# Demographics of Mongolia

This article on the demographics of Mongolia include population density, ethnicity, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. All data are from the National Statistics Office of Mongolia, unless otherwise mentioned.

## Population size and structure
### Structure of the population

| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 1 313 968 | 1 333 577 | 2 647 545 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 146 516 | 141 981 | 288 497 | 10.90 |
| 5–9 | 110 117 | 106 097 | 216 214 | 8.17 |
| 10–14 | 120 064 | 116 801 | 236 865 | 8.95 |
| 15–19 | 130 560 | 127 085 | 257 645 | 9.73 |
| 20–24 | 147 472 | 144 711 | 292 183 | 11.04 |
| 25–29 | 124 490 | 123 493 | 247 983 | 9.37 |
| 30–34 | 111 976 | 110 546 | 222 522 | 8.40 |
| 35–39 | 100 819 | 101 564 | 202 383 | 7.64 |
| 40–44 | 88 273 | 90 994 | 179 267 | 6.77 |
| 45–49 | 77 475 | 81 281 | 158 756 | 6.00 |
| 50–54 | 58 009 | 64 073 | 122 082 | 4.61 |
| 55–59 | 33 384 | 38 605 | 71 989 | 2.72 |
| 60–64 | 22 106 | 27 347 | 49 453 | 1.87 |
| 65–69 | 17 262 | 20 970 | 38 232 | 1.44 |
| 70–74 | 13 081 | 16 251 | 29 332 | 1.11 |
| 75–79 | 7 252 | 11 365 | 18 617 | 0.70 |
| 80–84 | 3 258 | 5 908 | 9 166 | 0.35 |
| 85–89 | 1 378 | 3 037 | 4 415 | 0.17 |
| 90–94 | 383 | 1 076 | 1 459 | 0.06 |
| 95–99 | 80 | 322 | 402 | 0.02 |
| 100+ | 13 | 70 | 83 | <0.01 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 376 697 | 364 879 | 741 576 | 28.01 |
| 15–64 | 894 564 | 909 699 | 1 804 263 | 68.15 |
| 65+ | 42 707 | 58 999 | 101 706 | 3.84 |
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 1 409 648 | 1 489 363 | 2 899 011 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 158 578 | 153 763 | 312 341 | 10.77 |
| 5–9 | 121 534 | 118 706 | 240 240 | 8.29 |
| 10–14 | 119 093 | 116 891 | 235 984 | 8.14 |
| 15–19 | 125 751 | 127 324 | 253 075 | 8.73 |
| 20–24 | 149 565 | 154 323 | 303 888 | 10.48 |
| 25–29 | 143 113 | 149 877 | 292 990 | 10.11 |
| 30–34 | 122 710 | 130 973 | 253 683 | 8.75 |
| 35–39 | 111 396 | 119 629 | 231 025 | 7.97 |
| 40–44 | 95 134 | 104 034 | 199 168 | 6.87 |
| 45–49 | 82 000 | 91 869 | 173 868 | 6.00 |
| 50–54 | 65 965 | 75 237 | 141 201 | 4.87 |
| 55–59 | 42 749 | 50 508 | 93 257 | 3.22 |
| 60–64 | 25 525 | 31 862 | 57 386 | 1.98 |
| 65–69 | 17 524 | 22 340 | 39 864 | 1.38 |
| 70–74 | 14 689 | 18 102 | 32 790 | 1.13 |
| 75–79 | 8 092 | 11 753 | 19 845 | 0.68 |
| 80–84 | 4 126 | 7 454 | 11 580 | 0.40 |
| 85–89 | 1 512 | 3 020 | 4 532 | 0.16 |
| 90–94 | 509 | 1 343 | 1 852 | 0.06 |
| 95–99 | 73 | 281 | 354 | 0.01 |
| 100+ | 15 | 80 | 95 | <0.01 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 399 205 | 389 360 | 788 565 | 27.20 |
| 15–64 | 963 903 | 1 035 630 | 1 999 533 | 68.97 |
| 65+ | 46 540 | 64 373 | 110 913 | 3.83 |
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 1 576 930 | 1 620 090 | 3 197 020 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 196 803 | 186 456 | 383 259 | 11.99 |
| 5–9 | 188 352 | 179 962 | 368 314 | 11.52 |
| 10–14 | 140 208 | 134 666 | 274 874 | 8.60 |
| 15–19 | 110 141 | 106 626 | 216 767 | 6.78 |
| 20–24 | 113 271 | 112 114 | 225 385 | 7.05 |
| 25–29 | 130 143 | 129 056 | 259 199 | 8.11 |
| 30–34 | 143 491 | 143 359 | 286 850 | 8.97 |
| 35–39 | 119 621 | 120 173 | 239 794 | 7.50 |
| 40–44 | 106 169 | 109 049 | 215 218 | 6.73 |
| 45–49 | 93 162 | 98 495 | 191 657 | 5.99 |
| 50–54 | 76 257 | 86 183 | 162 440 | 5.08 |
| 55–59 | 64 238 | 76 928 | 141 166 | 4.42 |
| 60–64 | 41 768 | 54 458 | 96 226 | 3.01 |
| 65–69 | 22 808 | 32 535 | 55 343 | 1.73 |
| 70–74 | 12 878 | 19 928 | 32 806 | 1.03 |
| 75–79 | 9 984 | 15 179 | 25 163 | 0.79 |
| 80–84 | 4 918 | 8 293 | 13 211 | 0.41 |
| 85–89 | 2 069 | 4 792 | 6 861 | 0.21 |
| 90–94 | 527 | 1 370 | 1 897 | 0.06 |
| 95–99 | 110 | 401 | 511 | 0.02 |
| 100+ | 12 | 67 | 79 | <0.01 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 525 363 | 501 084 | 1 026 447 | 32.11 |
| 15–64 | 998 261 | 1 036 441 | 2 034 702 | 63.64 |
| 65+ | 53 306 | 82 565 | 135 871 | 4.25 |

