# Mont Ventoux

Mont Ventoux (French:; Provençal: Ventor) is a mountain in the Provence region of southern France, located some 20 km (12 miles) northeast of Carpentras, Vaucluse. On the north side, the mountain borders the department of Drôme. At 1,910 m (6,270 ft), it is the highest mountain in the region and has been nicknamed the "Beast of Provence", the "Giant of Provence", or "The Bald Mountain". It has gained fame through its inclusion in the Tour de France cycling race; in 2009 it was the scene of the first penultimate-day mountain top finish in the Tour de France, with Alberto Contador sealing his yellow jersey.
As the name suggests (venteux means windy in French), it can get windy at the summit, especially with the mistral; wind speeds as high as 320 km/h (200 mph) have been recorded. The wind blows at over 90 km/h (56 mph) for 240 days a year. The road over the mountain is often closed due to high winds, especially the col des tempêtes ("storm pass") just before the summit, which is known for its strong winds. In the 10th century, the names Mons Ventosus and Mons Ventorius appear.
Mont Ventoux, although geologically part of the Alps, is often considered to be separate from them, due to the lack of mountains of a similar height nearby. It stands alone to the north of the Luberon range, separated by the Monts de Vaucluse, and just to the east of the Dentelles de Montmirail, its foothills. The top of the mountain is bare limestone without vegetation or trees, which makes the mountain's barren peak appear from a distance to be snow-capped all year round (its snow cover actually only lasts from December to April). Its isolated position overlooking the valley of the Rhône ensures that it dominates the entire region and can be seen from a long distance away on a clear day.

## History

Although the hill was probably climbed in prehistoric times, the first recorded ascent was by Jean Buridan, who, on his way to the papal court in Avignon before the year 1334, climbed Mont Ventoux "in order to make some meteorological observations". The Italian poet Petrarch wrote a possibly fictional account of an ascent accompanied by his brother on 26 April 1336, in his Ascent of Mont Ventoux.
In the 15th century, a chapel was constructed on the top and dedicated to the Holy Cross.
In 1882, a meteorological station was constructed on the summit, but it is no longer in use. This observatory had been planned in 1879, along with a carriage road for access.
In the 1960s, a 50-metre-tall (160 ft) telecommunications mast was built.
From 1902 to 1976, the Mont Ventoux Hill Climb for car and motorcycle took place on the roads of the Mont.

## Flora and fauna

Originally forested, Mont Ventoux was systematically stripped of trees from the 12th century onwards to serve the demands of the shipbuilders of the naval port of Toulon. Some areas have been reforested since 1860 with a variety of hardwood trees (such as holm oaks and beeches) as well as coniferous species, such as Atlas cedars and larches. A little higher, junipers are common.
The mountain comprises the species boundary or ecotone between the flora and fauna of northern and southern France. Some species, including various types of spiders and butterflies, are unique to Mont Ventoux. It is a good place to spot the short-toed snake eagle (Circaetus gallicus).
Its biological distinctiveness was recognised by UNESCO in 1990 when the Réserve de Biosphère du Mont Ventoux was created, protecting an area of 810 square kilometres (200,150 acres) on and around the mountain.

## Climate

Climate data for Beaumont du Ventoux (Mont Serein), 1445m (1991−2020 normals) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) | 14.7 (58.5) | 17.0 (62.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 26.9 (80.4) | 33.4 (92.1) | 30.0 (86.0) | 32.1 (89.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 19.6 (67.3) | 16.1 (61.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 33.4 (92.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) | 1.6 (34.9) | 5.2 (41.4) | 8.2 (46.8) | 13.2 (55.8) | 17.7 (63.9) | 20.7 (69.3) | 20.5 (68.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 9.9 (49.8) | 4.6 (40.3) | 2.0 (35.6) | 10.0 (49.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.7 (30.7) | −0.7 (30.7) | 2.3 (36.1) | 4.9 (40.8) | 9.6 (49.3) | 13.7 (56.7) | 16.4 (61.5) | 16.4 (61.5) | 11.3 (52.3) | 7.5 (45.5) | 2.7 (36.9) | 0.1 (32.2) | 7.0 (44.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.6 (27.3) | −3.1 (26.4) | −0.6 (30.9) | 1.7 (35.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 9.7 (49.5) | 12.0 (53.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 8.0 (46.4) | 5.2 (41.4) | 0.8 (33.4) | −1.8 (28.8) | 4.0 (39.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15 (5) | −18 (0) | −13 (9) | −9 (16) | −4.7 (23.5) | −0.5 (31.1) | 1.5 (34.7) | 3.2 (37.8) | −1.8 (28.8) | −8 (18) | −11 (12) | −14.9 (5.2) | −18 (0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 130.9 (5.15) | 84.9 (3.34) | 82.5 (3.25) | 125.7 (4.95) | 112.3 (4.42) | 76.4 (3.01) | 43.7 (1.72) | 59.5 (2.34) | 138.8 (5.46) | 169.2 (6.66) | 177.2 (6.98) | 115.9 (4.56) | 1,317 (51.84) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.8 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 9.4 | 8.9 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 6.9 | 8.8 | 10.3 | 8.9 | 91.6 |
| Source: Météo-France ||||||||||||||

