# Oxford

Oxford (/ˈɒksfərd/ ) is a cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.
The city is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; it has buildings in every style of English architecture since late Anglo-Saxon. Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, science, and information technologies.
Founded in the 8th century, it was granted city status in 1542. The city is located at the confluence of the rivers Thames (locally known as the Isis) and Cherwell. It had a population of 163,257 in 2022. It is 56 miles (90 km) north-west of London, 64 miles (103 km) south-east of Birmingham and 61 miles (98 km) north-east of Bristol.

## History

The history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the Saxon period. The name “Oxford” comes from the Old English Oxenaforda, meaning “ford of the oxen,” referring to a shallow crossing in the river where oxen could pass. The town was of strategic significance, because of the ford and the town's controlling location on the upper reaches of the River Thames at its confluence with the River Cherwell
After the Norman Conquest in 1066, Norman lord Robert D’Oyly built Oxford Castle in 1071 to secure control of the area. The town grew in national importance during the early Norman period.
Teaching began in the 11th century and by the late 12th century the town was home to the fledgling University of Oxford. Tensions sometimes erupted between the scholastic community and the town: in 1209, after a townsperson hanged two scholars for an alleged murder, a number of Oxford academics fled and founded Cambridge University. Town-and-gown conflicts continued, culminating in the St. Scholastica Day Riot of 1355 – a feuding that lasted days and left around 93 students and townspeople dead.
Oxford was besieged during The Anarchy in 1142. During the Middle Ages, Oxford had an important Jewish community, of which David of Oxford and his wife Licoricia of Winchester were prominent members. The university rose to dominate the town.
A heavily ecclesiastical town, Oxford was greatly affected by the changes of the English Reformation. Oxford’s ecclesiastical institutions were dismantled — the city’s monasteries were closed in the 1530s. Religious strife touched Oxford directly during the Marian persecution: the Oxford Martyrs were tried for heresy here. Bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley were burned at the stake in Oxford in October 1555, and the former Archbishop Thomas Cranmer was executed in March 1556. A Victorian-era monument, the Martyrs’ Memorial in St Giles’, now commemorates these events.
Oxford was elevated from town to city status in 1542 when the Diocese of Oxford was created – Christ Church college chapel was made a cathedral, officially granting Oxford its city privileges.
During the English Civil War (1642–1646), Charles I made Oxford his de facto capital: he moved his court to Oxford, using the city as his headquarters after being expelled from London.
The city began to grow industrially during the 19th century, and had an industrial boom in the early 20th century. Traditional industries included brewing and publishing – Oxford University Press and other print houses were major employers by the 19th century. In 1910 entrepreneur William Morris (later Lord Nuffield) founded a motor car business in Oxford, opening an assembly plant at Cowley.
The city’s population and economy grew with this industrial boom, diversifying beyond the university.

## Geography
### Physical
#### Location

Oxford's latitude and longitude are 51°45′07″N 1°15′28″W﻿ / ﻿51.75194°N 1.25778°W﻿ / 51.75194; -1.25778, with Ordnance Survey grid reference SP513061 (at Carfax Tower, which is usually considered the centre). Oxford is 24 miles (39 km) north-west of Reading, 26 miles (42 km) north-east of Swindon, 36 miles (58 km) east of Cheltenham, 43 miles (69 km) east of Gloucester, 29 miles (47 km) south-west of Milton Keynes, 38 miles (61 km) south-east of Evesham, 43 miles (69 km) south of Rugby and 51 miles (82 km) west-north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally, supposedly from the Latinised name Thamesis) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. These rivers and their flood plains constrain the size of the city centre.

