# Toksun County

Toksun County is a county in Turpan, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China.

## Name

The term 'Toksun' means 'ninety'.

## History

The Battle of Toksun took place in this county in July 1933 when Khoja Niyas Hajji, a Uighur leader, defected with his forces to Governor Sheng Shicai. He advanced to Toksun via Dawan Ch'eng, where the Chinese Muslim forces of General Ma Shih-ming achieved victory over Niyas Hajji's forces.
In December 2010, Zeng Lingquan (曾令权), who ran an adoption agency for the physically and mentally disabled with no operation license in Sichuan, was arrested. Zeng reportedly sent the mentally ill to work in a factory run by Li Xinglin (李兴林) where they were enslaved and worked year round (instead of seasonally as with other local factories) in unsafe conditions at the Jia'ersi Green Construction Material Chemical Factory (佳尔思绿色建材化工厂) in Kümüx.
In 2017, Radio Free Asia reported that a police officer in Toksun County had said that all Uyghurs who wished to travel abroad were required to attend political indoctrination education organized by the county government.

## Geography and Climate

Toksun County's location in the bottom of the Turpan Depression and an average rainfall of just 3.9 mm (0.15 in) annually, the least precipitation of any area in China, make it a very hot place during summertime. On July 31, 1964, the highest recorded temperature was 53.3 °C (127.9 °F), which is the highest reliable temperature, recorded during standard conditions anywhere in China. The county is bordered to the south by Yuli County.
Climate data for Toksun, elevation 50 m (160 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) | 18.6 (65.5) | 32.2 (90.0) | 42.0 (107.6) | 44.3 (111.7) | 48.0 (118.4) | 47.6 (117.7) | 47.4 (117.3) | 41.3 (106.3) | 35.1 (95.2) | 21.9 (71.4) | 13.1 (55.6) | 48.0 (118.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.0 (28.4) | 7.3 (45.1) | 18.1 (64.6) | 27.5 (81.5) | 33.5 (92.3) | 38.6 (101.5) | 40.0 (104.0) | 38.2 (100.8) | 32.1 (89.8) | 22.6 (72.7) | 10.6 (51.1) | 0.0 (32.0) | 22.2 (72.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) | 0.3 (32.5) | 10.7 (51.3) | 20.1 (68.2) | 26.1 (79.0) | 31.4 (88.5) | 32.6 (90.7) | 30.4 (86.7) | 23.7 (74.7) | 14.0 (57.2) | 3.7 (38.7) | −5.5 (22.1) | 15.0 (59.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.4 (9.7) | −5.6 (21.9) | 3.9 (39.0) | 13.2 (55.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 24.4 (75.9) | 25.7 (78.3) | 23.4 (74.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 7.7 (45.9) | −1.3 (29.7) | −9.6 (14.7) | 8.8 (47.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.8 (−3.6) | −17.1 (1.2) | −11.6 (11.1) | 0.0 (32.0) | 5.4 (41.7) | 11.6 (52.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 10.8 (51.4) | 4.4 (39.9) | −3.5 (25.7) | −18.2 (−0.8) | −21.8 (−7.2) | −21.8 (−7.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.4 (0.02) | 0.4 (0.02) | 2.1 (0.08) | 2.0 (0.08) | 1.5 (0.06) | 0.7 (0.03) | 0.8 (0.03) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.01) | 9.2 (0.37) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 8.4 |
| Average snowy days | 2.4 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 4.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 60 | 43 | 29 | 26 | 26 | 29 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 47 | 52 | 61 | 40 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 152.8 | 191.6 | 248.7 | 276.5 | 319.1 | 304.3 | 299.9 | 298.6 | 282.2 | 255.8 | 186.8 | 140.2 | 2,956.5 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 52 | 63 | 66 | 68 | 70 | 67 | 65 | 71 | 77 | 77 | 65 | 50 | 66 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Kumishi Town, Toksun County, elevation 922 m (3,025 ft), (1991–2020 normals) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) | 3.5 (38.3) | 13.5 (56.3) | 22.6 (72.7) | 28.3 (82.9) | 32.9 (91.2) | 34.8 (94.6) | 33.7 (92.7) | 27.8 (82.0) | 18.7 (65.7) | 7.5 (45.5) | −2.0 (28.4) | 18.1 (64.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.2 (10.0) | −4.7 (23.5) | 5.1 (41.2) | 14.1 (57.4) | 20.2 (68.4) | 25.2 (77.4) | 27.0 (80.6) | 25.6 (78.1) | 19.4 (66.9) | 10.0 (50.0) | −0.3 (31.5) | −9.3 (15.3) | 10.0 (50.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −18.6 (−1.5) | −12.3 (9.9) | −3.8 (25.2) | 5.0 (41.0) | 11.3 (52.3) | 16.8 (62.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 16.9 (62.4) | 10.5 (50.9) | 1.7 (35.1) | −7.3 (18.9) | −15.5 (4.1) | 2.0 (35.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1.2 (0.05) | 0.8 (0.03) | 1.4 (0.06) | 3.1 (0.12) | 6.5 (0.26) | 12.9 (0.51) | 16.2 (0.64) | 10.2 (0.40) | 4.2 (0.17) | 3.6 (0.14) | 1.0 (0.04) | 0.7 (0.03) | 61.8 (2.45) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 5.1 | 6.8 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 29.4 |
| Average snowy days | 4.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 4.7 | 13.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 55 | 34 | 28 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 34 | 35 | 42 | 55 | 66 | 43 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 189.0 | 199.5 | 245.4 | 268.1 | 299.6 | 286.2 | 287.2 | 291.7 | 282.0 | 260.5 | 198.8 | 169.0 | 2,977 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 64 | 66 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 63 | 63 | 69 | 77 | 78 | 69 | 60 | 67 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||

