OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Comparison of train and tram tracks

Railways and tramways incorporate track on which rail vehicles travel over two parallel steel beams, called rails. The rails, anchored by a variety of fixtures, in turn support and guide the vehicles' wheels. The vehicles are of two main types: either trains or trams (also termed "light rail vehicles"), the former being much heavier than the latter. This difference necessitates two separate criteria in designing and manufacturing train and tram tracks.

## Rail/wheel configuration

The diagram shows typical wheel and rail profiles for tramways (left) and railways (right). The tramway design, which is embedded in the ground, is used when other traffic is present, such as motor vehicles and pedestrians.
As shown in the diagram, compared to wheels on railway rolling stock, tram wheels have a smaller tread (US: rim) resting on the rail and a smaller flange preventing sideways movement. Coning of the tread is matched by the rail profile (tramways) and inclination of the rail (railways).
* Guard rails do not normally come into play Train and tram wheels have a flange on one side to keep the wheels running on the rails when the limits of the geometry-based alignment are reached, either due to some emergency or defect, or because the curve radius is so small that self-steering normally provided by the coned wheel tread is no longer effective. But in normal running on satisfactory track, the conical geometry of their wheels ensures they stay centred on their tracks without the flanges touching load-bearing rails or guard rails.
When trams (or light rail vehicles in the present era) travel in corridors reserved for them, it is usual for them to run on track configured the same as on railways, as in the right-hand diagram, the only difference being:
* in the case of wheels, the smaller profile
* in the case of rails, a smaller gap ("flangeway") between the load-bearing rail and a guard rail at crossings.
The photo shows the configuration where wheel flanges go through flangeways at a crossing in a railroad switch or turnout (top left) and are constrained during the process by a guard rail (right) that acts on the back of the flange. In both cases, flanges on rail vehicles require wider flangeways than those on light rail vehicles. This factor militates against the widespread use of common track for trains and trams. However, it is possible to find an optimal combination of both rail and wheel profiles, and positioning of rails, when dealing with a closed railway system, i.e. when only one type of rolling stock is running on a track and no influence of other types of railway vehicles is present. An example of such a closed system is the Rotterdam Metro network in The Netherlands.
# Department of Human Resources Management (Tamil Nadu)

The Department of Human Resources Management is one of the departments of Government of Tamil Nadu.

## History

The Personnel and Administrative Reforms department was carved out in 1976 from the Public Department. In 2021, the department was renamed as Human Resources Management department.

## Objective

The main objective of the department is recruitment, training and development of human resource. It ensures rules and regulations are adhered to in the administration of all government departments, maintain uniformity and standards, training of requisite personnel.

## Sub-divisions

The following bodies function under the purview of the department:
* Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission (TNPSC)
* Tamil Nadu Information Commission (TNIC)
* State Vigilance Commission (SVC)
* Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption (DVAC)
# Bivane Dam

Bivane Dam (formerly known as the Paris Dam) is an arch type dam on the Bivane River, near Vryheid, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It was established in 2000. Its primary purpose is for irrigation and domestic use. The owner is the Impala User Association.
Its hazard potential is ranked category 3.

## Gallery

* View from camping site
* Aerial view
# Javier González

Javier González may refer to:
* Javier Alberto González (born 1979), Colombian cyclist
* Javier González (basketball) (born 1989), basketball player
* Javier González (footballer, born 1939) (1939–2018), Peruvian footballer
* Javier González (footballer, born 1979), Paraguayan footballer
* Javier González (footballer, born 1988), Venezuelan footballer
* Javier González Garza (born 1945), Mexican mathematician and politician
* Javier González Gómez (born 1974), retired Spanish footballer
* Javier González Panton (born 1983), Cuban volleyball player
* Javier González (politician), politician in Puerto Rico
* Javier González (racing driver) (born 1962), Mexican racing driver
* Javier González Urruticoechea, aka Urruti, (1952–2001) Spanish footballer
* Javier González (weightlifter) (born 1949), Cuban weightlifter
# Robert Smith (defensive end)

Robert Benjamin Smith (born December 3, 1962) is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Minnesota Vikings and Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Arizona Wranglers, Toronto Argonauts, Tampa Bay Storm and Detroit Drive. He played college football at Grambling State University.

## Early years

Born in Bogalusa, Louisiana, he attended Bogalusa High School. He accepted a football scholarship from Grambling State University.

