OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mahkama

Mahkama (Arabic: مَحْكَمَة maḥkama), also spelled mahkamah, is an Arabic term meaning 'court' or 'courthouse' in a Muslim context, so a Sharia court. The Arabic word (see محكمة) has been adopted with adaptations in the wider Muslim world (see at Wiktionary), with derivatives in Persian, Turkish, Hindi and/or Urdu, Indonesian and/or Malay, etc. The transliterated spelling makhama can also occur.

## Examples

* Mahkama Building (Jerusalem) or Tankiziyya, built in 1328–1330 during Mamluk rule, it housed various institutions: a madrasa (school), a school specialised in hadith studies, a Sufi khanka, and at the end of Ottoman rule and in the first years of British Mandate, a sharia court.
* Mahkamat al-Pasha or Mahkama du Pacha, administrative building raised in 1941–1942 in Casablanca, Morocco in a traditional Andalusian style. It was designed to contain the residence of the pasha, a reception hall, a courthouse, and a jail.
# Umiam Lake

Umiam Lake, also known as Bara Pani, is a reservoir in the hills 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Shillong in the state of Meghalaya, India. It was created by damming the Umiam River in the early 1960s. The principal catchment area of the lake and dam is spread over 225 square kilometres (87 sq mi).

## Geography

Two rivers, namely, Wah Umkhrah and Wah Umshyrpi, feed into the Umiam lake.

## History
### Umiam dam

Umiam Dam, which impounds the lake, was built by the Assam State Electricity Board in the early 1960s. The dam's original purpose was to store water for hydroelectric power generation. The Umiam Stage I powerhouse, north of the lake, has four 9-MW turbine-generators, which entered commercial operation in 1965. Umiam Stage I was the first reservoir-storage hydroelectric project commissioned in the northeastern region of India. (Umtru Hydroelectric Project, a run-of-river project with an original capacity of 8.4 MW, began operation in 1957). Three more stages of the Umiam Project were subsequently built downstream.
Before the construction of the dam for electricity, Khasi communities inhabited the Umiam Valley now flooded by the lake. Apart from the Gauhati-Shillong Road, the valley consisted of Ri-Kynti (public) and Ri-Raid (clan) land. When the Assam State Electricity Board conceptualised the hydroelectric project in June 1958, the plan envisioned submerging part of the valley, where Khwan and Umsaw villages were located. Two hundred families were scheduled to be displaced for the reservoir, dam, and powerhouse. People of Khwan and Umsaw initially opposed the plan to flood their villages.

## Tourist destination

The lake serves as a major tourist attraction for the state of Meghalaya. It is also a popular destination for water sport and adventure facilities. Tourists visit this spot for kayaking, water cycling, scooting, and boating.

## Ecological effect

Apart from storing water for electricity generation, the lake also provides numerous ecosystem services at micro, meso and macro levels. Downstream irrigation, fisheries, and drinking water cater to local anthropogenic needs.

## Toxic threat and silting

Due to the rising population of Shillong upstream of the lake, the lake is starting to become highly polluted. The rivers, Wah Umkhrah and Wah Umshyrpi, have become drains in Shillong city. They carry household and market sewage, and industrial waste which drains into the lake.
Also, there is the heavy problem of silting. An estimated 40,000 cubic metres (1,400,000 cu ft) of silt enters Umiam Lake every year. Causes range between upstream encroachments, deforestation, blockage of natural drainage systems, and unscientific mining et al. in the catchment area. Excessive silt load in the lake has lowered the storage.

## Gallery

* Roadside view of Umiam Lake
* View of Umiam Lake
* View of Umiam Lake
* View of Umiam Lake
* Sunset at Umiam Lake
* View of Umiam Lake
* Magnificent Umiam lake
* Lakeside boats, Umiam Lake
* Umiam lake view
* Umiam Lake Panaroma View
# Palacio de la Real Audiencia de Santiago

The Palacio de la Real Audiencia de Santiago (English: Royal Court Palace or Palace of the Boxes) is a building located on the Plaza de Armas in Santiago, Chile. The building dates back to 1808 and houses, since 1982, the National History Museum of Chile.
The building was built between 1804 and 1807 to serve as the home for the royal courts of justice. It was the work of Juan Goycolea, a pupil and disciple of the Italian-born Joaquin Toesca who had designed the nearby La Moneda Palace and the east facade of the Cathedral during the last two decades of the 18th century. The courts were there for two years until Chile's first government junta, in 1810, assembled to replace the Spanish governor. Eight years later the Chilean Declaration of Independence was solidified and the building served as the first meeting place for the new congress. It served as the seat of government until 1846, until President Manuel Bulnes moved to La Moneda Palace.

