# Dippy

Dippy is a composite Diplodocus skeleton in Pittsburgh's Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and the holotype of the species Diplodocus carnegii. It is considered the most famous single dinosaur skeleton in the world, due to the numerous plaster casts donated by Andrew Carnegie to several major museums around the world at the beginning of the 20th century.
The casting and distribution of the skeleton made the word dinosaur a household word; for millions of people it became the first dinosaur they had ever seen. It was also responsible for the subsequent popularity of the entire genus Diplodocus, since the skeleton has been on display in more places than any other sauropod dinosaur.
Its discovery was catalyzed by the announcement of the excavation of a large thigh bone (unrelated to Dippy) by William Reed near Medicine Bow, Wyoming in December 1898. On a return trip financed by Carnegie, Reed excavated Sheep Creek Quarry D in which he found the first part of Dippy's skeleton, a toe bone, on July 4, 1899. Its discovery on Independence Day, and its use in American diplomacy via Carnegie's international donations of replicas, led to its being nicknamed the "star-spangled dinosaur". Dippy became the centrepiece of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, such that the museum became known as "the house that Dippy built".
In 2016, a petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature was being considered which proposed to make Diplodocus carnegii the new type species of Diplodocus. The proposal was rejected in 2018, and D. longus has been maintained as the type species.

## Discovery

The skeleton was found in the upper 10 metres (33 ft) of the Talking Rock facies of the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, in Albany County, Wyoming.
In 1900, John Bell Hatcher was hired by William Jacob Holland as curator of paleontology and osteology for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, succeeding Jacob Lawson Wortman. Hatcher supervised the field expeditions, excavations, investigation and display of Dippy, and named the species for Carnegie. Hatcher's monograph on the find was published in 1901 as Diplodocus Marsh: Its Osteology, Taxonomy, and Probable Habits, with a Restoration of the Skeleton.
It is a composite skeleton comprising:
* CM 84: the majority of the skeleton, named Diplodocus carnegii, and published in 1901 by Hatcher
* CM 94: supplemented missing bones
* CM 307: the tail
* CM 662 and USNM 2673: skull elements. In 2015, the USNM skull was recategorized as Galeamopus, along with several other Diplodocus skulls, leaving no definite Diplodocus skulls known.
* some foot and limb bones of a Camarasaurus

## Pittsburgh display

The original skeleton has been on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History since April 1907, two years after the first cast was shown. The delay was due to construction work at the Pittsburgh museum, which needed expansion in order to house Dippy. Today, the skeleton is part of the Dinosaurs in Their Time exhibition.

## Casts
### Background

Industrialist Andrew Carnegie financed the acquisition of the skeleton in 1898, as well as the donation of the casts at the beginning of the 20th century. His great-grandson, William Thomson, was quoted in 2019 explaining the donations: "By gifting copies to the heads of state of seven other countries as well as the UK, Carnegie hoped to demonstrate through mutual interest in scientific discoveries that nations have more in common than what separates them. He used his gifts in an attempt to open inter state dialogue on preserving world peace – a form of Dinosaur diplomacy."

### London cast

The London cast of Dippy came about when King Edward VII, then a keen trustee of the British Museum, saw a sketch of the bones at Carnegie's Scottish home, Skibo Castle, in 1902, and Carnegie agreed to donate a cast to the Natural History Museum as a gift. Carnegie paid £2,000 for the casting in plaster of paris, copying the original fossil bones held by the Carnegie Museum (not mounted until 1907, as a new museum building was still being constructed to house it). The 292 cast pieces of the skeleton were sent to London in 36 crates, and the 25.6 metres (84 ft) long exhibit was unveiled on May 12, 1905, to great public and media interest, with speeches from the museum director Professor Ray Lankester, Andrew Carnegie, Lord Avebury on behalf of the trustees, the director of the Carnegie Museum William Jacob Holland, and finally the geologist Sir Archibald Geikie. The cast was mounted in the museum's Reptile Gallery to the left of the main hall (until recently the gallery of Human Biology) as it was too large to display in the Fossil Marine Reptile Gallery (to the right of the main hall).
Dippy was taken to pieces and stored in the museum's basement during the Second World War to protect it from bomb damage, and reinstalled in the Reptile Gallery after the war. The original presentation of the cast was altered several times to reflect changes in scientific opinion on the animal's stance. The head and neck were originally posed in a downwards position, and were later moved to a more horizontal position in the 1960s.
Dippy was removed from the Reptile Gallery in 1979 and repositioned as the centrepiece of the main central hall of the museum, later renamed the Hintze Hall in recognition of a large donation by Michael Hintze. Dippy replaced a mounted African elephant, nicknamed George, which had been on display as the central exhibit in the main hall since 1907, with various other animal specimens. The elephant had itself replaced the skeleton of a sperm whale which was the first significant exhibit in the hall and had been on display since at least 1895: earlier, the hall had been left largely empty. Dippy was originally displayed alongside a cast of a Triceratops skeleton, which was removed around 1993. The tail of the Diplodocus cast was also lifted to waft over the heads of visitors; originally it drooped to trail along the floor.
The cast became an iconic representation of the museum. After 112 years on display at the museum, the dinosaur replica was removed in early 2017 to be replaced by the 25 m (82 ft) long skeleton of a young blue whale, dubbed "Hope". The work involved in removing Dippy and replacing it with the whale skeleton was documented in a BBC Television special, Horizon: Dippy and the Whale, narrated by David Attenborough, which was first broadcast on BBC Two on July 13, 2017, the day before the whale skeleton was unveiled for public display.
Dippy started a tour of British museums in February 2018, mounted on a new, more mobile armature. Dippy is and has been on display at locations around the United Kingdom: Dorset County Museum (February 10 – May 7, 2018), Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (26 May – September 9, 2018), Ulster Museum (September 17, 2018 – January 6, 2019), Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, the Great North Museum, the National Museum of Wales, Number One Riverside in Rochdale, and Norwich Cathedral.

