OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fundamental class

In mathematics, the fundamental class is a homology class [M] associated to a connected orientable compact manifold of dimension n, which corresponds to the generator of the homology group $H_{n}(M,\partial M;\mathbf {Z} )\cong \mathbf {Z}$ . The fundamental class can be thought of as the orientation of the top-dimensional simplices of a suitable triangulation of the manifold.

## Definition
### Closed, orientable

When M is a connected orientable closed manifold of dimension n, the top homology group is infinite cyclic: $H_{n}(M;\mathbf {Z} )\cong \mathbf {Z}$, and an orientation is a choice of generator, a choice of isomorphism $\mathbf {Z} \to H_{n}(M;\mathbf {Z} )$. The generator is called the fundamental class.
If M is disconnected (but still orientable), a fundamental class is the direct sum of the fundamental classes for each connected component (corresponding to an orientation for each component).
In relation with de Rham cohomology it represents integration over M; namely for M a smooth manifold, an n-form ω can be paired with the fundamental class as
    $\langle \omega ,[M]\rangle =\int _{M}\omega \ ,$
which is the integral of ω over M, and depends only on the cohomology class of ω.

### Stiefel-Whitney class

If M is not orientable, $H_{n}(M;\mathbf {Z} )\ncong \mathbf {Z}$, and so one cannot define a fundamental class M living inside the integers. However, every closed manifold is $\mathbf {Z} _{2}$-orientable, and $H_{n}(M;\mathbf {Z} _{2})=\mathbf {Z} _{2}$ (for M connected). Thus, every closed manifold is $\mathbf {Z} _{2}$-oriented (not just orientable: there is no ambiguity in choice of orientation), and has a $\mathbf {Z} _{2}$-fundamental class.
This $\mathbf {Z} _{2}$-fundamental class is used in defining Stiefel–Whitney class.

### With boundary

If M is a compact orientable manifold with boundary, then the top relative homology group is again infinite cyclic $H_{n}(M,\partial M)\cong \mathbf {Z}$, and so the notion of the fundamental class can be extended to the manifold with boundary case.

## Poincaré duality

The Poincaré duality theorem relates the homology and cohomology groups of n-dimensional oriented closed manifolds: if R is a commutative ring and M is an n-dimensional R-orientable closed manifold with fundamental class [M], then for all k, the map
    $H^{k}(M;R)\to H_{n-k}(M;R)$
given by
    $\alpha \mapsto [M]\frown \alpha$
is an isomorphism.
Using the notion of fundamental class for manifolds with boundary, we can extend Poincaré duality to that case too (see Lefschetz duality). In fact, the cap product with a fundamental class gives a stronger duality result saying that we have isomorphisms $H^{q}(M,A;R)\cong H_{n-q}(M,B;R)$, assuming we have that $A,B$ are $(n-1)$-dimensional manifolds with $\partial A=\partial B=A\cap B$ and $\partial M=A\cup B$.
See also Twisted Poincaré duality

## Applications

In the Bruhat decomposition of the flag variety of a Lie group, the fundamental class corresponds to the top-dimension Schubert cell, or equivalently the longest element of a Coxeter group.
# TIM (psychedelics)

TIM :
| Chemical name | Thioisomescaline or Dimethoxy-thioxy-1-aminoethane |
| Chemical formula | C$_{11}$H$_{17}$NO$_2$S |
TIM, or thioisomescaline, is a series of lesser-known psychedelic drugs similar in structure to mescaline. They were first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved), none of their durations are known. Very little is known about their dangers or toxicity.

## TIM compounds
### 2-TIM

Dosage: 240 mg or greater
Duration: unknown
Effects: Few to none, possible boosting of alcohol

### 3-TIM

Dosage: 240 mg or greater
Duration: unknown
Effects: Few to none

### 4-TIM

Dosage: 160 mg or greater
Duration: unknown
Effects: Few to none
# Ibrahim Ibrahim (economist)

Ibrahim Ibrahim (Arabic: الدكتور إبراهيم إبراهيم) is a Qatari economist who served as the Secretary General for the General Secretariat for Development Planning (GSDP) from 2006 until June 2011. He became an Economic Advisor to Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the Emir Qatar, from 1988 to 2013.