## Chilean National History Museum

The Chilean National History Museum (Spanish: Museo Histórico Nacional or MHN) is located in the Palacio de la Real Audiencia de Santiago in Santiago, Chile in Plaza de Armas. The institution was founded on May 2, 1911, and consists of the former palace's old rooms used as exhibition spaces. The collection consists of everyday life objects from Chile such as women's clothing, sewing machines, furniture, and other decorative and functional pieces.
# Cartography of the United States

The cartography of the United States is the history of surveying and creation of maps of the United States. Maps of the New World had been produced since the 16th century. The history of cartography of the United States began in the 18th century, after the declared independence of the original Thirteen Colonies on July 4, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War (1776–1783). Later, Samuel Augustus Mitchell published a map of the United States in 1850. The National Program for Topographic Mapping was initiated in 1884 by the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
# Şükrü Sina Gürel

Şükrü Sina Gürel (born 1 January 1950) is a Turkish diplomat and political figure who served as the nation's foreign minister in mid-2002.

## Biography

A native of İzmir and a member of the Democratic Left Party (DSP), Gürel represented his country at the Council of Europe from 22 April 1996 to 26 January 1998. He became foreign minister following the resignation of his predecessor, İsmail Cem on 10 July 2002. Later in the year he ceded the office to Yaşar Yakış. Gürel returned to active politics by joining the Victory Party on 19 April 2022.
He is director of foreign affairs at Victory Party's board.
# Operation Gunung Gede

KKO-AL operation at Gunung Gede Pangrango (Indonesian:Operasi KKO-AL di Gunung Gede Pangrango), also called as Operation Gunung Gede was a military operation in Mount Gede, Sukabumi to crush their headquarters and hunt the former leaders of Darul Islam. The operation resulting in government victory and succeeded to killed many former leaders and destructed their headquarters.

## Background

After the Operation Indra on Indramayu the KKO decided to launched their second operations, this operation called "Operation Gunung Gede" this operation was launched after the orders of Chief of staff of indonesian navy.
Their objective was; helping 8-TT.III regiment to crushed the former leader of darul islam powers and also to launched the clean sweep operations to the darul islam company forces. The government only used two platoons under command of Captain Boy Abidin (Platoon 1 commander) and Lieutenant Pratowo Soedibyo (Platoon 2 commanders).

## Operations

On 19 March the KKO forces crossed through Sukabumi and goes to Gunung Gede, after they arrived in Sukabumi they reported to 8 TT.III regiment. After that KKO marched from Cipanas to Cibodas the forces only seen few people on the slope and decided to resting on slopes after the long trip.
On 21 March the KKO continued their journing to the mountain top however the heat was cold and the fog started to covered the area, KKO seen the darul islam forces strengthen by 25 Soldiers and they started the skrimishes on the top of mountain. After the skrimishes the darul islam forces surrendered and KKO also capturing the documents of the darul islam forces.
On 23 March KKO forces launched the hunter aggression to killed many former leaders of darul islam however the forces faces the second skirmishes on Curug Ciheuleng, after the skrimishes KKO forces succeeded to killed former leaders of darul islam..
After the operations the forces could back to Jakarta and with this operation was done and success to leading the capturing Kartosoewirjo on the next operations and cut the darul islam forces movement.
# Asthram (2025 film)

Asthram is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language investigation thriller film directed by debutant Aravind Rajagopal and co-written along with Jegan M. S, starring Shaam and Niranjani in the lead roles. The film is produced by DSM Dhana Shanmugamani under Best Movies having Nizhalgal Ravi, Aroul D Shankar, Jeeva Ravi, Ranjith DSM and others in supporting roles.
Asthram is scheduked to release in theatres on 21 March 2025.

