# Paul Copan

Paul Copan (/koʊpæn/, born September 26, 1962) is a Christian theologian, analytic philosopher, apologist, and author. He is currently a professor at the Palm Beach Atlantic University and holds the endowed Pledger Family Chair of Philosophy and Ethics. He has written and edited over 40 books in the area of philosophy of religion, apologetics, theology, and ethics in the Bible. He has contributed a great number of articles to various professional journals and has written many essays for edited books. For six years he served as the president of the Evangelical Philosophical Society.

## Early life and education

Paul Copan's father, Valery Copan, was of Ukrainian origin, and his mother, Valtraut (Kirsch) Copan, was born in Riga, Latvia. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio and then moved to Connecticut as a teenager.
From 1980 to 1984, he attended Columbia International University and earned a B.A. degree in biblical studies. Copan attended Trinity International University, where he received his M.A. in philosophy of religion, as well as his M.Div. at Trinity International. Copan received the Prof. C.B. Bjuge Award for a thesis that “evidences creative scholarship in the field of Biblical and Systematic Theology.”
In May 2000, Copan received his Ph.D. in philosophy of religion from Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His dissertation topic was "The Moral Dimensions of Michael Martin’s Atheology: A Critical Assessment."

## Career

Copan started his career by working on the pastoral staff of First Presbyterian Church in Schenectady, NY from July 1989 – December 1995. He also served as a volunteer campus minister for InterVarsity Christian Fellowship at Union College from 1992 – 1995.
He was an Adjunct Associate Professor of Philosophy of Religion/Systematic Theology at Trinity International University (Deerfield, Illinois) from September 1996 – May 1998, and returned as a Visiting Associate Professor from June 2000 – June 2003. He was a Visiting Associate Professor of Christian Thought at Alliance Theological Seminary in Nyack, NY from January 2002 – January 2004. He was Adjunct Associate Professor of Theology and Philosophy at Bethel Seminary in St. Paul, MN from Fall 2003 – March 2004.
He has lectured and debated at many universities over the course of his career, including the University of Helsinki (2017), Moscow State University (2002), Nanyang University in Singapore (2019), the University of Reading (2017), Cambridge University (2017), Wycliffe Hall at Oxford University (2017), Boston College (2001, 2002) and Boston College Law School (2012), and Harvard University (2000).
Currently, Copan holds the Pledger Family Chair of Philosophy and Ethics, and is a Professor of Philosophy and Ethics at Palm Beach Atlantic University in West Palm Beach, FL, where he has worked since 2004. He helped establish the university's M.A. in Philosophy of Religion program, which began in 2021. Additionally, an undergraduate degree in Apologetics at Palm Beach Atlantic University will be launched in August 2022, with Copan set to teach many of its courses.

## Views
### Atheism

He has criticized the presumption of atheism (i.e., the notion that atheism should be one's default position when evaluating arguments over the existence of God). He argues that such a position rigs the rules, since atheism is just as much a claim to knowledge as theism. The only natural default position is agnosticism. Copan cites atheists such as Baggini and Flew in arguing that atheism is not a mere lack of belief but a rejection of belief in God or gods. He argues that atheists often slide into defending agnosticism when asked for reasons for their view.
He suggests that scientific naturalists will argue that all claims of knowledge have to be scientifically verifiable; otherwise, they are meaningless. Copan argues that such a position commits the fallacy exemplified in Horton Hears a Who: "If you cannot see, hear, or feel something, it does not exist." Copan argues that this position is an arbitrary philosophical (rather than scientific) pronouncement. He also argues that the position of the scientific naturalist is self-refuting because scientism itself cannot be scientifically verified.
Copan also believes that belief in God is generally not a psychological crutch, claiming that the argument that Christianity is wish fulfillment itself falls victim to a number of fallacies. He notes that Freud himself admitted to Oskar Pfister that psychoanalysis of religion has no clinical evidence, and are merely Freud's personal views. Copan also argues that it is odd and arbitrary to claim that whatever brings comfort and solace is false. He notes that a comforting father figure, while unique to the biblical faith, is not at the heart of the other world religions. Copan also notes that the wish fulfillment argument against Christianity is a classic example of the genetic fallacy, claiming that because one can explain how the belief arose, that the belief is therefore false.

