# United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform

The Committee on Oversight and Government Reform was the main investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. The committee's broad jurisdiction and legislative authority make it one of the most influential and powerful panels in the House. Its chair is one of only three in the House with the authority to issue subpoenas without a committee vote or consultation with the ranking member. However, in recent history, it has become practice to refrain from unilateral subpoenas.
Carolyn Maloney (D-New York) served as acting chair of the committee following the death of Elijah Cummings (D-Maryland) on October 17, 2019; she was elected chair a month later. Representative Jim Jordan served as ranking member from January 3, 2019, until March 12, 2020. On March 31, 2020, Jordan switched to become the ranking member of the Judiciary committee instead. Representative Mark Meadows served as ranking member from March 13, 2020, until March 30, 2020, when he resigned his congressional seat to become White House Chief of Staff. Representative James Comer (R-Kentucky) was selected to succeed Meadows on June 29, 2020. Comer became Chair when Republicans regained control of the House majority, with Representative Jamie Raskin (D-Maryland) being elected as Ranking Member. Politico reported in late January that Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-New York) would be appointed as the Vice Ranking Member.
For the 119th Congress, Comer was reelected to serve as Chair. Raskin sought, and won, the top position on the House Judiciary Committee. Representative Gerry Connolly, who previously served as the Chair of the Oversight's Subcommittee on Government Operations during the 116th and 117th Congresses, and Ocasio-Cortez sought the Ranking Member position. The House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee voted 34 to 27 to appoint Connolly, with the full caucus vote being 131–84.

## History

The panel now known as the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform was originally the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, created in 1927 to consolidate 11 separate Committees on Expenditures that had previously overseen the spending of various departments of the federal government.
The Committee on Expenditures became the Committee on Government Operations in 1952. The new name was intended to reflect the committee's broad mission: to oversee "the operations of Government activities at all levels with a view to determining their economy and efficiency".
After Republicans gained control of the House in the 1994 elections, the committee was reorganized to include seven subcommittees instead of 14. This reorganization consolidated the jurisdiction previously covered by three full committees and resulted in a 50 percent cut in staff. In 2007, a reorganization under a new Democratic majority combined the duties of the seven subcommittees into five.
In the 106th Congress, the panel was renamed the Committee on Government Reform. While retaining the agenda of the former Committee on Government Operations, the new committee also took on the responsibilities of the former House Committee on the Post Office and Civil Service and the Committee on the District of Columbia. On January 4, 2007, the 110th Congress renamed it the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. The name was changed again by the 116th Congress to the Committee on Oversight and Reform. For the 118th Congress, Republicans changed the name to "Committee on Oversight and Accountability. The 119th Congress changed the name back to Committee on Oversight and Government Reform when Republicans won a Government trifecta during the 2024 United States elections. Since 2007, it has simply been called the "Oversight Committee" for short.

### Subpoena usage

In 1997, the Republican majority on the committee changed its rules to allow the chairman, Dan Burton (R-Indiana), to issue subpoenas without the consent of the committee's ranking Democrat. From 1997 to 2002, Burton used this authority to issue 1,052 unilateral subpoenas, many of them related to alleged misconduct by President Bill Clinton, at a cost of more than $35 million.
By contrast, from 2003 to 2005, under the chairmanship of Tom Davis (R-Virginia), the committee issued only three subpoenas to the Bush administration.
After Republicans retook the House in the 2010 elections, the new chairman, Darrell Issa (R-California), escalated the use of subpoenas again, issuing more than 100 in four years during the Obama administration. That was more than the combined total issued by the previous three chairmen—Davis, Henry Waxman (D-California), and Edolphus Towns (D-New York)—from 2003 to 2010.

