OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Classical shadow

In quantum computing, classical shadow is a protocol for predicting functions of a quantum state using only a logarithmic number of measurements. Given an unknown state $\rho$, a tomographically complete set of gates $U$ (e.g. Clifford gates), a set of $M$ observables $\{O_{i}\}$ and a quantum channel ${\mathcal {E}}$ defined by randomly sampling from $U$, applying it to $\rho$ and measuring the resulting state, predict the expectation values $\operatorname {tr} (O_{i}\rho )$. A list of classical shadows $S$ is created using $\rho$, $U$ and ${\mathcal {E}}$ by running a Shadow generation algorithm. When predicting the properties of $\rho$, a Median-of-means estimation algorithm is used to deal with the outliers in $S$. Classical shadow is useful for direct fidelity estimation, entanglement verification, estimating correlation functions, and predicting entanglement entropy.
Recently, researchers have built on classical shadow to devise provably efficient classical machine learning algorithms for a wide range of quantum many-body problems. For example, machine learning models could learn to solve ground states of quantum many-body systems and classify quantum phases of matter.
    Inputs $N$ copies of an unknown $n$-qubit state $\rho$
A list of unitaries $U$ that is tomographically complete
A classical description of a quantum channel ${\mathcal {E}}^{-1}$
    Return $S$
* "←" denotes assignment. For instance, "largest ← item" means that the value of largest changes to the value of item.
* "return" terminates the algorithm and outputs the following value.
    Inputs A list of observables $O_{1},....,O_{M}$
A classical shadow $S(\rho ;N)=[{\hat {\rho }}_{1},\ldots ,{\hat {\rho }}_{N}]$
A positive integer $K$ that specifies how many linear estimates of $\rho$ to calculate.
    Return A list $[o_{1},...,o_{M}]$ where $o_{i}=\mathrm {median} (\mathrm {trace} (O_{1}p_{1}),...,\mathrm {trace} (O_{1}p_{K}))$
    where $p_{k}={\frac {1}{[{\frac {N}{K}}]}}\sum _{i=(k-1)[{\frac {N}{K}}]+1}^{k[{\frac {N}{K}}]}{\hat {\rho }}_{i}$ and where $k=1,...,K$.
* "←" denotes assignment. For instance, "largest ← item" means that the value of largest changes to the value of item.
* "return" terminates the algorithm and outputs the following value.
# Rose Boyko

Rose Toodick Boyko is a Canadian First Nations lawyer and retired judge. She was the first aboriginal woman appointed as a superior court judge in Canada. Her mother was Sekani, her father Ukrainian. She is a member of the McLeod Lake Indian Band. Born in 1950, her early memories are of life on the trapline on the Parsnip River near Finlay Forks in northern British Columbia. Her family's trapline was flooded by the construction of the W. A. C. Bennett Dam in 1967.

## Biography

She initially trained as nurse, receiving her R.N. diploma from the Royal Victoria Hospital in 1972. She served in remote Cree communities in the James Bay area and then as a critical care nurse at Kingston General Hospital.
Deciding to shift her attention to law, she enrolled for pre-law studies in the Saskatchewan Aboriginal Law Program, followed by law school at Queen's University, from which she received her law degree in 1980. She was called to the Ontario bar in 1982 and to the Saskatchewan bar in 1988.

### Judicial career

She began her legal career with the Department of Justice in Ontario, Alberta and Saskatchewan. This was followed by an intergovernmental exchange with the Quebec Ministry of Justice in Quebec City from 1989 to 1991. This was followed by a move to the Indian Taxation Secretariat of the Department of Indian Affairs in Ottawa where she remained until she was appointed to the Ontario Superior Court in 1994. She retired from the court in 2008.

## Honours

In 1997 she received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Queens University. In 1999 she received a National Aboriginal Achievement Award, now the Indspire Awards, in the Law and Justice category. In 2008 she was elected to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal. In 2012 she received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.
# Henri de Mondeville

Henri de Mondeville (c. 1260–1320) was a medieval French surgeon who made a significant number of contributions to anatomy and surgery, and was the first Frenchman to author a surgical treatise, La Chirurgie (1306-1320). Very little is known about the details of his early life. There is some doubt about his birthplace as according to ancient Norman custom, his last name is derived from the place of birth, and is variously spelled as Amondeville, Esmondeville, Mandeville and so on.
He pursued his medical studies in Montpellier and Paris, and he became a cleric and master in medicine and then went to Bologna as a cleric-physician to work with Theodoric Borgognoni, who was one of the most prominent surgeons of the medieval period. Mondeville appreciated and used Borgognoni's method of dressing wounds which was completely opposite to the practices of that time.
Returning to France, he worked as a professor of anatomy and surgery at the University of Montpellier between 1301–1304. He was appointed as a royal surgeon to King Philippe Le Bel (Philip the Fair) of France and he retained his position under Louis X, serving in military expeditions against the English. He also started to teach surgery at the medical schools in Paris in 1308 and settled permanently in 1312. His royal duties ended after the death of Louis X in 1316. He carried on teaching and writing about surgery until his death around 1320 from what was believed to be tuberculosis.

