# New Towns Acts

The New Towns Acts were a series of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to found new settlements or to expand substantially existing ones, to establish Development Corporations to deliver them, and to create a Commission to wind up the Corporations and take over their assets and liabilities. Of these, the more substantive acts were the New Towns Act 1946 and the Town Development Act 1952. "The New Towns Act [1946] was intended to pre-emptively direct urban growth and infrastructural development into new towns, thereby decentralising population and economic opportunity while inhibiting urban sprawl."
New Towns were developed in three generations.
* The first generation set up in the late 1940s concentrated predominantly on housing development with provision for rail and seldom for cars; eight were in a ring around London.
* The second generation in the early 1960s included a wider mix of uses and used more innovative architecture.
* The third generation towns were larger and tended to be designed around car travel.
By 2002, about 2 million people were housed in the New Towns, in about 500,000 homes.

## Background

The 1944 Abercrombie Plan for London proposed eight new towns within 50 miles (80 km) of London for up to 500,000 people from inner London. Similar recommendations were made for other major conurbations including Manchester and Birmingham. The 1945 Attlee Government set up a New Towns Commission to formally consider how best to repair and rebuild urban communities ravaged in World War II.
In 1945, John Reith, 1st Baron Reith was appointed as chair of the New Towns Commission. The commission concluded that there was a need to construct new towns using the instrument of development corporations supported by central government. The New Towns Act 1946 cemented this vision in 1946 and New Towns were born.

### Reith Commission

The Reith Commission recommended that:
* the new town developments should have a population of up to 60,000
* they should be built as far as possible on greenfield sites
* there should be predominantly single family housing at low density
* the homes had to be organised in neighbourhoods around a primary school and nursery schools, a pub and shops selling staple foods
* there should be a balance of housing and jobs

## New Towns Act 1946

   An Act to provide for the creation of new towns by means of development corporations, and for purposes connected therewith.
The New Towns Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. 6. c. 68) was the act that put into law the conclusions of the New Towns Commission. The act authorised the government to designate areas as new towns, passing development control functions to a New Town Development Corporation. Several new towns were created in the years following its passage. The act was replaced by the New Towns Act 1965 and, later, the New Towns Act 1981.

### New Town development corporations

The act set up development corporations which were responsible for the management, design and development of New Towns. These were public corporations financed by the government through Treasury loans. The boards were appointed by central government; importantly, they were given planning and compulsory purchase order powers.
Their first task was to draw up development frameworks for a mix of housing, offices, industrial development, transport infrastructure and open space.

## Town Development Act 1952

Although not formally a "New Towns Act", the Town Development Act 1952 (15 & 16 Geo. 6 & 1 Eliz. 2. c. 54) uses the powers established by the 1946 act to expand existing towns to achieve the same or similar purposes. The introduction to the act gives its purpose: "An Act to encourage town development in county districts for the relief of congestion or over-population elsewhere, and for related purposes, [etc]". It was this act that enabled London County Council to establish its overspill estates as far away as Cornwall and Northamptonshire. By 1973, over 40 new and expanded towns were described in Parliament as "London overspill". The Act, despite being "obscure and almost forgotten", is credited as having a "significant effect upon the pattern of urban development" in the UK.

## New Towns Acts 1952, 1953, 1955, 1958, 1964, 1966 and 1969

These were brief acts to increase the maximum borrowings permitted to fund the developments.

## New Towns Act 1959

   An Act to make, as respects England and Wales, new provision in place of section fifteen of the New Towns Act, 1946, as to the disposal of the undertakings of development corporations and other matters arising when a development corporation has achieved or substantially achieved the purposes for which it is established; to amend the law relating to development corporations by increasing the limit on the advances which may be made to them under sub section (1) of section twelve of that Act, by providing for housing subsidies to be wholly or partly withheld in respect of dwellings disposed of by them, and by authorising them to make contributions towards the provision of amenities; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.
The New Towns Act 1959 (7 & 8 Eliz. 2. c. 62) established the Commission for New Towns. Under this Act, "the Minister of Housing and Local Government was authorised to set up a Commission on New Towns to take over the functions of the development corporations whose purposes had, in his opinion, been achieved or substantially achieved".

## New Towns Act 1965

   It may startle some political economists to talk of commencing the building of new cities ... planned as cities from their first foundation, and not mere small towns and villages. ... A time will arrive when something of this sort must be done ... England cannot escape from the alternative of new city building.
The New Towns Act 1965 (c. 59) substantially rewrote and consolidated the 1946 act. While continuing the authority to establish further new towns, the act gives the Commission for the New Towns the task of "taking over, holding, managing and turning to account the property previously vested in the development corporation for a new town".$^{:1314}$
Several new towns were created in the years following its passing. Its most immediate use was the designation of Milton Keynes in 1967, which was envisaged to become a "new city" of 250,000 people. The 1965 act replaced the 1946 act and was replaced in turn by the 1981 act.

## New Towns Act (Northern Ireland) 1965

Since most of the acts did not apply to Northern Ireland (and some not to Scotland), an equivalent act, the New Towns Act (Northern Ireland) 1965 (c. 13 (N.I.)), was passed in 1965 by the Parliament of Northern Ireland. Following the act, Craigavon was designated in July 1965.

