OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Perry Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania

Perry Township is a township that is located in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 367 at the time of the 2020 census, an increase over the figure of 352 that was tabulated in 2010.

## History

Perry Township appears in the 1876 Atlas of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania.

### Cemeteries

* Crawford Cemetery
* Robinson Cemetery
* Saints Peter and Paul Cemetery
* Shakley Cemetery
* Walley Cemetery

## Geography

Perry Township is located in northern Armstrong County, between the west bank of the Allegheny River and the western county boundary. It is bordered to the north by the city of Parker.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 15.0 square miles (38.9 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 404 people, 154 households, and 119 families residing in the township.
The population density was 26.9 inhabitants per square mile (10.4/km$^2$). There were 263 housing units at an average density of 17.5/sq mi (6.8/km$^2$).
The racial makeup of the township was 99.75% White, and 0.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population.
There were 154 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of eighteen living with them; 64.3% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 19.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was sixty-five years of age or older.
The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 2.92.
The township median age of thirty-nine years was slightly less than the county median age of forty years. The distribution by age group was 24.5% of residents who were under the age of eighteen, 5.4% who were aged eighteen to twenty-four, 30.7% who were aged twenty-five to forty-four, 25.5% who were aged forty-five to sixty-four, and 13.9% who were sixty-five years of age or older.
For every one hundred females, there were 98.0 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 108.9 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $32,083, and the median income for a family was $40,469. Males had a median income of $31,250 compared with that of $26,250 for females.
The per capita income for the township was $22,784.
Approximately 11.1% of families and 11.8% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 11.0% of those who were under the age of eighteen and 3.8% of those who were aged sixty-five or older.

## Education

* Karns City Area School District - public schools
* Karns City High School in neighboring Butler County

## Recreation

A portion of the Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 105 is located in Perry Township, at the confluence of Birch Run with the Allegheny River.
# William Gunn

William or Bill Gunn may refer to:
* Bill Gunn (footballer, born 1932) (1932–1991), Australian rules footballer for South Melbourne and Williamstown
* Bill Gunn (footballer, born 1899) (1899–1970), Australian rules footballer for South Melbourne
* Bill Gunn (Queensland politician, born 1895) (1895–1970), member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Wynnum
* Bill Gunn (Queensland politician, born 1920) (1920–2001), Australian politician and former Queensland Deputy Premier
* Bill Gunn (Massachusetts politician), Massachusetts candidate for United States House of Representatives
* Bill Gunn (writer) (1934–1989), American playwright, novelist, actor and film director
* Billy Gunn (born 1963), American professional wrestler
* Will A. Gunn, American lawyer, former officer in the American armed forces
* William Gunn (cricketer) (1858–1921), English Test cricketer and footballer
* William Gunn (writer) (1750–1841), English miscellaneous writer
* William Gunn (physician) (1855–1922), Florida's first black doctor
* William Alphonsus Gunn (1760–1806), English evangelical cleric
* William Archer (Bill) Gunn (1914–2003), Queensland grazier and wool industry leader
# L&YR Class 2

The L&YR Class 2 was a class of 4-4-0 steam locomotives of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. It was designed by William Barton Wright and introduced in 1885.

## Construction

Thirty-six locomotives were built and 2 passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at the grouping in 1923.

## Numbering

Full details not currently available. The two which passed to the LMS were:
| L&YR no. | LMS no. | Notes |
| 922 | 10100 | |
| 924 | 10101 | |

## Withdrawal

Withdrawals began in 1906 and the last locomotive was withdrawn and scrapped in 1930. None have been preserved.
# On Our Backs

On Our Backs was the first women-run erotica magazine and the first magazine to feature lesbian erotica for a lesbian audience in the United States. It ran from 1984 to 2006.

## Origin

The magazine was first published in 1984 by Debi Sundahl and Myrna Elana, with the contributions of Susie Bright, Nan Kinney, Leon Mostovoy, Honey Lee Cottrell, Dawn Lewis, Shelby Sharie Cohen, Happy Hyder, Tee Corinne, Jewelle Gomez, Judith Stein, Joan Nestle, Patrick Califia, Morgan Gwenwald, Katie Niles, Noreen Scully, Sarita Johnson, and others. Susie Bright became editor-in-chief for the next six years. Later editors included Diane Anderson-Minshall, Shar Rednour, Tristan Taormino, and Diana Cage. On Our Backs defined the look and politics of lesbian culture in the 1980s, as well as playing a definitive role in the feminist sex wars of the period, taking the side of sex-positive feminism.
The title of the magazine was a satirical reference to off our backs, a long-running feminist newspaper that published the work of many anti-pornography feminists during the 1980s, and which the founders of On Our Backs considered prudish about sexuality. off our backs regarded the new magazine as "pseudo-feminist" and threatened legal action over the logo OOB.

