OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pantometrum Kircherianum

Pantometrum Kircherianum is a 1660 work by the Jesuit scholars Gaspar Schott and Athanasius Kircher. It was dedicated to Christian Louis I, Duke of Mecklenburg and printed in Würzburg by Johann Gottfried Schönwetter. It was a description, with building instructions, of a measuring device called the pantometer, that Kircher had developed some years before. The first edition include 32 copperplate illustrations.

## Description of the pantometer

The name "pantometer" derives from Greek, in which "pan" means "all" and "metron" means "measure" - indicating that this instrument can be used to measure anything. As described in the book, it consisted of a square frame, a dioptra, and a disc that fitted within the square. The disc contained a built-in compass and a space for putting a sheet of paper. The disc could turn freely within the square, or be locked in a fixed position. Mounted on this apparatus was a movable ruler parallel to the edge of the square on which the dioptra was attached. An illustration in the book showed how the device could be used to measure the distance of objects by triangulating from two different points on a baseline.
The introduction to the book emphasised both the accuracy of the device and its ease of use, and stated that it could be used to "measure all, witness latitudes, longitudes, altitudes, depths and surfaces, terrestrial and celestial bodies, and whatever indeed we are accustomed to doing with other instruments."

## Kircher's development of the pantometer

Kircher had mentioned the pantometer in his Specula Melitensis Encyclica noting that it was designed to help the Knights Hospitaller to solve "the most important mathematical and physical problems." It was a surveying tool that resembled a draughts board and could be used to calculate distances, weights and dimensions. In Magnes sive de Arte Magnetica (1643) Kircher has described an "Instrumentum, Pantometrum, Ichnographicum Magneticum" which allowed all things to be measured. It was 'magnetic' because it incorporated a compass, and 'ichnographic' because it could be used in map-making.
According to Schott, Kircher had first conceived of it in the company of father Ziegler, perhaps as early as 1623. Schott has been with Kircher in 1631 when he had first assembled the instrument and named it the 'pantometrum', sending an early example to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III. Kircher had certainly used the pantometer himself to take scientific measurements when he was lowered into the crater of Vesuvius in 1638.

## Later editions and references

Pantometrum Kircherianum was reprinted by Cholinus in Frankfurt in 1668 and again in 1669. The work was referenced in books by a number of later writers, including Jacob Leupold's Theatrum Arithmetico-Geometricum (1727) and Christian Wolff's Mathematisches Lexikon (1747).
# Pellejas, Adjuntas, Puerto Rico

Pellejas is a rural barrio in the municipality of Adjuntas, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 553.

## History

Pellejas was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Pellejas barrio was 1,521.
# Richard Dereham

Richard Dereham may refer to:
* Richard Dereham (Cambridge), List of chancellors of the University of Cambridge
* Sir Richard Dereham, 3rd Baronet (1644–c. 1710) of the Dereham baronets
# Orange Mountains

Orange Mountains can refer to:
* Jayawijaya Mountains - mountain range in Indonesia
* Watchung Mountains - mountain range in New Jersey
# Pekan Rabu

Pekan Rabu, which literally means "Wednesday Market", is a shopping centre located in the middle of Alor Star, the state capital of Kedah, Malaysia.
# 2008–09 Icelandic Hockey League season

The 2008–09 Icelandic Hockey League season was the 18th season of the Icelandic Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Iceland. Three teams participated in the league, and Skautafelag Reykjavikur won the championship.

## Regular season

| | Club | GP | S | OTW | OTL | L | GF:GA | Pts |
| 1. | Skautafélag Akureyrar | 20 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 113:067 | 48 |
| 2. | Skautafélag Reykjavíkur | 20 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 097:113 | 32 |
| 3. | Ísknattleiksfélagið Björninn | 20 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 075:105 | 10 |

## Final

* Skautafélag Akureyrar - Skautafélag Reykjavíkur 1:3 (5:6, 4:5, 5:4 n.V., 3:7)
# Peter Millard

Peter Millard (1937–2018) FRCP was a British physician known for his work in geriatrics. He was an emeritus professor of geriatrics at St George's, University of London.
He served as president of the British Geriatrics Society from 1994 to 1996. In his 1992 doctoral thesis, he invented the name nosokinetics for the mathematical study of how patients flow through health care systems, and from 2004 to 2006 he edited a newsletter on the subject, the Nosokinetics News.
He died on 18 September 2018.
# Psalms chord

