# Paul Verhoeven

Paul Verhoeven (Dutch:; born 18 July 1938) is a Dutch filmmaker. His films are known for their graphic violence and sexual content, combined with social satire. After receiving attention for the TV series Floris in his native Netherlands, Verhoeven's breakthrough film was the romantic drama Turkish Delight (1973), starring frequent collaborator Rutger Hauer. Verhoeven later directed successful Dutch films including the period drama Keetje Tippel (1975), the war film Soldier of Orange (1977), the teen drama Spetters (1980) and the psychological thriller The Fourth Man (1983).
In 1985, Verhoeven made his first Hollywood film Flesh and Blood and later had a successful career in the United States, directing science fiction films such as RoboCop (1987), Total Recall (1990), Starship Troopers (1997) and Hollow Man (2000), as well as the erotic thriller Basic Instinct (1992). He also directed the 1995 film Showgirls, which was critically panned on initial release but has developed a cult following and undergone critical re-evaluation.
Verhoeven later returned to Europe, making the Dutch war film Black Book (2006), French psychological thriller Elle (2016) and the religious drama Benedetta (2021), all receiving positive reviews. Black Book and Elle were both nominated for BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language and Elle won Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and César Award for Best Film. Black Book was also voted by the Dutch public, in 2008, as the best Dutch film ever made. Verhoeven's films have received a total of nine Academy Award nominations, mainly for editing and effects.

## Early life

Paul Verhoeven was born in Amsterdam on 18 July 1938, the son of a schoolteacher, Wim Verhoeven, and a hatmaker, Nel van Schaardenburg. Despite what is sometimes reported, he is not related to German filmmaker Michael Verhoeven, whose own father was also named Paul Verhoeven.
In 1943, the family moved to The Hague, the location of the German headquarters in the Netherlands during World War II. The Verhoeven house was near a German military base with V1- and V2-rocket launchers, which was repeatedly bombed by Allied forces. Their neighbours' house was hit and Verhoeven's parents were almost killed when bombs fell on a street crossing. From this period, Verhoeven mentioned in interviews, he remembers images of violence, burning houses, dead bodies on the street, and continuous danger. As a small child, he experienced the war as an exciting adventure, and has compared himself with the character Bill Rowan in Hope and Glory (1987).
Verhoeven's father became headteacher at the Van Heutszschool in The Hague, and Paul attended this school. Sometimes the two watched informative films at home with the school's film projector.
Verhoeven and his father went ten times to see The War of the Worlds (1953). Verhoeven was a fan of the Dutch comic Dick Bos. The character Dick Bos is a private detective who fights crime using jujutsu. Verhoeven liked comic drawing; he created The Killer, a character in a detailed story of revenge. Other fiction he liked included Frankenstein and the Edgar Rice Burroughs Barsoom series.
Verhoeven attended public secondary school Gymnasium Haganum in The Hague. Later, beginning in 1955, he studied at Leiden University. He graduated with a doctorandus (MSc) with a double major, in mathematics and physics.

## Career
### Short films and TV series (1960–1969)

Verhoeven made his first film Één hagedis teveel ("One Lizard Too Many") for the anniversary of his students' corps in 1960. In his last years at university Verhoeven also attended classes at the Netherlands Film Academy. After this he made three more short films: Nothing Special (1961), The Hitchhikers (1962) and Let's Have a Party (1963).
Verhoeven has not professionally used his mathematics and physics degree, opting instead to invest his energies in a career in film. After his studies, he entered the Royal Dutch Navy as a conscript. He made the documentary Het Korps Mariniers ("The Marine Corps", 1965), which won the French 'Golden Sun' award for military films.
When he left the Navy, Verhoeven took his skills to Dutch television. First, he made a documentary about Anton Mussert titled Mussert (1968). His first major success was the 1969 television series Floris, starring Rutger Hauer in the title role. The concept of Floris was inspired by foreign series such as Ivanhoe and Thierry La Fronde.

