OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# René Le Corre

René Le Corre (12 March 1923 – 5 May 2021) was a French poet.
A professor of philosophy, he published numerous poems. He was a member of Les Plumes du paon [fr], which sought to promote literature from Bigouden.

## Works

* Bretagne, le clos et l'ouvert (1982)
* Pourquoi la mer ? (1984)
* Couleur du temps (1985)
* Livre de chevet des hommes et des femmes du xxie siècle (1995)
* L’Ombre bleue (1996)
* L'Inespéré (2007)
* Les saisons (2011)
* Un monde de rosée (2017)
# Representation class

A representation term is a word, or a combination of words, used as part of a data element name. Representation class is sometimes used as a synonym for representation term.
In ISO/IEC 11179, a representation class provides a way to classify or group data elements. A representation class is effectively a specialized classification scheme. Hence, there is currently some discussion in ISO over the merits of keeping representation class as a separate entity in 11179, versus collapsing it into the general classification scheme facility. A clear distinction between the two mechanisms, however, is that 11179 allows a data element to be classified by only one representation class, whereas there is no such restriction on other classification schemes.
ISO/IEC 11179 does not specify that representation terms should be drawn from the values of representation class, though it would make sense to do so, nor does it provide any mechanism to ensure any sort of consistency (whatever that might mean) between the representation terms used to name a data element, and the representation class used to classify it.
The term representation class has been used in metadata registry standards for many years. Today it has a combination of meanings and now goes well beyond how a data element is represented in a computer system. In practice this term is used to shed light on the semantics or meaning of the data element.

## Definitions of "representation class"

There are several alternate definitions for representation class. Some of these are taken from the ISO documents. Note that these documents are copyrighted and extracts can only be taken under the fair use rules.

### ISO Definitions of representation class
#### From ISO/IEC TR 20943-1 First edition 2003-08-01 pdf page 91

B.2.3 Representation class
Representation class is the value domain for representation. The set of classes make it easy to distinguish among the elements in the registry. For instance, a data element categorized with the representation class amount is different from an element categorized as number. It probably will not make sense to compare the contents of these elements, or perform calculations using them together.
Representation class is a mechanism by which the functional and/or presentational category of an item may be conveyed to the user.

#### From ISO/IEC 11179-3 Second edition 2003-02-15

3.3.51 data element representation class the class of representation of a data element
# Reverse costing

Reverse costing describes the process of disassembling (reverse engineering) a device to identify manufacturing technology and calculate its manufacturing costs through a cost analysis of its parts and the effort required to assemble them.
# Reverse crucifix

A reverse crucifix may refer to:
* A professional wrestling hold
* The Cross of St. Peter
# Shakespeare's Kings

Shakespeare's Kings: The Great Plays and the History of England in the Middle Ages: 1337–1485 (1999) ISBN 978-0-7432-0031-8 is a non-fiction book by John Julius Norwich. Lord Norwich was a British historian, author, and peer. The book was published by Penguin Group in Great Britain. The intent of the book was to provide historical context behind nine of Shakespeare's histories, allowing for the fact that, as an artist, Shakespeare's purpose was dramatic impact more than absolute historical accuracy. The nine plays span a period of approximately 150 years of British history. Norwich seeks to address the real people and real events behind the histories and identify, as much as possible, where the plays and the facts coincide and where they may differ. He addresses the plays in chronological order, while Shakespeare composed them in a much more random sequence. Norwich's book covers the history relating to the following plays:
* Edward III
* Richard II
* Henry IV, Part 1
* Henry IV, Part 2
* Henry V
* Henry VI, Part 1
* Henry VI, Part 2
* Henry VI, Part 3
* Richard III
The play concerning Edward III is believed by some scholars to be authored by Shakespeare, but it has not historically been included in the Shakespeare canon.
# Reuters - The World's Most Innovative Universities

The World's Most Innovative Universities by Reuters is an annual empirical ranking that identifies educational institutions doing the most to advance science, invent technologies and power new markets.

## Ranking

Empirical metrics focus on how often a university's patent applications are granted, how many patents are filed with global patent offices and local authorities, and how often a university's patents were cited by others.
The process identifies the 600 academic and government organizations with the greatest number of scholarly journal as indexed in the Web of Science. This list is then cross referenced against the patents and patent equivalents each university filed in the Derwent World Patents Index and the Derwent Innovations Index.