In music, the Psalms chord is the opening chord of Igor Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms. It is a "barking E minor triad" that is voiced "like no E-minor triad that was ever known before" – that is, in two highly separate groups, one in the top register and the other in the bottom register. The third of the E-minor triad, rather than the tonic, receives strong emphasis.
It is common to the octatonic scale and the Phrygian scale on E, and the contrasting sections of the first movement based on the scales are linked by statements of the Psalms chord.
William W. Austin describes the Psalms chord in the following way: "The opening staccato blast, which recurs throughout the first movement, detached from its surroundings by silence, seems to be a perverse spacing of the E minor triad, with the minor third doubled in four octaves while the root and fifth appear only twice, at high and low extremes."
# John Folan (bishop)

John Folan (died 30 January 1521) was the Roman Catholic Bishop of Limerick from 1489 until his death.
John Wheelan, known in the succession as John Folan was a canon of Ferns and rector of Clonmore. He was also known to be procurator for Octavian de Palato, Archbishop of Armagh, in Rome. Begley, the authority on the diocese of Limerick, offers very little information on Bishop Folan, saying merely he was consecrated on 13 May 1489 and he carried out repairs and improvements on his cathedral. Begley lists the repairs carried out on the nave and the addition of four chapels parallel to the transept.
He died on 30 January 1521.
# Pantomallus reclusus

Pantomallus reclusus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1981.
# Pellejas, Orocovis, Puerto Rico

Pellejas is a barrio in the municipality of Orocovis, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 577.

## Sectors

Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.
There are no sectors in Pellejas barrio.:

## History

Pellejas was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the combined population of Bauta Arriba and Pellejas barrios was 1,331.
# Richard Denton

Richard Michael Denton FRS (born 16 October 1941) is a British biochemist, and Emeritus Professor at University of Bristol.

## Life

He earned a PhD in 1967 at the University of Cambridge, where he studied with Sir Philip Randle.

## Works

* Richard Michael Denton, C. I. Pogson, Metabolic regulation, Chapman and Hall, 1976, ISBN 978-0-470-15126-6
* P. J. Randle, Richard Michael Denton, Hormones and cell metabolism, Oxford University Press, 1974, ISBN 978-0-19-914153-1
# Hupp

Hupp may refer to:
* Hupp (surname)
* Hupp, former name of DeSabla, California
* The Hupp Motor Car Company
* Hupp House, historic house in Strasburg, Virginia
# Penmans

Penmans is a Toronto, Canada-based clothing manufacturer. It was founded as a woolen knitting mill in Paris, Ontario, in 1868. It became one of Canada's largest suppliers of cotton and woolen knit goods, including hosiery and underwear, by the 1890s.
Once known for long johns (which have been discontinued), Penmans now produces sports shirts, sweatpants, sweatshirts, and shorts.
Penmans-branded clothing is also sold by Walmart since 2010.
# Peter's Pit

Peter's Pit (or Peters Pit) is a 28.7-hectare (71-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north-east of Snodland in Kent. It is a Special Area of Conservation
This was formerly a chalk quarry and it has an undulating terrain. There are many ponds, some of which have populations of the great crested newt, a protected species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The site has two reptiles, grass snakes and common European adders.
A footpath from Old Church Road goes through the site.
# Pterolophia lateripicta

Pterolophia lateripicta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Léon Fairmaire in 1879, originally under the genus Oopsis. It is known from Fiji.
# 2005 EPD Tour

