# The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is an 1820 short story by American author Washington Irving contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories titled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Irving wrote the story while living in Birmingham, England.
Along with Irving's companion piece "Rip Van Winkle", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is among the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity, especially during Halloween because of a character known as the Headless Horseman believed to be a Hessian soldier who was decapitated by a cannonball in battle.
It has been adapted for the screen several times, including a 1922 silent film and in 1949, a Walt Disney animation as one of two segments in the package film The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad.

## Plot

The story is set in 1790 in the countryside near the former Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, in a secluded glen known as Sleepy Hollow. It relates the tale of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky, superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut. Ichabod intends to woo Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter of a wealthy farmer, in order to procure her family's riches for himself. He competes for her affection with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy. Unable to goad Ichabod into fighting for Katrina's hand, Brom instead wages a campaign of harassment against the schoolmaster, plaguing him with a series of pranks and practical jokes.
One autumn night, Ichabod is invited to attend a harvest party at the Van Tassel homestead. At the party, Brom tells the story of the Headless Horseman, the notorious ghost of a Hessian trooper decapitated by a cannonball during the Revolutionary War. The Horseman is supposedly buried in a churchyard in Sleepy Hollow and rises from his grave every night to search for his missing head but is supernaturally barred from crossing a wooden bridge that spans a nearby stream.
Katrina rejects Ichabod before he leaves. He leaves the party crestfallen and rides home on a borrowed plow horse named Gunpowder. He encounters a cloaked rider and believes it to be the Headless Horseman. Ichabod rides for his life with the apparition close behind. At the bridge, the Horseman rears his horse and hurls his severed head directly at Crane, knocking him off his horse.
The next morning, Gunpowder is found eating the grass at his master's gate, but Ichabod has disappeared from the area, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones. Although the true nature of both the Headless Horseman and Ichabod's disappearance is left open to interpretation, it is implied that the Horseman was actually Brom. A shattered pumpkin is found near Ichabod's hat where he fell, suggesting that the severed head thrown at him was merely a jack-o'-lantern and that Crane survived the fall from Gunpowder and fled Sleepy Hollow in horror.
In a postscript, a Mr. Knickerbocker recounts hearing the tale at a Corporation meeting in Manhattan, narrated by a humorous, shabby gentleman. The story ends with mixed reactions from the audience, including laughter and skepticism. A serious old gentleman questions the moral of the story, to which the storyteller humorously responds that the tale proves life's situations have their advantages if one can find humor in them. The old gentleman remains puzzled, and the storyteller admits he doesn't believe half of the story himself.