### Youth

Youth in Mongolia constituted 18.7% of the population in 2014, numbering roughly 552,000 individuals. The 15–19 age group is the largest in Mongolia; in 2009 about 40% of the population was under 19 years old. Estimated population growth rates as of 2014 were reported as increasing by 1.37%. The steady increase in youth will enlarge the already large proportion of working-aged individuals and create new opportunities to build human capital and facilitate economic development.
In order to address Mongolia's economic future, Mongolia's Parliament adopted the State Population Development Policy in 2004 to confront development issues facing Mongolian youth. This policy and the Mongolia National Programme on Adolescents and Youth Development defined youth as those from ages 15 to 34 years and aims to provide opportunities and services that build youth into well developed citizens. Mongolia is in the process of transitioning from its status as a developing country to a nation with a developing economy. According to the Human Development Index, conditions in Mongolia have been improving in recent years, but its ranking on the Human Poverty Index has dropped further due to the privatization of the economic sector.

### Urbanization

Life in sparsely populated Mongolia has become more urbanized. Nearly half of the people live in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, and in other provincial centers. Semi nomadic life still predominates in the countryside, but settled agricultural communities are becoming more common. Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.6% (2020 census). About two-thirds of the total population is under age 30, 36% of whom are under 14.
Key: For population growth 1979–2008
* Salmon cells indicate that the population has declined or experienced minimal (<1%) growth.
* Light green cells indicate a growth between 1–2%.
* Dark green cells indicate a growth of greater than or equal to 2%.
| Rank | Name | Mongolian | Inhabitants (1979 est.) | Inhabitants (1989 est.) | Inhabitants (2000 census) | Inhabitants (est. 2008) | Change since 1979 | Growth Percentage/Year | Administrative Unit |
| 1. | Ulaanbaatar $^*$ | Улаанбаатар | 396,300 | 540,600 | 711,900 | 1,008,738 | 612,438 | +5.2% | Ulaanbaatar |
| 2. | Erdenet | Эрдэнэт | 29,100 | - | 68,310 | 86,866 | 57,766 | +6.6% | Orkhon |
| 3. | Darkhan | Дархан | 49,100 | - | 65,791 | 74,300 | 25,200 | +1.7% | Darkhan-Uul |
| 4. | Choibalsan | Чойбалсан | 28,500 | 37,300 | 40,123 | 38,150 | 9,650 | +1.1% | Dornod |
| 5. | Mörön | Мөрөн | 16,500 | 21,300 | 28,903 | 36,082 | 19,582 | +4.0% | Khövsgöl |
| 6. | Nalaikh | Налайх | - | - | 23,600 | 29,115 | 5,515 | +3.0% | Ulaanbaatar |
| 7. | Khovd | Ховд | 17,500 | 24,100 | 25,765 | 28,601 | 11,101 | +2.1% | Khovd |
| 8. | Ölgii | Өлгий | 18,700 | 27,200 | 25,791 | 27,855 | 9,155 | +1.6% | Bayan-Ölgii |
| 9. | Bayankhongor | Баянхонгор | 16,300 | 21,200 | 22,066 | 26,252 | 9,952 | +2.0% | Bayankhongor |
| 10. | Baganuur | Багануур | - | - | 21,100 | 25,877 | 4,777 | +1.8% | Ulaanbaatar |
| 11. | Arvaikheer | Арвайхээр | 12,300 | 16,900 | 19,058 | 25,622 | 13,322 | +3.6% | Övörkhangai |