## Cast

* Shaam as Inspector Akilan
* Niranjani
* Nizhalgal Ravi
* Aroul D Shankar as Rajavelu, SP
* Jeeva Ravi
* Ranjith DSM
* Master Videsh Anand

## Production

In early February 2024, through a first look poster, actor Shaam's next project in the lead role titled Asthram was released. The film is directed by debutant Aravind Rajagopal and co-directed Jegan M. S and produced by DSM Dhana Shanmugamani under Best Movies. The film also stars Nizhalgal Ravi, Aroul D Shankar, Jeeva Ravi, Ranjith DSM and others in supporting roles. The technical team consists of Kalyan Venkataraman as the cinematographer, Boopathy as the editor and K.S Sundaramurthy as the music composer.
Principal photography took place for 30 days across Chennai and Kodaikanal and got completed before the announcement.

## Release

Asthram is scheduled to release in theatres on 21 March 2025. The film was postponed from 7 March 2025 due to inadequate theater availability as multiple films were releasing on that date. Earlier it was scheduled for 21 February 2025 and then pushed to 28 February 2025. Five Star Company acquired the theatrical distribution rights of the film in Tamil Nadu.
# S. Balakrishnan (composer)

S. Balakrishnan (8 November 1948 – 17 January 2019) was an Indian film score composer and music director who worked mainly in Malayalam cinema. Best known for his association with the director duo Siddique-Lal, he has scored some of the all-time hit songs in late 1980s and early 1990s.

## Biography

S. Balakrishnan was born and brought up in Chittlancherry in Palakkad district. He did a bachelor's degree in Economic History from Coimbatore and later moved to Madras pursuing a career in films. He received Best Student Award in the western classical music test conducted by Trinity College London in 1975.
His musical career began in 1975 as an assistant music director to Guna Singh and to Rajan–Nagendra. He also played the western instrument Recorder and the western flute for eminent music directors such as Ilayaraja.
Under the suggestion of director and producer Fazil, his film scoring career began in late 1980s with Siddique-Lal's comedy film Ramji Rao Speaking (1989). The songs of this film were a notable success, which made Balakrishnan's route easy. Siddique-Lal signed him in all of their future ventures till Vietnam Colony (1992). He did music for 14 films including four with Siddique-Lal. His other notable films include Kilukkampetti (1991), Grihaprevesam (1992), and Ishtamanu Nooru Vattam (1996). After Vietnam Colony, Balakrishnan took a break and did only rerecording for a few films. He made a comeback through East Coast Vijayan's 2011 musical romance film Mohabbath. He served as a faculty for recorder and western flute at KM Music Conservatory, a music institution founded by A. R. Rahman. He died on 17 January 2019 at his home in Chennai, after a long battle with cancer. He was 70 and is survived by his wife Rajalakshmi and two sons - Sreevalsan and Vimal Shankar.

## Filmography

* Ramji Rao Speaking (1989)
* In Harihar Nagar (1990)
* Godfather (1991)
* Kilukkampetti (1991)
* MGR Nagaril (1991; Tamil)
* Madhura Nagarilo (1991; Telugu)
* Grihaprevesam (1992)
* Mr. & Mrs. (1992)
* Nakshathrakoodaram (1992)
* Vietnam Colony (1992)
* Mazhavilkoodaram (1995)
* Ishtamanu Nooru Vattam (1996)
* Sneha Saamraajyam (Punnaaram Kuyil) (1999)
* Varavaay (2000)
* Akashathile Paravakal (2001)
* Mayakazhcha (2008)
* Mohabbath (2011)
* Manthrikan (2012)
# Rheinmetall 12 cm leFH 08

The Rheinmetall 12 cm leFH 08 was a howitzer used by Norway in World War II. It was known in Norwegian service as the 12 cm felthaubits/m08. Captured guns were given a German designation after the Invasion of Norway as the 12 cm le.FH. 375(n). Two batteries of Artillerie-Abteilung 477, which served in Finland during the war, were equipped with 12 cm Norwegian howitzers, which might have included these guns.
The gun was license produced in Belgium as the Canon de 155 Mle 1913.
# Type 201 submarine

The Type 201 was Germany's first U-boat class built after World War II.

## Design

They were built out of amagnetic steel to counter the threat of magnetic naval mines, but the material had been insufficiently tested and proved to be problematic in service with the Bundesmarine. Microscopic cracks in the pressure hull forced the cancellation of nine of the twelve ordered submarines and the rebuilding of the first two boats as Type 205 submarines. Responsible for the design and construction was the Ingenieurkontor Lübeck (IKL) headed by Ulrich Gabler.
The price per unit was around 12 million Deutsche Mark.

