# Biathlon at the Winter Olympics

Biathlon debuted at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California with the men's 20 km individual event. At the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, the men's 4 × 7.5 km relay debuted, followed by the 10 km sprint event at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. Beginning at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, women's biathlon debuted with the 15 km individual, 3 × 7.5 km relay (4 × 7.5 km during 1994–2002, and 4 × 6 km in 2006), and 7.5 km sprint. A pursuit race (12.5 km for men and 10 km for women) was included at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. The top 60 finishers of the sprint race (10 km for men and 7.5 km for women) would qualify for the pursuit event. The sprint winner starts the race, followed by each successive biathlete at the same time interval they trailed the sprint winner in that event. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, a mass start (15 km for men and 12.5 km for women) was introduced where the top 30 biathletes from the previous four events were allowed to start together for the competition.

## Military patrol

Prior to the biathlon debut at the 1960 Winter Olympics, there was a military patrol event that was held at four Winter Olympic Games: 1924, 1928, 1936, and 1948. Medals were awarded for military patrol in 1924, but it was a demonstration event for the other three Winter Games. Military patrol is considered by the International Biathlon Union to be the precursor to biathlon.

## Summary

| Games | Year | Events | Best Nation |
| 1 | 1924 | 1 | Switzerland (1) |
| 2 | 1928 | 1 | Norway (1) |
| 3 | | | |
| 4 | 1936 | 1 | Italy (1) |
| 5 | 1948 | 1 | Switzerland (2) |
| 6 | | | |
| 7 | | | |
| 8 | 1960 | 1 | Sweden (1) |
| 9 | 1964 | 1 | Soviet Union (1) |
| 10 | 1968 | 2 | Soviet Union (2) |
| 11 | 1972 | 2 | Soviet Union (3) |
| 12 | 1976 | 2 | Soviet Union (4) |
| 13 | 1980 | 3 | Soviet Union (5) |
| Games | Year | Events | Best Nation |
| 14 | 1984 | 3 | Norway (2) |
| 15 | 1988 | 3 | East Germany (1) |
| 16 | 1992 | 6 | Germany (1) |
| 17 | 1994 | 6 | Russia (1) |
| 18 | 1998 | 6 | Norway (3) |
| 19 | 2002 | 8 | Norway (4) |
| 20 | 2006 | 10 | Germany (2) |
| 21 | 2010 | 10 | Norway (5) |
| 22 | 2014 | 11 | Norway (6) |
| 23 | 2018 | 11 | Germany (3) |
| 24 | 2022 | 11 | Norway (7) |
| 25 | 2026 | 11 | |

## Events
### Men's

* = official event, (d) = demonstration event
| Event | 24 | 28 | 36 | 48 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 94 | 98 | 02 | 06 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 22 | Years |
| Military patrol | • | (d) | (d) | (d) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| individual (20 km) | | | | | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 17 |
| relay (4×7.5 km) | | | | | | | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 15 |
| sprint (10 km) | | | | | | | | | | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 12 |
| pursuit (12.5 km) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | • | • | • | • | • | • | 6 |
| mass start (15 km) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | • | • | • | • | • | 5 |
| Total events | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |

### Women's

* = official event, (d) = demonstration event
| Event | 92 | 94 | 98 | 02 | 06 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 22 | Years |
| individual (15 km) | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 9 |
| relay (4×6 km) | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 9 |
| sprint (7.5 km) | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 9 |
| pursuit (10 km) | | | | • | • | • | • | • | • | 6 |
| mass start (12.5 km) | | | | | • | • | • | • | • | 5 |
| Total events | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |

### Mixed

| Event | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 94 | 98 | 02 | 06 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 22 | Years |
| relay (4×6 km) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | • | • | • | 3 |
| Total events | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | 1 |

## Medal table

Sources (after the 2022 Winter Olympics): Accurate as of 2022 Winter Olympics and IOC Executive Board decision of May 19, 2022 to redistribute medals in the biathlon women's 4x6km event at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Norway | 22 | 18 | 15 | 55 |
| 2 | Germany | 20 | 21 | 13 | 54 |
| 3 | France | 12 | 9 | 11 | 32 |
| 4 | Russia | 10 | 5 | 8 | 23 |
| 5 | Soviet Union | 9 | 5 | 5 | 19 |
| 6 | Sweden | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |
| 7 | Belarus | 4 | 4 | 3 | 11 |
| 8 | East Germany | 3 | 4 | 4 | 11 |
| 9 | Slovakia | 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
| 10 | Unified Team | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 11 | Canada | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 12 | West Germany | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 13 | Ukraine | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 14 | Bulgaria | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 15 | Czech Republic | 0 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 16 | Finland | 0 | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 17 | Austria | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 18 | Italy | 0 | 1 | 6 | 7 |
| 19 | ROC (ROC) | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 20 | Slovenia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 21 | Kazakhstan | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 21 | Poland | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 21 | Switzerland | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 24 | Croatia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (24 entries) | Totals (24 entries) | 96 | 97 | 95 | 288 |