## Prominent hearings and investigations

Between 2000 and 2006, many major events and scandals in the Bush administration generated few or no subpoenas from the Republican-led committee. These events included the September 11 attacks; the leaking of classified information identifying Central Intelligence Agency agent Valerie Plame; CIA-backed abuses at Abu Ghraib prison; the Bush administration claim that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction; illegal campaign contributions by lobbyists, including Jack Abramoff; deaths and damage due to the Federal Emergency Management Agency's weak response to Hurricane Katrina; and Philip Cooney's suppression of data demonstrating the existence of global warming. After the release of the Downing Street memo, which contained incriminating information on the buildup to the Iraq War, Democrats in the minority were refused a hearing chamber and were forced to meet in the basement of the United States Capitol.
However, under Davis's chairmanship from 2003 to 2007, the committee launched two controversial investigations. One of those investigations—triggered by the publication of Jose Canseco's memoir, Juiced—concerned the use of anabolic steroids by Major League Baseball players.
An inquiry was also made into the case of Terry Schiavo. In that investigation, which concerned the removal of a feeding tube from a woman in a persistent vegetative state, the committee issued a subpoena requiring Schiavo to "appear" so that members could "examine nutrition and hydration which incapacitated patients receive as part of their care". The apparent objective of this, beyond providing information to committee members, was to delay the pending withdrawal of life support from Schiavo, whose wishes were in dispute, while Congress considered legislation specifically targeted at her case. Members of the Democratic minority opposed the action. Chairman Davis said it was "a legitimate legislative inquiry".
The committee also investigated World Wrestling Entertainment's wellness and drug policies, amid speculation about a possible link between steroid use and the death of WWE performer Chris Benoit.
On July 8, 2009, committee Republicans released an investigative staff report discussing the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The report alleged that the government had caused the collapse by meddling in the United States' housing and lending market in the name of "affordable housing".
In February 2012, the committee held a hearing on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's mandate that would "require all employers to cover birth control free of cost to women". Specifically, Republicans on the committee alleged that the Department of Health and Human Services's rules governing exemptions for religious institutions violated the Free Exercise Clause of the Constitution. The chairman, Darrell Issa, said the hearing was "meant to be more broadly about religious freedom and not specifically about the contraception mandate in the Health Reform law".
After Aaron Swartz committed suicide on January 11, 2013, the committee investigated the Justice Department's actions in prosecuting Swartz on hacking charges. On January 28, Issa and ranking member Elijah Cummings published a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder, questioning whether prosecutors had intentionally added felony counts to increase the amount of prison time Swartz faced.
On July 10, 2019, a hearing was held by the United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties entitled "Kids in Cages: Inhumane Treatment at the Border" on the "inhumane treatment of children and families" inside child detention centers on the southern US border. Jamie Raskin (D-MD) chaired the session which included testimony from Yazmin Juarez, the mother of Mariee who died at the age of nineteen months while detained in a United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) center in Dilley, Texas. In his opening statement Raskin said that "hundreds of thousands of people" have responded to the "harsh policies" by deciding to "migrate now before things get even worse".
On December 2, 2024, the United States House of Representatives Oversight and Accountability Committee's COVID-19 panel issued its final report ahead of a hearing that week, which, among other things, argues for the highly controversial COVID-19 lab leak theory, or lab leak hypothesis; the idea that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic, came from a laboratory. The report is also critical of mask mandates and lockdowns.

## Jurisdiction

According to House rules, the committee has jurisdiction over the following areas:
* Federal civil service, including intergovernmental personnel; and the status of officers and employees of the United States, including their compensation, classification, and retirement.
* Municipal affairs of the District of Columbia in general (other than appropriations).
* Federal paperwork reduction.
* Government management and accounting measures generally.
* Holidays and celebrations.
* Overall economy, efficiency, and management of government operations and activities, including Federal procurement.
* National archives.
* Population and demography generally, including the Census.
* Postal service generally, including transportation of the mails.
* Public information and records.
* Relationship of the Federal Government to the States and municipalities generally.
* Reorganizations in the executive branch of the Government.

## Members, 119th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| James Comer, Kentucky, Chair Jim Jordan, Ohio Mike Turner, Ohio Paul Gosar, Arizona Virginia Foxx, North Carolina Glenn Grothman, Wisconsin Michael Cloud, Texas Gary Palmer, Alabama Clay Higgins, Louisiana Pete Sessions, Texas Andy Biggs, Arizona Nancy Mace, South Carolina Pat Fallon, Texas Byron Donalds, Florida Scott Perry, Pennsylvania William Timmons, South Carolina Tim Burchett, Tennessee Marjorie Taylor Greene, Georgia Lauren Boebert, Colorado Anna Paulina Luna, Florida Nick Langworthy, New York Eric Burlison, Missouri Eli Crane, Arizona Brian Jack, Georgia John McGuire, Virginia Brandon Gill, Texas | Gerry Connolly, Virginia, Ranking Member Eleanor Holmes Norton, District of Columbia Stephen Lynch, Massachusetts Raja Krishnamoorthi, Illinois Ro Khanna, California Kweisi Mfume, Maryland Shontel Brown, Ohio Melanie Stansbury, New Mexico Robert Garcia, California Maxwell Frost, Florida Summer Lee, Pennsylvania Greg Casar, Texas Jasmine Crockett, Texas, Vice Ranking Member Emily Randall, Washington Suhas Subramanyam, Virginia Yassamin Ansari, Arizona Wesley Bell, Missouri Lateefah Simon, California Dave Min, California Ayanna Pressley, Massachusetts Rashida Tlaib, Michigan |
Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 13 (Chair), H.Res. 14 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 31 (R), H.Res. 40 (D), H.Res. 55 (D)

