums, two video games, and other merchandise.
From 2012 to 2016, he produced his new series "Assassination Classroom" was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in twenty-one tankōbon volumes.It is also adapted into an anime.
The Elusive Samurai has been serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump since January 2021, with its chapters collected in 17 tankōbon volumes as of September 2024.The series won the 69th Shogakukan Manga Award in 2024.

## Works

| Title | Year | Notes |
| Neuro: Supernatural Detective | 2005–09 | Serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump; compiled in 23 volumes |
| Rikon Choutei | 2009 | One-shot in Weekly Shōnen Jump |
| Tokyo Depato Sensou Taikenki | 2011 | One-shot in Jump Next |
| Assassination Classroom | 2012–16 | Serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump; compiled in 21 volumes |
| F-Ken | 2019 | One-shot in Weekly Shōnen Jump |
| The Elusive Samurai | 2021–present | Serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump |
# This Could Be the Night (film)

This Could Be the Night is a 1957 American MGM comedy-drama film directed by Robert Wise and starring Jean Simmons and Paul Douglas. Anthony Franciosa made his debut in the film, which is based on the short stories by Cornelia Baird Gross.

## Plot

Anne Leeds is a school teacher with only four weeks of experience. She takes a part-time job as a secretary to an ex-bootlegger and horse-playing gambler by the name of Rocco. He's a Broadway nightclub owner with a heart of gold who falls in love with Anne. However, he knows he's too old for her, so keeps his feelings to himself.
Anne "thinks" she's in love with his younger partner Tony Armotti, a typical playboy type who is afraid to fall in love because it might mean marriage. Tony lives in a walkup apartment above the nightclub, where he often entertains beautiful women. The stairs to the apartment are on the alley behind the club.
The entire nightclub loves Anne but Tony resents her because he wants to take care of her and protect her. Eventually after confronting Tony, Anne quits because Tony tells her he does not love her and never will. After she quits, the entire nightclub disparages Tony over whether Anne quit or was fired. He goes to where she is currently working and, after helping her escape when police raid the gambling den, convinces her to take back the job she quit.

## Cast

* Jean Simmons as Anne Leeds
* Paul Douglas as Rocco
* Anthony Franciosa as Tony Armotti
* Julie Wilson as Ivy Corlane
* Neile Adams as Patsy St. Clair
* Joan Blondell as Crystal St. Clair
* J. Carrol Naish as Leon
* Rafael Campos as Hussein Mohammed
* ZaSu Pitts as Mrs. Katie Shea
* Tom Helmore as Stowe Devlin
* Murvyn Vye as Waxie London
* Vaughn Taylor as Ziggy Dawit
* Frank Ferguson as Mr. Shea
* Chuck Berry (cameo appearance)
* June Blair as chorus girl
* Bess Flowers as nightclub extra

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack to the film was jazz-based, featuring performances by Ray Anthony and his Orchestra, with vocals throughout, including the film's title song, sung by Julie Wilson. Both Wilson and Anthony had roles in the film. Wilson played singer Ivy Corlane, while Anthony, with his Orchestra, played himself.

## Reception

According to MGM records the film earned $870,000 in the US and Canada, and $650,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $804,000.
# Indian Gardens, Arizona

Indian Gardens is a populated place situated on the east side of Oak Creek Canyon, in Coconino County, Arizona, United States, north of Sedona. It has an estimated elevation of 4,603 feet (1,403 m) above sea level.

## History

The first white settler in Sedona, John James Thompson, settled at Indian Gardens in 1876. Thompson called the place Indian Gardens because natives grew corn and squash on the site.
In 1965, residents living along the east side of Oak Creek started the Indian Gardens Improvement Association to deal with local issues, most specifically the rebuilding of a washed out bridge which cut off access to property owners.
# Hakim Abdul Hameed

Hakim Abdul Hameed (Urdu: حکیم عبدالحمید; 14 September 1908 – 22 July 1999) was an Indian physician of the traditional medicine system of Unani, the founder chancellor of Jamia Hamdard, and a former chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University. His ancestors came from Kashgar (now Kashi, Xinjiang, China) to the Indian subcontinent, in the reign of the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam. He was the founder and chief trustee of Hamdard Laboratories. He was honoured by the Government of India in 1965, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award and in 1992, the government awarded him the third highest Indian honour of Padma Bhushan. He was the elder brother of the Hakeem Muhammad Saeed.

## Contributions

He established Hamdard Public School, New Delhi in 1993. He was instrumental in establishing several academic institutions like Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard National Foundation, Hamdard Education Society, Hamdard Study Circle, Hamdard Public School, Hamdard Institute of Historical Research, Ghalib Academy, Centre for South Asian Studies, and Business and Employment Bureau. To continue his philanthropic work he established Hamdard Charitable Trust in 1948 and Hamdard National Foundation in 1964. He was a Unani Physician who established Majeedia Hospital. It is now known as HAH Centenary Hospital (Modern Medicine) and Majeedia Hospital (Unani).

### Awards

Hakeem Abdul Hameed was awarded Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan. He was awarded the Avicenna award in 1983. In 2000 he was awarded the IRCICA Award for Patronage in Preservation of Cultural Heritage & Promotion of Scholarship by Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) Istanbul, Turkey.