# Politics of Hungary

Politics of Hungary :
Constitution
1949 Constitution
Constitutional Court :
Executive
President (list)
Tamás Sulyok
Government
Current cabinet
Prime Minister (list)
Viktor Orbán :
Parliament
National Assembly
Speaker: László Kövér
Political parties
Fidesz
Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP)
Jobbik
Politics Can Be Different (LMP)
Dialogue for Hungary (PM)
Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP)
Democratic Coalition (DK)
Momentum Movement (M)
Everybody's Hungary Movement (MMM)
Our Homeland Movement (MH) :
Recent elections
Parliamentary: 201820222026
Presidential: 201720222024
Local: 201420192024
European: 201420192024 :
Budapest
Mayor of Budapest
Gergely Karácsony
Mayoral elections
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2019
2024 :
Administrative divisions
Districts
Counties
Regions
Subregions :
Foreign relations
Austria–Hungary relations
China–Hungary relations
France–Hungary relations
Germany–Hungary relations
Hungary–Italy relations
Hungary–Russia relations
Hungary–United Kingdom relations
Hungary–United States relations
Timeline of Hungary–European Union relations
Politics of the European Union :
Hungary portal
Other countries :
vte :
The politics of Hungary take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The prime minister is the head of government of a pluriform multi-party system, while the president is the head of state and holds a largely ceremonial position. As of 2024, The country is considered "no longer a full democracy" by the EU, and is generally said to have democratically backslid since 2010 when the Fidesz–KDNP Party Alliance led by Viktor Orbán won a two-third parliamentary supermajority and adopted a new constitution of Hungary that have both remained in place since.
Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the parliament. The party system since the last elections has been dominated by the conservative Fidesz. The three larger oppositions are Democratic Coalition (DK), Momentum and Jobbik; there are also opposition parties with a small fraction in parliament (e.g. Politics Can Be Different). The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Hungary is an independent state, which has been a member of the European Union since 2004. Since 1989 Hungary has been a parliamentary republic. Legislative power is exercised by the unicameral National Assembly that consists of 199 members. Members of the National Assembly are elected for four years.
In the April 2022 election, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán won a fourth consecutive term in office. His party, Fidesz, secured another two-thirds majority in parliament.

## Executive branch

Main office-holders :
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
| President | Tamás Sulyok | Independent | 5 March 2024 |
| Prime Minister | Viktor Orbán | Fidesz | 29 May 2010 |
The president of the republic, elected by the National Assembly every five years, has a largely ceremonial role, but they are nominally the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and their powers include the nomination of the prime minister, who is to be elected by a majority of the votes of the members of Parliament, based on the recommendation made by the president of the republic. If the president dies, resigns or is otherwise unable to carry out his duties, the speaker of the National Assembly becomes acting president.
Due to the Hungarian Constitution, based on the post-World War II Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the prime minister has a leading role in the executive branch as he selects Cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them (similarly to the competences of the German federal chancellor). Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings, survive a vote by the Parliament and must be formally approved by the president.
The laws are decided by the Diet of Hungary and later by the National Assembly.
In Communist Hungary, the executive branch of the Hungarian People's Republic was represented by the Council of Ministers.

## Legislative branch

Main office-holders :
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
| Speaker of the National Assembly | László Kövér | Fidesz | 6 August 2010 |
The unicameral, 199-member National Assembly (Országgyűlés) is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. Its members are elected for a four-year term. The election threshold is 5%, but it only applies to the multi-seat constituencies and the compensation seats, not the single-seat constituencies.