### First feature films (1969–1983)

Verhoeven's first feature film Business Is Business was released in 1971 and was not well received. His first national success came in 1973 with Turkish Delight, starring Rutger Hauer and Monique van de Ven. Based on a novel by bestselling Dutch author Jan Wolkers, Turkish Delight tells the passionate love story of an artist and a young liberal girl from a conservative background. It received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film in 1974. In 1999, the film won a Golden Calf for Best Dutch Film of the Century. Katie Tippel (1975) again featured Hauer and van de Ven, but it did not match the success of Turkish Delight.
Verhoeven built on his reputation and achieved international success with the Golden Globe-nominated Soldier of Orange (1977), starring Rutger Hauer and Jeroen Krabbé. Based on a true story about the Dutch resistance in World War II, it was written by Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema. Soldier of Orange received the 1979 LA Film Critics Award for best foreign-language film, and it was also nominated for a Golden Globe in 1980.
In 1980, Verhoeven made Spetters with Renée Soutendijk and Rutger Hauer. The story is sometimes compared to Saturday Night Fever, but it has more explicit violence and sexuality (in this case also homosexuality), which are sometimes seen as the director's trademarks. The Fourth Man (1983) is a horror film starring Jeroen Krabbé and Renée Soutendijk. It was written by Gerard Soeteman from a novel by the Dutch writer Gerard Reve, and was Verhoeven's last Dutch production until Black Book (2006).
The Seattle Times praised Verhoeven by saying he "often appears to be a one-man Dutch movie industry". The San Diego Union-Tribune called Verhoeven "a busy bee whose movies pollinate the festival circuit".

### Filmmaking in the United States (1983–2000)

Gerard Soeteman also wrote the script for Verhoeven's first English-language film, Flesh and Blood (1985), which starred Rutger Hauer and Jennifer Jason Leigh. Verhoeven moved to Hollywood for a wider range of opportunities in filmmaking. Working in the U.S., he made a serious change in style, directing big-budget, violent, special-effects-heavy hits RoboCop (1987) and Total Recall (1990)⁠ — each of which won an Academy Special Achievement Award: RoboCop for Sound Effects Editing and Total Recall for Visual Effects.
Verhoeven followed those successes with Basic Instinct (1992), an erotic thriller. The film's most notorious scene shows Sharon Stone's character in a police interrogation, where she uncrosses her legs, briefly revealing her vulva (she does not wear underwear underneath her skirt). The film received two Academy Award nominations, for Film Editing and for Original Music, and was the ninth-highest-grossing film of the year.
During this time, Verhoeven also worked on creating an historical epic based around the Crusades that would have starred Arnold Schwarzenegger. It went into pre-production in 1993, but a year later the studio backing it, Carolco, pulled funding for the project. Verhoeven would continue to discuss it throughout the 1990s.
Verhoeven's next film was the poorly received, NC-17-rated Showgirls (1995), about a stripper in Las Vegas trying to make a career as a showgirl. It won seven Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Film and Worst Director; Verhoeven became the first director to accept his award in person. To date, he is one of the few people to have accepted their Golden Raspberry awards in person, and the first to directly attend the ceremony to receive it. Showgirls enjoyed a large amount of success on the home video market, generating more than $100 million from video rentals, and became one of MGM's top twenty all-time bestsellers.
After Basic Instinct and Showgirls, Verhoeven returned to the science fiction genre, utilizing the graphic violence and special-effects tropes that had marked his earlier films, making Starship Troopers (1997), loosely based on the novel of the same name by Robert A. Heinlein, as well as Hollow Man (2000). Each film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. He also served as an executive producer on an animated TV series called Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles, which was based on the movie and novel of Starship Troopers. The series only ran for a single season, from August 1999 until April 2000.

