OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Johann Georg Anton Geuther

Johann Georg Anton Geuther (23 April 1833 – 23 August 1889) was a German chemist. His work in organic and inorganic chemistry influenced the development of coordination chemistry. Geuther spent most of his academic career at the University of Jena where he discovered ethyl acetoacetate, a key compound for chemical synthesis and for the discovery of tautomerism.

## Life

Geuther was born in Neustadt bei Coburg and was educated in Neustad, Coburg and Saalfeld. Although his family favoured education in the merchant business, he started to study chemistry at the University of Jena, but changed to the University of Göttingen in 1853. He received his PhD in 1855 for a work on oil shale carried out together with Friedrich Wöhler. In the following years, he gradually improved his position in Göttingen and became professor in the University of Jena in 1860. In 1883 he married and lived until his death with his wife, son and daughter in Jena. Geuther died of typhus in 1889 at the age of 57.

## Work

Geuther started to work on inorganic topics, such as the electrolysis of chromic acid and sulfuric acid to determine the similarities of the two compounds. His research on the constitution of several cobalt amine complexes, such as hexamminecobalt(III) chloride, were later completed by Alfred Werner earning Werner a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Some of his organic research was connected to isomerism of chemical molecules. The experimental work on the hydrolysis of 1,1-dichloroethane, which yielded glycol, and the chlorination of acetaldehyde giving 1,2-dichloroethane provided a good starting point for the development of the theory of the constitution of compounds with the same chemical formula, but different bond structure.
Geuther is best known for his discovery of ethyl acetoacetate. Although he discovered the compound in 1863, it took him two years to publish results in a peer reviewed journal. The experimental work of his and others yielded puzzling results and induced debates on the nature of ethyl acetoacetate. The structure proposed by Edward Frankland and Duppa showed a keto group (C=O), while Geuther was certain about presence of an acidic OH group in the molecule. It was long after the death of Geuther when Ludwig Knorr, Geuthers successor at the University of Jena, solved the riddle proving both sides right: the true nature of ethyl acetoacetate was a tautomeric equilibrium between the both suggested structures. The Keto-enol tautomerism strongly depends on the solvent used for the experiments. Geuther was planning to build a new chemical laboratory at University of Jena, but died well before the construction had started. Some of his unfinished work was completed by his successor in Jena Ludwig Knorr.
# Vaucluse, Virginia

Vaucluse is an unincorporated community in Frederick County, Virginia. Vaucluse is located on U.S. Route 11 south of Stephens City.
# Vanscoy

Vanscoy or van Scoy may refer:

## Places

* Rural Municipality of Vanscoy No. 345, Saskatchewan, Canada
** Vanscoy, Saskatchewan, Canada; an urban municipality located within the rural municipality of Vanscoy
* Relief landing field Vanscoy of the RCAF Station Saskatoon, an offsite landing field for relief of the main field; in Vanscoy, Saskatchewan, Canada; formerly WWII British RAF training station RCAF Vanscoy

## People

* Grant Van Scoy, baseball player, member of the 2018 Illinois Fighting Illini baseball team
* Jerry VanScoy, football player, member of the 1960 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
* Thomas Van Scoy (1848–1901) U.S. minister and educator
* Tommy Van Scoy (1920–2005) U.S. diamond jeweler
* W.A. Van Scoy, an early film director, see List of American live-action shorts

## Other uses

* Van Scoy, a jewelry chain founded by Tommy Van Scoy, and sponsor of the Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500 race
* NASCAR Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500 (Van Scoy 500), NASCAR Cup-series race
* USAC Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500 (Van Scoy 500), former name of the IndyCar race ABC Supply 500
# Vanscoy, Saskatchewan

Vanscoy (2016 population: 462) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Vanscoy No. 345 and Census Division No. 12. Vanscoy is located on Highway 7 near Highway 762 in central Saskatchewan, 29 km southwest of the City of Saskatoon. Rice Lake is to the west, Goose Lake is to the north, and Pike Lake and Pike Lake Provincial Park are to the east. One of the largest economic industries near Vanscoy is Agrium Vanscoy Potash Operations which produces 1,790,000 metric tonnes of potash a year. Community facilities include a circle hall, ice rink, curling rink and ball diamond.

## History

Vanscoy incorporated into a village on June 17, 1919.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Vanscoy had a population of 477 living in 193 of its 206 total private dwellings, a change of 3.2% from its 2016 population of 462. With a land area of 2.47 km$^2$ (0.95 sq mi), it had a population density of 193.1/km$^2$ (500.2/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Vanscoy recorded a population of 462 living in 191 of its 198 total private dwellings, a 18.4% change from its 2011 population of 377. With a land area of 1.49 km$^2$ (0.58 sq mi), it had a population density of 310.1/km$^2$ (803.1/sq mi) in 2016.