#### Climate

Oxford has a maritime temperate climate (Köppen: Cfb). Precipitation is uniformly distributed throughout the year and is provided mostly by weather systems that arrive from the Atlantic. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oxford was −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) on 24 December 1860. The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 38.1 °C (101 °F) on 19 July 2022. The average conditions below are from the Radcliffe Meteorological Station. It has the longest series of temperature and rainfall records for one site in Britain. These records are continuous from January 1815. Irregular observations of rainfall, cloud cover, and temperature exist since 1767.
The driest year on record was 1788, with 336.7 mm (13.26 in) of rainfall. The wettest year was 2012, with 979.5 mm (38.56 in). The wettest month on record was September 1774, with a total fall of 223.9 mm (8.81 in). The warmest month on record is July 1983, with an average of 21.1 °C (70 °F) and the coldest is January 1963, with an average of −3.0 °C (27 °F). The warmest year on record is 2014, with an average of 11.8 °C (53 °F) and the coldest is 1879, with a mean temperature of 7.7 °C (46 °F). The sunniest month on record is May 2020, with 331.7 hours and December 1890 is the least sunny, with 5.0 hours. The greatest one-day rainfall occurred on 10 July 1968, with a total of 87.9 mm (3.46 in). The greatest known snow depth was 61.0 cm (24.0 in) in February 1888.
Climate data for Oxford (RMS), elevation: 200 ft (61 m), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1815–2020 :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) | 18.8 (65.8) | 22.1 (71.8) | 27.6 (81.7) | 30.6 (87.1) | 34.3 (93.7) | 38.1 (100.6) | 35.1 (95.2) | 33.4 (92.1) | 29.1 (84.4) | 18.9 (66.0) | 15.9 (60.6) | 38.1 (100.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) | 8.6 (47.5) | 11.3 (52.3) | 14.4 (57.9) | 17.7 (63.9) | 20.7 (69.3) | 23.1 (73.6) | 22.5 (72.5) | 19.4 (66.9) | 15.1 (59.2) | 10.9 (51.6) | 8.2 (46.8) | 15.0 (59.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) | 5.5 (41.9) | 7.5 (45.5) | 9.9 (49.8) | 12.9 (55.2) | 15.9 (60.6) | 18.1 (64.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 15.0 (59.0) | 11.5 (52.7) | 7.9 (46.2) | 5.4 (41.7) | 11.1 (52.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) | 2.3 (36.1) | 3.6 (38.5) | 5.3 (41.5) | 8.2 (46.8) | 11.1 (52.0) | 13.1 (55.6) | 13.0 (55.4) | 10.7 (51.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 4.9 (40.8) | 2.6 (36.7) | 7.1 (44.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.6 (2.1) | −16.2 (2.8) | −12.0 (10.4) | −5.6 (21.9) | −3.4 (25.9) | 0.4 (32.7) | 2.4 (36.3) | 0.2 (32.4) | −3.3 (26.1) | −5.7 (21.7) | −10.1 (13.8) | −17.8 (0.0) | −17.8 (0.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 59.6 (2.35) | 46.8 (1.84) | 43.2 (1.70) | 48.7 (1.92) | 56.9 (2.24) | 49.7 (1.96) | 52.5 (2.07) | 61.7 (2.43) | 51.9 (2.04) | 73.2 (2.88) | 71.5 (2.81) | 66.1 (2.60) | 681.6 (26.83) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.1 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 12.2 | 117.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 63.4 | 81.9 | 118.2 | 165.6 | 200.3 | 197.1 | 212.0 | 193.3 | 145.3 | 110.2 | 70.8 | 57.6 | 1,615.5 |
| Source 1: Met Office ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: University of Oxford ||||||||||||||
* ↑ Weather station is located 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from the Oxford city centre.

### Districts
#### The city centre

The city centre is relatively small and is centred on Carfax, a crossroads which forms the junction of Cornmarket Street (pedestrianised), Queen Street (mainly pedestrianised), St Aldate's and the High Street ("the High"; blocked for through traffic). Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford's chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which was Boswell's, founded in 1738. The store closed in 2020. St Aldate's has few shops but several local government buildings, including the town hall, the city police station and local council offices. The High (the word street is traditionally omitted) is the longest of the four streets and has a number of independent and high-end chain stores, but mostly university and college buildings. The historic buildings mean the area is often used by film and TV crews.

#### Suburbs

Aside from the city centre, there are several suburbs and neighbourhoods within the borders of the city of Oxford, including:
* Barton
* Blackbird Leys
* Cowley
** Temple Cowley
* Iffley
** Littlemore
** Rose Hill
* Cutteslowe
* Headington
** New Marston
* Jericho
* North Oxford
** Park Town
** Norham Manor
** Walton Manor
* Osney
* Risinghurst
* Summertown
** Sunnymead
** Waterways
* Wolvercote

#### Green belt

Oxford is at the centre of the Oxford Green Belt, which is an environmental and planning policy that regulates the rural space in Oxfordshire surrounding the city, aiming to prevent urban sprawl and minimize convergence with nearby settlements. The policy has been blamed for the large rise in house prices in Oxford, making it the least affordable city in the United Kingdom outside of London, with some estate agents calling for brownfield land inside the green belt to be released for new housing.
The vast majority of the area covered is outside of the city, but there are some green spaces within that which are covered by the designation, such as much of the Thames and river Cherwell flood-meadows, and the village of Binsey, along with several smaller portions on the fringes. Other landscape features and places of interest covered include Cutteslowe Park and the mini railway attraction, the University Parks, Hogacre Common Eco Park, numerous sports grounds, Aston's Eyot, St Margaret's Church and well, and Wolvercote Common and community orchard.
vteDestinations from Oxford :
Worcester
Banbury
Bicester, Milton Keynes
Witney, Cheltenham
Oxford
High Wycombe, Aylesbury
Wantage, Swindon
Abingdon, Didcot, Newbury, Reading
Slough, Windsor :

## Governance

There are two tiers of local government covering Oxford, at district and county level: Oxford City Council and Oxfordshire County Council. From 1889 to 1974 the city of Oxford was a county borough, independent from the county council. Oxford City Council meets at the Town Hall on the street called St Aldate's in the city centre. The current building was completed in 1897, on a site which had been occupied by Oxford's guildhall since the 13th century.
Most of Oxford is an unparished area, but there are four civil parishes within the city's boundaries: Blackbird Leys, Littlemore, Old Marston, and Risinghurst and Sandhills.

## Economy

Oxford's economy includes manufacturing, publishing and science-based industries as well as education, sports, entertainment, breweries, research and tourism.

### Car production

Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since Morris Motors was established in the city in 1910. The principal production site for Mini cars, owned by BMW since 2000, is in the Oxford suburb of Cowley. The plant, which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982.

### Publishing

Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house. The city is also home to the UK operations of Wiley-Blackwell, Elsevier and several smaller publishing houses.

### Science and technology

The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses, including Oxford Instruments, Research Machines and Sophos. The university established Isis Innovation in 1987 to promote technology transfer. The Oxford Science Park was established in 1990, and the Begbroke Science Park, owned by the university, lies north of the city. Oxford increasingly has a reputation for being a centre of digital innovation, as epitomized by Digital Oxford. Several startups including Passle, Brainomix, Labstep, and more, are based in Oxford.

