OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Richard Scolyer

Dr. Richard Anthony Scolyer AO (born 16 December 1966) is an Australian pathologist. He is a senior staff specialist in tissue pathology and diagnostic oncology at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, co-medical director alongside Georgina Long at the Melanoma Institute Australia, and Conjoint Professor, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney. He was honoured along with Georgina Long as 2024 Australians of the Year.

## Career

Scolyer provides a clinical consultation service for the diagnosis of difficult pigmented lesions and receives more than 2000 cases for opinion from Australasia and beyond annually. He integrates his clinical practice with co-leading a translational melanoma research laboratory.
In February 2019, he was ranked the world's 10th leading publisher on the topic of melanoma and the world's leading publisher in melanoma pathology. Scolyer has co-authored more than 700 publications and book-chapters on the subject, and was an editor of the 4th Edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours.

## Cancer diagnosis and treatment

in June 2023, Scolyer was diagnosed with a stage 4 glioblastoma IDH wild-type brain tumour. With treatment for glioblastoma mostly unchanged for the last 20 years, Scolyer and Dr Georgina Long worked together to develop a world first treatment for his brain tumour based on their breakthroughs in melanoma research. Scolyer underwent experimental combination immunotherapy before and after surgical excision of the tumour; delaying his surgery to do so. Scolyer was also administered a cancer vaccine personalised to the tumour genetic markers, in order to help the immunotherapy detect the cancer cells. His treatment was documented in the journal Nature Medicine, paving the way for future clinical trials. While Scolyer and his colleagues have applied these techniques successfully to melanoma, this treatment is non-standard for brain cancer due to concerns about toxicity, whether drugs will reach the brain, and speed of tumour development.
Eighteen months after surgery, Scolyer's cancer had not returned, a promising result with potentially broader implications due to the pioneering approach taken, with the normal prognosis for this glioblastoma being 6–9 months; though oncologists warned that it was too early to judge the effectiveness of the treatment, compared to standard protocols.On 10 March 2025, Richard announced the cancer had returned, and he was given a prognosis of 3 months.

## Awards and recognition

Scolyer received the New South Wales Premier's Award for Outstanding Cancer Research in 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2020.
He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for "distinguished service to medicine, particularly in the field of melanoma and skin cancer, and to national and international professional organisations" in the 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours.
He was named 2024 Australian of the Year alongside Dr Georgina Long by the National Australia Day Council, a not-for-profit Australian Government-owned social enterprise.
# Charles Tomlinson (scientist)

Charles Tomlinson (1808–1897) was a scientist who published papers on meteorology and the physical properties of liquids.

## Biography

He studied science under George Birkbeck, the founder of the London Mechanics' Institute. For a while, he had a school with his brother Lewis, at Salisbury. Becoming known for original investigation, he was called to London, where he was appointed lecturer on experimental science at King's College School. During the 1840s and 1850s he published several notable scientific works relating to phenomena of the weather for the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. In 1872 he was elected to the Royal Society, and in 1874 he took a leading part in founding the Physical Society. As a scientist Tomlinson made valuable contributions to the knowledge of the surface tension of liquids. His last years were devoted to literature, and he held the Dante lectureship at University College 1878–1880. He was also an avid chess player and published a book on this subject, Amusements in Chess, in 1845.
His wife was the author Sarah Windsor Tomlinson who predeceased him in 1872 and was buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery. Charles Tomlinson was later buried in the same grave (plot no.19920), but the grave is now under a footpath and has no headstone.

## Publications

He authored over 50 books and 100 published papers and notes, among which were:
* Amusements in Chess (London, 1845)
* The Rain-Cloud: An Account of the Nature, Properties, Dangers, and Uses of Rain in Various Parts of the World (London, 1846)
* Winter in the Arctic Regions: I - Winter in the Open Seas, II - Winter in a Secure Harbour, III - Winter in a Snow-Hut (London, 1846)
* The Thunder-Storm: An Account of the Properties of Lightning and of Atmospheric Electricity in Various Parts of the World (London 1848). Includes detailed historic experiences and observations of the effects of thunder and lightning and related effects of electricity in the atmosphere. The third edition of 1877 adds more recent experiences.
* Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts and Manufactures (1852–1854, supplement 1862, expanded edition 1866)
* The Dew-drop and the Mist: An Account of the Phenomena and Properties of Atmospheric Vapour in Various Parts of the World, (London, 1860)
* The Tempest: An Account of the Origin and Phenomena of Wind in Various Parts of the World (London)
* Natural Phenomena (London, 1861)
* The magnet : familiarly described; and illustrated by a box of magnetic toys (1861)
* A Rudimentary Treatise on Warming and Ventilation (1864)
* The Rain-Cloud and The Snow-Storm: an Account of the Nature, Formation, Properties, Dangers, and Uses of Rain and Snow (London, 1865)
* The Sonnet, Its Origin, Structure, and Place in Poetry (1874)
* A translation of Dante Aligheri's Inferno (1877)
* The Literary History of the Divine Comedy (1879)
* a volume of original Sonnets (1881)
* Dante, Beatrice, and the Divine Comedy (1894)
Written with his wife Sarah Tomlinson:
* Lessons From the Animal World (London)
# Osamu Nakamura

