# Mehmed VI

Mehmed VI Vahideddin (Ottoman Turkish: محمد سادس Meḥmed-i sâdis or وحيد الدين Vaḥîdü'd-Dîn; Turkish: VI. Mehmed or Vahdeddin/Vahideddin; 14 January 1861 – 16 May 1926), also known as Şahbaba (lit. 'Emperor-father') among the Osmanoğlu family, was the last sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the penultimate Ottoman caliph, reigning from 4 July 1918 until 1 November 1922, when the Ottoman sultanate was abolished and replaced by the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.
The brother of Mehmed V Reşâd, he became heir to the throne in 1916, after the death of Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin, as the eldest male member of the House of Osman. He acceded to the throne after the death of Mehmed V. He was girded with the Sword of Osman on 4 July 1918 as the 36th padishah and 115th Islamic Caliph.
Mehmed VI's reign began with the Ottoman Empire suffering defeat by the Allied Powers with the conclusion of World War I. The subsequent Armistice of Mudros legitimized further Allied incursions into Ottoman territory, resulting in an informal occupation of Istanbul and other parts of the empire. An initial process of reconciliation between the government and Christian minorities over their massacres and deportations by the government ultimately proved fruitless, when the Greeks and Armenians, via their patriarchates, renounced their status as Ottoman subjects by the end of 1918, spelling a definitive end of Ottomanism. During the Paris Peace Conference, Mehmed VI turned to Damat Ferid Pasha to diplomatically outflank Greek territorial demands on the Ottoman Empire through Allied appeasement, but to no avail. Unionist elements within the Ottoman military, discontent with the government's appeasement in the face of partition, and the establishment of war crimes tribunals, began taking actions into their own hands by establishing a nationalist resistance to resume war. Mehmed's most significant act as Sultan was dispatching Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) to reassert government control in Anatolia, which actually resulted in the further consolidation of anti-appeasement actors against the court, and consequently, the end of the monarchy.
With the Greek Occupation of Smyrna on 15 May 1919 galvanizing the Turkish nationalist movement and beginning the Turkish War of Independence, by October the sultan's government had to give in to nationalist demands with the Amasya Protocol. With the Turkish nationalists standing against Allied designs for a partition of Ottoman Anatolia, the Allies militarily occupied Istanbul on 16 March 1920, and pressured Sultan Mehmed VI to dissolve the Nationalist dominated Chamber of Deputies, ending the Second Constitutional Era. Kemal Pasha responded by establishing a provisional government known as the Grand National Assembly based in Ankara, which dominated the rest of the Ottoman Empire, while the Sultan's unpopular government in Istanbul was propped up by the Allied powers and effectively impotent. Mehmed VI condemned the nationalist leaders as infidels and called for their execution, though the provisional government in Ankara claimed it was rescuing the Sultan-Caliph from manipulative foreigners and ministers. The Sultan's so-called Istanbul government would go on to sign the Treaty of Sèvres, a peace treaty which would have partitioned the remainder of the empire, leaving a rump Turkish state. With Ankara's victory in the independence war, the Sèvres Treaty was abandoned for their Treaty of Lausanne. On 1 November 1922, the Grand National Assembly voted to abolish the Sultanate and to depose Mehmed VI as Caliph, and he left for Europe in exile. On 29 October 1923, the Republic of Turkey was declared, with Mustafa Kemal as its first president.