### Presuppositionalism

Copan is also a critic of presuppositionalism, arguing that Christians can use common ground to engage non-Christians in debate. He argues that presuppositionalism begs the question. It assumes that God exists in order to argue that God exists. Instead, Christians can begin dialogues with non-Christians with common ground such as the law of non-contradiction. Copan uses Genesis 9:6 to make his point. He claims that the image of God was not completely destroyed in the fall, meaning that non-Christians can respond to general revelation, arguments from cosmology and history, as well as personal testimony and living a godly life. Ultimately, Copan argues, presuppositionalism confuses private knowledge of God with public proclamation and argument for God. One can have epistemic certainty of God's existence from private experience and still appeal to public evidence to persuade others of that fact.

### Old Testament Ethics

Copan is known for his defense of the ethics of the Old Testament, particularly divine command morality.

#### Warfare

He argues that the books of Joshua and Judges are literarily connected, and therefore need to be read in light of one another. The book of Judges demonstrates that military engagement is indeed a part of biblical history.
As for the commands to execute herem, he argues that phrases such as "utterly destroy" are hyperboles. Evidence includes Joshua warning the Israelites to not follow the religious practices of the "nations among you" even though Joshua was described to "utterly destroy" these nations in the previous chapters. Other contemporary Near Eastern military reports use this language to describe attacks that left many survivors, for the purposes of expressing bravado.
Copan also observes that the herem commands include merisms such as "young and old", "man and woman", which denoted total warfare in the Near Eastern context, even if the victims were combatants living in military garrisons and forts, which were unlikely to have women and children. He argues that no civilians existed in cities such as Jericho and Ai, which were targets of herem, based on the archaeological evidence.

#### Slavery

Copan argues that the Biblical concept of slavery is misunderstood. He says that we should compare Hebrew debt-servanthood (many translations render this “slavery”) more fairly to apprentice-like positions to pay off debts. This resembles indentured servitude during America's founding when people worked for approximately 7 years to pay off the debt for their passage to the New World. Copan states that God did not allow physical abuse of servants. If a servant was harmed, for example, by having a tooth or eye knocked out, the servant received freedom immediately. Masters who killed their servants were put to death.
He also argues that the New Testament is not silent on the issue of slavery. During the first century, 85 to 90 percent of Rome's population consisted of slaves in both lowly and prestigious positions. This was a much higher percent than Israel had in the Old Testament, but this was due to Rome's policies and laws. Copan uses James 3:9 to argue that the New Testament presupposes a fundamental equality because all humans are created in God's image. Christian masters called Christian slaves “brothers” or “sisters.” The New Testament commanded masters to show compassion, justice, and patience. Their position as master meant responsibility and service, not oppression and privilege. Given the spiritual equality of slave and free, slaves even took on leadership positions in churches. He states that early Christians undermined slavery indirectly, rejecting many common Greco-Roman assumptions about it and acknowledging the intrinsic, equal worth of slaves.
Copan argues that if the New Testament authors had been too explicit about overthrowing Rome's slavery system, it would have done the gospel a disservice. Rome would have quashed any such flagrant opposition with speedy, lethal force. Copan concludes that the New Testament took a more subversive strategy, by opposing oppression, slave trade, and treating humans as cargo — which eventually led to a slavery-free Europe a few centuries later.

#### Imprecatory Psalms

Copan defends the Old Testament imprecatory psalms, which are psalms that call down curses and divine judgments against Israel's enemies. He argues that they fit into the literary genre of the time. He states "Consider how you would react if a neighbor tried to seduce your daughter or give your children drugs. Outrage indicates that we care and take injustice seriously." Copan also compares these psalms to the emotional rants of Jeremiah, wishing he had remained in his mother's womb until he died. Jeremiah's desire was one of emotional outburst, and he did not sincerely believe what he said. Copan argues that the imprecatory Psalms should be read in the same way.

## Personal life

Copan is married to Jacqueline Mariette (van Tol) Copan, the daughter of Dutch parents, and they have six children.