# St. George Utah Temple

The St. George Utah Temple, formerly known as the St. George Temple, is a temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in southwestern St. George, Utah. After the death of Joseph Smith, their prophet, pioneers migrated west and established the temple in southwestern Utah, completing it in March 1877. It was the first completed in Utah, to meet an immediate need to conduct temple ceremonies.
The temple was built over swampy land. Workers created a dry foundation by using a French cannon, used by Napoleon during his Russian campaign, which they lifted thirty feet to use as a pile driver for compacting the foundation. For more than six years, members contributed to the temple, which included daily travel to the work site, and dedicating one day out of ten as a form of tithing labor. Brigham Young, the president of the church, considered the completed cupola too short. Two years after he died, a lightning strike razed the tower, and the reconstructed height of the tower was doubled to his desired height. It is the oldest temple in active use by the church and the only one completed during Young's tenure.
In August 1877, Wilford Woodruff, then the temple president, recorded that the spirits of "eminent" historical figures manifested themselves to him in the temple and requested that ordinances be performed on their behalf. These were recorded by Woodruff over the span of two days and nights, which lead to proxy baptisms and endowment ceremonies being performed for 100 historical men and women.
Truman O. Angell designed the temple with interior structural similarities to the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples. It has exterior elements that give it the appearance of a fortified castle. It has three ordinance rooms and 18 sealing rooms, covering a total floor area of 143,969 square feet (13,400 m$^2$). Its architectural style combines Neo-Gothic and French Norman Revival design. Dedicated in April 1877, the St. George Temple was the first where members could complete all temple ordinances for the dead. The temple has gone through ten major renovations throughout its history. Only church members with a current temple recommend may enter, while the nearby visitors' center is open to the public.

## History

As part of a "cotton mission", an initiative announced during general conference, 309 men and their families were called upon to bolster the regional economy through cotton production, to settle the area that became St. George. Bruce C. Hafen has said of those assembled that there were "mixed emotions", as this was the first that they had heard about it. Andrew Karl Larson wrote of the event that the groups response resembled a comment and a shout of apostle Erastus Snow: "Glory! Hallelujah!" Hafen also described that this response was characteristic of those called to live in the area. The settlement period posed challenges of starvation and economic hardship.

### Planning

Brigham Young, the second church president, called a special meeting on January 31, 1871, in which he proposed the idea of constructing a temple in St. George. This was agreed to with a unanimous vote. Projects in the area were still underway, such as the St. George Tabernacle. The temple's site dedication and groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 9, 1871. Young selected St. George for the temple's location due to the presence of loyal area church members and a desire to unify a region considered challenging to settle. The temple's construction provided both employment and a source of economic stability. Because the area had a similar climate to the deep south and was intended to grow cotton, the members began to call it Utah's "Dixie".
At the time of the St. George Temple's announcement, the Salt Lake Temple was still in the early stages of construction and would not be completed until 1893. The St. George Temple met an immediate need for a place to conduct temple ceremonies. The temple became the third completed by the church (besides the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples) and the first in Utah following the member migration westward after the death of church founder Joseph Smith. It is the first in the list of operating temples. The St. George Temple was the first place where the endowment was performed on behalf of deceased individuals, also making it the first temple where all temple ordinances could be performed for the dead, and the opening of this temple renewed the practice of sealings on behalf of deceased individuals (since the migration from Nauvoo). Up until this point, the wording of the temple ordinances were given verbally and by memory until the St. George Temple was dedicated, where the ordinances were written down for the first time.

### Construction

Young sent scouts to explore potential sites for the temple. When local leaders stated that they were unable to choose a site for the temple, Young took them on a wagon ride and selected a site southwest of St. George. Young chose a six-acre plot as the temple site, and, despite health difficulties, supervised construction from his nearby home. The chosen site of the temple had swampy conditions. Some workmen suggested relocation, but Young stated that they would build a foundation, and kept the same site. A 1942 interview with a local resident stated that Young said the location had been dedicated by ancient Nephites for a temple. However, this account surfaced nearly 70 years after Young's death and is not documented during his lifetime.
To address the conditions, workers created drains to eliminate as much water as possible before adding in stone for the foundation. Teams of oxen brought large lava rocks from a nearby quarry in Little Cottonwood Canyon to the site to be crushed into gravel, creating a dry foundation. Workmen suggested using a cannon the city had acquired to crush the stone.
Originally of French manufacture, the cannon was employed by Napoleon during his siege on Moscow. The cannon was left behind during his retreat, and it traveled to Siberia, then Alaska, and eventually to California. Members of the Mormon Battalion acquired the cannon, mounted it on wheels, and brought it to Utah. After creating a pulley system using horsepower, workers filled the cannon with lead, encased in timbers, lifted it thirty feet in the air, and used it as a pile driver to compact the foundation. Young advised the workmen to test the foundation's strength by dropping the cannon, and that if it bounced three times, then the foundation was solid.
Following the stabilization of the foundation, construction began. The walls were built with locally sourced red sandstone, finished with a white epoxy paint. Historians James Allen and Glen M. Leonard stated that the temple was a symbol of independence, self sufficiency, with "painstaking handwork" and a great labor of love by the pioneers. They also noted that it was part of a determination to follow the path set by Joseph Smith Jr, with a deep dedication to temple ordinances.
Many worked long hours in the quarry after walking five miles to the site, often for minimal pay, and still contributed half their earnings to the temple. Others donated food, clothing, and other goods to support those working full-time on the construction, and members contributed one day in ten as tithing labor.
Women decorated the interior with handmade carpets, along with fringe made for the altars and pulpits from Utah-produced silk. It took six years to complete construction. At its completion, it contained 1,000,000 board feet (2,000 square meters) of lumber, which had been hand-chopped and hauled 80 miles (100 km). They carved two types of volcanic rock from a nearby quarry. Average stones were about the size of a coffin, and weighed 5,500 pounds.

