# 2025 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2025.

## Flora
### Fungi
#### Newly named fungi

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes |
| Palaeomicrothyrium | Gen. et sp. nov | | Kundu et al. | Miocene | | India | A microthyriaceous fungus. The type species is P. miocenicum. |
| Veterisphaera | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Moore & Krings | Devonian | Rhynie chert | United Kingdom | A fungal reproductive unit. The type species is V. dumosa. |
| Zygosporium palaeomasonii | Sp. nov | | Kundu & Khan | Miocene | | India | A member of Xylariales belonging to the family Zygosporiaceae. |

#### Mycological research

* Hodgson et al. (2025) present a global dataset of Cenozoic fungi records.

## Cnidarians

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes |
| Arenactinia | Gen. et sp. nov | | Barroso et al. | Silurian | Ipu Formation | Brazil | A sea anemone. The type species is A. ipuensis. |
| ?Diploctenium chilensis | Sp. nov | Valid | Collado & Galleguillos | Paleocene | Trihueco Formation | Chile | A member of the family Meandrinidae. |
| Pleurodictyum nerydelgadoi | Sp. nov | Valid | Domingos, Callapez & Legoinha | Devonian | | Portugal | A tabulate coral. |
| Sutherlandia gzheliensis | Sp. nov | Valid | Krutykh, Mirantsev & Rozhnov | Carboniferous (Gzhelian) | Moscow Syneclise | Russia | A favositid coral. Published online in 2025, but the issue date is listed as December 2024. |
| Tavsenicoralla | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Peel | Cambrian (Wuliuan) | Henson Gletscher Formation | Greenland | A coralomorph cnidarian. The type species is T. avannaa. |

### Cnidarian research

* Evidence from the study of specimens of Sphenothallus cf. longissimus from the Ordovician (Katian) strata in Estonia, indicative of enhanced phosphatic biomineralization in the studied cnidarian, is presented by Vinn & Madison (2025).

## Brachiopods

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
| Nalivkinathyris | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Baranov, Kebrie-ee Zade & Blodgett | Devonian (Famennian) | Khoshyeilagh Formation | Iran | A member of the family Athyrididae. The type species is N. damganensis. Published online in 2025, but the issue date is listed as December 2024. | |

### Brachiopod research

* A study on the taxonomic diversity of Mediterranean brachiopods throughout the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, providing evidence of faunal losses coinciding with oceanic anoxic events, is published by Vörös & Szives (2025).

