OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Milo dinosaur

Milo dinosaur or Milo tabur is a Malaysian/Singaporean beverage, composed of a cup of iced Milo (a chocolate malt beverage) with undissolved Milo powder added on top of it.

## Etymology

According to a reporter for The New Paper, the "dinosaur" in the beverage's name on its own means "[a] heap of Milo or Horlicks powder on the iced drink".
In Thailand, drinks with such preparation are titled with a suffix of phukhao fai (Thai: ภูเขาไฟ, lit. 'volcano'). This includes mai lo phukhao fai ("Milo volcano") and o wantin phukhao fai ("Ovaltine volcano")

## History and preparation

The origin of Milo dinosaur is disputed. A drink, known as Milo shake, was being served in Malaysian roadside stalls in the mid-1990s. Vendors in Singapore say that the Malaysian shake is not as chocolatey and creamy as the Milo dinosaur. Initially, Milo was marketed in British Malaya from the mid-1930s as a convenient ‘fortified tonic food’ for middle-class individuals. At present, Malaysia has the world's highest per capita consumption of Milo. Malaysia is also home to the world's biggest Milo factory. Milo Dinosaur is considered Malaysia's and Singapore's joint colonial legacy.
Milo Dinosaur is also known as "ta-chiu", The drink is made by adding a generous amount of undissolved Milo powder to a cup of iced Milo. The amount of powder added can be excessive or as little as a spoonful. The drink is common in Malaysia and Singapore.
A variant, "Milo Godzilla", comprises a cup of milo dinosaur augmented with a scoop of ice-cream and/or whipped cream.

## Cultural impact

In Hong Kong, Milo Dinosaur is often served as a Malaysian speciality while in Australia, the land where Milo originated from, it is known as either a Malaysian and Singapore-style beverage.
Typically sold at Mamak stalls, Milo dinosaur can be accompanied with roti canai/roti prata. The beverage is considered to be inexpensive in Singapore; As of 2013, its pricing ranges from S$3 to S$3.50. The name of the beverage is one of the terms to be guessed in the Singaporean version of the popular board game, Taboo. Milo Dinosaur inspired the creation of "Godzilla Milo", a cupcake sold at a Singapore-based pastry store. According to one Taiwan-based beverage store offering the drink, it is a "super popular" crowd-pleaser for the younger generation. Milo Dinosaur is also prominent in Malaysia.
# List of numbers of people immigrating to Ukraine by country

Immigration into Ukraine post independence has been mainly ethnic Ukrainians already living in nearby countries (for example in 1993 they were 90% of all immigrants); other immigrants were mostly Crimean Tatars and people fleeing wars in Azerbaijan, Transnistria and Ichkeria (now part of Russia as the Chechen Republic). In January 2017 there were 3,302 foreigners with refugee status in Ukraine. Most refugees came from Afghanistan, Syria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia and Somalia.
After the start of the war in Donbas in 2014 several hundred foreigners (mostly Russians and Belarusians) migrated to Ukraine to join its territorial defence battalions and army.
Starting from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Much fewer immigrants have been moving to Ukraine.

## Countries of origin

| Rank | Country of Birth | Population (2001) | % of Ukraine's population |
| | Total | 5,156,240 | 10.7 |
| 1 | Russia | 3,613,240 | 7.5 |
| 2 | Belarus | 270,751 | 0.6 |
| 3 | Kazakhstan | 245,072 | 0.5 |
| 4 | Uzbekistan | 242,390 | 0.5 |
| 5 | Moldova | 165,126 | 0.3 |
| 6 | Poland | 145,106 | 0.3 |
| 7 | Azerbaijan | 90,753 | 0.2 |
| 8 | Georgia | 71,015 | 0.1 |
| 9 | Germany | 64,015 | 0.1 |
| 10 | Armenia | 52,168 | 0.1 |
| 11 | Tajikistan | 32,386 | 0.1 |
| 12 | Kyrgyzstan | 29,476 | 0.1 |
| 13 | Turkmenistan | 24,926 | 0.1 |
| 14 | Latvia | 19,095 | 0.0 |
| 15 | Lithuania | 16,012 | 0.0 |
| 16 | Hungary | 11,235 | 0.0 |
| 17 | Estonia | 10,964 | 0.0 |
| 18 | Czech Republic | 7,473 | 0.0 |
| 19 | China | 5,015 | 0.0 |
| 20 | Mongolia | 4,413 | 0.0 |
| 21 | Romania | 3,876 | 0.0 |
| 22 | Vietnam | 3,399 | 0.0 |
| 23 | Slovakia | 2,148 | 0.0 |
| 24 | Bulgaria | 2,062 | 0.0 |
| 25 | Austria | 1,726 | 0.0 |
| 26 | France | 1,433 | 0.0 |
| 27 | Syria | 1,352 | 0.0 |
| 28 | India | 1,232 | 0.0 |
| 29 | Afghanistan | 1,111 | 0.0 |
| 30 | United States | 1,040 | 0.0 |
# Clouds Rest