## Role in QNV2030

He was a leader in the development of the Qatar National Vision 2030 project.

## Other positions

Ibrahim has worked in the oil and gas industry. He is the Vice Chairman of the Board of RasGas Company Limited and Chairman of the Marketing Committee. He is a member of the Board of Directors of QatarEnergy, Qatar Gas and Industries Qatar a Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of Qatar Petroleum International and Industrial Bank and member of the Board of Qatar Central Bank.

## Previous occupations

Ibrahim was an Associate Professor of Business, Economics and Quantitative methods at the University of Hawaiʻi from 1970 to 1978, Director of the Economic Department of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Kuwait from 1979 to 1986, and a Senior Economist at the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies from 1986 to 1988.

## Awards

In 2009, Ibrahim was honoured with the ‘Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Visionary Award’ at a special ceremony held at the CWC World LNG Summit in Barcelona, Spain.

## Education

Ibrahim holds a Ph.D. in Business Administration from New York University in 1969.
# Special Effects (album)

Special Effects is the fifteenth studio album by American rapper Tech N9ne. It was released on May 4, 2015, by Strange Music. The album is broken up into several portions representing days of the week, with collaborations with artists including Corey Taylor, B.o.B, Lil Wayne, 2 Chainz, T.I., Hopsin, E-40, Yo Gotti, Audio Push and Eminem, among others. The album also features fellow Strange Music artists Krizz Kaliko, Big Scoob and Ces Cru. Production on the album was handled by Seven, Strange Music's in-house producer, Excision along with Joseph Bishara who was the composer of Insidious and The Conjuring.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Artistdirect | (Favorable) |
| HipHopDX | |
| RapReviews | 7.5/10 |
| XXL | (XL) |
Special Effects was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. David Jeffries of AllMusic said, "Sticking to his guns with angry, soul-searching lyrics spewing out while the high-powered crossover collaborations fly about, Tech N9ne skillfully rides his career trajectory as it soars ever upwards with Special Effects, an album that's powerful more than purposeful, plus a therapy session where all the party people can sing along." Eric Diep of HipHopDX praised the production, and said, "Casual listeners — who are more familiar with his Hip Hop catalogue — will likely be turned off by the handful of straight-up rap records. His core audience, though, will revel in the album's moments like the return of "Psycho Bitch" with a crazy storytelling verse from Hopsin over sinister production." Michael Blair of XXL said, "Steadily nearing the fine line between underground and mainstream for years now, Tech’s 15th studio album finds itself as the apex of where the two classifications meet and invite both the well-acquainted enthusiast and the curious onlooker."

## Commercial performance

The album debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200, selling 60,000 copies in the United States. In its second week of sales, the album sold 14,000 copies in the United States.
# Bridgwater North railway station

Bridgwater North railway station was the terminus of the Bridgwater Railway, which ran from a junction with the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway at Edington, between 1890 and 1954. Although often regarded as part of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, and effectively worked as part of that system, the Bridgwater Railway remained nominally independent until the railway Grouping of 1923 when it was vested in the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway group.

## The Station

Originally named Bridgwater, the station was opened on 21 July 1890. It was renamed Bridgwater North in 1949 when it came under British Railways ownership, to avoid confusion with the larger former Great Western Railway (GWR) station in the town. The station consisted of an island platform with a canopy, goods yard and a connection to riverside wharves.

## Closure

The passenger station closed when the branch service was withdrawn on 1 December 1952. The line to Edington Burtle via Cossington was closed completely in 1954 after goods traffic was diverted over a new connection to the GWR docks branch which continued until 1962. Bridgwater railway station remains open on the Bristol to Taunton Line.
The site is now occupied by a Sainsbury's supermarket and an adjacent large retail park.
vteRailways in the Bridgwater area :
Legend :
Dunball :
Bridgwater :
# The Lean Startup