### Education

The presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry. Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of Oxford University students and graduates, and, especially for EFL education, use their Oxford location as a selling point.

### Tourism

Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to Carfax Tower and the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic Covered Market. In the summer, punting on the Thames/Isis and the Cherwell is a common practice. As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009) Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink.

### Retail

There are two small shopping malls in the city centre: the Clarendon Centre and the Westgate Oxford. The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall, and is at the west end of Queen Street. A major redevelopment and expansion to 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m$^2$), with a new 230,000 sq ft (21,000 m$^2$) John Lewis department store and a number of new homes, was completed in October 2017. Blackwell's Bookshop is a bookshop which claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe, the Norrington Room (10,000 sq ft).

### Brewing

There is a long history of brewing in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at Brasenose, survived until 1889. In the 16th century brewing and malting appear to have been the most popular trades in the city. There were breweries in Brewer Street and Paradise Street, near the Castle Mill Stream. The rapid expansion of Oxford and the development of its railway links after the 1840s facilitated expansion of the brewing trade. As well as expanding the market for Oxford's brewers, railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market. By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere. The nine breweries were: Flowers & Co in Cowley Road, Hall's St Giles Brewery, Hall's Swan Brewery (see below), Hanley's City Brewery in Queen Street, Le Mills's Brewery in St. Ebbes, Morrell's Lion Brewery in St Thomas Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in Park End Street and Wootten and Cole's St. Clement's Brewery.
The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in Paradise Street, and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall. The brewery became known as Hall's Oxford Brewery, which acquired other local breweries. Hall's Brewery was acquired by Samuel Allsopp & Sons in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford. Morrell's was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney. He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners. After an acrimonious family dispute the brewery was closed in 1998. The beer brand names were taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery, while the 132 tied pubs were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain Fuddruckers, through a new company, Morrells of Oxford. The new owners sold most of the pubs on to Greene King in 2002. The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002. Oxford's first legal distillery, the Oxford Artisan Distillery, was established in 2017 in historic farm buildings at the top of South Park.

### Bellfounding

The Taylor family of Loughborough had a bell-foundry in Oxford between 1786 and 1854.

## Buildings

This is a small selection of the many notable buildings in Oxford.
* Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
* The Headington Shark
* Oxford University Press
* Oxford Botanic Garden
* Sheldonian Theatre
* St. Mary the Virgin Church
* Radcliffe Camera
* Radcliffe Observatory
* Oxford Oratory
* Malmaison Hotel, in a converted prison in part of the medieval Oxford Castle

### Parks and nature walks

Oxford is a very green city, with several parks and nature walks within the ring road, as well as several sites just outside the ring road. In total, 28 nature reserves exist within or just outside the ring road, including:
* University Parks
* Mesopotamia
* Rock Edge Nature Reserve
* Lye Valley
* South Park
* C. S. Lewis Nature Reserve
* Shotover Nature Reserve
* Port Meadow
* Cutteslowe Park

## Demography

As of 2023, Oxford’s population was approximately 165,200. More than a third (35%) of Oxford's residents were born outside of the United Kingdom.
Oxford’s population is notably young and diverse. About 30% of residents are ages 18–29, roughly double the national average for that age bracket. This is largely because of the substantial student population: about 35,000 students are enrolled for full-time studies in the city's two universities.

### Ethnicity

| Ethnic Group | 1981 estimates | 1981 estimates | 1991 | 1991 | 2001 | 2001 | 2011 | 2011 | 2021 | 2021 |
| Ethnic Group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| White: Total | 83,762 | 93% | 99,935 | 90.8% | 116,948 | 87.1% | 117,957 | 77.7% | 120,509 | 70.7% |
| White: British | – | – | – | – | 103,041 | 76.8% | 96,633 | 63.6% | 86,672 | 53.5% |
| White: Irish | – | – | – | – | 2,898 | | 2,431 | | 2,351 | |
| White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller | – | – | – | – | – | – | 92 | | 62 | |
| White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 501 | |
| White: Other | – | – | – | – | 11,009 | 8.2% | 18,801 | 12.4% | 24,975 | 15.4% |
| Asian or Asian British: Total | – | – | 5,808 | 5.3% | 8,931 | 6.7% | 18,827 | 12.4% | 24,991 | 15.4% |
| Asian or Asian British: Indian | – | – | 1,560 | 1.4% | 2,323 | 1.7% | 4,449 | 2.9% | 6,005 | 3.7% |
| Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | 2042 | 1.9% | 2,625 | 2.0% | 4,825 | 3.2% | 6,619 | 4.1% |
| Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | 510 | 0.5% | 878 | 0.7% | 1,791 | 1.2% | 2,025 | 1.3% |
| Asian or Asian British: Chinese | – | – | 859 | 0.8% | 2,460 | 1.8% | 3,559 | 2.3% | 4,479 | 2.8% |
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | 837 | 0.8% | 645 | 0.5% | 4,203 | 2.8% | 5,863 | 3.6% |
| Black or Black British: Total | – | – | 3,055 | 2.8% | 3,368 | 2.5% | 7,028 | 4.6% | 7,535 | 4.7% |
| Black or Black British: Caribbean | – | – | 1745 | | 1,664 | | 1,874 | | 1,629 | |
| Black or Black British: African | – | – | 593 | | 1,408 | | 4,456 | | 5,060 | |
| Black or Black British: Other Black | – | – | 717 | | 296 | | 698 | | 846 | |
| Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | – | – | 3,239 | 2.4% | 6,035 | 4% | 9,005 | 5.6% |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | 1,030 | | 1,721 | | 1,916 | |
| Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | 380 | | 703 | | 1,072 | |
| Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | – | – | 974 | | 2,008 | | 3,197 | |
| Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | – | – | 855 | | 1,603 | | 2,820 | |
| Other: Total | – | – | 1,305 | 1.2% | 1,762 | 1.3% | 2,059 | 1.4% | 5,948 | 3.7% |
| Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | – | – | 922 | 0.6% | 1,449 | 0.9% |
| Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | 1,305 | 1.2% | 1,762 | 1.3% | 1,137 | 0.7% | 4,499 | 2.8% |
| Ethnic minority: Total | 6,265 | 7% | 10,168 | 9.2% | 17,300 | 12.9% | 33,949 | 22.3% | 47,479 | 29.3% |
| Total | 90,027 | 100% | 110,103 | 100% | 134,248 | 100% | 151,906 | 100% | 162,040 | 100% |

