# Knox Automobile Company

The Knox Automobile Company was a manufacturer of automobiles in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, between 1900 and 1914. Knox also built trucks and farm tractors until 1924. They are notable for building the very first modern fire engine in 1905, and the first American vehicle with hydraulic brakes, in 1915.

## History

Harry Austin Knox built three experimental gasoline cars at Overman Wheel Company between 1895 and 1898. He left Overman when they decided to build a steam car. Knox joined with his former employer, Elihu H. Cutler of the Elektron Company to form the Knox Automobile Company in Springfield Massachusetts in 1900. The Waltham Watch Company factory was purchased and Knox built 15 cars in their first year.
The Knox Model A was a three-wheel runabout with a 5-hp one-cylinder air-cooled engine. In 1902 a four-wheel runabout and a 8-hp two-cylinder engine joined the model line-up. Early cars were called Knoxmobile with the Waterless Knox being used from 1903. A slogan used was "The Car That Never Drinks". In some models, passengers rode up front over the front axle while the driver and another passenger sat in the back over the engine.

### The "Old Porcupine" engine

The flat-mounted single-cylinder engine was air-cooled. Rather than flanges to improve the efficiency of cooling, 1,750 threaded 3⁄16 inch (4.8 mm) diameter rods were screwed into the cylinder casing as projecting studs, which led to the engine sometimes being referred to as "Old Porcupine". A 2-speed planetary transmission was fitted. This engine was situated at the center of the car and produced 8 hp (6.0 kW). It was also called a "hedgehog". The one-cylinder engine was used until 1905. In 1902 a two-cylinder version was added that was used up to 1907.

### Growth

Knox pricing for the one-cylinder and two-cylinder models went for a low price in 1900 of $750, (equivalent to $28,347 in 2024) to medium-priced by 1904. A 1904 Knox Tuxedo Touring model, equipped with a straight-twin engine producing 16 hp (12 kW), was priced at $2,200, equivalent to $76,992 in 2024.
In late 1904 Knox left the company over a disagreement on policy with Elihu Cutler. Knox set-up a new business across town to build the Atlas air-cooled car.
In 1906 Knox Automobile Company introduced the Model G, a 40-hp air-cooled four-cylinder engine on a 112-inch wheelbase. With a limousine body priced at $5,000 (equivalent to $174,981 in 2024), Knox had entered the luxury car market. The two-cylinder models were phased out in 1907 and all Knox's became mid-priced to high-priced cars. Knox progressively improved their models, moving the engine from under the seat to up front under a hood and going from chain-driven to shaft-drive.
In 1908 a water-cooled four-cylinder engine was introduced and customers could choose air-cooled or pay $100 more for water-cooled models. A six-cylinder engine became available in 1910 and all Knox's became water-cooled. Only luxury-priced Knox's were offered after 1910.

### Racing

The Knox was raced by William Bourque in the 1909 AAA Championship Car race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. In 1910 a Knox was driven by Fred Belcher in the Vanderbilt Cup race.

### Fate

By 1912 Knox sales were slipping and a receiver was called in. The last Knox automobiles were built in 1914 and Knox was declared bankrupt in 1915. Knox reorganized as the Knox Motors Corporation and continued to build tractors and trucks until 1924.
Afterwards Harry Knox moved on to design tanks for the US Army Ordnance Department; his T1 Light Tank wasn't adopted, but his Vertical volute spring suspension and his track design were used on almost all American tanks of the WWII, and he designed its replacement HVSS, which served until 1980s in some countries, as well.

## Gallery

* 1901 Model A Three-wheeler Runabout
* 1903 Knox Model C Runabout
* 1905 Knox Model F Surrey
* 1906 Knox Model G Touring
* 1909 Knox Model O Tonneauette
* 1910 Knox Model S Touring

## Models

| Model | Year | Cylinders | Horsepower | Wheelbase |
| A | 1900–1902 | 1 | 5 bhp (3.7 kW) | |
| Two Cylinder | 1902 | 2 | 8 bhp (6.0 kW) | |
| B | 1902 | 1 | 8 bhp (6.0 kW) | 69 in (1,800 mm) |
| C | 1903 | 1 | 8 bhp (6.0 kW) | 72 in (1,800 mm) |
| Two Cylinder | 1904 | 2 | 18 bhp (13 kW) | 84 in (2,100 mm) |
| One Cylinder | 1904 | 1 | 10 bhp (7.5 kW) | 72 in (1,800 mm) |
| E | 1905 | 1 | 10 bhp (7.5 kW) | 72 in (1,800 mm) |
| F-3 | 1905–1906 | 2 | 16 bhp (12 kW) | 87 in (2,200 mm) |
| F-1 | 1905–1906 | 2 | 16 bhp (12 kW) | 81 in (2,100 mm) |
| F | 1905–1906 | 2 | 16 bhp (12 kW) | 90 in (2,300 mm) |
| 41 · | 1905–(1907) | 1 | 10 bhp (7.5 kW) | 78 in (2,000 mm) |
| 39 | 1905–? | 2 | 18 bhp (13 kW) | 96 in (2,400 mm) |
| F-4 | 1906–1907 | 2 | 16 bhp (12 kW) | 81 in (2,100 mm) |
| 102 · | 1906–(1907) | 2 | 16 bhp (12 kW) | 111 in (2,800 mm) |
| G | 1906–1908 | 4 | 40 bhp (30 kW) | 112 in (2,800 mm) |
| H | 1907–1909 | 4 | 30 bhp (22 kW) | 102 in (2,600 mm) |
| 232 | 1908- | 4 | 30 bhp (22 kW) | 111 in (2,800 mm) |
| L | 1908 | 4 | 30 bhp (22 kW) | 102 in (2,600 mm) |
| O | 1909 | 4 | 38 bhp (28 kW) | 102–114 in (2,600–2,900 mm) |
| M | 1909–1910 | 4 | 48 bhp (36 kW) | 127 in (3,200 mm) |
| S | 1910–1912 | 6 | 60 bhp (45 kW) | 134 in (3,400 mm) |
| R | 1910–1912 | 4 | 40 bhp (30 kW) | 117–122 in (3,000–3,100 mm) |
| R-45 | 1912 | 4 | 40 bhp (30 kW) | 126 in (3,200 mm) |
| 66 | 1913 | 6 | 60 bhp (45 kW) | 134 in (3,400 mm) |
| 46 | 1913–1914 | 6 | 46 bhp (34 kW) | 130–134 in (3,300–3,400 mm) |
| 45 | 1913–1914 | 4 | 40 bhp (30 kW) | 126 in (3,200 mm) |
| 44 | 1913–1914 | 4 | 40 bhp (30 kW) | 117–122 in (3,000–3,100 mm) |

## Production

| Year | Automobiles | Models |
| 1900 | 15 | A |
| 1901 | 100 | A |
| 1902 | 250 | A; Two Cylinder; B |
| 1903 | 500 | C |
| 1904 | 553 | Two Cylinder; One Cylinder |
| 1905 | 572 | E; F-3 ; F-1 ; F; 41; 39 |
| 1906 | 753 | F-3 ; F-1 ; F; 41; F-4; 102; G |
| 1907 | 1,000 | 41; F-4; 102; G; H |
| 1908 | 1,215 | G; H; L |
| 1909 | 1,317 | H; O; M |
| 1910 | 1,412 | M; S; R |
| 1911 | 1,215 | S; R |
| 1912 | 877 | S; R; R-45 |
| 1913 | 673 | 66; 46; 45; 44 |
| 1914 | 383 | 46; 45; 44 |
| Total | 10,835 |