## Professional career

Smith was selected by the New Orleans Breakers in the 1984 USFL Territorial Draft. He was traded and signed to play for the Arizona Wranglers in the United States Football League for the 1984 season. He was also selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the second round (40th overall) of the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft.
In 1985, he joined the Vikings after the USFL folded, playing in all 16 games as a backup at defensive end and defensive tackle, though he was almost exclusively used as a field goal blocker due to his 6'6 frame. He was released before the start of the 1986 season.
In 1987, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys. He broke his left arm during the preseason and was placed on the injured reserve list. He was released before the start of the 1988 season.
# Brock Sheahan

Brock Sheahan (born May 6, 1984) is a Canadian former ice hockey player and the head coach of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey team.

## Playing career

Sheahan played his college ice hockey at Notre Dame from 2004 to 2008. He recorded four goals and 29 assists in 161 games. He served as alternate captain his senior year, and helped lead the Irish to the Frozen Four for the first time in program history.
Following his collegiate career, he played four seasons in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL), one season with the Wheeling Nailers, two seasons with the Cincinnati Cyclones and one with the Ontario Reign.

## Coaching career

On August 10, 2014, Sheahan was named an assistant coach for Holy Cross.
On June 24, 2024, he was named the head coach in waiting for Notre Dame, after longtime head coach Jeff Jackson announced he would retire following the 2024–25 season. On March 17, 2025, he was officially named the head coach for Notre Dame.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference |
| Notre Dame Fighting Irish (Big Ten) (2025–present) ||||||
| 2025–26 | Notre Dame | 0–0–0 | 0–0–0 |
| Notre Dame: | Notre Dame: | 0–0–0 | 0–0–0 |
| Total: | Total: | 0–0–0 | |
| National champion   Postseason invitational champion   Conference regular season champion   Conference regular season and conference tournament champion  Division regular season champion  Division regular season and conference tournament champion  Conference tournament champion ||||||

## Personal life

Sheahan's second cousin, Riley Sheahan, is a professional ice hockey player.
# Walter Fitzgerald (politician)

Walter Ronald Fitzgerald (May 8, 1936 – October 11, 2014) was a Canadian politician.

## Early life and education

Fitzgerald was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the son of Phylis (Rondeau) and Walter Fizgerald. He graduated from Dalhousie University. Prior to his political career, Fitzgerald was a teacher and a former principal at Rockingstone Heights School in the Spryfield area.

## Political career

He was first elected alderman for Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1966. He served as mayor of Halifax from 1971 to 1974, then as MLA for Halifax Chebucto from 1974 to 1981. He was the last mayor of the old city of Halifax from 1994 to 1996, and was the first mayor of the amalgamated Halifax Regional Municipality from 1996 to 2000. In the election of 2000, he was defeated by former Bedford mayor Peter J. Kelly.

## Death

He died on October 11, 2014, in the early morning hours, of heart problems at a hospital in Halifax.
# 1963 in Switzerland

Events during the year 1963 in Switzerland.

## Incumbents

* Federal Council:
** Willy Spühler (president)
** Hans-Peter Tschudi
** Roger Bonvin
** Paul Chaudet
** Friedrich Traugott Wahlen
** Ludwig von Moos
** Hans Schaffner

## Events

* 6 May – Switzerland joins the Council of Europe.

## Births

* 4 February – Pirmin Zurbriggen, alpine skier
* 10 April – Doris Leuthard, politician
* 27 May – Maria Walliser, alpine skier
* 31 July – Martin Pfister, historian and politician
* 22 December – Karin Keller-Sutter, politician
* 24 December – Élisabeth Baume-Schneider, politician

## Deaths

* 10 August – Ernst Wetter, politician (born 1877)
# Karuvaki

Kaurvaki was the "Second Queen Consort" of the third Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka The Great. She was Ashoka's fourth wife and 2nd Empress consort. She was the mother of Ashoka's fourth son, Prince Tivala.

## Life

Kaurvaki is mentioned in the Queen Edict wherein her religious and charitable donations were recorded as per her wishes. This gives an image of her being a self-possessed and strong-willed consort, who wanted an act of philanthropy recorded as specifically hers.
The edict also identifies her as mother to their son, Prince Tivala (also referred to as Tivara), who is the only son of Ashoka mentioned by name in his inscriptions.
Despite the fact that Ashoka had many queens, Karuvaki is the only queen of Ashoka who was named in his inscriptions and edicts.

## Queen's Edict

The Queen's Edict on the Allahabad Pillar refers to the charitable deeds of Kaurvaki:
   On the order of the Beloved of the Gods, the officers everywhere are to be instructed that whatever may be the gift of the second queen, whether a mango-grove, a monastery, an institution for dispensing charity or any other donation, it is to be counted to the credit of that queen ... the second queen, the mother of Tīvala, Kaurvakī.

