# Special Service Unit

The Special Service Unit (SSU) is a specialized division within the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) that functions as its dedicated special operations group. This unit is composed of highly trained special agents who are strategically assigned to various field offices across the state of California.
Unlike traditional correctional officers or parole agents, the agents of the SSU hold the status of full-time peace officer, defined under California Penal Code Section 830.2. This classification aligns them more closely with state police officers, endowing them with a unique set of responsibilities and authority.
The primary mission of SSU is to conduct intricate and comprehensive criminal investigations that focus on both current and former inmates of CDCR as well as individuals under state parole. These dedicated professionals operate at the intersection of justice and public safety, often collaborating with a network of law enforcement agencies to tackle complex cases. Their work involves meticulously gathering evidence, skillfully interviewing witnesses, and executing search warrants with precision. Through their specialized efforts, SSU agents actively confront criminal behavior that emerges from both the incarcerated population and parolees re-entering society.
Among their array of responsibilities, the agents vigilantly monitor prison gangs, unraveling webs of criminal intelligence and enforcing stringent narcotics laws. They build strong partnerships with various law enforcement entities, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the California Department of Justice, county sheriff’s departments, and local police organizations, creating a formidable alliance aimed at reducing crime.
Moreover, SSU agents stand ready to assist prison correctional investigators in challenging cases involving individuals who attempt to smuggle drugs or contraband into prisons. Their relentless pursuit of justice ensures that the delicate balance between rehabilitation and public safety is maintained, reflecting their unwavering commitment to a safer society.
SSU special agents hold a rank equivalent to that of a CDCR captain and strive to maintain a low profile and minimal visibility while carrying out their missions throughout the state.

## History

The Special Service Unit was established in 1964 at the request of California Governor Pat Brown, in response to a harrowing event—the kidnapping of two Los Angeles police officers on March 9, 1963. This incident is chronicled in Joseph Wambaugh’s bestselling book, The Onion Field, and subsequent motion picture of the same name. The abduction and murder of one of the officers were carried out by two active state parolees, Gregory Powell and Jimmy Lee Smith (also known as Jimmy Youngblood).
At the time, LAPD officers Ian Campbell and Karl Hettinger were performing a routine traffic stop at the intersection of Carlos Avenue and Gower Street in Hollywood. Suddenly, the vehicle's occupants, Powell and Smith, pulled out their weapons, overpowered the officers, and forced them into Powell's car. They drove out of the city, ultimately stopping in an onion field near Bakersfield, California. There, Officer Campbell was tragically shot and killed, while Officer Hettinger managed to escape, narrowly avoiding a similar fate.
Following the incident, the investigation revealed significant challenges in obtaining timely and necessary information from the department of corrections, which was hampered by its size and bureaucracy. As a result, detectives needed a more efficient way to access essential records and resources from the CDCR. In late1963, the Governor’s Conference on Violence was convened in Los Angeles, California. A sub-committee was formed consisting of Attorney General Thomas Lynch, Los Angeles Police Chief William Parker, San Francisco Police Chief Thomas Cahill, Oakland Police Chief Edward Toothman, Alameda County Superior Court Judge Folger Emerson, Governor’s Executive Clemency Secretary John McInerney, Marin County District Attorney Roger Garrity, and San Joaquin County Sheriff Mike Canliss. One of the recommendations from the sub-committee was the formation of a unit within the department of corrections aimed at establishing and furthering liaison activities between the CDCR, street law enforcement, district attorneys, and the courts. A decision was made to form a specialized unit within CDCR to liaison between the department and outside agencies.
CDCR Assistant Director Charles Casey was tasked with creating this new unit. Director Casey learned of a New York Department of Corrections team that ostensibly bridged the gap between New York state parole services and local law enforcement. Casey went to New York and met with Russell H. Oswald, the New York State Parole Board chairman and founder of the New York Bureau of Special Services. Based on his study and evaluation of the Bureau of Special Services, Casey returned to California and designed his team. After the state legislature approved its formation, the Law Enforcement Intelligence and Liaison Unit (later shortened to Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit {LEIU}) officially went into service in April 1964. The unit initially consisted of six special agents. In 1966, four additional special agents were added to the team. The name was changed to the Special Service Unit. By 1975, there were three regional SSU offices in Sacramento, Corte Madera, and El Monte.

## Function

The Special Service Unit is the primary investigative body for the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation when it comes to cases involving prisoners, parolees, or situations directly linked to CDCR. According to its official description, SSU "conducts major criminal investigations, apprehends prison escapees and parolees wanted for serious and violent felonies, manages the department's gang-related issues, and leads complex investigations into gang activity involving inmates and parolees." In simpler terms, the unit plays a critical, multifaceted role in ensuring public safety by handling a wide range of tasks as needed.
Special agents come from a variety of backgrounds. Some have worked their way up through CDCR as correctional officers or parole agents. An internal candidate must hold the equivalent rank of lieutenant or above to apply to SSU. Law enforcement officers from outside agencies can also apply. They come from local police, sheriff's departments, or other state police services. Those individuals ordinarily come with an extensive investigative and tactical background, usually having served in a detective unit and on a special weapons and tactics team (SWAT). An external candidate must take a written exam and be ranked on a list.
When an opening becomes available in one of the field offices, candidates on the list will be offered an oral interview. If selected, the candidate will have to pass an extensive background check, as well as physical and psychological exams, to be offered a position with the unit.

