# Whitey Bulger

James Joseph "Whitey" Bulger Jr. (/ˈbʌldʒər/ ; September 3, 1929 – October 30, 2018) was an American organized crime boss who led the Winter Hill Gang, an Irish mob group based in the Winter Hill neighborhood of Somerville, Massachusetts, northwest of Boston. On December 23, 1994, Bulger went into hiding after his former FBI handler, John Connolly, tipped him off about a pending RICO indictment against him. He remained at large for sixteen years. After his 2011 arrest, federal prosecutors tried Bulger for nineteen murders based on grand jury testimony from Kevin Weeks and other former criminal associates.
Although he adamantly denied it, the FBI stated that Bulger had served as an informant for several years starting in 1975, providing information about the inner workings of the Patriarca crime family, his Italian-American Mafia rivals based in Boston and Providence, Rhode Island. In return, Connolly, as Bulger's FBI handler, ensured that the Winter Hill Gang was effectively ignored. Beginning in 1997, press reports exposed various instances of criminal misconduct by federal, state and local officials with ties to Bulger, causing embarrassment to several government agencies, especially the FBI.
Five years after his flight from the Boston area, Bulger was added to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list; he was considered the most wanted person on the list behind Osama bin Laden. Another twelve years passed before he was apprehended along with his longtime girlfriend, Catherine Greig, outside an apartment complex in Santa Monica, California. Bulger and Greig were extradited to Boston and taken to court under heavy guard. In June 2012, Greig pleaded guilty to conspiracy to harbor a fugitive, identity fraud, and conspiracy to commit identity fraud, receiving a sentence of eight years in prison. Bulger declined to seek bail and remained in custody.
Bulger's trial began in June 2013. He was tried on thirty-two counts of racketeering, money laundering, extortion, and weapons charges, including complicity in nineteen murders. On August 12, Bulger was found guilty on 31 counts, including both racketeering charges, and was found to have been involved in eleven murders. On November 14, he was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences plus five years by U.S. District Court Judge Denise J. Casper. Bulger was incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary Coleman II in Sumterville, Florida.
Bulger was transferred to several facilities in October 2018; first to the Federal Transfer Center in Oklahoma and then to the United States Penitentiary, Hazelton, near Bruceton Mills, West Virginia. Bulger, who was in a wheelchair, was beaten to death by inmates on October 30, 2018, within hours of his arrival at Hazelton. In 2022, Fotios Geas, Paul DeCologero and Sean McKinnon were charged with conspiracy to commit first-degree murder in Bulger's death.

## Early life

Whitey Bulger's father, James Joseph Bulger Sr., hailed from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, with Irish parents. After settling in Everett, Massachusetts, he married Jane Veronica "Jean" McCarthy, a first-generation Irish immigrant. The eldest of six children, James Joseph Bulger Jr., was born on September 3, 1929. The family moved to Boston shortly after his birth.
Bulger's father worked as a union laborer and occasional longshoreman. He lost his arm in an industrial accident$^{:48}$ and the family was reduced to poverty.$^{:49}$ In May 1938, the Mary Ellen McCormack Housing Project was opened in the neighborhood of South Boston. The Bulger family moved in and the children grew up there. While his younger siblings, William Bulger and John P. Bulger, excelled at school, James Bulger Jr. was drawn into street life.
Early in his criminal career, local police gave Bulger the nickname "Whitey" because of his blond hair. Bulger hated the name; he preferred to be called "Jim", "Jimmy", or even "Boots". The last nickname came from his habit of wearing cowboy boots, in which he used to hide a switchblade.

## Early criminal career

Bulger developed a reputation as a thief and street fighter fiercely loyal to South Boston. This led to him meeting more experienced criminals and finding more lucrative opportunities. In 1943, 14-year-old Bulger was arrested and charged with larceny. By then he had joined a street gang known as the "Shamrocks" and would eventually be arrested for assault, forgery and armed robbery. Bulger was sentenced to a juvenile reformatory for these offenses.
Shortly after his release in April 1948, Bulger joined the United States Air Force where he earned his high school diploma and trained as a mechanic. Despite the regimented military life, he had not reformed. He spent time in the military prison for several assaults and was later arrested by Air Force police in 1950 for going absent without leave. Nevertheless, he received an honorable discharge in 1952 and returned to Massachusetts.

### Prison

In 1956, Bulger served his first term in federal prison at Atlanta Penitentiary for armed robbery and truck hijacking. He later told mobster Kevin Weeks that while there, he was used as a human subject in the CIA-sponsored MK-ULTRA program. Bulger later complained that the inmates had been "recruited by deception" and were told they were helping to find "a cure for schizophrenia", when in fact they were being used to research mind control. Evidence of the experiments were later confirmed when CIA documentation emerged.
Bulger and eighteen other inmates, all of whom had volunteered in exchange for reduced sentences, were given LSD and other drugs over an eighteen-month period. Bulger later described his experience as "nightmarish" and said it took him "to the depths of insanity," writing in his notebooks that he heard voices and feared being "committed for life" if he admitted this to anyone.
In 1959, Bulger was briefly transferred to maximum security at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in California. During his time at Alcatraz, he kept in shape through weightlifting and took advantage of educational opportunities afforded to inmates. He completed various correspondence courses including typing, bookkeeping, and business law. He also became a voracious reader, devouring numerous books on poetry, politics, and military history. Later in his sentence, he was transferred to Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary and, in 1963, to Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary. Bulger's third petition for parole, in 1965, was granted after he had served nine years in prison. He would not be arrested again for 46 years.

### Killeen–Mullen War

After his release, Bulger worked as a janitor and construction worker before becoming a bookmaker and loan shark under mobster Donald Killeen, whose gang, The Killeens, had dominated South Boston for over twenty years. The Killeens were led by three brothers—Donnie, Kenny and Eddie—along with Billy O'Sullivan and Jack Curran. Their base was the Transit Café in South Boston, which later became Whitey's Triple O's.
In 1971, the younger Killeen brother Kenny allegedly shot and mauled Michael "Mickey" Dwyer, a member of the rival Mullen Gang, during a brawl at the Transit Café. A gang war resulted, leading to a string of killings throughout Boston and the surrounding suburbs. The Killeens quickly found themselves outgunned and outmaneuvered by the younger Mullens. It was during the war that Bulger set out to commit what Weeks describes as Bulger's first murder, of Mullen member Paul McGonagle. However, Bulger instead executed McGonagle's law-abiding brother Donald in a case of mistaken identity.
   Although [McGonagle] never did anything, he kept on stirring everything up with his mouth. So Jimmy decided to kill him. ... Jimmy shot him right between the eyes. Only ... it wasn't Paulie. It was Donald. ... Jimmy drove straight to his mentor Billy O'Sullivan's house on Savin Hill Avenue and told O'Sullivan ... 'I shot the wrong one. I shot Donald.' Billy ... said, 'Don't worry about it. He wasn't healthy anyway. He smoked. He would have gotten lung cancer.'
According to former Mullen boss Patrick "Pat" Nee, McGonagle ambushed and murdered O'Sullivan on the assumption he was the one responsible for his brother's killing. Bulger, realizing he was on the losing side, is alleged to have secretly approached Howie Winter, the leader of the Winter Hill Gang, and claimed he could end the war by murdering the Killeen leadership. Shortly thereafter, on May 13, 1972, Donald Killeen was gunned down outside his home in the suburb of Framingham. Although the killing was attributed to Bulger, Nee disputed this, saying that Killeen was murdered by Mullen enforcers James Mantville and Tommy King, not Bulger.$^{:123–125}$
Bulger and the Killeens fled Boston, fearing they would be next. Nee arranged for the dispute to be mediated by Winter and Joseph Russo, caporegime of the Patriarca crime family, in Rhode Island. In a sit-down at Chandler's nightclub in Boston's South End, the Mullens were represented by Nee and King, and the Killeens by Bulger. The two gangs joined forces, with Winter as overall boss.$^{:127–134}$ Soon afterward, Donald's sole surviving brother, Kenny, was jogging in Boston's City Point neighborhood when Bulger called him over to a car and said, "It's over. You're out of business. No more warnings."$^{:30}$ Kenny would later testify that Winter Hill enforcers Stephen Flemmi and John Martorano were in the car with Bulger.

