# Chapacuran languages

The Chapacuran languages are a nearly extinct Native American language family of South America. Almost all Chapacuran languages are extinct, and the four that are extant are moribund, with the exception of Wari'. They are spoken in Rondônia in the southern Amazon Basin of Brazil and in northern Bolivia.
According to Kaufman (1990), the Chapacuran family could be related to the extinct Wamo language.

## Languages
### Angenot (1997)

List of Chapacuran languages from Angenot (1997):

### Birchall (2013)

Birchall et al. (2013) classify the dozen known Chapacuran languages as follows:
* Chapacuran
** Kitemoka–Tapakura
*** Chapacura †
*** Quitemo †
** Moreic–Waric
*** Moreic–Tor
**** Nuclear More
***** Itene (90 speakers)
***** Cumana (3 speakers)
**** Torá †
*** Waric
**** Urupa–Yaru:
***** Urupa †
***** Yaru †
**** Wanham–Wari–Oro Win
***** Wanham †
***** Wari–Oro Win
****** Oro Win (5 speakers)
****** Wari' (2,700 speakers)
** (position unclear) Napeca (Nape) †
** (position unclear) Rocorona (Ocorono) †
All languages are rather closely related.
Extinct languages for which Loukotka says 'nothing' is known, but which may have been Chapacuran, include Cujuna, Mataua, Urunumaca, and Herisobocono. Similarities with Mure appear to be loans.

### Birchall, Dunn & Greenhill (2016)

Birchall, Dunn & Greenhill (2016) give the following phylogenetic tree of Chapacuran, based on a computational phylogenetic analysis.

## Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Irantxe, Puinave-Kak, and Arawa language families due to contact.

## Varieties

Below is a full list of Chapacuran language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.
* Chapacura / Huachi / Tapacura - extinct language once spoken on the Blanco River and around Lake Chitiopa, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
* Irene / Moré - spoken on the Guaporé River, Azul River, and Mamoré River, Beni province, Bolivia.
* Itoreauhip - spoken between the Guaporé River and Azul River in Bolivia.
* Quitemo - once spoken on the Uruvaito River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
* Nape - once spoken in the same country on Lake Chitiopa.
* Mure - once spoken on the San Martín River in Bolivia.
* Rocorona - once spoken on the San Martín River.
* Herisebocon - once spoken on the Rapulo River near the old mission of San Borja, Bolivia. (Unattested.)
* Wañám / Huanyam / Pawumwa - spoken between the São Miguel River and São Domingo River, territory of Rondônia, Brazil.
* Abitana - spoken as a dialect of the Wañám language at the sources of the São Miguel River, Brazil.
* Kumana / Cautario - spoken between the Guaporé River and Cautario River, Rondônia.
* Pacahanovo / Uari Wayõ - spoken on the Pacaás Novos River, Rondônia.
* Kabixi - spoken between the São Miguel River and Preto River, Rondônia, now perhaps extinct.
* Mataua - spoken in the western area of the Cautario River. (Unattested.)
* Urunamacan - spoken to the north of the Wañám tribe, Rondônia, Brazil. (Unattested.)
* Uómo / Miguelheno - spoken on the São Miguel River. (Unattested.)
* Tapoaya - spoken by an unknown tribe at the sources of the Cautario River. (Unattested.)
* Cujuna - spoken by a very little known tribe, now perhaps extinct, to the north of the Kumaná tribe. (Unattested.)
* Urupá / Ituarupa - spoken on the Urupá River, Rondônia.
* Yarú - spoken by a few families on the Jaru River.
* Yamarú - extinct language once spoken on the Jamari River. (Unattested.)
* Torá / Tura - formerly spoken on the Marmelos River and Paricá River, state of Amazonas; now by a few individuals on the Posta Cabeça d'anta, state of Amazonas.

## Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chapacuran languages.
| gloss | Chapacura | Itene | Itoreauhip | Quitemo | Nape | Wañám | Abitana | Kumaná | Pacahanovo | Urupá | Yarú | Torá |
| eye | tuku-chi | to | | ku-chi | | tukichuː | | | | tükesi | tekisí | tokú |
| tooth | yati-chi | yía | | iyadi-che | | yitinchi | yititai | yatiti | | yetisi | itisí | yatí |
| tongue | tapuitaka-chi | kapaya | | kapikaka-che | | kabíkachu | kapiyakati | kapiyakati | | kapiakasi | kapiakasí | képiat |
| water | akum | komo | | ako | akon | kúm | kum | kum | | kom | kõ | kom |
| fire | ise | iche | | ise | isze | iché | itsä | icha | | isé | iseː | ixé |
| sun | huapiito | napito | mapito | papuito | mapiito | gwapiru | mapirú | mapitó | | kumém | komém | apuetó |
| star | huiüiyao | pipiyo | | pil'ahu | pipiáo | útin | piú | pipiyó | upiú | upió | upiú | pipiyó |
| maize | xadö | mapa | | kal'ao | kal'ao | map | mapaːk | mapaːk | | mapág | mapá | mapák |
| jaguar | kiñam | ine | | orahuiko | kiñam | kiñó | kinam | kinam | | kinám | komen | wakara |
| bow | parami | pari | pari | | | pani | parú | pari | etsmen | mapíp | mapip | parí |