## Background

The story was the longest one published as part of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (commonly referred to as The Sketch Book), which Irving issued serially throughout 1819 and 1820, using the pseudonym "Geoffrey Crayon". Irving wrote The Sketch Book during a tour of Europe, and parts of the tale may also be traced to European origins. Headless horsemen were staples of northern Europe storytelling, featured in German, Irish (e.g., Dullahan), Scandinavian (e.g., the Wild Hunt), and British legends, and included in Robert Burns's Scots poem "Tam o' Shanter" (1790) and Gottfried August Bürger's Der Wilde Jäger (1778), translated as The Wild Huntsman (1796). Usually viewed as omens of ill fortune for those who chose to disregard their apparitions, these specters found their victims in proud, scheming persons and characters with hubris and arrogance. One particularly influential rendition of this folktale is the last of the "Legenden von Rübezahl" ('Legends of Rübezahl') from Johann Karl August Musäus's literary retellings of German folktales, Volksmärchen der Deutschen (1783).
After the Battle of White Plains in October 1776, the country south of the Bronx River was abandoned by the Continental Army and occupied by the British. The Americans were fortified north of Peekskill, leaving Westchester County a 30-mile stretch of scorched and desolated no-man's-land, vulnerable to outlaws, raiders, and vigilantes. Besides droves of Loyalist rangers and British light infantry, Hessian Jägers—renowned sharpshooters and horsemen—were among the raiders who often skirmished with Patriot militias. The Headless Horseman may have indeed been based loosely on the discovery of such a corpse found in Sleepy Hollow after a violent skirmish and later buried by the Van Tassel family in an unmarked grave in the Old Dutch Burying Ground.
According to another hypothesis, Irving could have drawn the figure of the "headless rider" from German Silesian literature, precisely from the Chronicle of Sprottau (since 1945 Polish Szprotawa) by J.G. Kreis, written in the first half of the 19th century. In the 19th century, the police counselor Kreis noted that, in the previous century, the inhabitants of this city were afraid to move after dusk on Hospitalstrasse (now Sądowa Street) due to the headless rider apparition seen there. In support of the hypothesis, according to information in Polish Reception of Washington Irving's Work: Between Enlightenment and Romanticism by Zofia Sinko, Walter Scott encouraged Irving to learn German to be able to read stories, ballads, and legends in their native language.
Irving, while he was an aide-de-camp to New York Governor Daniel D. Tompkins, met an army captain named Ichabod Crane in Sackets Harbor, New York, during an inspection tour of fortifications in 1814. Irving may have patterned the character after Jesse Merwin, who taught at the local schoolhouse in Kinderhook, further north along the Hudson River, where Irving spent several months in 1809. Alternatively, it is claimed by many in Tarrytown that Samuel Youngs is the individual from whom Irving drew his character. Author Gary Denniss asserts that while Crane is loosely based on Merwin, it may include elements from Youngs's life.
With "Rip Van Winkle", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is one of Irving's most anthologized, studied, and adapted sketches. Both stories are often paired together in books and other representations, and both are included in surveys of early American literature and Romanticism. Irving's depictions of regional culture and themes of progress versus tradition, supernatural intervention in the commonplace, and the plight of the individual outsider in a homogeneous community permeate both stories and helped develop a unique sense of American cultural and existential selfhood during the early 19th century.

## Adaptations
### Film

* The Headless Horseman (1922), a silent film directed by Edward Venturini and starring Will Rogers as Ichabod Crane
* The Headless Horseman (1934), an animated short film directed by Ub Iwerks. The short depicts the horseman as merely a story, with Brom Bones pranking and frightening Ichabod Crane away from Katrina Van Tassel. The film somewhat departs from the original ending by showing Ichabod getting his revenge, dressing up as the Headless Horseman, and crashing Brom and Katrina's wedding.
* The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949), an animated adaptation directed by James Algar, Clyde Geronimi, and Jack Kinney, produced by Walt Disney Productions, and narrated by Bing Crosby. This version is more lighthearted and family-friendly than Irving's original story and most other adaptations.
* Sleepy Hollow (1999), a feature film adaption directed by Tim Burton that takes many liberties with the plot and characters

### Literature

* Horseman: A Tale of Sleepy Hollow by Christina Henry, a fictional horror novel published in 2021. It takes place in Sleepy Hollow several decades after the events of the original story. It is told from the point of view of Ben Van Brunt, the only grandchild of Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt and Katrina Van Tassel.

### Television

* "The Headless Horseman of Halloween" (1976), the first season's fifth episode of Hanna-Barbera's The Scooby-Doo Show starring Scooby, the gang, and Scooby's cousin, Scooby-Dum. While celebrating at a Halloween party hosted by one of Ichabod Crane's great granddaughters, the gang finds themselves facing a whole new mystery with a sighting of none other than the Headless Horseman.
* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1980), a television film directed by Henning Schellerup and filmed in Utah, starring Jeff Goldblum as Ichabod Crane, Meg Foster as Katrina Van Tassel, and Dick Butkus as Brom Bones. Executive producer Charles Sellier was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on the movie.
* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1985), the premiere episode of Shelley Duvall's Tall Tales & Legends, stars Ed Begley Jr. as Ichabod Crane, Beverly D'Angelo as Katrina, Tim Thomerson as Brom, and Charles Durning as Doffue Van Tassel, who is also the narrator.
* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1999), an Odyssey Network TV movie starring Brent Carver
* The Hollow (2004), an ABC Family television film starring Kevin Zegers and Kaley Cuoco and focusing on a teenage descendant of Ichabod Crane
* Sleepy Hollow (2013), a crime/horror series in which Ichabod Crane awakens in the 21st century and teams up with Lt. Abbie Mills of the Sleepy Hollow Sheriff's Department to stop the Horseman. The show ran for four seasons.
* Headless: A Sleepy Hollow Story (2022), a web series in which Ichabod Crane and the Headless Horseman are roommates and have to work together to solve the mystery of the Horseman's head.