### Winter Hill Gang

After the 1972 truce, Bulger and the Mullens were in control of South Boston's criminal underworld. FBI Special Agent Dennis Condon noted in his log in September 1973 that Bulger and Nee had been heavily shaking down the neighborhood's bookmakers and loan sharks. Over the years that followed, Bulger began to remove opposition by persuading Winter to sanction the killings of those who "stepped out of line". In a 2004 interview, Winter recalled that the highly intelligent Bulger "could teach the devil tricks". During this era, Bulger's victims included Mullen veterans McGonagle, King, and James "Spike" O'Toole.
According to Weeks:
   As a criminal, he made a point of only preying upon criminals... And when things couldn't be worked out to his satisfaction with these people, after all the other options had been explored, he wouldn't hesitate to use violence. ... Tommy King, in 1975, was one example. ... Tommy's problems began when he and Jimmy had worked in Triple O's. Tommy, who was a Mullins, made a fist. And Jimmy saw it. ... A week later, Tommy was dead. Tommy's second and last mistake had been getting into the car with Jimmy, Stevie, and Johnny Martorano. ... Later that same night, Jimmy killed Buddy Leonard and left him in Tommy's car on Pilsudski Way in the Old Colony projects to confuse the authorities.$^{:90–91}$
In 1979, Winter was arrested, along with many members of his inner circle, on charges of fixing horse races. Bulger and Flemmi were left out of the indictments. They stepped into the power vacuum and took over the leadership of the Winter Hill Gang, transferring its headquarters to the Lancaster Street Garage in Boston's West End, near the Boston Garden.

### Anti-busing attacks

In late August or early September 1974, Bulger and an accomplice reportedly set fire to an elementary school in Wellesley to intimidate U.S. District Court Judge Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr. over his mandated plan to desegregate schools in the city of Boston by means of busing. One year later, on September 8, 1975, Bulger and an unidentified person tossed a Molotov cocktail into the John F. Kennedy birthplace in Brookline in retaliation for Senator Ted Kennedy's vocal support for Boston school desegregation. Bulger then used black spray paint to scrawl "Bus Teddy" on the sidewalk outside of the national historic site.

## FBI informant
### Recruitment

In 1971, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) approached Bulger and attempted to recruit him as an informant in an ongoing effort to gain information on the Patriarca crime family. FBI Special Agent John "Zip" Connolly, who had grown up in Bulger's neighborhood, was assigned to make the pitch. However, Connolly failed to win Bulger's trust.$^{:5}$ Three years later, Bulger partnered with Flemmi, unaware that he had been an informant for the FBI since the beginning of his career in 1965.
Although it is a documented fact that Bulger soon followed Flemmi's example, exactly how and why continues to be debated. Connolly frequently boasted to his fellow agents about how he had recruited Bulger during a late-night meeting at Wollaston Beach while the two sat in his agency car. Connolly allegedly said that the FBI could help in Bulger's feud with influential Patriarca underboss Gennaro "Jerry" Angiulo. After listening to the pitch, Bulger is said to have responded, "Alright, if they want to play checkers, we'll play chess. Fuck 'em."$^{:14}$
Weeks considers it more likely that Flemmi had betrayed Bulger to the FBI after being threatened with the loss of his informant status.$^{:xvi–xvii}$ In 1997, shortly after The Boston Globe disclosed that Bulger and Flemmi had been informants, Weeks met with Connolly, who showed him a photocopy of Bulger's file. In order to explain why both men had chosen to work with the FBI, Connolly said, "The Mafia was going against Jimmy and Stevie, so Jimmy and Stevie went against them."$^{:247}$ In a 2011 interview, Flemmi recalled, "Me and Whitey gave [the Feds] shit, and they gave us gold."
According to Weeks:$^{:248}$
   ...Connolly kept telling me that 90 percent of the information in the files came from Stevie. ... But, Connolly told me, he had to put Jimmy's name on the files to keep his file active. As long as Jimmy was an active informant, Connolly said, he could justify meeting with Jimmy and giving him valuable information. Even after he retired, Connolly still had friends in the FBI, and he and Jimmy kept meeting to let each other know what was going on. ...I could see that a lot of the reports were not just against the Italians. There were more and more names of Polish and Irish guys, of people we had done business with, of friends of mine. ... I would see, over and over again, that some of these people had been arrested for crimes that were mentioned in these reports. ...it had been bullshit when Connolly told me that the files hadn't been disseminated, that they had been for his own personal use. ... If there was some investigation going on and his supervisor said, 'Let me take a look at that,' what was Connolly going to do? He had to give it up. And he obviously had.

### Protection

FBI supervisor John Morris was put in charge of the Organized Crime Squad at the FBI's Boston field office in December 1977.$^{:54}$ Morris not only proved himself unable to rein in Connolly's protection of Bulger, he even began assisting him.$^{:135–138}$ By January 1980, the FBI were aware of Bulger's headquarters at the Lancaster Street Garage but failed to investigate or inform other law enforcement agencies of the gang clubhouse. The Massachusetts State Police discovered the location by chance while investigating an auto theft ring, finding that Bulger and Flemmi would openly associate with other organized crime figures at the garage, including Donato "Danny" Angiulo, Vincent "the Animal" Ferrara and Phil Waggenheim. State troopers carried out surveillance from an adjacent flophouse for six months before being granted a warrant to install covert listening devices on the premises in the summer of 1980. The electronic eavesdropping gathered no evidence, however, as Connolly alerted Bulger and Flemmi that the police had bugged the garage. The gang ceased using the garage for a time after learning that the meeting place was compromised.
In the autumn of 1980, the state police bugged a payphone outside a Howard Johnson's restaurant in Dorchester that was frequently used by Bulger and Flemmi. Immediately after the bug was planted, the gangsters stopped using the telephone. The police became suspicious that Bulger had been tipped off about their investigation, but were unsure of how or by whom. Then, in November 1980, the state troopers learned that Morris had errantly told a Boston police detective at a bachelor party that he was aware of the state police investigation, and that Bulger and his gang knew that the Lancaster Street Garage was bugged, effectively exposing the FBI as the source of the leak. By 1982, Morris was "thoroughly compromised", to the point of having Bulger purchase plane tickets for his then-girlfriend Debbie Noseworthy to visit him in Georgia while he was being trained for drug investigations. Even after 1983, when Morris was transferred to head up the Boston FBI's anti-drug task force, he remained an accomplice to Connolly and Bulger.$^{:135–138}$
In the summer of 1983, tensions between the Winter Hill Gang and the Patriarca family escalated to an all-time high. Notably, an employee for Coin-O-Matic, a cash laundering vending machine company owned by the Patriarcas, was kidnapped on the job. The Boston Police Department, operating on a tip, raided a butcher shop in South Boston co-owned by Bulger and two other Winter Hill members. Police officers found the victim hanging from a beef rack, having been severely tortured and held for more than six days. The victim never testified, and all law enforcement documents were redacted of his full name; law enforcement had hoped he would cooperate fully and then go into witness protection. People familiar with Coin-O-Matic knew exactly who the employee was, but the code of silence was still very strong in South Boston. Over the next few months, three low-level Winter Hill Gang soldiers were executed; this was believed to be primarily in retribution for the kidnapping. The conflict shined a large spotlight on Morris's incompetent management and triggered an internal investigation within the FBI.
Bulger profited from the narcotics trade by requiring all drug dealers in South Boston to pay tribute to the Winter Hill Gang, although he and Flemmi denied to their FBI handlers that they were involved in the drug trade, and Connolly strongly defended his informants from his superiors in the FBI against any drug allegations. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) began investigating Bulger and Flemmi in 1983 and sought the assistance of the FBI in the investigation, although the FBI declined to participate or close the pair as informants. In mid-1984, the DEA inserted a listening device in the windowsill of a condominium where Bulger lived in the Louisburg Square apartment complex in Quincy, but picked up little other than the sound of a television. Drug agents then installed another bug in the panel of Bulger's car door; this device also failed to collect evidence as the car radio drowned out any conversation in the car. Shortly afterwards, Bulger took the car to a garage in South Boston and had a mechanic disassemble the door. When he discovered a small microphone hidden inside, DEA agents arrived to retrieve the equipment. Flemmi later testified that Connolly had provided him and Bulger with information about developments in the investigation. Although numerous South Boston drug traffickers were indicted as a result of the DEA investigation, Bulger and Flemmi escaped any prosecution on narcotics charges until 1995.