## Scope

The ranking has a European edition featuring the top 100 institutions across that region, an Asia-Pacific edition featuring the top 75 institutions and an edition featuring the top 25 most innovative governmental institutions in the world.
According to the World Economic Forum, universities on this list produce original research, create useful technology, and stimulate the global economy.
# Shame (Eurythmics song)

"Shame" is a song recorded by British pop music duo Eurythmics. It was written by band members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart and produced by Stewart. The song appears on the duo's sixth studio album Savage and was released as the second single in the UK. "Shame" was not released in the United States.
The track is a synthpop ballad in which the protagonist expresses regret and disdain for excessive and shallow lifestyles led by those who frequent nightclubs, bars, parties and the like. The lyrics namecheck The Beatles and The Rolling Stones and mentions the songs "All You Need is Love" and "We Love You".
"Shame" stalled at number forty-one in the UK singles chart, the first Eurythmics single to miss the UK Top 40 since "Julia" in 1985. It proved to be an airplay hit in Spain, with Radio España 97.2 including it in its playlist upon its release in the country.

## Track listings
### 7":RCA (UK, GER, FR, SP, AUS, JP)

* "Shame" (7" Version) – 3:46
* "I've Got A Lover (Back In Japan)" (LP Version) – 4:33

### 12":RCA (UK, GER, FR, SP, AUS)

* "Shame" (Dance Mix) – 5:44
* "I've Got A Lover (Back In Japan)" (LP Version) – 4:33
* "Shame" (LP Version) – 4:23

### CD Single:RCA (UK, GER)

* "Shame" (Dance Mix) – 5:44
* "I've Got A Lover (Back In Japan)" (LP Version) – 4:33
* "There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart)" (Live Version)* – 7:15
* live version recorded in Sydney, 1987

## Critical reception

On its release as a single, Neil Taylor of New Musical Express praised "Shame" as "an alluring tune [which] beckon[s] you to the safe portals of crackerjack clubland" and a "great single". He added that it is "a great record for sipping your glasnost and lime to". Lawrence Donegan, as guest reviewer for Record Mirror, described it as "a wonderful single" and added, "Behind the sorry mess that is Dave Stewart's hair there lies a pop genius."
In a review of Savage, Musician described the song as having "icy passion", and The Orlando Sentinel noted its "slow, ethereal arrangement." The Toledo Blade commented that songs on the album like "Shame" "sound lush and full, but the plea in the lyrics is almost desperate: a human longing to be touched instead of crushed by others". The Bulletin noted the song "takes on the idea of raised expectations generated by the media and nails it down as patently false. Everything is a con job... everything from movies to TV to the Beatles and the Rolling Stones." Spare Rib considered the lyrics to cover "success and disillusion".

## Charts

Chart performance for "Shame" :
| Chart (1988) | Peak position |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 39 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 37 |
| Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) | 77 |
| Italy (Musica e dischi) | 18 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 44 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade) | 13 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 23 |
| South Africa (Springbok Radio) | 16 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 41 |
| West Germany (Official German Charts) | 53 |
# Rex Bergstrom

Albert Rex Bergstrom (9 July 1925 – 1 May 2005) was a New Zealand econometrician recognised for his work in continuous time econometrics.

## Biography

Bergstrom was born on 9 July 1925 in Christchurch where he attended Christchurch Boys' High School. He studied at Canterbury University College part-time from 1942 to 1947 while working in accountancy and serving in the Royal New Zealand Air Force. He gained a first-class honours degree in 1948 and subsequently won a travelling scholarship in commerce which he took up in 1952 to do his doctoral work at the University of Cambridge, completing his PhD in 1955. He taught at Massey College, the University of Auckland, the London School of Economics, and finally the University of Essex where he became the Keynes Visiting Professor. He died on 1 May 2005.

## Festschrift

In May 1992, in occasion of his 65th birthday, a Festschrift was dedicated to Bergstrom under the title Models, Methods, and Applications of Econometrics, which contains various essays authored by some of Bergstrom's former students and colleagues. It was edited by his former student, Peter C.B. Phillips.
# Rete Adriatica

Rete Adriatica (RA) defines the network of railway lines assigned to the Società per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali under the Conventions of 1885. This network was merged into the Italian State Railways (FS) in 1905.