The 2005 EPD Tour, titled as the 2005 Renault EPD Tour for sponsorship reasons, was the ninth season of the EPD Tour, a third-tier tour recognised by the European Tour.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 2005 season.
| Date | Tournament | Host country | Purse (€) | Winner |
| 19 Feb | Oliva Nova Classic | Spain | 35,000 | Anthony Grenier (2) |
| 6 Apr | Jakobsberg Classic | Germany | 25,000 | Marcel Haremza (3) |
| 20 Apr | Paderborner Classic | Germany | 25,000 | Andrew Willey (1) |
| 1 May | Hassberge Classic | Germany | 22,500 | Matthias Ziegler (3) |
| 11 May | Gleidingen Classic | Germany | 20,000 | Nicolas Meitinger (1) |
| 17 May | Bad Abbach-Deutenhof Classic | Germany | 20,000 | Marcel Haremza (4) |
| 1 Jun | Lich Classic | Germany | 22,500 | Kasper Linnet Jørgensen (1) |
| 8 Jun | Baloise Esprit Pro Tour | France | 18,500 | Wolfgang Huget (1) |
| 14 Jun | Central German Classic | Germany | 20,000 | Martin Kaymer (a) (1) |
| 28 Jun | Coburg Brose Open | Germany | 30,000 | Dennis Küpper (1) |
| 5 Jul | Central European Open | Germany | 20,000 | Nicolas Meitinger (2) |
| 18 Jul | Barockstadt Schärding Classic | Austria | 20,000 | Matt Green (1) |
| 21 Jul | Hohenpähl Classic | Germany | 15,000 | Matthias Ziegler (4) |
| 27 Jul | Höslwang Classic | Germany | 17,500 | Nicolas Meitinger (3) |
| 10 Aug | Sybrook Classic | Netherlands | 17,500 | Nicolas Meitinger (4) |
| 24 Aug | Schloss Meisdorf Classic | Germany | 15,000 | Anthony Grenier (3) |
| 7 Sep | Holledau Classic | Germany | 17,500 | Lee Spencer (1) |
| 28 Sep | Märkischer Classic | Germany | 15,000 | Anthony Grenier (4) |
| 16 Oct | Schönbuch PGA Tour Championship | Germany | 25,000 | Émilien Chamaulte (1) |

## Order of Merit

The Order of Merit was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in Euros. The top five players on the Order of Merit (not otherwise exempt) earned status to play on the 2006 Challenge Tour.
| Position | Player | Prize money (€) | Status earned |
| 1 | Nicolas Meitinger | 20,280 | Qualified for Challenge Tour (made cut in Q School) |
| 2 | Marcel Haremza | 17,272 | Promoted to Challenge Tour |
| 3 | Anthony Grenier | 17,178 | Promoted to Challenge Tour |
| 4 | Wolfgang Huget | 16,280 | Promoted to Challenge Tour |
| 5 | Dennis Küpper | 13,771 | Promoted to Challenge Tour |
| 6 | Kasper Linnet Jørgensen | 13,394 | Promoted to Challenge Tour |
| 7 | John Bleys | 13,061 | |
| 8 | Andrew Willey | 11,184 | |
| 9 | Patrick Niederdrenk | 10,805 | |
| 10 | Matthias Ziegler | 10,360 | |
# John Hannah

John Hannah may refer to:
* John Hannah (Methodist), called the elder (1792–1867), English Wesleyan minister
* John Hannah (archdeacon of Lewes), the younger, (1818–1888), his son, Anglican priest and schoolmaster
* John Hannah (dean of Chichester) (1843–1931), his son, Anglican priest
* John Hannah (VC) (1921–1947), Scottish RAF radio operator
* John Hannah (American football) (born 1951), American football player
* John Hannah (actor) (born 1962), Scottish actor
* John Hannah (footballer) (born 1962), English football forward
* John A. Hannah (1902–1991), American academic administrator and head of USAID
* John D. Hannah (born c. 1940s), American academic
* John H. Hannah Jr. (1939–2003), U.S. federal judge
* John P. Hannah (born 1962), American government administrator
* Jack Hannah (John Frederick Hannah, 1913–1994), American animation artist
# Rastičevo, Kupres, Republika Srpska

Rastičevo is a village in the municipality of Kupres, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, the village was uninhabited.
# Portrait of Manuel Godoy

Portrait of Manuel Godoy is a large 1801 oil-on-canvas painting by the Spanish artist Francisco de Goya, now in the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. It was commissioned by the Spanish Prime Minister Manuel Godoy to commemorate his victory in the brief War of the Oranges against Portugal.