### Notes

* This table does not include medals of 1924 military patrol event, that the IOC now treats as a separate discipline.
* 2 silver medals and no bronze were awarded at 2010 men's individual distance.

## Number of biathletes by nation

| Nation | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 94 | 98 | 02 | 06 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 22 | Years |
| Andorra (AND) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | 1 |
| Argentina (ARG) | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 1 | | 2 | 1 | | | | | 7 |
| Australia (AUS) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | 8 |
| Austria (AUT) | | | | | | | | | 4 | 4 | | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 15 |
| Belarus (BLR) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 |
| Belgium (BEL) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 5 | 2 |
| Brazil (BRA) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | 1 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 1 | 1 | | | 3 |
| Bulgaria (BUL) | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 13 |
| Canada (CAN) | | | | | | | | | | 5 | | | | | 5 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 11 |
| Chile (CHI) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 2 | | | | | 2 |
| China (CHN) | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | 5 | | 8 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 8 | 11 |
| Chinese Taipei (TPE) | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| Costa Rica (CRC) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| Croatia (CRO) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | | 3 |
| Czech Republic (CZE) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 8 |
| Denmark (DEN) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | 1 | 2 |
| Estonia (EST) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 9 |
| Finland (FIN) | | | | | | | | 4 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 17 |
| France (FRA) | | | | | | | | 4 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 17 |
| Germany (GER) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 |
| Great Britain (GBR) | | | | | | | | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | 16 |
| Greece (GRE) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | | 7 |
| Guam (GUM) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| Hungary (HUN) | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | 5 | 1 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | | | 10 |
| Italy (ITA) | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 14 |
| Japan (JPN) | | | | | | | | | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 16 |
| Kazakhstan (KAZ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 3 | 8 |
| Kyrgyzstan (KGZ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | 3 |
| Latvia (LAT) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 9 |
| Lithuania (LTU) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 9 |
| Moldova (MDA) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | | 4 | 7 |
| Mongolia (MGL) | | | | | | | | | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| Norway (NOR) | | | | | | | | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 17 |
| New Zealand (NZL) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | 1 | 2 |
| Poland (POL) | | | | | | | | | 4 | 6 | 5 | 4 | | | | 9 | 10 | 9 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 13 |
| Puerto Rico (PUR) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| Romania (ROU) | | | | | | | | | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | | 5 | | 6 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 14 |
| Russia (RUS) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | | | 6 |
| Serbia (SRB) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | | | 2 |
| Slovenia (SLO) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 9 |
| Slovakia (SVK) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 8 |
| South Korea (KOR) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 5 | 4 | | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 10 |
| Spain (ESP) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | | | | | | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | 4 |
| Switzerland (SUI) | | | | | | | | | 4 | | | 3 | 2 | 1 | | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 13 |
| Sweden (SWE) | | | | | | | | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 17 |
| Ukraine (UKR) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 8 |
| United States (USA) | | | | | | | | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 17 |
| NOCs no longer competing at the Winter Olympics ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Czechoslovakia (TCH) | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 10 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| East Germany (GDR) | | | | | | | | | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | | 1 |
| Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | 1 |
| ROC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | 1 |
| Soviet Union (URS) | | | | | | | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| Unified Team (EUN) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| United Team of Germany (EUA) | | | | | | | | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| West Germany (FRG) | | | | | | | | | | 4 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| Yugoslavia (YUG) | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 6 | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| Nations | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 9 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 18 | 18 | 25 | 22 | 28 | 32 | 32 | 34 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 28 | 30 | 56 |
| Biathletes | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 30 | 51 | 72 | 62 | 74 | 76 | 95 | 90 | 196 | 193 | 183 | 190 | 204 | 221 | 216 | 219 | 212 | 1583 |
| Year | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 94 | 98 | 02 | 06 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 22 | |