## List of boats

| Pennant number | Name | Shipyard | Laid down | Launched | Com- missioned | Decom- missioned | fate |
| S180 | U-1 | Howaldtswerke | 8 June 1960 | 2 October 1961 | 20 March 1962 | 22 June 1963 | scrapped 1967 |
| S181 | U-2 | Howaldtswerke | 1 September 1960 | 25 January 1962 | 3 May 1962 | 15 August 1963 | scrapped 1967 |
| S182 | U-3 | Howaldtswerke | 12 October 1960 | 7 May 1962 | 20 June 1964 | 15 September 1967 | intentionally destroyed in trials in high pressure chamber "Dock C" (Marinearsenal Kiel 1971), scrapped |
U-3 was loaned to the Royal Norwegian Navy and served under the name Kobben from between 10 July 192 and 20 June 1964 before being commissioned in the German Navy.

## Citations

* ↑ "Nieuwe Duitse Onderzeeërs" (PDF). Klaar Voor Onderwater (in Dutch). Vol. 37, no. 129. Den Helder: Onderzeedienst Reünistenvereniging. September 2014. pp. 13–17. ISSN 2214-6202.
* ↑ Rössler 2001, pp. 308–309.
# Mohammad Mohaqiq

Haji Muhammad Mohaqiq (Dari: حاجی محمد محقق; born 26 July 1955 in Balkh) is an Afghan politician who served as a member of the Afghanistan Parliament. He is also the founder and chairman of the People's Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan. During the 1980s, he served with the mujahideen rebel forces fighting against the Soviet-backed Afghan government during the Soviet-Afghan War. After the withdrawal of the Soviet Union in 1989, Mohaqiq was appointed as the leader of the Hezb-e Wahdat for northern Afghanistan.

## Early years

Muhammad Mohaqiq son of Sarwar, was born in 1955 and hails from Mazar-e-Sharif in Balkh Province. He is an ethnic Hazara. He holds a bachelor's degree in Islamic studies from Iran. Mohaqiq speaks Persian, Uzbek and Arabic. He has been involved in Mujahideen activities after the April 1978 Saur Revolution.

## Political career

During the Afghan civil war in the early 1990s, he was regarded as a prominent leader fighting for his Hazara people. In the late 1990s, Mohaqiq joined the Northern Alliance (United Front) in their resistance and struggle against the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban). After the fall of the Taliban, he was appointed as the Vice President and the Minister of Planning in the interim government of Hamid Karzai.
Mohaqiq ran as a candidate in the 2004 Afghan presidential election. He came in third place with 11.7% of the votes after Hamid Karzai and Yunus Qanuni.
A January 2009 article by Ahmad Majidyar of the American Enterprise Institute included Mohaqiq on a list of fifteen possible candidates in the 2009 Afghan presidential election. In the end, however, Mohaqiq opted to support President Karzai against his main challenger Abdullah Abdullah in the election.
In 2010, Mohaqiq stopped supporting President Karzai because of Karzai's policy of appeasement towards the Taliban insurgents. In late 2011, Mohaqiq, Ahmad Zia Massoud and Abdul Rashid Dostum created the National Front of Afghanistan (also Afghanistan National Front, ANF).
From 2014 until 2019 he served as the second deputy of the chief executive Abdullah Abdullah, at the end of January 2019 he was dismissed by the president Ashraf Ghani under the Article 13 Item 64 of the National constitute of Afghanistan. But later he refused his dismissal and continued attending Official meetings with Dr. Abdullah Abdullah. During the 2019 presidential election, he was the second deputy of Hanif Atmar under the ticket Truth and Justice (Afghanistan) and then left the ticket and joined Abdullah Abdullah.
# Kâmran İnan

Kamran Inan (18 February 1929 – 23 November 2015) was a Kurdish politician, statesman, diplomat and scholar from Turkey. He was born in Hizan, Bitlis Province. Representative in Parliament from Van and Bitlis numerous times. Graduate of Ankara University Faculty of Law, and Ph.D. in Law from University of Geneva. At various times Turkish UN Ambassador, permanent UN representative, Turkish Minister of Energy and Natural Resources and Minister of State, Senator from Bitlis and member of Foreign Affairs Commission. He published numerous books on Turkish politics and history.
In 2006, he returned the Légion d'honneur medal he had received from France due to the French government involvement with Armenian ethnic activities. He has also received European Parliament Gold Medal and Turkey–EEC Partnership Silver Medal.
# Her Name Was Moviola

Her Name Was Moviola is a 2024 English documentary film written by Walter Murch, produced and directed by Howard Berry. It stars Murch and Dan Farrell, with an appearance by Mike Leigh.

