# Worcester Polytechnic Institute

The Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) is a private research university in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1865, WPI was one of the United States' first engineering and technology universities and now has 14 academic departments with over 50 bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. degree programs. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".

## History

Worcester Polytechnic Institute was founded by self-made tinware manufacturer, John Boynton, and Ichabod Washburn, owner of the world's largest wire mill. Boynton envisioned science schooling that would elevate the social position of the mechanic and manufacturer, but not necessarily teach the skills needed to become either. Washburn, on the other hand, wanted to teach technical skills through a sophisticated apprenticeship approach. Boynton consulted Seth Sweetser, a pastor, for ways to realize his vision. By chance it happened that Ichabod Washburn had previously consulted Sweetser about the proper way to actualize his own vision.
Although disappointed to learn of Boynton's offer to create a college, Washburn claimed: "I prefer to be imposed upon by others rather than by myself in withholding where I ought to give." With the help of Sweetser's diplomacy and wisdom, Washburn agreed to build, furnish, and endow a "Department of Practical Mechanics" at Boynton's school. He specified, however, that every student should blend theory learned in the classroom with practice in the shops.
Sweetser drafted a letter expressing Boynton's and Washburn's wish to other significant men within Worcester County. The document was sent to 30 Worcester businessmen. It told of a "liberal proposal to found a Free School for Industrial Science" in Worcester and called for a meeting later in the month. After that meeting the following notice appeared in the Worcester Palladium: "A Gentleman, who for the present withholds his name from the public, offers a fund of $100,000 for the establishment of a scientific school in Worcester, upon the condition that our citizens shall furnish the necessary land and buildings." Further funding and land grants for the university were given by Stephen Salisbury II, who was an influential merchant and later served as the first president of the institute's board of directors.
In response to this anonymous request, more than 225 Worcester citizens and the workers at 20 of the city's factories and machine shops contributed to the construction of the original building. On May 10, 1865, after House and Senate approval, the secretary of the commonwealth recorded the Institute as a legal corporation, and it came into formal existence.
Both Boynton and Washburn died before the opening of the college on November 11, 1868. On that day, Charles O. Thompson, the first president of the Institute stood before WPI's first two buildings named Boynton Hall and Washburn Shops in honor of their respective donors, with their distinctive towers that even then symbolized the institution's two educational objectives of theory and practice, and inaugurated the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science.
WPI was led in its early years by president and professor of chemistry Charles O. Thompson. Early graduates of WPI went on to become mechanical and civil engineers, as well as artisans, bankers, and enter other prominent occupations. WPI continuously expanded its campus and programs throughout the early twentieth century, eventually including graduate studies and a program in electrical engineering. During World War II, WPI offered defense engineering courses and was selected as one of the colleges to direct the V-12 Navy College Training Program.
During this time, WPI suffered from the lack of a unified library system, well-maintained buildings, and national recognition. This changed under the leadership of president Harry P. Storke from 1962 to 1969. Building on growth under Arthur Bronwell's presidency, Storke brought significant change to the school in what would be known as the WPI Plan. The Plan called for the creation of three projects and drastically redesigned the curriculum to address how a student learns. The Storke administration also launched a capital campaign that resulted in the creation of the George C. Gordon Library, added residence halls, an auditorium, and a modern chemistry building. Furthermore, women were first allowed to enter WPI in February 1968. The WPI Plan is the guiding principle behind undergraduate education at the Institute today, and is arguably the most notable contribution WPI has made towards science and engineering education. In 1992, WPI became one of the founding competitors of Dean Kamen's FIRST Robotics Competition. Based in part on this experience, in 2007 the university launched the United States's first B.S. in Robotics Engineering. In 2016, the National Academy of Engineering awarded their prestigious Bernard M. Gordon Prize for Innovation in Engineering and Technology Innovation to WPI, recognizing the institute's groundbreaking approach to engineering education.
Through the six month period from July 2021 to January 2022, seven WPI undergraduate and graduate students lost their lives, making local and national news. Two of the deaths occurred prior to the school year. Five were confirmed or apparent suicides. Following the third death, which occurred in September 2021, WPI set up an emergency mental health task force, and requested an independent review by nearby Riverside Trauma Center. In 2022, following the task force's dissolution, WPI announced the creation of a new Center for Well-Being.

