# National Theatre of the Deaf

The National Theatre of the Deaf (NTD) is a Connecticut-based theatre company founded in 1967. It is the oldest theatre company in the United States that has maintained a continuous history of domestic and international touring, as well as producing original works. NTD productions combine American Sign Language with spoken language to fulfill the theatre's mission statement of linking deaf and hearing communities, providing more exposure to sign language, and educating the public about deaf art. The NTD is affiliated with a drama school, also founded in 1967, and with the Little Theatre of the Deaf (LTD), established in 1968 to produce shows for a younger audience.
Prior to the National Theatre of the Deaf, there were no college-level theatre programs that supported deaf actors. Before the NTD was established, the three major deaf theatre groups were The New York Association of the Deaf, The New York Theatre Guild of the Deaf and The Metropolitan Theatre Guild of the Deaf.
The first official performance of the NTD was a production of The Man With His Heart in the Highlands at Wesleyan University in 1967. NTD members participated in the first National and Worldwide Deaf Theatre Conference in 1994. Many deaf actors have earned acclaim through their work with the NTD in performances, conferences, and community outreach. The NTD has received several awards, including the Tony Award for Theatrical Excellence. The company has visited each of the 50 states during over 150 national tours, as well as over 30 countries.

## Founding

In 1946, Robert Panara, a graduate of Gallaudet University and newly hired teacher at the New York School for the Deaf, produced a play with Bernard Bragg, a 17-year-old student in Panara's English class. Later in the 1940s, when Bernard Bragg was a student at Gallaudet, Panara left New York School for the Deaf to teach at Gallaudet. While both at Gallaudet, Panara, and Bragg conceived of the idea of a theater for the Deaf.
In 1963, Dr. Edna Levine, a professor of Deaf studies at New York University, saw Bragg perform a one-man show in New York City. She asked him for a meeting and shared her own vision for a national theatre for the deaf. In 1965, they obtained a federal grant from the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to establish the NTD, with additional grant money provided by the Office of Education. Mary E. Switzer of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and Boyce R. Williams and Malcolm Norwood of the Rehabilitation Services Administration were important advocates for the funding of the NTD.
Levine and Bragg worked with set designer David Hays, a Harvard graduate who had experience in theatrical design and was a well-known Broadway designer, to establish a mission statement, locate funding, select a location, and assemble a company. The founders also included Anne Bancroft, who played Annie Sullivan in the Broadway production of The Miracle Worker, and Arthur Penn and Gene Lasko, directors of The Miracle Worker. Bancroft and Hays were drawn to work with one another because both "were captivated by the idea that sign language had a place on the world's stage as a performing art form."

## Mission and location

The founders' mission was to feature sign language in the theatre for both deaf and hearing audiences. The founders believed that audience members need to "hear every word and see every word" in all NTD productions. To fulfill this mission, productions included both deaf and hearing actors. The language used by the deaf performers included sign language, mime, and gesture, and the hearing actors provided spoken language. Bragg had studied under the French mime Marcel Marceau, and his acting style influenced the early NTD productions.
Originally, the NTD was located on the campus of the Eugene O'Neill Theatre Center in Waterford, Connecticut. In 1983, the NTD moved to Chester, Connecticut.$^{:63–64}$ In 2000, the NTD moved to Hartford, Connecticut, and in 2004 moved onto the campus of the American School for the Deaf in West Hartford. Since 2012, the NTD has again been based at the O'Neill Theatre Center while maintaining a satellite office on the campus of the American School for the Deaf.
Furthermore, the NTD focuses on changing the perception of deaf people. Its mission is to tell authentic stories while furthering the representation and roles of deaf actors and performers. NTD also works to help under-served populations, wanting to assist people by engaging, educating, and entertaining their audience.
As stated in NTD's "National Theatre of the Deaf Public Testimony before Appropriations Committee" written by Betty Beekman, who was the Executive Director in March 2015, the mission statement of NTD is "to present theatrical work of the highest quality, performing in the unique style we created through blending American Sign Language and spoken word."
In support of this mission, NTD:
* entertains, educates, and enlightens the general public, building bridges, opening their eyes and ears to Deaf culture;
* seeks, trains, and employs deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing artists;
* offers its work to culturally diverse and inclusive audiences through performances, workshops, training, and community outreach activities which facilitate involvement with our methods of work.

## Actors, instructors, and curriculum

The founding company included:
* Violet Armstrong
* Bernard Bragg
* Charles Corey
* Gilbert Eastman
* Lou Fant
* Ed Fearon
* Joyce Flynn Lasko
* Phyllis Frelich
* Dorothy Miles
* Mary Beth Miller
* Audree Norton
* Howard Palmer
* Will Rhys
* June Russi
* Tim Scanlon
* Morton Steinberg
* Andrew Vasnick
* Joe Velez
* Ralph White$^{:125–129}$
Early instructors in the school included:
* Bernard Bragg
* Eric Malzkuhn
* Bob Panara
* Sahome Tachibana
* Gina Blau
* William Rhys
* George C. White III
The school's curriculum included:
* Acting
* Mime
* Bodily movement
* Stagecraft
* Lighting
* Costuming
* History of theatre
* Creative dance
* Japanese dance
* Hindu movement
* Tumbling
* Fencing