## Operations

In 1985, Sundahl and Kinney began a spinoff of a series of lesbian erotic videos, called Fatale Video. Distribution of On Our Backs in Australia began in 1986. By the late 1980s, Fatale Media was the largest producer of lesbian pornography in the world.
In 1994, the magazine experienced financial problems, and filed for bankruptcy in May 1996. After being bought out by a new publisher, Melissa Murphy (who released only one issue), it was acquired by HAF Enterprises (publisher of Girlfriends). The original creators moved on to other projects.

## Background

On Our Backs was one of the few sex-positive lesbian magazines that were being published at the time; the others being Bad Attitude, which lasted from 1984 to 2006; and Lesbian Contradiction, which lasted from 1982 to 1994.
On Our Backs was known for its "fleshy photos," according to gender studies philosopher Judith Butler. It was meant to represent the perceived lesbian experience and the political atmosphere in mainstream culture. It was situated within the lesbian sex wars.

## End of publication and availability online

HAF.'s publications of On Our Backs and its sister publication, Girlfriends, both ceased in March 2006 after being bought out by the publishers of Velvetpark Magazine. Reveal Digital, a JSTOR-hosted digital collection, digitizated issues of On Our Backs from July 1984 to December 2004; however, due to concerns regarding access by minors and contributor privacy, the scans were removed from Reveal Digital's Independent Voices collection.
# Eugene M. Luks

Eugene Michael Luks (born circa 1940) is an American mathematician and computer scientist, a professor emeritus of computer and information science at the University of Oregon. He is known for his research on the graph isomorphism problem and on algorithms for computational group theory.

## Professional career

Luks did his undergraduate studies at the City College of New York, earning a bachelor's degree in 1960, and went on to graduate studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earning a doctorate in mathematics in 1966 under the supervision of Kenkichi Iwasawa. He taught at Tufts University from 1966 to 1968, and at Bucknell University from then until 1983, when he joined the University of Oregon faculty as chair of the computer and information science department. He retired in 2006, but was recalled in 2012–2013 to serve as interim chair.

## Awards and honors

In 1985, Luks won the Fulkerson Prize for his work showing that graph isomorphism could be tested in polynomial time for graphs with bounded maximum degree. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

## Selected publications

* Furst, Merrick; Hopcroft, John; Luks, Eugene M. (1980), "Polynomial-time algorithms for permutation groups" (PDF), Proceedings of the 21st IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS'80), pp. 36–41, doi:10.1109/SFCS.1980.34, hdl:1813/6282, S2CID 6943363.
* Luks, Eugene M. (1982), "Isomorphism of graphs of bounded valence can be tested in polynomial time", Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 25 (1): 42–65, doi:10.1016/0022-0000(82)90009-5, S2CID 2572728.
* Babai, László; Luks, Eugene M. (1983), "Canonical labeling of graphs", Proceedings of the 15th ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC '83), pp. 171–183, doi:10.1145/800061.808746, S2CID 12572142.
# SimGrid

SimGrid is a framework for evaluating algorithms and heuristics in distributed systems through simulation.
It consists of tools for comparing, evaluating, and prototyping different algorithms, platform configurations, and system designs. SimGrid aimed to create tests by analyzing system behavior through simulating distributed computing environments.

## APIs

SimGrid supports multiple programming languages and operating systems through its APIs, which provide tools to analyze scheduling strategies, resource allocation policies, fault tolerance mechanisms, and other aspects of distributed computing. SimGrid is used in various fields, such as cloud computing, high-performance computing, grid computing, and peer-to-peer networking, in order to identify bottlenecks and assess system efficiency.
SimGrid consists of four different interfaces:
* Simulation Directed Acyclic Graph (SimDAG): SimDAG allows users to add tasks, add dependencies between tasks, retrieve information about the platform, schedule tasks for execution on particular resources, and compute the DAG's execution time.
* Meta Scheduling Grid (MSG): MSG allows the study of Constraint Satisfaction Problems applications. It is utilized for studying and scheduling algorithms, among others.
* Grid Reality And Simulation (GRAS): This interface enables the development of distributed applications within the simulator, which can then be deployed without requiring code modifications.
* Simulated Message Passing Interface (SMPI): This interface allows simulation of unmodified MPI applications by intercepting MPI primitives.
# John Morrow