### Exposure

In 1988, Bulger's status as an FBI informant was revealed publicly when the Globe's "Spotlight" team, led by journalist Gerard O'Neill, published a story detailing the numerous crimes committed and attributed to him while nominally under the protection of the Bureau. Rumors had abounded long before then, since it was unheard of for a criminal of Bulger's stature to go years without a single arrest.
In 1995, Bulger and Flemmi were indicted on racketeering charges along with two prominent Boston mafiosi, Frank Salemme and Bobby DeLuca. During the discovery phase, Salemme and DeLuca were listening to a tape from a roving bug, which is normally authorized when the FBI has no advance knowledge of where criminal activity will take place. They overheard two of the agents who were listening in on the bug mention offhandedly that they should have told one of their informants to give "a list of questions" while speaking to the mobsters. When their lawyer, Tony Cardinale, learned about this, he realized that the FBI had lied about the basis for the bug in order to protect an informant. Suspecting that this was not the first time such a thing had happened, Cardinale sought to force prosecutors to reveal the identities of any informants used in connection with the case.$^{:288–289,291–293}$ Federal judge Mark L. Wolf granted Cardinale's motion on May 22, 1997.
On June 3, Paul E. Coffey, the head of the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section of the Department of Justice, gave a sworn statement admitting that Bulger had been an FBI informant. Coffey stated that since Bulger was accused of "leading a criminal enterprise" while working as an informant and was also now a fugitive, he had "forfeited any reasonable expectation" that his identity would be protected.$^{:300–301}$
On September 5, 2006, federal judge Reginald C. Lindsay ruled that the mishandling of Bulger and Flemmi caused the 1984 murder of police informant John McIntyre, awarding his family $3.1 million in damages. Lindsay stated the FBI failed to properly supervise Connolly and "stuck its head in the sand" regarding numerous allegations that Bulger and Flemmi were involved in drug trafficking, murder, and other crimes for decades.

## Criminal activities in South Boston
### Consolidating power

In February 1979, federal prosecutors indicted numerous members of the Winter Hill Gang, including boss Howie Winter, for fixing horse races. Bulger and Flemmi were originally going to be part of this indictment, but Connolly and Morris were able to persuade prosecutor Jeremiah T. O'Sullivan to drop the charges against them at the last minute. Bulger and Flemmi were instead named as unindicted co-conspirators.$^{:64–68}$
Bulger and Flemmi then took over the remnants of the Winter Hill Gang and used their status as informants to eliminate competition. The information they supplied to the FBI in subsequent years was responsible for the imprisonment of several of Bulger's associates whom Bulger viewed as threats; however, the main victim of their relationship with the federal government was the Patriarca family, which was based in Boston's North End and in Federal Hill, Providence, Rhode Island. After the 1986 RICO indictment of Angiulo and his associates, the Patriarca family's Boston operations were in shambles. Bulger and Flemmi stepped into the ensuing vacuum to take control of organized crime in the Boston area.

### The murder of Louis Litif

In 1980, Bulger was approached in Triple O's by Louis Litif, a Lebanese-American neighborhood bookmaker. Weeks, a bouncer at the bar, said, "He wasn't a big guy, maybe five seven and 185 pounds. Of Arab descent, he had a mustache like Saddam Hussein. ... That night, as always, he was talking in his obnoxious loud voice. Even when there were 400 people in the bar, you always knew Louie was there."$^{:57}$
Litif had been stealing money from his partners in the bookmaking operation and using the money to traffic cocaine, and had not only refused to pay Bulger a cut of his drug profits but committed two murders without Bulger's permission.$^{:57–59}$ Litif told an outraged Bulger he was also going to kill his partner, "Joe the Barber", whom he accused of stealing from the bookmaking operation. Bulger refused to sanction this, but Litif vowed to proceed. Bulger replied, "You've stepped over the line. You're no longer just a bookmaker."$^{:58}$ Litif responded that, as Bulger was his friend, he had nothing to worry about. Bulger coldly responded, "We're not friends anymore, Louie."$^{:53}$
At the time, Weeks was about to get married, and shortly before the wedding he informed Bulger that he was having difficulty finding a seat for Litif at the reception. "Don't worry about it", Bulger responded. "He probably won't show."$^{:55}$ "[Louie] had always been a major moneymaker for Jimmy. ... And now he wanted to kill a friend of Jimmy. There was no way that would be allowed. Shortly after that, a week or so before my wedding, Louie was found stuffed into a garbage bag in the trunk of his car, which had been dumped in the South End. He had been stabbed with an ice pick and shot. 'He was color coordinated,' Jimmy told me. 'He was wearing green underwear and was in a green garbage bag.'"$^{:59}$
According to Weeks,
   Strangely enough, Jimmy, told me, 'Louie's last words to me were a lie.' Apparently, Louie had insisted that he'd come by himself and that nobody had driven him over. It was hard to figure out why Louie lied to Jimmy that night. If he'd told Jimmy that someone had driven him, he might have gotten a pass. But it wouldn't have lasted long, since Jimmy had no intention of letting Louie run wild.

### Halloran and Donahue murders

In 1982, a South Boston cocaine dealer named Edward Brian Halloran, known on the streets as "Balloonhead" because of his large cranium, approached the FBI and stated that he had witnessed Bulger and Flemmi murdering Litif. Connolly kept Bulger and Flemmi closely briefed on what Halloran was saying, specifically his claims of having participated in the Tulsa, Oklahoma murder of businessman Roger Wheeler (which were false according to Weeks).$^{:216}$ Connolly reported that Halloran was shopping this information to the FBI for a chance for him and his family to be placed in the Witness Protection Program.$^{:221–223}$ Soon after, on May 11, 1982, Bulger, Flemmi, and Weeks were tipped off that Halloran had returned to South Boston. After arriving at the scene, Weeks staked out the Anthony's Pier 4 restaurant, where Halloran was dining. Michael Donahue, a friend of Halloran's from Dorchester, incidentally ran into him at the restaurant. In a decision that would prove costly to him, Donahue offered Halloran a ride home.
As Donahue and Halloran drove out of the parking lot in a blue Datsun, Weeks signaled Bulger by stating, "The balloon is in the air" over a walkie-talkie. Bulger then pulled alongside the Datsun in a souped-up 1975 Chevrolet Malibu with another man armed with a silenced MAC-10 submachine gun; Bulger himself carried a .30 carbine rifle. Both gunmen were disguised; Bulger with an Afro wig and a fake moustache, and the other man in a ski mask. In the disguise, Bulger apparently resembled Jimmy Flynn, a hoodlum with whom Halloran had been feuding. After Bulger yelled "Brian!", both shooters opened fire and sprayed Halloran and Donahue's car with bullets. Donahue was shot in the head and killed instantly. The second gunman's firearm allegedly jammed after the initial volley of shots. As Halloran stumbled out of the car still alive, Bulger did a U-turn and continued shooting Halloran until his body was "bouncing off the ground", according to Weeks.
Although he was shot approximately 20 times, Halloran lived long enough to identify his attacker as Bulger associate Flynn, who was later tried and acquitted. Halloran died in hospital from blood loss. Flynn remained the prime suspect until 1999, when Weeks agreed to cooperate with investigators and identified Bulger as one of the shooters. Flemmi has identified the second shooter as Patrick Nee, who denied the allegation and was never charged.
Shortly after the shootings, Bulger and Weeks returned to the scene to recover one of the Malibu's hub caps while police were still present. The following day, Bulger, Weeks, and Flemmi, who expressed his disappointment that he hadn't taken part in the killings, inspected the bullet-riddled Datsun at a tow lot. Bulger instructed Weeks to dispose of the weapons used in the killings by throwing them in Marine Bay.
Donahue was survived by his wife and three sons. The families of Donahue and Halloran eventually filed a civil lawsuit against the U.S. government after learning that Connolly had informed Bulger of Halloran's informant status. Both families were awarded several million dollars in damages. However, the verdict was overturned on appeal due to the late filing of the claims. Thomas Donahue, who was eight years old when his father was murdered, has become a spokesman for the families of those allegedly murdered by the Winter Hill Gang.