### Notable actors

Phyllis Frelich received the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play in 1980 for Children of a Lesser God, produced by the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles.
Linda Bove appeared regularly on the television series Sesame Street.
Most recently, NTD alumni Troy Kotsur, who had performed with NTD from the years 1991 to 1993, in both the shows Ophelia and Treasure Island, received the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor in the film Coda. In fact, in his acceptance speech, he thanked "all of the deaf theatres that have given me the opportunity to grow as an actor."
Other actors who have worked with NTD include Colleen Dewhurst, Sir Michael Redgrave, Chita Rivera, Jason Robards, and Meryl Streep. NTD actress Jane Norman went on to become a prominent voice in deaf media studies at Gallaudet University. While some NTD actors have achieved recognition in theatre, a greater number of Deaf actors, including Chuck Baird, Eric Malzkuhn, Ed Waterstreet, Gilbert Eastman, Mary Beth Miller, Freda Norman, and Manny Hernandez, have achieved recognition primarily within Deaf theatre.

## Productions, touring, and reception

Rehearsals and performances occupied most days for both company actors and students. The company toured by bus domestically and internationally. They received only part-time pay and were paid out-of-pocket for their travel.$^{:125–129}$ Both the company and the students lived dormitory-style at the O'Neill Theater Center while rehearsing, and slept either on the bus or in inexpensive hotels while touring domestically. While touring internationally, the actors stayed in hostels.
The company performed plays written by hearing and Deaf playwrights.$^{:121–124}$ Hearing audiences generally have positive responses to NTD productions, while deaf and hard of hearing audiences often have mixed reviews. Deaf and hard of hearing audience members sometimes expected productions to be more focused around the Deaf experience, and to be less dramatized. Some deaf audience members have seen NTD productions as catering to hearing audiences, which has generated a negative response. However, others have responded positively and appreciated NTD productions.$^{:115–116}$
The NTD has been discussed in newspapers such as Silent News, journals such as the Puppetry Journal, and television shows such as Deaf Mosaic, which aired during the 1980s and 1990s. Many scholars have written about the NTD in books and dissertations.$^{:24–25,41–42,55–56,70–71,83–84,95–96,109–110,117–118}$
NTD has also recently appeared on Disney Plus, Sesame Street, and The White House.
| Year(s) | Show Title |
| 1967–1968 | The Man With His Heart in the Highlands |
| 1967–1968 | The Tale of Kasane |
| 1967–1968 | Tyger! Tyger! And other Burnings |
| 1967–1968 | Gianni Schicchi |
| 1967–1968 | On the Harmfulness of Tobacco |
| 1968–1969 | The Critic |
| 1968–1969 | Camera 3 (LTD) |
| 1968–1969 | The Love of Don Perlimoplin and Belissa in the Garden |
| 1968–1969 | Blueprints |
| 1969–1970 | Under Milkwood |
| 1969–1970 | Sganagelle |
| 1970–1971 | Woyzeck |
| 1970–1971 | Journeys |
| 1971–1972 | My Third Eye |
| 1972–1973 | Gilgamesh |
| 1973–1974 | Optimism (or) The Misadventures of Candide |
| 1973–1974 | A Child's Christmas in Wales |
| 1974–1975 | The Dybbuk |
| 1974–1975 | Priscilla, Princess of Power |
| 1975–1976 | Parade |
| 1976–1977 | Four Saints in Three Acts |
| 1976–1977 | On the Harmfulness of Tobacco |
| 1977–1978 | The Three Musketeers |
| 1977–1978 | Sir Gawain and the Green Knight |
| 1977–1978 | Who Knows One |
| 1978–1979 | Volpone |
| 1978–1979 | Quite Early One Morning |
| 1979–1980 | Our Town |
| 1979–1980 | Four Thurber Tales (LTD) |
| 1979–1980 | The Wooden Boy |
| 1980–1981 | The Iliad: Play by Play |
| 1980–1981 | Silken Tent |
| 1981–1982 | The Ghost of Chastity Past |
| 1981–1982 | Gilgamesh |
| 1981–1982 | Issa's Treasure |
| 1981–1982 | The Road to Cordoba |
| 1982–1983 | Parzival, from the Horse's Mouth |
| 1982–1983 | Big Blue Marble (LTD) |
| 1983–1984 | The Hero with a Thousand Faces |
| 1984–1985 | All the Way Home |
| 1984–1985 | A Christmas Carol |
| 1984–1985 | A Child's Christmas in Wales |
| 1985–1986 | In a Grove |
| 1985–1986 | Race a Comet, Catch a Tale (LTD) |
| 1985–1986 | Farewell, My Lovely! |
| 1986–1987 | The Heart is a Lonely Hunter |
| 1986–1987 | The Gift of the Magi |
| 1987–1988 | The Dybbuk |
| 1987–1988 | A Child's Christmas in Wales |
| 1987–1988 | The Light Princess |
| 1988–1989 | King of Hearts |
| 1989–1990 | The Odyssey |
| 1990–1991 | One More Spring |
| 1990–1991 | Collaborates with Pilobolus |
| 1991–1992 | Treasure Island |
| 1992–1993 | Ophelia |
| 1992–1993 | Sports (LTD) |
| 1993–1994 | Under Milkwood |
| 1993–1994 | The Wonderful "O" (LTD) |
| 1994–1996 | Italian Straw Hat |
| 1996–1997 | Curiouser & Curioser |
| 1997–1998 | Peer Gynt |
| 1997–1998 | World of Whys (LTD) |
| 2020–2021 | Deafenstein |