### Religion

| Religion | 2001 | 2001 | 2011 | 2011 | 2021 | 2021 |
| Religion | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| No religion | 32,075 | 23.9 | 50,274 | 33.1 | 63,201 | 39.0 |
| Christian | 81,100 | 60.4 | 72,924 | 48.0 | 61,750 | 38.1 |
| Religion not stated | 11,725 | 8.7 | 12,611 | 8.3 | 16,110 | 9.9 |
| Muslim | 5,165 | 3.8 | 10,320 | 6.8 | 14,093 | 8.7 |
| Hindu | 1,041 | 0.8 | 2,044 | 1.3 | 2,523 | 1.6 |
| Other religion | 656 | 0.5 | 796 | 0.5 | 1,447 | 0.9 |
| Buddhism | 1,080 | 0.8 | 1,431 | 0.9 | 1,195 | 0.7 |
| Jewish | 1,091 | 0.8 | 1,072 | 0.7 | 1,120 | 0.7 |
| Sikh | 315 | 0.2 | 434 | 0.3 | 599 | 0.4 |
| Total | 134,248 | 100.0% | 151,906 | 100.0% | 162,040 | 100.0% |

## Transport
### Air

In addition to the larger airports in the region, Oxford is served by nearby Oxford Airport, in Kidlington. The airport is also home to CAE Oxford Aviation Academy and Airways Aviation airline pilot flight training centres, and several private jet companies. The airport is also home to Airbus Helicopters UK headquarters.

#### Rail–airport links

Direct trains run from Oxford railway station to London Paddington where there is an interchange with the Heathrow Express. Passengers can change at Reading for connecting trains to Gatwick Airport or the RailAir coach link to Heathrow. CrossCountry runs direct services to Birmingham International, as well as to Southampton Airport Parkway further afield.

### Buses

Bus services in Oxford and its suburbs are run by the Oxford Bus Company and Stagecoach West as well as other operators including Arriva Shires & Essex and Thames Travel. Oxford has one of the largest urban park and ride networks in the United Kingdom. Its five sites, at Pear Tree, Redbridge, Seacourt, Thornhill, Water Eaton and Oxford Parkway have a combined capacity of 4,930 car parking spaces, served by 20 Oxford Bus Company double decker buses with a combined capacity of 1,695 seats. Hybrid buses began to be used in Oxford in 2010, and their usage has been expanded. In 2014 Oxford Bus introduced a fleet of 20 new buses with flywheel energy storage on the services it operates under contract for Oxford Brookes University. Most buses in the city now use a smartcard to pay for journeys and have free WiFi installed.

### Coach

The Oxford to London coach route offers a frequent coach service to London. The Oxford Tube is operated by Stagecoach West and the Oxford Bus Company runs the Airline services to Heathrow and Gatwick airports. There is a bus station at Gloucester Green, used mainly by the London and airport buses, National Express coaches and other long-distance buses including route X5 to Milton Keynes and Bedford and Stagecoach Gold route S6.

### Cycling

Among cities in England and Wales, Oxford has the second highest percentage of people cycling to work.