### Return to Europe (2006–2021)

After about twenty years of working and living in the United States, Verhoeven returned to the Netherlands for the shooting of a new film. Together with his screenwriter Gerard Soeteman, Verhoeven made Black Book (2006). The director was hailed by the host of the Netherlands Film Festival with the words "The return of a hero". Black Book won six Golden Calves at this festival, including Best Director. When the shooting of Black Book was delayed due to financial issues, there was speculation about a new production. Beast of Bataan had been announced, but once the shooting for Black Book resumed, the other film was not made.
Verhoeven was knighted in the Order of the Netherlands Lion in 2007.
Since Black Book, Verhoeven has been connected to a large number of projects, but in the first decade after his return, none came to fruition. Some of those titles were produced with other directors at the helm, such as The Paperboy. In 2016, however, Verhoeven followed Black Book by directing a French film: Elle, an adaptation of a novel by Philippe Djian. A psychological thriller in which Isabelle Huppert plays a rape victim, Elle was selected for the Official Competition at the Cannes International Film Festival, where it obtained very favourable reviews.
In December 2016, it was announced that Verhoeven would be the president of the jury for the 67th Berlin International Film Festival, scheduled to take place in February 2017.
In April 2017, it was announced that filming of Benedetta, his next French film, would begin in August of the same year. It is a biopic about the life of Benedetta Carlini, portrayed by Elle co-star Virginie Efira, and is an adaptation of the non-fiction book Immodest Acts: The Life of a Lesbian Nun in Renaissance Italy by Judith C. Brown. In May 2018, it was announced that Charlotte Rampling would play a key supporting role. The film premiered at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival in competition for the Palme d'Or.

### Return to filmmaking in the United States (2022–present)

Verhoeven is currently preparing his next film, Young Sinner, which reunites him with RoboCop screenwriter Edward Neumeier. An erotic political thriller, it is set in Washington DC and is about a "young staffer who works for a powerful Senator [and] is drawn into a web of international intrigue and danger." Verhoeven hoped to begin shooting Young Sinner in 2024, but in November of that year, he was still trying to secure financing.

### Unrealized projects
## Other activities

Verhoeven was a member of the Jesus Seminar, and he was the only member who does not have a degree in biblical studies. He graduated with a degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Leiden. Since he is not a professional biblical exegete, his membership in the Jesus Seminar has occasionally been cited by opponents of the Seminar as a sign that this group is less scholarly than it claims. For example, Luke Timothy Johnson criticizes the Jesus Seminar's methods on exegetical grounds, and also criticizes what he perceives to be a dependence on the theatrical and an attempt to manipulate the mainstream media. He singles out Verhoeven as a key player in the media activities of the Jesus Seminar. On the other hand, some Jesus Seminar members were unhappy with Verhoeven's portrayal of Jesus as an eschatological prophet.
In 2007, Verhoeven wrote the book Jesus of Nazareth (Dutch: Jezus van Nazaret) about the life of Jesus of Nazareth. The book reviews the ideas of Jesus of Nazareth and the alleged corruption of these same ideas over the last 2,000 years. Co-written with Verhoeven's biographer Rob Van Scheers, the book is the culmination of the research Verhoeven conducted in preparation for Jesus: The Man, a motion picture about the life of Christ. The book tells about the Jewish uprising against Roman rule and characterizes Jesus as a radical political activist, downplaying any supernatural events and miracles as unproved or unprovable. Jesus of Nazareth: A Realistic Portrait was released in September 2008 in Dutch, and was published in English in May 2010 by Seven Stories Press.

## Personal life

In 1967, Verhoeven married Martine Tours, with whom he has two daughters.

