# Norfolk International Airport

Norfolk International Airport (IATA: ORF, ICAO: KORF, FAA LID: ORF) is seven miles (11 km) northeast of downtown Norfolk, within the boundaries of the independent city in Virginia, United States. It is owned and operated by the Norfolk Airport Authority: a bureau under the municipal government. The airport serves the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of southeast Virginia (along with Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport in Newport News) as well as northeast North Carolina. Despite the name, there are currently no international destinations with regularly scheduled service from the airport.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 2022 categorized it as a small hub airport.
As of 2022, with an enplanement count of 2,065,116 people, Norfolk International was ranked as the 65th-busiest airport in the United States and the third-busiest in Virginia in terms of passengers served annually, behind Dulles International Airport and Reagan National Airport, but just ahead of Richmond International. Delta Air Lines has the largest share of passenger traffic, followed by Southwest Airlines and American Airlines.

## History
### 1920s

In 1926, Norfolk citizens experienced their first commercial flights on the Mitten Line, operated by Philadelphia Rapid Transit Air Service, Inc. The service offered round-trip flights to Washington and Philadelphia for a brief period before high costs led to its discontinuation. In 1929, Ben Epstein, a World War I veteran pilot, established an air taxi service between Norfolk and Richmond from his airfield on Granby Street. The Ludington Line commenced the first daily scheduled service from Epstein's field to Washington, D.C. During this era, air travel was a special occasion marked by families dressing in their finest attire to board the 10-passenger Fokker Trimotor.

### 1930s

Commercial air travel faced challenges in 1932 when the Navy objected to the expansion of the Granby Street field due to its proximity to Norfolk Naval Air Station. Operations moved to Glenrock Airport, but the Great Depression caused all commercial flights to be suspended indefinitely, grounding Norfolk for five years. In 1938, Norfolk Municipal Airport was established on the site of the former Truxton Manor Golf Course, featuring a 3,500-foot runway and a passenger terminal, which was completed in 1940.

### 1940s

During World War II, Norfolk Municipal Airport played a crucial role in the war effort. The Army Air Corps took over operations from 1942 to 1947, expanding the runway and adding two more to accommodate increased flights. After the war, the airport returned to city control, and commercial travel resumed with the introduction of new airlines. In 1948, Piedmont Airlines began operations, coinciding with the groundbreaking for a modern terminal building.

### 1950s

By the early 1950s, Norfolk had more daily flights than New York's La Guardia Airport. In 1950, the Norfolk Port and Industrial Authority (NPIA) took over airport management, boasting Norfolk Municipal Airport as one of the nation's finest and busiest. The new terminal was officially dedicated in 1951.

### 1960s

The 1960s witnessed the transition from propeller-driven aircraft to jets. Norfolk Municipal Airport easily adapted to the demands for longer runways and taxiways, with jetliners becoming the norm. In 1968, the airport was officially recognized as the air transportation center for the entire region and was renamed Norfolk Regional Airport.

### 1970s

In 1974, Norfolk Regional Airport dedicated its new terminal, expanding further with additional land acquisition and the addition of Federal Customs facilities in 1976. New facilities for the fire station, maintenance depot, and air traffic control tower were also planned and completed as needed. The airport's name was also changed from Norfolk Regional Airport to the modern name, Norfolk International Airport.

### 1980s

The 1980s saw significant developments, including the opening of a new general aviation facility and air cargo terminal, along with expanded parking facilities. In 1988, the supervising body Norfolk Port and Industrial Authority was renamed to Norfolk Airport Authority.

### 1990s

Norfolk International Airport continued to grow in the 1990s, expanding its air cargo terminal, parking facilities, and passenger terminal. In 1991, a new concourse extension with 10 additional gates was completed, along with a modern fire station and FAA air traffic control tower. The airport also embraced the digital age by launching its first website and installing internet access booths for travelers.

### 21st century

The Norfolk Airport Authority has undertaken a multi-phase plan to improve airport terminals, concourses, the general aviation terminal, dining and retail facilities, in-airport advertising, and customer service. Renovations and improvements to enhance the passenger experience are ongoing, with capital development projects planned for 2024 and beyond, including runway rehabilitation, pedestrian bridge enhancements, terminal development, concourse expansion, a Federal Inspection Services Facility, and an Airport Hotel.