## Political parties and elections

Turnout (within Hungary only, excluding eligible voters abroad) :
| 7:00 | 9:00 | 11:00 | 13:00 | 15:00 | 17:00 | 18:30 | Overall |
| 1.82% | 10.31% | 25.77% | 40.01% | 52.75% | 62.92% | 67.80% | 70.21% |
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Total seats | +/– |
| | Fidesz-KDNP | 3,060,706 | 54.13 | 48 | 2,823,419 | 52.52 | 87 | 135 | +2 |
| | United for Hungary | 1,947,331 | 34.44 | 38 | 1,983,708 | 36.90 | 19 | 57 | –8 |
| | Our Homeland Movement | 332,487 | 5.88 | 6 | 307,064 | 5.71 | 0 | 6 | New |
| | Hungarian Two-Tailed Dog Party | 185,052 | 3.27 | 0 | 126,648 | 2.36 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Solution Movement | 58,929 | 1.04 | 0 | 64,341 | 1.20 | 0 | 0 | New |
| | Party of Normal Life | 39,720 | 0.70 | 0 | 31,495 | 0.59 | 0 | 0 | New |
| | National Self-Government of Germans | 24,630 | 0.44 | 1 | | | | 1 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Croats | 1,760 | 0.03 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Slovaks | 1,208 | 0.02 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Rusyns | 645 | 0.01 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Romanians | 526 | 0.01 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Serbs | 418 | 0.01 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Ukrainians | 396 | 0.01 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Poles | 281 | 0.00 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Greeks | 232 | 0.00 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Slovenes | 219 | 0.00 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Armenians | 163 | 0.00 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Self-Government of Bulgarians | 157 | 0.00 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | Leftist Alliance | | | | 8,678 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | New |
| | True Democratic Party | | | | 989 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New |
| | Civic Response | | | | 521 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New |
| | Our Party – IMA | | | | 326 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New |
| | Party of Greens | | | | 208 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New |
| | Democratic Organisation of the Hungarian Poor and Workers | | | | 177 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New |
| | Hungarian Liberal Party | | | | 152 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Independents | | | | 28,416 | 0.53 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 5,654,860 | 100.00 | 93 | 5,376,142 | 100.00 | 106 | 199 | 0 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 5,654,860 | 99.00 | | 5,376,142 | 98.80 | | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 57,065 | 1.00 | | 65,239 | 1.20 | | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 5,711,925 | 100.00 | | 5,441,381 | 100.00 | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 8,215,304 | 69.53 | | 7,703,191 | 70.64 | | | |
| Source: National Electoral Commission, National Electoral Commission ||||||||||

### Party list results by county and in the diaspora

| County | Fidesz-KDNP | EM | MH | MKKP | MEMO | NÉP | Turnout |
| Bács-Kiskun | 57.25 | 29.66 | 7.58 | 3.08 | 1.01 | 0.81 | 67.5% |
| Baranya | 49.67 | 36.08 | 5.93 | 3.54 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 67.5% |
| Békés | 52.81 | 34.36 | 7.64 | 2.62 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 66.4% |
| Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén | 54.38 | 34.29 | 6.89 | 2.31 | 0.99 | 0.78 | 64.7% |
| Budapest | 40.84 | 47.84 | 4.11 | 5.19 | 1.26 | 0.53 | 75.5% |
| Csongrád-Csanád | 47.44 | 39.69 | 7.34 | 3.61 | 1.10 | 0.72 | 70.5% |
| Fejér | 53.55 | 33.80 | 6.62 | 3.52 | 1.15 | 0.76 | 71.5% |
| Győr-Moson-Sopron | 57.07 | 30.83 | 6.21 | 3.28 | 1.33 | 0.72 | 73.7% |
| Hajdú-Bihar | 57.88 | 30.87 | 6.60 | 2.69 | 1.02 | 0.83 | 66.1% |
| Heves | 54.98 | 33.37 | 7.31 | 2.50 | 0.97 | 0.74 | 69.0% |
| Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok | 55.58 | 33.02 | 7.15 | 2.45 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 65.9% |
| Komárom-Esztergom | 50.53 | 36.32 | 6.72 | 3.39 | 1.11 | 0.95 | 69.3% |
| Nógrád | 59.00 | 29.27 | 7.66 | 2.15 | 0.80 | 0.68 | 66.9% |
| Pest | 50.88 | 36.44 | 5.81 | 4.05 | 1.25 | 0.66 | 72.9% |
| Somogy | 56.33 | 33.48 | 5.97 | 2.22 | 1.02 | 0.66 | 68.2% |
| Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg | 61.66 | 29.04 | 5.59 | 1.64 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 65.4% |
| Tolna | 58.95 | 28.49 | 6.67 | 2.46 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 68.8% |
| Vas | 59.94 | 29.55 | 5.59 | 2.89 | 0.89 | 0.72 | 74.8% |
| Veszprém | 52.57 | 34.44 | 6.88 | 3.39 | 1.00 | 0.76 | 71.8% |
| Zala | 56.72 | 31.98 | 6.63 | 2.68 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 71.6% |
| Total in Hungary | 52.45 | 36.15 | 6.15 | 3.42 | 1.10 | 0.73 | 70.21% |
| Diaspora | 93.89 | 4.12 | 1.06 | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.22 | – |
| Total | 54.13 | 34.44 | 5.88 | 3.27 | 1.04 | 0.70 | 69.59% |
There are basically two main factions in the Hungarian political system, the right-wing FIDESZ-KDNP coalition, and the center-right to left-wing United for Hungary which consists of the following parties: DK, MSZP, Jobbik, Dialogue, LMP-Greens, Momentum. There are also associate parties and movements such as ÚVNP, Liberals, New Start, MMM movement, 99M movement. There are also some minor parties which are not part of these two coalitions such as the far-right Our Homeland Movement, and the joke party called Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party.

