# E-Government in the United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is investing in adopting and implementing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in their government and private sectors. The Global Information Technology Report 2010-2011 claims that "UAE leads the MENA region in leveraging ICT for increased economic diversification and competitiveness." The contribution of the telecommunications sector in the UAE's economy rose from 4.1 per cent in 2007 to 5.3 per cent in 2010, according to “UAE Telecommunications Sector Developments & Indicators (2007-2010)”, issued in May 2011 by Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA), UAE. Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development estimates that investments in IT and Telecom sectors are likely to reach AED18.4 billion (USD5 billion) in 2011, as against AED16.1 billion in 2010.
The eGovernment program in the UAE is an initiative of the UAE Government Strategy 2011-2013 that the foundation, targets to achieve UAE Vision 2021 by executing it.

## Inception and timeline

The UAE started some of its E-Services such as E-Dirham as early as the year 2001. The service initiated by the Ministry of Finance replaced the traditional way of paying and collecting fees for government services. The government gradually made more services available online.
| # | Year | Service | Summary | Initiated by |
| 1 | February 2001 | eDirham | The first online service launched by the Ministry of Finance in the federal government to replace the traditional means of fee collection for government services. | Ministry of Finance |
| 2 | November 2002 | eGovernment Program | The Coordinating Committee for the Federal eGovernment Programme was formed and led by the Ministry of Finance and Industry | Ministry of Finance |
| 3 | March 2003 | eGovernment strategy | IBM was assigned to conduct an assessment study for the federal agencies and to develop an implementation plan | Ministry of Finance |
| 4 | June 2004 | The eGovernment Implementation Plan | A memorandum of understanding was signed with the Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (Etisalat) to provide the infrastructure for the eGovernment. The plan was divided into three phases ending in 2007 | Ministry of Finance |
| 5 | March 2005 | eGovernment Portal | The launch of the first eGovernment portal in cooperation with Etisalat, which was exclusively assigned to implement the plan | Ministry of Finance |
| 6 | March & July 2006 | Assigning the Ministry of Government Sector Development to oversee the eGovernment Programme | A ministerial decree was issued to move the eGovernment program from the Ministry of Finance to the Ministry of Government Sector Development | Ministry of Governmental Sector Development |
| 7 | June 2008 | Development of the Information Systems Strategy of the Federal Government | A ministerial decree was issued to assign the TRA to lead the efforts to develop a strategy for the information systems in the State. TRA, in cooperation with Booz Allen Company, developed the Information Systems Strategy of the Federal Government | Telecommunications Regulatory Authority |
| 8 | 2010 | Development of the Government Service Development Strategy | The Office of the Prime Minister developed a Government Service Development Strategy, which was the third foundational element of the eGovernment Strategy | Prime Minister's Office |

## The official portal of the UAE Government

The official portal of the UAE Government is u.ae (old URL:government.ae). It is part of the federal eGovernment program and a major milestone in the process of e-Transformation in the UAE.
This portal brings all e-services provided by the UAE federal and local government bodies under one umbrella. It also provides information regarding accessing government services through mobile phones and other similar electronic devices, and other means such as ATMs and public payment machines.
The aim of the portal is to provide more and better online services to the people of the UAE and involve them in the government's policies, laws, and public interest initiatives with the ultimate goal of achieving transparency.

### Functions

The official portal functions as a single-entry point for users to access various federal and local government e-services. It also facilitates communication between users and government representatives, promoting e-Participation through forums, blogs, surveys, polls, and social media. u.ae serves as the main portal, encompassing sub-portals for e-Participation, e-Services, m-Services, and UAE Open Data.

### E-Services

The UAE Government provides a range of services through its official portal u.ae. The electronic Services are classified into services for individuals, businesses, and visitors. Through the e-Services, it is now very easy for the people of the UAE to avail a variety of services without leaving their homes or office spaces. The portal has an advanced search facility to help people look for the services they want to access. The portal also contains a section on alternate means for accessing government services.

### M-Services

The portal also provides adequate information on the various services that are available through mobile devices and how to avail of them with the help of specially developed short codes and mobile applications. The portal has links to download smartphone applications for BlackBerry, iPhone and Android.
Innovative and facilitating option for the business was launched in 2013 when a smart phone app for business registration and licensing was unveiled in Dubai.

### E-Participation

One of the major features of the enhanced portal is the inclusion of e-Participation channels. The federal portal has engaged multiple platforms like forums, blogs, chats, surveys, polls, and social media tools like Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube to reach out to the general public and engage them in active communication with the government with regard to their opinions and experiences on government services, policies etc.

### Open Data

Under Open Data, government data and information is made available to the public. People can now have access to economic data, population statistics, etc. Open Data could benefit students, economists and researchers in particular and the public in general.