## Facilities

The airport covers 1,300 acres (530 hectares) at an elevation of 27 feet (8.2 m). Its main runway, 5–23, is 9,001 by 150 feet (2,744 by 46 m), and crosswind runway 14–32 is 4,875 by 150 feet (1,486 by 46 m).
The crosswind runway (14–32) was closed for renovations on December 19, 2009, and reopened in the spring of 2011. The airport's long-term plan calls for this runway to be destroyed to make way for a parallel runway (5R-23L) east of runway 5–23, but the FAA grounded the plan in the summer of 2016 due to diminishing demand, limited space, and environmental impacts.
In 2017 the airport had 67,679 aircraft operations, an average of 185 per day: 39% airline, 27% air taxi, 27% general aviation, and 2% military. In November 2018, 95 aircraft were based at the airport,52 single-engine, 20 multi-engine, 20 jet, and three helicopters.
General aviation services, or fixed-base operations, are provided by Signature Flight Support with full-service facilities for maintaining and housing private and corporate aircraft. The modern 54,000-square-foot (5,000 m$^2$) terminal facility offers everything from aircraft rental to sightseeing flights and aircraft repair.
Daily scheduled aircraft include ERJ140/145 (United, American,), CRJ200/550/700/900 (Delta, United, American), ERJ170/175/190/195 (American, United, Delta, Breeze), A300 (FedEx), A319/320 (United, Allegiant, American, Frontier, Spirit), B717 (Delta), B737 (Southwest, American, Delta, United), and B757 (UPS and Delta).

### FAA control tower

Built in 1995, the FAA Norfolk Air Traffic Control Tower stands 134 feet (41 m) high. Operated and managed by the Federal Aviation Administration, the Norfolk Tower handles about 1,100 aircraft per day, 24 hours per day and 365 days per year. Radar coverage is provided by the ASR-9 terminal system with a six-level weather detection capability. Also available for use is an Enhanced Target Generator (ETG) lab with two radar scopes to accomplish training objectives, as well as the IDS4 system, a specialized microcomputer network system designed to distribute and display both static and real-time data regarding weather and other rapidly changing critical information to air traffic controllers.

### Gates

Norfolk International Airport has two passenger concourses: Concourse A (gates A1-A11), and Concourse B (gates B16-B30). Allegiant Air, American Airlines and Southwest Airlines occupy Concourse A while Breeze Airways, Delta Airlines, Frontier Airlines, Spirit Airlines and United Airlines occupy Concourse B. International flights are handled at gate A1; however, there are currently no scheduled international flights. Specific gate locations are the following: Allegiant A7; American A2, A4, A6, A8 and A9; Delta B19, B21, B23, B24 and B25; Southwest A3 and A5; United B27-B30, with Breeze, Frontier and Spirit using common gates of B16, B17, B18, B20. Concourse B gates B22 and B26 are no longer in use and have been converted into passenger seating areas for B21 and B25.

### Cargo yard

About 70 million pounds of air cargo are shipped in and out of Norfolk International Airport each year. NIA houses one of the most modern and efficient air cargo facilities in the state. Its two modern air cargo terminals have 88,000 square feet (8,200 m$^2$) of space. A ramp provides direct access from the plane to the warehouse.

### Terminal upgrade

The terminal began major upgrades in 2024, scheduled to be finished by 2025. The moving walkway on the bridge between Arrivals and Departures will be reinstalled, the checking bags area will be consolidated, additional departures will be added to Concourse A, and a hotel will be built on the airport's grounds. Two new destinations were also announced, with both Breeze Airways and Spirit Airlines flying to Southwest Florida International Airport, and Spirit Airlines flying to Tampa International Airport.

## Airlines and destinations
### Passenger

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Allegiant Air | Seasonal: Boston, Cincinnati, Fort Lauderdale, Jacksonville (FL), Orlando/Sanford, St. Petersburg/Clearwater |
| American Airlines | Charlotte, Dallas/Fort Worth, Miami |
| American Eagle | Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, New York–JFK, New York–LaGuardia, Philadelphia, Washington–National Seasonal: Miami |
| Breeze Airways | Charleston (SC), Hartford, Jacksonville (FL), Las Vegas, Long Island/Islip, New Haven, New Orleans, Providence, Tampa, West Palm Beach Seasonal: Akron/Canton, Columbus–Glenn, Fort Myers, Los Angeles, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Pittsburgh, Portland (ME), San Diego, Syracuse |
| Delta Air Lines | Atlanta Seasonal: Boston |
| Delta Connection | Boston, Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–JFK, New York–LaGuardia |
| Frontier Airlines | Atlanta, Dallas/Fort Worth (begins May 22, 2025), Orlando |
| JetBlue | Seasonal: Boston (begins April 30, 2025) |
| Southwest Airlines | Baltimore, Chicago–Midway, Nashville, Orlando Seasonal: Dallas–Love, Denver, St. Louis |
| Spirit Airlines | Fort Lauderdale, New York–LaGuardia (begins May 8, 2025), Orlando Seasonal: Boston |
| United Airlines | Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Houston–Intercontinental, Newark, Washington–Dulles |
| United Express | Newark, Washington–Dulles Seasonal: Chicago–O'Hare |

### Cargo

| Airlines | Destinations |
| FedEx Express | Atlanta, Charlotte, Indianapolis, Manteo, Memphis, Newark, Richmond |
| UPS Airlines | Columbia (SC), Louisville, Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, Roanoke |

## Statistics
### Airline market share

Top airlines serving ORF (January 2024 – December 2024) :
| Rank | Airline | Passenger | Market share |
| 1 | Delta Air Lines | 834,000 | 17.09% |
| 2 | Southwest Airlines | 776,000 | 15.91% |
| 3 | American Airlines | 769,000 | 15.76% |
| 4 | United Airlines | 524,000 | 10.73% |
| 5 | Breeze Airways | 384,000 | 7.86% |
| | Other | 1,593,000 | 32.64% |

### Top destinations

Busiest domestic routes from ORF (January 2024 – December 2024) :
| Rank | City | Passengers | Carriers |
| 1 | Atlanta, Georgia | 427,730 | Delta, Frontier |
| 2 | Charlotte, North Carolina | 268,480 | American |
| 3 | Baltimore, Maryland | 181,930 | Southwest |
| 4 | Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas | 139,100 | American |
| 5 | Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois | 116,250 | American, United |
| 6 | Washington–Dulles, DC | 102,120 | United |
| 7 | New York–LaGuardia, New York | 96,200 | American, Delta |
| 8 | Orlando, Florida | 95,740 | Frontier, Southwest, Spirit |
| 9 | New York–JFK, New York | 84,400 | American, Delta |
| 10 | Denver, Colorado | 79,980 | United |

### Annual traffic

Annual passenger traffic (enplaned/deplaned) at ORF 2002 through present :
| Year | Passengers | Year | Passengers | Year | Passengers |
| 2002 | 3,464,246 | 2012 | 3,299,712 | 2022 | 4,115,537 |
| 2003 | 3,436,391 | 2013 | 3,112,355 | 2023 | 4,552,582 |
| 2004 | 3,778,216 | 2014 | 2,965,306 | 2024 | 4,864,752 |
| 2005 | 3,884,422 | 2015 | 3,034,407 |
| 2006 | 3,703,664 | 2016 | 3,209,185 |
| 2007 | 3,714,323 | 2017 | 3,380,902 |
| 2008 | 3,549,204 | 2018 | 3,663,996 |
| 2009 | 3,409,456 | 2019 | 3,981,139 |
| 2010 | 3,332,466 | 2020 | 1,785,135 |
| 2011 | 3,193,388 | 2021 | 3,311,121 |

## Ground transportation

There are no bus or shuttle services to and from Norfolk International Airport. The nearest bus (HRT Route 15) connection is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) away at the intersection of Military Highway (Route 165) and Norview Avenue (Route 247).
All ground transportation services are located in the arrivals terminal. There are several on-site rental car companies, an authorized shuttle service providing door-to-door service to the entire Hampton Roads area, and taxis available through several companies. Both Uber and Lyft service the airport through an agreement with the airport authority.

### Parking

A nine-level parking garage adjacent to the new arrivals terminal opened in July 2002. It provides 2,800 covered spaces for short-term, long-term, and rental parking. Overall, NIA parking facilities can accommodate 7,000 vehicles. In February 2019, the airport announced it would begin construction of a brand new 1.09 million square foot parking garage. Construction started in July 2019. This new parking garage will consolidate all parking lots at ORF. It will also replace the employee shuttle that costs over $600,000 a year to operate.

## Accidents and incidents

* On January 19, 1967, a United Airlines Vickers 754D Viscount collided with a snow plow that had entered the runway in the path of the United plane upon landing. All 50 passengers and crew on board the aircraft survived; the aircraft suffered major damage to its airframe and was written off.
* On September 1, 1974, a Martin 4-0-4 which was sitting empty on the ramp caught fire, damaging the airframe beyond repair. The cause of the fire was never determined.