## Peak years

Throughout the 1980s, Bulger, Flemmi, and Weeks operated rackets throughout eastern Massachusetts including loansharking, bookmaking, truck hijacking, arms trafficking, and extortion. State and federal agencies were repeatedly stymied in their attempts to build cases against Bulger and his inner circle. This was caused by several factors. Among them was the trio's fear of wiretaps and policy of never discussing their business over the telephone or in vehicles. Other reasons included South Boston's code of silence and corruption within the FBI, the Boston Police Department, and the Massachusetts State Police. Although Connolly was Bulger's most infamous source inside law enforcement, Weeks has stated that Massachusetts State Police Lt. Richard J. Schneiderhan, the crew's only source inside that agency, was valued more highly.
Bulger formed alliances with members of the Patriarca family who had escaped the conviction that sent the Angiulo brothers to prison. Francis "Cadillac Frank" Salemme, who succeeded Gennaro Angiulo as the preeminent mobster in the Boston faction of the family, began working with the Winter Hill Gang following his release from prison in 1988.
In 1984, Bulger acquired Stippo's Liquor Mart adjacent to the Old Colony Housing Project in South Boston by forcing the liquor store's proprietor, Stephen "Stippo" Rakes, to sell him the business at gunpoint for $67,000. Bulger renamed the store the South Boston Liquor Mart and used the backroom of the business as his gang's primary headquarters. He also forced local bars to buy alcohol from the store.

### World Jai Alai

Winter Hill Gang associate John "Jack" Callahan was fired from his role as president of World Jai Alai (WJA), a parimutuel betting company which operated in Florida and Connecticut, after he lost his license to operate a gambling business in Connecticut due to his associations with organized crime. Callahan then conspired with former FBI agent H. Paul Rico, who had served as Callahan's head of security at WJA, and Richard P. Donovan, another former WJA president, to regain control of WJA by purchasing the business from its owner, Tulsa, Oklahoma businessman Roger Wheeler. Callahan offered Bulger, Flemmi and Martorano a $10,000 per week "skim" from the parking and concession proceeds at WJA's fronton in Hartford, Connecticut if the Winter Hill Gang would protect WJA against interference by the Mafia, to which the gangsters agreed. Wheeler refused to sell WJA to Callahan and his associates, however, and Callahan, Bulger, Flemmi and Martorano agreed that Wheeler had to be killed.
In January 1981, Winter Hill Gang member Brian Halloran was summoned to a meeting with Bulger, Flemmi and Callahan at which he was asked to kill Wheeler, although Halloran declined. Days later, Callahan paid Halloran $20,000 to remain silent about the planned murder. In March 1981, Wheeler sold the Hartford fronton amid questions by gaming officials about ties by some of his partners to organized crime. Fearing that Wheeler was on the verge of reporting the skimming operation to authorities, Bulger ordered his murder. On May 27, 1981, Martorano, using guns shipped by bus from Bulger and Flemmi, and wearing a golf cap, sunglasses, and a fake beard, killed Wheeler by shooting him in the face in the parking lot of the Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa.
After Connolly told Bulger in July 1982 that the FBI wanted to question Callahan in connection with Wheeler's murder, he and Flemmi decided to kill Callahan. On August 1, 1982, Martorano murdered Callahan by luring him into a car and shooting him in the head during a meeting at Fort Lauderdale International Airport. Martorano, with the assistance of Joseph "Joe Mac" McDonald, then left his body in the trunk of Callahan's leased Cadillac in a garage at Miami International Airport. Callahan's body was discovered on August 3, 1982 when a parking attendant noticed blood dripping from the trunk of the car. To give the appearance that Callahan had been killed by some "bad Cubans" in a drug-related murder, Bulger told Martorano and McDonald to leave some of Callahan's personal papers in a Cuban bar in Little Havana. Allowing Callahan's body to be discovered went against Bulger's plans, however, leading him to complain about Martorano: "There's plenty of sand down there. He should have got off his fat ass and buried him!".
Following Callahan's death, Bulger summoned Callahan's business partner, Michael Solimando, to a meeting at Triple O's where he told Solimando that he was now responsible for a fictitious debt that Callahan had purportedly owed him. Bulger threatened Solimando, a bodybuilder, with a machine gun and said: "Your muscles aren't going to do you any good now". Shortly afterwards, Solimando delivered $480,000 to the Winter Hill Gang.
At the request of state and local law enforcement in Oklahoma and Florida investigating the murders of Wheeler and Callahan, Bulger and Flemmi were interviewed by two Boston FBI agents, Gerald Montanari and Brendan Cleary, on November 2, 1983. The interview was arranged by Connolly and conducted in the back room of a South Boston club owned by Bulger. Bulger and Flemmi only agreed to be interviewed under the condition that they were interviewed together, and both refused to take a polygraph test. Bulger told the agents that, although he and Flemmi would not usually agree to meet with law enforcement agents about any crime, they had agreed to the meeting because Wheeler was a "legitimate guy" and they wanted to refute the allegations against them. Bulger and Flemmi were photographed in December 1983 after being subpoenaed by a federal grand jury. They wore suits for the photographs on the instruction of Connolly, who told them wearing suits rather than street clothes would make them look more like businessmen and less like criminals. When the photographs were shown to eyewitnesses in the Wheeler murder, neither man was identified. The investigation into the murders ultimately wound down in 1985 with no indictments.

### Extortion of drug dealers

Although Bulger cultivated a reputation as a Robin Hood-type gangster who gave out turkeys at Thanksgiving, protected South Boston from police and outsiders, and kept the working-class Irish-American enclave free of narcotics, he made "a ton of money selling drugs", according to federal prosecutor Brian Kelly. Bulger became involved in the narcotics trade in 1981, but upheld a pretence that he did not partake in drug trafficking. He profited from the distribution of marijuana and cocaine. Bulger prohibited dealers from selling heroin in South Boston, however.
During the mid-1980s, Bulger began to summon drug dealers from in and around Boston to his headquarters. Flanked by Weeks and Flemmi, Bulger would inform each dealer that he had been offered a substantial sum in return for that dealer's assassination. He would then demand a large cash payment as the price of not killing them. Bulger required all narcotics traffickers in South Boston to pay tribute to the Winter Hill Gang, and he and Flemmi often obtained a share of profits from drug shipments brought into the South Boston piers. Eventually, however, the massive profits of drugs proved irresistible, and Bulger became actively involved in importing cocaine into Boston from Florida.
Bulger utilized his contacts in the FBI to help him take control of the drug trade. In April 1983, he learned that Charlestown drug smuggler Joseph "Joe" Murray was importing marijuana into South Boston without the approval of the Winter Hill Gang, and, in retaliation, tipped off Connolly about Murray's operations. Murray and six others were arrested when the FBI and DEA seized 15 tons of marijuana from a South Boston warehouse. Afterwards, Murray commenced monthly payments to Bulger for the privilege of warehousing his contraband in South Boston and for protection from the Winter Hill Gang. When Murray later retired from drug trafficking, Bulger demanded a $500,000 "severance package" from him.
Most of South Boston's cocaine and marijuana trafficking was under the control of a crew led by mobster John "Red" Shea. According to Weeks, Bulger briefly considered killing Shea, but eventually decided to extort a weekly cut of his profits. Weeks also said that Bulger enforced strict rules over the dealers who operated on his territory,$^{:156}$ strictly forbidding the use of PCP and selling drugs to children,$^{:179}$ adding that those dealers who refused to play by his rules were violently driven out of his turf.$^{:167}$ In August 1990, Shea and 50 others were arrested at the end of an investigation by the DEA, the Boston Police, and the Massachusetts State Police. The DEA crackdown—which targeted three separate drug rings, led by Shea, Paul Moore, and Hobart Willis, each of whom reported to Bulger—effectively put Bulger's drug operations out of business. Shea quietly served a long prison sentence and refused to admit to having paid protection money to Bulger, Flemmi and Weeks. He repeatedly got in fights with other inmates who accused Bulger of being "a rat." This earned Shea a legendary reputation in South Boston.$^{:167}$
It was not until the 1999 cooperation of Weeks that Bulger, by then a fugitive, was conclusively linked to the drug trade by investigators. According to an interview conducted with Globe reporters Kevin Cullen and Shelley Murphy, Weeks "estimated that Whitey made about thirty million dollars... most of it from shaking down drug dealers to let them do business on his turf."$^{:194}$

### The murder of Arthur "Bucky" Barrett

The Winter Hill Gang used an unoccupied house owned by Michael Nee, the brother of Bulger associate Patrick Nee, located at 799 East Third Street in South Boston to extort wealthy criminals. One such criminal who came to Bulger's attention was Arthur "Bucky" Barrett, a safecracker and thief who was allegedly one of six men who stole $1.5 million from the Depositors Trust bank in Medford on Memorial Day Weekend of 1980. Barrett had refused to give Bulger a cut of the money from the heist, and Bulger believed Barrett was under the protection of the Patriarca family. Bulger asked Weeks to lure Barrett to a secret meeting, and on November 30, 1983, Barrett arrived at the East Third Street home for a purported diamonds sale. When Barrett arrived, Bulger drew a machine gun and yelled: "Bucky Barrett, freeze!". Bulger and Flemmi then chained Barrett to a chair, and over several hours, Barrett directed the gangsters to the location of $57,000 in hidden cash; $47,000 was retrieved from his home, and another $10,000 from a bar.
After Bulger, Flemmi and Weeks returned to the house with the money, they stood Barrett up and Bulger announced: "Bucky's going to go downstairs and lie down for a while". As Barrett walked downstairs to the basement with Bulger and Flemmi, Bulger shot Barrett in the back of the head without warning, causing Barrett's body to hit Flemmi, who tumbled down the stairs with the corpse. An angry Flemmi told Bulger: "You could have shot me!". Flemmi removed Barrett's teeth, in the belief it would prevent later identification, while Bulger reclined on a couch upstairs. Weeks and Patrick Nee dug a hole in the dirt-floor basement in which to bury Barrett. Afterwards, Patrick Nee was upset that Barrett had been killed in the house as he had expected only an extortion to take place. Michael Nee was vacationing in Florida at the time of the murder and was unaware that Barrett had been killed and buried in his basement.

