# Gopalganj District, Bangladesh

Gopalganj District (Bengali: গোপালগঞ্জ জেলা) is a district in Dhaka Division of Bangladesh. The district has 1,172,415 inhabitants and its surface area is 1,490 km$^2$. The main town of the district is also called Gopalganj. It is the bank of the Madhumati river and located at 23°00’47.67" N 89°49’21.41". It is bounded by Faridpur district on the North, Pirojpur and Bagerhat district on the south, and Barisal district on the east and Narail district on the West. This district is also known as "GP" to the youth. Gopalganj is subdivided into five sub-districts (upazila/thana).

## History

In 1800, Babu Preetiram Das, Zamindar of Janbazar, Kolkata purchased Makimpur Pargana (in present days lies under the area of Gopalganj) for 19,000 taka only and became the landlord of the Pargana. Babu Rajachandra Das, the 2nd son of Preetiram Das was married to Rani Rasmoni of Mahishya caste on 4 April 1804. Landlord Rajachandra died only at 49 leaving his widowed wife Rani Rasmoni and three daughters on 9 June 1836. Padmamoni, the eldest daughter of Rani Rasmoni, married Ramchandra and gave birth to seven children; Mahendranath, Ganeshchandra, and five others. Mahendranath, eldest son of Padmamoni and Ramchandra died at a premature age and Ganeshchandra (second son) became landlord of the estate. To show respect to Rani Rasmoni, the tenants of Khatra estate changed the name of Rajganj Bajar to Gopalganj (Gopal from Nabo Gopal and Ganj from Ranjganj) following the name of Nabo Gopal, son of Ganeshchandra and great grandson of Rani Rasmoni.
This area was under the southern part of ancient Bengal called Vanga. Around 300 BC here in Kotalipara was the capital of Gangaridai dynasty. Gangaridai was one of the powerful kingdom of Indian subcontinent. It was described by the Greek traveller Megasthenes in his work Indica. During Sultanate and Mughal period several Hindu kings ruled the area. In 1713, Muksudpur Upazila was part of Jessore district while the rest of Gopalganj was part of Dhaka - Jalalpur District. Muksedpur was later transferred to Faridpur district in 1807. Gopalganj Sadar and Kotalipara was part of Jalalpur Porgona of Faridpur district. Chandana (now Modhumoti) river was the borderline for Jessore and Dhaka - Jalalpur districts in 1812. Gopalgnaj - Madaripur was a large water body back then where maritime robbery was a regular activity. Thus, Madaripur Mohakuma or Sub-division was separated in 1854 from Bakergonj District.
Later, Gopalganj emerged as a police station in 1872 under the Madaripur Mohakuma or Sub-division vide Calcutta Gazette of 1870. In 1873, Madaripur Mohakuma or Sub-division was transferred to Faridpur district from Bakergonj district. Later in 1909, it was separated from the Madaripur Mohakuma of Bakergonj district to form a new Gopalganj Mohhakuma or sub-division. Later, Muksudpur Police Station of Faridpur district joined Gopalganj and Kotalipara police stations of Gopalganj Mohakuma or sub-division of Faridpur district.
The first SDO (sub-divisional officer) was Mr. Suresh Chandra Sen. In 1910, the sub-divisional officer's bench court was transformed into Criminal Court. In 1921, Gopalganj was elevated to township status which was inhabited by only 3,478 persons. 1925 saw the initiation of Civil Court. In 1936, Muksudpur was split to form Kashiani police station.
Gopalganj Mohakuma or sub-division emerged as Gopalganj district on the 1st day of February in 1984. Mr. AFM Ehiya Chowdhury was the first District Commissioner of Gopalganj District.
In the same year, Tungipara was separated from the Sadar Upazila to form a new upazila namely Tungipara upazila. After the liberation war in 1972, Gopalganj Sadar became Municipality or Pourashava and Panna Biswas was selected as its first chairman.

## Politics

Gopalganj is associated with significant importance in Bangladeshi politics. The district is the political bastion of Awami League. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first President of Bangladesh, hailed from the village of Tungipara in the district and began his political career in the said district. Sheikh Hasina Wajed, the former Prime Minister of Bangladesh also hailed from the same district. Sheikh Fazlul Haq Mani, his nephew, had also been elected to Parliament from Gopalganj-2 constituency. Both Rahman and his nephew were assassinated on 15 August 1975.
Rahman's daughter, was elected 4 times as the Member of the Parliament (MP) from Gopalganj-3 (Kotalipara and Tungipara) constituency and thrice as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. Her cousin and Sheikh Mani's brother, Sheikh Fazlul Karim Selim has been elected 4 times as the MP from Gopalganj-2 constituency. Lt. Col. Mohammad Faruq Khan, also a presidium member of Bangladesh Awami League, is from Gopalganj-1 constituency.
Molla Jalal, Choudhury Emdadul Hoq, Khan Saheb, Sheikh Mosharrof Hossain and Advocate Khandaker Mahbub Uddin, Sheikh Shahadat Hossain, a boyhood friend of Bangabandhu and an educationalist were among other popular political leaders of this area.
On 10 August 2024, supporters of the Awami League demanding the return of former prime minister Sheikh Hasina clashed with the army. Civilians and soldiers were injured and an army vehicle was torched.

