OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Abbot's Tower

Abbot's Tower is a 16th-century tower house situated near New Abbey, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, that was built by the Abbot of Sweetheart Abbey. The building was restored in the early 1990s and is now used as a private residence. This structure should not be confused with the Abbot's Tower of Alnwick Castle.

## History

The tower was built 1580 as a refuge by John Broun. John Braun builds Abbots Tower on the site of his Pele Tower from stone taken from the nearby abbey where his uncle had been abbot, before the Crown is able to conclude its intentions to take the abbey into Crown ownership.
Gilbert Braun a well-known Jesuit who, as an active member of the Society of Jesus, a zealous Roman Catholic order of priests, founded to do missionary work against the Reformation, becomes priest at the Abbey.
He is supported and protected by the most powerful family in the area, the Maxwell family. Despite repeated orders to arrest Braun, the Maxwell's stand by their man and their Catholic beliefs. Despite the abbey's suppression during the Scottish Reformation, Broun continued to uphold the Roman Catholic faith until he was arrested in 1605 and ultimately exiled.

## Structure

Abbot's Tower is a L-plan tower house, originally measuring 28.75 by 23.6 feet (8.8 by 7.2 m) with a short staircase wing extending north 8.5 feet (2.6 m). Its rubbled walls were about 4 feet (1.2 m) thick with only one room per storey. Each has a fireplace at one end and there was a garderobe in the south corner. By 1892, it was in a ruinous state, with the portions of the walls still surviving to a height of 32 feet (9.8 m). The west and staircase walls were almost complete, but portions of the other walls had fallen and the hewn stones taken.
Archaeological investigations in the early 1990s revealed remnants of outbuildings and portions of what were probably foundations of the barmkin walls. The tower was restored and converted into a private residence in the 1990s.
# Refugee travel document

A refugee travel document (also called a 1951 Convention travel document or Geneva passport) is a travel document issued to a refugee by the state which they normally reside in, allowing them to travel outside that state and to return there. Refugees are unlikely to be able to obtain passports from their state of nationality (from which they have sought asylum) and therefore need travel documents so that they might engage in international travel.
The 145 states which are parties to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees are obliged to issue travel documents to refugees lawfully resident in their territory.
Refugee travel documents are passport-like booklets. Their cover bears the words "Travel Document" in English and French (and often in the language of the issuing state), as well as the date of the convention: 28 July 1951. The documents were originally grey, though some countries now issue them in other colours, with two diagonal lines in the upper left corner of the front cover. Bearers enjoy certain visa-free travel privileges extended by signatories to the convention.
However, as a refugee travel document is not a regular national passport, some problems may be encountered by the holder from time to time, for example due to non-familiarity of airline staff with such documents.

## Travel documents issued to refugees

* New Zealand Refugee Travel Document
* Estonian travel document for refugees
* U.S. Refugee Travel Document (United States)
* Australian Convention Travel Document. This document by itself does not allow the bearer to return to Australia; for that, a separate visa must be obtained.
* Swiss Travel Document

## Limitations of a refugee travel document compared to a passport

* Refugee travel documents issued by the Government of Canada cannot be used for travel to the bearer’s country of citizenship, and a refugee travel document issued by another country is not treated as a valid passport for the purposes of obtaining an Electronic Travel Authorization to visit Canada. Given that bearers of refugee travel documents are not citizens of the issuing country they may need to apply for a visa before travelling to Canada.
* Egyptian travel documents issued for Palestinian refugees are considered unacceptable travel documents for travel and entry to New Zealand, unless they include an entry visa allowing the holder to enter Egypt.