Clouds Rest is a mountain in Yosemite National Park, located east-northeast of Yosemite Village, California. Although there are many peaks in the park having far greater elevation, the proximity of Clouds Rest to the valley gives it a very high degree of visual prominence.

## Geography

The summit can be reached by a 7.2-mile (11.6 km) trail hike from Tioga Pass Road or a 13-mile (21 km) trail hike from Happy Isles by way of Little Yosemite Valley. There are also several technical routes available.
Clouds Rest is an arête; a thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock formed when glaciers eroded away solid rock to form Tenaya Canyon and Little Yosemite Valley. The northwest face, mostly solid granite, rises 5,000 feet (1,520 m) above Tenaya Creek.

## History

Lafayette H. Bunnell, a medical doctor with the Mariposa Battalion, notes that his party named the summit Clouds Rest because they returned to camp to avoid a snow storm after seeing "the clouds rapidly settling down to rest upon that mountain."

## Recreation

There are three main ways to access the summit of Clouds Rest; via the Sunrise Lakes Trailhead off of CA-120 (commonly known as the Northeast Ridge Route); via the Happy Isles Trailhead in Yosemite Valley (commonly known as the South Slope); or via the Northwest Face of the mountain. The Sunrise Lakes Trail is a round trip hike of 14.5 miles (23.3 km) that begins at an elevation of 8,150 feet (2,480 m) and gains 1,776 feet (541 m) over 7.25 miles (11.67 km) to reach the summit at 9,926 feet (3,025 m). The summit has wide-ranging 360-degree panoramic views.
# Álvaro Martín (footballer)

Álvaro Martín de Frías (born 15 January 2001) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for FC Andorra.

## Club career

Born in Madrid, Martín first joined Real Madrid's La Fábrica in 2012, from Getafe. Released in 2016, he spent a year at Rayo Vallecano before returning to Los Blancos in 2017.
On 1 October 2020, after finishing his formation, Martín was loaned to Prva HNL side Šibenik, for one year. He made his professional debut two days later, coming on as a second-half substitute for Emir Sahiti in a 0–2 home loss against Osijek.
On 18 August 2021, Martín moved to Primera División RFEF side Internacional de Madrid on loan for the season. He returned to Real Madrid in July 2022, after scoring 10 goals, and became a mainstay with the reserves also in the third division.
On 1 August 2023, Martín signed a three-year contract with Segunda División side FC Andorra, with Real Madrid retaining 50% over a future sale.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 19 December 2023.
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Šibenik (loan) | 2020–21 | Prva liga | 23 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 25 | 0 |
| Internacional de Madrid (loan) | 2021–22 | Primera División RFEF | 35 | 10 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 36 | 10 |
| Real Madrid Castilla | 2022–23 | Primera Federación | 37 | 4 | — | — | 4 | 0 | 41 | 4 |
| Andorra | 2023–24 | Segunda División | 19 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 114 | 15 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 120 | 15 |
* ↑ Appearances in 2023 Primera Federación play-offs

## Honours

Real Madrid
* UEFA Youth League: 2019–20
# José León Sandoval

José León Sandoval de la Cerda (1789 – 1854) was a Nicaraguan politician, member of the short lived centrist Republican Party, who served as 4th Supreme Director of Nicaragua from 4 April 1845 to 12 March 1847.
A mestizo descendant of the conquistador Gonzalo de Sandoval, Sandoval was a justice of the peace at the close of the colonial period in his native Granada, but he also worked in transporting goods on Lake Nicaragua and the Río San Juan.
Resentful of the privileges of Spanish officials and wealthier creoles, Sandoval supported independence from Spain and then opposed Nicaraguan incorporation into Iturbide's Mexican Empire. In 1825 he became political chief of Granada and later served in other government positions while rising in military rank.
A fervent unionist, he also served Francisco Morazán's federal government in San Salvador. He was supreme director of Nicaragua during the violent struggles among the caudillos Francisco Malespín, José María Vallé [de], José Trinidad Muñoz, and Bernabé Somoza [de]. He was president of the Nicaraguan Congress from 1845 to 1846, and from 1853 to 1854. Although a liberal, Sandoval remained loyal to the elected governments, and under the conservative Fruto Chamorro, he directed Granada's defense against the siege begun in May 1854 by Máximo Jérez, during the beginning stages of the Filibuster War. Brigadier General Sandoval died in this defense and was buried in Granada.
# 1912 Uruguayan Primera División

The Uruguayan Championship 1912 was the 12th season of Uruguay's top-flight football league.