## La Chirurgie

In 1306, he started to write his unfinished manuscript La Chirurgie ("Surgery", translated from French) in Latin until 1320. Prioreschi in Ghosh states that "the book documents his professional views, as well as gives significant insights into the status of medicine and surgery in the 14th century". His work was never completed, only two of his intended five sections are completed. The manuscript was met with contention by his colleagues and immediate successors. It was not until 1892 when it was re-discovered by Julius Leopold Pagel that it was considered important due to the development of antiseptic surgery in modern times. His work was influenced by the medical works of the Ancient Greek physician Galen and the Latin translations of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine. He was the first known surgeon to introduce the concept of aseptic management of wounds without inducing pus formation and applied it to injured soldiers.
"Mondeville conducted the first unauthorized human dissection at the University of Montpellier in 1315, and his efforts were pivotal towards legalization of human dissection in France from 1340. His full-length illustrations marked a significant transformation in anatomical studies during those days, as human cadaveric dissection was prohibited and anatomists had to rely solely on textual descriptions prevalent from the ancient period."
# I'm No Angel (Marcella Detroit song)

"I'm No Angel" is a song by American singer-songwriter Marcella Detroit, released in July 1994 through London Records as the third UK single and second Australian single from her second album, Jewel (1994). The two-part CD single release contains five B-sides, with only one track, "Cool People", appearing on Jewel.

## Critical reception

Emma Cochrane from Smash Hits gave "I'm No Angel" four out of five and named it "a decent record." She added, "She uses her distinctive voice to full effect on this, soaring all over the place yet always ending up in the right place. Totally brilliant except for the dodgy choral bit at the end."

## Track listings

* CD single 1
* "I'm No Angel" — 4:14
* "You Own the Moon" — 4:13
* "Cool People" — 3:32
* CD single 2
* "I'm No Angel" — 4:14
* "Lay Down Sally" — 4:10
* "Crucify Me" — 3:51
* "Monday Morning" — 4:12

## Charts

| Chart (1994) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 116 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 23 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 33 |
# 1964–65 Iraq Central FA First Division

The 1964–65 Iraq Central FA First Division was the 17th season of the Iraq Central FA Premier League (the top division of football in Baghdad and its neighbouring cities from 1948 to 1973). Maslahat Naqil Al-Rukab won the league title for the third time. Prior to the season, Al-Firqa Al-Khamisa won promotion by beating Shortat Al-Najda 2–0 to claim the second division title.
Aliyat Al-Shorta player Shaker Ismail was the league's top scorer with seven goals. As champions and runners-up, Maslahat Naqil Al-Rukab and Aliyat Al-Shorta competed for the 1965 Iraq Central FA Perseverance Cup on 4 June at Al-Kashafa Stadium and Maslahat Naqil Al-Rukab won 1–0 after extra time with a goal by Qais Hameed to win the cup.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Maslahat Naqil Al-Rukab | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 8 | 1.750 | 11 | League Champions |
| 2 | Aliyat Al-Shorta | 7 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 16 | 3 | 5.333 | 10 | |
| 3 | Al-Kuliya Al-Askariya | 7 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 7 | 1.714 | 9 | |
| 4 | Al-Firqa Al-Thalitha | 7 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 6 | 1.500 | 9 | |
| 5 | Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 1.250 | 8 | |
| 6 | Al-Firqa Al-Khamisa | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 11 | 1.000 | 7 | |
| 7 | Al-Sikak Al-Hadeed | 7 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 18 | 0.222 | 1 | Relegated to Iraq Central FA Second Division |
| 8 | Madaris Al-Shorta | 7 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 19 | 0.211 | 1 | Relegated to Iraq Central FA Second Division |