### Rail

Oxford railway station is half a mile (about 1 km) west of the city centre. The station is served by trains from three train operating companies. Great Western Railway (GWR) manage the station and run direct services to London Paddington and Worcester, Malvern and Hereford. CrossCountry trains call at Oxford on their Bournemouth—Manchester route via Southampton, Reading and Birmingham. Chiltern Railways operates a service to London Marylebone and will operate the East West Rail trains to Milton Keynes when these start running in 2025.
Oxford has had three main railway stations. The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844, but this was a terminus, inconvenient for routes to the north; it was replaced by the present station on Park End Street in 1852 with the opening of the Birmingham route. Another terminus, at Rewley Road, was opened in 1851 to serve the Bletchley route; this station closed in 1951. There have also been a number of local railway stations, all of which are now closed. A fourth station, Oxford Parkway, is just outside the city, at the park and ride site near Kidlington. The present railway station opened in 1852.
Oxford is the junction for a short branch line to Bicester, a remnant of the former Varsity line to Cambridge. This Oxford–Bicester line was upgraded to 100 mph (161 km/h) running during an 18-month closure in 2014/2015 – and is scheduled to be extended to form the planned East West Rail line to Milton Keynes. East West Rail is proposed to continue through Bletchley (for Milton Keynes Central) to Bedford, Cambridge, and ultimately Ipswich and Norwich, thus providing alternative route to East Anglia without needing to travel via, and connect between, the London mainline terminals.
Chiltern Railways operates from Oxford to London Marylebone via Bicester Village, having sponsored the building of about 400 metres of new track between Bicester Village and the Chiltern Main Line southwards in 2014. The route serves High Wycombe and London Marylebone, avoiding London Paddington and Didcot Parkway.
In 1844, the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London Paddington via Didcot and Reading; in 1851, the London & North Western Railway opened its own route from Oxford to London Euston, via Bicester, Bletchley and Watford; and in 1864 a third route, also to Paddington, running via Thame, High Wycombe and Maidenhead, was provided; this was shortened in 1906 by the opening of a direct route between High Wycombe and London Paddington by way of Denham. The distance from Oxford to London was 78 miles (125.5 km) via Bletchley; 63.5 miles (102.2 km) via Didcot and Reading; 63.25 miles (101.8 km) via Thame and Maidenhead; and 55.75 miles (89.7 km) via Denham.
Only the original (Didcot) route is still in use for its full length, portions of the others remain. There were also routes to the north and west. The line to Banbury was opened in 1850, and was extended to Birmingham Snow Hill in 1852; a route to Worcester opened in 1853. A branch to Witney was opened in 1862, which was extended to Fairford in 1873. The line to Witney and Fairford closed in 1962, but the others remain open.

### River and canal

Oxford was historically an important port on the River Thames, with this section of the river being called the Isis; the Oxford-Burcot Commission in the 17th century attempted to improve navigation to Oxford. Iffley Lock and Osney Lock lie within the bounds of the city. In the 18th century the Oxford Canal was built to connect Oxford with the Midlands. Commercial traffic has given way to recreational use of the river and canal. Oxford was the original base of Salters Steamers (founded in 1858), which was a leading racing-boatbuilder that played an important role in popularising pleasure boating on the Upper Thames. The firm runs a regular service from Folly Bridge downstream to Abingdon and beyond.

### Roads

Oxford's central location on several transport routes means that it has long been a crossroads city with many coaching inns, although road traffic is now strongly discouraged, and largely prevented, from using the city centre. The Oxford Ring Road or A4142 (southern part) surrounds the city centre and close suburbs Marston, Iffley, Cowley and Headington; it consists of the A34 to the west, a 330-yard section of the A44, the A40 north and north-east, A4142/A423 to the east. It is a dual carriageway, except for a 330-yard section of the A40 where two residential service roads adjoin, and was completed in 1966.

#### A roads

The main roads to/from Oxford are:
* A34 – a trunk route connecting the North and Midlands to the port of Southampton. It leaves J9 of the M40 north of Oxford, passes west of Oxford to Newbury and Winchester to the south and joins the M3 12.7 miles (20.4 km) north of Southampton. Since the completion of the Newbury bypass in 1998, this section of the A34 has been an entirely grade separated dual carriageway. Historically the A34 led to Bicester, Banbury, Stratford-upon-Avon, Birmingham and Manchester, but since the completion of the M40 it disappears at J9 and re-emerges 50 miles (80 km) north at Solihull.
* A40 – leading east dualled to J8 of the M40 motorway, then an alternative route to High Wycombe and London; leading west part-dualled to Witney then bisecting Cheltenham, Gloucester, Monmouth, Abergavenny, passing Brecon, Llandovery, Carmarthen and Haverfordwest to reach Fishguard.
* A44 – which begins in Oxford, leading past Evesham to Worcester, Hereford and Aberystwyth.
* A420 – which also begins in Oxford and leads to Bristol, passing Swindon and Chippenham.

#### Zero-emission zone

On 28 February 2022 a zero-emission pilot area became operational in Oxford city centre. Zero-emission vehicles can be used without incurring a charge but all petrol and diesel vehicles (including hybrids) incur a daily charge if they are driven in the zone between 7am and 7pm.
A consultation on the introduction of a wider zero-emission zone is expected in the future, at a date to be confirmed.

#### Bus gates

Oxford has eight bus gates, short sections of road where only buses and other authorised vehicles can pass.
Six further bus gates are currently proposed. A council-led consultation on the traffic filters ended on 13 October 2022. On 29 November 2022, Oxfordshire County Council cabinet approved the introduction on a trial basis, for a minimum period of six months. The trial will begin after improvement works to Oxford railway station are complete, which is expected to be by October 2024. The additional bus gates have been controversial; Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company support the proposals but more than 3,700 people have signed an online petition opposing the new traffic filters for Marston Ferry Road and Hollow Way, and hotelier Jeremy Mogford has argued they would be a mistake. In November 2022, Mogford announced that his hospitality group The Oxford Collection had joined up with Oxford Business Action Group (OBAG), Oxford High Street Association (OHSA), ROX (Backing Oxford Business), Reconnecting Oxford, Jericho Traders, and Summertown traders to launch a legal challenge to the new bus gates.

#### Motorway

The city is served by the M40 motorway, which connects London to Birmingham. The M40 approached Oxford in 1974, leading from London to Waterstock, where the A40 continued to Oxford. When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991, it curved sharply north, and a mile of the old motorway became a spur. The M40 comes no closer than 6 miles (10 km) away from the city centre, curving to pass to the east of Otmoor. The M40 meets the A34 to the north of Oxford.

