# Hainanese

Hainanese (Hainan Romanised: Hái-nâm-oe, Hainanese Pinyin: Hhai3 nam2 ue1, simplified Chinese: 海南话; traditional Chinese: 海南話; pinyin: Hǎinánhuà), also known as Qiongwen (simplified Chinese: 琼文话; traditional Chinese: 瓊文話), Qiongyu (琼语; 瓊語) or Hainan Min (海南闽语; 海南閩語) is a group of Min Chinese varieties spoken in the far southern Chinese island province of Hainan and regional Overseas Chinese communities such as in Singapore and Thailand.
In the classification of Yuan Jiahua, it was included in the Southern Min group, being mutually unintelligible with other Southern Min varieties such as Hokkien–Taiwanese and Teochew. In the classification of Li Rong, used by the Language Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup. Hou Jingyi combined it with Leizhou Min, spoken on the neighboring mainland Leizhou Peninsula, in a Qiong–Lei group. "Hainanese" is also used for the language of the Li people living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.

## Phonology

The phonologies of the different varieties of Hainanese are highly divergent, with the Wenchang dialect being the prestige dialect, and often used as a reference.

### Consonants

Below is a table for the consonants of Hainanese across the dialects of Wenchang, Haikou and Banqiao. For more information on a specific variety, please consult the relevant article.
| | | Labial | Dental | Dental | Alveolo- palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Plosive | voiceless | /p/ 爸 pa | /t/ 洗 toi | /t/ 洗 toi | | /k/ 公 kong | /ʔ/ 啊 a |
| Plosive | aspirated | /pʰ/ 婆 pho | /tʰ/ | /tʰ/ | | /kʰ/ 去 khu | |
| Plosive | voiced | /b/ | /d/ | /d/ | | /g/ 我 gua | |
| Plosive | implosive | /ɓ/ 北 ɓak | /ɗ/ 茶 ɗei | /ɗ/ 茶 ɗei | | (/ɠ/) | |
| Affricate | voiceless | | | /ts/ | /tɕ/ 食 tsia | | |
| Affricate | aspirated | | | /tsʰ/ | | | |
| Affricate | voiced | | | /dz/ | /dʑ/ 日 jit | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | /ɸ/ 皮 fi | /θ/ | /s/ 事 sei | /ɕ/ | /x/ | /h/ 海 hai |
| Fricative | voiced | /v/ 文 vun | | /z/ 欲 zok | | | /ɦ/ |
| Nasal | Nasal | /m/ 目 mak | /n/ 念 niam | /n/ 念 niam | | /ŋ/ 乐 ngak | |
| Approximant | Approximant | /w/ 发 wat | /l/ 老 lao | /l/ 老 lao | /j/ 肉 yok | | |
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Present in the Banqiao dialect.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Present in the Haikou dialect.
* 1 2 3 4 Present in the Wenchang dialect, where there is a phonemic distinction between voiced and implosive stop consonants.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Present in the Wenchang dialect.
* ↑ Not usually transcribed as /ɠ/, and not phonemically distinct from /g/ in the Wenchang dialect or from /ŋ/ in other Hainanese varieties.
Many of the most widely spoken varieties of Hainanese notably have a series of implosive consonants, /ɓ/ and /ɗ/, which were acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probably Hlai. However, more conservative varieties of Hainanese such as Banqiao remain closer to Teochew and other varieties of Southern Min, lack them.
The consonant system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of Hokkien, but it has had some restructuring. In particular:
* Etymological plain stops have undergone implosivization (*p > [ɓ], *t > [ɗ]) in the more innovative varieties such as Wenchang and Haikou.
* Etymological aspirated stops have spirantized (*pʰ > [ɸ], *tʰ > [h], *tsʰ > [ɕ], *kʰ > [h~x]) in more innovative varieties.
* The lenition of an historic *b into [v] in Banqiao and Haikou, though not in Wenchang.
* Former *s has hardened into a stop (*s > [t]), although in the more conservative Banqiao dialect some instances have only undergone fortition to (*s > [θ]), and others have remained [s].
* Former *h has become [ɦ] in Wenchang.
Additionally, [ʑ] is an allophone of /j/.
These changes also make Hainanese fairly close to Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary.
| Chinese character | Mandarin | Taiwanese Hokkien | Haikou Hainanese | Sino-Vietnamese |
| 邪 | xié | siâ | dia2 | da |
| 仙 | xiān | sian | din1 | tiên |
| 散 | sàn | suànn | dan4 | tàn |
| 跡 | jì | jiak | di1 | tích |
| 神 | shén | sîn | din2 | thần |
| 痴 | chī | chi | si1 | si |