## Current Structure of SSU

The Special Service Unit (SSU) has maintained its original design—compact and highly mobile. As of 2018, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) reports fewer than forty SSU agents. These agents are strategically stationed at discreet, off-site locations across California.
Equipped with advanced tactical gear, surveillance technology, and unmarked vehicles, these teams are always ready for rapid deployment, responding anywhere in the state at a moment's notice. In 2005, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) consolidated various divisions and units to realign its organizational structure. During this reorganization, the Office of Correctional Safety (OCS) was established to function as the "Special Operations Division" for the CDCR. Within the OCS are specialized groups such as the Fugitive Apprehension Team (FAT), the Emergency Operations Unit (EOU), and the Criminal Intelligence Analysis Unit (CIAU). The Special Services Unit (SSU) became a branch of the OCS, which enhanced the training standards and tactical capabilities of the unit. The EOU serves as the tactical training cadre for the CDCR, responsible for training all CDCR Crisis Response Teams (SWAT teams) throughout the state.
With the merger into the OCS, SSU special agents are expected to maintain a higher level of proficiency in tactical firearms and high-risk entry training. Although SSU is not classified as a special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team by California POST standards, many of its agents are former SWAT operators from previous agencies or assignments. By California standards, the SSU is regarded as a "high-risk warrant service team."
As the investigative unit for CDCR, SSU special agents are responsible for staying updated on the latest investigative techniques and legal precedents. These special agents collaborate closely with law enforcement investigators from various government branches. Many SSU agents are assigned to regional task forces across California, while a select few are designated as federal task force officers, partnering with national agencies such as the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF).

## Training

SSU agents maintain a rigorous training regimen. Because they are called upon for different mission sets, the agents must be able to operate in different environments. Agents are expected to be proficient in writing skills for preparing criminal reports, surveillance logs, and crafting search warrants. They must also be good communicators, as they interact with the highest ranks in law enforcement to the most dangerous criminals in the state. Agents also develop and operate confidential informants to further their cases, which is a skill in and of itself. Conducting covert surveillance is a skill and an art that each agent must master.
Although SSU is not a SWAT team, they must operate at a much higher level than a traditional police officer or detective. They serve their own search and arrest warrants and assist other agencies that do not have a warrant service unit. To maintain their firearms skillset, SSU requires monthly range training and qualifications. Agents must pass a rigorous qualification course designed by CDCR's EOU team. They must pass with each weapon system they carry, including the M4 carbine, Remington short-barreled shotgun, 9mm pistol, and any secondary firearm. Agents also participate in various training exercises, such as close-quarters defense training, tactical entry training, live-fire shoot house training, vehicle assaults, and officer rescue training.
Agents have received training from elite police units such as the LAPD SWAT team, the LAPD Special Investigation Section (SIS), and the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Special Enforcement Bureau. Agents have also trained with military personnel from units such as the United States Navy SEALs and United States Army Special Forces.

## Prison Escapes

One of the primary functions of SSU is the investigation and apprehension of state prison escapees. The number of prison escapes from California prisons is not officially published. However, a 2018 CDCR press release webpage article states, "Since 1977, 99 percent of all offenders who have left an adult institution, camp or community-based program without permission have been apprehended." The press release says that the Special Service Unit is the specialized unit tasked with tracking down prison escapees. The press release states, "[It is] the primary departmental link with allied law enforcement agencies and the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services" and "The OCS mission is to protect the public and serve CDCR investigative and security interests."
A large majority of the escapes occur from minimum-security facilities, such as fire camps. Inmates are also placed back in the community through the Alternative Custody Program (ACP) and will sometimes flee instead of completing the program. These are considered prison escapes by state statute.
One of the most high-profile prison escapes occurred from Folsom State Prison on June 5, 1987. Inmate Glen Godwin, a convicted murderer, escaped the then-maximum security prison. He reportedly escaped through a storm drain and into the American River, which flows adjacent to the west side of the prison. Godwin has been featured on several television documentaries and was on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list for twenty years. As of 2023, the case was still open and being worked as a cold case by investigators.
In August 2014, convicted murderer Scott Landers escaped from the back of a CDCR transport van while on Interstate 5 just north of Atwater, California Landers had been convicted of stabbing a 61-year-old man in Riverside County and was serving twenty-five years to life. Upon his escape, SSU agents were called in from across the state to assist with his apprehension. Within twenty-four hours, the escaped murderer was caught and brought back into custody.
On December 2, 2024, convicted murderer Cesar Moises Hernandez, escaped from custody while attending a court hearing in Delano, California. Hernandez had been convicted of first-degree murder and being a felon in possession of a gun. He was sentenced to a total term of 80 years to life in prison. He had been serving his sentence at Kern Valley State Prison, after being committed to state prison in 2019. He was originally from Los Angeles County, California.
Hernandez was allegedly able to defeat his restraints and break free from a prison transport van in the parking lot of the Kern County Superior Courthouse in Delano. SSU was alerted and responded from throughout the state. A citywide dragnet was placed around Delano in an effort to locate Hernandez. Hundreds of law enforcement officers from multiple agencies responded to assist, but Hernandez managed to elude capture.
As of January 2025, Hernandez is still at large. The SSU Fresno office is the lead investigative unit.