## In popular culture

* Kaurvaki was portrayed by Kareena Kapoor in the 2001 Bollywood film, Aśoka.
* Saumya Seth portrays Karuvaki in Colors TV's 2015 historical drama, Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat while Reem Sheikh portrays the young Karuvaki.
* She is the main character of The Ashoka Trilogy, The Prince of Pataliputra by Shreyas Bhave.
* Kalinga Karuvaki Award established by Kalinga Literary Festival to honour the great warrior princess of Kalinga
* Mallika Singh portrays Karuvaki in Ekta Kapoor's historical drama series Pracchand Ashok on Colors TV.
# Richard Leigh (officer of arms)

Richard Leigh (c. 1531–1597) was an English officer of arms. He was created Portcullis Pursuivant in 1571 and in this role conducted visitations of Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire and Shropshire on behalf of the Clarenceux King of Arms. He was promoted to Richmond Herald in 1592, in which role he conducted the visitation of Lincolnshire. Promoted to Clarenceux in 1594, he inherited his predecessor's dispute with William Dethick over their respective jurisdictions, during which in 1596 he had a copy made of a privy seal grant made by Henry VIII to Thomas Benolt. As Clarenceux he undertook visitations of Berkshire and Northamptonshire, but these were formally completed. He died in September 1597 and was buried at St Alphage London Wall.
# Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment (Tamil Nadu)

The Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment is one of the departments of Government of Tamil Nadu.

## Overview

The department is responsible for the implementation of the welfare schemes for children, women, senior citizens and transgender. It monitors the implementation of various enacted social legislation to protect children, women and senior citizens and to prevent child trafficking, dowry, domestic violence against women, child marriage and sexual offences. The department has three wings: social welfare, social defence and integrated child welfare services.

## Social welfare

The directorate of social welfare is responsible for welfare schemes such as marriage assistance to poor, protection of girl children, nutritious meal for children and supply of uniforms to school children. The department runs service homes for the destitute and young girls and working women hostels in district headquarters and industrial areas. Various co-operative societies for women and transgender self-employment are facilitated by the department. The department is also responsible for the monitoring and enrollment of girl students in public schools.
The state was the first to introduce the Midday Meal Scheme to school children which was started in 1926 and expanded to cover all public schools by K. Kamaraj. The state government also introduced a breakfast meal programme for school children in 2022. The department is responsible for the implementation of the schemes. The state introduced free school uniforms to weed out caste, creed and class distinctions among school children in the 1960s and the department is responsible for the distribution of the same.

## Social defence

The directorate of social defence is responsible for government pension schemes implemented by revenue department.

## Integrated child development services

The department of integrated child development services is responsible for the health and nutrition of pregnant and lactating mothers and children of age 0 to 6 years. The department oversees distribution of nutritional supplements for the responsible categories, ensure healthy child birth, inoculation and healthcare services.
# Tiaraway

Tiaraway (often stylized as tiaraway) was a Japanese voice actress duo consisting of Saeko Chiba and Yuuka Nanri.

## Biography

Tiaraway started out as a fix-termed voice actress duo in 2003, formed after the pair had recorded a song for the anime Memories Off 2nd. Their music, written and produced by Chiyomaru Shikura (志倉千代丸, Shikura Chiyomaru), featured in various anime and games.
The group released three singles and one album before holding their first (and final) live concert on 6 March 2005, the same day they announced that Tiaraway would be dissolved.
After the disbandment, the two members now concentrate on their own work: for Chiba voice-acting, and Nanri singing.

## Discography
### Singles

| # | Information |
| 1 | Your Shade/Usual Place Released: December 21, 2003 Oricon peak: #109 (3 weeks) Track list: Your Shade Usual Place Your Shade (off vocal) Usual Place (off vocal) |
| 2 | Chōzetsu Tokkyū Go Tiara/Love Binetsu!? (超絶特急Go Tiara/Love 微熱!?) Released: July 22, 2004 Oricon peak: #165 (1 week) Track list: Chōzetsu Tokkyū Go Tiara (超絶特急Go Tiara, Super Express Go Tiara) Love Binetsu!? (Love 微熱!?, Love Slight Fever) Chōzetsu Tokkyū GoTiara (off vocal) Love Binetsu!? (off vocal) |
| 3 | Omoide Good Night/Can You Feel Crying Alone? (想い出 Good Night/Can You Feel Crying Alone?) Released: October 27, 2004 Oricon peak: #83 (2 weeks) Track list: Omoide Good Night (想い出 Good Night, Reminiscence Good Night) Can You Feel Crying Alone? Omoide Good Night (off vocal) Can You Feel Crying Alone? (off vocal) |