### Arms trafficking

During the most violent period of the Troubles, sympathy for Irish nationalism and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was very common in South Boston, as were efforts to raise money and smuggle weapons for the IRA's campaign against the British presence in Northern Ireland. From the start of his involvement with the FBI, Bulger "insisted ... that he would never give up the IRA". Bulger had previously donated to NORAID and shipped weapons—"guns and a block of C-4 plastic explosives"—in a van to the IRA in the early 1980s. Bulger was annoyed when he learned that the IRA members he supplied had burned the van that contained the weapons. After meeting with IRA Chief of Staff Joe Cahill, Bulger and Nee raised $1 million (equivalent to $3.03 million in 2024) "by shaking down drug dealers in South Boston and Charlestown". This money was used to buy weapons for the IRA which would be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean in the trawler Valhalla. Bulger also personally donated some of his own weapons.
On September 13, 1984, Bulger, Weeks and Nee supervised the loading of Valhalla. The final cache included "91 rifles, 8 submachine guns, 13 shotguns, 51 handguns, 11 bullet-proof vests, 70,000 rounds of ammunition, plus an array of hand grenades and rocket heads". Valhalla departed Gloucester and rendezvoused 120 nautical miles (220 km; 140 mi) off the west coast of Ireland with the Marita Ann, an IRA ship that had sailed from Tralee. During the return voyage, the Irish Navy stopped Marita Ann and seized the hidden arsenal, arresting IRA members Martin Ferris, Mike Browne, and John Crawley. The operation had been compromised by IRA member Sean O'Callaghan, who was an informant for the Irish National Police. The seizure marked the complete end of any major attempt by the IRA to smuggle guns out of the United States, which had largely ceased three years earlier with the arrest of the IRA's primary gunrunner, George Harrison, by the FBI.
The U.S. Customs Service received notice of the weapons transfer and seized the Valhalla when it stopped in Boston on October 16, 1984 en route back to Gloucester harbor. No weapons were found on the trawler, and neither of the two crew members on board were arrested. Several days later, however, Valhalla crew member John McIntyre was arrested in Quincy over a domestic incident for drunk driving while "trying to visit his estranged wife", and he confessed his role in the weapons smuggling to the Quincy Police Department. The Quincy police then arranged for the FBI, the DEA, and the Customs Service to participate in McIntyre's debriefing. McIntyre implicated Bulger in the botched gunrunning to FBI agent Roderick Kennedy, who was friendly with Bulger's handler, Connolly. McIntyre also told authorities about drug smuggling activities involving the Winter Hill Gang, and 36 tonnes of marijuana belonging to the gang were seized by the DEA during a raid on the Norwegian freighter Ramsland as it entered Boston harbor on November 16, 1984. After hearing of Kennedy's interview with a Valhalla crew member, Connolly told Bulger of the cooperation. Kennedy "insisted that Connolly overheard him ... talking about someone on the Valhalla cooperating". Connolly confirmed Bulger's suspicions of McIntyre, leading Bulger and Flemmi to consider murdering McIntyre for his betrayal.$^{:206–268}$
On November 30, 1984, McIntyre was lured the house on East Third Street by Nee. He arrived carrying a case of beer, anticipating a party, and was confronted by Bulger wielding a MAC-11 submachine gun. Weeks and Flemmi then restrained McIntyre and chained him to a chair. According to Weeks, Bulger hoped to avoid murdering the informant and offered to send him to South America with money and the understanding that he was never to contact his family or friends again. After interrogating McIntyre over several hours, however, Bulger decided that he did not have the discipline to cut ties with everyone. He unsuccessfully tried to strangle McIntyre with a boat rope. When the rope proved too thick, Bulger asked McIntyre: "Do you want one in the head?", to which McIntyre responded: "Yes, please". He then shot McIntyre and went upstairs to take a nap while Weeks and Flemmi removed the corpse's teeth with a pair of pliers and buried it in the basement of the South Boston house next to the remains of Barrett. After McIntyre's disappearance, an FBI agent, Philip Brady, told McIntyre's family that he was likely murdered by the IRA.

### The murder of Deborah Hussey

Bulger decided to kill Deborah Hussey, the 26-year-old stepdaughter and mistress of Flemmi, because he considered her a liability. Hussey knew about dealings of the Winter Hill Gang and had started going to a bar frequented by the gang, where she indiscriminately named Bulger and Flemmi in conversation to acquire money from low-level gangsters who feared her step-father. Deborah Hussey's mother and Flemmi's girlfriend, Marion Hussey, had also become aware of the affair.
On January 14, 1985, Flemmi drove Hussey to the East Third Street house, which Bulger called "the Hauntey". Bulger strangled Hussey in the home's kitchen. Weeks, who was also present, was taken by surprise by the murder as he was unaware Hussey would be killed. After Hussey was taken to the basement, Flemmi thought she was still alive and strangled her again by looping a rope around her neck, tying a stick to the rope and twisting it until she choked to death. The gangsters then followed their regular post-killing routine, with Bulger going upstairs to nap, Flemmi removing Hussey's teeth and clothing, and Flemmi and Weeks burying the body in the basement alongside those of Barrett and McIntyre. An associate of Flemmi, Phil Costa, provided lime to pour over the corpses to speed up decomposition.
When Michael Nee put the house up for sale, Bulger and Flemmi decided it would be easier and cheaper to rebury the bodies elsewhere than to buy the property. After Flemmi acquired body bags from an undertaker, Bulger, Flemmi and Weeks exhumed the decomposed bodies and reinterred them at a vacant lot on Hallett Street in Dorchester on Halloween night 1985. As Weeks stood guard with a rifle while Bulger and Flemmi reburied the remains, a young man stopped nearby to urinate. Failing to notice the reburials taking place, the man returned to his car and left the scene. An angry Bulger chastized Weeks for not shooting the man, saying there was "plenty of room in the hole".

### Massachusetts Lottery

In the summer of 1991, Bulger and Weeks, along with associates Patrick and Michael Linskey, came into possession of a winning Massachusetts Lottery ticket which had been bought at a store he owned. The four men shared a prize of around US$14 million. Bulger was widely thought to have obtained his share of the jackpot illegitimately.

### Downfall

In April 1994, a joint task force of the DEA, the Boston Police, and the Massachusetts State Police launched a probe of Bulger's illegal gambling operations. The FBI, by this time considered compromised, was not informed. After a number of bookmakers agreed to testify to having paid protection money to Bulger, a federal case was built against him under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).
According to Weeks:$^{:215}$
   In 1993 and 1994, before the pinches came down, Jimmy and Stevie were traveling on the French and Italian Riviera. The two of them traveled all over Europe, sometimes separating for a while. Sometimes they took girls, sometimes just the two of them went. They would rent cars and travel all through Europe. It was more preparation than anything, getting ready for another life. They didn't ask me to go, not that I would have wanted to. Jimmy had prepared for the run for years. He had established a whole other person, Thomas Baxter, with a complete ID and credit cards in that name. He had even joined associations in Baxter's name, building an entire portfolio for the guy. He had always said you had to be ready to take off on short notice. And he was.
Bulger had also set up safe deposit boxes containing cash, jewelry and passports in locations across North America and Europe, including Florida, Oklahoma, Montreal, Dublin, London, Birmingham and Venice. In December 1994, he was informed by Connolly that sealed indictments had come from the Department of Justice and that the FBI was set to make arrests during the Christmas season. In response, Bulger fled Boston on December 23, 1994, accompanied by his common-law wife Theresa Stanley.