## History and description

In 1801 Godoy was the height of his power, having won in the War of the Oranges he was now Generalissimo of "land and sea" and "Prince of Peace"; pompous titles he willingly accepted. He and Goya were friends, Godoy owned two of the artist's portraits of Majas, which he may have commissioned. He was close to and held influence over the Charles IV of Spain's wife, Maria Luisa of Parma, and married into the royal family via the Countess of Chinchon, a cousin of the king. Goya had earlier portrayed Godoy in 1794 when he was Duke of Alcudia, with a small equestrian portrait. His career ended in disgrace and after the Spanish War of Independence, after which he was banished to live in poverty. He died in exile in Paris in 1851. Despite his fall he continued to speak favourably for the artist, and in his memoirs referred to Goya's Caprichos with extreme favour, as if he himself had seen them published.
The portrait is an incisive psychological characterisation. The subject's self belief is depicted via his unusual reclining posture, the surrounding horses, and the phallic baton situated between his legs. The painting metaphorically places Godoy sitting at the apex of the Spanish government. The artist captures Godoy's arrogance through his posture, and the inclusion of Portuguese flags. The choice of lighting gives intensity to the piece.
# Huppenkothen Baumaschinen

Huppenkothen GmbH & Co KG is a company specializing in compact and mini excavators in Europe. It was founded in 1956 in Bregenz, Austria.
Besides Takeuchi compact and mini excavators, the company also sells and rents out dumpers, skid steer loaders, wheel loaders, single drum rollers and tracked carriers..

## History

Huppenkothen was founded in Bregenz (Vorarlberg) in 1956. From 1979 on, the enterprise sold the first mini excavator rotable at 360° “Pel-Job” (Takeuchi TKB1000), which had been invented by the Japanese inventor Akio Takeuchi in 1971. Since then, significant technological progress has been made in the industry of mini and compact excavators. Huppenkothen also grew so that they could expand into Austrian as well as Eastern European and Iberian Peninsula markets.
# Penipe Canton

Penipe Canton is a canton of Ecuador, located in the Chimborazo Province. Its capital is the town of Penipe. Its population at the 2001 census was 6,485.
The canton consists of one urban parish, Penipe Parish and six rural ones:
* Bayushig Parish
* Bilbao Parish
* La Candelaria Parish
* El Altar Parish
* Matus Parish
* Puela Parish
# Iñaki Muñoz

Iñaki Muñoz Oroz (born 2 July 1978) is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played mainly as a defensive midfielder.
He amassed La Liga totals of 150 matches and 11 goals over nine seasons, representing in the competition Osasuna and Athletic Bilbao.

## Club career
### Osasuna

Muñoz was born in Pamplona, Navarre. Except for a season-long loan to CD Toledo in the Segunda División B he played ten senior seasons with hometown club CA Osasuna, the first and the second teams combined. He made his La Liga debut with the former on 23 December 2001, coming on as a late substitute in a 1–0 home loss against Athletic Bilbao.
Muñoz went on to become an important first-team member, appearing in 30 games during 2005–06 as they finished fourth in the league and qualified for the UEFA Champions League while scoring five goals in as many wins, notably the winners at Deportivo de La Coruña and Atlético Madrid. In the previous campaign's Copa del Rey, he netted five times in eight matches to help Osasuna reach the final of the competition, notably once in a 3–1 quarter-final home victory over Sevilla FC (4–3 aggregate).

### Athletic Bilbao

Muñoz switched west for 2007–08, moving to Basque neighbours Athletic Bilbao on a three-year contract. He appeared sparingly in his first season, and even less in the second and third – his 2009–10 output consisted of 30 minutes against Deportivo in the last matchday.
Muñoz scored his only competitive goal for the side on 31 January 2008, in a 3–3 home draw with Racing de Santander in the Spanish Cup quarter-finals.

### Later years

In summer 2010, aged 32, free agent Muñoz signed with FC Cartagena of the Segunda División. He retired three years later, after lower-league spells at UD Salamanca and CD Izarra.

## International career

Muñoz represented both the Basque and Navarrese autonomous teams, earning six caps in total.
# 1987 United Malays National Organisation leadership election

A leadership election was held by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party on 24 April 1987. It was won by incumbent Prime Minister and President of UMNO, Mahathir Mohamad.