Osamu Nakamura (中村 修, Nakamura Osamu, born November 7, 1962) is a Japanese professional shogi player, ranked 9-dan. He is a two-time winner of the Ōshō title, and the current president of the Professional Shogi Players Group [ja].

## Early life

Osamu Nakamura was born in Machida, Tokyo on November 7, 1962. In 1976, he won the 1st Junior High School Student Meijin Tournament [ja], and that same year was accepted into the Japan Shogi Association's apprentice school at the rank of 6-kyū as a protegee of shogi professional Yoshimasa Saeki [ja]. He was promoted to the rank of 1-dan in 1978 and was awarded full professional status and the rank of 4-dan in July 1980.

## Shogi professional

Nakamura is a member of the so-called Shōwa 55 group (55年組), a group of eight strong players that become professional in 1980–1981 (Year 55 of the Shōwa period) and won numerous shogi tournaments. Others in the group include Yoshikazu Minami, Michio Takahashi, Akira Shima, Yasuaki Tsukada, Hiroshi Kamiya, Masaki Izumi, and Yūji Yoda [ja].
On June 9, 2021, Nakamura became the 24th professional shogi player to win 800 games.

### Promotion history

The promotion history for Nakamura is as follows:
* 6-kyū: 1976
* 1-dan: 1978
* 4-dan: July 2, 1980
* 5-dan: April 1, 1982
* 6-dan: April 1, 1983
* 7-dan: April 1, 1986
* 8-dan: October 15, 1993
* 9-dan: January 23, 2008

### Titles and other championships

Nakamura has appeared in major title matches a total of five times and is a two-time winner of the Ōshō title. He also won the 14th Shinjin-Ō [ja] title in 1983 for his only non-major shogi championship.

### Awards and honors

Nakamura has received a number of Japan Shogi Association Annual Shogi Awards throughout his career. He won the award for "Best New Player" in 1981; the "Fighting-spirit Award" in 1984 and 1986; and the "Distinguished Service Award" in 1985.
In addition, Nakamura received the "25 Years Service Award"in recognition of being an active professional for twenty-five years in 2005 as well as the "Shogi Honor Fighting-spirit Award" for winning 600 official games as a professional in 2006.

### Professional Shogi Players Group

Nakamura is the current president of the Professional Shogi Players Group [ja]. He was first elected as a vice-president in April 2011, and served in that capacity until the end of February 2017 when he was selected to replace Yasumitsu Satō at a special session of the association. Nakamura served out the remainder of Sato's term, and was re-elected as president for a new two-year term at the end of May 2017. He was re-elected for another two-year term as president in June 2019.
# Ribbon (mathematics)

In differential geometry, a ribbon (or strip) is the combination of a smooth space curve and its corresponding normal vector. More formally, a ribbon denoted by $(X,U)$ includes a curve $X$ given by a three-dimensional vector $X(s)$, depending continuously on the curve arc-length $s$ ($a\leq s\leq b$), and a unit vector $U(s)$ perpendicular to ${\partial X \over \partial s}(s)$ at each point. Ribbons have seen particular application as regards DNA.

## Properties and implications

The ribbon $(X,U)$ is called simple if $X$ is a simple curve (i.e. without self-intersections) and closed and if $U$ and all its derivatives agree at $a$ and $b$. For any simple closed ribbon the curves $X+\varepsilon U$ given parametrically by $X(s)+\varepsilon U(s)$ are, for all sufficiently small positive $\varepsilon$, simple closed curves disjoint from $X$.
The ribbon concept plays an important role in the Călugăreanu formula, that states that
    $Lk=Wr+Tw,$
where $Lk$ is the asymptotic (Gauss) linking number, the integer number of turns of the ribbon around its axis; $Wr$ denotes the total writhing number (or simply writhe), a measure of non-planarity of the ribbon's axis curve; and $Tw$ is the total twist number (or simply twist), the rate of rotation of the ribbon around its axis.
Ribbon theory investigates geometric and topological aspects of a mathematical reference ribbon associated with physical and biological properties, such as those arising in topological fluid dynamics, DNA modeling and in material science.
# Nick Sentience

Nick Fryer (born 1979 or 1980), better known as Nick Sentience, is a British electronic dance music disc jockey and hard dance music producer from Portsmouth, England. He is known for his fusion of music genres including techno, hard house, and trance. Several of his releases have charted in the United Kingdom.