## Fugitive

After fleeing Boston, Bulger and Stanley spent four days over Christmas in Selden, New York, before spending New Year's Day in a hotel in New Orleans's French Quarter. On January 5, 1995, Bulger prepared to return to Boston, believing that it had been a false alarm. That night, however, Flemmi was arrested outside a Boston restaurant by the DEA. Boston police detective Michael Flemmi, Stephen's brother, informed Weeks of the arrest. Weeks immediately passed the information on to Bulger, who altered his plans.
Bulger and Stanley spent the next three weeks traveling to New York City, Los Angeles and San Francisco before Stanley decided that she wanted to return to her children. They traveled to Clearwater, Florida, where Bulger retrieved his "Tom Baxter" identification from a safety deposit box. He then drove to Boston and dropped off Stanley in a parking lot. Bulger met with Weeks at Malibu Beach in Dorchester, where Weeks brought Bulger's girlfriend, Catherine Greig. Bulger and Greig then went on the run together.
In his memoirs, Weeks describes a clandestine meeting with Bulger and Greig in Chicago. Bulger reminisced fondly about his time hiding out with a family in Louisiana. He told Weeks, who had replaced him as head of the Winter Hill Gang, "If anything comes down, put it on me."$^{:231–232}$ As they adjourned to a nearby Japanese restaurant, Bulger finally revealed how exhausted he was with life on the run. He told Weeks, "Every day out there is another day I beat them. Every good meal is a meal they can't take away from me."$^{:233}$
In mid-November 1995, Weeks and Bulger met for the last time at the lion statues at the front of the New York Public Library Main Branch and adjourned for dinner at a nearby restaurant. According to Weeks:$^{:236}$
   At the end of our dinner, he seemed more aware of everything around him. His tone was a little more serious, and there wasn't as much joking as usual. He repeated the phrase he had used before that a rolling stone gathers no moss, which told me that he knew he was going to be on the move again. I got the feeling that he was resigning himself to the fact that he wasn't coming back. Up until then, I always believed he thought there was a chance he had beat the case. However, at that point, there was something different going on with him. I didn't fully understand all the aspects of his case. It would be another six months before it became clearer. Yet at that moment, in that restaurant in New York, I sensed that he had moved to a new place in his mind. It was over. He'd never return to South Boston.
On July 7, 1996, a federal grand jury in Boston returned a 29-count indictment against Bulger and four other leaders of the Winter Hill Gang and the Patriarca Family; Bulger was indicted on 13 counts of racketeering. On May 23, 2001, Bulger, along with Stephen and Michael Flemmi, were charged in a 48-count federal indictment with racketeering, murder, and other crimes.
On November 17, 1999, Weeks was arrested by a combined force of the DEA and the Massachusetts State Police. Although by this time he was aware of Bulger's FBI deal, he was determined to remain faithful to the neighborhood code of silence. However, while awaiting trial in Rhode Island's Wyatt federal prison, Weeks was approached by a fellow inmate, a "made man" in the Patriarca family, who told him, "Kid, what are you doing? Are you going to take it up the ass for these guys? Remember, you can't rat on a rat. Those guys have been giving up everyone for thirty years."$^{:261}$
In the aftermath, Weeks decided to cut a deal with federal prosecutors and revealed where almost every penny was stashed and every body was buried. Writing in 2006, Weeks recalled:$^{:235}$
   I had known all along, however, that it would not be easy for anyone to capture Jimmy. If he saw them coming, he would take them with him. He wouldn't hesitate. Even before he went on the run, he would always say, "Let's all go to hell together." And he meant it. I also knew that Jimmy wouldn't go to trial. He would rather plead out to a life sentence than put his family through the embarrassment of a trial. If he had a gun on him, he would go out in a blaze of glory rather than spend the rest of his life in jail. But I don't think they'll ever catch him.

### Manhunt

The first confirmed sighting of Bulger before his capture was in London in 2002. A businessman watching Hannibal recognized a photograph of Bulger in a scene featuring the website of the FBI's most wanted fugitives. However, there were unconfirmed sightings elsewhere. At one point, FBI agents were sent to Uruguay to investigate a lead. Other agents were sent to stake out the 60th anniversary celebrations of the Battle of Normandy, as Bulger was reportedly an enthusiastic fan of military history. Later reports of a sighting in Italy in April 2007 proved false. Two people on video footage shot in Taormina, Sicily, formerly thought to be Bulger and Greig walking in the streets of the city center, were later identified as a tourist couple from Germany.
In 2010, the FBI turned its focus to Victoria, British Columbia, on Vancouver Island. In pursuit of Bulger, a known book lover, the FBI visited bookstores in the area, questioned employees and distributed wanted posters. Following his arrest, Bulger revealed that instead of being reclusive, he had in fact traveled frequently, with witnesses coming forward to say they had seen him on the Santa Monica Pier and elsewhere in southern California. A confirmed report by an off-duty Boston police officer after a San Diego screening of The Departed also led to a search in southern California that lasted "a few weeks".

### Capture

After sixteen years at large and twelve years on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, Bulger was arrested in Santa Monica, California, on June 22, 2011. He was 81 years old at the time of the arrest.
Bulger was captured as a result of the work of the Bulger Fugitive Task Force, which consisted of FBI agents and a Deputy U.S. Marshal. According to retired FBI agent Scott Bakken, "Here you have somebody who is far more sophisticated than some 18-year-old who killed someone in a drive-by. To be a successful fugitive you have to cut all contacts from your previous life. He had the means and kept a low profile."
A reward of US$2 million had been offered for information leading to his capture. This amount was second only to Osama bin Laden's capture reward on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. Bulger had been featured on the television show America's Most Wanted sixteen times, first in 1995, and finally on October 2, 2010. According to authorities, the arrests were a "direct result" of the media campaign launched by the FBI in fourteen television markets across the country where Bulger and Greig reportedly had ties. The campaign focused on Greig, describing her as an animal lover who frequently went to beauty salons.
Authorities received a tip from a woman in Iceland that Bulger was living in an apartment near a beach in Santa Monica. The Boston Globe identified the tipster as Anna Björnsdóttir, a former model, actress, and Miss Iceland 1974, who lived in Bulger's neighborhood. A day later, "using a ruse, agents and other task force members lured Mr. Bulger out of his apartment", "arrested him 'without incident', then went in the house and arrested Greig". During the raid the FBI found "Weapons all over the apartment" and "loaded shotguns, mini rugers, rifles."
Bulger was charged with murder, "conspiracy to commit murder, extortion, narcotics distribution and money-laundering". Agents found "more than $800,000 in cash, 30 firearms, and fake IDs" at the apartment. Carmen Ortiz, U.S. attorney for the District of Massachusetts, said "she believes the death penalty is not an option in the federal charges Bulger faces in her district, but that he could face the death penalty for two cases outside the district". In Oklahoma, where Bulger is alleged to have ordered the killing of businessman Roger Wheeler Sr., in 1981, Tulsa County District Attorney Tim Harris said, "It is our intention to bring Bulger to justice and to be held accountable for the murder of Mr. Wheeler". In Florida, Miami-Dade State Attorney Katherine Fernandez Rundle said, "After a 16-year delay, I will be working to ensure that a Miami jury has the opportunity to look [Bulger] in the eyes and determine his fate".
Immediately after being brought back to Boston, Bulger began talking to authorities. He said that during his days as a fugitive he often went back and forth across the border to Mexico to buy medicine for his heart disease. He also reported that if he thought he was going to die, he planned to die with his body hidden so that authorities would always be looking for him. Many anticipated, and some feared, that Bulger, in exchange for favorable treatment in sentencing, would have much to tell authorities about corruption at the local, state and federal levels, which allowed him to operate his criminal enterprise for so long.
Bulger was arraigned in federal court on July 6, 2011. He pleaded not guilty to 48 charges, including 19 counts of murder, extortion, money laundering, obstruction of justice, perjury, narcotics distribution and weapons violations.
In a 2011 interview, Kevin Weeks expressed surprise at Bulger's decision to cooperate after his arrest. Weeks said, "I don't understand because he's not the same as I remember him. I can't believe he's so chatty right now. So I don't know what he's doing". Weeks added that he is not afraid of Bulger, and that the residents of Boston should not be either: "I don't think he's Pablo Escobar where he can just walk out of his prison cell and come to South Boston or anywhere. No, no one's worried about him."

