OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sorokdo

Sorokdo (Korean: 소록도, lit. 'Sorok Island') is an island in Goheung County, South Jeolla in South Korea. The word sorok means "small deer", which the island's coastline, viewed from above, is supposed to resemble. The island is approximately one kilometer away from the larger Nokdong Port.

## History

Prior to Japanese colonization, Sorokdo had a population of roughly 1000 people living in 170 households.
Sorokdo is the site of the largest leper colony in South Korea, housed in Sorokdo National Hospital. The hospital was built in 1916, then known as Sorokdo Charity Clinic. Established during the Japanese colonization of Korea, the hospital and the island were turned into a concentration camp for lepers, with a history of patient abuse including slave labor, forced sterilizations, unethical human experimentation, and deliberate starvation. The Japanese authorities divided the island geographically - the eastern portion was a zone for non-patients, i.e. hospital staff and their families, while the western area was used to isolate patients. The dividing line between the two was referred to as sutanjang, meaning 'place of sadness'. Patients were allowed to see their families once a month, but were forced to remain at a distance as the disease was believed to be airborne.
At its peak in 1940, 6,000 patients with Hansen's disease resided on the island. Following the end of Japanese rule, the South Korean government continued to quarantine people with leprosy on Sorokdo until 1963.
In 1962, two Catholic Austrian nurses, Margreth Pissarek and Marianne Stoeger, arrived at Sorokdo to provide treatment for patients and help establish community facilities, such as childcare centers. In 1984 Pope John Paul II visited the island; this was considered a watershed moment in the consideration of the human rights of the remaining patients and residents.
The Japanese colonial law regarding the quarantine of lepers remained in effect in South Korean until 1991; the South Korean government continued to send lepers to Sorokdo National Hospital and seven leper villages remained on the island as of 2007.

## Present day

In 2009, the Sorokdo bridge opened, connecting the island to the mainland and the neighboring island of Geogeum. Prior to the bridge's opening, formerly infected people were required to show permission from a doctor to take the ferry to leave the island. The Sorokdo National Hospital predominantly treats patients with dementia, and the island sees roughly 300,000 tourists per year.
Sorokdo National Hospital Hansen’s Disease Museum was designated as a national specialized museum by the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism in 2019.
In 1935, Japanese authorities forced patients to build a Shinto shrine to mandate Shinto worship as part of the Japanese assimilationist policy naisen ittai (Japanese: 内鮮一体). Still standing on the island, it is one of the last remaining Shinto shrines left in South Korea. Other religious buildings, including Catholic and Protestant churches as well as Buddhist temples, have been built on the island.

### In films

Portions of the 2016 film Dongju: The Portrait of a Poet were filmed on Sorokdo.
# Richard Frenkel

Richard "Rick" G. Frenkel (born 1966 or 1967) was an in-house intellectual property counsel and director of intellectual property at Cisco Systems. He was once the anonymous author of the Patent Troll Tracker blog, focusing on the subject of "patent trolls" and "a must-read blog among top intellectual property litigators".

## Dispute

In October 2007, Frenkel posted anonymous comments through his Patent Troll Tracker blog about a patent infringement case in which Cisco was the defendant. Frenkel claimed that the plaintiff, a company named ESN, filed a lawsuit one day before the patent in the lawsuit was issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (which if true would have meant that ESN did not have legal standing). Frenkel also suggested that ESN's local counsel may have improperly convinced the Clerk of Court of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas to change the date on the docket to reflect that the case was filed the next day. At that time, a $15,000 bounty for his identity had also been offered by Chicago attorney Raymond Niro Sr.

## Litigation claims

After Frenkel publicly revealed his identity on February 23, 2008, in the entry titled "Live by anonymity, die by anonymity", the attorneys for ESN, T. John Ward, Jr., the son of East Texas federal Judge T. John Ward, and Eric Albritton, filed defamation actions against Cisco and Frenkel. "The attorneys [were] seeking damages for shame, embarrassment, humiliation, mental pain, and anguish. Further, the attorneys state[d] injuries to their "business reputation, good name, and standing in the community, and [would] be exposed to the hatred, contempt, and ridicule of the public in general as well as of his business associates, clients, friends, and relatives."