## Overview

The tournament consisted of a two-wheel championship of all against all. It involved eight teams, and the champion was Nacional.
Dublin withdrew from the tournament after the tenth round.

## Teams

| Team | City | Stadium | Capacity | Foundation | Seasons | Consecutive seasons | Titles | 1911 |
| Bristol | Montevideo | | | | 4 | 4 | - | 6th |
| CURCC | Montevideo | | | 28 September 1891 | 11 | 11 | 5 | 1st |
| Central | Montevideo | | | 5 January 1905 | 3 | 3 | - | 7th |
| Dublin | Montevideo | | | | 4 | 4 | - | 4th |
| Nacional | Montevideo | Gran Parque Central | 15,000 | 14 May 1899 | 10 | 10 | 2 | 5th |
| River Plate | Montevideo | | | 1897 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 3rd |
| Universal | Montevideo | | | | - | - | - | - |
| Montevideo Wanderers | Montevideo | | | 15 August 1902 | 8 | 8 | 2 | 2nd |

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Nacional | 14 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 28 | 5 | +23 | 25 |
| 2 | CURCC | 14 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 21 | 13 | +8 | 19 |
| 3 | Montevideo Wanderers | 14 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 21 | 14 | +7 | 18 |
| 4 | River Plate F.C. | 14 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 16 | 9 | +7 | 17 |
| 5 | Bristol | 14 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 12 | 14 | −2 | 13 |
| 6 | Central | 14 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 19 | −10 | 12 |
| 7 | Universal | 14 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 11 | 29 | −18 | 7 |
| 8 | Dublin | 4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 20 | −15 | 1 |
* Uruguayan Champion 1912
* Nacional 3rd title
# Mützelburger Beeke

The Mützelburger Beeke (Polish: rzeka Myśliborka), often shortened to Beeke, is a 6.1-kilometer-long river. It forms the outflow of the Great Mützelburger Lake and flows east of Rieth into the Lake Neuwarp, a bay of the Szczecin Lagoon. The Beeke's catchment area covers approximately 21.3 km².
As a result of World War II, part of the German-Polish border runs through the middle of the river between the Vorpommern-Greifswald district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and the Powiat Policki in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
In the 1960s, extensive land reclamation measures were carried out on both sides of the former border between the GDR and the People's Republic of Poland. A weir at the outflow of the Great Mützelburger Lake was replaced by a bed slide in 2007/2008, thereby restoring the ecological continuity of the river.
# Kearis Jackson

Kearis Jamarcus Jackson (born December 9, 1999) is an American professional football wide receiver. He played college football at Georgia.

## Early life

Jackson attended Peach County. In his senior year, Jackson caught 9 touchdowns on 47 receptions for 852 yards. This helped him become a consensus 4-star recruit. His career totals came to 26 receiving touchdowns for 2508 yards with 161 catches. Jackson had offers from Alabama, Auburn, Florida, and Ohio State, but he decided to commit to Georgia.

## College career

Jackson would redshirt his first year on campus. He made his first and only appearance in a blowout of Middle Tennessee State where he got 6 yards on a rushing attempt.
Jackson played sparingly in his second season. He appeared in 4 games and caught 5 passes for 79 yards. He had 2 rushing attempts for 10 yards.
In his third season, Jackson's playing time significantly increased. He appeared in every game of the season and had 514 yards on 36 catches, with three of those catches being touchdowns. His best game was against Auburn where he recorded 147 yards on 9 receptions. His first career touchdown came the following week against Tennessee.
In 2021, Jackson was named to the preseason third team All-SEC. During the season, Jackson dealt with injuries and he didn't make his first appearance until senior day against Charleston Southern. Jackson helped lead the Bulldogs to their first National Championship since 1980 with a 33–18 victory over Alabama. At the season's end, Jackson announced he would return for another season.