The Lean Startup: How Today's Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses is a book by Eric Ries published in 2011 which describes his proposed lean startup strategy for startup companies.
In his book, Ries applies scientific principles to entrepreneurship, advocating for an approach he calls "just-in-time scalability": conducting product experiments without massive up-front investments in planning and design. The book shows the value of actionable metrics for decision-making and the importance of pivoting (changing course) when necessary.
Ries developed the lean startup methodology from his experiences as a startup advisor, employee, and founder. Ries attributes the failure of his first startup, Catalyst Recruiting to not understanding the wants of their target customers and focusing too much time and energy on the initial product launch.
After Catalyst, Ries was a senior software engineer with There, Inc., which had a failed expensive product launch. Ries describes the error in both cases as "working forward from the technology instead of working backward from the business results you're trying to achieve."
Ries also argues that to build a great company, one must begin with the customer research and interviews, developing a minimum viable product (MVP), and iterating based on feedback. He also recommends the Five Whys technique to identify the main cause of problems.
Companies cited in the book as practicing Ries's ideas include Alphabet Energy of California, Dropbox, Wealthfront, and General Electric (GE).

## Reception

According to the publisher, The Lean Startup has sold over one million copies and has been translated into more than thirty languages. It also appeared on The New York Times Best Sellers list.
Ethan Mollick, an associate professor at the Wharton School of Business, has raised concerns about the book's emphasis on engaging with customers as soon as possible. He argues that customers often don't know what they want when it comes to new technologies. Ethan Mollick also criticized the business model canvas, claiming that it overlooks a key question for startups: "What is your hypothesis about the world based on your unique knowledge and beliefs?" However, Mollick agrees with the book's advocacy for startups to engage in extensive experimentation.
# William Kellner

William Kellner (30 July 1900 – May, 1996) was an Austrian-born art director who worked primarily on British films in the 1940s and 1950s. He began his career as a draughtsman working for Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger on their films A Canterbury Tale (1944) and I Know Where I'm Going! (1945) and on David Lean's Brief Encounter in 1946. He was also art director on two Ealing Comedies, Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949) and the Lavender Hill Mob (1951). Kellner was nominated for two Oscars, in 1949 for Basil Dearden's Saraband for Dead Lovers and in 1959 for Joseph L. Mankiewicz's adaptation of Tennessee Williams' Suddenly Last Summer. He worked on two Anthony Asquith all-star productions, The V.I.P.s and The Yellow Rolls-Royce, both in 1964, before retiring in 1965.
# Richard B. Young

Richard Benjamin Young (died January 21, 1991) was a professor emeritus of English at Smith College.

## Life

Young was a graduate of Yale University. Between 1952 and 1961, he worked as an assistant professor. Later, he joined Smith College as a faculty member.
In 1958, his book English Petrarke: A Study of Sidney's 'Astrophel and Stella' was published.
# Will Sands

William Franklin Sands (born July 6, 2000) is an American professional soccer player who plays for Major League Soccer club New England Revolution.

## Youth and college career

Sands played for New York City FC affiliate club New York Soccer Club before joining New York City FC's academy upon the creation of their U-16 Academy team in 2015. Sands was part of the New York City FC academy system from 2015 until 2019. He played college soccer at Georgetown from 2019 to 2021. During his time with the Hoyas, he made 56 appearances and scored 4 goals. He helped the team win the 2019 NCAA College Cup and two Big East Tournaments.
Sands played for Manhattan SC of USL League Two in 2021, playing in 10 games and scoring 4 goals.

## Professional career

On January 21, 2022, Sands was announced as a homegrown player signing by Columbus Crew after a trade with New York City FC for his homegrown rights. Sands made his professional debut for the Columbus Crew organization for the team's reserve side, Columbus Crew 2, in a 1–0 win against Philadelphia Union II. He subsequently made his first team debut in a 2–1 loss against USL Championship side Detroit City FC in the U.S. Open Cup.
On July 31, 2024, the Crew traded Sands plus $600,000 in General Allocation Money to the New England Revolution, in exchange for DeJuan Jones.

## Personal life

Sands is the twin brother of James Sands, who currently plays for New York City FC, and the United States men's national soccer team. His sister Kate played soccer at Williams Ephs and Monmouth Hawks, as well working currently as Soccer coach of the Greenwich Academy women soccer team and his second sister Lizzie Sands played soccer at Bowdoin Polar Bears.