| 12. | Ulaangom | Улаангом | 17,900 | 22,900 | 25,993 | 21,406 | 3,506 | +0.67% | Uvs |
| 13. | Sükhbaatar | Сүхбаатар | 14,300 | 19,600 | 22,374 | 19,626 | 5,326 | +1.2% | Selenge |
| 14. | Sainshand | Сайншанд | 11,100 | 10,300 | 18,290 | 25,210 | 14,110 | +4.2% | Dornogovi |
| 15. | Dalanzadgad | Даланзадгад | 10,000 | 14,300 | 14,050 | 16,856 | 6,856 | +2.3% | Ömnögovi |
| 16. | Tsetserleg | Цэцэрлэг | 14,700 | 20,300 | 18,519 | 16,300 | 1,600 | +0.37% | Arkhangai |
| 17. | Uliastai | Улиастай | 15,400 | 20,300 | 18,154 | 16,240 | 840 | +0.17% | Zavkhan |
| 18. | Altai | Алтай | 13,700 | 18,800 | 15,741 | 15,800 | 2,100 | +0.5% | Govi-Altai |
| 19. | Züünkharaa | Зүүнхараа | 11,400 | - | 15,000$^{(2004)}$ | - | 3,600 | +1.1% | Selenge |
| 20. | Öndörkhaan | Өндөрхаан | 11,100 | 14,400 | 18,003 | 14,800 | 3,700 | +1.1% | Khentii |
| 21. | Zuunmod | Зуунмод | 9,800 | 15,800 | 14,837 | 14,568 | 4,768 | +1.6% | Töv |
| 22. | Baruun-Urt | Баруун-Урт | 11,600 | 16,100 | 15,133 | 12,994 | 1,394 | +0.4% | Sükhbaatar |
| 23. | Zamyn-Üüd | Замын-Үүд | - | - | 5,486 | 11,527 | 6,041 | +13.8% | Dornogovi |
| 24. | Bulgan | Булган | 11,300 | 12,800 | 12,681 | 11,198 | −102 | −0.03% | Bulgan |
| 25. | Mandalgovi | Мандалговь | 10,200 | 16,100 | 14,517 | 10,299 | 99 | +0.03% | Dundgovi |
| 26. | Kharkhorin | Хархорин | - | - | 8,977$^{(2003)}$ | - | - | n/a% | Övörkhangai |
| 27. | Bor-Öndör | Бор-Өндөр | - | - | 6,406$^{(2001)}$ | 8,902 | 2,496 | +3.5% | Khentii |
| 28. | Choir | Чойр | 4,500 | - | 8,983 | 7,998 | 3,498 | +2.6% | Govisümber |
| 29. | Sharyngol | Шарынгол | - | - | 8,902 | 7,798 | −1,104 | −2.8% | Darkhan-Uul |
| | Mongolia | Монгол улс | 1,538,980 | 1,987,274 | 2,365,269 | 2,635,000 | 1,096,600 | +2.38% | |
$^*$ - city proper, Nalaikh, Baganuur, Bagakhangai not included in this figure, they are separated in the table.
From List of cities in Mongolia

## Vital statistics
### UN estimates

| Period | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR$^1$ | CDR$^1$ | NC$^1$ | TFR$^1$ | IMR$^1$ |
| 1950–1955 | 33 000 | 18 000 | 15 000 | 40.0 | 21.4 | 18.6 | 5.60 | 182.9 |
| 1955–1960 | 39 000 | 19 000 | 20 000 | 43.0 | 20.7 | 22.2 | 6.30 | 164.9 |
| 1960–1965 | 49 000 | 19 000 | 30 000 | 47.9 | 18.4 | 29.5 | 7.50 | 134.5 |
| 1965–1970 | 54 000 | 19 000 | 34 000 | 44.8 | 15.9 | 28.8 | 7.50 | 118.6 |
| 1970–1975 | 59 000 | 19 000 | 40 000 | 43.0 | 13.9 | 29.1 | 7.50 | 106.5 |
| 1975–1980 | 63 000 | 21 000 | 42 000 | 39.6 | 13.1 | 26.5 | 6.65 | 104.5 |
| 1980–1985 | 69 000 | 22 000 | 47 000 | 38.1 | 12.4 | 25.7 | 5.75 | 102.3 |
| 1985–1990 | 75 000 | 22 000 | 53 000 | 36.6 | 10.8 | 25.9 | 4.90 | 91.7 |
| 1990–1995 | 62 000 | 22 000 | 40 000 | 27.6 | 9.6 | 18.0 | 3.30 | 66.6 |
| 1995–2000 | 52 000 | 20 000 | 33 000 | 22.1 | 8.3 | 13.8 | 2.50 | 54.7 |
| 2000–2005 | 47 000 | 17 000 | 30 000 | 18.9 | 7.2 | 11.7 | 2.08 | 43.5 |
| 2005–2010 | 62 000 | 17 000 | 45 000 | 22.4 | 6.9 | 15.5 | 2.40 | 36.0 |
| 2010–2015 | | | | 26.1 | 6.3 | 19.8 | 2.84 | |
| 2015–2020 | | | | 24.4 | 6.3 | 18.1 | 2.90 | |
| 2020–2025 | | | | 20.5 | 6.4 | 14.1 | 2.73 | |
| 2025–2030 | | | | 18.1 | 6.7 | 11.4 | 2.59 | |
| $^1$ CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births |||||||||