## Gallery of Refugee Travel Documents

* New Zealand Refugee Travel Document
* Irish Refugee Travel Document
* Japanese Refugee Travel Document
* Australian Refugee Travel Document
* Ukrainian Refugee Travel Document
* United States Travel Document
* German Refugee Travel Document
* Lithuanian Refugee Travel Document
* Russian Refugee Travel Document
* Swiss Refugee Travel Document
* British Refugee Travel Document
# Al Leader

George Alfred "Al" Leader (December 4, 1903 – May 8, 1982) was a Canadian-American ice hockey player, referee, and administrator. He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in the "Builder" category. Leader settled in Seattle, Washington, in the 1930s and became involved in hockey as the administrator of the Seattle City League. He worked as a player, referee, and administrator at the city level for several years before organizing the Defense Hockey League in 1940, which involved five teams from Seattle and Portland, Oregon.
In 1944, Leader was elected as the secretary-manager of the Pacific Coast Hockey League. Throughout the decade, Leader worked to manage and promote amateur hockey on the west coast, also taking on an administrative role with the Amateur Hockey Association of the United States. In 1952, the Pacific Coast Hockey League became part of the now defunct professional Western Hockey League and Leader became the league president. He served in this capacity until 1969, and was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in the same year.
# Adam Schenk

Adam Cole Schenk (born January 26, 1992) is an American professional golfer.
Schenk was born in Vincennes, Indiana. He played college golf at Purdue University where he won twice as a freshman.
Schenk turned professional in 2015 and played on the PGA Tour Latinoamérica that year. He had six top-10 finishes with a best finish of fourth at the Abierto Mexicano de Golf and the Honduras Open. In 2016, he played on the Web.com Tour with a best finish of second at the United Leasing & Finance Championship. He played on the Web.com Tour again in 2017, winning the Lincoln Land Charity Championship in June in a four-man playoff. He earned his PGA Tour card for 2018 by finishing 12th on the regular season money list.
On the PGA Tour in 2018, Schenk earned one top-10 finish, at the Zurich Classic of New Orleans, a team event he played with Tyler Duncan. He finished 157th on the FedEx Cup standings and had to play in the Web.com Tour Finals to try to regain his card for 2019. In the Finals, he posted three top-10 finishes in four events, including second place at the Albertsons Boise Open to finish seventh in the Finals rankings and earn his 2019 PGA Tour card. On the PGA Tour in 2019, he posted three top-10 finishes and finished 71st on the FedEx Cup standings to retain his card for 2020.
Schenk held his first ever career 54-hole lead on the PGA Tour in October 2021 at the Shriners Children's Open by a single stroke. He could only manage a one-under final round though resulting in a T3 finish, which was his best ever finish on tour to date. Schenk had a second 54-hole lead at the 2023 Valspar Championship leading Speith and Fleetwood by one stroke at Innisbrook's Copperhead Course in Palm Harbour, Florida.

## Amateur wins

* 2010 Purdue/Midwest Shootout
* 2011 Boilermaker Invitational
* 2013 Indiana Amateur
Source:

## Professional wins (2)
### Web.com Tour wins (1)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runners-up |
| 1 | Jun 25, 2017 | Lincoln Land Charity Championship | −14 (67-66-65-72=270) | Playoff | Eric Axley, William Kropp, Kyle Thompson |
Web.com Tour playoff record (1–0)
| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponents | Result |
| 1 | 2017 | Lincoln Land Charity Championship | Eric Axley, William Kropp, Kyle Thompson | Won with birdie on second extra hole |

### Other wins (1)

* 2015 Iowa Open

## Playoff record

PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)
| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponent | Result |
| 1 | 2023 | Charles Schwab Challenge | Emiliano Grillo | Lost to birdie on second extra hole |

## Results in major championships

| Tournament | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
| Masters Tournament | | | T12 |
| PGA Championship | T41 | CUT | CUT |
| U.S. Open | T24 | CUT | CUT |
| The Open Championship | | CUT | CUT |
CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied

## Results in The Players Championship

| Tournament | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
| The Players Championship | CUT | CUT | CUT | T19 | CUT |
CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place
# James Kyle (bishop)

James Francis Kyle (22 September 1788 – 23 February 1869) was a Scottish Roman Catholic bishop who served as the first Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District of Scotland.