### Vowels

Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels.
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | /i/ | | /u/ |
| Close-mid | /e/ | | /o/ |
| Open-mid | /ɛ/ | | /ɔ/ |
| Open | | /a/ | |

### Tones

Tone chart of the Hainan dialect :
| Tone number | Tone name | Tone contour | Example |
| 1 | yin ping (阴平) | ˨˦ (24) | 诗 |
| 2 | yang ping (阳平) | ˨˩ (21) | 时 |
| 3 | yin shang (阴上) | ˨˩˩ (211) | 死 |
| 4 | yin qu (阴去) | ˧˥ (35) | 四 |
| 5 | yang qu (阳去) | ˧ (33) | 是 |
| 6 | yin ru (阴入) | ˥ (5) | 失 |
| 7 | yang ru (阳入) | ˧ (3) | 实 |
| 8 | chang ru (长入) | ˥ (55) | 视 |

## Romanization
### Hainanese Pinyin

Hainanese Pinyin (海南话拼音方案) is a phonetic system announced by the Education Administration Department of Guangdong Province in September 1960. It marks tones with numbers.

#### Initials

| IPA | Hainanese Pinyin | Bǽh-oe-tu | Example |
| /ɓ/ | b | b | 北 |
| /p/ | b | p | 波 |
| /pʰ/ | p | ph | 坡 |
| /ɸ/ | p | f | 皮 |
| /m/ | m | m | 摩 |
| /b/ | v | b | ? |
| /v/ | v | v | 无 |
| /t/ | d | t | 装 |
| /ɗ/ | dd | d | 刀 |
| /n/ | n | n | 挪 |
| /l/ | l | l | 罗 |
| /k/ | g | k | 哥 |
| /ŋ/ | ng | g | 俄 |
| /x/ | h | kh | 可 |
| /h/ | hh | h | 号 |
| /ɠ/ | gh | g | 我 |
| /ts/ | z | c | 支 |
| /s/ | s | s | 妻 |
| /z/ | y | j | 余 |

#### Finals

| IPA | Hainanese Pinyin | Bǽh-oe-tu | Example |
| /a/ | a | a | 亚 |
| /o/ | o | o | 荷 |
| /ɛ/ | e | e | 摩 |
| /i/ | i | i | 医 |
| /u/ | u | u | 呜 |
| ai | ai | ai | 哀 |
| ɔi | oi | oi | 鞋 |
| au | ao | au | 喉 |
| ia | ia | ia | 也 |
| iɔ | io | io | 腰 |
| ua | ua | oa | 换 |
| ue | ue | oe | 话 |
| ui | ui | oi | 威 |
| uai | uai | oai | 坏 |
| ɔu | ou | ou | 黑 |
| iu | iu | iu | 柚 |
| iau | iao | iau | 妖 |
| iam | iam | iam | 厌 |
| im | im | im | 音 |
| am | am | am | 暗 |
| an | an | an | 安 |
| in | in | in | 烟 |
| un | un | un | 温 |
| uan | uan | oan | 弯 |
| aŋ | ang | ag | 红 |
| eŋ | eng | eg | 英 |
| ɔŋ | ong | og | 翁 |
| iaŋ | iang | iag | 央 |
| uaŋ | uang | oag | 汪 |
| iɔŋ | iong | iog | 匈 |
| ip | ib | ib | 邑 |
| iap | iab | iab | 协 |
| at | ad | at | 遏 |
| it | id | it | 乙 |
| ut | ud | ut | 核 |
| uat | uad | oat | 挖 |
| ak | ag | ak | 鹤 |
| ek | eg | ek | 益 |
| ok | og | ok | 喔 |
| iok | iog | iok | 育 |
| uak | uag | oak | 廓 |
| -ʔ | -h | -h | 不 |