## ICT infrastructure and penetration

According to Telecommunications Regulatory Authority’s (TRA) May 2011 figures, the UAE has 196.3 mobile phone subscriptions per every 100 inhabitants. With 1,417,519 internet subscribers, the UAE has 62.4 internet users per every 100 inhabitants.

## E-Readiness ranking

e-Readiness or Networked Readiness Index (NRI) measures the level of preparedness of a country's government to deliver services and information online and the overall value it delivers to the public. e-Readiness or the Readiness Index involves the government's ability to use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to boost their socio-economic conditions and overall public welfare.

### Global Information Technology Report (GITR)

According to The GITR 2010-2011, UAE was ranked first amongst Arab countries and stood 24th amongst 138 countries reviewed in the Networked Readiness Index (NRI), indicating the importance the country gives to Information and Communication Technology as a crucial instrument for economic diversification, enhanced efficiency, and modernization. The same report showed Qatar's position at 25, Bahrain's position at 30, Saudi Arabia at 33, and Oman at 41.
The UAE is one of the few countries in the region that has maintained its steady climb in the eReadiness ranking chart. The UAE shot up six positions in NRI; from 29th position amongst 127 countries reviewed in 2007–2008 to 23rd amongst 133 countries reviewed in 2009–2010.

### UN eGovernment Survey

United Nations Public Administration Network (UNPAN) also conducts a similar survey and publishes its report on eGovernment ranking. The report called UN eGovernment Survey was published annually until 2005 but later became a biennial publication.
The UAE's overall ranking as per the UN eGovernment Survey has gone through many ups and downs. UAE's rank rose for two consecutive surveys; it leapt from 60th rank in 2004 by 18 ranks to be at 42nd position in the year 2005 and then rose by 10 ranks to be at 32nd position in the year 2008. However, its rank took a steep dip in 2010 attaining 49th position. However, overall, the UAE was ranked fourth in the region in 2010 report.

## Emirates eGovernment

Emirates eGovernment is responsible for developing, implementing and maintaining the eGovernment program at the federal level in the UAE. This involves renovating and upgrading the conventional methods of delivering government services and having the services delivered electronically through the deployment of modern Information and communication technologies (ICT).

### Services

Emirates eGovernment has set up the UAE's official portal www.government.ae, which is a major milestone in the process of e-Transformation in the UAE. This portal brings all e-Services and information provided by the UAE federal and local government bodies under one umbrella.
Emirates eGovernment provides services on G2G, G2B and G2C levels. The UAE's official portal www.government.ae falls under the G2B and G2C level. Under G2G services, the entity provides cloud and Government Website Evaluation Index (GWEI) services.

### Initiatives and awards

Emirates eGovernment pioneers' various initiatives that aid the development of the eGovernment program in the UAE. It is actively involved in projects that promote the usage of e-Services and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools by the federal government entities and the public in a safe and effective way to achieve better delivery of services and good governance.
Emirates eGovernment regularly holds workshops for internal staff and federal government employees on topics relating to eGovernment, cloud services such as Morasalate and Malaxate, IT trends, and effective use of ICT to achieve the entity's goals etc.

#### Policies and Guidelines

Emirates eGovernment drafted a number of guidelines for federal government entities in the UAE. These guidelines deal with websites, social media usage, web content. Emirates eGovernment also issued draft documents related to e-Participation and open data. These guidelines comprise recommendations on the content style, design, layout, accessibility features etc. to make the federal government websites in accordance with the international standards of web content and design as laid down by World Wide Web Consortium.
The Guidelines for Social Media Usage won Emirates eGovernment the 2011 ‘Social Media Initiative of the Year’ award. The guidelines document was prepared in partnership with and extensive support from Dubai School of Government's Governance and Innovation Program and in collaboration with the UAE Government entities. Senior Advisors at Information Technology research firm Gartner Inc. and United Nations e-Government programme also offered their assistance and recommendations in preparing this document.

## Local eGovernment Programs

eGovernment in the UAE has been launched and is successfully operating at local levels as well. The governments of six out of the seven emirates, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman and Fujairah have launched their official portals.
The portals offer many interactive and transactional services such as bill payments, license renewals etc. In addition, Abu Dhabi and Dubai government portals offer information and advice to residents, businesses and visitors on related matters such as how to apply for health card, how to obtain drivers’ license, or how to apply for visa.
The UAE Government is aiming for the electronic transformation or e-Transformation of many of its services at the federal level. The UAE government is taking many steps to achieve this. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai stressed, while launching the federal portal of the UAE that "e-Transformation in the UAE and the provision of federal and local services through one portal contributes to enhance the state's competitiveness and opens up broader prospects for direct communication with community groups and works to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of governmental work in the country."