## Attractions

Within 19 kilometers or 12 miles of Vanscoy is the Otapasoo Trails Recreation Site. Pike Lake Provincial Park has hiking trails, boating, and marsh land conservation area, and is located 16 kilometers or 10 miles to the southeast of Vanscoy.

## Education

Vanscoy School provides schooling for Kindergarten to Grade 8 within the Village of Vanscoy, after which they generally go to nearby Delisle for Grades 9 to 12.

## Media

Vanscoy is considered part of the greater Saskatoon region and its close proximity to the city allows it direct access to most of its print, radio and television media.
# Colorado Department of Agriculture

The Colorado Department of Agriculture is the principal department of the Colorado state government that manages agriculture, food safety, agriculture-related consumer protection, and conservation districts. Kate Greenberg was appointed as Commissioner of the Department in 2019, replacing Don Brown, who retired after serving since 2015.

## Organization

The department is organized into these divisions:
* Animal Health Division
* Brands Division
* Colorado State Fair
* Commissioner's Office
* Conservation Services Division
* Inspection & Consumer Services Division
* Markets Division
* Plant Industry Division
* Division of Laboratory Services
The commissioner serves as a non-voting member of the board of directors of the Colorado Agricultural Development Authority (CADA), created in 1981 to make financing available for farmers and other agricultural enterprises due to the high cost and lack of available agricultural loans, and the insufficiency of gainful employment in rural areas. The commissioner has had a nonvoting ex-officio seat on the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission.
CADA board members are ex officio members (the commissioner is a non-voting member) of the Colorado Agricultural Value-Added Board (CAVADB), which make grants, loans, loan guarantees and equity investments concerning rural Colorado. The Colorado State Conservation Board (CSCB) is composed of representatives of Colorado's ten watersheds, representing Colorado's seventy-six conservation districts.
# Koran (surname)

Koran is a surname with multiple origins. Notable people with the surname include:
* Al Koran (1914–1972), British mentalist
* Mark Koran (born 1964), American politician
* Rajan Koran (1981), Malaysian footballer
# Koramanlar, Çaycuma

Koramanlar is a village in Çaycuma District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,278 (2022).
# John Browne, 3rd Baron Kilmaine

John Cavendish Browne, 3rd Baron Kilmaine (11 June 1794 – 13 January 1873) was an Anglo-Irish politician and landowner. He was an Irish representative peer (1849–73).
Kilmaine was the eldest son of James Browne, 2nd Baron Kilmaine and Anne Cavendish, daughter of Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet.
He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He died in Dublin in 1873. Kilmaine was married twice and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Francis William.

## Marriage and issue

Lord Kilmaine was twice married and had 17 children, all but three of whom survived to adulthood.
He married firstly, in 1822, Elizabeth Lyon, daughter of David Lyon. They had three sons, all officers in the British Army who died unmarried, and four daughters:
* Lieut.-Col. Hon. James Lyon Browne (19 November 1822 – 5 September 1860)
* Hon. Isabella Anne Browne (1825 – 16 March 1916), married Miles Stapleton, 8th Baron Beaumont
* Capt. Hon. John Howe Montague Browne (14 March 1828 – 5 June 1860) of the 80th Foot
* Hon. Agnes Georgiana Browne (1827 – 27 June 1898), married Sir George Abercromby, 6th Baronet
* Capt. Hon. Cavendish Browne (15 January 1830 – †22 March 1855) of the 7th Royal Welch Fusiliers, killed at the Siege of Sevastopol
* Hon. Louisa Katherine Browne (26 October 1831 – 14 Jan 1877), married Maj. Robert Higginson Borrowes, grandson of Sir Kildare Borrowes, 5th Baronet
* Hon. Emily Anne Browne (14 March 1833 – 29 September 1923), married Charles Brownlow, 2nd Baron Lurgan
* Hon. Eliza Browne (15 November 1834 – 1 September 1835), died in childhood
Elizabeth died 1 December 1834. He married secondly, in 1839, Mary Law, daughter of Hon. Charles Ewan Law. They had five more daughters and four more sons:
* Hon. Mary Eleanor Frances Browne (22 March 1841 – 28 October 1869), married Maj. George Bagot and Col. Thomas Astell St Quintin
* Hon. Julia Sophia Browne (21 May 1842 – 15 February 1909), died unmarried
* Hon. Francis William (1843–1907), succeeded as 4th Baron Kilmaine
* Hon. Capt Edward Miles David Browne (22 October 1844 – 27 July 1878) of the Royal Navy
* Hon. Gertrude Eleanor Wilhelmina Browne (1 April 1846 – 1 February 1876)
* Hon. Evelyne Browne (5 January 1848 – 22 April 1878), married Maj.-Gen. Sir Owen Tudor Burne
* Hon. Charles Matthias Browne (24 February – 10 April 1849), died in childhood
* Hon. Arthur Henry Browne (29 April 1850 – 3 May 1908), married Clotilde Georgina Don-Wauchope, daughter of Sir John Don-Wauchope, 8th Baronet.
* Hon. Clementina Browne (10 May 1852 – 6 December 1864), died in childhood
# Commodore