## Career

Nick Fryer grew up in Portsmouth, England, and began DJing at the age of 15. He was originally part of a music production group called Sentience with Martin Dawson and Tom Neville; the group's debut CD An Eye For An I was released on Nukleuz in 1998, with some tracks from the album eventually appearing in the video game Carmageddon II: Carpocalypse Now. The group disbanded soon after, and Fryer adopted the group's name as his own. At age 18 he was signed to Nukleuz. He went on to tour worldwide, and in 2001, at the age of 21, was voted in at number 74 in the DJ Mag top 100 DJ rankings.
In 2001 he collaborated with DJ Phil Reynolds to produce the track "Instru(mental)", which was voted hard dance tune of the year and named as the Ministry of Sound single of the month. In May that same year a DJ mix by Sentience, Nukleuz Bomb, was featured as the cover CD of Muzik magazine. In 2002 he collaborated with Steve Blake to compile and mix the Reactivate Energize album on the React label, which peaked at #84 in the UK official compilations chart.
In 2007 Sentience played the Tidy stage at Creamfields. He has released a number of long players, including Universal Language and Dance Planet, followed by in 2011 the album Syncronized. Beat Magazine reported all three as "critically acclaimed".

## Discography

Nick Sentience singles :
| Title | Artist | Year | Peak UK Singles | Peak UK Dance |
| Easy on the cut | Nick Sentience and Ed Real | 2000 | 94 | 28 |
| Digital Dialogue | Nick Sentience | 2000 | | 25 |
| Freedom | Nick Sentience | 2000 | 87 | 33 |
| Techno State | Nick Sentience & Harry Diamond | 2000 | 89 | 26 |
| Instru(mental) | Nick Sentience & Phil Reynolds | 2001 | | |
| Vision | Nick Sentience | 2001 | 89 | 16 |
| Ride the Groove | Nick Sentience | 2001 | 100 | 26 |
| Frantic EP | Nick Sentience & Phil Reynolds | 2001 | 84 | |
| Back 2 Front | Nick Sentience & Phil Reynolds | 2001 | 91 | |
| Flash | BK and Nick Sentience | 2002 | 61 | 9 |
# SS Khalda

Khalda was a Hansa A Type cargo ship which was built as Tiefland in 1943 by Lübecker Flenderwerke AG, Lübeck, Germany for Hamburg Südamerikanische Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft A/S & Co K, Hamburg . She was seized as a prize of war in 1945, passing to the British Ministry of War Transport and renamed Empire Gatehouse. She was sold to Canada in 1947 and was renamed Gulfport. She was sold to Liberia in 1964 and was renamed Stefani, then Agia Marina in 1966. She was sold to Greece in 1967 and renamed Bright. Sold in 1969 to Panama and renamed Khalda, she was arrested in 1974. Sold to Ethiopia in 1977, she was scrapped in 1982.

## Description

The ship was 85.22 m (279 ft 7 in) long, with a beam of 13.51 m (44 ft 4 in). She had a depth of 4.78 m (15 ft 8 in), and a draught of 5.59 m (18 ft 4 in). She was assessed as 1,924 GRT, 936 NRT, 3,400 DWT.
The ship was propelled by a compound steam engine, which had two cylinders of 42 cm (16+9⁄16 in) and two cylinders of 90 cm (35+7⁄16 in) diameter by 90 cm (35+7⁄16 in) inches stroke. The engine was built by Ottensener Eisenwerke AG, Hamburg. Rated at 1,200IHP, it drove a single screw propeller and could propel the ship at 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h).