## Education
### Universities and colleges

There are two universities in Oxford, the University of Oxford and Oxford Brookes University, as well as the specialist further and higher education institution Ruskin College that is part of the University of West London in Oxford. The Islamic Azad University also has a campus near Oxford. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world, and one of the most prestigious higher education institutions of the world, averaging nine applications to every available place, and attracting 40% of its academic staff and 17% of undergraduates from overseas. In September 2016, it was ranked as the world's number one university, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Oxford is renowned for its tutorial-based method of teaching.

#### The Bodleian Library

The University of Oxford maintains the largest university library system in the United Kingdom, and, with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the United Kingdom, after the British Library. The Bodleian Library is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.

## Media

As well as the BBC national radio stations, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including BBC Radio Oxford, Heart South, First FM (formerly Destiny 105), Greatest Hits Radio and Hits Radio Oxfordshire, along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio (which went on terrestrial radio at 87.7 MHz FM in late May 2005). A local TV station, Six TV: The Oxford Channel, was also available but closed in April 2009; a service operated by That's TV, originally called That's Oxford (now That's Oxfordshire), took to the airwaves in 2015. The city is home to a BBC Television newsroom which produces an opt-out from the main South Today programme broadcast from Southampton.
Local papers include The Oxford Times (compact; weekly), its sister papers the Oxford Mail (tabloid; daily) and the Oxford Star (tabloid; free and delivered), and Oxford Journal (tabloid; weekly free pick-up). Oxford is also home to several advertising agencies. Daily Information (known locally as "Daily Info") is an event information and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964 and now provides a connected website. Nightshift is a monthly local free magazine that has covered the Oxford music scene since 1991.

## Culture
### Museums and galleries

Oxford is home to many museums, galleries, and collections, most of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions. The majority are departments of the University of Oxford. The first of these to be established was the Ashmolean Museum, the world's first university museum, and the oldest museum in the UK. Its first building was erected in 1678–1683 to house a cabinet of curiosities given to the University of Oxford in 1677. The museum reopened in 2009 after a major redevelopment. It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains "The Messiah", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.
The University Museum of Natural History holds the university's zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on Parks Road, in the university's Science Area. Among its collection are the skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops, and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by Marcus du Sautoy. Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the university's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.
The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad Street in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building. It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the history of science. In the university's Faculty of Music on St Aldate's is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a collection of over 200 old master paintings. The university also has an archive at the Oxford University Press Museum. Other museums and galleries in Oxford include Modern Art Oxford, the Museum of Oxford, the Oxford Castle, Science Oxford and The Story Museum.

### Art

Art galleries in Oxford include the Ashmolean Museum, the Christ Church Picture Gallery, and Modern Art Oxford. William Turner (aka "Turner of Oxford", 1789–1862), was a watercolourist who painted landscapes in the Oxford area. The Oxford Art Society was established in 1891. The later watercolourist and draughtsman Ken Messer (1931–2018) has been dubbed "The Oxford Artist" by some, with his architectural paintings around the city. In 2018, The Oxford Art Book featured many contemporary local artists and their depictions of Oxford scenes. The annual Oxfordshire Artweeks is well-represented by artists in Oxford itself.

### Music

Holywell Music Room is said to be the oldest purpose-built music room in Europe, and hence Britain's first concert hall. Tradition has it that George Frideric Handel performed there, though there is little evidence. Joseph Haydn was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University in 1791, an event commemorated by three concerts of his music at the Sheldonian Theatre, directed by the composer and from which his Symphony No. 92 earned the nickname of the "Oxford" Symphony. Victorian composer Sir John Stainer was organist at Magdalen College and later Professor of Music at the university, and is buried in Holywell Cemetery.
Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, have produced many successful bands and musicians in the field of popular music. The most notable Oxford act is Radiohead, who all met at nearby Abingdon School, though other well known local bands include Supergrass, Ride, Mr Big, Swervedriver, Lab 4, Talulah Gosh, the Candyskins, Medal, the Egg, Unbelievable Truth, Hurricane No. 1, Crackout, Goldrush and more recently, Young Knives, Foals, Glass Animals, Dive Dive and Stornoway. These and many other bands from over 30 years of the Oxford music scene's history feature in the documentary film Anyone Can Play Guitar?. In 1997, Oxford played host to Radio 1's Sound City, with acts such as Travis, Bentley Rhythm Ace, Embrace, Spiritualized and DJ Shadow playing in various venues around the city including Oxford Brookes University. It is also home to several brass bands, notably the City of Oxford Silver Band, founded in 1887.