Commodore may refer to:

## Ranks

* Commodore (rank), a naval rank
** Commodore (Royal Navy), in the United Kingdom
** Commodore (India), in India
** Commodore (United States)
** Commodore (Canada)
** Commodore (Finland)
** Commodore (Germany) or Kommodore
* Air commodore, a rank in the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces
* Commodore (yacht club), an officer of a yacht club
* Commodore (Sea Scouts), a position in the Boy Scouts of America's Sea Scout program
* Convoy commodore, a civilian in charge of a shipping convoy during the Second World War

## Fiction

* The Commodore, a Horatio Hornblower novel by C. S. Forester
* The Commodore (book), a novel in the Aubrey–Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian

## Music and music venues

* Commodore Ballroom, a nightclub and music venue in Vancouver, British Columbia
* Commodore Records, a jazz and swing music record label
* Commodores, an American soul/funk band

## People

* "The Commodore", the nickname of American entrepreneur Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794–1877)
* "Commodore Kuehnle", the nickname of American entrepreneur and politician Louis Kuehnle (1857–1934)
* Aaron Commodore (1819/20 – 1892), African American politician
* Mike Commodore (born 1979), a Canadian ice hockey player
* Commodore P. Vedder (1838–1910), New York politician

## Places

* Commodore, Pennsylvania, United States
* Commodore Island, a Canadian island in Hudson Bay
* Phoenix Park Hotel, hotel built in Washington, D.C., in 1922, known originally as "The Commodore"

## Vehicles
### Automobiles

* Hudson Commodore, an automobile produced from 1941 to 1952 in the US by Hudson Motor Car Company
* Opel Commodore, an automobile produced from 1967 to 1982 in Germany by Adam Opel AG
* Holden Commodore, an automobile produced from 1978 to 2017 in Australia by the Holden division of General Motors

### Ships and boats

* Commodore (shipwreck), an American steamboat shipwrecked off the coast of Florida
* Commodore 17, an American sailboat design
* USS Commodore, the name of various United States Navy ships

### Aircraft

* Consolidated Commodore, a flying boat used for passenger travel in the 1930s

## Computers

* Commodore International (also named Commodore Business Machines), a computer company that operated from 1954 to 1994
** Commodore 64, an 8-bit home computer introduced in January 1982 by Commodore International
* Commodore USA, a computer company that operated from 2010 to 2013 after purchasing the classic brand name

## Other uses

* Several genera or species of brush-footed butterflies, in particular:
** Precis
** Auzakia danava
** Junonia artaxia
* Vanderbilt Commodores, intercollegiate athletics teams for Vanderbilt University
# Vasil Vasilev

Vasil Vasilev may refer to:
* Vasil Vasilev (footballer, born 1984), footballer, playing for PFC Botev Plovdiv
* Vasil Vasilev (footballer, born 1976), footballer, playing for FC Malesh Mikrevo
* Vasil Vasilev, artist
# Colt SCAMP

The Colt SCAMP (Small CAliber Machine Pistol) was conceived in 1969 as a replacement to the aging Colt M1911A1 pistol.