### Issues

The case raised questions about the risks of blogging anonymously, and received wide publicity in the blogosphere as it was thought that the lawsuits could result in precedents to be applied to future bloggers. Subsequently, Cisco updated its policy on employee blogging.

## Trial

The Albritton case went to trial in Tyler, Texas on September 14, 2009. After Judge Richard A. Schell ruled that Albritton had to prove actual malice to be eligible for punitive damages, the litigation settled. The Ward case—which was filed against Cisco and not Frenkel—settled in January 2010.

## Career change

Frenkel left Cisco in August 2008 to join the Palo Alto office of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati as a patent litigator. He was a partner with the firm. At the time he joined the firm, he said he was done with blogging. As of 2022, Frenkel was a partner at the law firm of Latham & Watkins.
# The Social Leper

The Social Leper is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by Harley Knoles and starring Carlyle Blackwell, Arthur Ashley and June Elvidge.

## Cast

* Carlyle Blackwell as John Dean
* Arthur Ashley as Robert Warren
* June Elvidge as Adrienne Van Couver
* George MacQuarrie as Henry Armstrong
* Isabel Berwin as Mrs. Stephen Barkley
* Evelyn Greeley as Lorraine Barkley
* Eugenie Woodward as Mrs. Dean
* Edna Whistler as Madame Melvina
# Hutten

Hutten and von Hutten may refer to:
* Alexandrine von Hutten-Czapska (1854–1941), Polish novelist
* Bettina Riddle von Hutten (1874–1957), American-born novelist
* Christoph Franz von Hutten (1673–1729), Bishop of Würzburg
* Emeryk Hutten-Czapski (1828–1896), Polish Count
* Philipp von Hutten (1505–1546), German conquistador
* Ulrich von Hutten (1488–1523), German humanist
# Dermot Earley Jnr

Dermot Earley Junior (born 7 July 1978) is a Gaelic footballer who played for the Sarsfields Newbridge club and at senior level for the Kildare county team. He is the son of former Roscommon footballer and former Kildare manager Dermot Earley, brother of Kildare footballer David Earley and nephew of Roscommon footballer Paul Earley.
Earley was a regular player for Kildare at midfield position for more than 15 years and his performances won him All Star Awards in 1998 and 2009. He reached the 1998 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final with Kildare, and won Leinster medals in 1998 and again in 2000 after the replay against neighbours Dublin.
He retired from inter-county football in 2013.
In January 2017, Earley was named as the new chief executive of the Gaelic Players Association, replacing Dessie Farrell who stepped down in December 2016.
Involved in the Kildare backroom team of Glenn Ryan from October 2021.

## Honours
### Club

* Kildare Senior Football Championship (4): 1999, 2001, 2005, 2012
* Kildare Senior Football League Division 1 (2): 2007, 2012
* Kildare Minor Football Championship (1): 1996

### Inter-county

* Leinster Senior Football Championship (2): 1998, 2000
* All Star (2): 1998, 2009
# Tomoko Akane

Tomoko Akane (赤根 智子, Akane Tomoko) is a Japanese jurist and current judge at the International Criminal Court (ICC) for Japan, as well as the president of the court.

## Professional career

After graduating from University of Tokyo, she became a public prosecutor in 1982. During her career, she assumed posts at different levels of the justice system. She chose to become a public prosecutor due to the lack of opportunities the private sector provided for women and prosecutor since she wanted to be involved in serving justice to victims and criminals. Akane was the chief prosecutor of the Hakodate district in Hokkaido between 2010 and 2012, and became a prosecutor at the Supreme Public Prosecutors Office in 2012.
Akane was also a professor in criminal justice practice at both the Chukyo University Law School and the Nagoya University Law School between 2005 and 2009. In Nagoya, she was also researching in the field of criminal justice reform between 2005 and 2006. She was the head of the International Cooperation Department (ICD) in the Japanese Ministry of Justice between 2009 and 2010. She was involved in the activities of the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) for more than seven years and served as the director of the UNAFEI between July 2013 and October 2014. From 2014 to 2016, she was the director-general of the Research and Training Institute of the Ministry of Justice. From 2016 until joining the ICC, she served as Japan's ambassador for international judicial cooperation.

### Fields involved

Akane reports to valuing the ability of judicial systems in preventing people from reoffending. During her work for the UNAFEI, she was twice deployed to Kenya, where she was involved in the training of probation officers.