## Early life and education

Mehmed Vahdeddin was born at the Dolmabahçe Palace, in Constantinople, on 14 January 1861. His father was Abdulmejid I, who died when he was only five months old, and Vahdeddin's mother Gülistu Kadın died when he was four years old. She was of Georgian-Abkhazian origin, being the daughter of Prince Tahir Bey Chachba.
After his mother's death, Vahdeddin Efendi was raised and taught by Şâyeste Hanım, another of his father's consorts. He trained himself by taking lessons from private teachers and attending some of the lessons given at the Fatih Madrasa. The prince had a rough time with his overbearing adoptive mother, and at the age of 16 he left his adoptive mother's mansion with the three servants who had been serving him since childhood. He grew up with nannies, female servants, and tutors. During the thirty-three years of his brother Sultan Abdul Hamid II's reign he lived in the Ottoman Imperial Harem.
During his youth his closest friend was Abdul Mejid (to be proclaimed as Caliph Abdul Mejid II), the son of his uncle, Sultan Abdul Aziz. In the years to come, however, the two cousins became unyielding rivals. Before moving to the Feriye Palace, the prince had lived briefly in the mansion in Çengelköy owned by Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin. During the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Vahdeddin was considered to be the sultan's closest brother. When he ascended to the throne, this closeness greatly influenced his political attitudes, such as his intense dislike of the Young Turks and the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), and his sympathy for the British.
Mehmed took private lessons. He read a great deal, and was interested in various subjects, including the arts, which was a tradition of the Ottoman family. He took courses in calligraphy and music and learned how to write in the naskh script and to play the qanun. He became interested in Sufism and, unknown to the Palace, he attended courses at the madrasa of Fatih on Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic theology, interpretation of the Quran, and the Hadiths, as well as the Arabic and Persian languages. He attended the dervish lodge of Ahmed Ziyaüddin Gümüşhanevi, located not far from the Sublime Porte, where Ömer Ziyaüddin of Dagestan was the spiritual leader, and he became a disciple of the Naqshbandi order.
Vahdeddin held a quiet rivalry with his brother Crown Prince Yusuf İzzeddin and repeatedly requested that his brother Sultan Mehmed V Reshad retract İzzeddin as heir apparent. In the end İzzeddin committed suicide in 1916, putting Vahdeddin on track to succeed his brother upon his death.
As crown prince he represented the sultan at the funeral of the Austro-Hungarian emperor Franz Joseph I in 1916, and was invited by Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany to make a state visit in 1917, where he was accompanied by his aide-de-camp, Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk).

## Reign

Mehmed Vahdettin succeeded to the throne after the death of his half-brother, and took the regal name of Mehmed VI, on 3 July 1918, though like his predecessor, he was known by the people, and in modern Turkey, by his personal name Vahdettin. He held his Cülûs (enthronement ceremony) the day after and delivered an oath to the Ottoman National Assembly. Instead of commissioning his own anthem he signed an edict making his grandfather Mahmud II's anthem as the official national anthem of the Ottoman Empire. Though he detested the Unionists and was an ideological absolutist, for a short while he had to maintain the monarchy's subservient relationship to the CUP. Vahdeddin reappointed Talat Pasha as Grand Vizier for another term and Mustafa Kemal Pasha commander of Seventh Army. However due to the tides of war turning against the Ottomans, Talat Pasha resigned, the CUP dissolved itself, and the Ottomans exited World War I with the signing of the Armistice of Mudros, which was a turning point for Vahdettin's reign.
The First World War was a disaster for the Ottoman Empire, which was initiated by the CUP dictatorship. British and allied forces captured Baghdad, Damascus, and Jerusalem during the war, and most of the empire was set to be partitioned amongst the Allies. As part of the armistice terms, much of the empire beyond the armistice lines was also under occupation, including the Sultan's own capital: Constantinople. Now dealing with an existential crisis over the Ottoman state, Sultan Mehmed VI hoped to pursue a policy of close cooperation with Britain and France in order to rehabilitate Turkey into the international community and a lighter peace treaty. However this strategy did not turn out to be successful, as despite the leadership change, the Allies considered the participation of Turkey during the Great War -and its recent trend in the last decade towards political instability- akin to a rogue state that deserved punishment, therefore Entente statesmen sought to elevate Greece as a responsible Eastern Mediterranean Great Power in the Ottomans' place.
Mehmed VI witnessed many of the monarchies of Europe experiencing their demise or extreme shakeup with the end of the Great War. The German Hohenzollerns, Austrian Habsburgs, and Russian Romanovs all met their demise due to the Great War, and Greece and Bulgaria's monarchies also experienced great instability due to the war. The highest priority for the Sultan was to safeguard his dynasty's interests, which soon came into conflict with his empire's national interest.