### Albums

| # | Information |
| 1 | Two:Leaf Released: January 26, 2005 Oricon peak: #66 (2 weeks) First and only album, including all of their past singles plus new songs. Track list: Introduction Tabikounen Sora e (旅光年空へ) From Silent Sky Your Shade Koi no Jellybeans (恋のジェリービーンズ, Jeallybeans of Love) Metal Moon Chōzetsu Tokkyū Go Tiara (超絶特急Go Tiara, Super Express Go Tiara) I Fall There: Yume no tsuzuki e (I Fall There: 夢の続きへ, I Fall There: To Another Dream) Can You Feel Crying Alone? Shiroki Kagirohi (シロキカギロヒ) Omoide Good Night (想い出 Good Night, Reminiscence Good Night) Love Binetsu!? (Love 微熱!?, LOVE Slight Fever) Aqua: Harukanaru Blue (Aqua: 遥かなるブルー, Aqua: Faraway Blue) Two:Leaf Usual Place |

## Appearances
### Radio

* tiaraway Iroiro Very Night (tiaraway色々ベリーnight, tiaraway Iroiro berī night) (October 2003—September 2004)
* tiaraway's All Night Nippon.com (tiarawayの@llnightnippon.com, tiaraway no ōru night nippon.com) (January 2002)
# Kącik Street

Kącik Street is a street in Kraków, in district Podgórze. In the Middle Ages, a road to Niepołomice and Mogiła passed through this area. The street was established at the end of the 19th century. Its name, which refers to its location in a "corner" (kącik), was first mentioned in 1880 and officially approved in 1926.
The historic house at number 10, built in 1889, is listed in the Kraków Municipal Register of Historic Buildings. It was designed by Stanisław Serkowski.
In 1921, the building at number 2 (5) became the headquarters of the Kraków congregation of the Bible Students (now known as Jehovah's Witnesses), which also served as their meeting hall.
Between 1941 and 1943, the street was part of the Kraków Ghetto and formed part of its northern boundary. Between Kącik Street and the corner building at Plac Zgody (now Plac Bohaterów Getta), there was one of the four gates leading into the ghetto (Gate IV).
In 1979, the Kraków Zabłocie railway stop was opened near Kącik Street on railway line No. 91. A pedestrian tunnel runs under the railway line, connecting Kącik Street and Traugutta Street with Lipowa Street.
# Roth Creek

Roth Creek (also known as Bachelor Creek) is a stream in Franklin County in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Roth Creek was named after a local landowner.
# Fergus McPhail

Fergus McPhail is an Australian children's comedy series that was released on Network Ten in 2004.

## Plot summary

Fergus McPhail stumbles from crisis to crisis, mostly of his own making. His irrationally optimistic alter-ego acts as his conscience. The comedy series charts a year in the life of teenage Fergus McPhail at home with his erratic family, at school, among friends, and at play.

## Cast

* Sean Ohlendorf as Fergus McPhail
* Michael Harrison as Lambert Apanolty
* Brett Swain as Don McPhail (Dad)
* Tammy McCarthy as Moira McPhail (Mum)
* Miriam Glaser as Senga McPhail
* Jessie Jacobs as Jennifer McPhail
* Megan Harrington as Angela Dayton
* Heli Simpson as Sophie Bartolemeo
* Marcus Costello as Richmond Nixon-Claverhouse
* Reg Gorman as Harry Patterson
* John Williams as Thomas
* Nicholas Turner as Kevin
* Martin Sharpe as David
* Damien Bodie as Leon
* Alex Tsitsopoulos as Angelo
* Steven Bahnsen as Declan Parker
* Joy Westmore as Mrs Vance
* Chris Hemsworth as Craig
* Heidi Valkenburg as Maddie
* Carla Perone as Baby Sophie
* Andrew Clarke as Ben Cameron
* Tony Bonner as Shop Assistant
* Alan Hopgood as Shop Assistant
* Frank Gallacher as MacCorkindale
* David Clencie as Car Owner (1 episode)
* Michele Fawdon as Mrs Mobbs (2 episodes)
# Bill Greene

William Bradshaw Greene Jr. (November 15, 1930 – December 2, 2002) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the California State Assembly and the California State Senate, representing South Central Los Angeles, Watts, Bell, Compton, Cudahy, Huntington Park and South Gate for twenty-five years.

