# Uwa (Ogiso)

Uwa (died c. 1095) was the twenty-fifth ogiso (king) of Igodomigodo, a kingdom that later became part of the Benin Empire, from c. 1085 until his death. He was the son of Ogiso Odoligie and ruled during a period of political transformation shaped by earlier reforms. His reign saw the expansion of the Benin monarchy's influence from the River Oroghodo in the east to the River Ohosu in the west. He ordered the expulsion of the nobleman Ovio, an event that led to migrations towards present-day Delta State in Nigeria.
Unlike his father, who had prioritised military campaigns, Uwa relied on diplomacy and political maneuvering to maintain authority. Trade expanded during his rule, with merchant guilds establishing networks reaching present-day Ghana, Dahomey, and the Niger River basin. Brass casting was introduced to the kingdom in this period, though it did not become widespread until the 13th century. Uwa was succeeded by his son, Ehenneden, who continued efforts to consolidate the kingdom's political and economic structures.

## Early life and ascension

Born as Idugbouwa to Ogiso (King) Odoligie and Queen Aiyeki in the Kingdom of Igodomigodo (present-day Benin Kingdom), Uwa spent much of his youth away from the royal court. His mother had ended her marriage to Odoligie when Uwa was still a child, before Odoligie's coronation. She became a member of the traders' guild and travelled extensively across Iduland, the sphere of power and influence held by the queen mother. As a result, Uwa was raised by his maternal grandparents in Eyaen, an agriculturally prosperous settlement, where he was exposed to trade and commerce from an early age. His mother, a "renowned guildstrader", introduced him to trade routes and economic practices. This background influenced his administration, which prioritised economic stability over military expansion.
Following Odoligie's death in 1085 AD, Idugbouwa ascended the throne as ogiso, adopting the regnal name Uwa. His rule was the second under the recently established primogeniture law, which ensured succession by the king's eldest son. Despite this, his accession faced opposition from segments of the aristocracy. One of the main challenges to his rule was Ovio of Okhorho, a nobleman with significant influence. Ovio, who held the title of Esuekhen ("Trader's guard"), sought greater political power and had substantial support among the Senior Nobles, who had selected the ogisos before the system of hereditary monarchy was introduced. Uwa, rather than confronting him directly, used political maneuvering to weaken his influence. As part of this strategy, Uwa restructured the Royal Council's seating arrangements to marginalise Ovio and ordered the construction of a narrow palace gate, known as Urhovio ("Ovio's Gate"), which only Ovio was required to use. These measures diminished Ovio's standing, leading to his loss of support and eventual departure from the kingdom.

## Reign and political strategies

Uwa's reign was marked by political maneuvering, economic initiatives, and administrative reforms. The expulsion of Ovio in 1090 reinforced the primogeniture succession law and led to migrations, with Ovio and his followers settling in Obior, a settlement between Umunede and Ubuluku in present-day Delta State, influencing several Igbo-speaking communities. Rather than military expansion, Uwa focused on economic policies, strengthening the guild system (a network of professional associations with artisans, traders, and blacksmiths specialised in specific trades to serve the Oba and the royal court). He expanded the role of Esuekhen, ensuring merchant caravans' protection on trade routes to Dahomey, Ghana, Illah, the Niger River, Idah, and Ilorin. These policies increased commercial activity and revenue.
Uwa introduced metal alloys such as oze ("zinc") and eronmwo ("brass"), contributing to Benin's later bronze-casting tradition. While brass-casting became more prominent under Oba Oguola, the fifth ruler of Benin Kingdom, its initial introduction occurred during Uwa's reign through trade. Uwa also maintained religious and ceremonial traditions, particularly those related to Erinmwidu ("the Ancestors"). He continued royal visits to Uhe ("Ife"), a practice established by his grandfather Ogiso Oriagba. These visits reinforced the historical and spiritual ties between the kingdom and Ife, as Ife was regarded as a religious and political center influencing early Benin kingship. He also expanded religious festivals and palace ceremonies.

## Death and succession

Uwa died c. 1095 after a decade-long reign that influenced the kingdom's economic and political structure. He was succeeded by his only son, Ehenneden, who continued his policies.