## History

Tiefland was a Hansa A Type cargo ship built in 1943 as yard number 344 by Lübecker Flenderwerke AG, Lübeck, Germany for Hamburg Südamerikanische Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft A/S & Co K, Hamburg. She was launched on 15 July and completed on 26 October. Her port of registry was Hamburg.
In May 1945, Tiefland was seized as a prize of war at Brunsbüttel. She was passed to the Ministry of War Transport and was renamed Empire Gatehouse. The Code Letters GSPL and United Kingdom Official Number 180737 were allocated. Her port of registry was London and she was operated under the management of Brown, Atkinson & Co. Ltd., Hull.
In 1947, Empire Gatehouse was sold to the Gulfport Steamship Co., Montreal, Canada and was renamed Gulfport. The Code Letters VYDR were allocated. With their introduction in the 1960s, Gulfport was allocated the Lloyd's Register Number 5137846.
In 1964, Gulfport was sold to the Alma Shipping Co., Liberia and was renamed Stefani. She was sold to M N Arcadis, Liberia in 1966 and was renamed Agia Marina. In 1967, Agia Marina was sold to the Bright Shipping Co., Greece and was renamed Bright.
In 1969, Bright was sold to the Khalda Shipping Co., Panama and was renamed Khalda. She ran aground in the Gulf of Suez in December 1970 and was refloated on 1 January 1971. Arrested at Massawa, Ethiopia in 1974, she was sold by Court Order in 1977 to A W & Y F Obeid. Reported to be in a damaged condition at the time of sale, she was scrapped in 1982.
# Edelweiß (album)

Edelweiß is the second studio album released by Joachim Witt in 1982.

## Track listing

All tracks composed and arranged by Joachim Witt
* "Inflation Im Paradies (Filmmusik)" "Inflation in Paradise" - 3:09
* "Tri-tra-Trullala (Herbergsvater)" "Warden" - 4:46
* "Ich fahr´nach Afrika" "I'm Going To Africa" - 3:41
* "Exil" "Exile" - 4:11
* "Mutter Natur - Oder das Echo von Euskirchen" "Mother Nature - Or the Echo of Euskirchen" - 3:09
* "Ich Bin Der Deutsche Neger" "I am the German Negro" - 5:02
* "Warten Auf Das Grosse Glück" "Waiting on the Great Happiness" - 3:01
* "Denn Ich Bin So Einsam" "Because I am So Lonely" - 3:23
* "Kuwait" - 2:43
* "Strenges Mädchen" "Strict Girl" - 5:20

## Personnel

* Joachim Witt - vocals, guitar, organ, synthesizer
* Harald Gutowski - bass
* Jaki Liebezeit - drums
* Eva-Maria Gößling - saxophone on "Inflation Im Paradies (Filmmusik)"
# Old Croton Dam

The Old Croton Dam is a historic dam located in Yorktown, Westchester County, New York, now lying submerged beneath the waters of the New Croton Reservoir. The dam was built on the Croton River between 1837 and 1842, and was the first substantial masonry dam in the United States. Construction was delayed by a January 1841 storm that washed away most of the dam, with heavy downstream damage and loss of life.

## History

The gravity dam was constructed with a rubble core and granite ashlar foundation. It was 57 feet (17 m) high and 670 feet (200 m) long. The dam impounded water from the Croton River watershed, forming a reservoir several miles long to the northeast along the path of the Croton River. Water flowed to New York City through the Old Croton Aqueduct, which started just upstream of the dam, carrying water down the Croton River valley toward the Hudson River, then roughly following the Hudson south.
The dam and aqueduct constituted a major part of the original New York City water supply system. The New Croton Aqueduct opened in 1890, augmenting the original system until supply from the Delaware and Catskill aqueducts was sufficient to take it offline in 1955. When the New Croton Dam was completed in 1906, the old dam was submerged to a depth of 34 feet (10 m).
The dam site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
# Oleg Lyalin

Oleg Adolfovich Lyalin (Russian: Олег Адольфович Лялин; 24 June 1937 – 12 February 1995) was a Soviet agent who defected from the KGB. His defection led to the expulsion of 105 Soviet officials suspected as being Soviet spies from Britain on 25 September 1971.
Lyalin was sent by the KGB to London in the 1960s, posing as an official with the Soviet Trade Delegation.
His defection came about after he was arrested in London by policeman Charles Shearer for drunk driving in the early morning of 31 August 1971. He was put in jail immediately as he refused to cooperate with police and lacked diplomatic immunity. His bail of £50 was paid by the Soviet Trade Delegation but he was taken to a safe house by MI5 and his drunk driving-case was eventually dropped as he decided to defect. He offered to disclose information about KGB activities in exchange for a new life with his (Russian) secretary, Irina Teplyakova, with whom he had begun an affair and took political asylum in August 1972. Lyalin later revealed that his mission was to spy across the Midlands while posing as a textile buyer, and that there was a plan to infiltrate agents disguised as official messengers into Whitehall's tunnel systems to distribute poison gas capsules. He also confirmed the existence of a section known as Department V (ru:Пятое управление КГБ СССР) in the KGB.
The expulsion of 105 officials was the single biggest action taken against the Soviet Union by any western government. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, foreign secretary at the time, was accused by the Labour opposition of over-reaction.
Lyalin was given a new identity by MI5 and married Teplyakova. He remained in hiding in northern England until his death on 12 February 1995 after a long illness.
Valeriy Vladimirovich Kostikov, a second secretary who had previously interacted with Lee Harvey Oswald as a consular officer, unexpectedly departed his post in Mexico at the same time of Lyalin's defection. It is speculated that Kostikov's departure, which was not to take until three to fourth months later, was a result of him being "known to Lyalin."
# 2008 Balad Ruz bombing