John Morrow may refer to:
* John Morrow (American football) (1933–2017), American football player
* John Morrow (footballer) (born 1971), Irish footballer
* John Morrow (New Mexico politician) (1865–1935), U.S. representative from New Mexico
* John Morrow, Dean of the University of Auckland Faculty of Arts
* John Morrow (peace activist) (1931–2009), Northern Irish peace activist
* John Morrow (Virginia politician), U.S. representative from Virginia, 1805–1809
* John H. Morrow (1910–2000), American diplomat
* John Morrow (writer) (1930–2014), Northern Ireland short story writer and novelist
* John H. Morrow Jr., American historian and professor
* John Morrow, American writer and proprietor of TwoMorrows Publishing
* Jack Morrow (1872–1926), Irish cartoonist and painter
# Typescript of the Second Origin

Typescript of the Second Origin (Catalan: Mecanoscrit del segon origen) is a science fiction novel written by Manuel de Pedrolo in 1974, that had a great success and that has become one of the best-selling books of Catalan literature. The work is divided into 6 chapters, the first 5 of them having a similar extension and being called Quaderns (Catalan word for Notebooks) and the last of them being short and entitled «És l'Alba la mare de la humanitat actual?» (Is Alba the mother of current humanity?). The novel was published in English in 2017 by Wesleyan University Press.
It was brought to television by a very successful TV series produced and displayed by TV3, and in 2015 it was adapted for the big screen with the film Segon origen.

## Plot

In this novel de Pedrolo tells the story of Alba and Dídac, 14 and 9 years old respectively, who live in a Catalan town called Benaura. They become the only survivors on Earth after extraterrestrials destroy almost all humanity. Before the invasion, Dídac is attacked by some neb from the town because he is black. He falls into the water, and Alba, who sees the scene, jumps in to save him. Being under the water protects them from destruction.
During the following four years, they survive in a destroyed world and face many and varied troubles and difficulties that make them mature quickly. They realise the importance of knowledge by keeping and reading books. They run away from the pestilence and take refuge in a farmhouse, where they find dead people and survivors. They walk by the ruins of Barcelona and the Mediterranean Sea. They learn from everything that happens to them (illnesses, enemy defense) and from the information they collect.
The book explores the relationship between the two children and the recreation of a world as a utopia. The narration is structured in chapters that always start the same way: by mentioning Alba's age and her virginity.
The narrator is omniscient and uses much description.

## Translations

The novel has been translated to Spanish (1984), to Dutch (1986), to Basque (1989), to Galician (1989), to French (1993), to Romanian (2000), to Portuguese (2004) and to Italian (2011). In November 2016, the Council of Lleida financed the first translation into English, which was published in the United States in 2017.
# West Toronto

West Toronto was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904. It was located in the city of Toronto, in the province of Ontario. The district was created by the British North America Act 1867 and was renamed Toronto West in 1903.
West Toronto was initially defined as consisting of St. John, St. Andrew, St. Patrick, and St. George's Wards of Toronto. In 1872, St. John's Ward was excluded from the riding. In 1892, the riding was given an additional seat in the House of Commons of Canada so that its voters elected two Members of Parliament.

## Electoral history

(Elected members indicated in bold text.)
1867 Canadian federal election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | Robert Alexander Harrison | 1,477 |
| | Independent Liberal | John Macdonald | 1,048 |
1872 Canadian federal election :
| Candidate | Votes |
| Conservative | John Crawford | 1,043 |
| Unknown | McLellan | 574 |
| Unknown | Capreol | 0 |
By-election on On Mr. Crawford being appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario
18 December 1873 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | Thomas Moss | acclaimed |
1874 Canadian federal election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | Thomas Moss | 1,651 |
| | Conservative | John Beverly Robinson | 1,440 |
By-election on On Mr. Moss being appointed Justice of the Court of Appeal of Ontario
6 November 1875 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | John Beverly Robinson | 1,935 |
| | Unknown | John Turner | 1,584 |
1878 Canadian federal election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | John Beverly Robinson | 2,165 |
| | Unknown | J. Hodgins | 1,528 |
By-election on On Mr. Robinson's resignation to become Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario
28 August 1880 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| Conservative | James Beaty, Jr. | 2,097 |
| Unknown | P. Ryan | 1,836 |
| Unknown | A.W. Wright | 49 |
| Unknown | F.C. Capreol | 23 |
1882 Canadian federal election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | James Beaty, Jr. | 2,714 |
| | Unknown | William Barclay McMurrich | 2,283 |
1887 Canadian federal election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | Frederic C. Denison | 3,895 |
| | Liberal | E.E. Sheppard | 3,428 |
1891 Canadian federal election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | Frederic C. Denison | 5,048 |
| | Liberal | Arthur Mowat | 3,291 |
1896 Canadian federal election :
| Candidate | Votes |
| Conservative | Edmund B. Osler | 5,370 |
| Conservative | Edward Frederick Clarke | 5,147 |
| Liberal | W.T.R. Preston | 4,734 |
| Liberal | N.T. Hunter | 4,225 |
1900 Canadian federal election :
| Candidate | Votes |
| Conservative | Edward F. Clarke | 7,024 |
| Conservative | Edmund B. Osler | 6,530 |
| Liberal | William Burns | 4,713 |
| Liberal | James D. Allan | 4,547 |
| Independent | Hugh Stevenson | 1,657 |
# Patterson Township, Pennsylvania

Patterson Township is a township that is located in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,132 at the time of the 2020 census.
It is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.