## Results

| Home \ Away | FKH | FTH | ASH | KUL | QWJ | SIK | MSH | MAS |
| Al-Firqa Al-Khamisa | | 1–1 | 2–1 | | 1–2 | | | 1–2 |
| Al-Firqa Al-Thalitha | | | | 2–1 | | 1–0 | 3–0 | |
| Aliyat Al-Shorta | | 2–0 | | | 2–0 | | 4–0 | |
| Al-Kuliya Al-Askariya | 3–0 | | 0–3 | | 1–1 | | | 2–1 |
| Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya | | 1–1 | | | | 1–0 | 4–1 | |
| Al-Sikak Al-Hadeed | 2–5 | | 0–4 | 0–4 | | | | 1–2 |
| Madaris Al-Shorta | 0–1 | | | 0–1 | | 1–1 | | 2–5 |
| Maslahat Naqil Al-Rukab | | 1–1 | 1–0 | | 2–1 | | | |

## Top goalscorers

| Pos | Scorer | Goals | Team |
| 1 | Shaker Ismail | 7 | Aliyat Al-Shorta |
| 2 | Qais Hameed | 6 | Maslahat Naqil Al-Rukab |
# Błażej Podleśny

Błażej Podleśny (born 13 September 1995) is a Polish volleyball player, playing in position setter.

## Sporting achievements
### Clubs

Polish Championship U-21:
* 2014
Czech Championship:
* 2019
Austrian Cup:
* 2021
Austrian Championship:
* 2021
Middle European Volleyball Zonal Association (MEVZA):
* 2022

### Individual

* 2021: MVP Austrian Cup
# Robert Clutterbuck

Robert Clutterbuck (28 June 1772 – 25 May 1831) was an English historian. He spent 18 years writing The History and Antiquities of the County of Hertford.

## Life

He was the eldest surviving son of Thomas Clutterbuck, of Watford Hertfordshire by Sarah, daughter of Robert Thurgood of Baldock. He was born at Watford on 28 June 1772, and was sent to Harrow School at an early age. He went to Exeter College, Oxford as a gentleman commoner. After graduating B.A. in 1794 he entered Lincoln's Inn, intending to make the law his profession; but became more interested in chemistry and painting (in which he took lessons from James Barry. In 1798 he married Marianne, eldest daughter of Colonel James Capper. After a few years living at the seat of his father's in-law, Cathays, near Cardiff, Glamorganshire, he took possession of his paternal estate at Watford. He continued to live there until his death, on 25 May 1831. He was a county magistrate and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

## Works

For 18 years he worked on a new county history; it appeared under the title The History and Antiquities of the County of Hertford; compiled from the best-printed authorities and original records preserved in public repositories and private collections. Embellished with views of the most curious monuments of antiquity, and illustrated with a map of the County, 3 vols. London, 1815, 1821, 1827. The plates were in some cases from his sketches, and he also had the assistance of Edward Blore and other prominent draughtsmen and engravers.
Clutterbuck also published, in 1828, an Account of the Benefactions to the Parish of Watford in the County of Hertford, compiled from Authentic Documents.
# Loo railway station

Loo railway station (Russian: Станция Лоо) is a railway station of the North Caucasus Railway, subsidiary of Russian Railways, located in Loo Microdistrict, Lazarevsky City District of Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia. The station was opened in 1918.
# Sugar Ray Leonard vs. Terry Norris

Sugar Ray Leonard vs. Terry Norris was a professional boxing match contested on February 9, 1991, for the WBC super welterweight title.

## Background

After winning the WBC super middleweight in December 1988, "Sugar" Ray Leonard successfully defended the title twice in 1989 against two of his biggest rivals, first fighting Thomas Hearns to a draw in June and then defeating Roberto Durán by unanimous decision in December. A month after the Durán fight, Leonard vacated the WBC super middleweight title as the WBC was pressuring Leonard to make another defense and Leonard was unsure when he would fight again. Leonard pursued a rematch with Marvin Hagler, but Hagler refused and opted to remain retired stating "A while ago, yeah, I wanted him so bad, but I'm over that." Leonard was also in talks for a third fight with Hearns, but Hearns, who was then fighting as a light heavyweight, would not agree to the 162 pound catch-weight Leonard wanted, insisting he could no longer make that weight. Leonard would ultimately not fight at all in 1990, but by year's end Leonard would reach an agreement to fight WBC super welterweight (AKA light middleweight) champion Terry Norris. Though Norris was both the champion and 11 years younger than Leonard, and despite Leonard's inactivity, Leonard was a 12-to-5 favorite going into the fight.
Leonard's lawyer and adviser Mike Trainer agreed to broadcast the fight on Showtime. Executives from Showtime's rival network HBO, which had employed Leonard as a broadcaster since 1978, decided to release Leonard from his broadcasting contract after not being given the opportunity to bid on the rights to air the fight. HBO sports head Seth Abraham stated "If HBO is not offered the opportunity to bid on the fight, then it's inappropriate for Ray to continue as an HBO broadcaster."

