# 1901 Spanish general election

A general election was held in Spain on Sunday, 19 May (for the Congress of Deputies) and on Sunday, 2 June 1901 (for the Senate), to elect the members of the 10th Restoration Cortes. All 402 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.
Conservative prime minister Francisco Silvela resigned in late 1900 as a result of social, political and ecclesiastical backlash resulting from both a tax reform adopted by finance minister Raimundo Fernández-Villaverde and the conflictive marriage between Princess of Asturias María de las Mercedes and Infante Carlos of Bourbon. Práxedes Mateo Sagasta formed a new government in March 1901, the so-called "Electra cabinet"—in reference to the Benito Pérez Galdós's Electra play which caused a public uproar that hastened the fall of the previous cabinet led by Marcelo Azcárraga—and immediately sought a parliamentary majority for his Liberal Party by triggering a snap election.
The election resulted in a Liberal-dominated parliament that saw new parties such as the regenerationist National Union or the Catalan-based Regionalist League gaining seats for the first time. This would be Sagasta's final electoral contest, as he would resign as prime minister in December 1902 and die on 5 January 1903, aged 77, as a result of bronchopneumonia.

## Background

The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the monarch the right of legislative initiative together with the bicameral Cortes; the capacity to veto laws passed by the legislative body; the power to appoint senators and government ministers; as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army and navy. The monarch would play a key role in the system of el turno pacífico (English: the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and dismissing governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this informal system, the major political parties at the time, the Conservatives and the Liberals—characterized as elite parties with loose structures dominated by internal factions, each led by powerful individuals—alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, assignating the seats in the general elections before they were held by using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing. The result was "a liberal system without democracy".
In March 1899, Conservative leader Francisco Silvela formed a regenerationist government that aimed at implementing a program of reforms to address the causes of Spain's decline as a nation—self-evidenced in the country's defeat in the Spanish–American War and the subsequent loss of the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific. However, Silvela was forced to resign as prime minister and cede power to Marcelo Azcárraga in October 1900, following the political and social backlash resulting from both the tax reform adopted by his finance minister, Raimundo Fernández-Villaverde—which, while intending to reduce the national debt caused by the war in Cuba, sparked a wave of protests and strikes—and the conflictive marriage between Princess of Asturias María de las Mercedes and Infante Carlos of Bourbon, whose father had fought in the Carlist side during the Third Carlist War. Further, the Carlist uprising of October 1900—an attempted armed insurrection originating in Badalona which spread to other towns in Spain—had led to the suspension of constitutional freedoms in a number of provinces for several months. Azcárraga's government fell in March 1901, unable to deal with these issues and amid a wave of anti-clericalism propelled by Benito Pérez Galdós's Electra play—which caused a storm of both outrage and uproar—, being replaced by a Liberal Party government under Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, the so-called "Electra cabinet".
Concurrently, regenerationism saw the rise of movements opposed to the Cánovas-founded political system. On the one hand, the establishment of the regenerationist National Union (UN) party by Joaquín Costa and Santiago Alba. On the other hand, Catalan regionalism was invigorated following Silvela's refusal to meet their demands and a growing disaffection among the Catalan middle and industrial classes, which in turn led to the establishment throughout 1899 of the liberal conservative Catalan National Centre (CNC) and the Regionalist Union (UR). Both parties would merge in April 1901 into the Regionalist League (LR).

## Overview
### Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameral system. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence, and judicial matters, where preeminence was vested in the Senate. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over 25 years of age, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.
For the Congress of Deputies, 92 seats were elected using a partial block voting system in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 310 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats. Additionally, literary universities, economic societies of Friends of the Country and officially organized chambers of commerce, industry and agriculture were entitled to one seat per each 5,000 registered voters that they comprised.
As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:
| Seats | Constituencies |
| 8 | Madrid |
| 7 | Barcelona |
| 5 | Palma, Seville |
| 4 | Cartagena$^{(+1)}$ |
| 3 | Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid, Zaragoza |
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected by the local councils and major taxpayers, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each local council—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. Following a redistribution of the 19 senators allocated to Cuba and Puerto Rico as a result of the loss by Spain of these colonies, the provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150. The remaining 30 were allocated to special districts comprising a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the other royal academies (History; Fine Arts of San Fernando; Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences; Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine); the universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the economic societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain with an annual income of at least 60,000 Pt (from their own real estate or from rights that enjoy the same legal consideration); Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; and the presidents of the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors, the Supreme War Council and the Supreme Council of the Navy, after two years of service—as well as senators for life appointed directly by the monarch.

### Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The previous Congress and Senate elections were held on 16 April and 30 April 1899, which meant that the legislature's terms would have expired on 16 April and 30 April 1904, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election. There was no constitutional requirement for concurrent elections to the Congress and the Senate, nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch. Still, there was only one case of a separate election (for the Senate in 1877) and no half-Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution.
The Cortes were officially dissolved on 24 April 1901, with the dissolution decree setting the election dates for 19 May (for the Congress) and 2 June 1901 (for the Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 11 June.