## Campus

Set in an urban environment in New England's second largest city, WPI's main campus is entirely privately owned, ungated, and uninterrupted by public roads. The campus sits on Boynton Hill, apart from the adjacent neighborhood, which includes restaurants and stores on Highland Street.
Once a laboratory for electromagnetic research, the "Skull Tomb" was built entirely without ferrous metals. Several years after its construction, electrified trolley tracks were built in Worcester, which led to the building falling into disuse. It served for a time as a site for Robert Goddard's rocket fuel research, as the building is relatively isolated from other buildings on campus and Goddard's research had previously led to explosions on campus. Subsequent to the building earning its present nickname, "Skull Tomb", a secret honor society inherited the building. The building was reconditioned in 2004.
The 'Two Towers' shown in old WPI logos show the clock tower of Boynton Hall and the arm and hammer weathervane of the Washburn Shops. The original weathervane was stolen in October 1975 and never recovered. Boynton and Washburn were the university's first buildings, housing the classrooms and laboratories, respectively. The Two Towers symbolize Theory and Practice, which are the foundation of the university and still the approach used today. Boynton was completed in 1868 and Washburn followed shortly after that same year.
WPI's school colors, Crimson and Gray, were inspired by the natural pigmentation of a beech tree's bark and foliage that grew near the foot of Boynton Hill. The tree was planted in 1945 and presently stands over 100 feet (30 m) tall.
Near the edge of WPI's campus is a large Tudor-style mansion built in 1923 by WPI alumnus Aldus Chapin Higgins and later bequeathed to his alma mater. Named appropriately as the Higgins House, the mansion and the surrounding English garden serves as the backdrop for many alumni events and is the headquarters for the Office of Alumni Relations.
WPI had one of 35 civilian research nuclear reactors licensed to operate in the United States. It was built and used in research during the height of the Cold War but the school's nuclear program ended at the turn of the century. The reactor was decommissioned and filled-in early in 2018 due to heightened security around reactors post-9/11 and lack of need.
A large bronze statue of Gompei the Goat stands at the quad side of the Bartlett Center, WPI's admission building. Gompei was an actual goat given as a gift by the class of 1891 and eventually became the school's official mascot. It was named after the first elected goat keeper, Gompei Kuwada, chosen for his initials (G.K.). The original bronze goat head is located in the Skull Tomb, on a shelf with carved rocks and empty liquor bottles.
The Innovation Studio and Messenger Hall, a US$49 million, 78,000-square-foot (7,200 m$^2$) residential and classroom facility, was dedicated in 2018. The Innovation Studio (formerly the Foisie Innovation Studio), designed by Gensler, contains a robotics lab, a makerspace, various student-used manufacturing technology (3-D printers, etc.), and high-tech classrooms. Messenger Hall is a residence hall with 140 beds and tech suites. The Innovation Studio was originally named the Foisie Innovation Studio, after Robert Foisie, WPI's biggest donor ever. Controversy emerged surrounding the man's donations, which totaled $63 million across his lifetime, when his wife and children alleged in public and legal filings that he had participated in various criminal practices, most notably stashing money overseas during his divorce and attempting to hire a hitman to kill his son. Following Robert's death in 2018, WPI began in 2021 to erase his name from the Innovation Studio and Business School (formerly the Foisie Business School). This was conducted in accordance with a settlement with Robert's wife, Janet Foisie.

## Academics
### Project-based learning system

WPI's curriculum is focused on project-based learning, an emphasis established in 1970 as part of what was called the WPI Plan.

#### WPI Plan

WPI has 7-week terms, labeled A through D, with optional E Terms (session 1 and session 2) in the summer. Students typically take three courses during each term, which allows students to complete a year's worth of Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, etc. in only one semester. The graduate student calendar follows a mixed schedule of conventional two semester classes and traditional 7-week courses.
WPI's student performance evaluation system uses grades A, B, or C. If a student were to not satisfactorily complete the course or elect to drop the course, they would receive a No Record (NR). Unlike many other universities, WPI does not have required academic prerequisites.