## History

Following the conclusions of a parliamentary commission of inquiry, established to examine the serious problems of management of the Italian private railway companies, 23 on April 1884, agreements were stipulated between the State and three large private companies, for a duration of 60 years, and were approved on 6 March 1885.
The agreements divided the Italian railways in a longitudinal direction with respect to the peninsula and assigned to the Società per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali (SFM) the tracks of most of the railway network bordering on the Adriatic. This included lines east of Milan, and in Veneto and Emilia-Romagna, and totalled 4,379 km. The network was called Rete Adriatica (Adriatic Network). To obtain the concession of the Adriatic Network, the company paid the sum of 115 million lire to the State. The Statistical Yearbook of 1898, published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, indicates that in December 1896 the Adriatic Network had increased to 5,602 km. Some strategic sections and some large stations were operated in common with the Rete Mediterranea (Mediterranean Network), among the most important being Piacenza - Parma and Milan - Como.
In March 1897 the Adriatic Network owned 1111 steam locomotives, 3158 coaches, 665 baggage cars and 20532 goods wagons.

## Nationalization

The operation of the Adriatic Network lines by the SFM ceased on 1 July 1905 when the Italian State Railways (FS) took over. Both the nationalization by the State of the lines owned by the company and the concomitant liquidation of the concession of the Network were implemented the following year, after the approval of the law of 15 July 1906, no. 324.
# Retbleed

Retbleed is a speculative execution attack on x86-64 and ARM processors, including some recent Intel and AMD chips. First made public in 2022, it is a variant of the Spectre vulnerability which exploits retpoline, which was a mitigation for speculative execution attacks.
According to the researchers, Retbleed mitigations require extensive changes to the system which results in up to 14% and 39% performance loss on Linux for affected AMD and Intel CPU respectively. The PoC works against Intel Core 6th, 7th and 8th generation microarchitectures and AMD Zen 1, Zen 1+, and Zen 2 microarchitectures.
An official document from ARM informs that all ARM CPUs affected by Spectre are also affected by Retbleed.
Windows is not vulnerable because the existing mitigations already tackle it. Linux kernels 5.18.14 and 5.19 contain the fixes. The 32-bit Linux kernel, which is vulnerable, will not receive updates to fix the issue.
# Rhazya

Rhazya is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1835. It is native to Egypt and to southwestern Asia from the Arabian Peninsula to north-west India. The genus is placed in subfamily Rauvolfioideae.

## Species

As of November 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted two species:
* Rhazya greissii Täckh. & Boulos - Kharga Oasis in Egypt
* Rhazya stricta Decne. - Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Persian Gulf sheikdoms, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Western Himalayas
# Rhein, Saskatchewan

Rhein (pronounced 'Ryan') (2016 population: 170) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Wallace No. 243 and Census Division No. 9.

## History

Rhein incorporated as a village on March 10, 1913.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Rhein had a population of 149 living in 65 of its 81 total private dwellings, a change of -12.4% from its 2016 population of 170. With a land area of 1.08 km$^2$ (0.42 sq mi), it had a population density of 138.0/km$^2$ (357.3/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Rhein recorded a population of 170 living in 71 of its 81 total private dwellings, a 7.1% change from its 2011 population of 158. With a land area of 1.09 km$^2$ (0.42 sq mi), it had a population density of 156.0/km$^2$ (403.9/sq mi) in 2016.

## Economy

Commercial cultivation of industrial cannabis was banned in Canada in 1938, but as of 1928 1,640 acres of cannabis were grown in Canada, with 200 of those acres located in Rhein.

## Notable residents

Rhein was the hometown of Arnie Weinmeister, one of the only two Canadians to be elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Established Ukrainian-Canadian fiddler (the late) Bill Prokopchuk, who recorded several albums and appeared in the 1979 NFB film "Paper Wheat," was born in Rhein in 1925.
# Rhein-Flugzeugbau RF-1

The Rhein-Flugzeugbau RF-1 was a prototype channel wing aircraft.

## Design and development

The RF-1 is a modification of the channel wing concept, that uses a single channel and propeller to eliminate the asymmetrical lift issues with a twin channel wing design. The "channel" is an airfoil-shaped section along the lower arc of the rearward propeller that produces additional lift from the propwash. The RF-1's propeller was completely shrouded, creating a hybrid ducted propeller. Twin engine redundancy is maintained with multiple engines driving a central propeller with freewheeling clutches to allow for an engine failure.
The aircraft had the unique shape to facilitate a channel wing design. The fuselage was composed of welded steel tubing with a composite skin. The landing gear was electrically retractable.