## Judge at the International Criminal Court

She was nominated as a candidate to the ICC in April 2016 by the Government of Japan and elected as a judge of the ICC on the 4 December 2017 by the Assembly of State Parties in New York. She assumed her post in March 2018 for a tenure of nine years. As a judge at the ICC she is mainly assigned to Pre-Trial Chamber II.
In 20 March 2023, Russia initiated a criminal investigation against Akane, Rosario Salvatore Aitala and Sergio Gerardo Ugalde Godinez in response to an arrest warrant issued on 17 March 2023 against its president Vladimir Putin for the unlawful deportations of Ukrainian children to Russia during the Russian-Ukrainian war. In July, 2023, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs issued a warrant for her arrest.
She said in an interview with a Japanese TV station."Even if one of the judges dies, they can be replaced by any number of people, so it's not worth going after them. I think."
In March 2024 she was elected President of the International Criminal Court for the term 2024–2027 by the judges of the ICC.

## Personal life

She is fluent in Japanese and English.
# Sierra Spirit

Sierra Spirit Kihega, known professionally as Sierra Spirit, is a Native American singer-songwriter from Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States. She is a member of the Otoe-Missouria and Keetoowah Cherokee tribes. Her music blends indie rock with guitar-driven melodies and deeply personal lyrics, drawing inspiration from her lived experiences and cultural background.

## Early life

Sierra Spirit Kihega was born and raised in Oklahoma, where she grew up within driving distance of both her tribes' reservations. Her early exposure to classic country music and the rich musical heritage of Oklahoma influenced her sound. Self-taught on guitar and piano, Spirit began writing songs at a young age but struggled to find her artistic footing until her early 20s.

## Musical style and influences

Sierra Spirit's sound is characterized by melancholy, guitar-driven melodies and introspective lyrics. She cites artists such as Phoebe Bridgers, The Japanese House, and Ethel Cain as musical influences. Spirit taught herself guitar by learning Bridgers' album Stranger in the Alps, which became a formative part of her musical journey.

## Career

Spirit began recording her debut EP, Coin Toss, in collaboration with producer Aaron Taos after they spent two weeks recording together. The EP explores themes of loss, love, mental health, and self-discovery.
Her debut single, "Ghost", delves into the emotional exhaustion of a one-sided relationship. The song reflects feelings of vulnerability and the desire to retreat from a connection where one feels exposed and undervalued.

## Personal life and advocacy

Spirit has spoken openly about her struggles with depression and anxiety, as well as the impact of mental illness and addiction within the Native American community. She hopes her music can help destigmatize mental health issues, particularly among Indigenous people, where cultural expectations of stoicism often discourage vulnerability. Spirit has said her goal is to create music that resonates with others and helps listeners feel seen and understood.
As an Indigenous artist, Spirit emphasizes the importance of representation in the music industry. She credits her motivation to the absence of Native musicians to look up to during her childhood, stating that she wants to be that inspiration for future generations of Indigenous artists.

## Discography

Extended plays
| Title | Details |
| Stripped Sessions | Released May 22, 2024 |
| Coin Toss | Released October 10, 2024 |
Singles
| Title | Details |
| "Ghost" | Released February 7, 2024 |
| "Televangelic" | Released March 13, 2024 |
| "I'll Find You" | Released April 17, 2024 |
| "I'll Be Waiting (Pug)" | Released July 11, 2024 |
| "Bleed You" | Released August 14, 2024 |
| "Better Wild" | Released September 18, 2024 |
| "Creep" | Released October 25, 2024 |
| "American Pie" | Released January 28, 2025 |
# List of last surviving World War I veterans

This is a list of the last known surviving veterans of the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) who lived to 1999 or later, along with the last known veterans for countries that participated in the war. Veterans are defined as people who were members of the armed forces of the combatant nations during the conflict, although some states use other definitions.
Florence Green, a British citizen who served in the Allied armed forces as a Royal Air Force (WRAF) service member, is generally considered to have been the last verified veteran of the war at her death on 4 February 2012, aged 110. The last combat veteran was Claude Choules, who served in the British Royal Navy (and later the Royal Australian Navy) and died 5 May 2011, aged 110. The last veteran who served in the trenches was Harry Patch (British Army), who died on 25 July 2009, aged 111. The last Central Powers veteran, Franz Künstler of Austria-Hungary, died on 27 May 2008 at the age of 107.
The total number of participating personnel is estimated by the Encyclopædia Britannica at 65,038,810. There were approximately 9,750,000 military deaths during the conflict.

