# Haplogroup M30 (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M30 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

## Origin

Haplogroup M30 (coding region: 195A-514dCA-12007-15431) is a South-Asian or an India-specific maternal lineage of the macrohaplogroup M identified by the mutations T195A, G15431A and G12007A.
Haplogroup M30 used to be a part of M4 haplogroup distinguished by G15431A. Haplogroup M30 shares a common coding region mutation (12007) together with the M4, M18, M37 and M38 haplogroups from the root of haplogroup M (superhaplogroup M4'30). M4′30 super-clade is the only clade that shares an intermediate lineage between 2 haplogroups, while the rest of all M lineages have originated independently from the root of macrohaplogroup M; thus supporting the idea of rapid dispersal of modern humans along the Asian coast after they left Africa, followed by a long period of isolation.
Haplogroup M30 was identified in 2005 based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 24 Indian samples. It was designated as a new lineage with sub-haplogroups M30a, M30b, M30c, M30d based on observed mutations sites. The mutations characterizing this lineage were observed in five samples from eastern part of India, that is Bihar (Kurmi, Yadav and Baniya), West Bengal (Mahishya), Orissa (Saora) and two samples from south India (Christians of Karnataka and Lambadi of Andhra Pradesh). Previously identified Haplogroup M18 was collapsed to reside in M30 as a sub-lineage.
In 2006, the definition of M30 was narrowed down by identifying it with the mutations T195A, 15431A and G12007A. The study detailed an individual from the Reddy population of Andhra Pradesh categorized into M30a; a sample of Thogataveera from Andhra Pradesh classified into M30b; the presence of M30c in Thogataveera of Andhra Pradesh and Chaturvedi of Uttar Pradesh, and finally, the identification of M30d in Bhargava of Uttar Pradesh and Thogataveera of Andhra Pradesh. In 2009, Subhaplogroup M30e was identified among Kathodi, Kathakur and Mathakur in Western region of India.
In 2006, Sahoo and Kashyap reported haplogroup M30 in Oriya Brahmins, Karanams, Khandayats, Gope (aka Gour or Yadavs); and in tribes of Juang and Saora of Orissa. The Saora exhibited a high frequency of M30 (of about 32% of the sample size) followed by Karanams (24%), Oriya Brahmins (20%) and Juang (20%). Khandayat and Gope showed a lower frequency (about 6%) of M30. M30 was also detected at low frequencies (1.5%–2.5%) in Pardhan, Naikpod Gond and Andh tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh.
The age of M30 lineage was estimated at 33,042 ± 7,840 Years Before Present. However, Thangarajah, et al. (2006) dated it to 15,400 ± 6300 YBP. Rajkumar, et al. put forward the estimated coalescence time of haplogroup M30 to be 15,400 ± 6300 ybp, and that of its sub-haplogroups M30a and M30c to be 5100 ± 3600 ybp. The ages of M30b and M30d were computed to be 4177 ± 2800 years and 12,800 ± 5700 ybp respectively. This period corresponds with the late-Mesolithic in India and the Levant.