### Registered births and deaths

| | Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate |
| 1934 | | 10,622 | 8,991 | 1,631 | | | | | |
| 1935 | 738,200 | 13,700 | 12,083 | 1,617 | 18.6 | 16.4 | 2.2 | -2.2 | |
| 1936 | 737,900 | 12,209 | 17,049 | −4,840 | 16.5 | 23.1 | −6.6 | 6.2 | |
| 1937 | 740,000 | 14,126 | 14,747 | −621 | 19.1 | 19.9 | −0.8 | 3.6 | |
| 1938 | 747,600 | 15,492 | 15,101 | 391 | 20.7 | 20.2 | 0.5 | 9.8 | |
| 1939 | 736,400 | 14,092 | 17,242 | −3,150 | 19.1 | 23.4 | −4.3 | -10.7 | |
| 1940 | 738,600 | 19,046 | 15,906 | 3,140 | 25.8 | 21.5 | 4.3 | -1.3 | |
| 1941 | 743,800 | | | | | | | | |
| 1942 | 749,000 | | | | | | | | |
| 1943 | 754,200 | | | | | | | | |
| 1944 | 759,100 | | | | | | | | |
| 1945 | 759,300 | | | | | | | | |
| 1946 | 759,400 | | | | | | | | |
| 1947 | 759,700 | | | | | | | | |
| 1948 | 759,200 | | | | | | | | |
| 1949 | 758,700 | | | | | | | | |
| 1950 | 758,000 | | | | | | | | |
| 1951 | 772,400 | 11,015 | 7,598 | 3,417 | 14.3 | 9.8 | 4.4 | 14.6 | |
| 1952 | 786,100 | 14,218 | 9,205 | 5,013 | 18.1 | 11.7 | 6.4 | 11.4 | |
| 1953 | 799,900 | 23,989 | 10,953 | 13,036 | 30.0 | 13.7 | 16.3 | 1.3 | |
| 1954 | 813,600 | 21,394 | 11,068 | 10,326 | 26.3 | 13.6 | 15.3 | 1.3 | |
| 1955 | 827,300 | 26,889 | 11,823 | 15,066 | 32.5 | 13.3 | 18.2 | -1.4 | |
| 1956 | 845,500 | 26,825 | 10,573 | 16,252 | 31.7 | 12.5 | 19.2 | 2.8 | |
| 1957 | 862,000 | 32,594 | 9,722 | 22,872 | 37.8 | 11.3 | 26.5 | -7.0 | |
| 1958 | 884,800 | 34,654 | 9,895 | 24,759 | 39.2 | 11.2 | 28.0 | -1.5 | |
| 1959 | 909,600 | 36,624 | 9,345 | 27,279 | 40.3 | 10.3 | 30.0 | -2.0 | |
| 1960 | 936,900 | 41,202 | 10,043 | 31,159 | 44.0 | 10.7 | 33.3 | -3.3 | |
| 1961 | 968,100 | 40,036 | 10,030 | 30,006 | 41.4 | 10.4 | 31.0 | 2.3 | |
| 1962 | 998,000 | 42,144 | 10,192 | 31,952 | 42.2 | 10.2 | 32.0 | -1.1 | |
| 1963 | 1,017,100 | 40,250 | 12,168 | 28,082 | 39.0 | 11.8 | 27.2 | -8.1 | |
| 1964 | 1,045,200 | 42,001 | 11,215 | 30,786 | 39.6 | 10.6 | 29.0 | -1.4 | |
| 1965 | 1,076,000 | 41,427 | 13,072 | 28,355 | 38.0 | 12.0 | 26.0 | 3.5 | |
| 1966 | 1,104,400 | 43,150 | 13,097 | 30,053 | 38.5 | 11.7 | 26.8 | -0.4 | |
| 1967 | 1,134,400 | 43,650 | 13,563 | 30,087 | 38.0 | 11.8 | 26.2 | 1.0 | |
| 1968 | 1,164,500 | 46,159 | 13,085 | 33,074 | 38.8 | 11.1 | 27.7 | -1.2 | |