### Armistice era

The end of the Great War allowed Vahdeddin to reassert the Sultanate, in contrast to his deceased brother who was accommodating to the CUP. With Talat Pasha's resignation, and the CUP's self-liquidation, Vahdeddin had the opportunity to appoint a new Grand Vizier. Mustafa Kemal Pasha sent a telegram to the Sultan, asking him to appoint Ahmed Izzet Pasha and make himself a minister of war. Izzet Pasha wooed the Sultan by promising to 'secure the dynasty's 'legitimate rights' and restore justice in the nation'. The sultan assigned the task of forming the government to Izzet, his aide-de-camp, though Mustafa Kemal was excluded from the new cabinet, as well as any minorities. In his speech for the opening of the new legislative year of the parliament, he wished for peace along the lines of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and that he accordingly wanted peace with the appropriate honour and dignity of the state.
Sultan Vahdeddin soon requested the resignation of Izzet, which was unconstitutional, and assigned his in-law Ahmed Tevfik Pasha to form a government. Two days later, the allies occupied Istanbul. After Tevfik Pasha received a vote of confidence from parliament, Vahdeddin made a press statement, stating that the CUP was solely responsible for the war and its excesses, not to the Ottoman people (see collective guilt). He asked his government to establish tribunals to try war criminals and that he would work with all his might to maintain friendship with England. When the Chamber of Deputies, dominated by Unionists elected back in 1914, objected that only the chamber has the authority to establish special tribunals, Vahdeddin dissolved the chamber on 21 December 1918. He postponed elections until after a peace treaty could be signed, even though they were constitutionally mandated to occur four months after parliament's dissolution, on the grounds that the country was under occupation.
The question which immediately dominated the Ottoman Empire was the fate of the war criminals and the Unionists. Sultan Vahdeddin soon asked Tevfik Pasha to resign and assigned him to form a new government in order to purge Unionist sympathizers from the government. Before making arrests, Damat Ferid Pasha, in the capacity of an envoy, attempted to meet with the British High Commissioner, to gauge British support for the new regime and its goals in purging the Unionists. The escape of the former governor of Diyarbekir, Reşid Bey, from prison (25 January 1919) renewed British interest in prosecuting war criminals. Britain ended up cooperating with the Ottoman government in these arrest campaigns, though controversially demanded extradition of some criminals. British and French demands on war criminals increasingly mounted on the Tevfik Pasha government, and after the Sultan complained about the lack of progress on the matter in the last three and a half months, he resigned, and Damad Ferid Pasha was appointed Grand Vizier on 4 March 1919.
A new government, consisting of members of the Freedom and Accord Party, arrested the leaders of the CUP, including one of the former grand viziers, Said Halim Pasha. The trial of Boğazlıyan District Governor Mehmed Kemal Bey was quickly concluded. He was sentenced to death and publicly hanged in Beyazıt Square after the fatwa was signed by the sultan, which did not go over well with the Turks, and he was declared a national martyr. Ferid Pasha was unable to send an Ottoman delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, and the Allies increased interference in government. To calm the situation at home and shore up his popularity, Vahdeddin dispatched Commissions of Admonition [Heyet-i Nasîha], delegations representing the imperial family headed by royal princes to Anatolia and Rumelia.
By the end of the war, conditions in Thrace and Anatolia -by all metrics- were disastrous, to the point where public order collapsed. The Allied Powers allowed officers to be assigned to the army in Anatolia to ensure public order. On 30 April 1919 Mustafa Kemal Pasha was assigned to the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate, a wide-ranging responsibility which effectively gave him civil and administrative authority over all of Anatolia. A fringe historical theory alleges the Sultan to have instructed Mustafa Kemal to start a resistance movement against the Allies in a prior audience. Out of the reaches of Istanbul, Kemal indeed used his extraordinary powers to coordinate a nationalist resistance with like minded officers, which soon led to British demands for his recall. The Sultan was indifferent to his activities until late June.
In order to calm nationalist tempers, the Sultan had Damad Ferid, who had resigned after the Greek Occupation of Izmir, form his second government on 19 May, which included ten ministers without portfolio unaffiliated with political parties or the palace. Twenty-three jailed nationalists, who's trials had already been postponed were released. On 26 May, Damad Ferid convened a Sultanic Council [meclis-i Saltanat], a faux parliament akin to an estates general, to formulate a way forward after the Greek occupation of Izmir. The delegates demanded for complete independence and the urgent establishment of an emergency national council. In response, the Allies extradited sixty-seven prisoners from the Bekir Ağa Division to Malta, making them the first of the Malta exiles.
After the Allies invited an Ottoman delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, the trial and arrest of the Unionists once again began. The Sultan demanded Tevfik accompany Damad Ferid Pasha, who headed the delegation, as he did not trust the Grand Vizier. At this time the crown-prince Abdul Mecid sharply criticized his cousin for following such a pro-British policy and placing Ferid in a position of authority.