## The fight

The fight was a one-sided affair as Norris dominated Leonard en route to a unanimous decision victory. Norris would score two knockdowns over Leonard, the first occurred during the last 10 seconds of the second round after Norris countered a Leonard combination with a left hand. As Leonard was down, Norris would run forward and land another right hand for which referee Arthur Mercante Jr. warned Norris after the round that he would be disqualified should he commit a foul like that again. Norris sent Leonard down again late in the seventh round with a short right hand. Norris would go on the attack in an effort to finish the fight, but a dazed Leonard was able to survive the round. Norris would control the remainder of the fight though Leonard would make it through the 12th and final round. All three judges had Norris the victor with scores of 120–104, 119–103 and 116–110.

## Aftermath

Once the scorecards were read, Leonard announced to the crowd that the fight would be his last, but he returned for one more fight in 1997.

## Fight card

Confirmed bouts:
^Note 1 For WBC Super Welterweight title

## Broadcasting

| Country | Broadcaster |
| United Kingdom | BBC |
| United States | Showtime |
# French Constitution of 1848

The Constitution of 1848 is the constitution passed in France on 4 November 1848 by the National Assembly, the constituent body of the Second French Republic. It was repealed on 14 January 1852 by the constitution of 1852 which profoundly changed the face of the Second Republic and served as the basis for the Second French Empire.

## Debates

16 delegates were chosen to debate the structure of the new constitution, including Alexis de Tocqueville, author of Democracy in America.

### Legislature

The delegates debated two types of legislature power, unicameral and bicameral legislatures. Most arguments were given in support of a single legislative body. These included the belief that an additional house would only benefit an aristocracy in France. Also, many delegates believed that two houses would slow the pace of political progress happening in France. Tocqueville believed that two houses were necessary to prevent abuses by the executive power as well as prevent political passions from being exerted on the laws.
# Bugbook Historical Computer Museum

The Bugbook Historical Microcomputer Museum was a small display of several hundred key items from the collection of computer hobbyist David G. Larsen. The Museum was developed and maintained by the LCF Group (David & Gaynell Larsen and Dee Wallace) in Floyd, Virginia from 2008-2016. The name of the museum comes from the Bugbooks and Blacksburg Continuing Education Books a, a series of instructional books created by the "Blacksburg Group" during the late 1970s & 80's. David was a part of the group. The museum closed in May 2016 and Larsen donated the majority of his collection to what would become the Mimms Museum of Technology and Art in Roswell, Georgia.

## History

The museum curator, David Larsen, collected computer artifacts and memorabilia for over forty years. He was interested in electronics at an early age and had his start in computers in 1957 with a Navy assignment at Remington Rand UNIVAC St. Paul. His entire career has involved electronics and microcomputers. This includes thirty one years as a Virginia Tech faculty member teaching instrumentation and automation. He is also an amateur radio operator and has been for six decades.

### Significant collection items

The museum itself was focused on the period from 1971-1981 when personal computers were first in production. Among the items that the museum featured were:
* Apple I exact operational clone on display and four original Apple-1 computers in collection shown by special request.
* Mark-8
* Altair 8800 low serial number #21
* Commodore 64
# 2025 NCAA Division III women's ice hockey tournament

The 2025 NCAA Division III women's ice hockey tournament is an upcoming single-elimination tournament with twelve schools to determine the national champion of women's NCAA Division III college ice hockey. The first round was played on the campuses of the higher on March 15, 2025, and quarterfinals will be played on the campuses of the top four seeded teams on March 22, 2025, while the Frozen Four will be played on March 28 and 30, 2025 at Hunt Arena in River Falls, Wisconsin.

## Qualifying teams

The eight winners of their conference tournaments will receive automatic berths to the tournament. The other four teams will be selected at-large. The top four teams are seeded.
| Seed | School | Conference | Record | Berth type | Appearance | Last bid |
| 1 | Augsburg | MIAC | 23–3–1 | Tournament champion | 1st | Never |
| 2 | Amherst | NESCAC | 21–5–1 | Tournament champion | 10th | 2024 |
| 3 | Middlebury | NESCAC | 20–6–1 | At-large bid | 19th | 2024 |
| 4 | Wisconsin–River Falls | WIAC | 23–3–2 | At-large bid | 16th | 2024 |
| | Colby | NESCAC | 17–6–2 | At-large bid | 3rd | 2023 |
| | Elmira | NEHC | 20–7–1 | Tournament champion | 19th | 2024 |
| | Endicott | CNE | 18–5–3 | Tournament champion | 4th | 2022 |
| | Gustavus Adolphus | MIAC | 23–3–1 | At-large bid | 18th | 2024 |
| | Nazareth | UCHC | 20–6–1 | Tournament champion | 4th | 2024 |
| | Plattsburgh State | SUNYAC | 20–6–1 | Tournament champion | 20th | 2024 |
| | St. Norbert | NCHA | 24–4–1 | Tournament champion | 2nd | 2013 |
| | Wilkes | MAC | 22–4–1 | Tournament champion | 1st | Never |