## Honors

Georgetown Hoyas
* NCAA College Cup: 2019
Columbus Crew
* MLS Cup: 2023
# QR III

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Kerrang! | |
QR III (or Quiet Riot III) is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Quiet Riot, released in July 1986. It's the band's last album to feature lead singer Kevin DuBrow, until they reunited in 1991, and released Terrified two years later.

## Background

Following the massive success of Metal Health and the more modest success of Condition Critical, sales of QR III were lower, reaching only No. 31 on the US charts and not achieving any certification. It marked Quiet Riot's fall from stardom as only one more of the band's following releases entered the charts at all.
It's the first Quiet Riot album to feature Chuck Wright, formerly of Giuffria, on bass as an official member. He previously played bass on 2 tracks from Metal Health. He departed soon after, but rejoined the band on an on/off basis over for years.
The lead single, "The Wild and the Young", is a stadium hymn to the energy of youth. Its accompanying video (featuring game show host Wink Martindale in a cameo appearance) painted an Orwellian picture of the future, where totalitarian militarists fought to wipe out rock and roll — a reference to the Senate hearings concerning explicit language in metal songs. The video received active rotation on MTV. Another video for the promotional single "Twilight Hotel" only managed to get light rotation.

## Track listing

Credits taken from album liner notes.

## Personnel
### Quiet Riot

* Kevin DuBrow – lead vocals, backing vocals, guitar
* Carlos Cavazo – guitar, backing vocals
* Chuck Wright – bass, backing vocals
* Frankie Banali – drums, electric & acoustic percussion

### Additional personnel

* John Purdell – keyboards, programming
* Marcus Barone – EMU sampling, emulator
* Bobby Kimball – backing vocals on "Still of the Night"
* Debra Raye, Michelle Rohl – backing vocals on "The Pump"
* Jimmy Whitney and the Bible of Dreams Choir – backing vocals on "Slave to Love"

### Production

* Spencer Proffer – producer
* John Purdell – producer
* Hugh Syme – art direction and cover painting

## Charts

| Chart (1986) | Peak position |
| Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts) | 13 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 29 |
| US Billboard 200 | 31 |
# James Kilby

James Wells Kilby (born 1963) is a United States Navy admiral who has served as the acting chief of naval operations since February 21, 2025, and as the vice chief of naval operations since January 5, 2024. He previously served as the deputy commander of the United States Fleet Forces Command.
Raised in Pound Ridge, New York, Kilby is a 1986 graduate of the United States Naval Academy.
In July 2021, he was nominated to succeed David Kriete as deputy commander of the United States Fleet Forces Command. In July 2023, he was nominated for promotion to admiral and assignment as vice chief of naval operations.
# 1020th Anti-aircraft Missile Regiment (Ukraine)

1020th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (MUN A4647) is a regiment level military unit of the Ukrainian Ground Forces, operationally under the command of Main Operational Command. The Regiment is based in Poltava. It has seen combat during the Russian invasion of Ukraine being established in 2022.

## History

It was established on 25 October 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in Poltava Oblast. A soldier of the regiment (Yaroslav Yaroslavovich Mankiv) was killed in August 2023 as result of mortar shelling in Kramatorsk. In September 2023, it received a Renault minivan. In February 2024, Oleksandr Usyk raised 85,000 UAH for the regiment vy auctioning off his "Colors of Freedom" shirt. On 25 October 2024, a contract for the production of 70 Besomar3210 strike-interceptor UAVs for the regiment to combat Shahed, Orlan, Supercam and ZALA Lancets was signed by the Kozytskyi Charity Foundation which were transferred on 24 February 2025 by the Kozytskyi foundation to the regiment. The regiment is also a part of the "Come back alive" Drone crash program.