## Filmography
### Short films

| Year | Film | Director | Writer | Notes |
| 1959 | Cups of Coffee | Yes | | |
| 1960 | One Lizard Too Many | Yes | | |
| 1961 | Nothing Special | Yes | | |
| 1962 | The Hitchhikers | Yes | | |
| 1963 | Let's Have a Party | Yes | | |
| 1965 | The Marine Corps | Yes | | Short documentary |
| 1971 | The Wrestler | Yes | | |
| 2012 | Tricked | Yes | Yes | |

### Feature films

| Year | Film | Director | Writer | Notes |
| 1971 | Business Is Business | Yes | | Feature directorial debut |
| 1973 | Turkish Delight | Yes | | |
| 1975 | Keetje Tippel | Yes | | |
| 1977 | Soldier of Orange | Yes | Yes | |
| 1980 | Spetters | Yes | | |
| 1983 | The Fourth Man | Yes | | |
| 1985 | Flesh and Blood | Yes | Yes | First American film |
| 1987 | RoboCop | Yes | | |
| 1990 | Total Recall | Yes | | |
| 1992 | Basic Instinct | Yes | | |
| 1995 | Showgirls | Yes | | |
| 1997 | Starship Troopers | Yes | | |
| 2000 | Hollow Man | Yes | | |
| 2006 | Black Book | Yes | Yes | |
| 2016 | Elle | Yes | | |
| 2021 | Benedetta | Yes | Yes | |

### Television

| Year | Film | Director | Executive Producer | Notes |
| 1969 | Floris | Yes | | 12 episodes |
| 1970 | Portret van Anton Adriaan Mussert | Yes | | Television documentary |
| 1981 | All Things Pass | Yes | | Television film |
| 1986 | The Hitchhiker | Yes | | Episode: "Last Scene" |
| 1999-2000 | Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles | | Yes | 39 episodes |

## Awards and nominations

| Award | Year | Category | Nominated work | Result |
| Academy Awards | 1973 | Best Foreign Language Film | Turkish Delight | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | 2006 | Best Film Not in the English Language | Black Book | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | 2016 | Best Film Not in the English Language | Elle | Nominated |
| Cahiers du Cinéma | 2016 | Annual Top 10 Lists | Elle | 2nd place |
| Cahiers du Cinéma | 2021 | Annual Top 10 Lists | Benedetta | 10th place |
| CEC Awards | 2017 | Best Foreign Film | Elle | Nominated |
| César Awards | 2016 | Best Film | Elle | Won |
| César Awards | 2016 | Best Director | Elle | Nominated |
| David di Donatello | 2018 | Best European Film | Elle | Nominated |
| Daytime Emmy Awards | 2001 | Outstanding Special Class Animated Program | Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles | Nominated |
| European Film Awards | 2007 | Best European Film | Black Book | Nominated |
| European Film Awards | 2016 | Best European Film | Elle | Nominated |
| European Film Awards | 2016 | Best European Director | Elle | Nominated |
| Fotogramas de Plata | 2017 | Best Foreign Film | Elle | Won |
| French Syndicate of Cinema Critics | 2017 | Best Film | Elle | Won |
| Gaudí Awards | 2017 | Best European Film | Elle | Won |
| Golden Globe Awards | 1977 | Best Foreign Language Film | Soldier of Orange | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | 2016 | Best Foreign Language Film | Elle | Won |
| Golden Raspberry Awards | 1995 | Worst Director | Showgirls | Won |
| Goya Awards | 2017 | Best European Film | Elle | Won |
| Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro | 2017 | Best Foreign-Language Film | Elle | Nominated |
| Hugo Award | 1988 | Best Dramatic Presentation | RoboCop | Nominated |
| Hugo Award | 1991 | Best Dramatic Presentation | Total Recall | Nominated |
| Hugo Award | 1998 | Best Dramatic Presentation | Starship Troopers | Nominated |
| Lumière Awards | 2017 | Best Film | Elle | Won |
| Lumière Awards | 2017 | Best Director | Elle | Won |
| Los Angeles Film Critics Association | 1979 | Best Foreign Language Film | Soldier of Orange | Won |
| Los Angeles Film Critics Association | 1984 | Best Foreign Language Film | The Fourth Man | Won |
| Rembrandt Awards | 2007 | Best Film | Black Book | Won |
| San Diego Film Critics Society | 2007 | Best Original Screenplay | Black Book | Nominated |
| Sant Jordi Awards | 2017 | Best Foreign Film | Elle | Won |
| Saturn Awards | 1987 | Best Director | RoboCop | Won |
| Saturn Awards | 1990 | Best Director | Total Recall | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | 1992 | Best Director | Basic Instinct | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | 1997 | Best Director | Starship Troopers | Nominated |