| 1969 | 1,197,600 | 46,849 | 13,905 | 32,944 | 38.6 | 11.5 | 27.1 | 1.3 | |
| 1970 | 1,230,500 | 50,152 | 15,314 | 34,838 | 40.2 | 12.3 | 27.9 | -0.4 | |
| 1971 | 1,265,400 | 49,917 | 13,857 | 36,060 | 38.8 | 10.8 | 28.0 | 0.4 | |
| 1972 | 1,301,400 | 52,796 | 14,727 | 38,069 | 40.0 | 11.4 | 28.8 | -0.4 | |
| 1973 | 1,339,500 | 54,841 | 13,611 | 41,230 | 40.3 | 10.0 | 30.3 | -1.0 | |
| 1974 | 1,380,700 | 56,218 | 12,555 | 43,663 | 40.1 | 9.0 | 31.1 | -0.3 | |
| 1975 | 1,424,400 | 56,953 | 14,445 | 42,508 | 39.4 | 10.0 | 29.4 | 2.3 | |
| 1976 | 1,466,900 | 55,224 | 14,757 | 40,467 | 37.1 | 9.9 | 27.2 | 2.6 | |
| 1977 | 1,512,400 | 56,683 | 15,490 | 41,193 | 37.0 | 10.1 | 26.9 | 4.1 | |
| 1978 | 1,553,600 | 60,291 | 14,238 | 46,053 | 38.3 | 9.0 | 29.3 | -2.1 | |
| 1979 | 1,595,000 | 60,233 | 15,375 | 44,858 | 37.2 | 9.5 | 27.7 | -1.1 | |
| 1980 | 1,639,700 | 63,068 | 17,331 | 45,737 | 39.2 | 10.4 | 28.8 | -0.8 | 6.411 |
| 1981 | 1,682,000 | 62,751 | 15,787 | 46,964 | 36.8 | 9.2 | 27.6 | -1.8 | |
| 1982 | 1,724,700 | 64,210 | 16,568 | 47,642 | 36.8 | 9.5 | 27.3 | -1.9 | |
| 1983 | 1,767,500 | 65,020 | 17,620 | 47,400 | 36.4 | 9.9 | 26.5 | -1.7 | |
| 1984 | 1,808,900 | 68,129 | 20,359 | 47,770 | 37.2 | 11.1 | 26.1 | -2.7 | |
| 1985 | 1,854,300 | 69,627 | 18,688 | 50,939 | 38.2 | 10.0 | 28.2 | -3.1 | 5.476 |
| 1986 | 1,900,600 | 71,801 | 16,424 | 55,377 | 37.3 | 8.5 | 28.8 | -3.8 | |
| 1987 | 1,949,700 | 71,437 | 15,930 | 55,507 | 36.2 | 8.1 | 28.1 | -2.3 | |
| 1988 | 1,997,000 | 75,832 | 17,689 | 58,143 | 37.5 | 8.7 | 28.8 | -4.5 | |
| 1989 | 2,043,954 | 73,593 | 17,000 | 56,593 | 35.5 | 8.2 | 27.3 | -3.8 | |
| 1990 | 2,153,466 | 73,209 | 17,559 | 55,650 | 34.9 | 8.4 | 26.5 | 27.1 | 4.472 |
| 1991 | 2,177,217 | 70,083 | 18,734 | 51,349 | 32.4 | 8.7 | 23.7 | -12.7 | 4.009 |
| 1992 | 2,158,362 | 63,258 | 18,288 | 44,970 | 29.2 | 8.4 | 20.8 | -29.5 | 3.512 |
| 1993 | 2,171,898 | 47,871 | 17,606 | 30,265 | 22.1 | 8.1 | 14.0 | -7.7 | 2.532 |
| 1994 | 2,206,892 | 52,962 | 16,546 | 36,416 | 24.2 | 7.6 | 16.6 | -0.5 | 2.694 |
| 1995 | 2,242,998 | 54,293 | 16,794 | 37,499 | 24.4 | 7.5 | 16.9 | -0.5 | 2.760 |
| 1996 | 2,276,016 | 51,806 | 17,550 | 34,256 | 21.8 | 7.8 | 14.0 | 0.7 | 2.506 |
