# Thorbjörn Fälldin

Nils Olof Thorbjörn Fälldin (24 April 1926 – 23 July 2016) was a Swedish politician and farmer who served as the prime minister of Sweden from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1979 to 1982, heading three non-consecutive cabinets. He was the leader of the Swedish Centre Party from 1971 to 1985.
On his first appointment in 1976, he was the first non-Social Democrat Prime Minister for 40 years and the first since the 1930s not to have worked as a professional politician since his teens. He was also the last Prime Minister to not be from the Social Democrats or Moderate Party.

## Early life

Nils Olof Thorbjörn Fälldin was born on 24 April 1926 in Högsjö parish, Ångermanland. He was the son of the farmer Nils Johan Fälldin and his wife Hulda (née Olsson), who were involved in agriculturally focused political and civic associations. Fälldin grew up in a farming family in Ångermanland. He grew up on the family family farm in Ramvik, which later became his home as an adult. Fälldin completed his formal schooling at the age of 19.
In 1956, he and his wife, as a newlywed young couple, took over a small farm. However, the farming authorities did not approve the purchase, as the farm was considered too small and too run down for production, and so refused to provide farm subsidies. This fight led him into the youth branch of the Swedish agrarian party Farmers' League (Bondeförbundet), which in 1958 changed its name to the Centre Party. He and his family maintained their farm throughout his political life, and when he resigned from politics in 1985, he immediately returned to it.

## Political career
### Early political career

Fälldin entered the Swedish national political stage when he was elected to the Second Chamber of the Swedish Riksdag in 1958 for the agrarian-rooted Centre Party. He was part of a younger generation of activists within the party that wished to expand its appeal to urban voters. He was distinguished by his skepticism of social democracy and trade unions. He lost the seat by 11 votes in 1964. Fälldin was then elected to the party board and met with local party organizations, which raised his profile among the Centrists. In 1966 he gained a seat in the First Chamber, where he befriended the leader of the Liberal Party. Fälldin then regained his Second Chamber seat in 1968.
Competing against his rival Johannes Antonsson, he won a party election to became vice-chairman of the party in 1969. Fälldin was able to secure the position without the support of the chairman, Gunnar Hedlund. He succeeded Hedlund as party chairman in 1971. This made him the leader of the largest opposition party, and thus the frontrunner for prime minister from the nonsocialist bloc. Also in 1971 he became a member of the new unicameral Riksdag that replaced the bicameral. With Fälldin's ascension to the leadership, criticism of the Social Democratic Party increased.

### Election of 1973

During the 1973 general election, Fälldin held a live televised debate against Social Democratic party leader and prime minister Olof Palme, which were in the process of becoming a staple of Swedish politics. The members of the nonsocialist bloc emphasized different policies. Fälldin and the Centrists pushed for decentralization, while the Liberals emphasized environmental and tax policies, and the Moderate Party placed focus on tax and educational reforms.
That year, Fälldin proposed that the party should merge with the Liberal Party, but he failed to gain the support of a majority of party members. The Centre Party received 25.1% of the votes that year, their highest share for a Riksdag election up to that point and since. Both the socialist and non-socialist blocs each received 175 seats, with Palme's Social Democrats remaining in power due to the support of the Communist Party and winning drawings to end ties. The difference in votes between the blocs was over 3,700.

### Election of 1976

During the 1976 election, Fälldin again debated Palme. Although Palme was perceived as a better debater, Fälldin was perceived as a having won more sympathy with voters, contrasting with Palme's aggressive style. In particular, Fälldin emotionally criticized the government's proposed nuclear power program, which has been described as a turning point in the Centrists' favor. This complicated the non-socialist coalition talks, as the Liberals and the Moderates had supported the government's nuclear program. During the campaign, his political opponents praised him for honesty and similarities to rural voters, but criticized his lack of foreign policy experience and his inability to understand English. Sweden had a strong economy, which the Social Democrats touted, while stating that the opposition would cut back on the country's expansive welfare programs. The nonsocialists denied that they would remove social benefits, and criticized the country's high direct taxation.
In the election the Social Democrats sensationally lost their majority for the first time in 40 years. The non-Socialist parties (the Centre Party, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Moderate Party) formed a coalition government, and, as the Centre Party was the largest of the three, Fälldin was elected prime minister by the Riksdag and confirmed by king Carl XVI Gustaf during a Council of State, being the first person appointed in this manner under the new 1974 Instrument of Government.