### Conflict with the nationalist movement

At the San Remo conference of April 1920, the French were granted a mandate over Syria and the British were granted one over Palestine and Mesopotamia. On 22 July 1920, the Sultanic Council (Şurayı Saltanat) gathered in Yıldız Palace to discuss the principles of the settlement debated in Sèvres. On 10 August 1920, Mehmed's representatives signed the Treaty of Sèvres, which recognised the mandates and Hejaz as an independent state. Since he had to resign two and a half-months later, Damat Ferid Pasha dispatched the last delegation of Tevfik Pasha, the last delegation of the Ottoman Empire, on 2 October 1920.
Turkish nationalists rejected the settlement by the Sultan's four signatories. A new government, the Turkish Grand National Assembly, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, was formed on 23 April 1920, in Ankara (then known as Angora). The new government denounced the rule of Mehmed VI and the command of Süleyman Şefik Pasha, who was in charge of the army commissioned to fight against the Turkish National Movement (the Kuvâ-i İnzibâtiyye); as a result, a temporary constitution was drafted for Kemal's counter-government in Ankara.

## Exile and death

As the nationalist movement strengthened its military positions in late August 1922, Mehmed VI, his five wives, and attendant eunuchs could no longer leave the safety of the palace. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey abolished the Sultanate on 1 November 1922, and Mehmed VI was expelled from Istanbul. One day before his departure, he had lunch with his daughter, Ulviye Sultan, and spent a night at her palace. Leaving aboard the British warship HMS Malaya on 17 November 1922, he took care not to bring valuable items or jewellery, other than his personal belongings. British general Charles Harington himself took the last Ottoman ruler from Yıldız Palace. Ten people with the sultan were sent off early in the morning by an English battalion. He went into exile in Malta, later living on the Italian Riviera.
On 16 November 1922, Vahideddin wrote to Sir Charles Harington: "Sir, considering my life in danger in Istanbul, I take refuge with the British Government and request my transfer as soon as possible from Istanbul to another place. Mehmed Vahideddin, Caliph of the Muslims". Accompanied by his First Chamberlain, the bandmaster, his doctor, two confidential secretaries, a valet, a barber and two eunuchs, at 6 am on 19 November, two British ambulances took them to the house of General Sir Charles Harington.
On 19 November, Vahideddin's first cousin and heir, Abdul Mejid Efendi, was elected caliph, becoming the new head of the Imperial House of Osman as Abdul Mecid II before the Caliphate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly in 1924.
Mehmed sent a declaration to the Caliphate Congress and protested the preparations made, declaring that he had never waived the right to reign and be caliph. The congress met on 13 May 1926, but Mehmed died without the news of the congress meeting on 16 May 1926 in Sanremo, Italy. His daughter Sabiha Sultan found money for a burial, and the coffin was taken to Syria and buried in the cemetery of the Sulaymaniyya Takiyya in Damascus.

## Personality

Mehmed had an optimistic and patient personality according to the testimony of his relatives and employees. He was evidently a kind family man in his palace; outside, and especially at official ceremonies, he would stand cold, frowning and serious, and would not compliment anyone; he attached great importance to religious traditions; he would not tolerate rumors, nor would he allow them to circulate in his palace. Even in his informal conversations, he always attracted attention with seriousness.
The sources in question also state that he was intelligent and quick-grasped, but he was under the influence of his entourage and especially those he believed in, that he had a very evident, unstable and stubborn temperament.
Mehmed VI had dealt with advanced literature, music, and calligraphy. His compositions were performed in the palace when he was on the throne. The lyrics of the songs he repeatedly composed while in Tâif envision the longing of the country and the pain of not getting the news that they have left behind. Sixty-three works belonging to him can be identified, but only forty works have notes. His poems, which can be an example to his poetry, are only the lyrics of his songs. He was also a good calligrapher.

