OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Roy's safety-first criterion

Roy's safety-first criterion is a risk management technique, devised by A. D. Roy, that allows an investor to select one portfolio rather than another based on the criterion that the probability of the portfolio's return falling below a minimum desired threshold is minimized.
For example, suppose there are two available investment strategies—portfolio A and portfolio B, and suppose the investor's threshold return level (the minimum return that the investor is willing to tolerate) is −1%. Then, the investor would choose the portfolio that would provide the maximum probability of the portfolio return being at least as high as −1%.
Thus, the problem of an investor using Roy's safety criterion can be summarized symbolically as:
${\underset {i}{\min }}\Pr(R_{i}<{\underline {R}})$
where Pr(R$_i$ < R) is the probability of R$_i$ (the actual return of asset i) being less than R (the minimum acceptable return).

## Normally distributed return and SFRatio

If the portfolios under consideration have normally distributed returns, Roy's safety-first criterion can be reduced to the maximization of the safety-first ratio, defined by:
${\text{SFRatio}}_{i}={\frac {{\text{E}}(R_{i})-{\underline {R}}}{\sqrt {{\text{Var}}(R_{i})}}}$
where ${\text{E}}(R_{i})$ is the expected return (the mean return) of the portfolio, ${\sqrt {{\text{Var}}(R_{i})}}$ is the standard deviation of the portfolio's return and R is the minimum acceptable return.

### Example

If Portfolio A has an expected return of 10% and standard deviation of 15%, while portfolio B has a mean return of 8% and a standard deviation of 5%, and the investor is willing to invest in a portfolio that maximizes the probability of a return no lower than 0%:
    SFRatio(A) = ⁠10 − 0/15⁠ = 0.67,
    SFRatio(B) = ⁠8 − 0/5⁠ = 1.6
By Roy's safety-first criterion, the investor would choose portfolio B as the correct investment opportunity.

## Similarity to Sharpe ratio

Under normality,
    ${\text{SFRatio}}={\frac {({\text{Expected Return}})-({\text{Minimum Return}})}{\text{standard deviation of Return}}}.$
The Sharpe ratio is defined as excess return per unit of risk, or in other words:
    ${\text{Sharpe ratio}}={\frac {({\text{Expected Return}})-({\text{Risk-Free Return}})}{\text{standard deviation of Return}}}$.
The SFRatio has a striking similarity to the Sharpe ratio. Thus for normally distributed returns, Roy's Safety-first criterion—with the minimum acceptable return equal to the risk-free rate—provides the same conclusions about which portfolio to invest in as if we were picking the one with the maximum Sharpe ratio.

## Asset Pricing

Roy’s work is the foundation of asset pricing under loss aversion. His work was followed by Lester G. Telser’s proposal of maximizing expected return subject to the constraint that the Pr(R$_i$ < R) be less than a certain safety level. See also Chance-constrained portfolio selection.
# Plaza de toros de La Malagueta

La Malagueta is a bullring at Málaga, Andalucía, Spain. It is located in the eastern district of Málaga, in its namesake neighbourhood of La Malagueta.
The first event was held in 1876.
The building is owned by the Provincial Deputation of Málaga.

## History

The bullring was designed by Joaquín Rucoba, who also designed the Mercado de Atarazanas. Construction work started on June 16, 1874. The work was interrupted from December 23, 1874, until October 10, 1875. It was inaugurated on June 11, 1876, with a traditional corrida de toros.
In 1939, during the last months of the Spanish Civil War, the concentration camp at La Aurora had been filling up. The regime decided to use the bullring to house prisoners. In 1943, during the Second World War, it was once again used to house prisoners.
In 1976, it was declared a Conjunto histórico. In 1981, it was also declared a Bien de Interés Cultural, meaning it was added to the list of national heritage sites.
A two-year renovation started in 2017. The inside of the building was adapted so that it could be used as a cultural centre year round, rather than only as a bullring.