## Distribution
### South Asia

M30 is found in a wide variety of ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups in both North and South India. Some of these groups include the Gujarati people, Kannada people, Parsis, and Bene Israel. Jayasekara et al. found many carriers of M30 among the people of Sri Lanka. A number of carriers have been found in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh as well.
| Haplogroup | GenBank ID | Country/Region | Population | Source |
| M30 | DQ246813 | India | — | Rajkumar 2005 |
| M30 | DQ246815 | India | — | Rajkumar 2005 |
| M30 | DQ246816 | India | — | Rajkumar 2005 |
| M30 | DQ246827 | India | — | Rajkumar 2005 |
| M30 | FJ383657 | Karnataka, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30 | FJ383658 | Gujarat, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30 | FJ383659 | Gujarat, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30 | FJ383667 | Maharashtra, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30 | FJ383673 | Madhya Pradesh, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30 | FJ383675 | Madhya Pradesh, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30 | HM156694 | India | — | Govindaraj 2011 |
| M30 | JX462681 | India | — | Khan 2013 |
| M30 | JX462684 | India | — | Khan 2013 |
| M30 | KX467298 | Jammu and Kashmir, India | — | Sharma 2017 |
| M30 | KX467299 | Jammu and Kashmir, India | — | Sharma 2017 |
| M30 | KX467300 | Jammu and Kashmir, India | — | Sharma 2017 |
| M30 | MH830089 | Chetlat Island, India | — | Gajbhiye 2019 |
| M30 | MH830090 | Chetlat Island, India | — | Gajbhiye 2019 |
| M30 | MH830091 | Chetlat Island, India | — | Gajbhiye 2019 |
| M30 | MH830092 | Chetlat Island, India | — | Gajbhiye 2019 |
| M30 | MH830093 | Chetlat Island, India | — | Gajbhiye 2019 |
| M30 | MH830094 | Chetlat Island, India | — | Gajbhiye 2019 |
| M30 | MH830095 | Chetlat Island, India | — | Gajbhiye 2019 |
| M30 | MH830096 | Chetlat Island, India | — | Gajbhiye 2019 |
| M30 | MH830097 | Chetlat Island, India | — | Gajbhiye 2019 |
| M30 | MN595703 | Pakistan | — | Rahman 2021 |
| M30 | MN595772 | Pakistan | — | Rahman 2021 |
| M30 | MN595825 | Pakistan | — | Rahman 2021 |
| M30 | MN595857 | Pakistan | — | Rahman 2021 |
| M30 | OM489686 | Sri Lanka | — | Jayasekera 2022 |
| M30 | OM489688 | Sri Lanka | — | Jayasekera 2022 |
| M30 | OM489690 | Sri Lanka | — | Jayasekera 2022 |
| M30 | OM489701 | Sri Lanka | — | Jayasekera 2022 |
| M30 | OM489714 | Sri Lanka | — | Jayasekera 2022 |
| M30-C16234T | AY922258 | India | — | Sun 2006 |
| M30-C16234T | EU597504 | Pakistan | Sindhis | Hartmann 2008 |
| M30-C16234T | JX462683 | India | — | Khan 2013 |
| M30-C16234T | KF450921 | Pakistan | Sindhis | Lippold 2014 |
| M30-C16234T | KX467294 | Jammu and Kashmir, India | — | Sharma 2017 |
| M30-C16234T | KX467295 | Jammu and Kashmir, India | — | Sharma 2017 |
| M30-C16234T | KX467297 | Jammu and Kashmir, India | — | Sharma 2017 |
| M30-C16234T | MT506289 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30-C16234T | MT506290 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30-C16234T | MT506291 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30-C16234T | MT506292 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30-C16234T | MT506293 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30-C16234T | MT506294 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30-C16234T | MT506295 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30-C16234T | MT506296 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30-C16234T | MT506297 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30-C16234T | MT506298 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30a | FJ383661 | Rajasthan, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30a | FJ383662 | Rajasthan, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30a | FJ383663 | Rajasthan, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30a | FJ383666 | Rajasthan, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30a | JQ446403 | India | — | Khan 2013 |
| M30a | KY933649 | India | — | Husain 2017 |
| M30a | OP004792 | India | Gujaratis | Alqaisi 2023 |
| M30a | OP004800 | India | Gujaratis | Alqaisi 2023 |
| M30a1 | AY289072 | southern India | Koragas | Ingman-Gyll 2006 |
| M30a1 | AY922254 | India | — | Sun 2006 |
| M30a2 | FJ383660 | Rajasthan, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30a2 | FJ383665 | Rajasthan, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30b | AY289071 | southern India | Kannada people | Ingman-Gyll 2006 |
| M30b | AY922277 | India | — | Sun 2006 |
| M30b | FJ383664 | Rajasthan, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30b | KM043056 | Punjab, India | Jat Sikh | FamilyTreeDNA |
| M30b | KX467301 | Jammu and Kashmir, India | — | Sharma 2017 |
| M30b | MN595716 | Pakistan | — | Rahman 2021 |
| M30b | MN595856 | Pakistan | — | Rahman 2021 |
| M30b | MT506269 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30b | OP004790 | India | Gujaratis | Alqaisi 2023 |
| M30b | PV166895 | southern India | Coorgs | Kumar 2025 |
| M30c | PQ306076 | India | — | Sequeira 2024 |
| M30c | PV166852 | southern India | Coorgs | Kumar 2025 |
| M30c | PV166869 | southern India | Coorgs | Kumar 2025 |
| M30c | PV166873 | southern India | Coorgs | Kumar 2025 |
| M30c | PV166876 | southern India | Coorgs | Kumar 2025 |
| M30c | PV166885 | southern India | Coorgs | Kumar 2025 |
| M30c | PV166889 | southern India | Coorgs | Kumar 2025 |
| M30c | PV166892 | southern India | Coorgs | Kumar 2025 |
| M30c1 | AF382013 | India | — | Maca-Meyer 2006 |
| M30c1 | AY922268 | India | — | Sun 2006 |
| M30c1 | KR074253 | India | — | Marrero 2016 |
| M30c1 | MN595711 | Pakistan | — | Rahman 2021 |
| M30c1 | MN595814 | Pakistan | — | Rahman 2021 |
| M30c1 | OM489683 | Sri Lanka | — | Jayasekera 2022 |
| M30c1 | OM489726 | Sri Lanka | — | Jayasekera 2022 |
| M30c1 | OM489728 | Sri Lanka | — | Jayasekera 2022 |
| M30c1 | OP004759 | India | Gujaratis | Alqaisi 2023 |
| M30c1a | AY922257 | India | — | Sun 2006 |
| M30c1a | HM036539 | northern India | Ladakhis | Sharma 2011 |
| M30c1a | HM036550 | northern India | Ladakhis | Sharma 2011 |
| M30c1a1 | EF556149 | India | Bene Israel Jew | Behar 2008 |
| M30d | MN595893 | Pakistan | — | Rahman 2021 |
| M30d1 | AY922256 | India | — | Sun 2006 |
| M30d1 | FJ383654 | Nepal | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30d1 | FJ383655 | Nepal | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30d1 | FJ383656 | Nepal | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30d1 | KF450900 | Pakistan | Makrani people | Lippold 2014 |
| M30d1 | MT506288 | India | Zoroastrian Parsis | Patell 2020 |
| M30d2 | AY922255 | India | — | Sun 2006 |
| M30d2 | FJ383668 | Maharashtra, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30d2 | FJ383669 | Maharashtra, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30d2 | HM156674 | India | — | Govindaraj 2011 |
| M30e | FJ383670 | Maharashtra, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30e | FJ383672 | Maharashtra, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30e | FJ383676 | Maharashtra, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30e | FJ383677 | Maharashtra, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30e | FJ383678 | Gujarat, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30e | FJ383679 | Gujarat, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30f | DQ246818 | India | — | Rajkumar 2005 |
| M30f | FJ383674 | Madhya Pradesh, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30f | GU480014 | India | — | Sharma 2011 |
| M30f | KF450935 | Pakistan | Sindhis | Lippold 2014 |
| M30f | OP004736 | India | Gujaratis | Alqaisi 2023 |
| M30f | OP004776 | India | Gujaratis | Alqaisi 2023 |
| M30g | FJ383671 | Madhya Pradesh, India | — | Kumar 2009 |
| M30g | JF742213 | Kathmandu, Nepal | — | Wang 2012 |
| M30g | JX462693 | India | — | Khan 2013 |
| M30g | MN595844 | Pakistan | — | Rahman 2021 |