## High Profile Cases

The Special Service Unit has been quietly involved in numerous high-profile cases throughout its fifty-year history. One example is the Patricia Hearst kidnapping by the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) in 1974. The SLA was a radical left-wing organization formed in Soledad Prison by Donald DeFreeze. In 1973 Defreeze escaped from prison and led the SLA on the streets when they kidnapped Hearst. The day after Hearst's kidnapping, special agents from the unit's San Francisco office provided police with photographs of suspects who matched the description of one of the abductors. Thanks to photographs supplied by SSU, DeFreeze was positively identified as one of Hearst's abductors. That identification led to a lengthy investigation of SLA and its origin behind prison walls.
Another notable example is the high-profile murders that shook Los Angeles in the late 1960s. Members of Charles Manson's cult, known for the term "Helter Skelter," were responsible for these brutal killings. During the investigation into the cult, special agents from the SSU were called upon by the Los Angeles Police Department to interview Bruce Davis, a follower of Manson. Davis had been convicted of the 1969 murder of Gary Hinman in Los Angeles. Law enforcement attempted to persuade Davis, a devoted member of Manson's group, to become an informant regarding several unsolved murders linked to the Manson Family.
On January 26, 2001, San Francisco resident Diane Whipple was attacked and killed by two large presa canario dogs in the hallway of her apartment building. The dogs, Bane and Hera, were owned by Whipple's neighbors, Marjorie Knoller and Robert Noel. The dogs' actual owner, Paul Schneider, was a high-ranking member of the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang serving a life sentence in Pelican Bay State Prison. The Special Service Unit had been investigating the Aryan Brotherhood and its illegal dog breeding business for several months before the death of Whipple. SSU assisted local law enforcement during the investigation and prosecution of Knoller and Noel.
In August 2009, Phillip Garrido was arrested in Antioch, California, for the kidnapping of Jaycee Dugard. He had kidnapped her eighteen years prior and kept her in captivity. The Hayward, California police department was interested in Garrido related to the 1988 kidnapping of nine-year-old Michaela Garecht. Special agents from SSU assisted the detectives from the Hayward Police Department in the ensuing investigation. In 2011, they assisted in conducting interviews with Garrido and his wife, Nancy Garrido, who had been sentenced to state prison in California.
In February 2012, the Occupy Movement conducted a protest at the east gate of San Quentin Prison, located in Marin County, California SSU special agents worked undercover and infiltrated the group of protestors. Their mission was to gain intelligence if the protest turned violent or the prison's security was compromised.
In 2012, SSU special agents became involved in the Speed Freak Killers investigation. Agents interviewed convicted serial killer Wesley Shermantine at San Quentin State Prison. Shermantine was a condemned inmate awaiting execution on death row. Shermantine provided agents with information about the whereabouts of victims’ bodies, buried in Calaveras and San Joaquin counties. He claimed the remains were those of victims he and his childhood friend, Loren Herzog, had murdered. In August 2012, SSU agents removed Shermantine from Death Row and conducted a covert transport to the areas he described in Calaveras County and San Joaquin County. Shermantine directed SSU to where he and Herzog had allegedly buried their victims. FBI Evidence Response Team members responded and marked the locations identified by the serial killer and later conducted forensic excavations searching for human remains.
In February 2018, SSU culminated a year-long operation with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, code-named "Silent Night." The investigation focused on the Nuestra Familia prison gang and its control over Northern California communities. The investigation centered on Woodland, California, and the street gang called "Varrio Bosque Norteno." An arrest sweep of 29 suspects took place on February 14, 2018.
On June 6, 2019, The United States Attorney's Office in Sacramento, California, indicted sixteen members and associates of the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang; the indictments stemmed from a five-year investigation led by the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Special Service Unit. The government alleged that top officials within the Aryan Brotherhood organization used smuggled phones to order murders and orchestrate a multi-state drug trafficking operation from their prison cells.
During the 2020 George Floyd protests in Oakland, California, the Special Service Unit played a crucial role in maintaining public safety and responding to civil unrest. Tasked with crowd control and tactical operations, the SSU assisted the Oakland Police Department (OPD) in managing large demonstrations, protecting critical infrastructure, and addressing incidents of vandalism and looting. The unit worked alongside OPD to de-escalate tensions while ensuring the rights of protesters were upheld. Their efforts included dispersing unlawful gatherings, making arrests when necessary, and providing rapid response to emergencies.