## Early life

Greene was born on November 15, 1930, in Kansas City, Missouri.
Greene attended the University of Michigan. During the Civil Rights Movement, he demonstrated alongside Julian Bond, Stokely Carmichael and James Farmer, and he was jailed in Mississippi and Louisiana for his activism.

## Career

Greene started his career as an assistant to Jesse M. Unruh. He was the first African American to work as an assistant in the California State Assembly. He was also a lobbyist for the Service Employees International Union.
Greene served as a Democratic member of the California State Assembly from 1967 to 1975. He served as a member of the California State Senate from 1975 to 1992. He succeeded Mervyn M. Dymally, another African-American politician, in both houses. In the Senate, he represented "South-Central Los Angeles, Watts, Bell, Compton, Cudahy, Huntington Park and South Gate". He served as the chairman of the Senate Industrial Relations Committee. However, in 1989-1991, he "missed more than 50% of Senate votes" due to poor health, which led to his retirement.
The Bill Greene Sports Complex in Cudahy was named in his honor in 1991.

## Personal life

Greene married Yvonne LaFargue. They had two daughters, Alisa Rochelle and Jan Andrea.

## Death

Greene died on December 2, 2002, at the Kaiser South Sacramento Medical Center in Sacramento, California.
# Knjaz Varggoth

Yevhen Oleksandrovych Hapon (born 30 July 1974, known by his stage name Knjaz Varggoth) is a Ukrainian guitarist, who performs in the black metal act Nokturnal Mortum.

## Biography

Yevhen Hapon was born 30 July 1974 in Kharkiv. He is one of the foremost figures in Eastern Europe black metal and far-right musicians. Though he has been involved with numerous music projects and bands (Aryan Terrorism, Mistigo Varggoth Darkestra, Lucifugum as a guest musician in 1997, Вече, and more), he is most well known for being the lead vocalist and guitarist for the controversial Ukrainian black metal band Nokturnal Mortum. Nokturnal Mortum gained their reputation performing symphonic black metal with elements of Ukrainian and Slavic folk music and for being a part of the eastern European NSBM scene.
A side project done by Varggoth is the ambient/black metal project Mistigo Varggoth Darkestra, formed in 1994. The most famous album of this project, The Key to the Gates of the Apocalypse, is most likely known particularly due to its long runtime (one 72-minute track) and combination of dark ambient and fast black metal.
Knjaz Varggoth also formed the Neo-Nazi hatecore group Aryan Terrorism.

## Discography
### Bands (in order of formation)
#### Suppuration

* 1992: Ecclesiastical Blasphemy

#### Crystaline Darkness

* 1993: Mi Agama Khaz Mifisto

#### Mistigo Varggoth Darkestra

* 1997: Midnight Fullmoon
* 1999: The Key to the Gates of the Apocalypse

#### Nokturnal Mortum

* 1995: Twilightfall
* 1996: Lunar Poetry
* 1997: Goat Horns
* 1998: To the Gates of Blasphemous Fire
* 1999: Nechrist
* 2005: Weltanschauung
* 2009: The Voice of Steel
* 2017: Verity

### Aryan Terrorism

* 2002: W.A.R

#### Vetche

* 1998: Vetche

#### Piorun

* 2004: Stajemy Jak Ojce

#### Temnozor

Live member
# Cinderella III: The Reverse of Time

%5B%5BWikipedia%3ARedirects+for+discussion%5D%5D+debate+closed+as+delete
#REDIRECT Cinderella III: A Twist in Time
# Tom Dixon (American football)

Tom Dixon (born August 21, 1961) is a former American football player. He played college football at the University of Michigan and professional football for the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL). He was a first-team All-American at the center position in 1983.
Dixon grew up in Indiana and attended Bishop Dwenger High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1980 and played for Bo Schembechler's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1980 to 1983. Dixon started every game for the Wolverines in the 1981, 1982, and 1983 seasons. As a junior, he was selected by both the conference coaches (UPI) and media (AP) as the first-team center on the 1982 All-Big Ten Conference football team. As a senior, he was selected by the Associated Press, American Football Coaches Association and the Sporting News as a first-team center on the 1983 College Football All-America Team.
In April 1984, Dixon signed to play professional football for the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL). He played for the Panthers in 1984, but the team disbanded after the 1984 season. He signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers, who had selected him in the second round of the 1984 Supplemental Draft, in May 1985, then quit the team in late July 1985.