### Catherine Greig

Bulger's companion during his years as a fugitive was his longtime girlfriend Catherine Greig (born April 3, 1951), who was nearly 22 years his junior. Greig grew up in Boston and had an identical twin sister, Margaret, and a younger brother, David. Their father was a machinist from Glasgow, Scotland, and their mother was from Canada.
In 1971, at about age 20, Greig married Robert "Bobby" McGonagle, a Boston firefighter. Greig's identical twin sister, Margaret, married Robert McGonagle's brother, Paul. The McGonagle brothers were from a family that led the Mullen Gang. Robert McGonagle was injured during a mob gunfight in 1969. Before his 1987 death by drug overdose, Robert McGonagle reportedly held Bulger responsible for the murders of his twin brothers, Donald and Paul, who were killed in the fighting which occurred during the Mullen-Killeen gang war. Paul's body was hidden and buried for 25 years on Tenean Beach in Dorchester.
Greig began dating Bulger in 1975, aged 24, after she split from McGonagle in 1973. Greig and McGonagle were officially granted a divorce in 1977. She worked as a dental hygienist. Greig has been described as intelligent, hardworking, and educated, although she was very subservient to and dominated by Bulger. She and Bulger lived together for a time at her home in Squantum, a section of Quincy. In 1982, they began sharing a condominium in Quincy's Louisburg Square South apartment complex.
Before going on the run with Bulger, she was last seen by the FBI on January 5, 1995, as she and Kevin Weeks were under surveillance in an attempt to locate Bulger. Greig had been wanted by the FBI since 1999. In 2000, the FBI received a tip of a sighting of Greig in Fountain Valley, California. The criminal complaint against her alleges that she harbored a fugitive, Whitey Bulger. She was represented in the criminal proceedings by the prominent criminal attorney Kevin Reddington of Brockton, Massachusetts. After being captured with Bulger, Greig sought release on bail and home confinement, a request that was denied.
Greig initially indicated that she would go to trial rather than accept a plea bargain. In March 2012, however, Greig pleaded guilty to conspiracy to harbor a fugitive, identity fraud, and conspiracy to commit identity fraud. On June 12, 2012, she was sentenced to eight years in federal prison. She declined to speak during her sentencing.
In September 2015, Greig was indicted on a charge of criminal contempt stemming from her refusal to testify before a grand jury about whether other people aided Bulger while he was a fugitive. In February 2016, Greig pleaded guilty to this charge. Greig's attorney recommended 12 months in prison, while prosecutors—citing Greig's "unrepentant ... obstruction"—asked for 37 months. In April 2016, U.S. District Judge F. Dennis Saylor IV sentenced Greig, then midway through her sentence for harboring Bulger, to 21 months on the contempt charge, pushing her release date to late 2020.
Greig served much of her eight-year sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Waseca in Minnesota, but was also detained at various points in Rhode Island ahead of proceedings in the criminal contempt case. Greig completed her sentence on July 23, 2020, and was later released from home confinement and electronic monitoring.

### Final detention

According to an excerpt of a book on Bulger published by Boston magazine, Bulger only made one friend during his post-sentencing detention, Clement "Chip" Janis, a young convict who was trusted to run art classes for other convicts.
When Bulger arrived at the United States Penitentiary in Tucson there were other famous inmates there, including Brian David Mitchell, Steven Dale Green and Montoya Sánchez.
According to Janis, Bulger was attacked by a fellow convict nicknamed "Retro", whose knife pierced Bulger's neck and skull and sent him to the prison infirmary for a month. Whether Bulger was targeted randomly or deliberately is not known. Apparently the inmate was not motivated by any personal issues with Bulger, but committed the near-fatal assault so that he would be sent to solitary confinement, allegedly to avoid paying for drugs he had acquired from other prisoners.
Bulger was able to begin taking part in counseling with a prison psychologist at the Tucson facility. However, rumors circulated that the psychologist was too sympathetic to Bulger, and may even have allowed him to use her cell phone. His counseling was soon terminated, and he was transferred to the Coleman Federal Correctional Complex in Florida.
At Coleman, Bulger started experiencing night terrors, which he attributed to the experiments he had taken part in while incarcerated in the 1950s, where he had been administered LSD. Bulger, who started his imprisonment with a rigorous exercise regime, was by this point using a wheelchair.

## Racketeering trial and conviction

On June 12, 2013, Bulger went on trial in South Boston's John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse before Judge Denise J. Casper on 32 counts of racketeering and firearms possession. The racketeering counts included allegations that Bulger was complicit in 19 murders. The trial lasted two months and included the testimony of 72 witnesses; the jury began deliberations August 6. On August 12, the jury convicted Bulger of 31 out of 32 counts in the indictment. As part of the racketeering charges, the jury convicted Bulger of the murders of 11 victims—Paul McGonagle, Edward Connors, Thomas King, Richard Castucci, Roger Wheeler, Brian Halloran, Michael Donahue, John Callahan, Arthur "Bucky" Barrett, John McIntyre, and Deborah Hussey. The jury acquitted Bulger of killing Michael Milano, Al Plummer, William O'Brien, James O'Toole, Al Notorangeli, James Sousa and Francis Leonard. They also reported themselves unable to agree about the murder of Debra Davis, though Bulger had already been found liable for her death in a civil suit. Following the verdict, Bulger's attorneys J. W. Carney Jr. and Hank Brennan vowed to appeal, citing Casper's ruling which prevented Bulger from claiming he had been given immunity.
On November 14, 2013, Bulger was sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment, plus five years. Casper told Bulger that such a sentence was necessary given his "unfathomable" crimes, some of which inflicted "agonizing" suffering on his victims. He was also ordered to forfeit $25.2 million and pay $19.5 million in restitution. Prosecutors in Florida and Oklahoma announced after Bulger's conviction that they would wait until after sentencing concluded before deciding whether or not to prosecute Bulger in their states. Bulger was indicted in Florida for the murder of Callahan and in Oklahoma for the murder of Roger Wheeler, and could have received the death penalty in those states.
In September 2014, Bulger entered the Coleman II United States Penitentiary in Sumterville, Florida. In October 2018, he was transferred to the Federal Transfer Center in Oklahoma City, and then a few days later to the Federal Penitentiary in West Virginia. According to prison documents obtained by The New York Times, Bulger gained a reputation for disconcerting behavior during his time in prison: "At the Coleman prison complex in Florida in September 2014, he was disciplined multiple times, including once for masturbating in front of a male staff member and once, in February, for threatening a female medical staff member". Bulger was also in poor health, as he was unable to walk and had a damaged hip, often falling out of bed. His health also declined due to a lack of exercise.

## Death

Bulger was transferred from the Federal Transfer Center in Oklahoma City to United States Penitentiary, Hazelton, in West Virginia on October 29, 2018. At 8:20 a.m. on October 30, the 89-year-old Bulger was found dead. Bulger was in a wheelchair and had been beaten to death by multiple inmates armed with a sock-wrapped padlock and a shiv. His eyes had nearly been gouged out and his tongue almost cut off; a law enforcement official described Bulger as "unrecognizable". This was the third homicide at the prison in a 40-day span. Correctional officers had warned Congress just days before his death that facilities were being dangerously understaffed. Fotios "Freddy" Geas, a Massachusetts-based hitman for the Genovese crime family, was the primary suspect in orchestrating the killing of Bulger. Geas, 51, and his brother were sentenced to life in prison in 2011 for their roles in several violent crimes, including the 2003 killing of Adolfo "Big Al" Bruno, a Genovese family capo who was shot in a Springfield, Massachusetts parking lot. According to ABC News, Bulger's medical status had been lowered on October 8, 2018, shortly before he was transferred.
On November 8, 2018, a funeral Mass was held for Bulger at Saint Monica – Saint Augustine Church in South Boston. Family members, including his brother, former Massachusetts state Senate president William M. Bulger, and the twin sister of Catherine Greig attended. Bulger's death came as a relief to many Bostonians, especially for family members of his victims; Steven Davis, whose sister Debra was reportedly killed by Bulger in 1981, stated that "[h]e died the way I hoped he always was going to die."
Bulger is buried at St. Joseph's Cemetery in the Boston neighborhood of West Roxbury. His headstone is blank, except for the inscription “Bulger”. In September 2019, the Bulger family filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the Justice Department, alleging that, by lowering Bulger's medical status and transferring him to Hazelton, he "was deliberately placed in harm's way. There is simply no other explanation for the transfer of someone in his condition and inmate status to be placed in the general population of one of the country's most violent federal penitentiaries." The Bulger family sought US$200,000 in damages. In January 2022, U.S. District Judge John Preston Bailey dismissed the lawsuit, ruling federal law did not allow his family the right to sue Bureau of Prisons (BOP) officials because Congress expressly puts custody of inmates in the hands of the BOP, and "has repeatedly limited judicial authority to review BOP housing decisions and to entertain claims brought by prisoners."
On August 18, 2022, Geas was indicted in connection with the beating death of Bulger, along with Paul J. DeCologero and Sean McKinnon. On May 14, 2024, the Department of Justice announced that plea agreements with the three had been accepted. On 6 September 2024, Fotios Geas was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment for voluntary manslaughter in Bulger's killing.