## Plot

Beginning with an explanation of the intended film recreation before the separate 35mm picture and mag stripe audio reels arrive, Dan Farrell as assistant editor, proceeds to synch the rushes together, before they are screened to Murch on a Steenbeck at the Stanley Kubrick estate. Returning back to the cutting room, Farrell adds edge numbers to both the picture and audio on an Acmade numbering machine and then, breaks the reels into individual shots.
After a demonstration of how the Moviola works, Murch talks about his approach to visualising the edit, before he cuts two scenes from Mr. Turner. Using an editing bench and Acmade synchroniser, as well as the titular Moviola, the pair cut and assemble the rushes while discussing the process and considerations an editor goes through. Finally the finished edit is taken back the Kubrick Steenbeck and presented to Mike Leigh, in order for Murch to receive feedback from the director.

## Production

Berry approached Mike Leigh to see if he would allow him and Murch to use footage from one of his films, in order to demonstrate the historical film editing methods, and after explaining the project in detail, Leigh allowed them full access to his work.
Production began in August 2022, at BBC Elstree Centre. Filming of the dailies review, and final edit with Mike Leigh, were filmed in Childwickbury Manor. Studio shots with Berry introducing the equipment were filmed at the University of Hertfordshire. Many of the crew of the film were lecturers, students or graduates from Berry's courses at the University.

## Release and reception

Her Name Was Moviola debuted on 14 June 2024, at Sheffield DocFest, and in North America, at the 51st Telluride Film Festival.

### Critical response

Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian, in a four star review, recognised the "radical approach" by eschewing traditional interviews and archive material in favour of a full reconstruction, and described the film as a "geekgasm".

### Accolades

On 11 December 2024, the ACE announced the film had been nominated for an Eddie Award in the category of Best Edited Documentary Feature. The awards ceremony was due to be held on 18 January 2025, but was postponed to 13 March 2025 due to the Southern California wildfires.
| Award | Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
| ACE Eddie Awards | 2025 | Best Edited Documentary Feature | Howard Berry | Nominated | |
# Ho Chi Yang

Ho Chi Yang (simplified Chinese: 何子扬; traditional Chinese: 何子揚; pinyin: Hé Zǐyáng; born 3 August 1995) is a Malaysian politician who has served as Member of the Pahang State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Tanah Rata since November 2022. He is a member of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition. He has served as the Youth Publicity Secretary of DAP since November 2024 and the State Youth Chief of DAP of Pahang since October 2024. He served as the Youth Director of the Varsity Affairs of DAP from March 2022 to his promotion to the Youth Publicity Secretary in November 2024. He is presently the youngest elected representative of DAP at the age of 29 years, 226 days.

## Member of the Pahang State Legislative Assembly (since 2022)

In the 2022 Pahang state election, Ho made his electoral debut after being nominated by PH to contest for the Tanah Rata state seat. Ho won the seat and was elected to the Pahang State Legislative Assembly as the Tanah Rata MLA after defeating Wong Yap Wah of Barisan Nasional (BN) and Lai Chii Wen of Perikatan Nasional (PN) by a majority of 2,484 votes.

## Election results

Pahang State Legislative Assembly :
| Year | Constituency | Candidate | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout |
| 2022 | N01 Tanah Rata | | Ho Chi Yang (DAP) | 9,856 | 53.04% | | Wong Yap Wah (MCA) | 7,372 | 39.67% | 18,581 | 2,484 | 70.99% |
| 2022 | N01 Tanah Rata | | Ho Chi Yang (DAP) | 9,856 | 53.04% | | Lai Chii Wen (GERAKAN) | 1,353 | 7.28% | 18,581 | 2,484 | 70.99% |