## Echinoderms

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes |
| Brissus jonesi | Sp. nov | Valid | Osborn, Portell & Mooi | Eocene | Ocala Limestone | United States ( Florida) | A species of Brissus. |
| Cherbonniericrinus pliocenicus | Sp. nov | Valid | Roux, Thuy & Gale | Pliocene | | Indian Ocean (Rodrigues Ridge) | A crinoid belonging to the family Rhizocrinidae. |
| Durhamella tetrapora | Sp. nov | Valid | Osborn, Portell & Mooi | Eocene | Ocala Limestone | United States ( Florida) | A sea urchin belonging to the family Neolaganidae. |
| Eupatagus dumonti | Sp. nov | Valid | Osborn, Portell & Mooi | Oligocene | Suwannee Limestone | United States ( Florida) | A sea urchin belonging to the family Eupatagidae. |
| Gasterocoma americana | Comb. nov | Valid | (Hall) | Devonian | | United States ( New York) | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Myrtillocrinus americanus Hall. |
| Gasterocoma briareus | Comb. nov | Valid | (Schultze) | Devonian | | Germany | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Taxocrinus briareus Schultze. |
| Gasterocoma curta | Comb. nov | Valid | (Schmidt) | Devonian | | Germany | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Myrtillocrinus curtus Schmidt. |
| Gasterocoma eifeliana | Comb. nov | Valid | (Müller) | Devonian | | Germany | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Lecythocrinus eifelianus Müller. |
| Gasterocoma eifeliense | Comb. nov | Valid | (Müller) | Devonian | | Germany | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Ceramocrinus eifeliensis Müller. |
| Gasterocoma elongata | Comb. nov | Valid | (Sandberger & Sandberger) | Devonian | | Germany | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Myrtillocrinus elongatus Sandberger & Sandberger. |
| Gasterocoma extensa | Comb. nov | Valid | (Wachsmuth & Springer) | Devonian | | United States ( Ohio) | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Arachnocrinus extensus Wachsmuth & Springer. |
| Gasterocoma ignota | Comb. nov | Valid | (Stauffer) | Devonian | | Canada ( Ontario) | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Arachnocrinus ignotus Stauffer. |
| Gasterocoma knappi | Comb. nov | Valid | (Wachsmuth & Springer) | Devonian | | United States ( Indiana) | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Arachnocrinus knappi Wachsmuth & Springer. |
| Gasterocoma onondagensis | Nom. nov | Valid | Bohatý, Ausich & Ebert | Devonian | | United States ( New York) | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; a replacement name for Schultzicrinus(?) elongatus Springer. |
| Gasterocoma orbiculata | Comb. nov | Valid | (Dubatolova) | Devonian | | Russia | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Myrtillocrinus orbiculatus Dubatolova. |
| Gasterocoma (?) robusta | Comb. nov | Valid | (Goldring) | Devonian | | United States ( New York) | A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Mictocrinus robustus Goldring. |
| Kukrusecrinus | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Rozhnov | Ordovician (Darriwilian and Sandbian) | | Estonia | A crinoid belonging to group Camerata and to the family Colpodecrinidae. The type species is K. stellatus. Published online in 2025, but the issue date is listed as December 2024. |
| Paraconocrinus rodriguesensis | Sp. nov | Valid | Roux, Thuy & Gale | Pliocene | | Indian Ocean (Rodrigues Ridge) | A crinoid belonging to the family Rhizocrinidae. |
| Plagiobrissus cassadyi | Sp. nov | Valid | Osborn, Portell & Mooi | Oligocene | Marianna Limestone | United States ( Florida) | A species of Plagiobrissus. |
| Prionocidaris robertsi | Sp. nov | Valid | Osborn, Portell & Mooi | Eocene | Ocala Limestone | United States ( Florida) | A species of Prionocidaris. |
| Rhyncholampas bao | Sp. nov | Valid | Osborn, Portell & Mooi | Eocene | Ocala Limestone | United States ( Florida) | A species of Rhyncholampas. |
| Rhyncholampas mariannaensis | Sp. nov | Valid | Osborn, Portell & Mooi | Eocene | Ocala Limestone | United States ( Florida) | A species of Rhyncholampas. |
| Schizaster carlsoni | Sp. nov | Valid | Osborn, Portell & Mooi | Oligocene | Suwannee Limestone | United States ( Florida) | A species of Schizaster. |
| Weisbordella inglisensis | Sp. nov | Valid | Osborn, Portell & Mooi | Eocene | Ocala Limestone | United States ( Florida) | A sea urchin belonging to the family Neolaganidae. |
| Weisbordella libum | Sp. nov | Valid | Osborn, Portell & Mooi | Eocene | Ocala Limestone | United States ( Florida) | A sea urchin belonging to the family Neolaganidae. |

### Echinoderm research

* Guenser et al. (2025) report evidence of concentration of research on the fossil record of stylophorans in the higher-income countries, regardless of the origin of the studied fossil material, throughout the history of the study of this group, including evidence that the majority of studies on fossils from the Global South published between 1925 and 1999 did not include local collaborators, and evidence of transfer of fossil material from countries of the Global South to countries of the Global North.
* An indeterminate solanocrinitid representing the first known opalized comatulid crinoid reported to date is described from the Cretaceous strata in South Australia by Salamon, Kapitany & Płachno (2025).
* Evidence from the study of the fossil record of Paleozoic echinoids, indicating that inclusion of unpublished museum specimens can strongly affect the results of the studies of biogeography and evolution of groups known from fossils, is presented by Dean & Thompson (2025).

## Hemichordates
### Hemichordate research

* The conclusions of the study of Saulsbury et al. (2023), which found that the survivorship of the Ordovician and Silurian graptoloids is consistent with the neutral theory of biodiversity and that this theory can be used to formulate hypotheses on changes in ancient ecosystems, are contested by Johnson (2025) and reaffirmed by Saulsbury et al. (2025).
* Gao, Tan & Wang (2025) consider the double-helical rotating locomotion as most likely for Dicellograptus, and argue that evolution from Jiangxigraptus to Dicellograptus involved selection for improvement in hydrodynamic characteristics.
* Evidence indicating that the decline of graptolite diversity in the Prague Basin during the Lundgreni Event was related to increased oxygenation of offshore environments is presented by Frýda & Frýdová (2025).