## Supreme Council election results

Source

### Permanent Chairman

| Candidate | Delegates' votes |
| Sulaiman Ninam Shah | 850 votes |
| Shamsuri Salleh | 453 votes |
| Mohd. Nor Mohd. Dom | 106 votes |
| R.M. Idris | 32 votes |
| Baharom Shah Indera | 19 votes |
| Valid votes | 1460 votes |
| Invalid votes | 19 votes |
| Grand total | 1479 votes |

### Deputy Permanent Chairman

| Candidate | Delegates' votes |
| Shoib Ahmad | 533 votes |
| Abdul Rahman Mahmud | 313 votes |
| Shamsuri Salleh | 310 votes |
| Mohd. Amin Daud | 203 votes |
| Azman Attar Othman | 107 votes |
| Valid votes | 1466 votes |
| Invalid votes | 13 votes |
| Grand total | 1479 votes |

### President

| Candidate | Delegates' votes | Division nominated |
| Mahathir Mohamad | 761 votes | 88 |
| Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah | 718 votes | 37 |
| Valid votes | 1479 votes |
| Invalid votes | nil |
| Grand total | 1479 votes |

### Deputy President

| Candidate | Delegates' votes |
| Ghafar Baba | 739 votes |
| Musa Hitam | 699 votes |
| Valid votes | 1438 votes |
| Invalid votes | 41 votes |
| Grand total | 1479 votes |

### Vice Presidents

| Candidates | Delegates' votes (max. 3) |
| Wan Mokhtar Ahmad | 935 votes |
| Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | 879 votes |
| Anwar Ibrahim | 850 votes |
| Rais Yatim | 690 votes |
| Ramli Ngah Talib | 667 votes |
| Harun Idris | 398 votes |
| Valid votes | 4419 votes |
| Invalid votes | 6 votes |
| Grand total | 4425 votes |

### Supreme Council Members

| Candidates | Delegates' votes (max. 25) |
| Zainal Abidin Zin | 717 votes |
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# Pterolophia lemoulti

Pterolophia lemoulti is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.
# Purba Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad

Purba Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad (East Pakistan Literary Society) was a literary society of Bengali Muslims created to encourage Muslim nationalism in favor of Pakistan. It was located in Dhaka, East Pakistan.

## History

Purba Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad was established in 1942 in Dhaka following the adoption of the Pakistan Resolution by the All India Muslim League. The same year the East Pakistan Renaissance Society was founded in Kolkata for similar reasons. The Purba Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad promoted Muslim nationalism and encouraged support for Pakistan. It wanted to create a literary culture that reflected Islamic traditions. It encouraged the use of loan words from Arabic, Persian and Urdu languages to use in Bengali Literature. The founding President was Syed Sajjad Husain and the secretary was Syed Ali Ahsan. It published a weekly journal Paksik Pakistan (Pakistan Fortnightly). The organization was active till the Partition of India in 1947. It declined with the growing disillusionment of Bengalis in the Pakistan state and ended after the 1952 Language movement.
# John Hannah (dean of Chichester)

John Julius Hannah (8 May 1844– 1 June 1931) was an Anglican priest who was Dean of Chichester 1902–1929.

## Biography

Hannah was the son of Rev. John Hannah, who had a distinguished career as clergyman in Brighton, and Anne Sophia Gregory (sister of Dr Gregory, Dean of St Paul's), and was born in 1843. He was educated at Trinity College, Glenalmond and Balliol College, Oxford, and ordained Deacon in 1867 after a period of study at Ripon College Cuddesdon.
Two years later he was ordained Priest and received his first post as curate of Brill, Buckinghamshire (1867-1870), he was then curate of Paddington, Middlesex (1870-1871) and curate of Brighton (1871-1873). In 1873 was made Vicar of St Nicholas' Church, Brighton (succeeding his father). Then in 1888 he was appointed Vicar and Rector of Brighton (St Peter's Church, Brighton), again succeeding his father, and thus occupied the chief position among Brighton clergy. He was also appointed rector of West Blatchington (1888-1902). He became at the same time Prebendary of Hove Ecclesia in Chichester Cathedral, and from 1895 Proctor in Convocation for the clergy of the archdeaconry of Lewes. He also served as Rural Dean of Lewes Division V (1889-1902) and as the chairman of Brighton and Preston School Board (1887-1901).
In January 1902 he was appointed Dean of Chichester, a post he held for 27 years.

## Death

He died on 1 June 1931, at his family home 'Philpots', near East Grinstead. By his request he was his buried with his wife, at West Hoathly. He left £28,072 1d in his will.
# Raudondvaris, Riešė

Raudondvaris is a village in Vilnius District Municipality, in Riešė Eldership. It is situated 15 kilometers north of Vilnius, near Lake Raudondvaris. The village houses an 18th/19th-century manor treasury, tower and park.