### Theatres and cinemas

* Burton Taylor Studio, Gloucester Street
* Curzon Cinema, Westgate, Bonn Square
* Michael Pilch Studio, Jowett Walk
* New Theatre, George Street
* North Wall Arts Centre, South Parade
* Odeon Cinema, George Street
* Odeon Cinema, Magdalen Street
* Old Fire Station Theatre, George Street
* O'Reilly Theatre, Blackhall Road
* Oxford Playhouse, Beaumont Street
* Pegasus Theatre, Magdalen Road
* Phoenix Picturehouse, Walton Street
* Ultimate Picture Palace, Cowley Road
* Vue Cinema, Grenoble Road

#### Theatre company

* Creation Theatre Company

### Literature and film

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The city hosts the annual Oxford Literary Festival each Spring. Well-known Oxford-based authors include:
* Brian Aldiss (1925–2017), science fiction novelist, lived in Oxford.
* Vera Brittain (1893–1970), undergraduate at Somerville.
* John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (1875–1940), attended Brasenose College, best known for The Thirty-nine Steps.
* A.S. Byatt (born 1936), Booker Prize winner, undergraduate at Somerville.
* Lewis Carroll (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), (1832–1898), author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, was a student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church.
* Susan Cooper (born 1935), undergraduate at Somerville, best known for her The Dark Is Rising sequence.
* Sir William Davenant (1606–1668), poet and playwright.
* Colin Dexter (1930–2017), wrote and set his Inspector Morse detective novels in Oxford.
* John Donaldson (c. 1921–1989), a poet resident in Oxford in later life.
* Siobhan Dowd (1960–2007), Oxford resident, undergraduate at Lady Margaret Hall.
* Victoria Glendinning (born 1937), undergraduate at Somerville.
* Kenneth Grahame (1859–1932), educated at St Edward's School, wrote The Wind in the Willows.
* Michael Innes (J. I. M. Stewart) (1906–1994), Scottish novelist and academic, Student of Christ Church
* P. D. James (1920–2014), born and died in Oxford; wrote about Adam Dalgliesh
* C. S. Lewis (1898–1963), student at University College and Fellow of Magdalen.
* T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935), "Lawrence of Arabia", Oxford resident, undergraduate at Jesus, postgraduate at Magdalen.
* Iris Murdoch (1919–1999), undergraduate at Somerville and fellow of St Anne's.
* Carola Oman (1897–1978), novelist and biographer, born and brought up in the city.
* Iain Pears (born 1955), undergraduate at Wadham and Oxford resident, wrote An Instance of the Fingerpost.
* Philip Pullman (born 1946), undergraduate at Exeter, teacher and resident in the city.
* Dorothy L. Sayers (1893–1957), undergraduate at Somerville, wrote about Lord Peter Wimsey.
* J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973), undergraduate at Exeter and later professor of English at Merton, author of The Lord of the Rings
* John Wain (1925–1994), undergraduate at St John's and later Professor of Poetry at Oxford University 1973–78.
* Oscar Wilde (1854–1900), 19th-century poet and author who attended Oxford from 1874 to 1878.
* Athol Williams (born 1970), South African poet, postgraduate at Hertford and Regent's Park from 2015 to 2020.
* Charles Williams (1886–1945), editor at Oxford University Press.
Oxford appears in the following works:
* the poems The Scholar Gypsy and Thyrsis by Matthew Arnold. Thyrsis includes the lines: "And that sweet city with her dreaming spires, She needs not June for beauty's heightening,..."
* The Scarlet Pimpernel
* "Harry Potter" (all the films to date)
* The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica by James A. Owen
* Jude the Obscure (1895) by Thomas Hardy (in which Oxford is thinly disguised as "Christminster")
* Zuleika Dobson (1911) by Max Beerbohm
* Gaudy Night (1935) by Dorothy L. Sayers
* Brideshead Revisited (1945) by Evelyn Waugh
* A Question of Upbringing (1951 ) by Anthony Powell
* Alice in Wonderland (1951 ) by Walt Disney
* Second Generation (1964) by Raymond Williams
* Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) by Steven Spielberg
* Inspector Morse (1987–2000)
* Where the Rivers Meet (1988) trilogy set in Oxford by John Wain
* All Souls (1989) by Javier Marías
* The Children of Men (1992) by P. D. James
* Doomsday Book (1992) by Connie Willis
* His Dark Materials trilogy (1995 onwards) by Philip Pullman
* Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
* The Saint (1997)
* 102 Dalmatians (2000)
* Endymion Spring (2006) by Matthew Skelton
* Lewis (2006–15)
* The Oxford Murders (2008)
* Mr. Nice (1996), autobiography of Howard Marks, subsequently a 2010 film
* A Discovery of Witches (2011) by Deborah Harkness
* X-Men: First Class (2011)
* Endeavour (2012 onwards)
* The Reluctant Cannibals (2013) by Ian Flitcroft
* Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018)
* The Late Scholar by Jill Paton Walsh, part of the continuation of the Lord Peter Wimsey books of Dorothy L. Sayers

## Sport
### Football

The city's leading football club, Oxford United, compete in the EFL Championship, the second level of the English football league system, following promotion in the 2023–24 season. They play at the Kassam Stadium (named after former chairman Firoz Kassam), which is near the Blackbird Leys housing estate and has been their home since relocation from the Manor Ground in 2001.
Oxford City F.C. is a semi-professional football club, separate from Oxford United, they play in the National League North, the sixth tier, two levels below the Football League in the pyramid.
Oxford City Nomads F.C. was a semi-professional football club that ground-shared with Oxford City and played in the Hellenic league.

### Rowing

Oxford University Boat Club compete in the world-famous Boat Race. Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in Wallingford, south of Oxford, after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999. Oxford Brookes University also has an elite rowing club, and there are public clubs near Donnington Bridge, namely the City of Oxford Rowing Club, Falcon Boat Club and Oxford Academicals Rowing Club.