## Subcommittees

| Subcommittee | Chair | Ranking Member |
| Cyber Security, Information Technology and Government Innovation | Nancy Mace (R-SC) | Shontel Brown (D-OH) |
| Economic Growth, Energy Policy and Regulatory Affairs | Eric Burlison (R-MO) | Maxwell Frost (D-FL) |
| Government Operations and the Federal Workforce | Pete Sessions (R-TX) | Kweisi Mfume (D-MD) |
| Health Care and Financial Services | Glenn Grothman (R-WI) | Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) |
| Military and Foreign Affairs | William Timmons (R-SC) | Suhas Subramanyam (D-VA) |
| Federal Law Enforcement | Clay Higgins (R-LA) | Summer Lee (D-PA) |
| Delivering on Government Efficiency | Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA) | Melanie Stansbury (D-NM) |

## Former subcommittees

* Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic (117th–118th Congress)
** Dissolved by Chairman James Comer at the end of the 118th Congress
* Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties (116th–117th Congress)
** Dissolved by Chairman James Comer during the 118th Congress
* Subcommittee on Environment (115th Congress–117th Congress)
** Dissolved by Chairman James Comer during the 118th Congress
* Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Affairs (115th Congress)
** Dissolved by Chairman Elijah Cummings during the 116th Congress
* Subcommittee on Transportation and Public Assets (111th Congress–113th Congress)
** Dissolved the end of the 114th United States Congress.

## Chair

| Chair | Party | State | Years |
| William Williamson | Republican | South Dakota | 1927–1931 |
| John J. Cochran | Democratic | Missouri | 1931–1940 |
| James A. O'Leary | Democratic | New York | 1940–1944 |
| Carter Manasco | Democratic | Alabama | 1944–1947 |
| Clare Hoffman | Republican | Michigan | 1947–1949 |
| William L. Dawson | Democratic | Illinois | 1949–1953 |
| Clare Hoffman | Republican | Michigan | 1953–1955 |
| William L. Dawson | Democratic | Illinois | 1955–1970 |
| Chester E. Holifield | Democratic | California | 1970–1974 |
| Jack Brooks | Democratic | Texas | 1975–1989 |
| John Conyers | Democratic | Michigan | 1989–1995 |
| William F. Clinger | Republican | Pennsylvania | 1995–1997 |
| Dan Burton | Republican | Indiana | 1997–2003 |
| Thomas M. Davis | Republican | Virginia | 2003–2007 |
| Henry Waxman | Democratic | California | 2007–2009 |
| Edolphus Towns | Democratic | New York | 2009–2011 |
| Darrell Issa | Republican | California | 2011–2015 |
| Jason Chaffetz | Republican | Utah | 2015–2017 |
| Trey Gowdy | Republican | South Carolina | 2017–2019 |
| Elijah Cummings | Democratic | Maryland | 2019 |
| Carolyn Maloney | Democratic | New York | 2019–2023 |
| James Comer | Republican | Kentucky | 2023–present |