### College statistics

| Season | GP | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving |
| Season | GP | Rec | Yds | Avg | TD |
| Georgia Bulldogs ||||||
| 2018 | 4 | – | – | – | – |
| 2019 | 11 | 5 | 79 | 15.8 | 0 |
| 2020 | 10 | 36 | 514 | 14.3 | 3 |
| 2021 | 15 | 16 | 194 | 12.1 | 1 |
| 2022 | 15 | 21 | 320 | 15.2 | 0 |
| Career | 55 | 78 | 1,107 | 14.2 | 4 |

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | Broad jump |
| 5 ft 11+3⁄8 in (1.81 m) | 196 lb (89 kg) | 31+1⁄4 in (0.79 m) | 9+3⁄8 in (0.24 m) | 4.55 s | 1.52 s | 2.62 s | 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) |
| All values from NFL Combine ||||||||

### Tennessee Titans

Jackson was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent on May 15, 2023. He made the Titans 53-man roster as the team's punt returner. He suffered an ankle injury in practice and was placed on injured reserve on September 22, 2023. He was waived on August 27, 2024.

### New York Giants

On October 1, 2024, Jackson was signed to the New York Giants practice squad.

### Houston Texans

On January 24, 2025, Jackson signed a reserve/future contract with the Houston Texans. He was waived on March 17, 2025.
# Aaron Cannings

Aaron Cannings (born 26 October 1981) is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s, as a prop. He played for the Northern Eagles, Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, Parramatta Eels and the Gold Coast Titans in the National Rugby League, and for the Tweed Heads Seagulls in the 2011 Queensland Cup.

## Playing career

Cannings made his first grade debut for the Northern Eagles in round 16 of the 2002 NRL season against Melbourne. At the end of 2002, the Northern Eagles were dissolved and reverted to Manly-Warringah. Cannings played one season with Manly before joining Parramatta.
In 2005, Cannings made 13 appearances as Parramatta won the Minor Premiership but he did not feature in the finals series for the club. Cannings missed the entire 2006 season but returned in 2007 playing 21 games for Parramatta as they finished 5th on the table. In 2008, Cannings joined Gold Coast and spent three years at the club before being released at the end of 2010.

## Personal life

Cannings was born in Auckland, New Zealand with Australian and Cook Island and Tongan heritage. He lived in country towns Cobar and Wee Waa before moving to Sydney to start his career in Rugby league. Cannings currently works in the financial industry.
# Total variation distance of probability measures

In probability theory, the total variation distance is a statistical distance between probability distributions, and is sometimes called the statistical distance, statistical difference or variational distance.

## Definition

Consider a measurable space $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}})$ and probability measures $P$ and $Q$ defined on $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}})$. The total variation distance between $P$ and $Q$ is defined as
    $\delta (P,Q)=\sup _{A\in {\mathcal {F}}}\left|P(A)-Q(A)\right|.$
This is the largest absolute difference between the probabilities that the two probability distributions assign to the same event.

## Properties

The total variation distance is an f-divergence and an integral probability metric.

### Relation to other distances

The total variation distance is related to the Kullback–Leibler divergence by Pinsker’s inequality:
    $\delta (P,Q)\leq {\sqrt {{\frac {1}{2}}D_{\mathrm {KL} }(P\parallel Q)}}.$
One also has the following inequality, due to Bretagnolle and Huber (see also), which has the advantage of providing a non-vacuous bound even when $\textstyle D_{\mathrm {KL} }(P\parallel Q)>2\colon$
    $\delta (P,Q)\leq {\sqrt {1-e^{-D_{\mathrm {KL} }(P\parallel Q)}}}.$
The total variation distance is half of the L$^1$ distance between the probability functions: on discrete domains, this is the distance between the probability mass functions
    $\delta (P,Q)={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{x}|P(x)-Q(x)|,$
and when the distributions have standard probability density functions p and q,
    $\delta (P,Q)={\frac {1}{2}}\int |p(x)-q(x)|\,\mathrm {d} x$
(or the analogous distance between Radon-Nikodym derivatives with any common dominating measure). This result can be shown by noticing that the supremum in the definition is achieved exactly at the set where one distribution dominates the other.
The total variation distance is related to the Hellinger distance $H(P,Q)$ as follows:
    $H^{2}(P,Q)\leq \delta (P,Q)\leq {\sqrt {2}}H(P,Q).$
These inequalities follow immediately from the inequalities between the 1-norm and the 2-norm.

