# Chief Election Commissioner of India

The Chief Election Commissioner of India (CEC) heads the Election Commission of India, a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections. An election commissioner is appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a three member selection committee headed by the Prime Minister of India and consisting of the leader of the opposition and a Union Cabinet Minister. The term of a CEC can be a maximum of six years or till he/she attains sixty five years of age. The Chief Election Commissioner is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service and mostly from the Indian Administrative Service.

## Role and powers

Chief Election Commissioner of India (CEC) heads the Election Commission of India, a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national, the state legislatures, President and Vice-President. This power of the Election Commission of India is derived from the Article 324 of the Constitution of India. Chief Election Commissioner is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service and mostly from the Indian Administrative Service. The Election Commission of India consists of a chief election commissioner and two election commissioners. The chief election commissioner does not have overruling powers and any decision is taken by the opinion of the majority among the three.

## Appointment and term of office

The appointment and term of the chief election commissioner prescribed in the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023. As per the Section 7 of the act, an election commissioner is appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a selection committee headed by the Prime Minister of India and consisting of the Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha and a member of the Union Council of Ministers to be nominated by the Prime Minister. The senior most member of the election commission is appointed as the chief election commissioner by the President. The term of the CEC can be a maximum of six years from the date on which he/she assumes his office. However, the CEC retires from office if he/she attains the age of sixty-five years before the expiry of the term. The CEC can be removed by office through the process of impeachment requiring two-thirds majority of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha to be present and voting for the same.

## Compensation

As per the Election Commission (Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business) Act, 1991, the salary of the chief election commissioner is the same as salary of a Judge of Supreme Court of India. The CEC draws a monthly salary of ₹350,000 (US$4,000) plus allowances.

## List of Chief Election Commissioners

The following have held the post of the Chief Election Commissioner of India.
| No. | Name | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office |
| 1 | Sukumar Sen | 21 March 1950 | 19 December 1958 | 8 years, 273 days |
| 2 | Kalyan Sundaram | 20 December 1958 | 30 September 1967 | 8 years, 284 days |
| 3 | S. P. Sen Verma | 1 October 1967 | 30 September 1972 | 4 years, 365 days |
| 4 | Nagendra Singh | 1 October 1972 | 6 February 1973 | 128 days |
| 5 | T. Swaminathan | 7 February 1973 | 17 June 1977 | 4 years, 10 days |
| 6 | S. L. Shakdhar | 18 June 1977 | 17 June 1982 | 4 years, 364 days |
| 7 | R. K. Trivedi | 18 June 1982 | 31 December 1985 | 3 years, 196 days |
| 8 | R. V. S. Peri Sastri | 1 January 1986 | 25 November 1990 | 4 years, 328 days |
| 9 | V. S. Ramadevi | 26 November 1990 | 11 December 1990 | 16 days |
| 10 | T. N. Seshan | 12 December 1990 | 11 December 1996 | 6 years |
| 11 | M. S. Gill | 12 December 1996 | 13 June 2001 | 4 years 69 days |
| 12 | J. M. Lyngdoh | 14 June 2001 | 7 February 2004 | 2 years 269 days |
| 13 | T. S. Krishnamurthy | 8 February 2004 | 15 May 2005 | 1 year 69 days |
| 14 | B. B. Tandon | 16 May 2005 | 29 June 2006 | 269 days |
| 15 | N. Gopalaswami | 30 June 2006 | 20 April 2009 | 2 years, 294 days |
| 16 | Navin Chawla | 21 April 2009 | 29 July 2010 | 1 year 89 days |
| 17 | S. Y. Quraishi | 30 July 2010 | 10 June 2012 | 1 year 316 days |
| 18 | V. S. Sampath | 11 June 2012 | 15 January 2015 | 2 year 218 days |
| 19 | Harishankar Brahma | 16 January 2015 | 18 April 2015 | 92 days |
| 20 | Nasim Zaidi | 19 April 2015 | 5 July 2017 | 2 years 77 days |
| 21 | Achal Kumar Jyoti | 6 July 2017 | 22 January 2018 | 200 days |
| 22 | Om Prakash Rawat | 23 January 2018 | 1 December 2018 | 312 days |
| 23 | Sunil Arora | 2 December 2018 | 12 April 2021 | 2 years, 131 days |
| 24 | Sushil Chandra | 13 April 2021 | 14 May 2022 | 1 year, 31 days |
| 25 | Rajiv Kumar | 15 May 2022 | 18 February 2025 | 2 years, 279 days |
| 26 | Gyanesh Kumar | 19 February 2025 | Incumbent | 27 days |

## Reforms

The Election Commission of India was a single member body till 1989 when two election commissioners were appointed to aid the chief election commissioner. While the office has always been an important one in the machinery of the Indian political process, it gained significant public attention during the tenure of T.N. Seshan, from 1990 to 1996. Seshan is widely credited with enforcing the powers of the election commission strongly and undertaking a zealous effort to end corruption and manipulation in Indian elections.
In June 2012, former Deputy Prime Minister of India and former Leader of the Opposition in Indian Parliament), Lal Krishna Advani suggested that appointment of CEC (as well as the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)) should be made by a bipartisan collegium consisting of the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the Law Minister and the Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. As per Advani, the demand was to remove any impression of bias or lack of transparency and fairness because the existent system was open to manipulation and partisanship. Subsequently, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M Karunanidhi also supported the suggestion. Similar recommendations were made by former CEC's such as B B Tandon, N Gopalaswamy and S Y Quraishi.