## Road cycling

In road bicycle racing, the mountain can be climbed by three routes.
* From the South: climb starts in Bédoin: 1,617 m (5,305 ft) over 21.8 km (13.5 mi). This is regarded as the most difficult ascent, and is ranked by PJAMM Cycling as the 3rd most difficult bike climb in France. The road to the summit has an average gradient of 7.43%. Until Saint-Estève, the climb is 3.9% over 5.8 km (3.6 mi), but the remaining 16 km (9.9 mi) has an average gradient of 8.9%. To serve as a comparison the climb of Alpe d'Huez is about 13.8 km (8.6 mi) at an average gradient of 7.9%. The last kilometres may have strong, violent winds. The ride takes 1+1⁄2 to 2+1⁄2 hours for trained amateur riders. Professional riders take 60 to 75 minutes. The fastest time so far recorded has been that of Iban Mayo in the individual climbing time trial of the 2004 Dauphiné Libéré: 55 min 51 s. The time was measured from Bédoin for the first time in the 1958 Tour de France, in which Charly Gaul was the fastest at 62 min 9 s.
* From the Northwest: climb starts in Malaucène: 1,570 m (5,150 ft) over 21.5 km (13.4 mi). About equal in difficulty as the Bédoin ascent, but better sheltered against the wind.
* From the East: climb starts in Sault: 1,210 m (3,970 ft) over 26 km (16 mi). The easiest route. After Chalet Reynard (where the "lunar landscape" of the summit starts), the climb is the same as the Bédoin ascent. Average gradient of 4.4%.
Every year there are amateur races to climb the mountain as quickly and often as possible in 24 hours, the Ventoux Masterseries and "Les Cinglés du Mont Ventoux". On 16 May 2006, Jean-Pascal Roux from Bédoin broke the record of climbs in 24 hours, with eleven climbs, all of them from Bédoin.

### Tour de France

Mont Ventoux is the scene of one of the most grueling climbs in the Tour de France bicycle race, which has ascended the mountain eighteen times since 1951. The followed trail mostly passes through Bédoin. Its fame as a scene of great Tour dramas has made it a magnet for cyclists around the world.
British cyclist Tom Simpson died on the mountain on 13 July 1967 from heat exhaustion caused by a combination of factors, including dehydration (caused by lack of fluid intake and diarrhea), use of amphetamines, and alcohol, although there is still speculation as to the exact cause of his death. He began to wildly weave across the road before he fell down. He was delirious and asked spectators to put him back on the bike, which he rode to within a kilometre of the summit before collapsing dead, still clipped into his pedals. Amphetamines were found in his jersey and bloodstream. There is a memorial to Simpson near the summit, which has become a shrine to fans of cycling, who often leave small tokens of remembrance there. In 1970, Eddy Merckx rode himself to the brink of collapse while winning the stage. He received oxygen, recovered, and won the Tour. In 1994, Eros Poli, not known for his climbing ability, stole away at the beginning of the day's stage, built up a substantial time gap from the peloton, and was first over the Ventoux and eventual stage winner despite losing a minute of his lead per kilometre of the ascent.