## Conodonts

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
| Acanthodistacodus | Gen. et comb. nov | Valid | Tolmacheva, Dronov & Lykov | Ordovician | | Russia | The type species is "Scolopodus" consimilis Moskalenko, (1973); genus also includes A. compositus (Moskalenko, 1973). Published online in 2025, but the issue date is listed as December 2024. | |

### Conodont research

* A study on the morphological variation of oral elements of members of the genus Polygnathus from the Devonian/Carboniferous transition is published by Nesme et al. (2025), who find evidence of reduced morphological variation in larger elements than in smaller ones, interpreted as indicative of increase in functional constraints on large-sized Polygnathus elements.
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships, biogeography and biostratigraphy of members of the genus Gnathodus is published by Wang, Hu & Wang (2025).

## Amphibians

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
| Xerocephalella | Gen. et comb. nov | Valid | Muzzopappa, Bargo & Vizcaíno | Paleocene and Eocene | Salamanca Formation | Argentina | A new genus for "Calyptocephalella" sabrosa Muzzopappa et al. (2020); genus also includes "Calyptocephalella" pichileufensis Gómez, Báez & Muzzopappa (2011). | |

### Amphibian research

* Redescription of the anatomy of Calligenethlon watsoni is published by Adams et al. (2025).
* A study on the body size, morphological diversity, biogeography and feeding ecology of temnospondyls throughout the Triassic is published by Mehmood et al. (2025).
* A study on the parasphenoids of Early Triassic trematosauroids and capitosaurs from the European part of Russia, providing evidence of differences of the levator scapulae muscles of the studied temnospondyls that were likely related to differences of their lifestyles, is published by Morkovin (2025).
* A study on the structure of tissue of the dermal pectoral bones of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis is published by Kalita, Teschner & Konietzko-Meier (2025).
* Skutschas, Kolchanov & Syromyatnikova (2025) report evidence of presence of pedicellate teeth in karaurids, interpreted as confirming the neotenic nature of the studied specimens.
* Redescription of the anatomy of Vieraella herbstii is published by Báez & Nicoli (2025).
* Jenkins et al. (2025) redescribe the skull of Hapsidopareion lepton, consider Llistrofus pricei to represent a junior synonym of this species, and reevaluate the affinities of recumbirostrans, recovering them as a clade of stem-amniotes.

## Synapsids
### Non-mammalian synapsids

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
| Arboroharamiya fuscus | Sp. nov | Valid | Li et al. | Jurassic | Tiaojishan Formation | China | | |
| Bienotheroides wucaiensis | Sp. nov | | Liu et al. | Late Jurassic | Shishugou Formation | China | A tritylodontid cynodont. | |

#### Synapsid research

* Evidence from a comparative study of skull anatomy of non-mammalian synapsids and extant chameleons, interpreted as consistent with the presence a mandibular middle ear in early synapsids, is presented by Olroyd & Kopperud (2025).
* Macungo, Benoit & Araújo (2025) describe fossil material of Inostrancevia africana from the Permian strata of the K6a2 Member of the Metangula graben (Mozambique), supporting its correlation with the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone in South Africa.
* Medina et al. (2025) provide new information on the anatomy of the cranial endocast of Massetognathus pascuali, and describe the maxillary canal of the studied cynodont.
* New specimen of Exaeretodon riograndensis, providing new information on the postcranial anatomy of members of this species, is described by Kerber et al. (2025).
* New information on the skull anatomy of Trucidocynodon riograndensis is provided by Kerber et al. (2025).
* Dotto et al. (2025) describe fossil material of a prozostrodontian cynodont from the Upper Triassic strata from the Buriol site (Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Brazil), providing new information on the morphological diversity of teeth of Carnian probainognathians.
* Hai et al. (2025) describe a mandible of a juvenile specimen of Sinoconodon rigneyi from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation (China), providing new information on tooth replacement in members of this species.
* Tumelty & Lautenschlager (2025) study the skull anatomy of Hadrocodium wui, and interpret the studied mammaliaform as not fully fossorial.