### Bids by state

| Bids | State | School(s) |
| 3 | New York | Elmira, Nazareth, Plattsburgh State |
| 2 | Massachusetts | Amherst, Endicott |
| 2 | Minnesota | Augsburg, Gustavus Adolphus |
| 2 | Wisconsin | St. Norbert, Wisconsin–River Falls |
| 1 | Maine | Colby |
| 1 | Pennsylvania | Wilkes |
| 1 | Vermont | Middlebury |

## Bracket

| First round March 15 | First round March 15 | First round March 15 | Quarterfinals March 22 | Quarterfinals March 22 |
| | | | | St. Norbert |
| St. Norbert | St. Norbert | 3 | 1 | Augsburg |
| Gustavus Adolphus | Gustavus Adolphus | 1 | | |
| | | | | Elmira |
| Elmira | Elmira | 1 | 4 | Wisconsin-River Falls |
| Plattsburgh State | Plattsburgh State | 0 | | |
| | | | | Nazareth |
| Nazareth | Nazareth | 4 | 3 | Middlebury |
| Endicott | Endicott | 2 | | |
| | | | | Colby |
| Wilkes | Wilkes | 3 | 2 | Amherst |
| Colby | Colby | 4 | | |

## Results
### First Round

St. Norbert v. Gustavus Adolphus
Elmira v. Plattsburgh State
Nazareth v. Endicott
Wilkes v. Colby

### Quarterfinals

Nazareth v. (3) Middlebury
Colby v. (2) Amherst
Elmira v. (4) Wisconsin–River Falls
St. Norbert v. (1) Augsburg
# 1967–68 Iraq Central FA Premier League

The 1967–68 Iraq Central FA Premier League was the 20th season of the Iraq Central FA Premier League (the top division of football in Baghdad and its neighbouring cities from 1948 to 1973). Eight teams competed in the tournament, which was played in a single round-robin format rather than a double round-robin format, so each team only played each other once, and it started on 16 November 1967.
Aliyat Al-Shorta won the league title for the first time. Maslahat Naqil Al-Rukab player Adel Ibrahim was the league's top scorer with five goals.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Aliyat Al-Shorta | 7 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 15 | 5 | 3.000 | 11 | League Champions |
| 2 | Maslahat Naqil Al-Rukab | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 5 | 2.000 | 10 | |
| 3 | Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 6 | 1.667 | 7 | |
| 4 | Al-Firqa Al-Thalitha | 7 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 7 | 1.286 | 7 | |
| 5 | Al-Firqa Al-Khamisa | 7 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 12 | 11 | 1.091 | 7 | |
| 6 | Al-Quwa Al-Siyara | 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 0.556 | 6 | |
| 7 | Al-Kuliya Al-Askariya | 7 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 17 | 0.471 | 5 | |
| 8 | Al-Sikak Al-Hadeed | 7 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 0.357 | 3 | |

## Results

| Home \ Away | FKH | FTH | ASH | KUL | QWJ | QWS | SIK | MAS |
| Al-Firqa Al-Khamisa | | 2–2 | | | 3–1 | | 2–2 | 1–0 |
| Al-Firqa Al-Thalitha | | | 1–1 | 4–1 | | 1–1 | | |
| Aliyat Al-Shorta | 2–1 | | | 4–1 | | 2–0 | | 2–2 |
| Al-Kuliya Al-Askariya | 2–1 | | | | 0–5 | | 3–0 | 0–2 |
| Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya | | 1–0 | 0–0 | | | 3–0 | | |
| Al-Quwa Al-Siyara | 2–2 | | | 1–1 | | | 1–0 | 0–0 |
| Al-Sikak Al-Hadeed | | 0–1 | 0–4 | | 1–0 | | | |
| Maslahat Naqil Al-Rukab | | 1–0 | | | 2–0 | | 3–2 | |
# Germany men's national beach handball team

The Germany men's national beach handball team is the national team of Germany. It is governed by the German Handball Association and takes part in international beach handball competitions.

## Results

* 2006 Beach Handball World Championships – 8th place
* 2024 Men's Beach Handball World Championships – 4th place
* 2006 European Beach Handball Championship – 4th place
* 2023 European Beach Handball Championship - 2nd place