## Building

The style of the building is Neo-Mudéjar and it takes the form of a 16-sided hexadecagon. After a refurbishment carried out in 2010 the arena now has a capacity for 9,032 spectators. The ring measures 52 meters in diameter and the complex includes four large pens, 10 small holding pens, stables, dressing rooms, a first aid post and assorted administrative facilities including the Museo Taurino Antonio Ordóñez museum.
La Malagueta hosts events during the Spanish-style bullfighting season, and its festivities include two bullfights in Holy Week which include the Corrida Picassiana (named in honour of Pablo Picasso). La Corrida de la Prensa (press) is held in June for the feast of Málaga town's duo of patron saints Ciriaco and Paula, who were martyred in Málaga in 303 AD. The bullring is also featured prominently during Feria de Agosto.
The August festival and final bullfight of the season is held in the month of September in honour of Our Lady of Victory, the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Málaga.
# Shirleen Roeder

Glenna Shirleen Roeder is a geneticist known for identifying and characterizing the yeast genes that regulate the process of meiosis with particular emphasis on synapsis.

## Education and career

Roeder has a B.Sc. from Dalhousie University (1973) and earned her Ph.D. in 1978 from the University of Toronto. Following her Ph.D. she was a postdoctoral fellow at Cornell University before moving to the faculty at Yale University in 1981. In 2001 she was named the Eugene Higgins Professor of Genetics in the Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department at Yale University. Roeder retired in 2012 and, as of 2021, she is Professor Emeritus at Yale University.

## Research

Roeder used budding yeast as a model system to examine meiosis. She discovered the Zip1 protein, and discovered two distinct processes that regulate the recombination between chromosomes in meiosis and also a process inhibiting recombination.

## Selected publications

* Roeder, G. Shirleen (15 October 1997). "Meiotic chromosomes: it takes two to tango". Genes & Development. 11 (20): 2600–2621. doi:10.1101/gad.11.20.2600. ISSN 0890-9369. PMID 9334324.
* Sym, Mary; Engebrecht, JoAnne; Roeder, G. Shirleen (12 February 1993). "ZIP1 is a synaptonemal complex protein required for meiotic chromosome synapsis". Cell. 72 (3): 365–378. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90114-6. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 7916652. S2CID 6174855.
* Roeder, G. Shirleen; Bailis, Julie M. (1 September 2000). "The pachytene checkpoint". Trends in Genetics. 16 (9): 395–403. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02080-1. ISSN 0168-9525. PMID 10973068.
* Ross-Macdonald, Petra; Roeder, G. Shirleen (16 December 1994). "Mutation of a meiosis-specific MutS homolog decreases crossing over but not mismatch correction". Cell. 79 (6): 1069–1080. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90037-X. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 8001134. S2CID 28539509.

## Awards and honors

In 1984, Roeder received a Young Investigator award from the National Science Foundation. She was named an HHMI investigator in 1997, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2009. In 2010, she was chosen as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and elected to the American Academy of Microbiology.
# Souls in Pawn (1940 film)

Souls in Pawn is a 1940 American drama film directed by Melville Shyer and featuring Kenne Duncan, Lloyd Ingraham, Symona Boniface. It was produced by the independent producer Willis Kent.

## Plot

A young woman is secretly married to a college student and falls pregnant. However he refuses to support the child and so after giving birth she agrees to give it up for adoption. It is then adopted by a burlesque queen as part of a publicity stunt.

## Cast

* Ginger Britton as Nan Carey
* Beatrice Curtis as Lois Saunders
* Kenne Duncan as J.W. Carlton
* Lloyd Ingraham as Dr. Ingram
* Richard Beach as Bill Saunders
* Patti Lacey as Patsy
* Evelyn Mulhall as Manager of 'The Haven'
* Symona Boniface as Nurse at 'The Manger'
* Donald Kerr as Nan's P.R. Man
* Jimmy Aubrey as Motel Manager
* Ethelreda Leopold as The Hitch-hiker
* Richard Lee Spitz as Baby Bill
# Amanda Forsberg

Amanda Nestoria Forsberg (born 26 February 1846) was a Swedish ballerina.
Forsberg was born in Stockholm. She was a student at the Royal Swedish Ballet in 1863 and a premier dancer in 1864–69; she was a premier dancer at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden in Berlin in 1870–1882.
Her dance was, according to contemporary critics, characterized by an "unusual airy" finesse and an "intoxicating virginal modesty", and she was also recommended for her mimicry.
# Prusias

Prusias may refer to :

## Places and jurisdictions

* Prusias ad Hypium, city in the Roman province of Honorias
* Prusias and Prusias ad Mare, former alternate names for the ancient city of Cius in Bithynia
# 2-4-6-2