### East-Central Asia and East Asia

M30 has also been detected in the maternal lineages of China. Peng et al. (2017) have found one individual who belongs to mtDNA haplogroup M30c1 in a sample of 28 Tajiks from Dushanbe, Tajikistan, two individuals who belong to mtDNA haplogroup M30h (bearing mutations at the 16093, 4394, 4491, and 12451 loci) in a sample of 68 Kyrgyz from Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, China, one individual who belongs to mtDNA haplogroup M30* (bearing additional mutations at the 11437 and 16274 loci) in a sample of 66 Wakhis from Taxkorgan, and one individual who belongs to mtDNA haplogroup M30 (bearing additional mutations at the 16234 and 16153 loci, possibly marking a pre-M30e branch) in a sample of 86 Sarikolis from Taxkorgan.
| Haplogroup | GenBank ID | Country/Region | Population | Source |
| M30 | FJ748727 | Tibet, China | Tibetan | Ji 2010 |
| M30 | MF522852 | Tajikistan | Kyrgyz | Peng 2017 |
| M30 | MF522877 | Tajikistan | Kyrgyz | Peng 2017 |
| M30 | MF523093 | China | Sarikoli Tajiks | Peng 2017 |
| M30 | MF523219 | Tajikistan | Wakhi | Peng 2017 |
| M30c1 | MF522990 | Dushanbe, Tajikistan | Tajiks | Peng 2017 |