### Mammals
## Other animals

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes |
| Archaeaphorme | Gen. et sp. nov | | Botting et al. | Ordovician (Hirnantian) | Anji Biota | China | A hexactinellid sponge. The type species is A. conica. |
| Charnia ewinoni | Sp. nov | Valid | Pasinetti et al. | Ediacaran | | Canada ( Newfoundland and Labrador) | |
| Crateromorpha? (Neopsacas?) macrospicula | Sp. nov | | Botting et al. | Ordovician (Hirnantian) | Anji Biota | China | A hexactinellid sponge. |
| Crestjahitus groenlandicus | Sp. nov | Valid | Peel | Cambrian (Wuliuan) | Henson Gletscher Formation | Greenland | A member of Hyolithida. |
| Cryptothelion sujkowskii | Sp. nov | Valid | Świerczewska-Gładysz & Jurkowska | Late Cretaceous (Campanian) | | Poland | A demosponge. |
| Elegantilites custos | Sp. nov | | Valent, Fatka & Budil | Ordovician | Dobrotivá Formation | Czech Republic | A member of Hyolitha. |
| Eorosselloides | Gen. et sp. nov | | Botting et al. | Ordovician (Hirnantian) | Anji Biota | China | A hexactinellid sponge. The type species is E. antiquus. |
| Fimbulispina | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Peel | Cambrian (Drumian) | Fimbuldal Formation | China  Greenland | A relative of gnathiferans, particularly resembling Dakorhachis. The type species is F. laurentica. |
| Pseudanoxycalyx | Gen. et sp. nov | | Botting et al. | Ordovician (Hirnantian) | Anji Biota | China | A hexactinellid sponge. The type species is P. verrucosus. |
| Scalidodendron | Gen. et sp. nov | | Mussini & Butterfield | Cambrian | Hess River Formation | Canada | A scalidophoran. The type species is S. crypticum. |

### Other animal research

* Evidence of similarity of growth and mortality dynamics of Parvancorina minchami and extant small marine invertebrates is presented by Ivantsov et al. (2025).
* Zhao et al. (2025) describe disc-like fossils from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation (China), preserving possibly remnants of the perioral musculature and innervation, and interpreted as probable fossils of eumetazoan-grade organisms.
* Wu et al. (2025) describe fossil material of Charnia masoni and C. gracilis from the Ediacaran Zhoujieshan Formation (China), extending known geographic distribution of Charnia and demonstrating that it likely persisted into the latest Ediacaran.
* A study on possible causes of decline of stromatoporoid diversity during the early Devonian is published by Stock et al. (2025).
* Evidence from the study of Cambrian scalidophoran fossils, interpreted as indicating that the ventral nerve cord was ancestrally unpaired in scalidophorans, priapulids and possibly ecdysozoans in general, is presented by Wang et al. (2025).
* Slater (2025) describes Cambrian protoconodonts preserved as small carbonaceous fossils from the Lontova Formation (Estonia) and from the Borgholm Formation (Sweden), and interprets the studied fossils as indicating that bilaterians with chaetognath-like grasping spines diverged by the latest Ediacaran.
* A study on fossil material of the tommotiid Lapworthella fasciculata from the Cambrian strata in Australia is published by Bicknell et al. (2025), who report evidence of increase of thickness of sclerites of L. fasciculata and increase of the frequency of perforated sclerites through time, and interpret these findings as the oldest evidence of evolutionary arms race between predator and prey reported to date.
* Vinn et al. (2025) describe soft body impressions of Devonian tentaculitids from Armenia, and interpret reconstructed muscle system of tentaculitids as supporting their placement within Lophotrochozoa and possibly within Lophophorata.
* New information on the morphology and growth pattern of the microconchid species Aculeiconchus sandbergi is provided by Opitek et al. (2025).
* Ma et al. (2025) describe fossil material of Pomatrum cf. P. ventralis from the Balang Formation (China), extending known range of this species to Cambrian Stage 4 and representing its first known record from outside the Chengjiang Biota.