A 2-4-6-2 steam locomotive, in the Whyte notation for describing locomotive wheel arrangements, has a two-wheel leading truck, one set of four driving wheels, one set of six driving wheels, and a two-wheel trailing truck.
Other equivalent classifications are: UIC classification (also known as German classification): 1BC1
French classification: potentially 1231, although the only example was described as 151
This most unusual wheel arrangement was only ever used on the PLM 151.A class [fr], a French duplex locomotive type built in 1932 for the PLM. Although a rigid locomotive, not articulated, it had some similarities to a Mallet as it was a compound with the two groups of drivers driven by the high pressure cylinders for the rear 6-coupled group and the low pressure for the front 4-coupled group. As the two groups of drivers were also linked with inside coupling rods through inside cranks on the second and third drivers, André Chapelon considered that this made the locomotive a 2-10-2 rather than a duplex, which was also consistent with the PLM numbering as 151. Linking the drivers did not transfer appreciable power between them, but it did keep them synchronised in phase, so that the pistons moved as a balanced locomotive. Power from each pair of cylinders was shared in the ratio 2:3 to distribute power equally across each wheelset.
The compound locomotives were built to haul heavy freight trains on the 0.8% grade of the Paris–Marseille railway between Les Laumes and Dijon. Their performance was so good that the company wanted to order more engines, but the nationalization of the French railways in 1938 stopped all projects. These duplex engines were fitted with Lenz-Dabeg rotary cam valve gear and soon thereafter with double chimneys. The driving wheels had a diameter of 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in). The highest permissible speed was 53 mph (85 km/h). In a test on 19 December 1933, the engine developed slightly more than 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) at the drawbar over a distance of 37 miles (60 km) and a speed of at least 46 mph (74 km/h), without being overworked. In ordinary service these engines could haul 1,375 short tons (1,228 long tons; 1,247 t), sustaining 31 mph (50 km/h) at the summit of the 0.8% Blaisy grade. After electrification of the line, the 151A's were sent for service in northeastern France. They were withdrawn from service in 1956 and scrapped.
# Roll of Honour

Roll of Honour may refer to:
* A war memorial
* A list of people who are praised officially for something they have done
* A memorial list of names of people who have died in military, police service or other services
* "Roll of Honour" (song), an Irish Republican song praising the participants in the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike
# Police (Scotland) Act 1966

The Police (Scotland) Act 1966 (c. 52) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The whole act was repealed by section 52(1) of, and Part I of Schedule 5 to, the Police (Scotland) Act 1967.
# Abdessalem Mseddi

Abdessalem Mseddi (Arabic: عبد السلام المسدي) is a Tunisian linguist, diplomat, writer, literary critic, and ex-minister, born 26 January 1945.
Mseddi was Minister of Higher Education from 1988 to 1989. He was subsequently appointed ambassador first to the Arab League (1989-1990), then to Saudi Arabia (1990-1991), after which he resumed teaching at Tunis University. Other positions he has held include General Secretary of the Tunisian Writers' Union and Secretary of the Scientific Council of the Doha Historical Dictionary of Arabic.
He is the author of a number of works, including Arab Identity and Language Security (2014).
# Daniel Waugh

Daniel Waugh is the name of:
* Daniel Waugh (historian), American historian
* Daniel W. Waugh (1842-1921), U.S. Representative from Indiana
# 2-4-6T

In Whyte notation, a 2-4-6 is a steam locomotive with two unpowered leading wheels followed by four powered driving wheels and six unpowered trailing wheels. This wheel arrangement was only used for tank locomotives; no 2-4-6 tender locomotives were made.

## Equivalent classifications

Other equivalent classifications are:
* UIC classification: 1'B3' (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
* French classification: 123
* Turkish classification: 26
* Swiss classification: 2/6
The equivalent UIC classification is 1'B3' (or (1'B)'3' for a Mason Bogie).