## Administrative divisions

Toksun County is divided into 7 towns (بازىرى / 镇)$^{:34}$ and 1 township (يېزىسى / 乡):
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Uyghur (UEY) | Uyghur Latin (ULY) | Administrative division code | Notes |
| Towns |||||||
| Toksun Town | 托克逊镇 | Tuōkèxùn Zhèn | توقسۇن بازىرى‎ | Toqsun baziri | 650422100 | |
| Kümüx Town | 库米什镇 | Kùmǐshí Zhèn | كۈمۈش بازىرى‎ | Kümüsh baziri | 650422101 | |
| Kokjay Town | 克尔碱镇 | Kè'ěrjiǎn Zhèn | كۆجەي بازىرى‎ | Köjey baziri | 650422102 | Also Ke'erjian, Köjey; formerly Kujiayi (库加依镇) |
| Alghuy Town | 阿乐惠镇 | Ālèhuì Zhèn | ئالغۇي بازىرى‎ | Alghuy baziri | 650422103 | |
| Yilanlik Town | 伊拉湖镇 | Yīlāhú Zhèn | يىلانلىق بازىرى‎ | Yilanliq baziri | 650422104 | Also Yilahu, Yilanliq, I-la-hu; formerly Yilanlik Township (يىلانلىق يېزىسى / 伊拉湖乡) |
| Shah Town | 夏镇 | Xià Zhèn | شاھ بازىرى‎ | Shah baziri | 650422105 | formerly Shah Township (شاھ يېزىسى / 夏乡) |
| Bostan Town | 博斯坦镇 | Bósītǎn Zhèn | بوستان بازىرى‎ | Bostan baziri | 650422106 | formerly Bostan Township (بوستان يېزىسى / 博斯坦乡) |
| Townships |||||||
| Gholbuyi Township | 郭勒布依乡 | Guōlèbùyī Xiāng | غولبۇيى يېزىسى‎ | Gholbuyi yëzisi | 650422201 | |

## Economy

Irrigation in the county is well-developed. Agricultural products of the county include sorghum, wheat, muskmelon, peanuts and cotton. Specialty products include Hami melon and raisins. Industries include electronics, coal, machinery, construction, etc.

## Demographics

The proportion of nationalities in Toksun County :
| Nationality | Nationality | Percentage | Percentage |
| Uyghurs | Uyghurs | 79.6% | 79.6% |
| Han People | Han People | 13.9% | 13.9% |
| Hui People | Hui People | 6.2% | 6.2% |
| Kazakhs | Kazakhs | 0.2% | 0.2% |
| Others | Others | 0.1% | 0.1% |
| Source of the population statistics : |||||
As of 2015, 96,439 of the 124,040 residents of Toksun County were Uyghur, 18,600 were Han Chinese, 8,539 were Hui and 462 were from other ethnic groups.
According to a 2002 estimate, it then had a population of 110,000.
As of the 2000 Census, the county counted 52,346 males and 49,804 females and 83.65% of the population of the county were from ethnic minority groups.
As of 1999, 77.03% of the population of Toksun County were Uyghur and 15.51% of the population was Han Chinese.

## Transportation

* China National Highway 312
* China National Highway 314
* Southern Xinjiang railway

## Notable persons

* Tömür Dawamat

## Historical maps

Historical English-language maps including Toksun:
* Map including Toksun (labeled as Tukson) (1917)
* Map including Toksun (labeled as T'O-K'O-HSÜN) and surrounding region from the International Map of the World (DMA, 1975)
* From the Operational Navigation Chart; map including Toksun (DMA, 1982)
* Map including Toksun (DMA, 1990)