## Foraminifera

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes |
| Bolivilongella | Gen. et 2 sp. nov | Valid | Ismail et al. | Miocene | | Egypt | A member of Bolivinoididae. Genus includes B. longata and B. semilongata. |
| Bulbobaculites attashensis | Sp. nov | Valid | Jalloh & Kaminski in Jalloh et al. | Middle Jurassic (Callovian) | Dhruma Formation | Saudi Arabia | A member of Lituolida belonging to the family Ammobaculinidae. |
| Calvezina anatolica | Sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Changhsingian) | | Turkey | A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae. |
| Canalispina zagrosia | Sp. nov | | Ghanbarloo, Safari & Görmüş | Late Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian) | Tarbur Formation | Iran | A member of the family Siderolitidae. |
| Eomarginulinella galinae | Sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Changhsingian) | | Turkey | A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae. |
| Flabellogaudryina | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Kaminski & Korin | Eocene | Rashrashiyah Formation | Saudi Arabia | A member of Pseudogaudryininae. The type species is F. sirhanensis. |
| Glomomidiellopsis? okayi | Sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Capitanian to Changhsingian) | | Cambodia  Turkey | A member of Miliolata belonging to the family Hemigordiopsidae. |
| Hensonidendra | Gen. et 2 sp. nov | Valid | Peel | Cambrian (Wuliuan) | Henson Gletscher Formation | Greenland | An organism of uncertain affinities, with similarities to cyanobacteria from the family Epiphytaceae. The type species is H. tavsenica; genus also includes H. hensoniensis. |
| Laugephakos | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Peel | Cambrian (Wuliuan) | Henson Gletscher Formation | Greenland | Tubes of an organism of uncertain affinities. The type species is L. groenlandicus. |
| Loftusia tarburica | Sp. nov | | Ghanbarloo, Safari & Görmüş | Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) | Tarbur Formation | Iran | A member of the family Loftusiidae. |
| Omphalocyclus tarburensis | Sp. nov | | Ghanbarloo, Safari & Görmüş | Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) | Tarbur Formation | Iran | A member of the family Orbitoididae. |
| Paraglobivalvulina? intermedia | Sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Capitanian to Changhsingian) | | Turkey | A member of Fusulinata belonging to the family Globivalvulinidae. |
| Plectorobuloides | Gen. et sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Changhsingian) | | Turkey | A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae. The type species is P. taurica. |
| Pseudocryptomorphina | Gen. et sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Changhsingian) | | Turkey | A member of Nodosariata, possibly belonging to the family Robuloididae. The type species is P. amplimuralis. |
| Pseudomidiella sahini | Sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Changhsingian) | | Turkey | A member of Miliolata belonging to the family Midiellidae. |
| Pseudorobuloides | Gen. et sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Lopingian) | | Iran  Turkey | A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae. The type species is P. reicheli. |
| Robuloides lata | Sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Changhsingian) | | Turkey | A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae. |
| Robuloides? rettorii | Sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Changhsingian) | | Turkey | A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae. |
| Robustopachyphloia farinacciae | Sp. nov | | Altıner et al. | Permian (Changhsingian) | | Turkey | A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Pachyphloiidae. |
| Siderolites persica | Sp. nov | | Ghanbarloo, Safari & Görmüş | Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) | Tarbur Formation | Iran | A member of the family Siderolitidae. |

### Foraminiferal research

* A study on the composition of planktic foraminiferal assemblages from the Atlantic Ocean during the Eocene, providing evidence that they lacked resilience during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, is published by Sigismondi et al. (2025).

## Other organisms

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes |
| Bullatosphaera? colliformis | Sp. nov | Valid | Ouyang et al. | Ediacaran | Doushantuo Formation | China | An acanthomorph acritarch. |
| Cycliomedusa | Sp. nov | | Zhao et al. | Ediacaran | Dengying Formation | China | A discoidal macrofossil, reminiscent of the medusae and other medusoid forms from the Neoproterozoic. The type species is C. jiangchuanensis. |
| Eotylotopalla inflata | Sp. nov | Valid | Ouyang et al. | Ediacaran | Doushantuo Formation | China | An acanthomorph acritarch. |
| Nyfrieslandia kelimoli | Sp. nov | | Wu et al. | Ordovician (Darriwilian) | Kelimoli Formation | China | A radiolarian. |
| Verrucosphaera? undulata | Sp. nov | Valid | Ouyang et al. | Ediacaran | Doushantuo Formation | China | An acanthomorph acritarch. |

### Research on other organisms

* Saint Martin et al. (2025) identify body fossils of Palaeopascichnus in the Neoproterozoic Histria Formation (Romania), providing evidence of the Ediacaran age of the studied formation.