### Other casts

As director of the Carnegie Museums, William Holland supervised the donations of the casts. His trip to Argentina in 1912 was recorded by Holland in his 1913 travel book To the River Plate and Back. Holland noted a poem which had become popular among college students:
   Crowned heads of Europe All make a royal fuss Over Uncle Andy
   And his old diplodocus.
Known casts include:
| Date | Location | Material | Description |
| May 12, 1905 | Natural History Museum, London | Plaster cast | The first cast. Removed 2017. Further details at Dippy (London). |
| May 1908 | Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin | Plaster cast | |
| June 15, 1908 | French National Museum of Natural History, Paris | Plaster cast | |
| 1909 | Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria | Plaster cast | |
| 1909 | Giovanni Capellini Museum for Paleontology and Geology in Bologna, Italy | Plaster cast | Skulls from this cast (i.e., 'second-generation') are on display in museums in Milan and Naples. |
| 1910 | Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, Russia | Plaster cast | Cast later moved to Moscow Paleontological Museum. |
| 1912 | Museo de la Plata in La Plata near Buenos Aires, Argentina | Plaster cast | The caster was donated to the country via president Saenz Peña and mounted by W. J. Holland |
| November 1913 | National Natural History Museum in Madrid, Spain | Plaster cast | |
| 1930 | Museo de Paleontología in Mexico City | Plaster cast | |
| 1932 | Paleontological Museum in Munich, Germany | Plaster cast | Donated in 1932, but still unmounted. |
| 1989 | Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum | Fibreglass and polyester cast | |
| 1999 | Carnegie Museum of Natural History (outside) | Fibreglass cast | Outside the building in which the original skeleton is displayed; further details at Dippy (statue). |

### Pittsburgh statue

In 1999 a public sculpture of Dippy was unveiled on the grounds of the Carnegie Institute and Library complex in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in tribute to the 100th anniversary of the discovery of Dippy. The dark, grayish brown life-size fiberglass model weighs 3,300 pounds (1,500 kg), stands 22 feet (6.7 m), and measures 84 feet (26 m) in length. The sculpture was created during a nine-month process from the original fossil. Sited along Forbes Avenue near Schenley Plaza and the lawn of the University of Pittsburgh's Cathedral of Learning, Dippy stands adjacent to the entrances of the Carnegie Music Hall and the Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
In addition to its service as a mascot for the museum, Dippy has been seen sporting the Terrible Towel of the Pittsburgh Steelers and the colors of University of Pittsburgh's athletic teams. Sometimes when it's cold out the staff dresses him up with a gigantic scarf. Dippy is a featured Pittsburgh landmark on Yinztagram.

## Gallery

* John Bell Hatcher's 1901 lithograph of Dippy, from the first issue of Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History
* 1905 unveiling of the cast in London
* 1905 (24 May) Punch cartoon by Edward Tennyson Reed of Dippy with Natural History Museum director Ray Lankester
* 1905 (June 4) New York Times coverage of the London cast
* 1908, at the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh
* 1908 work on the cast of Dippy in Paris; Arthur Goggeshall and William Holland at front center
* 1922 image from H. G. Wells's A Short History of the World