### Southeast Asia

| Haplogroup | GenBank ID | Country/Region | Population | Source |
| M30 | MG272917 | Thailand | — | Kutanan 2018 |
| M30c1 | KP346045 | Myanmar | Bamar people | Li 2015 |

### West Asia and Northern Africa

M30 has been detected in Palestinian Arabs and is thought to be due to a recent gene flow from India into that region. It is also found in Eastern Yemeni populations, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Upper Egypt, and Kesra (Tunisia). M30 individuals were found to constitute 7.5% of the total population of Hadramawt (Yemen).
| Haplogroup | GenBank ID | Country/Region | Population | Source |
| M30 | EU370397 | Saudi Arabia | — | Abu-Amero 2008 |
| M30-C16234T | KF451210 | Israel | Palestinian Arabs | Lippold 2014 |
| M30-C16234T | KF451249 | HaMerkaz, Israel | Palestinian Arabs | Lippold 2014 |
| M30-C16234T | KJ446739 | — | Palestinian Arabs | Zheng 2014 |
| M30b | KR074248 | Saudi Arabia | — | Marrero 2016 |
| M30c1 | MF437059 | United Arab Emirates | — | Al-Jasmi 2020 |
| M30c1 | MF437077 | United Arab Emirates | — | Al-Jasmi 2020 |
| M30d1 | MF437278 | United Arab Emirates | — | Al-Jasmi 2020 |

### Europe

M30 is uncommon among the native ethnic groups of Europe.
| Haplogroup | GenBank ID | Country/Region | Population | Source |
| M30 | KF161562 | Denmark | — | Li 2013 |
| M30-C16234T | KP076664 | France | French | FamilyTreeDNA |

## Pre-Modern M30 Samples

In South Asia :
| Haplogroup | ID | Alt ID | Location | Period | Author(s) |
| M30 | I3406 | R43 | Roopkund Lake, India | 885-980 CE | Harney, É. et al. |
| M30 | I6549 | — | Swat District, Pakistan | 167-46 BCE | — |
| M30 | I6552 | — | Swat District, Pakistan | 200-0 BCE | — |
| M30 | I6894 | — | Swat District, Pakistan | 400-200 BCE | — |
| M30-C16234T | I6945 | R64 | Roopkund Lake, India | 687-870 CE | Harney, É. et al. |
| M30c | I3346 | R15 | Roopkund Lake, India | 717-889 CE | Harney, É. et al. |
| M30c1 | I12149 | — | Swat District, Pakistan | 1000-800 BCE | — |
| M30c1 | I12470 | — | Swat District, Pakistan | 1000-800 BCE | — |
| M30d1 | I7723 | — | Swat District, Pakistan | 400-200 BCE | — |
| M30d1 | I12461 | — | Swat District, Pakistan | 1000-800 BCE | — |
| M30g | I12134 | — | Swat District, Pakistan | 1000-800 BCE | — |
Outside of South Asia :
| Haplogroup | ID | Alt ID | Location | Period | Author(s) |
| M30a | I2123 | — | Gonur Depe, Turkmenistan | 2452-2140 BCE | — |
| M30b | I11466 | — | Shahr-i Sokhta, Iran | 2500-2000 BCE | — |

## Subclades
### Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Van Oven 2008 tree and subsequent published research.
* M30 T195A G15431A
** M30a G513A
*** M30a1 G6366A
*** M30a2 T11935C
** M30b T152C! G5147A
** M30c T146C! A12234G
*** M30c1 A16166-
**** M30c1a C16069T
***** M30c1a1 G9966A
** M30d C15259T
*** M30d1 G1598A
*** M30d2 C10160T
** M30-C16234T
*** M30e T152C! T6620C C13303T
** M30f A5894G T16368C
** M30g T204C C6119T