| 1997 | 2,307,484 | 49,488 | 16,980 | 32,508 | 21.6 | 7.4 | 14.2 | -0.4 | 2.351 |
| 1998 | 2,340,134 | 49,256 | 15,799 | 33,457 | 21.2 | 6.8 | 14.4 | -0.3 | 2.304 |
| 1999 | 2,373,493 | 49,461 | 16,105 | 33,356 | 21.0 | 6.8 | 14.2 | 0.1 | 2.318 |
| 2000 | 2,403,105 | 48,721 | 15,472 | 33,249 | 20.4 | 6.5 | 13.9 | -1.4 | 2.243 |
| 2001 | 2,432,397 | 49,685 | 15,999 | 33,686 | 20.6 | 6.6 | 14.0 | -1.8 | 2.221 |
| 2002 | 2,465,657 | 46,922 | 15,857 | 31,065 | 19.2 | 6.5 | 12.7 | 1.0 | 2.076 |
| 2003 | 2,495,091 | 45,723 | 16,006 | 29,717 | 18.4 | 6.5 | 11.9 | 0 | 2.014 |
| 2004 | 2,521,733 | 45,501 | 16,404 | 29,097 | 18.1 | 6.5 | 11.6 | -0.9 | 1.984 |
| 2005 | 2,551,081 | 45,326 | 16,480 | 28,846 | 17.9 | 6.5 | 11.4 | 0.2 | 1.968 |
| 2006 | 2,583,254 | 49,092 | 16,682 | 32,410 | 19.1 | 6.5 | 12.6 | 0 | 2.081 |
| 2007 | 2,620,446 | 56,636 | 16,259 | 40,377 | 21.8 | 6.2 | 15.6 | -1.2 | 2.341 |
| 2008 | 2,665,955 | 63,768 | 15,413 | 48,355 | 24.1 | 5.8 | 18.3 | -0.9 | 2.633 |
| 2009 | 2,716,275 | 69,167 | 16,911 | 52,256 | 25.7 | 6.3 | 19.4 | -0.5 | 2.753 |
| 2010 | 2,760,968 | 63,270 | 18,293 | 44,977 | 23.1 | 6.7 | 16.4 | 0.1 | 2.431 |
| 2011 | 2,811,666 | 69,853 | 19,155 | 50,698 | 25.1 | 6.9 | 18.2 | 0.2 | 2.609 |
| 2012 | 2,867,744 | 73,839 | 17,761 | 56,078 | 26.0 | 6.3 | 19.7 | 0.2 | 2.741 |
| 2013 | 2,930,277 | 79,780 | 17,247 | 62,533 | 27.5 | 5.9 | 21.6 | 0.2 | 3.006 |
| 2014 | 2,995,949 | 82,839 | 16,521 | 66,318 | 28.0 | 5.6 | 22.4 | 0 | 3.120 |
| 2015 | 3,057,778 | 82,130 | 17,620 | 64,510 | 27.1 | 5.8 | 21.3 | -0.7 | 3.015 |
| 2016 | 3,119,935 | 79,920 | 17,763 | 62,157 | 25.9 | 5.8 | 20.1 | 0.2 | 2.950 |
| 2017 | 3,177,899 | 75,321 | 17,357 | 57,964 | 23.9 | 5.5 | 18.4 | 0.2 | 2.790 |
| 2018 | 3,238,479 | 78,444 | 17,864 | 60,580 | 24.5 | 5.6 | 18.9 | 0.2 | 2.920 |
| 2019 | 3,296,866 | 79,580 | 18,403 | 61,177 | 24.4 | 5.6 | 18.8 | -0.8 | 2.986 |
| 2020 | 3,357,542 | 77,716 | 17,040 | 60,676 | 23.2 | 4.8 | 18.4 | 0 | 2.936 |
| 2021 | 3,409,939 | 73,253 | 20,856 | 52,397 | 21.7 | 5.9 | 15.8 | -0.2 | 2.785 |
| 2022 | 3,457,548 | 66,910 | 19,301 | 47,609 | 19.4 | 5.2 | 14.2 | -0.2 | 2.714 |
| 2023 | 3,504,741 | 66,234 | 19,041 | 47,193 | 19.0 | 5.0 | 14.0 | -0.4 | 2.708 |
| 2024 | | 60,214 | 18,245 | 41,969 | 17.0 | 5.1 | 11.9 | | |