## History of life in general

* Evidence from experiments with algal-derived particulate matter in conditions similar to those of the late Neoproterozoic water column, interpreted as indicating that the appearance of algal particulate matter at the seafloor during the Neoproterozoic rise of the algae likely stimulated growth and activity of phagotrophs living in the anoxic conditions, is presented by Mills et al. (2025).
* Review of changes of organismal and community ecology during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition is published by Mitchell & Pates (2025).
* Evidence of changes of composition of fossil assemblages from chert Lagerstätten from the Yangtze craton (China) during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition is presented by Luo & Zhu (2025).
* Reijenga & Close (2025) study the fossil record of Phanerozoic marine animals, and argue that purported evidence of a relationship between the duration of studied clades and their rates of origination and extinction can be explained by incomplete fossil sampling.
* Review of the ecology and evolution of endobionts associated with corals throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Vinn, Zapalski & Wilson (2025).
* Maletz et al. (2025) revise Paleozoic fossils with similarities to feathers, and interpret the studied fossil material as including remains of macroalgae, hydrozoan cnidarians and graptolites.
* Evidence of the impact of the appearance and subsequent extinction of archaeocyath reefs on the abundance of Cambrian animals is presented by Pruss (2025).
* Revision of the Cambrian fauna from the Sæterdal Formation (Greenland), including fossils of trilobites, brachiopods and a hyolith, is published by Peel (2025).
* Mussini & Butterfield (2025) report the discovery of a new assemblage of small carbonaceous fossils from the Cambrian Hess River Formation (Northwest Territories, Canada), including remains of wiwaxiids, annelids, brachiopods, chaetognaths, scalidophorans, arthropods and pterobranchs.
* A Burgess-Shale-type fauna occupying a peritidal habitat near the outer margin of a sea is described from the Cambrian (Guzhangian) Pika Formation (Alberta, Canada) by Mussini, Veenma & Butterfield (2025), providing new information ecological tolerances of Cambrian marine animals.
* Early evidence of colonization of gastropod shells by corals is reported from the Ordovician strata in Estonia by Vinn et al. (2025).
* Evidence from the study of the trace fossil record ranging from the Ediacaran to the Devonian, interpreted as indicative of establishment of modern-style deep-marine benthic ecosystem during the Ordovician after 100 million years of protracted evolution, is presented by Buatois et al. (2025).
* Vinn et al. (2025) report new evidence of symbiotic associations between worms and tabulate corals from the Ordovician and Silurian strata in Estonia, including evidence of symbiotic relationships between tabulates and cornulitids spanning from the late Katian to the Ludfordian.
* Zong et al. (2025) report the discovery of a new assemblage of well-preserved fossils (the Huangshi Fauna) in the Silurian (Rhuddanian) strata in south China, including fossils of sponges, cephalopods, arthropods and carbon film fossils of uncertain identity.
* A study on the mandibular morphology of Devonian to Permian stem and crown tetrapods is published by Berks et al. (2025), who report evidence of a spike in morphological diversity in the Gzhelian, interpreted as related to the evolution of herbivory.
* A study on the fossil record of conodonts and carbon isotope of bulk rock from the Naqing, Narao and Shanglong sections in southern Guizhou (China), providing evidence of timing of biotic changes during the Moscovian and Kasimovian, is published by Wang et al. (2025).
* Natural casts of burrows that were possibly produced by small tetrapods are described from the Permian (Asselian) Słupiec Formation (Poland) by Sadlok (2025).
* Evidence from the study of animal and plant fossils from the Lower Triassic Heshanggou Formation (China), indicative of the presence of a diverse riparian ecosystem 2 million years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is presented by Guo et al. (2025).
* Review of the fossil record of Triassic terrestrial tetrapods from the Central European Basin is published by Mujal et al. (2025).
* A study on the assemblage of fossil teeth from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) strata from the Montseny area (Spain), providing evidence of presence of capitosaur temnospondyls, procolophonids, archosauromorphs and indeterminate diapsids, is published by Riccetto et al. (2025).
* Evidence of similarity of processes of reef rubble consolidation and regeneration observed in Late Triassic reefs from the Dachstein platform (Austria) and in modern coral reefs is presented by Godbold et al. (2025).
* Stone et al. (2025) compare the composition of Pliensbachian reefs from lagoonal and platform edge settings in the Central High Atlas (Morocco), and identify environmental differences resulting in development of two different reef types.
* Evidence from the study of the fossil record of Early Jurassic brachiopods, gastropods and bivalves from the epicontinental seas of the north-western Tethys Ocean, indicative of a relationship between the thermal suitability of the studied animals and changes of their occupancy in response to climate changes during the Pliensbachian and Toarcian, is presented by Reddin et al. (2025).
* Petrizzo et al. (2025) compare the impact of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event on different groups of marine biocalcifiers, and report evidence of higher vulnerability of large benthic foraminifera and rudist bivalves compared to other studied groups, likely caused by extremely high and fluctuating sea surface temperature.
* Perea et al. (2025) report the discovery of bioerosion traces on dinosaur bones from the Upper Cretaceous Guichón Formation (Uruguay), interpreted as likely produced by beetles (probably dermestids) and small vertebrate scavengers (possibly multituberculate mammals).
* Description of bird and squamate tracks from the Eocene Clarno Formation and feliform and ungulate tracks from the Oligocene John Day Formation (John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon, United States) is published by Bennett, Famoso & Hembree (2025).
* Lallensack, Leonardi & Falkingham (2025) organized a comprehensive list of 277 terms used in tetrapod trace fossil research.