The 15 September 2008 Balad Ruz bombing occurred on 15 September 2008 in Balad Ruz, Diyala when a suicide bomber walked into and detonated herself at an Iftar banquet being held in the home of a policeman in celebration of his release from American detention at Camp Bucca. The attack killed 22 and injured 32. Some of the wounded were taken to a joint US-Iraqi base nearby for treatment. 12 were killed in two car bombings in central Baghdad.
# Legal auditing

According to the National Association of Legal Fee Analysis (NALFA), legal auditing is a litigation management practice and risk management tool, used by insurance and other consumers of legal services, to determine if hourly billing errors, abuses, and inefficiencies exist by carefully examining and identifying unreasonable attorney fees and expenses. Because the majority of corporate law firms charge clients on an hourly basis, and base attorney promotion and compensation almost entirely on the number of hours billed, rather than the results achieved for clients, lawyers and law firms have much incentive to bill as many hours as possible, and little incentive to work efficiently or to bill fewer hours. According to the California State Bar, most lawyers who block-bill their time inflate each client bill by 10-30 percent, and at the average national billing rate of $661 per hour (as of April 2012) that means that most big-firm lawyers overcharge clients anywhere from $150,000 to $400,000 each year. According to global e-billing standards LEDES partner, Legal Solutions Group (LSG), legal auditing must include reference to guideline non-compliance (GNC) codes, which should be established by consumers of legal services, such as enterprises and insurers. Best practices include ensuring the appropriate title of legal representation, paralegal vs. partner, handles a given task.

## Methods

Legal auditors conduct a detailed analysis of original time records, attorney work production, expenses and hourly rate benchmarks. The purpose of a legal bill auditing is to save money for the insurance company and their clients. Many audits measure performance and quality of services in addition to cost alone. Legal Bill Auditors may be responsible for monitoring the matter as it progresses for purposes of giving a second opinion in major cases or as a post-mortem. Legal bill audits give insurance companies and their clients peace of mind and avoid possible future mistakes.
In 2006, the firm Stuart Maue claimed to have conducted the largest legal audit on record during the OxyContin litigation, involving claims for attorney fees and expenses amounting to over $400,000,000 billed and audited, with the final negotiated settlement resulting in a reduction of $200,000,000 from the total billed amount.
In 2011, Forbes ran an article discussing the excessive legal fees in the Madoff litigation.
# Stal Gorzyce

Gorzycki Klub Sportowy Stal Gorzyce is an association football club based in Gorzyce, Poland. Between 1992 and 2014, the club was known as Tłoki Gorzyce.

## History

The club was founded in 1951 as Koło Sportowe Stal Gorzyce and has since operated under various names, incorporating "Tłoki" into its title in 1992. The team spent several seasons in the third division and participated in the second league from 2000 to 2004. During the 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons, they achieved their best finishes, both ending in 10th place.
Despite the name changes, the fans continued to identify with "Stal," and in 2014, the club returned to its historical name – Gorzycki Klub Sportowy Stal Gorzyce.

## Naming history

* July 1951 – KS (Koło Sportowe) Stal Gorzyce
* 6 April 1957 – ZKS (Zakładowy Klub Sportowy) Stal Gorzyce
* 1992 – ZKS Stal-Tłoki Gorzyce
* ? – ZKS Tłoki Gorzyce
* 2007 – Gorzycki Klub Sportowy Tłoki Gorzyce
* 2014 – Gorzycki Klub Sportowy Stal Gorzyce

## Honours

* 10th place in the second division - 2001–02
# Adanarsa

Adanarsa is a monotypic snout moth genus in the subfamily Phycitinae. It was described by Carl Heinrich in 1956. It contains the species Adanarsa intransitella, which was originally described as Rhodophaea intransitella by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1905. It is found in North America, including Arizona, New Mexico and California.