## Family

Bulger had two younger brothers, William Michael "Billy" Bulger (born 1934) and John "Jackie" P. Bulger (born 1938). William Bulger served in the military during the Korean War but was never posted to Korea. He was formerly an influential leader of the Democratic Party in Massachusetts. In a long political career, William rose to become President of the Massachusetts Senate. After his retirement he was appointed President of the University of Massachusetts system.
In December 2002, William Bulger appeared before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and refused to testify, citing his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. In April 2003, the committee voted "to grant William Bulger immunity to obtain information concerning Whitey's whereabouts and the FBI's misuse of informants." In June 2003, William appeared before the committee, where he was grilled by legislators from both parties. He testified: "I do not know where my brother is. I do not know where he has been over the past eight years. I have not aided James Bulger in any way while he has been a fugitive." He added: "while I worried about my brother, I now recognize that I didn't fully grasp the dimensions of his life. Few people probably did. By definition, his was a secretive life. His actions were covert, hidden even from—or perhaps hidden especially from those who loved and cared about him. The subject that interests so many, the life and the activities of my brother James is painful and difficult for me." William said that the only contact with his brother during the fugitive years was a short telephone call in January 1995, shortly after his brother was indicted. Following this testimony, Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney waged an extended and ultimately successful effort to get William to resign from the presidency of the University of Massachusetts, which he finally did in August 2003.
John "Jackie" Bulger, a retired Massachusetts court clerk magistrate, was convicted in April 2003 of committing perjury in front of two grand juries regarding sworn statements he gave concerning contacts with his fugitive brother.

## Personal life

Bulger fathered one child, Douglas Glenn Cyr (1967–1973), during a 12-year relationship with Lindsey Cyr, a waitress and former fashion model living in North Weymouth, Massachusetts. Bulger and Cyr began living together in 1966, when Cyr was 21 and a waitress at a North Quincy café. According to Cyr, "He used to say that there were four people he would turn up on a street corner for: Douglas, me, Billy, or his mother. And we all made him vulnerable." At six years of age, Douglas died from Reye syndrome after having a severe allergic reaction to an aspirin injection. Lindsey Cyr later recalled it as:
   An absolute nightmare, and it was very difficult for Jimmy because, no matter what, there was nothing that could save this. Money didn't matter, his power didn't matter. [...] I remember that we were walking out of the hospital the night that he died, and he was holding my hand. And Jimmy said, "I'm never going to hurt like this again."
After Bulger's arrest, Cyr announced her support of him, stating:
   If he wanted to see me, I'd be happy to. If he needs help getting attorneys and what have you, I'd be happy to help him. Part of me does [still love him]. I still care for him. I would always help him. I certainly always stand by him. He is the father of my child. He is 12 years of my life. I want to see him well protected. [...] And I'm not particularly sympathetic to some of the people involved, some of the victims' families.
After his split from Cyr, Bulger began a relationship with Theresa Stanley, a South Boston divorcée with several children. Bulger bought her an expensive house in suburban Quincy, Massachusetts, and acted as father to her children while commuting to "work" in South Boston. However, he was repeatedly unfaithful to her with a host of other women, and was often absent while overseeing the running of his organization. In a 2004 interview, Stanley stated that she was planning to publish her memoirs; however, she died of lung cancer in 2012 at the age of 71.

## Press relations

According to Weeks:$^{:209}$
   Most of the time, The Boston Globe wasn't as inaccurate as the Herald. They just knocked the people from Southie during busing. They also liked to describe me as, 'Whitey's surrogate son', another example of the media putting labels on people they wrote about. Jimmy and I were friends, not like father and son. Even though he was the boss, he always treated me equally, like an associate, not a son. The reporter who seemed to do the most research and put real effort into getting the true story without having been there was Shelley Murphy, who had been at the Herald for ten years when she went to work for the Globe in 1993. But Jimmy and I usually ended up laughing at most of the news stories, as time and time again the media had it wrong, over and over again holding to their pledge to never let the truth get in the way of a good story.

### Paul Corsetti

According to Weeks's memoirs, in 1980 Boston Herald reporter Paul Corsetti began researching an article about Louis Litif's murder and Bulger's suspected involvement. After reporting the story for several days, Corsetti was approached by a man who said, "I'm Jim Bulger and if you continue to write shit about me, I'm going to blow your fucking head off."$^{:207}$ Corsetti sought help from the Patriarca crime family, but they said that Bulger was outside their control. "The next day, Corsetti reported the meeting to the Boston police. He was issued a pistol permit within 24 hours. The cop who gave him the permit told him, 'I'm glad my last name is not Corsetti.' A couple days later Jimmy told me about the scene with the cop and was glad to hear how uncomfortable he had made Corsetti."$^{:207}$

### Howie Carr

In his memoirs, Kevin Weeks related his participation in an attempt to assassinate reporter Howie Carr at his house in suburban Acton. Weeks stated that Carr was targeted because he was "writing nasty stories about people, he was an oxygen thief who didn't deserve to breathe." Carr has been among the most aggressive critics of the Bulger brothers, Whitey and Billy, for their careers in the Boston area; among his works is the book The Brothers Bulger, detailing the Bulger brothers' 25-year period of controlling Boston politics and the Boston underworld.
Weeks stated that, although several plans were considered, all were abandoned because there was too much risk of injuring Carr's wife and children. The plans climaxed with Weeks' own attempt to shoot Carr with a sniper rifle as he came out of his house. However, when Carr came out the front door holding the hand of his young daughter, Weeks could not bring himself to shoot. He wanted another opportunity to "finish the job," but Bulger advised him to forget about Howie Carr.$^{:205–206}$ In his 2006 memoir Weeks said that, although he was aware of the public outcry that would have followed, he regretted not murdering Carr. "His murder would have been an attack on the system, like attacking freedom of the press, the fabric of the American way of life, and they would have spared no expense to solve the crime. But in the long run, Jimmy and I got sidetracked and the maggot lived. Still, I wish I'd killed him. No question about it."$^{:206}$

## Depictions in fiction and non-fiction

* The 2014 documentary film Whitey: United States of America v. James J. Bulger, made by Joe Berlinger, is based on Bulger's trials.
* The film Black Mass – released September 18, 2015, in the US – stars Johnny Depp as Bulger and was directed by Scott Cooper. The film's screenplay is based on the 2001 non-fiction book Black Mass: The True Story of an Unholy Alliance Between the FBI and the Irish Mob, by Dick Lehr and Gerard O'Neill.

### Characters based on Whitey Bulger

* The character of Frank Costello (played by Jack Nicholson) in the 2006 Martin Scorsese film The Departed is loosely based on Bulger.
* The 2006–2008 Showtime TV series Brotherhood, about two Irish-American brothers on opposite sides of the law, was inspired by the relationship between Whitey and Billy Bulger, although the show takes place not in Boston but in nearby Providence, Rhode Island.
* The 2013 television drama The Blacklist starring James Spader, about a career criminal who turns himself in to work with the FBI on his own terms, was inspired by Bulger's arrest and trial.
* The character Marty Butler in Dennis Lehane's novel Small Mercies was heavily inspired by Bulger.
* While the DC Comics villain Carmine Falcone was inspired by Vito Corleone from the Godfather trilogy in the source material, director Matt Reeves claimed to have patterned his iteration of the character after Bulger in The Batman film released in 2022, portrayed by John Turturro. A younger version of Falcone is portrayed by Mark Strong in The Penguin spin-off miniseries which premiered in 2024.