## Operational history

The prototype was built at Krefeld/Mönchengladbach and was only flown once.

## Variants
### RF-1 V1

    The original prototype

### RF-1 V2

    A modified prototype that did not go into production. Changes included 275 hp (205 kW) engines.

## Specifications (Rhein-Flugzeugbau RF-1)

Data from Flight
General characteristics
* Capacity: 6
* Length: 13.08 m (42 ft 11 in)
* Wingspan: 14.1 m (46 ft 3 in)
* Height: 3.8 m (12 ft 6 in)
* Wing area: 32.53 m$^2$ (350.2 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,800 kg (3,968 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 2,700 kg (5,952 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 360
* Powerplant: 2 × Lycoming O-540-A1A , 190 kW (250 hp) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 290 km/h (180 mph, 160 kn)
* Cruise speed: 260 km/h (160 mph, 140 kn)
* Range: 750 km (470 mi, 400 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 6,200 m (20,300 ft)
# Revenue stamps of Northern Cyprus

Turkish Cypriots first issued revenue stamps in 1962 as part of Cyprus; after 1983 of the UDI of Northern Cyprus, the country has continued to issue the stamps to this day.

## Revenue

Northern Cyprus first issued stamps in 1962 as part of the Republic of Cyprus. They had a monogram TCM (Türk Cemaat Meclisi - Turkish Cypriot State) and continued to be reprinted until 1976. There were surcharges on this issue in new currency in 1976 and 1978. A similar issue but with new currency and the monogram KTFD (Kıbrıs Türk Federe Devleti - Turkish Cyprus Federated State). With independence in 1983, a new issue with the monogram KKTC (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti - Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) was issued. This design was reissued with a number of differences since then.

## Izin Fonu (Holiday and sickness benefits)

The first Izin Fonu stamps of Northern Cyprus were issued around 1970. They were inscribed KIBRIS TURK YONETIMI. In 1972, stamps were overprinted with the appropriate inscription, and later that year another issue, inscribed K.T.F.D., was issued. This was followed by another issue in around 2000 which was inscribed K.K.T.C.

## Yardim Pulu (Social Insurance)

The first Yardim Pulu stamps were issued in April 1970 and had no value due to inflation. A second issue followed in 2001 with a map of Cyprus and a star and crescent.

## Forestry Fund

Forestry fund stamps were used to pay a fund to aid afforestation. It was a compulsory tax from 1995 to 1996, and voluntary after that. Only two were issued, with the face values of 1000 and 50000 lira.
# Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis

Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis, the wedge-sellaed horseshoe bat or southwestern China horseshoe bat, is a species of horseshoe bat from China.

## Taxonomy and etymology

It was described as a new species in 2009 based on specimens collected in May 2005 and April 2006. One individual of the new species was collected in 2005, and a second was found in 2006. Later, three more individuals were identified in the mammal collections at Kunming Institute of Zoology that had been originally collected in 1963. Its species name xinanzhongguoensis is pronounced “shee-nan-joong-guo-en-sis.” The name xinanzhongguoensis was derived from the Pinyin words "west" (xi), "south" (nan), and "China" (Zhongguo), describing a species that can be found in southwestern China.
Analysis of mitochondrial DNA placed R. xinanzhongguoensis as the basal member of a clade containing Geoffroy's horseshoe bat, greater horseshoe bat, Ruwenzori horseshoe bat, Rüppell's horseshoe bat, and Darling's horseshoe bat. Phylogenetically, it belongs to the "Afro-Palearctic" lineage of the horseshoe bat family, as described by Guillén-Servent et al. in 2003. Species in the horseshoe bat genus are traditionally divided into "species groups"; Amador et al. stated that they believe that R. xinanzhongguoensis is so unique, it belongs in its species group.