## Structure

The struggle of the regiment is as follows:
* Management and Headquarters
* 1st Anti-aircraft Missile Division
* 2nd Anti-aircraft Missile Division
* 3rd Anti-aircraft Missile Division
* Repair Company
* Engineering Company
* Logistics Company
* Commandant Platoon
# Come On Over (Shania Twain song)

"Come On Over" is a Grammy award winning song co-written and recorded by Canadian country music singer Shania Twain. It was the tenth single and title track from her third studio album Come On Over (1997). It was written by Twain and her then-husband, Robert John "Mutt" Lange. "Come On Over" was originally released to North American country radio stations in September 1999. The song went on to win a Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 2000. "Come On Over" was included in the setlists of the Come On Over Tour, Now Tour and in a medley for the Up! Tour; it was also performed at the CMAs on September 29, 1999.

## Composition

The song is performed in the key of E major with a tempo of 76 beats per minute in common time. The key changes to F major for the second verse and second chorus, followed by F♯ major for the remainder of the song. The chords alternate between perfect fourths (E–A, F–B♭, and F♯–B, respectively). Twain's vocals span from B$_3$ to F♯$_5$ in the song.

## Critical reception

Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably saying "It's a cheerful little message of survival and empowerment all wrapped up in a tasty musical package", and predicted "in a career that shows no sign of losing momentum, this is the next sure hit."

## Music video

The music video for "Come on Over" was taken directly from Twain's 1999 Live special from Dallas. It was filmed on September 12, 1998, and released over a year later on October 6, 1999. Directing credit is given to Larry Jordan. This video was the second live video released from the Come on Over album, following "Honey, I'm Home". The next video released after "Come on Over" was "Rock This Country!" which was also taken from a concert special. The video is available on Twain's compilations Come On Over: Video Collection (1999) and The Platinum Collection (2001).

## Chart performance

"Come on Over" debuted on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart the week of September 11, 1999, at number 52, the highest debut of the week. The single spent 20 weeks on the chart and climbed to a peak position of number six on December 4, 1999, where it remained for two weeks. "Come on Over" became the eighth top ten single from Come on Over, her 12th in all, as well as her 15th (ninth consecutive) overall top 20 single. On the Billboard Hot 100, the song peaked at number 58, though reached number 43 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart. In Canada, "Come on Over" debuted at number one on the RPM Country Singles Chart.
# Dover and Delaware River Railroad

The Dover and Delaware River Railroad (reporting mark DD) is a short-line railroad operating along 109 miles (175 km) of track in the northern part of the U.S. state of New Jersey between Phillipsburg and Newark. It was created in 2019 to take over local freight operations from Norfolk Southern Railway between Phillipsburg and Newark, leasing and operating the Washington Secondary line between Phillipsburg and Hackettstown from Norfolk Southern Railway and acquiring trackage rights along NJ Transit's Morristown Line, Montclair–Boonton Line, and Gladstone Branch. The railroad also acquired small stretches of track in Washington, Wayne, and Totowa. The Dover and Delaware River Railroad interchanges with Norfolk Southern Railway in Phillipsburg.
The DD is a wholly owned subsidiary of Chesapeake and Delaware, LLC.
# Ábrystir

Ábrystir (Icelandic pronunciation:) is a type of colostrum pudding consumed in Iceland. It is made from cow's or sheep's milk and has a rich and thick texture similar to that of crème caramel. Ábrystir can be eaten hot, tepid, or cold, and it is common to add sugar or cinnamon to the pudding to enhance its flavor.
# Ful nabet

Ful nabet (Egyptian Arabic: فول نابت) is an Egyptian soup made from sprouted fava beans. The soup is particularly popular during the colder months and is often prepared for sick people.

## Preparation

The preparation begins by soaking dried fava beans in water for 8 to 12 hours, with periodic water changes to prevent bacterial growth, until they sprout, a process that takes approximately two days. Once sprouted, the beans are boiled in water with onions and cumin until tender. The soup is then seasoned with salt, black pepper, and a squeeze of lemon juice to enhance the flavor. Carrots and other vegetables may be added to the soup, according to preference. This nutritious and hearty soup is often accompanied by eish baladi, which is used for dipping.
For a richer taste, some variations include using chicken broth or beef broth instead of water.

## Nutrition

The sprouting process enhances the fava beans' nutrient profile, making them a rich source of antioxidants, protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. This has given ful nabet a reputation in Egypt as a particularly nourishing dish, often prepared for those who are sick.