#### Global Projects Program

At WPI, the opportunity to complete significant project work off campus is an integral element of an academic program that emphasizes the practical application of knowledge to meaningful technical and societal problems. As of the class of 2022, all first-year students receive a global project scholarship of up to $5,000 for this work. Through the Global Projects Program, over 60% of WPI students complete at least one of their required projects at an off-campus Project Center. Typically, students work under faculty guidance in small teams at Project Centers to address problems posed by external agencies and organizations.
Through the Global Projects Program, WPI sends more engineering students abroad than any US college or university. As of the 2019–2020 academic year, the program included established over 50 Project Centers spanning six continents.

#### Interactive Qualifying Project

The Interactive Qualifying Project (IQP) is described as a "project which relates technology and science to society or human needs." This project is very broad in scope, encompassing a wide variety of topics and actions. Generally, IQPs are designed to solve a societal problem using technology. This can range from improving high school science education to redesigning an irrigation system in Thailand. This project is often done off-campus through WPI's Global Projects Program. From an educational perspective, the IQP serves to emphasize team-based work and introduces a real-world responsibility absent from courses. Many IQPs have made a significant impact on the community in which they are done.

#### Major Qualifying Project

The Major Qualifying Project (MQP) assesses knowledge in a student's field of study. As mentioned above, this project is similar to a senior thesis, with students doing independent research or design. MQPs are often funded by either WPI or external corporations. Topics of MQPs done in the recent past include the design of the MIR 2 space station life support system module, a study of the effects of stress and nicotine on ADHD, the design of a research rocket, a mathematical viscoelastic cell motility model, experimental research of liquid crystals using atomic force microscopy, and the design of polymers for medicine delivery.

### Rankings and reputation

WPI was ranked tied for 86th among national universities in U.S. News & World Report's 2025 review of "Best Colleges" in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report also rated it tied at 63rd for "Most Innovative", 77th for "Best Value", and tied for 291st for "Top Performers on Social Mobility" among national universities.
In 2013, Businessweek ranked WPI No. 1 in the nation for its part-time Master of Business Administration (MBA) program, and No. 1 in the nation for student satisfaction in the program.
In August 2019, Forbes magazine's annual ranking of "America's Top Colleges" placed WPI at No. 93. "Forbes' college ranking is distinguished by its consumer-centric approach," said Caroline Howard, Director of Editorial Operations, Forbes. "The evaluation of the 650 undergraduate institutions is based exclusively on the quality of the education they provide, the experiences of the students and their post-graduate success and financial well-being."
In 2017, WPI received a gold rating through Sustainability, Tracking, Assessment, and Rating System (also known as STARS) for its sustainability efforts. Worcester Polytechnic Institute is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

## Campus life
### Traditions

* WPI Marching and Pep Band — The band is an entirely student-run organization boasting more than 100 members. The band and color guard perform at all home football and basketball games and some away games.
* Weekend Movies – Hosted by SocComm's Films committee. Every Saturday and Sunday, a new film is shown on the WPI campus in Fuller Laboratoires weeks prior to its DVD release. The projection of these movies is handled by Lens and Lights, the student event production club on campus. WPI is one of the few universities capable of showing both 35 mm film and 70 mm film in the same hall.
* Winter Ball – A ballroom dance social hosted by WPI's Ballroom Dance Team during the winter where couples in evening wear can learn and dance ballroom dances such as Waltz, Foxtrot, ChaCha, and Rumba in Alden Memorial.
* Tuesday Night Trivia – A trivia event hosted every Tuesday night on the Rubin Campus Center food court stage. The event consists of 6 category rounds, 2 picture rounds, and a final question, with teams of 5 or less competing to win prizes. Events and questions are organized and run by student workers.

### Athletics

WPI supports 20 varsity athletic teams that compete in the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference, New England Wrestling Association, and the Eastern College Athletic Conference. WPI athletic teams compete intercollegiately at the NCAA Division III level.

#### Athletic center

WPI's 145,000-square-foot (13,500 m$^2$), LEED-certified building Sports and Recreation Center was dedicated in 2012, and includes racquetball and squash courts, jogging track, and swimming pool.