## Other research

* Review of the Earth system processes and their impact on the evolution of life during the "Boring Billion" is published by Mukherjee et al. (2025).
* Evidence of a link between marine iodine cycle and stability of the ozone layer throughout Earth's history, resulting in an unstable ozone layer until approximately 500 million years ago that might have restricted complex life to the ocean prior to its stabilization, is presented by Liu et al. (2025).
* Evidence of slow accumulation of Australian sediments preserving Archean mudrocks with high organic content is presented by Lotem et al. (2025), who interpret their findings as consistent with lower primary productivity in Archean than in present times.
* Farrell et al. (2025) present a global Furongian time scale, date Furongian as beginning approximately 494,5 million years ago and ending approximately 487,3 million years ago, and interpret the Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion as lasting approximately 2,6 million years.
* Cowen et al. (2025) study the geochemistry of dental tissue of Devonian fish fossils from Svalbard (Norway) and Cretaceous lungfish and plesiosaur fossils from Australia, and interpret their findings as indicative of preservation of the primary chemical composition of the bioapatite in the studied fossils.
* Evidence indicating that the volcanic activity that formed the Ontong Java Nui basaltic plateau complex was synchronous with the Selli Event is presented by Matsumoto et al. (2025).
* Albert et al. (2025) provide new information on the Cretaceous Densuș-Ciula Formation (Romania), reporting evidence indicating that the lower part of the formation covers part of the Campanian, and evidence indicating that the shift from marine to continental deposition recorded in the formation happened by middle late Campanian.
* Evidence of a link between large-scale Deccan Traps volcanism and global changes in climate near the end of the Cretaceous is presented by Westerhold et al. (2025).
* Rodiouchkina et al. (2025) report evidence interpreted as indicating that the amount of sulfur released by Chicxulub impact was approximately 5 times lower than inferred from previous estimates, resulting in milder impact winter scenario during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition.
* New information on the chronology of the Miocene fossil sites from central Anatolia (Turkey) is provided by Tholt et al. (2025).

### Paleoclimate

* Evidence of low atmospheric CO$_2$ levels throughout the main phase of the late Paleozoic icehouse, and of rapid increase in atmospheric CO$_2$ between 296 and 291 million years ago, is presented by Jurikova et al. (2025).
* Lu et al. (2025) report evidence from the study of palynological assemblages and clay mineralogy of the Kazuo Basin (Liaoning, China) indicative of a dry and hot climatic event during the early Aptian, interpreted as likely synchronous with the Selli Event.
* Evidence indicating that abrupt climate changes during the Last Glacial Period increased pyrogenic methane emissions and global wildfire extent is presented by Riddell-Young et al. (2025).
* Geochemical evidence from the study of a speleothem from the Herbstlabyrinth Cave (Germany), interpreted as indicating that the Laacher See eruption was not directly linked to the Younger Dryas cooling in Greenland and Europe, is presented by Warken et al. (2025).