## Proto-language

Below are Proto-Chapacuran (Proto-Chapakura) reconstructions from the Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL) online, cited from Angenot de Lima (1997). English glosses are from DiACL, and the original Portuguese glosses are from Angenot de Lima (1997). For the full list of original Portuguese glosses, see the corresponding Portuguese article.
    Proto-ChapacuranEnglish glossPortuguese glossScientific name *haɾamto button *hoɾamchin *ja:to say, to speak *jawpillar, to grind with a stone *jaʔto bathe *jikatpenis *jowinmonkey speciesmacaco-pregoSapajus *ju:to keep secretseguir às escondidas *jukto push, to remove *kamaɲ$^ʔ$bland, without salt *kapcaterpillar species *kapampamonha (traditional food) *kaɾaʔ/*h$^w$aɾaʔlarge, fat *kat, *kaw$^ʔ$river dolphin *kat, *ɾatto yawn *katimfoot *katin$^ʔ$large tick *kat$^ʃ$ak/*kat$^ʃ$okto tickle, tickling *kat$^ʃ$inpineapple *kaw$^ʔ$to eat *kawa:tree speciesárvore-rochinha *kawa:kind of small arrow, used by children playing *kawitparrot speciespapagaio-curica *ked$^z$ekto lick *kenumcocoa *kijiʔto descend, to lower *kinamjaguar, dog *kipuntail *kip$^w$in(to be) cold *kitambridge, jirau grillponte, grelha para moquear *kiwto bite, to chew *kiwoʔarrow (generic) *koki:piranha *komto sing (people) *komeNsun *koɾa:paddle *koɾanpalm speciespalmeira-carundaíburiti? *kotemred, ripe *kotok/*koɾokto knock down fruits by beating the tree *kɾamelbow, joint *kɾanant speciesformiga-saúvaAtta *kɾikto see, to observe, to look *kɾomto enter, inside *kukto pull, to drag *kun$^ʔ$tree speciesárvore-cachimbeira, jequitibá-vermelho; salCariniana rubra *kunu:to stink, bad smell *kutto pick, to catch *k$^w$aɾaʔcommon armadillo *ma(w)to go *mad$^z$ankind of yambatata-cará *makiʔto come, to arrive *manaʔanger, brave *mapakcorn *mapaw$^ʔ$club, baton *mapomfat, grease *map$^w$ipkind of small bow *maɾamto paint, to write *mawi:to steal, thief *mawinannatto (tree species), wood for making fireBixa orellana *mekuʔcrab *memred, ripe *mikoppaca *mit$^ʃ$emblack *mo:to run *mokonrope, cord, string, thread *momto swell because of illness, to have a tumor *moɾoʔflour *mowaw$^ʔ$tucumã palm larvabroca do tucumãlarva of Astrocaryum aculeatum *mowinpus, infection, tumour *muɾin$^ʔ$swallow *m$^w$ijakwild hog *n(e/o)nto whistle with help from the hand *nakto smell, to sniff *naɾanpitch/tar (of jatobá tree); lightbreu (de jatobá); luzHymenaea courbaril *natanface, front *nokto hate, to reject *nokto suckle *nopontree speciesárvore-itaúbaMezilaurus itauba *pa:to beat, to slap *pad$^z$awpubic hair *pakaʔred, ripe *pana:tree (generic), wood, log *papatbamboo species, kind of arrow, bomboo knifetaquara (esp.); flecha (esp.); faca de bambu *papopwind *paɾV:bow (generic) *patiʔanimal (generic), fish *paw$^ʔ$to tie (up) *paʔto kill, to hunt, to beat to death *pijeʔnewborn child *pikotgiant armadillotatu gigante *piponbird speciescujubimPipile cujubi *piɾam$^ʔ$squirrelquoati-puru, esquilo *pit$^ʃ$akto scratch, to itch *pit$^ʃ$i:horn *piwantarantulaaranha caranguejeira *piʔto dance *pokthigh, upper leg *ponto fart *potto pull out *potto get, to tear, to extract *pot$^ʃ$to cook; to spitcozinhar; cuspir *poʔto wake up, to rouse *pɾinparakeet *pɾu:to kill, to hit a target with an arrow *pu:to blow, to light a fire *puɾekto miss the target with an arrow *p$^w$e:to sit *p$^w$ikunstone, rock *p$^w$into leave behind *p$^w$iɾanboa *p$^w$itto break, to cut, to extract, to unrip *p$^w$iti:large horsefly *p$^w$it$^s$i:palm speciespalmeira-totaiAcrocomia aculeata subsp. totai *p$^w$it$^s$opporcupine, hedgehog *p$^w$iwflower *ɾi:(tan)banana (generic) *tajincharcoal *takatwax (honey, ear, for arrow, etc.) *takaw$^ʔ$kind of fishpeixe-caráGeophagus brasiliensis *takiʔto fly, to leave flying *tanleaf, one *tapanmonkey speciesmacaco-saguimCallitrichidae; Callithrix jacchus *tapiwagouti *tapotstraw, cover/roofing of house *tata:father (1SG.POSS) *tatawrope made of tree fibers; hornenvira (esp.); chifre *tat$^s$amto laugh, to smile *tat$^ʃ$iʔhusband *tawanlazy, sulky, disobedient *tawi:bee (generic), honey *tawitfence, surrounded *taʔto cut *tikatto finish *timheart *tipanarm *tipatwing *tipoʔto follow a trail *titim$^ʔ$/*tiɾim$^ʔ$to lie down *tokto drink *tokeye, grain, seed, stone *toke:chestnut, Brazil nut *tomto burn, black *tomiʔto say, to speak *tonto knock down fruits by beating the tree *topto explode, to break corn *topakmouth, lips, to speak *topanskin, peel, bark *topopbasket (generic) *toɾo:to swell, to ferment, to cause swelling *tot$^ʃ$amclay *tot$^ʃ$ikbee species, honeyabelha-lambeolho; seu