## Design

The resulting weapon, embodied in a single SCAMP prototype built in 1971, was designed to give an individual operator a huge increase in firepower, with only a slight bump in weight and bulk. Both the pistol and the unique ammunition developed for the pistol, were shopped unsuccessfully around to the military through 1974. Though people who tested the SCAMP were impressed, no official interest developed. An article in Small Arms Review magazine reports the prototype remains in the Colt archival vault.
Colt design engineer Henry A. Into recalled that they wanted a selective-fire weapon as the basis of their replacement for the M1911A1. Colt designers looked at the smallest submachine guns of the day (including the Czech Škorpion vz. 61, and Uzi), and tinkered with making full-auto versions of high-magazine-capacity pistols (such as the Browning Hi-Power). They eventually settled on an in-house design, Into recalled, which was a gas-operated, locked-breech weapon with select-fire capability, including three-shot burst. The SCAMP's magazine had a similar capacity to a submachine gun, of 27 rounds.
SCAMP was designed to be controllable and accurate to fire. As such, it featured grips patterned after those found on target pistols, a bore set low over the hand to lower the center of gravity, and a burst-fire mode to allow multiple shots without the problem of prolonged recoil. There was also a recoil compensator built into the muzzle.
The requirement for accuracy led to the design of an original cartridge for the SCAMP. The .223-caliber rifle round was first suggested but was found to be too hot for a handgun. The 9mm Parabellum round was also rejected for having a relatively heavy recoil, Into said in an interview. Into also rejected the .22 Winchester Magnum, 5-mm. Remington, and .22 Hornet.
The design team eventually settled on the .221 Remington Fireball as the basis of their new cartridge, leading to the design of a .224-caliber centerfire cartridge known as the .22 SCAMP. This round was somewhat shorter and narrower than the Fireball.
Despite positive reviews by the few military personnel who got to test the SCAMP, the ultimate response was the military was not looking to replace the M1911A1 pistol at the time. Another source states the Army rejected the SCAMP in 1971 because it was already working on a parallel development, the 'Personal Defense Weapon'. The Colt .45 ACP would not be replaced until 1985.
The SCAMP's cartridge was later rimmed so it could be used in revolvers, intended as a weapon for security forces. This also didn't sell.
# Colton

Colton may refer to:

## Places
### Australia

* Colton, South Australia, a locality in the District Council of Elliston
* Electoral district of Colton, South Australia

### England

* Colton, Cumbria
* Colton, Leeds (a village to the east of the city.)
* Colton, Norfolk (in Marlingford and Colton parish)
* Colton, North Yorkshire
* Colton, Staffordshire
* Colton, Suffolk (in Great Barton parish)

### United States

* Colton, California
* Colton, Nebraska
* Colton, New York
** Colton (CDP), New York
* Colton, Ohio
* Colton, Oregon
* Colton, South Dakota
* Colton, Utah, a ghost town
* Colton, Washington
* Colton Crater, Coconino County, Arizona
* Colton Hall California's Constitution Hall in Monterey

## People with the name

* Colton (given name)
* Colton (surname)

## Other uses

* Colton antigen system
* Marr and Colton, a pipe organ company
# Kornblumenblau

Kornblumenblau is a 1989 Polish drama film directed by Leszek Wosiewicz. The film was selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

## Cast

* Adam Kamień as Tadeusz
* Marcin Troński as Moskwa
* Piotr Skiba as Włodek
* Krzysztof Kolberger as Blokowy
* Wiesław Wójcik as Blokowy
* Marek Chodorowski as Szef
* Zygmunt Bielawski as Blokowy
* Ewa Błaszczyk as Komendantowa
* Erwin Nowiaszek as Szef
* Jerzy Rogulski as Strażnik
# List of monuments of Azerbaijan

This is a list of monuments in Azerbaijan.

## A

* Ahmadalilar Mausoleum
* Akhsadan Baba Mausoleum
* Alinja Tower
* Armenian cemetery in Julfa
* Ateshgah of Baku

## B

* Barda Mausoleum
* Basilica in Qum village

## C

* Chirag Gala

## D

* Diri Baba Mausoleum

## G

* Galarsan-Gorarsan
* Garabaghlar Mausoleum
* Garghabazar Caravanserai
* Garghabazar Mosque
* Gilahli Mosque in Shaki
* Guba Memorial Complex
* Gulustan Mausoleum

## H

* Haji Gayib’s bathhouse
* Huseyn Javid Monument

## I

* Imamzadeh (Ganja)
* Imamzadeh complex in Nakhchivan

## J

* Juma Mosque in Ordubad
* Juma Mosque in Sheki
* Juma Mosque of Nakhchivan

## K

* Khachin-Turbatli Mausoleum
* Khanegah tomb
* Khojaly Memorial (Baku)
* Kirna mausoleum

## L

* Lekh Castle

## M

* Maiden Tower (Baku)
* Mammadbayli Mausoleum
* Mausoleum of Huseyn Javid
* Mausoleum of Seyid Yahya Bakuvi
* Mausoleum of Sheikh Juneyd
* Mirali Mausoleum
* Momine Khatun Mausoleum
* Monument to Mirza Alakbar Sabir