#### Mascot

In the spring of 1891, the class of 1893 stole a goat and used it as a mascot. The goat was tended by a student, Gumpei (Gompei) Kuwada, because he was the only one with the initials G.K. in reference to the job of goat keeper. The mascot of WPI is still a goat and in honor of the first goat keeper the mascot's name is Gompei.

### Student newspaper

In 2018 Tech News, formerly known as The Towers and Newspeak, was the current name of a student-run newspaper founded in 1909, with an online version and physical copies produced.

### Wireless Association (W1YK)
#### History of the Association

The WPI Wireless Association is regarded as the first College Amateur Radio Club to be on the air. Founded in 1909 by Oliver B. Jacobs and a group of 40 other men, the club has a historically significant role in the early age of wireless communications both in the United States and the world. The Wireless Association was one of the first 12 stations heard by Paul Godely, an American who went to Scotland to conduct the first Transatlantic Tests, when stations in America and Scotland tried to hear each other across the Atlantic Ocean.

#### The Current Association

The current club has members with licenses ranging from Technician to the highest class, Amateur Extra. The club currently and has operated for decades out of the radio shack on the roof of Salisbury Laboratories. The club manages several public repeaters that reach around Worcester such as the Higgins Repeater. W1YK, the official Federal Communications Commission-licensed callsign of the club, and its members participate in the American Radio Relay League Sweepstakes each year, including the November Sweeps. The members of the club participate in marathons, triathlons, and other events that need radio operators.

## Alumni

* Todd Akin (Class of 1970), former member U.S. House of Representatives representing Missouri's 2nd District; best known for his claim that victims of what he described as "legitimate rape" very rarely become pregnant
* Paul Allaire (Class of 1960), former CEO of Xerox
* Harold Stephen Black (Class of 1921), revolutionized electronics by inventing the negative feedback amplifier in 1927
* Loree Griffin Burns (Class of 1991)
* Giovanni Capriglione (Class of c. 1995), degree in physics; Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Tarrant County, Texas
* Curtis Carlson (Class of 1967), imaging systems researcher and current president and CEO of SRI International
* Karen Casella (Class of 1983), software engineer and advocate for inclusion in the technology industry
* John W. Geils Jr. (dropped out in 1967) founded The J. Geils Band and played lead guitar; bandmates Danny Klein and Richard "Magic Dick" Salwitz also left WPI
* David Gewirtz (Class of 1982), CNN columnist, cyberterrorism advisor, and leading presidential scholar; candidate for the 2008 Pulitzer Prize in Letters
* Robert H. Goddard (Class of 1908), widely regarded as the father of modern rocketry
* Eric Hahn (Class of 1980), co-founder of Collabra Software (sold to Netscape) and Lookout Software (sold to Microsoft); in 1997 he became the CTO of Netscape
* Elwood Haynes (Class of 1881), early alumnus, prominent chemist and inventor; credited for aiding in the development of the automobile and the creation of stainless steel
* William Hobbs (Class of 1883), 19th-century geologist
* Aldus Chapin Higgins (Class of 1893), Worcester, Massachusetts lawyer, businessman who invented a water-cooled electric furnace for the Norton Companies
* John Woodman Higgins (Class of 1896), founder of Worcester Pressed Steel Company and of the Higgins Armory Museum
* Jeremy Hitchcock (Class of 2004), co-founder and former CEO of Dyn
* Dan Itse (Class of 1980, 1986), engineer, inventor, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
* Lawrence C. Jones (Class of 1915), Vermont Attorney General
* Dean Kamen (dropped out in 1976), invented the first portable insulin pump; started DEKA, the company that invented the Segway Human Transporter
* Atwater Kent (dropped out in 1895 and 1896) went on to found the Atwater Kent Manufacturing Company, which was the world's leading producer of radios in the late 1920s (there is now a building on campus called the Atwater Kent Laboratories)
* Everett J. Lake (Class of 1890), representative, Connecticut General Assembly, 1903–1905, Senator, Connecticut General Assembly, 1905–1907 Lieutenant Governor, 1907–1909 and Governor, 1921–1923 of Connecticut.
* William Stevens Lawton (transferred out in 1918), United States Army Lieutenant General, attended from 1917 to 1918, transferred to the United States Military Academy; Army's Comptroller
* Joseph Mancuso (Class of 1963), WPI's youngest department chairman, best-selling author in the business genre, founded CEO Clubs International, of which he is president and CEO
* Dwight Marcus, chief technology officer and co-founder
* Yiqi Mei (Class of 1914), president of Tsinghua University, founder of its college of engineering
* Eric Mill (Class of 2005), the Executive Director for Cloud Strategy of the U.S. General Services Administration's (GSA) Federal Acquisition Service
* Alan R. Pearlman (Class of 1948), founder of ARP Instruments and inventor of the ARP synthesizer
* Don Peterson (Class of 1971), former CFO of Lucent Technologies, founder and former CEO/ chairman of Avaya
* Nancy Pimental (Class of 1987), chemical engineering degree, one of the writers of South Park and the movie The Sweetest Thing; also replaced Jimmy Kimmel as co-host of Win Ben Stein's Money, alumna of Phi Sigma Sigma
* Daniel Robbins (dropped out), founder and former chief architect of the Gentoo Linux project
* Andy Ross (Mass Academy Class of 1997), guitarist, keyboardist and vocalist for the rock band OK Go since 2005, spent a year at WPI as part of the Mass Academy program
* Naveen Selvadurai (Class of 2002), co-founder of Foursquare
* Kotaro Shimomura (Class of 1888), chemical engineer; became president of Doshisha University and Osaka Gas Co., Ltd in Japan
* James Smith (founder) (Class of 1906), was an American engineer, entrepreneur, educator, and businessman; co-founder and president of the National Radio Institute (NRI)
* Chartsiri Sophonpanich (Class of 1980), president and director of Bangkok Bank, the largest commercial bank in Thailand
* Robert Stempel (Class of 1955), inventor of the catalytic converter, former chairman and CEO of General Motors
* Helen Guillette Vassallo, American scientific researcher and educator, noted for her contributions to the fields of physiology, pharmacology, and anesthesia
* Gilbert Vernam (Class of 1914), credited with the inauguration of modern cryptography
* Richard T. Whitcomb (Class of 1943), aeronautical engineer responsible for the "area rule" of high-speed aircraft design, the supercritical airfoil, and winglets
* Robert H. Goddard
* Elwood P. Haynes
* Richard T. Whitcomb
* Curtis R. Carlson
* Dean Kamen
* Gilbert Vernam
* Naveen Selvadurai
* A. Atwater Kent