melLeurotrigona muelleri *towa:turtle, tortoise; rubber cylinder (?)tartaruga, tracaja, jabuti; tambor de caucho *towankind of fruitfruta-murisiByrsonima crassifolia *towaʔwhite, bright color, daybreak/dawn *towinparrot speciespapagaio-curica *toʔto beat, to open, to crack, to cut *tɾakombamboo, taboca (bamboo species)bambu; tabocaGuadua weberbaueri *tɾakopfermented drink *tɾamaʔman *tɾam$^w$inred macaw *tɾan tɾanguan birdjacuPenelope *tɾapo:white hair *tɾawanliver; palm species, fish speciesfígado; palmeira-patua; patua; surubimPimelodidae *tɾikcoal, ember *tɾotaricuri palm leafSyagrus coronata *t$^ʃ$akto suck on a fruit *t$^ʃ$ekday *t$^ʃ$ijatnet *t$^ʃ$ikone *t$^ʃ$ikin$^ʔ$nail, claw; traíra (fish species)unha, garra; traíra (peixe)Erythrinidae *t$^ʃ$into throw *t$^ʃ$itotcountry, to plant *t$^ʃ$iw(to be) cold *t$^ʃ$okto suck "noisily", to make a "sucking" sound *t$^ʃ$omto step; to insistpisar, bater o pé *t$^ʃ$opinto spit *t$^ʃ$orawswallow *t$^ʃ$owiʔrain, winter *t$^ʃ$upto kiss "noisily" *tunhair, coat *tutto walk *wakto add, to pile up *waki:toad species *wanto copulate, to have sex *wana:way, path, road *waɲamIndian of enemy tribe *waɾaksap, sperm, vaginal secretion *watamkind of fruit *wat$^ʃ$ikcommon opossummucuraDidelphis marsupialis *wetto marry *weʔto vomit *wijakto scrape with a knife *wijamsmall *wina:to raise an animal, to tame/domesticate *wina:grandson *winim$^ʔ$to wait, to except *wit$^ʃ$iʔto roast on coal/ember *ʔajiʔolder brother *ʔaka:to sing (of bird), to cackle, to cry *ʔakomwater; river; rain *ʔakopmanioc, cassava *ʔamedge, margin *ʔamiʔto give *ʔamonexcrements, feces, intestines, belly *ʔam$^w$i:very, much *ʔaɲto cry *ʔaninyounger sister *ʔapa:palm speciespalmeira-marayauBactris major *ʔapamshoulder *ʔapankind of fruit *ʔapaʔmaternal grandmother *ʔapi:thorn, needle, hook *ʔapi:father-in-law *ʔapiʔto finish *ʔapo:uncle (aunt's husband) *ʔapopcaimanjacaré *ʔatatbone, leg *ʔataw/*ʔaɾawback, shoulders *ʔatinyounger brother *ʔatɾimhouse, traditional village (maloca) *ʔat$^ʃ$aʔyounger sibling *ʔat$^ʃ$emto sneeze *ʔawto spill liquid, to bleed, to leak, to drain, to drip *ʔawanbitter *ʔawantree species with venomous bark *ʔawanpig, hog, capybara *ʔawi:good, beautiful, tasty *ʔawikblood *ʔawinsky, height, to charge upwards *ʔawomcotton; clothes; dove/pigeon speciesalgodão; roupa; pomba (esp.) *ʔawum2SG *ʔenembrother-in-law (sister's husband) *ʔeppillar, to grind with a stone *ʔeɾumtrumpeter (bird species)jacamimPsophia *ʔewburn *ʔewu:toucan *ʔih$^w$amfish (generic) *ʔijattooth, beak *ʔijaʔvessel made of palmvasilha feita de cacho de palmeira *ʔijew$^ʔ$paternal grandfather *ʔiji:palm speciespalmeira-bacabaOenocarpus bacaba *ʔijin$^ʔ$fear, to fear *ʔijoʔto put out, to erase *ʔikankind of mosquitomosquito-catoqui *ʔikatmedicine man, sorcerer *ʔikatto break *ʔikimchest, thorax *ʔikitknife, iron instrument *ʔimanhole, vagina *ʔimiʔkind of mosquito or flypium, borrachudoSimuliidae *ʔim$^w$in$^ʔ$tapir *ʔim$^w$iʔto die, dead *ʔinam$^ʔ$pregnant *ʔinaw$^ʔ$bat *ʔinaʔmother *ʔipa:to open (eyes, door) *ʔipanto fall, to be born *ʔipiklatex, rubberseringa; borracha *ʔip$^w$ikanteater speciestamanduá-mirimTamandua tetradactyla *ʔiɾamaçaí palmpalmeira-açai *ʔiɾiʔ(to be) right, truth *ʔitbody *ʔitakto swallow *ʔitaʔ/*ʔiɾaʔto urinate *ʔite:father (1SG.POSS) *ʔit$^ʃ$e:fire, firewood *ʔit$^s$imnight *ʔit$^ʃ$incentipede, millipede *ʔiw$^ʔ$louse *ʔiwanto get home *ʔiwi:mat *ʔiwiʔsmoke *ʔod$^z$ippalm speciespalmeira-najáAttalea maripa *ʔojamspirit, soul of a corpse *ʔojoppacu (fish species) *ʔokinscorpion *ʔokonpalm speciespalmeira-real / buritiMauritia flexuosa *ʔomaʔto live, to have, to exist *ʔomi:scrubland, bush, firm land *ʔonto whistle without help from the hand *ʔonaɲpalm speciespalmeira-buruburuAstrocaryum murumuru *ʔonoknavel, belly button *ʔopto dance *ʔopaʔbagre (fish species)bagre *ʔopi:woodworm/beetle speciescaruncho rola-bosta; besouro (esp.) *ʔopotkind of liana used for bindingcipó-ambé, usado para amarrar *ʔoɾamcheek *ʔoraw$^ʔ$mushroom species *ʔoro:people of, clan of, kind of *ʔoɾomgourd, calabash *ʔoɾotto break out (2nd permanent tooth of a child) *ʔotincurassow (bird species)mutumCracidae *ʔoto:gourd, calabash *ʔot$^s$iwmonkey speciesmacaco-de-cheiro amareloSaimiri *ʔowamkind of fishpeixe-jejuHoplerythrinus unitaeniatus *ʔowitwart *ʔoβi:anum (bird species)Crotophaga *ʔukunflesh (of the body), body *ʔumhand *ʔum$^w$e:bird (generic) *ʔup$^w$ekhead *ʔup$^w$eɲto sleep *ʔuɾinant speciesformiga-da-castanha *ʔutuɾnose *ʔututurine *ʔuwe:older sister *ʔuwewpaternal grandmother *ʔuwitname *ʔuʔant speciesformiga-saraça