### Film festivals

| Festival | Year | Category | Nominated work | Result |
| BFI London Film Festival | 2016 | Official Competition | Elle | Nominated |
| Cannes Film Festival | 1992 | Palme d'Or | Basic Instinct | Nominated |
| Cannes Film Festival | 2016 | Palme d'Or | Elle | Nominated |
| Cannes Film Festival | 2021 | Palme d'Or | Benedetta | Nominated |
| Cannes Film Festival | 2021 | Queer Palm | Benedetta | Nominated |
| Cartagena Film Festival | 2017 | Best Film | Elle | Nominated |
| Chicago International Film Festival | 1983 | Gold Hugo | The Fourth Man | Nominated |
| Fantasporto | 1986 | Best Film | Flesh and Blood | Nominated |
| Film by the Sea | 2011 | Grand Director Award | — | Won |
| Imagine Film Festival | 2002 | Lifetime Achievement Award | — | Won |
| Locarno Film Festival | 1964 | Prize of the Ecumenical Jury | Feest! | Won |
| Locarno Film Festival | 2000 | Audience Award | Hollow Man | Won |
| Locarno Film Festival | 2000 | Leopard of Honor | — | Won |
| Melbourne International Film Festival | 2016 | People's Choice Award | Elle | Nominated |
| Netherlands Film Festival | 1985 | Best Director of a Feature Film | Flesh and Blood | Won |
| Netherlands Film Festival | 1992 | Dutch Culture Award | — | Won |
| Netherlands Film Festival | 1999 | Dutch Film of the Century | Turkish Delight | Won |
| Netherlands Film Festival | 2000 | Grolsch Film Award | — | Won |
| Netherlands Film Festival | 2006 | Best Director of a Feature Film | Black Book | Won |
| Palm Springs International Film Festival | 2017 | Best Foreign Language Film | Elle | Nominated |
| San Sebastián International Film Festival | 2016 | Audience Award | Elle | Nominated |
| San Sebastián International Film Festival | 2021 | RTVE-Otra Mirada Award | Benedetta | Nominated |
| San Sebastián International Film Festival | 2021 | Best Film | Benedetta | Nominated |
| Sitges Film Festival | 1987 | Best Film | RoboCop | Nominated |
| Sitges Film Festival | 1987 | Best Director | RoboCop | Won |
| Sitges Film Festival | 2006 | Honorary Grand Prize | — | Won |
| Toronto International Film Festival | 1983 | International Critics' Prize | The Fourth Man | Won |
| Trieste Film Festival | 2018 | Best Film | Elle | Won |
| Venice Film Festival | 2006 | Golden Lion | Black Book | Nominated |
| Venice Film Festival | 2006 | Young Cinema Award | Black Book | Won |
List of awards and nominations received by Verhoeven's films :
| Year | Title | Academy Awards | Academy Awards | BAFTA Awards | BAFTA Awards | Golden Globe Awards | Golden Globe Awards | César Awards | César Awards |
| Year | Title | Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins |
| 1974 | Turkish Delight | 1 | | | | | | | |
| 1980 | Soldier of Orange | | | | | 1 | | 1 | |
| 1988 | RoboCop | 3 | 1 | 2 | | | | | |
| 1990 | Total Recall | 3 | 1 | | | | | | |
| 1993 | Basic Instinct | 2 | | | | 2 | | | |
| 1998 | Starship Troopers | 1 | | | | | | | |
| 2001 | Hollow Man | 1 | | | | | | | |
| 2007 | Black Book | | | 1 | | | | | |
| 2017 | Elle | 1 | | 1 | | 2 | 2 | 11 | 2 |
| 2021 | Benedetta | | | | | | | 1 | |
| Total | Total | 12 | 2 | 5 | | 5 | 2 | 13 | 2 |