#### Current vital statistics

| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
| January 2024 | 4,700 | 1,500 | +3,200 |
| January 2025 | 4,700 | 1,500 | +3,200 |
| Difference | 0 | 0 | 0 |

### Life expectancy

| Period | Life expectancy in Years | Period | Life expectancy in Years |
| 1950–1955 | 43.2 | 1985–1990 | 59.6 |
| 1955–1960 | 46.1 | 1990–1995 | 60.8 |
| 1960–1965 | 50.7 | 1995–2000 | 61.8 |
| 1965–1970 | 53.9 | 2000–2005 | 64.1 |
| 1970–1975 | 56.4 | 2005–2010 | 66.1 |
| 1975–1980 | 56.9 | 2010–2015 | 68.5 |
| 1980–1985 | 57.3 | | |
Source: UN World Population Prospects

## Ethnicity and languages

The demonym for the people of Mongolia is Mongolian. The name Mongol usually accounts for people of the Mongol ethnic group, thus excluding Turkic groups such as Kazakhs and Tuvans.
Ethnic Mongols account for about 96% of the population and consist of Khalkh and other subgroups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongolian language. The Khalkhs make up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include Oirats, Buryats and others. Ethnic distinctions among the Mongol subgroups are relatively minor. Language or tribal differences are not a political or social issue.
Turkic speaking Kazakhs form the largest ethnic minority and constitute c. 3.9% of Mongolia's population. Khotons and Chantuu are Mongolized people with Turkic origin and speak Mongolian.
In around 1860, part of the Middle jüz Kazakhs who sought refuge from Qing Empire massacre in Xinjiang came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle down in Bayan-Ölgii Province. There are smaller numbers of Russian, Chinese, Korean and American people working in Mongolia since 1990. 3,000 Westerners live in Mongolia, accounting for 0.1% of its total population.
English is the most widely used foreign language followed by Russian. Lately, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Korean and German are gaining popularity.

### Ethnicity

National censuses data :
| Ethnic groups | Ethno-linguistic family | 1956 | 1963 | 1969 | 1979 | 1989 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 |
| Khalkh | Mongolic | 639,141 | 775,376 | 911,079 | 1,235,806 | 1,610,424 | 1,934,674 | 2,168,141 | 2,659,985 |
| Kazakh | Turkic | 36,729 | 47,735 | 62,812 | 84,305 | 120,506 | 102,983 | 101,526 | 120,999 |
| Dörbet | Mongolic | 25,667 | 31,339 | 34,725 | 45,053 | 55,208 | 66,706 | 72,403 | 83,719 |
| Bayid | Mongolic | 15,874 | 19,891 | 25,479 | 31,053 | 39,233 | 50,824 | 56,573 | 63,775 |
| Buryat | Mongolic | 24,625 | 28,523 | 29,772 | 29,802 | 35,444 | 40,620 | 45,087 | 43,661 |
| Zakhchin | Mongolic | 15,772 | 14,399 | 15,662 | 18,957 | 23,478 | 25,183 | 32,845 | 37,407 |
| Dariganga | Mongolic | 16,852 | 18,587 | 20,603 | 24,564 | 29,040 | 31,909 | 27,412 | 36,419 |
| Altai Uriankhai | Mongolic | 10,833 | 13,140 | 15,057 | 19,475 | 22,998 | 29,766 | 26,654 | 29,021 |
| Darkhad | Mongolic | 10,833 | 8,826 | 10,174 | 10,716 | 14,757 | 19,019 | 21,558 | 24,549 |
| Uuld | Mongolic | | | | | | | 15,520 | 14,666 |
| Khotogoid | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 7,237 | 15,460 | 8,583 |
| Torguud | Mongolic | 4,729 | 6,028 | 7,119 | 8,617 | 10,050 | 12,628 | 14,176 | 15,596 |
| Khotons | Turkic | 2,603 | 2,874 | 4,056 | 4,380 | 6,076 | 9,014 | 11,304 | 12,057 |
| Myangad | Mongolic | 2,518 | 2,712 | 3,222 | 4,173 | 4,760 | 6,028 | 6,592 | 8,125 |
| Tuvan | Turkic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 4,778 | 5,169 | 2,354 |
| Barga | Mongolic | 2,458 | 2,343 | 2,305 | 1,999 | 2,130 | 2,506 | 2,989 | 2,832 |
| Üzemchin | Mongolic | 2,046 | 2,070 | 2,127 | 2,030 | 2,086 | 2,386 | 2,577 | 2,308 |
| Eljigin | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 151 | 1,340 | 1,034 |
| Sartuul | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1,540 | 1,286 | 2,023 |
| Hamnigan of Tungusic origin | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 565 | 537 | 384 |
| Tsaatan | Turkic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 303 | 282 | 208 |
| Chantuu | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 380 | 260 | 202 |
| Kharchin | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 266 | 152 | 154 |
| Chahar | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 123 | 132 | ... |
| Khoshut | Mongolic | | | | | | | | 382 |
| (Huuchid) | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| (Baarin) | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| (Khorchin) | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| (Tümed) | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Russian nationals | Russian nationals | 13,444 | 8,905 | 1,433 | 196 | 140 | 2,020 | 2,474 | |
| Chinese nationals | Chinese nationals | 16,157 | 21,981 | 725 | 344 | 247 | 3,374 | 8,688 | |
| Korean nationals | Korean nationals | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 338 | 1,522 | |
| American nationals | American nationals | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 303 | 656 | |
| Others | Others | 11,125 | 6,819 | 35,045 | 8,653 | 1,509 | ... | ... | 4,122 |
| Mongolia | Mongolia | 845,481 | 1,017,162 | 1,188,271 | 1,538,980 | 1,987,274 | 2,365,269 | 2,754,685 | 3,174,565 |
* 1 2 3 4 Not listed in the Censuses