## Faculty

WPI has employed several professors whose achievements have made them notable across the nation and the world.
* In 1995, Biology professor David Adams was the first to create a mouse which suffered from Alzheimers.
* Former history of science and technology professor Michael Sokal is currently serving as the president of the History of Science Society.
* Kaveh Pahlavan, professor of electrical and computer engineering and director of the Center for Wireless Information Network Studies (CWINS) who, during the 1990s, helped develop the 802.11 wireless protocols.
* Richard H. Gallagher, former professor of mechanical engineering and vice president of academic affairs, was one of the originators of the Finite Element Method.
* Umberto Mosco, professor of mathematical sciences and eponym of Mosco convergence.
* George Phillies, physics professor and 2008 Libertarian presidential candidate.
* Current professor of practice, James Lyneis, serves as the president of the System Dynamics Society. He is the third WPI faculty member to serve in this post, the other two being Michael J. Radzicki (SDS President 2006), and Khalid Saeed (SDS President 1995).
* Brian Moriarty, professor of interactive media and game development and former game developer for Infocom and LucasArts.
* Frederick Bianchi, Director of Music Technology and co-inventor of the Virtual Orchestra.
* Joseph Mancuso (class of 1963) went on to become WPI's youngest department chairman when he took over the WPI management program after earning an M.B.A. from Harvard. Mancuso went on to become a best-selling author in the business genre, and founded the CEO Clubs International, of which he is president and CEO.
* Albert Sacco Jr. Astronaut, former professor of chemical engineering and department head. Served as payload specialist on the STS-73 mission in 1995.
* Mimi Sheller, Dean of the Global School and theorist of mobilities.