## Description

It weighs 20–26 g (0.71–0.92 oz). It is considered a large member of its genus. Its dorsal fur is "dull medium brown" and its ventral fur is paler in color. Its flight membranes are dark brown. Its ears are brown, relatively small, and partly transparent. Near its base, the sides of the sella are parallel; it narrows to a wedge-shaped, rounded tip. The lancet is spear-shaped. Its dental formula is typical for a horseshoe bat, at 1.1.2.32.1.3.3, for a total of 32 teeth. The length of its whole body is 59–70 mm (2.3–2.8 in); its forearm is 58.7–60.4 mm (2.31–2.38 in) long; its tail is 30–39 mm (1.2–1.5 in) long; its ear is 21–22 mm (0.83–0.87 in) long.

## Biology

It is nocturnal, sleeping in sheltered roosts during the day such as caves. It is known to roost with other horseshoe bats, including the intermediate horseshoe bat. Few individuals have been encountered, so little is known about its reproductive biology. However, a pregnant female was once encountered in April.

## Range and habitat

It occurs in wet habitat within the East Asian Monsoon zone. It has been documented at elevations of 1,500–1,980 m (4,920–6,500 ft) above sea level. All three areas where it has been documented are mountainous.

## Conservation

It is currently evaluated as near-threatened by the IUCN. It is only known from three localities and it has an estimated extent of occurrence of 26,865 km$^2$ (10,373 sq mi). The habitat in areas where it does occur is severely fragmented, with ongoing declines in the extent and quality of the habitat. It is threatened by the disturbance of its roosts as caving tourism expands in China. Degradation of its habitat is also caused by logging and agricultural conversion.
# Rhaphiptera boliviana

Rhaphiptera boliviana is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2007. It is known from Bolivia.
# Rhododendron haematodes

Rhododendron haematodes (似血杜鹃) is a rhododendron species native to northeastern Myanmar, and southeastern Xizang and western Yunnan in China, where it grows at altitudes of 3,100–4,000 m (10,200–13,100 ft). It is a dwarf evergreen shrub that grows to 0.6–1.8 m (2.0–5.9 ft) in height, with leathery leaves that are oblong to obovate, 2.7–7.5 by 0.7–3.2 cm in size. The flowers are red.
The Latin specific epithet haematodes literally means "blood red", referring to the colour of the flowers.
In 1910 and 1917 the British botanist George Forrest collected seeds from specimens which may have been unusually dwarf in size, as they had previously been reported as growing much taller. It is very hardy and flowers in late Spring, thus avoiding late frosts. It is suitable for cultivation in a rock garden or similar.
# Rhododendron groenlandicum

Rhododendron groenlandicum (bog Labrador tea, muskeg tea, swamp tea, or in northern Canada, Hudson's Bay tea; formerly Ledum groenlandicum or Ledum latifolium) is a flowering shrub with white flowers and evergreen leaves that is used to make a herbal tea.

## Description

It is a low shrub growing to 50 centimetres (20 inches) tall—rarely up to 2 metres (6+1⁄2 feet)—with evergreen leaves 2–6 cm (3⁄4–2+3⁄8 in) long and 3–15 millimetres (1⁄8–5⁄8 in) broad. The leaves are wrinkled on top, densely hairy white to red-brown underneath, and have a leathery texture, curling at the edges. The tiny white flowers grow in hemispherical clusters and are very fragrant and sticky.
* Illustration by William Miller
* Specimen in Newfoundland and Labrador
* Dry leaves
* Underside of leaves
* Leaves and buds
* Close-up of flowers

## Distribution and habitat

It is reported from Greenland, as well as from every province and territory in Canada and in the north of the United States including the Northeast (New England, New York, Pennsylvania), the Northwest (Oregon, Washington, Idaho), parts of the Upper Midwest (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota) and Alaska.
It grows in bogs, muskegs, and open tundra, as well as occasionally on wet shores and rocky alpine slopes.

## Toxicity

The plant contains toxic alkaloids which are poisonous to livestock and may be toxic to humans in concentrated doses.

## Uses

The leaves are regularly used to make beverages and medicines—most commonly a fragrant tea—by many Native American tribes such as the Quinault and Makah, the Potawatomi, the Anishinaabe, the Iroquois, and First Nations tribes in Canada. When European explorers arrived, they soon adopted these uses as well, dubbing it "Indian plant tea". During the American Revolutionary War, it was used as a substitute for tea.
It is sometimes grown as an ornamental shrub.
Its essential oil is popular in aromatherapy.
# Rhizobotrya

Rhizobotrya is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae.
Its native range is Italy.
Species: