OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rac (GTPase)

Rac is a subfamily of the Rho family of GTPases, small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins (more specifically a GTPase). Just as other G proteins, Rac acts as a molecular switch, remaining inactive while bound to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and activated once guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) remove GDP, permitting guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to bind. When bound to GTP, Rac is activated. In its activated state, Rac participates in the regulation of cell movement, through its involvement in structural changes to the actin cytoskeleton. By changing the cytoskeletal dynamics within the cell, Rac-GTPases are able to facilitate the recruitment of neutrophils to the infected tissues, and to regulate degranulation of azurophil and integrin-dependent phagocytosis.
Activated Rac also regulates the effector functions of the target proteins involved in downstream signaling. As an essential subunit of NOX2 (NADPH oxidase enzyme complex), Rac is required for ROS (reactive oxygen species) production involved in the formation of NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps, thus, facilitating the pathogen and debris clearance by neutrophils, and the reduction of inflammation.
The abnormal activities of Rac including its hyperactivation, resistance to degradation, and abnormal localization of its signaling protein components were found to facilitate the development of cancerous cells and resist to anticancer treatment.
Recent experiments on Drosophila suggest that Rac could be involved in mediating the process of forgetting. Hyperactivation of Rac increases memory decay whereas its inhibition prevents interference-induced forgetting and slows down passive memory decay.

## Classification

The Rho family of GTPases includes Rac, Rho, and Cdc42 small G-protein groups. Rac comprises Rac1, Rac2, Rac3, and RhoG subgroups.
The extensive cross-talk within these groups of GTPase provides a significant impact on the biological responses of the cell, influencing the activity of the cell cycle machinery. Ras cooperates with Cdc42 to regulate Elk1 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of SRF. Ras also cooperates with Rho and Ras to activate other downstream signaling pathways.
# Sajid invasion of Georgia

Sajid invasion of Georgia was the final attempt to establish Muslim hegemony in the South Caucasus before the Seljuk invasions. Yusuf Ibn Abi'l-Saj, a Sajid emir, whom Georgians knew as Abul-Kasim, invaded Georgian lands in 914, with the purpose to strengthen gradually weakening Arab power and Muslim hold on Georgian principalities. He first reached Tbilisi, then turned towards Kakheti and besieged the fortresses of Ujarma and Botchorma. Later, he made peace with Kvirike, chorepiscopus (ruler) of Kakheti and returned control of Ujarma to him. After this, he marched his forces to Kartli and laid waste to it. Georgians themselves destroyed the fortifications of Uplistsikhe, so it wouldn't fall to the hands of the enemy. The Muslim forces then raided Meskheti as well, but were unable to take the Tmogvi fortress and retreated. On the way they besieged Q'ueli fortress and took it despite stiff resistance. Muslims captured the military commander of the castle, Gobron, and put him to death. He was later canonized by Georgian Orthodox Church. Despite his military successes Abu l'Kasim was unable to attain his goal. He was forced to finally retreat from Georgian lands because of stubborn resistance by people whose lands he was so eager to ravage and subject.
The Georgian chronicle also mentions another expedition between 918 and 923 of the "Saracens called Saj", in the course of which Mtskheta was taken and the Monastery of the Holy Cross burned down. The Muslim sources are silent about these events.
# Páls saga biskups

Páls saga biskups (The Saga of bishop Páll) is an Old Norse account of the life of Páll Jónsson, bishop of the Icelandic episcopal see Skálholt.
The saga is recorded in three seventeenth century manuscripts and subsequent copies: Stock. Papp. 4to no 4., AM 204 fol., and AM 205 fol. In each of these manuscripts, Páls saga follows Hungrvaka and Þorláks saga helga. All three manuscripts are of one version of the text, which is thought to be medieval. There are apparently no written sources of the text and it is likely that the author knew Páll Jónsson personally. Because of similarities in style, the author of Páls saga is thought to have also written Hungrvaka and passages of Þorláks saga helga. The saga is thought to have been written in the early part of the thirteenth century, shortly after Páll Jónsson's death in 1211.

## Editions and translations

* Ásdís Egilsdóttir (2002). Ásdís Egilsdóttir (ed.). Biskupa sögur. Íslenzk fornrit XVI. Vol. 2. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
* Gudbrand Vigfusson; Powell, F. York (1905). "Póls saga". Origines Islandicae: A collection of the more important sagas and other native writings relating to the settlement and early history of Iceland. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 425–458. Edition and English translation
* "Páls biskups saga". Biskupa sögur. Vol. 1. Kaupmannahöfn [Copenhagen]: Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag. 1858. pp. 125–148.
# 2004 World Fencing Championships

The 2004 World Fencing Championships were held at the Hunter College in New York City, USA. The event took place on 11 June 2004. It had women's team foil and women's team sabre, both of which were not held at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Women's Team Foil | Italy Margherita Granbassi Giovanna Trillini Valentina Vezzali Elisa Di Francisca | Romania Roxana Scarlat Laura Badea Cristina Stahl | Poland Sylwia Gruchała Magdalena Mroczkiewicz Anna Rybicka Małgorzata Wojtkowiak |
| Women's Team Sabre | Russia Sofiya Velikaya Yekaterina Fedorkina Yelena Nechayeva Svetlana Kormilitsyna | USA Emma Baratta Emily Jacobson Sada Jacobson Mariel Zagunis | France Anne-Lise Touya Léonore Perrus Cécile Argiolas |

## Medal table

* Host nation (United States)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | Russia (RUS) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | Romania (ROM) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | United States (USA)* | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | France (FRA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 5 | Poland (POL) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
# Rahul Dewan

Rahul Dewan (born 15 July 1986) is an Indian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler who plays for Haryana. He was born in Delhi.

## Career

Dewan began his career playing for Delhi Under-19s in the 2004–05 season before moving up to the under-22s, for whom he played for three seasons before making his break into First-Class Cricket. In his last season for Delhi Under-22s, also as a captain, he scored 623 runs in 4 matches with 3 centuries including a marathon knock of 306.
The Board of Control for Cricket in India awarded him with the M.A.Chidambaram Trophy for the Best Junior Cricketer in the Country for the season 2007–08. He also appeared for the Delhi Daredevils in the inaugural edition of the IPL.
Dewan made his First-Class Debut for Haryana in the first match of the Ranji Trophy competition of 2008–09. Dewan scored 12 runs in the first innings of the game and 66 runs in the second innings, the highest score of Haryana second innings. In only his third Ranji Trophy game he scored his first century (254* vs Kerala) in first-class cricket.
Some of his other marathon efforts on the cricket field include Scoring 144 n.o. and carrying the bat through against England test team in a tour game on their tour to India in Nov 2012. Scoring 273 vs Orissa, the Highest Individual Score of Ranji Trophy season 2013–14.
He has been a consistent performer for Haryana and North Zone in first-class cricket. He has been a member of the Deodhar Trophy winning North Zone team twice in 2009-10 and 2010–11.
He has been the key factor in Haryana's growth from a struggling plate division team to a major force in the Elite league over the last few years. In the last 8 years since he broke into the Haryana squad, the team has managed to reach the semi-finals and quarter finals consistently across different formats.
Dewan has captained Haryana Ranji Trophy in many games from the 2010–11 season onwards. His last 3 seasons have been scarred due to 2 shoulder surgeries on the same shoulder because of which he had to miss a lot of games, Still he has an impressive aggregate of more than 5000 runs in First class cricket across all formats.
Played ECB Premier Division Cricket in UK for Brooke cc in 2010 and in 2013 for Vauxhall Mallards cc. Played Professional Cricket in Bangladesh in 2012.
# Salvatore Lo Russo

Salvatore Lo Russo (Naples, February 18, 1953) is a former member of the Camorra. Officially unemployed, Lo Russo was the head of the powerful Lo Russo clan, a Camorra clan, now defunct, that was based on its territory within the city of Naples, concentrated specifically in its stronghold of Miano. For over 30 years the Lo Russo's organization has extended its influence to numerous neighborhoods in the north of Naples, having branches in France and in Switzerland.

## Arrest

He was arrested on August 30, 2007, by the Carabinieri at his home in Miano. Prior to that, he was arrested during a raid on May 16, 2006, but released a few days later due to lack of evidence. On the same day of his arrest, Raffaele Perfetto, one of his closest aides was also arrested at his home in Capodimonte. Lo Russo was later held in detention by the Carabinieri and charged with conspiracy to murder rival Camorristi during the Scampia feud. Since 2010, Salvatore Lo Russo has decided to break omertà and become a pentito, helping investigators in bringing down his own clan, which however remained active until 2016, when, after the arrest of the last leader of the organization, Vincenzo Lo Russo, the Lo Russo's era was considered ended.

## Personal life

Salvatore's son, Antonio Lo Russo was also a top member of the clan in its heyday, according to a statement made by Lo Russo, he tried in every way to make his son stay out of the world of Camorra, and that encouraged his son to start a company or any business that was legal in another place, outside Naples, however, Antonio went against his father's wishes and ended up joining the family's lucrative business. Yet, according to Salvatore's declarations, he entrusted his son to a trusted man of the clan, in the sense of giving him the feeling to be operational without involving him much in the business. Eventually, Antonio Lo Russo was arrested in a bar in Nice, France and following his father's footsteps, became a collaborator of justice.

## Fall of the Lo Russo clan

Nowadays, the once powerful Lo Russo clan is considered just a reminder of the past for the inhabitants of the zones where it used to exercise a great dominance over everyone's lives. After the fall of the clan, its former affiliates formed new independent groups, known in the media as the "Lo Russo heirs", to control the zones once dominated by the Lo Russo organization. In February 2020 the Italian police arrested 32 members who belonged to these new groups.
# Qaraghaj, Tabriz

Qaraghaj is a historic and ancient district in the eastern part of Tabriz. Qaraghaj means "Elm tree" in the Azerbaijani language. Qaraghaj district is bordered by Viji Bashi and Hokmavar districts in north, Kuchabagh district in south, Gajil district in east and Akhini district in west.

## Sources

* Qaraghaj
* This Tabriz County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Qingdao–Jinan railway

The Qingdao–Jinan railway or Jiaoji Railway (simplified Chinese: 胶济铁路; traditional Chinese: 膠濟鐵路; pinyin: Jiāojì Tiělù, formerly the Shantung Railway) is a railway in Shandong Province, China. The railway is 393 kilometres (244 mi) in length and connects Qingdao, on the Jiaozhou Bay, and Jinan, the provincial capital of Shandong. Adolph von Hansemann and other German financiers funded construction of the railway, then known as Schantung Eisenbahn Gesellschaft (Shantung Railway Company), which began September 23, 1899, and was completed in 1904. Since the quadruple tracking of this corridor with the opening of the parallel Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway, the line is mostly used for freight with some conventional passenger services.

## Rail connections

* Jinan: Beijing–Shanghai railway, Handan–Jinan railway
* Zibo: Zibo–Dongying railway
* Yantai: Lancun–Yantai railway
* Jiaozhou: Jiaozhou–Xinyi railway, Haitian−Qingdao railway

## History

As the Qingdao–Jinan railway could be used to transport a large number of soldiers through the mountainous countryside of the Shandong Peninsula, it was of great military significance during the Warlord Era (1916–1928) and Nanjing decade (1928–1937) of China, as various warlords used it in their conflicts. In late 1932, the railway saw heavy fighting as warlord Han Fuju sought to capture its eastern section from his rival Liu Zhennian during a war for eastern Shandong. Liu's troops managed to beat off the attacks, forcing Han to resort to the region's road network (which was of bad quality at the time) to move his army, significantly prolonging the war. Nevertheless, Han eventually won, unifying all of Shandong under his rule.
It was originally opened by the German-owned Shantung Railway Company, and after the Germans were defeated in China by the Japanese during the First World War, it passed to Chinese control as the Jiaoji Railway Company. After the Japanese occupation of northern China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Jiaoji Railway was nationalised and made part of the North China Transportation Company. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the railway became part of China Railway.
Between 1959 and 1990, the railway was dualled. Electrification of the railway began in 2003 and was completed in September 2006.

## Incidents

* 2008 Shandong train collision
# Rafael Puyana

Rafael Antonio Lázaro Puyana Michelsen (14 October 1931 – 1 March 2013) was a Colombian harpsichordist.
Puyana was born in Bogotá in 1931, and began piano lessons at age 6 with his aunt and at age 13 made his debut at the Teatro Colón in Bogotá. When he was 16, he went to Boston to continue his piano studies at the New England Conservatory. He subsequently studied harpsichord with Wanda Landowska and musical composition with Nadia Boulanger in Paris.
Puyana made his harpsichord début in New York in 1957. In 1961, he débuted in Boston in the Peabody Mason Concert series. One reviewer was so impressed by his performance, the sub-headline read: "Without any doubt, Rafael Puyana's recital at Jordan Hall last night was by far the greatest program of harpsichord music I have ever heard". He made his London debut in 1966.
Puyana performed with Yehudi Menuhin, Leopold Stokowski and Andrés Segovia. Composers Federico Mompou and Xavier Montsalvatge dedicated compositions to him - in Mompou's case, No. 11 of his Cançons i Danses.
Puyana taught such artists as Christopher Hogwood and Elizabeth de la Porte. He also collected historical instruments such as a 3-manual harpsichord made in 1740 by H.A. Hass.
In 1984, he served on the jury of the Paloma O'Shea Santander International Piano Competition.
Puyana died in Paris on 1 March 2013, aged 81.
# Qinggang, Zhejiang

Qinggang (in Chinese: 清港镇) is a town under the jurisdiction of the city of Yuhuan, prefecture of Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.

## History

Qinggang is located in the northwest of the Chumen Peninsula. It is bordered to the north by Chengnan Town, Wenling City, to the southeast by Shamen Town, to the south by Chumen Town, and to the west by Leqing Bay. It covers an area of 53.6 square kilometers, with a cultivated area of 1780 mu, and belongs to the mountainous area. The old name of Qinggang Town's sea port was "Gugang" (古港). It was renamed Qinggang (清港) during the Yuan Dynasty and has remnants of Qinggang Ferry. In the 14th year of the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (1381), Qinggang (清港里) was established. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, Qinggang Village (清港村) was established. In 1934, it was changed to Qinggang Township (清港乡). In 1936, it was changed to Qinggang Town (清港镇). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the name Qinggang Town was maintained. In March 1991, Qinggang District (清港区) was established. However, it was abolished in May 1992, and villages such as Shangjiao, Xiajiao, Houpai, and Yuanjia were incorporated into Qinggang Town.

## Administrative divisions

Qinggang is divided into the following village-level administrative units:
   Qingnan Community, Qingbei Community, Qinggang Village, Xiaqiao Village, Shangqiao Village, Houpai Village, Yuanjia Village, Shuangjiatang Village, Shaowa Village, Tangtou Village, Xudou Village, Xudu Village, Saizhoushan Village, Yangxin Village, Xialing Village, Hexin Village, Tanpu Village, Wangjia Village, Fanshen Village, Fanhong Village, Yanye Village, Fanhai Village, Taishan Village, Xiafan Village, Shangfan Village, Shangshan Village, Yanggen Village, Zhangao Village, Qianzhao Village, Fangdou Village, Chatou Village, Jiaoxi Village, Xiaoao Village, Xilin Village, Zhongzhao Village, Qianlu Village, Zhujiaqian Village, Baitai Village, Xiaolu Village, Daleitou Village, Jiuzhitian Village, and Dongli Village.

## Economy

Qinggang is the main production area for Yuhuan Wen Dan (a type of citrus fruit).

## Culture

There is a site of the Taishan Village locally, where Ruan Luce, a general under Zheng Chenggong, built city walls here. Every February 19th, the Qinggang Temple Fair is held, which originates from the birthday celebration of Qinggang Niangniang Palace, starting on the 15th day of the lunar second month and ending on the 19th day of the lunar second month. The temple fair is held annually, with a Niángniáng parade held once every three years.

## Gallery

* Location of Qinggang Town in Yuhuan.
* Tangerine orchard in Yanggen Village.
* Houses in Yanggen Village.
* Agricultural Exhibition Hall of Yuhuan Xuanmen Bay Tourist Agriculture Park.
* Entrance gate of the Sun and Moon Garden Hotel inside the Yuhuan Tourist Agriculture Park.
* Telecommunications office of Qinggang.
* Houses of Yanggen Village.
* Zhejiang Jinghuan Medical Supplies Co., Ltd.
# 2019 BMW Open – Doubles

Ivan Dodig and Rajeev Ram were the defending champions, but Dodig chose not to participate and Ram chose to compete in Estoril instead.
Frederik Nielsen and Tim Pütz won the title, defeating Marcelo Demoliner and Divij Sharan in the final, 6–4, 6–2.

## Seeds

* Rohan Bopanna / Dominic Inglot (first round)
* Austin Krajicek / Artem Sitak (quarterfinals)
* Ken Skupski / Neal Skupski (quarterfinals)
* Roman Jebavý / Andrés Molteni (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | R Bopanna D Inglot | 3 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Demoliner D Sharan | 6 | 3 | [12] | | M Demoliner D Sharan | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | |
| | K Krawietz A Mies | 6 | 6 | | | K Krawietz A Mies | 6 | 3 | [8] | | | | | | | |
| WC | M Bachinger P Gojowczyk | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | M Demoliner D Sharan | 6 | 3 | [10] | | | |
| 3 | K Skupski N Skupski | 6 | 1 | [10] | | | | | | P Oswald M Pavić | 3 | 6 | [4] | | | |
| | G Pella D Schwartzman | 4 | 6 | [3] | 3 | K Skupski N Skupski | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| | C-p Hsieh C Rungkat | 5 | 6$^4$ | | | P Oswald M Pavić | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| | P Oswald M Pavić | 7 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | M Demoliner D Sharan | 4 | 2 |
| | D Molchanov I Zelenay | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | F Nielsen T Pütz | 6 | 6 |
| | M Cecchinato A Seppi | 4 | 2 | | | D Molchanov I Zelenay | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| | C Garín JI Londero | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | C Garín JI Londero | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | R Jebavý A Molteni | 3 | 6$^5$ | | | | | | | D Molchanov I Zelenay | 3 | 7 | [9] | | | |
| Alt | A Begemann R Molleker | 6 | 1 | [6] | | | | | | F Nielsen T Pütz | 6 | 5 | [11] | | | |
| | F Nielsen T Pütz | 3 | 6 | [10] | | F Nielsen T Pütz | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| WC | Y Maden M Marterer | 7$^7$ | 1 | [6] | 2 | A Krajicek A Sitak | 2 | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | A Krajicek A Sitak | 6$^4$ | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Saint-Siméon, Eure

Saint-Siméon (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

## Geography

The commune along with another 69 communes shares part of a 4,747 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called Risle, Guiel, Charentonne.
# Sampa

Sampa may refer to:

## Linguistics

* Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet, for European languages
* X-SAMPA, an international variant

## People

* Sampa the Great (born 1993), Zambian-born Australian singer-songwriter and rapper
* Nsofwa Petronella Sampa (born c. 1992), Zambian HIV activist and clinical psychological counselor

## Places

* Sampa, Burkina Faso
* Sampa, Ghana
* Sampa, a nickname for São Paulo, Brazil

## Other uses

* "Sampa", a song by Caetano Veloso on the 1978 album Muito (Dentro da Estrela Azulada)
* South African Modern Pentathlon Association
# Quadruple helix

Quadruple helix may refer to:
* G-quadruplex secondary structures formed in nucleic acids.
* Quadruple helix model of innovation economics.
# Rag painting

Rag painting or ragging is a form of faux painting using paint thinned out with glaze and old rags to create a lively texture on walls and other surfaces.
Ragging can be done as a negative or positive technique. The former involves rolling glaze over the entire surface, and removing it with clean rags to reveal the underlying paint color in a pleasing textural pattern. The latter is accomplished by applying glaze directly to the wall with a rag, and creates a similar pattern. Ragging is a very adaptable finish that can be used in a variety of areas, creating the illusion of an old world texture, but on a flat surface that can be easily painted over.
Ragging can be done in a variety of patterns, including rag rolling, in which the rags are twisted together and then rolled over a wet glazed surface creating the illusion of fabrics such a velvet or silk. Ragging is also often used as a pattern underneath stenciling.
# Rain (Guano Apes song)

"Rain" is a 1997 song by Guano Apes. It was first released in January 1998 as a promotional single, but later had a full release in May 1998 as their second single from their debut album Proud Like a God. It is one of the songs by the band to have a softer sound, followed by "Don't You Turn Your Back on Me", "Living in a Lie", "Pretty in Scarlet" and "Quietly". The music video shows the band walking on a desert, looking for rain.

## Track listing
### CD single

* Rain (Edit) - 3:46
* Maria (D+B Smooth Mix) - 5:26
* 360° Aliendrop (Kaleve Mix) - 4:10*
* Rain (Album Version) - 4:38
* "360° Aliendrop (Kaleve Mix)" is an electronica remix of the song "Lords of the Boards".

### Promo single

* Rain (Edit) - 3:46
* 360° Aliendrop (Kaleve Mix) - 4:10
* Rain (Album Version) - 4:38

## Charts

| Chart | Peak position |
| Germany (Media Control Charts) | 76 |
# Rakura tea

Rakura is a tea brand from Himal Tea Industries, founded in 1973, a company from Nepal that launched Rakura in 2012. "Drink Health" is the company's tagline, which refers to tea as a health beneficiary drink. It provides its product in an eco-friendly way such as its decomposable tea bag.
Himal Tea Industries Pvt Ltd is one of the oldest manufacturers of Nepali tea.

## History

The tea estate of was founded by Ram Kumar Rathi in the late 1970s. The brand has been formed from his name Ra-Ku-Ra.