### Opening and reconstruction

On January 1, 1877, a partial dedication of the temple was held, making the basement, ground floor, and sealing room available for ordinances before the structure was fully completed. The dedication was performed by Wilford Woodruff, Erastus Snow, and Brigham Young Jr..
To commemorate the finished structure, on April 6, 1877, the church's general conference was held there, during which the temple was dedicated. It was dedicated by Daniel H. Wells, Young's second counselor in the First Presidency. It is the only temple completed during Young's tenure as church president and is the oldest still actively used by the church. After the temple was dedicated, members of the church from Arizona would travel a long distance to be married in the temple; this wagon trail was traveled so often by couples that this path was called the Honeymoon Trail.
Young was initially displeased with the height of the tower, he felt that it was squat. Since construction had taken so much time, historians speculate that he did not want to delay the project any longer. In 1883, two years after his death, the tower was struck by lightning, resulting in a fire that destroyed the tower and left the rest of the temple unharmed. Local legends vary in interpretation: some narratives suggest the lightning strike and subsequent fire were perceived as a means to appease Young, while others propose that he may have instigated the event. The reconstructed tower was doubled in height to reflect Young's expressed preference.
In an August 1877 account, Wilford Woodruff said the spirits of the Founding Fathers and other historical figures manifested themselves to him in the St. George Temple. They requested that the rite of the endowment be performed on their behalf, noting that it had not been done despite the Endowment House's long use. Woodruff documented these occurrences over multiple occasions spanning two days and two nights in his personal journals. Subsequently, baptisms and endowments were performed for these individuals in the temple by John D. T. McAllister, Woodruff, and other church members in the area, contributing to ordinance work for a total of 100 men and women. Some historical figures individuals mentioned in these records include George Washington, Christopher Columbus, John Wesley, Marie Antoinette, Jane Austen, and Dolley Madison.

### Renovations and later history

Between 1917 and 2023, the temple had ten renovations, including repairs to the cupola necessitated by a lightning strike. Upgrades in 1917 included an enlargement of the annex. In 1938, significant modifications were made to the floor plan, involving the relocation of endowment rooms from the basement to the main level, the introduction of murals, and the alignment of the temple with architectural trends of the 20th century. In 1975, the annex was expanded to facilitate the transition from live actors to a film presentation of the endowment. The temple was rededicated on November 11-12, 1975 by church president Spencer W. Kimball. In 1977, the temple was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
On November 4, 2019, the temple closed for renovations. During this project, crews removed certain 20th-century additions to restore the original architectural style and incorporated seismic upgrades. Renovations included motifs such as a five-point gold star and a quatrefoil. Other additions included a skylight, a bride's exit, trees and landscaping improvements, an entrance to the baptismal font, steel trusses, murals, a new annex, and updated electrical, heating, and cooling systems. During the renovations completed in 2023, new murals were introduced for each instruction room, commissioned by three different artists. Each was designed to "capture the rugged natural beauty of the southwest Utah landscape." The temple was rededicated on December 10, 2023 by Jeffrey R. Holland, a native of St. George and the acting president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Notable temple presidents include Wilford Woodruff (1877–84); John D. T. McAllister (1884–93); J. Thomas Fyans (1992–95); and Bruce C. Hafen (2010–13).

## Design and access

The temple was designed by Truman O. Angell, under Brigham Young's supervision. Angell, who had worked as a carpenter on the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples, used architectural elements from both. The temple has a rectangular shape made up of two stories, an octagonal spire, and a large assembly hall. The temple is on a 6.5-acre plot (2.6 ha) with multiple pedestrian plazas, along with gardens, seating elements, and a tiered water feature.
While the St. George Temple has a similar overall layout to the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples, the exterior designs differ. The temple combines castellated (resembling fortified castles) Neo-Gothic Architecture with a French Norman Revival Style, with parapets and battlements, with hexagonal staircases inside the towers. Certain elements, like the neoclassical pilasters of Nauvoo and Kirtland, were replaced with thin buttresses, and in the space between them, Angell added a porthole motif. The St George temple is 143,969 square feet (13,400 m$^2$), and is eighty feet tall.
The temple was originally designed with two large assembly halls, like the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples. The lower Assembly Hall was divided with curtains to facilitate ordinance rooms for the endowment ceremony. Following the renovations completed in 2023, the temple's interior has a large assembly hall, a baptistry, three ordinance rooms, areas for the initiatory ordinance, and eighteen sealing rooms. A skylight completed in 2023 uses decorative art glass. The baptismal font of 12 oxen was paid for personally by Brigham Young at a price of $5,000, and the cast oxen were transported by train and oxen drawn wagons from Salt Lake City.
Following the renovations in 2023, the temple was updated to reflect architecture from the historical pioneer era. According to Andy Kirby, the church director of renovations for historic temple projects, said that the design for the interior "matches the historic temple and furnishings that would have been appropriate in the 1870s and 1880s." Lighting fixtures match the time period with wheel-cut glass shades with a gothic/grapevine design. The millwork is period-specific throughout the building. To church members, temples are regarded as sacred houses of the Lord. Once a temple has been dedicated, they are only accessible to members with a current temple recommend. The visitors' center is open to the public.