#### Tour de France stage finishes

The race has finished at the summit of Mont Ventoux ten times. The finish line is at 1,910 m (6,270 ft), although in 1965, 1967, 1972 and 1974 the finish was lower, at 1,895 m (6,217 ft).
Three riders have won on top of the mountain, and gone on to win the Tour; Charly Gaul in 1958, Eddy Merckx in 1970 and Chris Froome in 2013. Both Merckx and Froome won while wearing the yellow jersey, maintaining the overall lead until Paris. Gaul was not in yellow when he won on the Ventoux, nor did he immediately gain the maillot jaune following the victory, Gaul only taking the overall lead of the tour several stages later.
In September 2008, it was announced by Claude Haut, the president of the Vaucluse province, that in 2009 the Tour de France would visit Mont Ventoux after a seven-year absence. Unusually, the riders climbed the mountain on the second-to-last day of the race, on 25 July 2009, prior to transferring to Paris for the traditional parade on the Champs-Élysées. It was next featured in the 100th Tour de France in 2013 on Stage 15.
In 2016, the stage to Mont Ventoux was shortened by 6 km (3.7 mi) the day before, after a weather forecast of high winds at the summit. The stage then finished at Chalet Reynard at 1,435 m (4,708 ft), with approximately 10 km (6 mi) of ascent up the mountain. This stage also featured a motorcycle-induced crash which damaged Chris Froome's bike, prompting him to jog some 100 metres up the mountain until he was able to get a neutral service bike (as his team car was too far back at the time), which did not fit him properly.
    Tour de France stages with summit finishes on Mont Ventoux Year Stage Start of stage Distance (km) Category Stage winner General classification leader Tour de France winner 1958 18 Bédoin 21.5 (ITT) 1  Charly Gaul (LUX)  Raphaël Géminiani (FRA)  Charly Gaul (LUX) 1965 14 Montpellier 173 1  Raymond Poulidor (FRA)  Felice Gimondi (ITA)  Felice Gimondi (ITA) 1970 14 Gap 170 1  Eddy Merckx (BEL)  Eddy Merckx (BEL)  Eddy Merckx (BEL) 1972 11 Carnon-Plage 207 1  Bernard Thévenet (FRA)  Eddy Merckx (BEL)  Eddy Merckx (BEL) 1987 18 Carpentras 36.5 (ITT) HC  Jean-François Bernard (FRA)  Jean-François Bernard (FRA)  Stephen Roche (IRL) 2000 12 Carpentras 149 HC  Marco Pantani (ITA)  Lance Armstrong (USA)  Lance Armstrong (USA) 2002 14 Lodève 221 HC  Richard Virenque (FRA)  Lance Armstrong (USA)  Lance Armstrong (USA) 2009 20 Montélimar 167 HC  Juan Manuel Gárate (ESP)  Alberto Contador (ESP)  Alberto Contador (ESP) 2013 15 Givors 242.5 HC  Chris Froome (GBR)  Chris Froome (GBR)  Chris Froome (GBR) 2016 12 Montpellier 178 HC  Thomas De Gendt (BEL)  Chris Froome (GBR)  Chris Froome (GBR) 2025 16 Montpellier 172 TBD
       Note: As a result of an investigation into doping in 2012 Lance Armstrong was stripped of his Tour de France titles between 1999 and 2005 by the UCI. As such the tours for those years have no winner.

#### Other appearances in the Tour

The race has also crossed the summit eight times.
    Year Stage Category Start Finish Leader at the summit 1951 18 1 Montpellier Avignon  Lucien Lazaridès (FRA) 1952 14 1 Aix-en-Provence Avignon  Jean Robic (FRA) 1955 11 1 Marseille Avignon  Louison Bobet (FRA) 1967 13 1 Marseille Carpentras  Julio Jiménez (ESP) 1974 12 1 Savines-le-Lac Orange  Gonzalo Aja (ESP) 1994 15 HC Montpellier Carpentras  Eros Poli (ITA) 2021 11 1 Sorgues Malaucène  Julian Alaphilippe (FRA) HC  Wout Van Aert (BEL)
In 1951, the approach to the summit was from Malaucène. In 2021, the first ascent was from Sault, whilst the second was from Bédoin. In all other years, the approach has been from Bédoin.

### Climb from Bédoin

The climb by bike from Bédoin to Mont Ventoux is one of the toughest in professional cycling. The figure for the average gradients per kilometre can be found in many books and websites on cycling. The average gradient of the total climb and also the average gradients per kilometre differ slightly, depending on the source of the information. Accurate measurements result in an average gradient for the total climb of 7.43%, based on a horizontal distance of 21.765 km (13.524 mi) and an ascent of 1,617 m (5,305 ft). The actual distance ridden is 21.825 km (13.561 mi).
The average gradients in each kilometre are as follows:
    Kilometre Average gradient Kilometre Average gradient 11.9%1210.1% 22.8%139.2% 33.8%149.4% 45.8%158.8% 55.6%166.9% 63.1%176.6% 78.6%186.8% 89.4%197.4% 910.5%208.3% 1010.1%219.1% 119.3%2210.0%

### Transcontinental Race

Mont Ventoux was used as the first checkpoint in the 2015 Transcontinental Race, which is a non-stop, unsupported bicycle race across Europe.

## Skiing

There are two small ski stations on the mountain: "Mont Serein" on the north side, and "Chalet Reynard" on the south. High winds and the modest elevation tend to limit the ski season. Weather conditions are such that the northern slope is often icy, leading to a saying among people of the surrounding region regarding the challenges of skiing the mountain: Qui skie au Ventoux, skie partout (If you can ski Ventoux, you can ski anywhere).