## Last surviving veterans of each country

| Country | Veteran | Death date | Age |
| Armenia | Senekerim Arakelian [hy] | 9 September 2000 | 98 years |
| Australia | John Campbell Ross | 3 June 2009 | 110 years |
| Austria | August Bischof [de] | 4 March 2006 | 105 years |
| Belgium | Cyriel Barbary | 16 September 2004 | 105 years |
| Brazil | Waldemar Levy Cardoso | 13 May 2009 | 108 years |
| Canada | John Babcock | 18 February 2010 | 109 years |
| China | Zhu Guisheng | 5 March 2002 | 106 years |
| Czechoslovak Legions | Alois Vocásek | 9 August 2003 | 107 years |
| Denmark | Lorenz Gram [dk] | 26 December 2004 | 105 years |
| France | Pierre Picault [fr] | 20 November 2008 | 109 years |
| Germany | Erich Kästner | 1 January 2008 | 107 years |
| Guyana | Gershom Browne | 6 December 2000 | 102 years |
| Hungary | Franz Künstler | 27 May 2008 | 107 years |
| India | Robert Francis Ruttledge | 12 January 2002 | 102 years |
| Italy | Delfino Borroni | 26 October 2008 | 110 years |
| Jamaica | Stanley Stair | April 2008 | 107 years |
| Japan | Yasuichi Sasaki | 26 July 2006 | 108 years |
| Montenegro | Danilo Dajković [sr] | 14 September 1993 | 98 years |
| New Zealand | Bright Williams | 13 February 2003 | 106 years |
| Newfoundland | Wallace Pike | 11 April 1999 | 99 years |
| Ottoman Empire | Yakup Satar | 2 April 2008 | 110 years |
| Poland | Stanisław Wycech | 12 January 2008 | 105 years |
| Romania | Gheorghe Pănculescu | 9 January 2007 | 103 years |
| Russia | Mikhail Krichevsky | 26 December 2008 | 111 years |
| Serbia | Aleksa Radovanović | 22 June 2004 | 103 years |
| Siam | Yod Sangrungruang [th] | 9 October 2003 | 106 years |
| South Africa | Norman Benjamin Kark | 30 March 2000 | 102 years |
| United Kingdom | Florence Green | 4 February 2012 | 110 years |
| United States | Frank Buckles | 27 February 2011 | 110 years |
# Terpineol

Terpineol is any of four isomeric monoterpenoids. Terpenoids are terpene that are modified by the addition of a functional group, in this case, an alcohol. Terpineols have been isolated from a variety of sources such as cardamom, cajuput oil, pine oil, and petitgrain oil. Four isomers exist: α-terpineol, β-terpineol, γ-terpineol, and terpinen-4-ol. β-Terpineol and γ-terpineol differ only by the location of the double bond. Terpineol is usually a mixture of these isomers with α-terpineol as the major constituent.
    Terpineols: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and the 4-terpineol isomer
Terpineol has a pleasant odor similar to lilac and is a common ingredient in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavors. α-Terpineol is one of the two most abundant aroma constituents of lapsang souchong tea; the α-terpineol originates in the pine smoke used to dry the tea. (+)-α-Terpineol is a chemical constituent of skullcap.

## Synthesis and biosynthesis

Although it is naturally occurring, terpineol is commonly manufactured from alpha-pinene, which is hydrated in the presence of sulfuric acid.
An alternative route starts from limonene:
    Terpineol synthesis from limonene
Limonene reacts with trifluoroacetic acid in a Markovnikov addition to a trifluoroacetate intermediate, which is easily hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to α-terpineol with 7% selectivity. Side-products are β-terpineol in a mixture of the cis isomer, the trans isomer, and 4-terpineol.
The biosynthesis of α-terpineol proceeds from geranyl pyrophosphate, which releases pyrophosphate to give the terpinyl cation. This carbocation is the precursor to many terpenes and terpenoids. Its hydrolysis gives terpineol.
    Biosynthetic conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to the terpenes α-pinene and β-pinene (right) and to α-terpineol (bottom left).
# Bisera Veletanlić

Bisera Veletanlić (Serbian Cyrillic: Бисера Велетанлић, pronounced; born 15 September 1942 in Sisak) is a Serbian jazz singer, one of the greatest names of Yugoslav evergreen scene and the star of music festivals in the 1970s. She has been called "one of the most original singers from the Balkans".