## Gallery

* Mehmed VI in 1918
* Departure of Mehmed VI from Dolmabahçe Palace after the abolition of monarchy, 1922
* A portrait of Mehmed VI, from before 1923

## Honours
### Ottoman honours

* Order of House of Osman, Jeweled
* Order of Glory, Jeweled
* Imtiyaz Medal, Jeweled
* Order of Osmanieh, Jeweled
* Order of the Medjidie, Jeweled

### Foreign honours

* Prussia: Order of the Black Eagle of Prussia, 15 October 1917

## Family
### Consorts

Mehmed VI had five consorts:
* Nazikeda Kadın (9 October 1866 – 4 April 1941). Başkadin and only consort for twenty years, she is considered the last Ottoman Empress. She was born Emine Marşania, she was Abkhazian and before marrying Mehmed she was in the service of Cemile Sultan with her sisters and cousins. Mehmed married her in 1885, after a year of insistence and the threat that he would never marry anyone else and the promise that Nazikeda would be his only consort. He kept his word until, after giving him three daughters, Nazikeda could no longer have children, which forced Mehmed to take other consorts to have male heirs. She was described as tall and beautiful, buxom, with fair skin, light hazel eyes, and long auburn hair.
* Inşirah Hanım (10 July 1887 – 10 June 1930). Born Seniye Voçibe, she was Circassian, the niece of Durriaden Kadin, consort of Mehmed V, older half-brother of Mehmed VI. She was tall, with beautiful blue eyes and very long dark brown hair. She was proposed by Mehmed in 1905. Inşirah refused, but was obliged by her father and her brother. Unhappy but still jealous, she divorced Mehmed in 1909, when she found a servant in his quarters. Having divorced before Mehmed's accession to the throne, she was never an Imperial Consort. Later she fell into depression. She tried to return to her husband in 1922, when he was in exile at Sanremo, Italy, but she was not allowed to see him and he was not notified of her presence. She attempted suicide twice. The first of hers was saved by her niece, but the second she managed by drowning herself in the Nile.
* Müveddet Kadın (12 October 1893 – 20 December 1951). Second Imperial Consort and only consort other than Nazikeda to obtain the title of Kadın. Born Şadiye Çıhcı, she was introduced to the court by Habibe Hanım, treasurer of Mehmed's harem. They were married in 1911. She was tall, with blue eyes and auburn hair and was known as a very sweet, shy, kind-hearted and hardworking woman. She was also loved and respected by her stepdaughters. She bore Mehmed her only son, whose death caused her to fall into depression. After Mehmed's death she remarried, but divorced after four years.
* Nevvare Hanım (4 May 1901 – 13 June 1992). Başikbal. Born Ayşe Çıhçı, she was niece of Müveddet Kadın, who raised her. She married Mehmed in 1918, although Müveddet did everything possible to prevent this. She was tall and beautiful, with green eyes and long black hair, of a kind but proud disposition. She filed for divorce in 1922, when Mehmed was deposed and exiled, and she was granted it in 1924. After that, she remarried.
* Nevzad Hanım (2 March 1902 – 23 June 1992). Second Ikbal and last woman to become consort of an Ottoman sultan. Born Nimet Bargu. She married Mehmed in 1921, previously she had been a Kalfa (servant) in the household of Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin, son of Sultan Mehmed V. She was Mehmed's favorite consort in his later years, so much so that it is said that he never agreed to part with her. After Mehmed's death she changed her name back to Nimet and remarried. By her second marriage she had a son and a daughter. She never agreed to talk about her years as Imperial Consort.

### Sons

Mehmed VI had only one son:
* Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul (5 November 1912 – 2 July 1944) – with Müveddet Kadın. He never married or had children.

### Daughters

Mehmed VI had three daughters:
* Münire Fenire Sultan (1888 – 1888, two weeks later) – with Nazikeda Kadın. Died an infant, she is sometimes regarded as twins rather than a single princess.
* Fatma Ulviye Sultan (11 September 1892 – 1 January 1967) – with Nazikeda Kadın. Married twice, she had one daughter.
* Rukiye Sabiha Sultan (19 March 1894 – 26 August 1971) – with Nazikeda Kadın. She married Şehzade Ömer Faruk and had three daughters.