### Music

* In Sleepy Hollow (1913), a piano suite by Eastwood Lane
* "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1958) by doo-wop band the Monotones
* "Sleepy Hollow" (1965) by singer Roy Orbison, later remastered in 2016
* "Legend of the Headless Rider" (1993) by Danish heavy metal band Mercyful Fate
* The Headless Horseman (2001) by Michael Jeffrey Shapiro, for baritone, itinerant string band, and orchestra
* "Sleepy Hollow" (2004) by Danish power metal band Pyramaze
* "Sleepy Hollow" (2013) by metal band Blitzkrieg
* "Undead Ahead 2: The Tale of the Midnight Ride" (2019) by Motionless in White
* "Sleepy Hollow" (2020), a single by hip-hop artist Trippie Redd
* "Sleepy Hollow (Love Is Scary)" (2020), a single by Kristen Lawrence

### Theatre

* Sleepy Hollow (1948), a Broadway musical with music by George Lessner and book and lyrics by Russell Maloney and Miriam Battista. It lasted 12 performances.
* Sleepy Hollow (2009), a musical with book and lyrics by Jim Christian and music by Tom Edward Clark. It premiered at Weber State University in Ogden, Utah, on October 30, 2009. It received the 2010 Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival Musical Theatre Award.
* The Hollow (2011), a musical by Matt Conner and Hunter Foster. It premiered at the Signature Theatre Company in Arlington, Virginia.
* Sleepy Hollow - A Legendary Musical (2017), a musical by Michelle Ackerman
* Tarrytown (2018), a musical by Adam Wachter. Its world premiere production at Backyard Renaissance Theatre Company won the 2018 San Diego Theatre Critics' Circle Craig Noel Award for Best New Musical. A studio cast recording starring Jeremy Jordan, Krysta Rodriguez, and Andy Mientus was released in 2020 to benefit the Actors Fund's COVID-19 relief efforts.
* Ichabod: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2022), a new production combining Conner's 2011 score with a new book by Stephen Gregory Smith that stays truer to Irving's story.

### Audio

* Ronald Colman was the host and narrator for a radio adaptation on NBC's Favorite Story on July 2, 1946 (requested by Walter Huston as that actor's favorite story).
* An adaptation was broadcast on September 19, 1947, on NBC University of the Air: American Novels.
* Bing Crosby re-created his Disney narration in Walt Disney's Ichabod and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow for Decca Records (DAU-725) in 1949.
* In 2005, BBC Radio 7 broadcast a three-part reading of the story narrated by Martin Jarvis, broadcast several times since on BBC Radio 4 Extra.
* In 2009, Historic Hudson Valley released an unabridged dramatic reading by Jonathan Kruk, with musical effects by Matt Noble.
* Tom Mison, who starred as Ichabod Crane on the Fox television series Sleepy Hollow, narrated the story in 2014 for Audible Studios.
* In 2019, the radio program Adventures in Odyssey produced an adaptation of the story titled "Icky and Kat and Balty and Bones".
* In 2020, the story was adapted into a full-cast audio production by Shadows at the Door: the Podcast.

### Comics

* The 2022 graphic novel Hollow is based on the story.

### Theme Parks

* The Legend roller coaster at Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana, is based on the frightful ride of Ichabod Crane running from the Headless Horseman.

## Geographic impact

Sleepy Hollow, New York, as the setting for the story, contains many of the referenced locations, including ones that can still be visited today. Sleepy Hollow, Illinois; Sleepy Hollow, Marin County, California; and Sleepy Hollow, Wyoming, have street names that reference the story. The latter hosts an annual event called Sleepy Hollow Days. There is also a Sleepy Hollow State Park in Laingsburg, Michigan. The original schoolhouse in Kinderhook, New York, is now owned by the Columbia County Historical Society and called the Ichabod Crane Schoolhouse. The area's modern-day school district, Ichabod Crane Central School District, is also named for the character.