## Discography
### Singles

* Crveni cvet / Lutka sad si ti / Da li si usamljen noćas / U moje doba (-{Extended Play Single}-, 1964)
* Dečak taj / Ne želim takvu ljubav / -{Sunny}- / Volim ceo svet (-{Extended Play Single}-, 1967)
* Kad bi (Opatija, 1967)
* Dugo / Ne plači (1971)
* Ruku mi daj / Noć je duga (1973)
* Maglovit dan / Ne traži (1973)
* Milo moje / A ja te znam (1973)
* Među stvarima (-{Double Extended Play Single}-, 1974)
* Misli o tebi / Ručak za svoje (1974)
* Ti si obala ta / Ti nisi sam (1974)
* Volim te / Prozor (1974)
* Dođi, kad zima odlazi / Proletnji dan (1975)
* Šta ću, nano, dragi mi je ljut / Tužno popodne (1975)
* Ti si čovek moj / Još samo malo (1975)
* Dan ljubavi / Ostavi sve (prepev pesme -{Den ljubezni}- od grupe Pepel in kri. Sa Biserom pevaju još i Nada Knežević, Beti Đorđević i Boba Stefanović, 1975)
* Aha, aha / Budi dobar, i misli na mene (1976)
* Baj, baj, baj / 222805 (1976)
# Katholieke Studentenvereniging Sanctus Virgilius Delft

KSV (Dutch: Katholieke Studenten Vereniging, English: Catholic Student Society) Sanctus Virgilius (also known as Virgiel) is the largest student fraternity/sorority in Delft, named after the Irish born astronomer, geometer and bishop Saint Virgil. There are about 2000 student members (mostly students at TU Delft) who gather together on a daily or weekly basis at an old monastery named Alcuin in the city centre of Delft.
A wide variety of sports and cultural events are organized by members of Virgiel, including football, field hockey, rugby and climbing.
Virgiel was created in 1898 as the result of emancipation of the Catholic youth in the Netherlands. Catholicism had long been repressed by government policy, and Delft Catholic students wanted to unite to discuss their faith and position in society. At the time, most members also belonged to the Delftsch Studenten Corps [nl], the oldest student fraternity/sorority in town.
After the Second World War, Virgiel quickly grew. In the 1960s it quickly lost much of its religious objective. Virgiel is now a non-faith-based fraternity/sorority, which is primarily aimed at having a good time while also expanding knowledge and views outside class-hours.
# Conophylline

Conophylline is a autophagy inducing vinca alkaloid found in plants of the genus Tabernaemontana. Among the many functional groups in this molecule is an epoxide: the compound where that ring is replaced with a double bond is called conophyllidine and this co-occurs in the same plants.

## History

Conophylline and conophyllidine were first reported in 1993 after isolation from the ethanol extract of leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata. Their structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The class of vinca alkaloids to which these compounds belong also contains vincristine and vinblastine, well-known therapeutic agents for human cancers, so they were candidates for a number of biochemical assays to see if they had useful biological activity. By 1996, conophylline it had been reported to inhibit tumours in rats by its action on Ras-expressing cells. This finding did not lead to a useful drug but the molecule continues to be investigated for its biological properties.

## Synthesis
### Biosynthesis

As with other Indole alkaloids, the biosynthesis of conophylline and conophyllidine starts from the amino acid tryptophan. This is converted into strictosidine before further elaboration and dimerisation.

### Chemical synthesis

Fukuyama and coworkers published a total synthesis of conophylline and conophyllidine in 2011. Their strategy was to couple two indoline-containing fragments using a type of Polonovski reaction. The synthesis was challenging owing to the eleven stereogenic centers which have to be controlled. The final products are chiral, and laevorotary.

## Natural occurrence

Conophylline and conophyllidine are found in species of the genus Tabernaemontana including Ervatamia microphylla and Tabernaemontana divaricata. The latter species is known to produce many other alkaloids including catharanthine, ibogamine and voacristine.