## Life

Born in Edinburgh on 22 September 1788, he was ordained a priest on 21 March 1812. He was appointed the Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District (formerly known the Highland District) and Titular Bishop of Germanicia by the Holy See on 13 February 1827. He was consecrated to the Episcopate at Aberdeen on 28 September 1828. The principal consecrator was Bishop Alexander Paterson, and the principal co-consecrators were Bishop Ranald MacDonald and Bishop Thomas Penswick. With assistance from architects A & W Reid, he designed St Peter's Church in Buckie, build between 1851 and 1857, and worked on numerous other buildings in the diocese.
He died at the Bishop's House on 23 February 1869, aged 80.
# Conchamarca District

Conchamarca District is one of eight districts of the province Ambo in Peru.
# Kakuru

Kakuru is a dubious genus of theropod dinosaur from the early Cretaceous Period.

## Discovery

The only described species, Kakuru kujani, is known primarily from evidence of a single tibia, which had been fossilised through a rare process in which the bone through hydration turned to opal. The bone was dug up at the opal fields of Andamooka, South Australia. The opalised tibia was exhibited by a gem shop in 1973 and by chance brought to the attention of paleontologist Neville Pledge. The owner at the time, a certain A. Fleming, allowed pictures and two casts to be made but eventually the specimen was sold at an auction to an anonymous buyer. It was presumed lost to science. In 2004, however, the South Australian Museum succeeded in procuring the fossil for $22,000.
Kakuru was formally named in 1980 by Pledge and Ralph Molnar. The type species is Kakuru kujani. The generic name is the name of the Rainbow Serpent of Australian Aboriginal mythology in the Kuyani language, and the specific name honors the Kuyani themselves.
The holotype is SAMA P17926. This specimen number was originally assigned to one of the casts, but is currently assigned to the actual specimen after acquisition. The specimen was discovered in the marine Bulldog Shale of the Marree Subgroup, dating to the late Aptian. Apart from the tibia, the find included some small probable fibula fragments. Later a foot digit was referred that might have come from the same species, specimen SAM P18010, but the assignment is dubious. The tibia is broken into about ten larger pieces and roughly 33 centimetres long. It is very slender in build and shows the impression of the ascending process of the astragalus, an ankle bone itself lost. The process seems to have been very long and narrow.
Kakuru is believed to have been carnivorous, was bipedal and about two to three meters in length. This small dinosaur seems to have had long, slender legs.

## Classification

Due to the paucity of the remains it has been difficult to establish the phylogenetic position of Kakuru. Molnar and Pledge gave no more precise determination than a Theropoda incertae sedis. The tibia provides two indications: its gracile form and the tall height and narrow width of the astragalar process. Both seems to point to the Coelurosauria, perhaps the Oviraptorosauria. However, in 2005 Oliver Rauhut pointed out that the Abelisauroidea also have a high ascending process of the astragalus. Two separate analyses in 2010 found the holotype tibia of Kakuru to have no distinguishing characteristics and could only be confidently placed in either Averostra or Tetanurae. A 2025 study suggested that Kakuru is similar to the probable unenlagiine specimen (NMV P257601) from Australia and to other coelurosaurians, and that this taxon can be at least referred to Maniraptora.
# Temperate forest

A temperate forest is a forest found between the tropical and boreal regions, located in the temperate zone. It is the second largest terrestrial biome, covering 25% of the world's forest area, only behind the boreal forest, which covers about 33%. These forests cover both hemispheres at latitudes ranging from 25 to 50 degrees, wrapping the planet in a belt similar to that of the boreal forest. Due to its large size spanning several continents, there are several main types: deciduous, coniferous, mixed forest, and rainforest.

## Climate

The climate of a temperate forest is highly variable depending on the location of the forest. For example, Los Angeles and Vancouver, Canada are both considered to be located in a temperate zone, however, Vancouver is located in a temperate rainforest, while Los Angeles is a relatively dry subtropical climate.