## Judicial branches

A fifteen-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality. This body was last filled in July 2010. Members are elected for a term of twelve years. Critics of the ruling coalition contend that since the Hungarian government filled the Constitutional Court with loyal judges, the institution mostly serves to legitimize government interests and has lost its original purpose as democratic defender of the rule of law and of human rights - as several reports of independent human rights NGOs, such as the Hungarian Helsinki Committee emphasize.
The president of the Supreme Court of Hungary (Curia) and the Hungarian civil and penal legal system he leads is fully independent of the Executive Branch.
The attorney general or chief prosecutor of Hungary is currently fully independent of the executive branch, but his status is actively debated.
Several ombudsman offices exist in Hungary to protect civil, minority, educational and ecological rights in non-judicial matters. They have held the authority to issue legally binding decisions since late 2003.

## Financial branch

The central bank, the Hungarian National Bank was fully self-governing between 1990 and 2004, but new legislation gave certain appointment rights to the executive branch in November 2004 which is disputed before the Constitutional Court.

## Administrative divisions

Hungary is divided in 19 counties (megyék, singular – megye), 23 urban counties* (megyei jogú városok, singular – megyei jogú város), and 1 capital city** (főváros); Bács-Kiskun, Baranya, Békés, Békéscsaba*, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Budapest**, Csongrád, Debrecen*, Dunaújváros*, Eger*, Érd*, Fejér, Győr*, Győr-Moson-Sopron, Hajdú-Bihar, Heves, Hódmezővásárhely*, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvár*, Kecskemét*, Komárom-Esztergom, Miskolc*, Nagykanizsa*, Nógrád, Nyíregyháza*, Pécs*, Pest, Salgótarján*, Somogy, Sopron*, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, Szeged*, Szekszárd*, Székesfehérvár*, Szolnok*, Szombathely*, Tatabánya*, Tolna, Vas, Veszprém, Veszprém*, Zala, Zalaegerszeg*

## Involvement in international organisations

Hungary is a member of the ABEDA, Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, CEPI EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (member, as by 1 May 2004), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNU, UPU, WCO, WFTU, Visegrád Group, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, and the Zangger Committee.

## Ministries

Note: with restructuring and reorganisation, this information may change even within a governmental period.
Ministries of Hungary :
| English name | Hungarian name | Minister |
| The Prime Minister's Office | Miniszterelnökség | Gergely Gulyás |
| The Prime Minister's Cabinet Office | A Miniszterelnöki Kabinetiroda | Antal Rogán |
| Ministry of Home Affairs | Belügyminisztérium | Sándor Pintér |
| Ministry of Defence | Honvédelmi Minisztérium | Tibor Benkő |
| Ministry of Human Resources | Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma | Miklós Kásler |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade | Külgazdasági és Külügyminisztérium | Péter Szijjártó |
| Ministry of Justice | Igazságügyi Minisztérium | Judit Varga |
| Ministry of Finance | Pénzügyminisztérium | Mihály Varga |
| Ministry of Agriculture | Agrárminisztérium | István Nagy |
| Ministry of Innovation and Technology | Innovációs és Technológiai Minisztérium | László Palkovics |

### Ministers without portfolio

* Ministers without portfolio: János Süli, Andrea Bártfai-Mager, Katalin Novák