## Geography

* Rivers: Gorai-Madhumati, Kaliganga, Madaripur Beel route channel, Hunda, Ghagore,Old Kumar rivers and Barashia River etc.
* Large Water Bodies/Beel/Haor/Baor: Borni Baor, Chandar beel and Baghyar beel.

### Climate

Climate data for Gopalganj :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.7 (78.3) | 28.6 (83.5) | 33 (91) | 34.4 (93.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | 32 (90) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.7 (89.1) | 31.4 (88.5) | 29.2 (84.6) | 26.2 (79.2) | 30.7 (87.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.9 (53.4) | 14.4 (57.9) | 19.5 (67.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 24.8 (76.6) | 25.5 (77.9) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.8 (78.4) | 25.6 (78.1) | 23.8 (74.8) | 18.5 (65.3) | 13.3 (55.9) | 21.0 (69.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 10 (0.4) | 21 (0.8) | 46 (1.8) | 102 (4.0) | 202 (8.0) | 343 (13.5) | 351 (13.8) | 313 (12.3) | 236 (9.3) | 147 (5.8) | 30 (1.2) | 8 (0.3) | 1,809 (71.2) |
| Source: ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Gopalganj District had 308,710 households and a population of 1,295,057 with an average 4.11 people per household. Among the population, 250,128 (19.31%) inhabitants were under 10 years of age. The population density was 882 people per km$^2$. Gopalganj District had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 79.84%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1042 females per 1000 males. Approximately, 20.01% of the population lived in urban areas. The ethnic population was 2,470.
Religions in Gopalganj District (2022) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Islam | Islam | 72.10% | 72.10% |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 26.95% | 26.95% |
| Christianity | Christianity | 0.93% | 0.93% |
| Other or not stated | Other or not stated | 0.02% | 0.02% |
Religion in present-day Gopalganj district :
| | 1941$^{:98–99}$ | 1941$^{:98–99}$ | 1981 | 1981 | 1991 | 1991 | 2001 | 2001 | 2011 | 2011 | 2022 | 2022 |
| Religion | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| Hinduism | 346,729 | 55.57% | 399,415 | 40.72% | 372,625 | 35.13% | 371,629 | 31.89% | 353,794 | 30.18% | 348,974 | 26.95% |
| Islam | 268,233 | 42.99% | 568,236 | 57.93% | 674,807 | 63.62% | 779,962 | 66.93% | 805,115 | 68.67% | 933,708 | 72.10% |
| Christianity | 8,436 | 1.35% | 12,559 | 1.28% | 12,742 | 1.20% | 13,401 | 1.15% | 12,951 | 1.10% | 12,050 | 0.93% |
| Others | 565 | 0.09% | 731 | 0.07% | 617 | 0.05% | 281 | 0.03% | 555 | 0.05% | 325 | 0.02% |
| Total Population | 623,963 | 100% | 980,941 | 100% | 1,060,791 | 100% | 1,165,273 | 100% | 1,172,415 | 100% | 1,295,057 | 100% |
Today, the majority are the Bengali Muslims, although before Partition Hindus, most of whom were Namasudras, formed a clear majority in what is today Gopalganj district. The largest minority group is the Bengali Hindus, while Christians are present. The Muslim population has constantly increased, while Hindu population has constantly decreased from a high of nearly 400,000 (40% of the population in 1981) to under 350,000 today, and the Christian population has remained consistent at 13,000. Gopalganj has the highest percentage of Hindus of any district in Bangladesh. The district of Gopalganj has 356 mosques, 359 temples, and 250 churches.

## Administration

Gopalganj district consists of 5 upazilas (previously known as 'Thana or police station' which is essentially a sub-district) namely Gopalganj Sadar, Kotalipara, Kashiani, Muksudpur, and Tungipara; 4 Pourashavas/ Municipalities namely Gopalganj (Class A), Tungipara (Class B), Kotalipara (Class B) & Muksudpur (Class C) and 68 unions.
The main township is known as Gopalganj Sadar, which consists of 9 wards and 49 mahallas. Gopalganj municipality was constituted in 1972. It has an area of 8.59 km$^2$ and a population of 40,987; male 53.27%, female 46.73% with a population density of 4,771 per km$^2$.
Administrator of District Council: Md. Atiar Rahman
Deputy Commissioner (DC): Kazi Mahbubul Alam

### Subdivisions

* Gopalganj Sadar Upazila
* Kashiani Upazila
* Kotalipara Upazila
* Muksudpur Upazila
* Tungipara Upazila