## Geography

Patterson Township is located in north-central Beaver County at 40°44′48″N 80°19′56″W﻿ / ﻿40.74667°N 80.33222°W﻿ / 40.74667; -80.33222 (40.746765, -80.332348).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 1.64 square miles (4.25 km$^2$), of which 0.006 square miles (0.015 km$^2$), or 0.35%, is water.

### Surrounding and adjacent neighborhoods

Patterson Township has six land borders, including White Township to the north, Beaver Falls and Patterson Heights to the east, Fallston to the southeast, Brighton Township to the southwest, and Chippewa Township to the west.
Across the Beaver River, Patterson Township runs adjacent with New Brighton.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,029 people, 1,483 households, and 890 families residing in the township. The population density was 1,903.1 inhabitants per square mile (734.8/km$^2$). There were 1,332 housing units at an average density of 792.9/sq mi (306.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.40% White, 1.47% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.03% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. 0.66% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,261 households, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals living alone, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the township the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.8 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $41,364, and the median income for a family was $49,402. Males had a median income of $42,286 versus $24,459 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,982. About 3.5% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over.
# Mohan railway station

Mohan railway station (Chinese: 磨憨站) is a railway station in Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China. Opened on 3 December 2021, it is the southern terminus of the Yuxi–Mohan railway. The line continues south as the Boten–Vientiane railway.
The station has facilities for handling customs for international passenger and freight trains.
# David Silver (roboticist)

David Silver was a student at MIT in the early 1970s, who was the primary developer of the Silver Arm, an improved robotic arm which was used for experimenting in mechanisms for fine motor control using motions similar to human hand and finger movements.
While still a high school student, prior to enrolling at MIT, Silver had frequented the Project MAC offices, and was taught to program in PDP-6 assembly language by some of the early hackers, who picked him up as a 'mascot' of their group. According to Steven Levy's book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, his presence at the lab, and his being allowed to work on independent robotics projects, became a source of friction between the nascent Hacker group and the project's administrators.
# René-François Dumas

René-François Dumas (14 December 1753 – 28 July 1794) was a revolutionary French lawyer and politician, regarded as an ally of Maximilien Robespierre. He was guillotined along with Robespierre in Paris.

## Biography

Dumas was born in Jussey, in the bailiwick of Amont (now in Haute-Saône) and was well educated. In June 1790 Dumas founded a popular society in Lons-le-Saunier and became a member of the city council. In 1791 he was the mayor of Lons-le-Saunier. He became member of the "Society of the Friends of the Constitution", where he played a leading role, even occupying the presidency. On 26 September 1793, Dumas was appointed vice-president of the Revolutionary Tribunal and involved in the trial of Madame Elisabeth, Madame Roland, Marie-Antoinette and Madame du Barry.
On 8 April 1794, three days after the execution of Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins, Dumas became the president of the court, taking over from Martial Joseph Armand Herman who was appointed Foreign minister. In this quality, with Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville as the public prosecutor, he headed several major political trials in which defendants were sentenced to death. The trial of the "first conspiracy of the prisons" on 13 April considered in particular the general Arthur Dillon, the archbishop constitutional of Paris Jean-Baptiste Gobel, procureur syndic of the Commune of Paris Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, and the widows Marie Marguerite Françoise Hébert and Lucile Desmoulins.
In June the tribunal put in force the Law of 22 Prairial. According to Adolphe Thiers their goal was to keep the prisons empty. According to Fouquier-Tinville, Dumas and Coffinhal, the vice-president of the tribunal, went each morning to see Robespierre and did what he told them to do, not what the Committee of Public Safety had decided. His last victim was the Princess of Monaco on 28 July. At 4 pm a charge of 45 convicts was sent to the guillotine on the Place de la Nation but was stopped on the way in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Francois Hanriot, general of the Parisian National Guard, accompanied the procession.
In the evening of 27 July Dumas joined the insurrectionary Commune of Paris to obtain the release of Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, Georges Couthon, Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas and Augustin Robespierre. In the morning of 28 July the group was arrested in the "Hôtel de Ville", taken to the Conciergerie and tried. Fouquier-Tinville, who was considered to be biased, was replaced. In the early evening the group was guillotined on the Place du Révolution.