## Types of temperate forest
### Deciduous

They are found in Europe, East Asia, North America, and in some parts of South America. Deciduous forests are composed mainly of broadleaf trees, such as maple and oak, that shed all their leaves during one season. They are typically found in three middle-latitude regions with temperate climates characterized by a winter season and year-round precipitation: eastern North America, western Eurasia and northeastern Asia.

### Coniferous

Coniferous forests are composed of needle-leaved evergreen trees, such as pine or fir. Evergreen forests are typically found in regions with moderate climates. Boreal forests, however, are an exception as they are found in subarctic regions. Coniferous trees often have an advantage over broadleaf trees in harsher environments. Their leaves are typically hardier and longer lived but require more energy to grow.

### Mixed

As the name implies, conifers and broadleaf trees grow in the same area. The main trees found in these forests in North America and Eurasia include fir, oak, ash, maple, birch, beech, poplar, elm and pine. Other plant species may include magnolia, prunus, holly, and rhododendron. In South America, conifer and oak species predominate. In Australia, eucalypts are the predominant trees. Hardwood evergreen trees which are widely spaced and are found in the Mediterranean region are olive, cork, oak and stone pine.

### Temperate rainforest

Temperate rainforests are the wettest of all the types, and are found only in very wet coastal areas. Adding to its rarity is that most of the temperate rainforests outside protected areas have been cut down and no longer exist. Temperate rainforests can, however, still be found in some areas, including the Pacific Northwest, southern Chile, northern Turkey (along with some regions of Bulgaria and Georgia), most of Japan, and others.

## Effect of human activity

Temperate forests are located in the middle latitudes where much of the planet's population is. Not only were these forests cut down to build cities (i.e. New York City, Seattle, London, Tokyo, Paris), they have also been "cut down long ago to make way for cultivation." This biome has been subject to mining, logging, hunting, pollution, deforestation and habitat loss.
# Steve Lawrence (rugby union)

Stephen David Lawrence (5 August 1899 – 13 February 1978) was a Welsh international rugby union player.
Lawrence played his early rugby with Pontycymmer in the Garw Valley, captaining their XV in 1921. The club's home ground, Lawrence Park, was named after his brother Joe, who a long–time club secretary.
A forward, Lawrence was capped six times for Wales from 1925 to 1927, featuring in three Five Nations campaigns. He gained his selection via Bridgend and later played for Maesteg.
Lawrence was a police officer by profession.
# Freecharge

Freecharge is an Indian financial services company based in Gurgaon. It allows users to pay bills such as electricity, gas and telephone, as well as recharge mobile, broadband, DTH and metro cards.
On 8 April 2015, Snapdeal acquired Freecharge in what was referred to as the second biggest takeover in the Indian e-commerce sector at the time, after the buy out of Ibibo by rival MakeMyTrip. The deal was for approximately US$400 million in cash and stock. On 27 July 2017, Axis Bank acquired Freecharge for $60 million.

## History

Freecharge was founded in August 2010 by Kunal Shah and Sandeep Tandon. After receiving seed funding of an undisclosed amount from Tandon Group and Sequoia Capital in 2010, the company secured Series A funding of ₹200 million from Sequoia Capital in 2011. In November 2012, the company claimed to be doing online recharge of ₹6 million on a daily basis, translating to ₹2.19 billion a year.
In 2011, Freecharge was named one of the most promising technology startups from India by Pluggd.in.
On 1 September 2014, Freecharge received $33 Million Series B Funding from Sequoia Capital, Sofina and Ru-Net, which was one of the biggest fund raising by an Indian technology startup. On 6 February 2015, Freecharge further raised $80 million from Hong Kong–based fund Tybourne Capital Management and SF-based fund Valiant Capital Management and existing investors. Freecharge is building an advertising platform that will capture online and offline purchase behavior and brand preferences of consumers, by offering incentives and discount coupons to users to transact on its platform.
On 8 April 2015, Indian e-commerce firm Snapdeal acquired Freecharge for ₹2800 crore (US$400 million) in cash and stock. In March 2017, Snapdeal announced Jason Kothari will be the new CEO of Freecharge. Snapdeal decided to invest $20 million into the same.
April 2016, FreeCharge rolls out Chat and Pay – feature in its app where merchants and customers can connect over chat and just initiate payments.
On 18 May 2017, Jasper Infotech, which owns and operates Freecharge, decided to invest ₹22 Crore more in the company, making it its third such investment.
On 27 July 2017, it was officially reported that Axis Bank bought out Freecharge for $60 million.
On 22 March 2017, Ankit Khanna was appointed as COO. Prior to this, Khanna was the chief product officer of the company.
March 30, 2018, FreeCharge enables BHIM UPI on its Digital Wallet platform.
Digital Credit Cards were introduced by Freecharge on 27 August 2019.
# Portrait of Lotte