## New Towns (Scotland) Act 1968

The New Towns (Scotland) Act 1968 (c. 16) established equivalent legal powers in Scotland.

## New Towns Acts 1971, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1982 and 1987

These acts "increase the limit imposed by section 43 of the New Towns Act 1965 on the amounts which may be borrowed by development corporations and the Commission for the New Towns".

## New Towns (Amendment) Act 1976

Among other functions, the New Towns (Amendment) Act 1976 (c. 68) provided for "the interest of the Commission for the New Towns and [the] development corporations in dwellings and of any associated property, rights, liabilities and obligations" to be transferred to district councils.

## New Towns (Scotland) Act 1977

The New Towns (Scotland) Act 1977 (c. 16) amended the New Towns (Scotland) Act 1968, notably to include the option to cancel a new town proposal.

## New Towns Act 1981

The New Towns Act 1981 (c. 64) is an "Act to consolidate certain enactments relating to new towns and connected matters, being (except for section 43 of the New Towns Act 1965 and sections 126 and 127 of the Local Government, Planning and Land Act 1980 and certain related provisions) enactments which apply only to England and Wales."

## Enterprise and New Towns (Scotland) Act 1990

The Enterprise and New Towns (Scotland) Act 1990 (c. 35) replaced the Scottish Development Agency and the Highlands and Islands Development Board with Scottish Enterprise and Highlands and Islands Enterprise, and authorised development of further new towns in Scotland.

## New Towns (Amendment) Act 1994

The New Towns (Amendment) Act 1994 (c. 5) establishes sub-committees of the Commission for New Towns, with authority to act on matters proper to them.

## Towns

The following towns were created under various New Towns Acts:

### England

| Name | County | Year designated | Built‑up area population | Note |
| Basildon | Essex | 1949 | 144,859 | Population is for Basildon and Wickford built-up area |
| Basingstoke | Hampshire | 1961 | 107,642 | London overspill expansion, not New Towns Act |
| Bracknell | Berkshire | 1949 | 77,256 | |
| Central Lancashire | Lancashire | 1970 | 313,332 | Development of Preston, Leyland and Chorley urban area, using New Towns Act powers. |
| Corby | Northamptonshire | 1950 | 56,810 | |
| Crawley | Sussex | 1947 | 180,508 | Existing town substantially expanded. Urban area includes Gatwick Airport and Horley |
| Harlow | Essex | 1947 | 82,059 | |
| Hatfield | Hertfordshire | 1948 | 41,677 | Urban area includes Colney Heath and Welham Green |
| Hemel Hempstead | Hertfordshire | 1947 | 94,932 | Built-up area includes Kings Langley |
| Milton Keynes | Buckinghamshire | 1967 | 229,941 | Existing towns and villages substantially expanded and infilled. As of the 2011 census, the Milton Keynes urban area includes Newport Pagnell and Woburn Sands, which were outside the original designated area. |
| Newton Aycliffe | County Durham | 1947 | 25,964 | |
| Northampton | Northamptonshire | 1968 | 215,963 | Existing town significantly expanded |
| Peterborough | Northamptonshire, Cambridgeshire | 1967 | 163,379 | Existing city substantially expanded |
| Peterlee | County Durham | 1948 | 27,871 | |
| Redditch | Worcestershire | 1964 | 82,253 | Existing town substantially expanded |
| Runcorn | Cheshire | 1963 | 62,872 | |
| Skelmersdale | Lancashire | 1961 | 34,455 | |
| Stevenage | Hertfordshire | 1946 | 90,232 | |
| Swindon | Wiltshire | 1952 | 185,609 | Existing town substantially expanded |
| Telford | Shropshire | 1963 and 1968 | 147,980 | Existing towns substantially expanded and infilled. |
| Warrington | Lancashire | 1968 | 165,456 | Existing town substantially expanded |
| Washington | Tyne and Wear | 1964 | 67,085 | |

### Scotland

| Name | County | Year designated | Built‑up area population | Note |
| Cumbernauld | North Lanarkshire | 1955 | 52,270 | |
| East Kilbride | South Lanarkshire | 1947 | 74,395 | |
| Glenrothes | Fife | 1948 | 39,277 | |
| Irvine | North Ayrshire | 1966 | 33,698 | Ancient Royal Burgh, substantially expanded |
| Livingston | West Lothian | 1962 | 56,269 | |

### Wales

| Name | County | Year designated | Built‑up area population | Note |
| Cwmbran | Gwent | 1949 | 46,915 | Now part of the Newport built-up area |
| Newtown | Powys | 1967 | 11,357 | Substantial expansion of existing town |

### Northern Ireland

| Name | County | Year designated | Built‑up area population | Note |
| Craigavon | Armagh | 1965 | 64,193 | Intended as a linear town to encompass Portadown and Lurgan, but has not yet done so. The population figure is for this statistical area and thus may be misleading. |
| Antrim | Antrim | 1966 | 25,353 | Expansion of an existing town |
| Ballymena | Antrim | 1967 | 29,467 | Expansion of existing town and nearby villages |
| Derry | Londonderry | 1969 | 91,602 | Expansion of an existing city |