### Premiership

Fälldin's initial tenure was the first time a member of the Centre Party headed a Swedish government since Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp's brief government forty years earlier, in 1936. Fälldin and his first government took office on 7 October 1976. It consisted of 8 Centrists, 6 Moderates, 5 Liberals, and the independent minister of justice. Fälldin appointed Liberal leader Per Ahlmark to the newly created position of deputy prime minister. He also appointed fellow Centrist Karin Söder to serve as foreign minister, making her the first woman to hold that role. There were four other women in the cabinet.
Two years later, however, the coalition fell apart over the issue of Swedish dependency on nuclear power (with the Centre Party taking a strong anti-nuclear stand), which caused the Centrists to leave the government. Fälldin was succeeded on 18 October 1978 by Ola Ullsten, who formed a minority Liberal government. That year, Fälldin also sued Aftonbladet for 1 krona after they published a satirical interview with him from a mental hospital in which they claimed he had schizophrenia. Fälldin claimed that this was illegal, but later lost the case.
In 1980, Fälldin was asked for his opinion about women being granted abortion rights in the previous half decade. He stated that he would have preferred a more restrictive abortion law, with exceptions for rape and threats to the mother's life. However, the government did not introduce such a law and Fälldin did not push for it. Nevertheless, the statement resulted in protests due to fears of threats to the existing law.
Although their goal was to prove that an alternative to the Social Democrats existed, the nonsocialist governments pursued similar policies. Under the six years of opposition government, a greater proportion of industries were nationalized than any of the Social Democratic governments. Fälldin once commented on the similarities in social policy, commenting that, as far as was concerned, "it is hard to see any difference between the Center Party and the Liberal Party on the one hand and the social democrats on the other, when it comes to social responsibility for people."
Following the 1979 election, Fälldin regained the post of prime minister, despite his party suffering major losses and losing its leading role in the centre-right camp, primarily due to public disenchantment with the Centre Party over its compromise on nuclear power with the nuclear-friendly Moderates, and he again formed a coalition government with the Liberals and the Moderates. This cabinet also lasted for two years, when disagreement over tax policies compelled the Moderates to leave the coalition. Fälldin continued as prime minister until the election in 1982, when the Social Democrats regained power as the Socialist bloc won a majority in the Riksdag. On 8 October 1982, Fälldin was succeeded by Palme.

### Post-premiership

After a disastrous second election defeat in 1985, in which the party received 12.45% of votes, Fälldin faced massive criticism from his party. He resigned as party leader on 5 December 1985. He was succeeded by Söder. He then retired from politics. His posts after that time included chairman of Föreningsbanken, Foreningen Norden, and Televerket. Several subsequent Centre Party leaders personally sought his advice.

### Membership

Fälldin was one of the board members of the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation in the 1970s.
Fälldin was the first person to receive a membership card for the organization Smokepeace [sv], founded in 1989. The group sought to lobby against smoking bans and for the rights of smokers. It was thought that Fälldin's involvement would attract more attention from politicians. In 1989, Fälldin and the group's chairman Bengt Öste began the group's first advertising campaign with a press conference.

## Personal life

In 1956, he married Solveig Öberg (born 1935), daughter of the farmer Albert Öberg and Sofia (née Näsman). They had three children; Eva, Nicklas, and Pontus; as well as several grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
He died at the age of 90, on 23 July 2016. The funeral was held on 11 August 2016 in Härnösand Cathedral, and he was buried at Högsjö Cemetery in Högsjö, Härnösand Municipality.

## Legacy

During his 27 years as a national politician, Fälldin was generally appreciated in most political camps for his straightforwardness, unpretentiousness, and willingness to listen to all views. His two periods as Prime Minister were far from easy; trying to get three very different parties to work together in a coalition, while Sweden underwent its worst recession since the 1930s.
Fälldin refused to allow security concerns to rule his life. During his years as prime minister, he lived on his own in a small rented apartment in central Stockholm, while his family ran the farm up in northern Sweden. He did his own cooking and carried out refuse in the morning to the communal dustbins in the backyard, before taking a brisk 15-minute walk to his office, shadowed at a distance by an unmarked police car which had been waiting outside the apartment block; his only concession to the security concerns.
While serving as prime minister during the U 137 crisis in October–November 1981, Fälldin is remembered for the simple answer "Hold the border!" (Håll gränsen!) to the request for instructions from the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces when faced with a suspected Soviet raid to free the stranded submarine. During the 2024 European Parliament election in Sweden, the Centre Party used the phrase as a slogan, representing the party's support of stopping imports of Russian fossil fuel and ending EU subsidies to fossil fuels.
The U 137 crisis was dramatized in the 2024 Swedish satirical series Whiskey on the Rocks. Fälldin was portrayed by the Swedish actor Rolf Lassgård, who was reportedly Fälldin's favorite actor.

## Awards and decorations

* Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (November 1990)
* Commander with Star of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (1 July 1999)

## Cabinets

* Fälldin I Cabinet
* Fälldin II Cabinet
* Fälldin III Cabinet