Portrait of Lotte is a time-lapse viral video involving a girl growing from a newborn in 1999 into a teenager. It was first posted by filmmaker Frans Hofmeester from Utrecht, Netherlands on 17 April 2012.
It has reached widespread and the video was used on a Sprint commercial.

## Vince

After 12 years of recording Lotte, Hoffmeester started recording videos of his son, Vince.
He described Lotte's video as being more "sweet" and Vince's as more "playful".

## Background

Hoffmeester recorded 15 second videos every week of his daughter, Lotte, from a newborn to a teenager and compiled them together to make a time-lapse video. He calls it "the ultimate coming of age time-lapse". He has done several videos of her being recorded to different ages, such as 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 years old.
Hofmeester explains, "She was changing at such a rapid pace, that I felt the need to document the way she looked, to keep my memories intact".
Commenting on the occasions he found it difficult to get the footage required, he said, "Sometimes they did not feel like it. Then I said, 'Just one minute. Tell me about your ball game, did you win?' That way I stalled them so I could complete the shot".
# North Sea Wind Power Hub

North Sea Wind Power Hub is a proposed energy island complex to be built in the middle of the North Sea as part of a European system for sustainable electricity. One or more “Power Link” artificial islands will be created at the northeast end of the Dogger Bank, a relatively shallow area in the North Sea, just outside the continental shelf of the United Kingdom and near the point where the borders between the territorial waters of Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark come together. Dutch, German, and Danish electrical grid operators are cooperating in this project to help develop a cluster of offshore wind parks with a capacity of several gigawatts, with interconnections to the North Sea countries. Undersea cables will make international trade in electricity possible.
According to this plan, the first artificial island will have an area of six square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). Thousands of wind turbines will be placed around the island, with short alternating-current links to the island. On the island itself, power converters will change the alternating current to direct current that will be carried to the mainland via undersea cables. The Hub – one island at first, and later one or two more – is intended to make a substantial contribution to the energy transition and to achieving the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement of 2015. The project is to be completed around 2050.
In June 2016, nine countries – the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Luxemburg, France, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden – signed an agreement to cooperate in planning and building offshore wind parks. The goal is to reduce costs as quickly as possible and thus make the wind parks more economically viable.
A study commissioned by Dutch electrical grid operator TenneT reported in February 2017 that as much as 110 gigawatts of wind energy generating capacity could ultimately be developed at the Dogger Bank location.

## North Sea Wind Power Hub Consortium

At the North Seas Energy Forum in Brussels on 23 March 2017, TenneT Netherlands, TenneT Germany, and the Danish Energinet.dk signed a trilateral agreement to cooperate in further development of the project. These network managers hope that Norway, the United Kingdom, and Belgium will also join them.
In September 2017, Dutch gas-grid operator Gasunie joined the consortium, suggesting converting wind power to gas and using near offshore gas infrastructure for storage and transport.
In November 2017, the Port of Rotterdam became the fifth member of the consortium.
In February 2019, the consortium published two reports establishing a foundation for their planning: a spatial planning report and a cost evaluation report. This was followed in May 2019 by a report concerning the possibility for extension into the Norwegian sector.