## Candidates

For the Congress, Spanish citizens of age and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not sentenced to perpetual disqualification from political rights or public offices by a final court's decision, or to afflictive penalties if no legal rehabilitation had been obtained at least two years in advance of the election, or to other criminal penalties if the serving of the sentence could not be proven before taking the office of deputy. Other causes of ineligibility were imposed on those physically or morally incapacitated; bankrupt or insolvent persons who had not paid out their debts; and contractors of public works or services; as well as a number of territorial-level officers in government bodies and institutions being barred from running, during their tenure of office, in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction.
For the Senate, eligibility was limited to those entitled to be appointed as senators in their own right or those who had belonged to one of the following categories: presidents of the Senate and the Congress of Deputies; deputies who had belonged to at least three different congresses or serving for at least eight terms; government ministers; other Grandees of Spain; Army's lieutenant generals and Navy's vice admirals, two years after their appointment; ambassadors after two years of service and plenipotentiary ministers after four; other members and prosecutors of the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors, the Supreme War Council and the Supreme Council of the Navy, and the Dean of the Court of Military Orders, after two years of service; presidents and directors of the Royal Spanish Academy and the other royal academies (History; Fine Arts of San Fernando; Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences; Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine); full academics of the aforementioned corporations occupying the first half of the seniority scale in their corps, first-class general inspectors of the corps of Civil Engineers, Mines and Forests, full-time university professors with at least four years of seniority in their category and practice (and provided that those had an annual income of at least 7,500 Pt from their own property, salaries from jobs that cannot be lost except for legally proven cause, or from retirement, withdrawal or termination); as well as those who had an annual income of 20,000 Pt or were taxpayers with a minimum quota of 4,000 Pt in direct contributions at least two years in advance, as long as they were of the Spanish nobility, had been previously deputies, provincial deputies or mayors in provincial capitals or towns over 20,000 inhabitants, as well as those who had ever held the office of senator before the promulgation of the 1876 Constitution.

## Results
### Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 19 May 1901 Congress of Deputies election results → :
| Parties and alliances | Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Popular vote | Seats |
| Parties and alliances | Parties and alliances | Votes | % | Seats |
| | Liberal Party (PL) | | | 246 |
| | Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) | | | 76 |
| | Republican Coalition (CR) | | | 15 |
| | Gamacist Liberals (G) | | | 15 |
| | Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) | | | 12 |
| | Tetuanist Conservatives (T) | | | 10 |
| | National Union (UN) | | | 6 |
| | Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) | | | 6 |
| | Regionalist League (LR) | | | 6 |
| | Blasquist Republicans (RB) | | | 2 |
| | Integrist Party (PI) | | | 2 |
| | Independents (INDEP) | | | 6 |
| Total | Total | | | 402 |
| Votes cast / turnout | Votes cast / turnout | | | |
| Abstentions | Abstentions | | | |
| Registered voters | Registered voters | | | |
| Sources |||||
Seats
PL
61.19%
PLC
18.91%
CR
3.73%
G
3.73%
PLR
2.99%
T
2.49%
UN
1.49%
CT
1.49%
LR
1.49%
RB
0.50%
PI
0.50%
INDEP
1.49% :

### Senate

← Summary of the 2 June 1901 Senate of Spain election results → :
| Parties and alliances | Parties and alliances | Seats |
| | Liberal Party (PL) | 116 |
| | Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) | 38 |
| | Tetuanist Conservatives (T) | 7 |
| | Republican Coalition (CR) | 3 |
| | Gamacist Liberals (G) | 3 |
| | Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) | 2 |
| | National Union (UN) | 1 |
| | Independents (INDEP) | 1 |
| | Archbishops (ARCH) | 9 |
| Total elective seats | Total elective seats | 180 |
| Sources |||
Seats
PL
64.44%
PLC
21.11%
T
3.89%
CR
1.67%
G
1.67%
PLR
1.11%
UN
0.56%
INDEP
0.56%
ARCH
5.00% :

### Maps

* Election results by constituency (Congress).

### Distribution by group

Summary of political group distribution in the 10th Restoration Cortes (1901–1903) :
| Group | Group | Parties and alliances | Parties and alliances | C | S | Total |
| | PL | | Liberal Party (PL) | 245 | 113 | 362 |
| | PL | | Basque Dynastics (Urquijist) (DV) | 1 | 2 | 362 |
| | PL | | Liberal–Republican Coalition (CLR) | 0 | 1 | 362 |
| | PLC | | Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) | 76 | 38 | 114 |
| | CR | | National Republican Party (PRN) | 12 | 1 | 18 |
| | CR | | Federal Republican Party (PRF) | 2 | 0 | 18 |
| | CR | | Centralist Republican Party (PRC) | 1 | 1 | 18 |
| | CR | | Liberal–Republican Coalition (CLR) | 0 | 1 | 18 |
| | G | | Gamacist Liberals (G) | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| | T | | Tetuanist Conservatives (T) | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| | PLR | | Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) | 12 | 2 | 14 |
| | UN | | National Union (UN) | 6 | 0 | 7 |
| | UN | | Liberal–Republican Coalition (CLR) | 0 | 1 | 7 |
| | CT | | Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| | LR | | Regionalist League (LR) | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| | RB | | Blasquist Republicans (RB) | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| | PI | | Integrist Party (PI) | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| | INDEP | | Independents (INDEP) | 5 | 1 | 7 |
| | INDEP | | Independent Catholics (CAT) | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| | ARCH | | Archbishops (ARCH) | 0 | 9 | 9 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 402 | 180 | 582 |