### Connection to transportation theory

The total variation distance (or half the norm) arises as the optimal transportation cost, when the cost function is $c(x,y)={\mathbf {1} }_{x\neq y}$, that is,
    ${\frac {1}{2}}\|P-Q\|_{1}=\delta (P,Q)=\inf {\big \\mathbb {P} (X\neq Y):{\text{Law}}(X)=P,{\text{Law}}(Y)=Q{\big \}}=\inf _{\pi }\operatorname {E} _{\pi }[{\mathbf {1} }_{x\neq y}],$
where the expectation is taken with respect to the probability measure $\pi$ on the space where $(x,y)$ lives, and the infimum is taken over all such $\pi$ with marginals $P$ and $Q$, respectively.
# Jonathan Levav

Jonathan Levav (born January 20, 1975) is a professor of Marketing at the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB). He is a scholar in behavioral economics and consumer decision-making, with research focusing on how cognitive biases, emotions, and social influences shape individual and collective choices.

## Early life and education

Jonathan Levav was born in Jerusalem, Israel, to Dr. Itzhak Levav and Dr. Miriam Levav. He received his Bachelor's degree in Public and International Affairs from Princeton University, where he developed an interest in the intersection of psychology, economics, and decision-making, inspired by the teaching of Daniel Kahneman. He earned a PhD in Marketing from the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University, focusing his dissertation on preference prediction.

## Academic career

Levav is currently the King Philanthropies Professor of Marketing at Stanford University's Graduate School of Business, where he also serves as the director of the behavioral lab. He researches behavioral decision theory, studying how psychological and contextual factors influence consumer choices.
Levav's research has made contributions to the fields of behavioral economics, marketing, and psychology. His work is notable for its empirical focus, as he often conducts experiments to understand the mechanisms driving decision-making. His findings have been influential in both academic circles and practical business applications, helping companies better anticipate and understand consumer behavior. He won the Hillel J. Einhorn Young Investigator Award.
Levav has examined phenomena such as the decision fatigue, decoy effect, framing effects, and the role of emotion in shaping consumer preferences. His research has provided insights into how subtle contextual changes significantly alter consumer choices.

## Selected publications

* Evangelidis, Ioannis; Bhatia, Sudeep; Levav, Jonathan; Simonson, Itamar (2024-06-03), "50 Years of Context Effects: Merging the Behavioral and Quantitative Perspectives", Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 19–28
* Brucks, Melanie S.; Levav, Jonathan (2024-04-27), "Virtual Communication Curbs Creative Idea Generation", Nature, vol. 605, pp. 108–112
* Danziger, Shai; Levav, Jonathan; Avnaim-Pesso, Liora (2011-04-26), "Extraneous factors in judicial decisions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (17): 6889–6892, Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.6889D, doi:10.1073/pnas.1018033108, PMC 3084045, PMID 21482790
# USS Connecticut

USS Connecticut may refer to the following ships that were operated by the United States:
* USS Connecticut (1776) was a gundalow that served with the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
* USS Connecticut (1799) served during the Quasi-War
* USS Connecticut (1861) was a sidewheel steamer launched in 1861 and in service during the American Civil War
* USS Pompanoosuc, Wampanoag-class frigate whose building began in 1863, was renamed Connecticut on 15 May 1869, but never launched; broken up in 1884
* USS Connecticut (1899) was a monitor renamed during construction and commissioned as USS Nevada
* USS Connecticut (BB-18) was a Connecticut-class battleship, flagship of the Great White Fleet and saw action during World War I
* USS Connecticut (SSN-22) is the second Seawolf-class submarine currently in service
# Wheatfield (Ellicott City, Maryland)

Wheatfield, also known by Wheatfields, Resolution Manor, or Wheatfield Farm is a historic home located south of Ellicott City, Howard County, Maryland.
Wheatfield started on land patented to Samuel Chew in 1695 as Chews Resolution Manor and Chews Vineyard. Caleb Dorsey inherited the land in 1718. In 1850 the 202-acre farm was purchased for $9,000 by James Clark. One son, James Clark Jr. left the farm to join the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, surviving prison camp to return as a cattle broker. His other son John Lawrence Clark (1855-) was born at Wheatfield. He maintained the farm raising a family that would be closely associated with Howard County business and politics. The Wheatfield manor house is built in progressively smaller sections in the "Telescope style" starting in 1802. A water table runs along the foundation of the property. The farm was sold to the Widdup family in 1950 for $50,000. In 1977 the property was owned by the Doll family, who had subdivided the land to 11 acres. The manor house still stands, as of a Howard County Historical Society tour in December 2016, amidst a residential housing development of the same name.