## N

* Nakhchivan Memorial Museum
* Nardaran Fortress
* Nizami Mausoleum
* Noah’s Mausoleum (Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan)

## P

* Papravand Mausoleum
* Parigala

## R

* Ramana Tower

## S

* Shahbulag Castle
* Shaki Caravanserai
* Sheykh Babi Yagub Mausoleum
* Shirvan Domes

## T

* Treasury of Bahman Mirza
* Tuba Shahi Mosque

## V

* Vagif Mausoleum

## Y

* Yeddi Gumbaz mausoleum
* Yezidabad castle
# Kosigi

Kosigi is a village and mandal in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, India. In addition to Telugu, Kannada is spoken and understood by many of its residents. Kosigi is well connected through the Mumbai-Chennai rail route, and has a railway station constructed well before India became independent. Kosigi was well known for its leather industry. Kosigi Mandal has a population of 68001 of which males 34,072 and females are 33,929. Kosigi village has 23126 people according to the census 2011. Major cast in this area is VALMIKI boyas.

## Geography

Kosigi is located at 15°51′00″N 77°16′00″E﻿ / ﻿15.8500°N 77.2667°E﻿ / 15.8500; 77.2667. It has an average elevation of 398 meters (1309 feet).
# Vellalar (disambiguation)

Vellala or Vellalar may refer to:
* Vellala, a village in Andhra Pradesh, India
* Vellalar, a caste originating in Tamil Nadu, India
** Sri Lankan Tamil Vellalar, the dominant caste of Sri Lankan Tamils
** List of Vellalar sub castes, a list of sub castes
* Isai Vellalar, a new identity for Tamil classical dance and music community created after the merger of minstrel people from certain Tamil castes
# Velagadurru

Velagadurru, is a village in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India.
# Kosovans in the United Kingdom

Kosovo Albanians in the United Kingdom refers to Kosovo Albanians who have settled or are temporarily living in the United Kingdom. The earliest arrivals from Kosovo settled in London in the 1990s, with pockets of arrivals in other cities. The 2011 Census recorded 28,390 Kosovo-born residents (of all ethnicities) in England and 56 in Wales. The censuses of Scotland and Northern Ireland recorded 215 and 44 Kosovo-born residents respectively.
During the Kosovo War, some Kosovans claimed asylum in the UK. During 1998, there were 7,980 applications from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia citizens, of whom most were Kosovo Albanians. The number of asylum applications received from Kosovo (excluding dependants) was 140 in 1996, 600 in 1997, 4,580 in 1998 and 9,850 in 1999. Between 15 June and 13 September 1999, consideration asylum claims from the FR Yugoslavia was suspended, with asylum seekers who had applied prior to 24 March 1999 given one year's exceptional leave to remain. On 13 September 1999, the Home Secretary announced that due to the improved security situation in Kosovo, all asylum claims by Kosovo Albanians would be judged on individual merits again. In the majority of cases, claims would now be refused unless there were exceptional circumstances.
In addition to asylum seekers, 4,346 refugees were evacuated to the UK between 25 April and 25 June 1999 as agreed with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and were either granted family reunification rights, if they had family members who had been through the asylum process, or were given leave to remain in the UK for one year. 68 people arrived through later medical evacuations. The first request from the UNHCR was received by the Home Office on 20 April and was agreed within an hour. The first plane of refugees from Kosovo arrived in the UK at Leeds Bradford Airport on Sunday 25 April. There were 161 refugees, mainly women and children, including three cases in need of medical treatment. The second plane of 169 refugees arrived at East Midlands Airport on 29 April. Return flights enabling refugees to return home commenced on 19 July 1999.

## Notable people

* Dua Lipa - English singer and songwriter. After signing with Warner Music Group in 2015, she soon released her first single "New Love"
* Geraldo Bajrami - footballer
* DJ Regard - musician
* Rita Ora - singer, songwriter and actress
# List of monuments in Morang, Nepal

This is a list of monuments in Morang District, Nepal as officially recognized by and available through the website of the Department of Archaeology, Nepal. Morang is a district of Province No. 1 and is located in eastern Nepal.

## List of monuments

| ID | Name | District | Image |
| NP-MOR-01 | Birat King Palace | Morang | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
| NP-MOR-02 | King Dhanpal Palace | Morang | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
| NP-MOR-03 | Birat Temple | Morang | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
| NP-MOR-04 | Mahadev Temple | Morang | Upload Photo Upload Photo |