## Historical membership rosters
### 118th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| James Comer, Kentucky, Chair Jim Jordan, Ohio Mike Turner, Ohio Paul Gosar, Arizona Virginia Foxx, North Carolina Glenn Grothman, Wisconsin Michael Cloud, Texas (from December 6, 2023) Gary Palmer, Alabama Clay Higgins, Louisiana Pete Sessions, Texas Andy Biggs, Arizona Nancy Mace, South Carolina Jake LaTurner, Kansas Pat Fallon, Texas Byron Donalds, Florida Kelly Armstrong, North Dakota Scott Perry, Pennsylvania William Timmons, South Carolina Tim Burchett, Tennessee Marjorie Taylor Greene, Georgia Lisa McClain, Michigan Lauren Boebert, Colorado Russell Fry, South Carolina Anna Paulina Luna, Florida Chuck Edwards, North Carolina (until December 6, 2023) Nick Langworthy, New York Eric Burlison, Missouri Michael Waltz, Florida (from December 6, 2023) | Jamie Raskin, Maryland, Ranking Member Eleanor Holmes Norton, District of Columbia Stephen Lynch, Massachusetts Gerry Connolly, Virginia Raja Krishnamoorthi, Illinois Ro Khanna, California Kweisi Mfume, Maryland Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, New York, Vice Ranking Member Katie Porter, California Cori Bush, Missouri Jimmy Gomez, California Shontel Brown, Ohio Melanie Stansbury, New Mexico Robert Garcia, California Maxwell Frost, Florida Becca Balint, Vermont (until June 22, 2023) Summer Lee, Pennsylvania Greg Casar, Texas Jasmine Crockett, Texas Dan Goldman, New York Jared Moskowitz, Florida Rashida Tlaib, Michigan (from September 20, 2023) Ayanna Pressley, Massachusetts (from February 29, 2024) |
Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 14 (Chair), H.Res. 15 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 70 (R), H.Res. 71 (D), H.Res. 704 (D), H.Res. 913 (R), H.Res. 1034 (D)

#### Subcommittees

| Subcommittee | Chair | Ranking Member |
| Cyber Security, Information Technology and Government Innovation | Nancy Mace (R-SC) | Gerry Connolly (D-VA) |
| Economic Growth, Energy Policy and Regulatory Affairs | Pat Fallon (R-TX) | Cori Bush (D-MO) |
| Government Operations and the Federal Workforce | Pete Sessions (R-TX) | Kweisi Mfume (D-MD) |
| Health Care and Financial Services | Lisa McClain (R-MI) | Katie Porter (D-CA) |
| National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs | Glenn Grothman (R-WI) | Robert Garcia (D-CA) |
| Coronavirus Pandemic (Select) | Brad Wenstrup (R-OH) | Raul Ruiz (D-CA) |

### 117th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| Carolyn Maloney, New York, Chair Eleanor Holmes Norton, District of Columbia Stephen Lynch, Massachusetts Jim Cooper, Tennessee Gerry Connolly, Virginia Raja Krishnamoorthi, Illinois Jamie Raskin, Maryland Ro Khanna, California Kweisi Mfume, Maryland Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, New York Rashida Tlaib, Michigan Katie Porter, California Cori Bush, Missouri Danny Davis, Illinois Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Florida Peter Welch, Vermont Hank Johnson, Georgia John Sarbanes, Maryland Jackie Speier, California Robin Kelly, Illinois Brenda Lawrence, Michigan Mark DeSaulnier, California Jimmy Gomez, California, Vice Chair Ayanna Pressley, Massachusetts Shontel Brown, Ohio (since December 1, 2021) | James Comer, Kentucky, Ranking Member Jim Jordan, Ohio Paul Gosar, Arizona (until November 12, 2021) Virginia Foxx, North Carolina Jody Hice, Georgia Glenn Grothman, Wisconsin Michael Cloud, Texas Bob Gibbs, Ohio Clay Higgins, Louisiana Ralph Norman, South Carolina Pete Sessions, Texas Fred Keller, Pennsylvania Andy Biggs, Arizona Andrew Clyde, Georgia Nancy Mace, South Carolina Scott Franklin, Florida Jake LaTurner, Kansas Pat Fallon, Texas Yvette Herrell, New Mexico Byron Donalds, Florida Mike Flood, Nebraska (since July 13, 2022) |
Sources: H.Res.9 (Chair), H.Res.10 (Ranking Member) H.Res.62 (D), H.Res.63 (R), H.Res.789 (Removing Paul Gosar), H.Res.825 (D - Shontel Brown), H.Res.1225 (R - Mike Flood)

### 116th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| Elijah Cummings, Maryland, Chair Carolyn Maloney, New York Eleanor Holmes Norton, District of Columbia Lacy Clay, Missouri Stephen Lynch, Massachusetts Jim Cooper, Tennessee Gerry Connolly, Virginia Raja Krishnamoorthi, Illinois Jamie Raskin, Maryland Harley Rouda, California Katie Hill, California, Vice Chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Florida John Sarbanes, Maryland Peter Welch, Vermont Jackie Speier, California Robin Kelly, Illinois Mark DeSaulnier, California Brenda Lawrence, Michigan Stacey Plaskett, U.S. Virgin Islands Ro Khanna, California Jimmy Gomez, California Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, New York Ayanna Pressley, Massachusetts Rashida Tlaib, Michigan | Jim Jordan, Ohio, Ranking Member Justin Amash, Michigan Paul Gosar, Arizona Virginia Foxx, North Carolina Thomas Massie, Kentucky Mark Meadows, North Carolina Jody Hice, Georgia Glenn Grothman, Wisconsin James Comer, Kentucky Michael Cloud, Texas Bob Gibbs, Ohio Clay Higgins, Louisiana Ralph Norman, South Carolina Chip Roy, Texas Carol Miller, West Virginia Mark Green, Tennessee Kelly Armstrong, North Dakota Greg Steube, Florida |
Sources: H.Res. 24 (Chair), H.Res. 25 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 67 (D), H.Res. 68 (R)

#### Membership changes

The Oversight and Government Reform Committee underwent numerous membership changes over the course of the 116th United States Congress.
* July 10, 2019: Fred Keller (R-PA) added to committee roster. H.Res. 481
* October 17, 2019: Chairman Elijah Cummings (D-MD) passed away. Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) assumed acting Chairship.
* November 3, 2019: Vice Chair Katie Hill (D-CA) resigned.
* November 20, 2019: Carolyn Maloney elected permanent chair. H.Res. 725
* December 19, 2019: Katie Porter (D-CA) and Deb Haaland (D-NM) added to committee roster. H.Res. 773
* February 27, 2020: Ro Khanna (D-CA) added to committee roster, ranking after Harley Rouda. H.Res. 870
* March 21, 2020: Ranking Member Jim Jordan (R-OH) stepped down to assume the Ranking Membership of the Judiciary Committee; Mark Meadows (R-NC) assumes Ranking Membership.
* March 30, 2020: Mark Meadows (R-NC) resigned to become White House Chief of Staff. Jim Jordan resumes Ranking Membership temporarily.
* May 8, 2020: Kweisi Mfume (D-MD) added to committee roster, ranking after Harley Rouda. H.Res. 954
* June 29, 2020: James Comer (R-KY) elected permanent Ranking Member.
* July 1, 2020: Gary Palmer (R-AL) added to committee roster, ranking after Michael Cloud. H.Res. 1037

##### Subcommittees

| Subcommittee | Chair | Ranking Member |
| Civil Rights and Civil Liberties | Jamie Raskin (D-MD) | Chip Roy (R-TX) |
| Economic and Consumer Policy | Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) | Michael Cloud (R-TX) |
| Environment | Harley Rouda (D-CA) | James Comer (R-KY) |
| Government Operations | Gerry Connolly (D-VA) | Mark Meadows (R-NC) |
| National Security | Stephen Lynch (D-MA) | Jody Hice (R-GA) |
| Coronavirus Crisis (Select) | Jim Clyburn (D-SC) | Steve Scalise (R-LA) |

### 115th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| Trey Gowdy, South Carolina, Chair Jimmy Duncan, Tennessee Darrell Issa, California Jim Jordan, Ohio Mark Sanford, South Carolina Justin Amash, Michigan Paul Gosar, Arizona Scott DesJarlais, Tennessee Michael Cloud, Texas Virginia Foxx, North Carolina Thomas Massie, Kentucky Mark Meadows, North Carolina Dennis A. Ross, Florida Mark Walker, North Carolina Rod Blum, Iowa Jody Hice, Georgia Steve Russell, Oklahoma Glenn Grothman, Wisconsin Will Hurd, Texas Gary Palmer, Alabama James Comer, Kentucky Paul Mitchell, Michigan Greg Gianforte, Montana | Elijah Cummings, Maryland, Ranking Member Carolyn Maloney, New York Eleanor Holmes Norton, District of Columbia Lacy Clay, Missouri Stephen Lynch, Massachusetts Jim Cooper, Tennessee Gerry Connolly, Virginia, Vice Ranking Member Robin Kelly, Illinois Brenda Lawrence, Michigan Ted Lieu, California Bonnie Watson Coleman, New Jersey Stacey Plaskett, U.S. Virgin Islands Brendan Boyle, Pennsylvania Val Demings, Florida Raja Krishnamoorthi, Illinois Jamie Raskin, Maryland Jimmy Gomez, California Peter Welch, Vermont Matt Cartwright, Pennsylvania Mark DeSaulnier, California John Sarbanes, Maryland |
Sources: H.Res. 6 (Chair), H.Res. 7 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 45 (D) H.Res. 51 (R), H.Res. 52, H.Res. 95 and H.Res. 127 (D)