## Transport

Gopalganj has a great transportation system. It is a 5-hour drive away from the capital Dhaka by road subject to traffic conditions. The journey time is set to reduce once the Padma Multipurpose Bridge is opened for all. Dhaka-Khulna Highway goes through Gopalganj to connect the neighbouring districts namely Barisal, Narail, Faridpur, Madaripur, Bagerhat and Khulna. Buses leaves Dhaka for Gopalganj from both Gabtoli and Syedabad. Tungipara Express, Modhumoti, Dola, Bonoful leaves from Sayedabad for Gopalganj via Munshiganj - Mawa - Kawrakandi - Madaripur and Comfort Line, Sheba Green, Polash leaves from Gabtoli for Gopalganj via Manikgonj - Paturia - Doulotdia - Rajbari - Faridpur.
Water transportation was the main medium of transport for the people of this district in the 1980s but the popularity of it has declined over time with the introduction of road connectivity. Now a launch operates between Sadarghat of Dhaka and Poisharhat of Kotalipara. However, mechanical trawlers and boats still ply through the rivers, canals and vast water bodies.
An inoperable rail line is in place till Kashiani. The train service is also set to be reintroduced after the Padma Bridge is built.
On 14 April 1986, at least 92 people were killed in Gopalganj by the heaviest hailstones ever recorded, which were the size of grapefruits and weighed around 1 kg (2.2 lb) each.

## Education

The district has 21 colleges, 181 high schools and 760 primary schools. Other notable educational institutions are as follows:
* Sheikh Sayera Khatun Medical College (SSKMC)
* Sheikh Sayera Khatun Nursing College
* Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU)
* Sheikh Lutfur Rahman Dental College (SLRDC)
* Sheikh Rehana Textile College
* Arpara Islamia High School
* Binapani Govt. Girls High School
* Bhatiapara High School (1961)
* Bangabandhu Poverty Reduction Training Complex
* Gaohardanga Madrasa (historical Madrasa in southern Bangladesh)
* Govt. Bangabandhu College
* Gopinathpur High School (1911)
* Gopalgonj Model Polytechnic Institute
* Government Nazrul College, Satpar, Gopalganj
* Gimadanga Ideal High School
* Hazi Laal Mia City College
* Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Govt. Mohila College
* S.M. Model Govt. High School
* S.K. Aliya Madrasah
* Sheikh Russel Destitute Children Training and Rehabilitation Center at Tungipara
* Sheikh Hasina Girls School and College
* Swarnakali High School
* Satpar Dinnnath Goyali Chandra High School
* Sabira - Rouf College
* Moulovi Abdul Hye Memorial School & College
* Paikkandi Panchapalli Madrasah
* Ulpur PC High School (1900)

## Notable people

* A. F. M. Abdul Moyeen
* Abdullah Baqui
* Abul Hasan, poet
* Ainul Haque, footballer and played for Shadhin Bangla football team
* Anis Ud Dowla, businessperson and founder of ACI group of industries
* Akhter Mia
* Asad Noor, exiled blogger
* Benazir Ahmed, retired Inspector General of Bangladeshi police, absconding from Bangladesh for avoiding corruption-charges
* Balai Dey, footballer, played for Pakistan and India
* Binoy Majumdar, poet
* Chowdhury Jafarullah Sharafat, sports commentator and journalist
* Chowdhury Nafeez Sarafat
* Elias Hossain, footballer
* Firoza Begum, artist
* Faruk Khan, politician and former minister.
* Fayakuzzaman
* Habibur Rahman
* Ismat Kadir Gama
* Jaya Ahsan, leading Bangladeshi film and television actress.
* Kazi Anowar Hossain, painter
* Kazi Wasi Uddin
* Khalid, singer, former front man of Chime
* Khandokar Mahbub Uddin Ahmad
* Khandokar Shams Uddin Ahmed
* Khondkar Ibrahim Khaled, Bangladeshi economist and banker
* Krishna Tithi Khan
* Lily Rani Biswas, cricketer
* M. H. Khan Monjur
* MA Syed
* Marzuk Russell, poet, lyricist and notable television actor
* Md. Sharfuddin Ahmed
* Mizanur Rahman
* Mohabbat Jan Chowdhury, general and former minister
* Mohammad A. Quayum, academic
* Mohammad Ali Mia
* Mohammad Asafuddowla, musician
* Mohammed Nazibur Rahman
* Muhammad Aziz Khan, businessperson, founder of Summit Group, and first Bangladeshi on the Forbes Billionaire list
* Monirul Islam, former head of Detective Branch
* Mufti Abdul Hannan, terrorist
* Nirmal Sen, journalist and politician
* Pramatha Ranjan Thakur, Indian politician
* Prince Mahmud, noted lyricist, composer and music-director
* R. C. Majumdar, historian and 4th Vice Chancellor of the University of Dhaka
* Ruhul Amin), Islamic scholar
* Samson H. Chowdhury, businessperson, entrepreneur, founder of Square Group of Companies
* Sarbari Roy Choudhury, Indian artist
* Shahid Ullah Khandaker
* Shakib Khan, leading Dhallywood film-actor
* Shamsul Haque Faridpuri
* Shariff Enamul Kabir, academic.
* Sheikh Hasina, politician
* Sheikh Kabir Hossain
* Sheikh Lutfar Rahman
* Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah
* Sheikh Mosharraf Hossain
* Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
* Sheikh Rehana
* Sheikh Selim, politician
* Shib Nath Roy, former ambassador
* Tipu Munshi, politician and former minister
* Wahiduzzaman
* Z. A. Morshed