## Religions

Various forms of Shamanism have been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, as such beliefs were common among nomadic people in Asian history. Such beliefs gradually gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and continues to be practiced.
Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhism was the predominant religion. However, it was suppressed under the communist regime until 1990, with only one showcase monastery allowed to remain. Since 1990, as liberalization began, Buddhism has encountered a resurgence.
Religions in Mongolia (population aged 15 and above) :
| Year | Buddhism | Buddhism | Islam | Islam | Shamanism | Shamanism | Christianity | Christianity | Other religions | Other religions | Atheism | Atheism | Year |
| Year | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | Year |
| 2010 | 909,357 | 53% | 190,702 | 3.0% | 155,174 | 2.9% | 41,117 | 2.1% | 6,933 | 0.4% | 835,283 | 40% | 3,000,000 |
| 2020 | — | 51.7% | — | 3.2% | — | 2.5% | — | 1.3% | — | 0.7% | — | 40.6% | — |

## Base demographic indicators for Mongolia

Base Demographic Indicators for Mongolia :
| Demography indicator | units | U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base 1 July 2007 | United Nations World Population Prospects: The 2007 Revision 1 July 2007 | United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific(ESCAP) 1 July 2006 | National Statistical Office of Mongolia 31 December 2007 |
| Age structure: 0–14 years: | % of total population | 28.72% | 27% | 28% | 28.58% |
| Age structure: 15–59 years: | % of total population | 65.56% | 67% | — | 65.36% |
| Age structure: 60 years and over: | % of total population | 5.72% | 6% | — | 6.06% |
| Sex ratio: at birth: | male(s)/female | 1.0500 | 1.01 | 1.0424 | 1.0310 |
| Sex ratio: under 15 years: | male(s)/female | 1.0408 | — | 1.0153 | 1.0193 |
| Sex ratio: 15–59 years: | male(s)/female | 1.0003 | — | 0.9414 | 0.9379 |
| Sex ratio: 60 years and over: | male(s)/female | 0.8169 | 0.80 | — | 0.7933 |
| Sex ratio: total population: | male(s)/female | 1.0002 | 0.9947 | — | 0.9508 |
| Potential support ratio: | persons aged 15 to 64 per persons aged 65 or older | 17.47 | 17 | — | 16.33 |
| Infant mortality rate: | deaths/1,000 live births | 42.65 | 40 | 39 $^{(2005)}$ | 15.4 |
| Mortality under age 5: | deaths/1,000 | — | 55 | 49 $^{(2005)}$ | 22 |
| Life expectancy at birth total population: | years | 66.99 | 68 | 65.1 $^{(2000–2005)}$ | 66.54 |
| Life expectancy at birth male: | years | 64.61 | 64 | 61.9 $^{(2000–2005)}$ | 63.13 |
| Life expectancy at birth female: | years | 69.48 | 70 | 68.4 $^{(2000–2005)}$ | 70.23 |
| Age specific fertility rate: | ages 15–19 (per 1,000) | 22.5 | 45 | 49.7 $^{(2000–2005)}$ | 18.7 |
| Urban population: | % of total population | — | 57% | 56.8% | 60.75% |
| Contraceptive prevalence rate all methods: | % of women aged 15 to 49 who are married or in union | — | 67.4% | — | — |
| Contraceptive prevalence rate modern methods: | % of women aged 15 to 49 who are married or in union | — | 54.3% | — | — |
| Human development index: | % of total population | — | 0.691% | — | 0.720% |
| Population projected to 2025: | person | 3,725,352 | 3,112,000 | — | — |
| Population projected to 2050: | person | 4,340,496 | 3,388,000 | — | — |