### Cricket

Oxford University Cricket Club is Oxford's most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining international honours, including Colin Cowdrey, Douglas Jardine and Imran Khan. Oxfordshire County Cricket Club play in the Minor Counties League.

### Athletics

Headington Road Runners are based at the OXSRAD sports facility in Marsh Lane (next to Oxford City F.C.) is Oxford's only road running club with an average annual membership exceeding 300. It was the club at which double Olympian Mara Yamauchi started her running career.

### Rugby league

In 2013, Oxford Rugby League entered rugby league's semi-professional Championship 1, the third tier of British rugby league. Oxford Cavaliers, who were formed in 1996, compete at the next level, the Conference League South. Oxford University (The Blues) and Oxford Brookes University (The Bulls) both compete in the rugby league BUCS university League.

### Rugby union

Oxford Harlequins RFC is the city's main Rugby Union team and currently plays in the South West Division. Oxford R.F.C is the oldest city team and currently plays in the Berks, Bucks and Oxon Championship. Their most famous player was arguably Michael James Parsons known as Jim Parsons who was capped by England. Oxford University RFC are the most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining International honours; including Phil de Glanville, Joe Roff, Tyrone Howe, Anton Oliver, Simon Halliday, David Kirk and Rob Egerton. London Welsh RFC moved to the Kassam Stadium in 2012 to fulfil their Premiership entry criteria regarding stadium capacity. At the end of the 2015 season, following relegation, the club left Oxford.

### Hockey

There are several field hockey clubs based in Oxford. The Oxford Hockey Club (formed after a merger of City of Oxford HC and Rover Oxford HC in 2011) plays most of its home games on the pitch at Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus and also uses the pitches at Headington Girls' School and Iffley Road. Oxford Hawks has two astroturf pitches at Banbury Road North, by Cutteslowe Park to the north of the city.

### Ice hockey

Oxford City Stars is the local Ice Hockey Team which plays at Oxford Ice Rink. There is a senior/adults' team and a junior/children's team. The Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed as an official University sports club in 1921, and traces its history back to a match played against Cambridge in St Moritz, Switzerland in 1885. The club currently competes in Checking Division 1 of the British Universities Ice Hockey Association.

### Speedway and greyhound racing

Oxford Cheetahs motorcycle speedway team has raced at Oxford Stadium in Cowley on and off since 1939. The Cheetahs competed in the Elite League and then the Conference League until 2007. They were Britain's most successful club in the late 1980s, becoming British League champions in 1985, 1986 and 1989. Four-times world champion Hans Nielsen was the club's most successful rider. Greyhound racing took place at the Oxford Stadium from 1939 until 2012 and hosted some of the sport's leading events such as the Pall Mall Stakes, The Cesarewitch and Trafalgar Cup. The stadium remains intact but unused after closing in 2012.

### American football

Oxford Saints is Oxford's senior American Football team. One of the longest-running American football clubs in the UK, the Saints were founded in 1983 and have competed for over 40 years against other British teams across the country.

### Gaelic football

Éire Óg Oxford is Oxford's local Gaelic Football team. Originally founded as a hurling club by Irish immigrants in 1959, the club plays within the Hertfordshire league and championship, being the only Gaelic Football club within Oxfordshire. Hurling is no longer played by the club; however, Éire Óg do contribute players to the Hertfordshire-wide amalgamated club, St Declans. Several well-known Irishmen have played for Éire Óg, including Darragh Ennis of ITV's The Chase, and Stephen Molumphy, former member of the Waterford county hurling team.

## Religion

Notable religious buildings include: Oxford Central Mosque, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, the Seat of the Bishop of Oxford, University Church of St Mary the Virgin, the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, and the Oxford Oratory. The city was also the birthplace of the Oxford Movement and the Wesleyan Church.

## International relations

Oxford is twinned with:
* Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
* Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
* Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands
* Manizales, Caldas Department, Colombia
* León, León Department, Nicaragua
* Perm, Perm Krai, Russia (suspended in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine)
* Ramallah, West Bank, Palestine
* Wrocław, Lower Silesia, Poland
* Padua, Veneto, Italy

## Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Oxford.

### Individuals

* Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson: 22 July 1802.
* Arthur Annesley, 11th Viscount Valentia: 6 December 1900.
* Admiral of the Fleet Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt: 3 February 1919.
* Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty: 25 June 1919.
* Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig: 25 June 1919.
* Sir Michael Sadler: 18 May 1931.
* Benjamin R. Jones: 4 September 1942.
* William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield: 15 January 1951.
* Sir Robert Menzies: 6 June 1953.
* Alic Halford Smith: 10 February 1955.
* Vivian Smith, 1st Baron Bicester: 1 March 1955.
* Clement Attlee: 16 January 1956.
* Sir Basil Blackwell: 12 January 1970.
* Olive Gibbs: 17 June 1982.
* Nelson Mandela: 23 June 1997.
* Aung San Suu Kyi: 15 December 1997 (Revoked by Oxford City Council on 27 November 2017).
* Colin Dexter: 26 February 2001.
* Professor Sir Richard Doll: 16 September 2002.
* Sir Roger Bannister: 12 May 2004.
* Sir Philip Pullman: 24 January 2007.
* Professor Christopher Brown: 2 July 2014.
* Benny Wenda: 17 July 2019.

### Military units

* Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry: 1 October 1945.
* 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd): 7 November 1958.
* Royal Green Jackets: 1 January 1966.
* The Rifles: 1 February 2007.