## Examples

This unusual wheel arrangement does not appear to have been used on the mainline railways in the UK. It was, however, one of the configurations used on the Mason Bogie articulated locomotives, in the US during the 1880s. Two examples were constructed at the Mason Machine Works for the narrow gauge Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad in 1892.
* This steam locomotive-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Roll of Honour (song)

Roll of Honour is an Irish rebel song by the Irish rebel band, the Irish Brigade. It commemorates the ten Provisional IRA and INLA volunteers who died during the 1981 Irish hunger strike in Northern Ireland. It was written by Gerry O'Glacain, and was released on the band's 1983 album of the same name.
The strikers are listed in the order of their death and described as being "Ireland’s bravest men". The song ends with the call to "Fight on and make our homeland a nation once again".
In 2014 the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 33, remaining in the chart for one week.

## Legislation

Since the enactment of the Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012, singing Roll of Honour at Scottish football matches by some supporters of Celtic F.C. has led to arrests and convictions for singing "a song in support of a proscribed terrorist organisation". However some prosecutions have resulted in acquittals with one sheriff stating "If they can proscribe a list of songs which people are banned from singing, they will find the courts are full and the football grounds are empty."
The Green Brigade group of Celtic fans believe that the 2012 Act is "a ridiculous piece of legislation" which has resulted in "expressions of Irish identity, culture and politics being deemed illegal" and highlighted the hypocrisy of the legislation at the Celtic game on 23 November 2013: while ‘Roll of Honour’ was being sung, banners were displayed containing the lyric from the Scottish national anthem: ‘they fought and died for; their wee bit hill and glen’.
In December 2013, seven members of the Green Brigade appeared in court and pleaded not guilty to the charge of having behaved in a way that "is likely or would be likely to incite public disorder" by singing the Roll of Honour at Celtic Park, with trial set for June 2014. In April 2015 two men were initially convicted of charges surrounding the singing of the pro-IRA song at a match between Hibs and Celtic at Easter Road on 19 October 2013.
# Roy Blass

Roy Blass was an American architect whose work included design of Lustron houses.
He designed many buildings that were later listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places for their architecture.
His works were done in three states which include:

## Georgia

* Jack and Helen Adams Lustron House, 832 Burchill St., SW., Atlanta, GA
* Thomas and Rae Epting Lustron House, 1692 Brewer Blvd., SW., Atlanta, GA
* Neville and Helen Farmer Lustron House, 513 Drexel Ave., Decatur, GA
* William and Ruth Knight Lustron House, 9166 Northside Dr., Atlanta, GA
* Lustron House at 1200 Fifth Avenue, 1200 Fifth Ave., Albany, GA
* Lustron House at 3498 McKenzie Drive, 3498 McKenzie Dr., Macon, GA
* Lustron House at 547 Oak Avenue, 547 Oak Ave., Americus, GA
* Lustron House at 711 Ninth Avenue, 711 Ninth Ave., Albany GA
* Russell and Nelle Pines Lustron House, 2081 Sylvania Dr., Decatur, GA

## South Dakota

* Bowden, Faye, House--Agnus Saunders 669 Dakota Ave. N., Huron, SD
* Peter Hansen House, 1123 E. Capitol St., Pierre, SD
* Orlan A. Hayward House, 1509 S. Glendale, Sioux Falls, SD
* Mack Jones House, 315 E 3rd Ave., Miller, SD
* Margaret and Vernon Moxon House, 1305 McDonald St., Huron SD
* Some or all properties in the Mitchell Lustron Historic District, Roughly along Vincent Place, from Miller Ave. to Mitchell Blvd., Mitchell, SD
* Maurice Nelson House, 101 E. Quincy St., Rapid City, SD
* Edbert and Josie Opitz House, 204 E. 2nd St., Redfield, SD
* Grant J. Reynolds House, 800 S. Hawthorne St., Sioux Falls, SD
* Sample-Lindblaum House, 410 Idaho St., Wakonda, SD

## Florida

* Alfred and Olive Thorpe Lustron House, 1001 NE. 2nd St., Fort Lauderdale, FL
# Richard Rowe (priest)

Richard Rowe was Archdeacon of Armagh from 1427 until his deprivation in 1429.
# Ryze (disambiguation)

Ryze is a social networking website connecting business professionals, especially entrepreneurs.
Ryze may also refer to:
* Ryze Trampoline Parks, an international chain of trampoline and extreme sports parks
* Ryze (League of Legends), a co-founder of Riot Games, the developer of League of Legends
# Ambonil

Ambonil (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.
# Princess Lily

Princess Lily may refer to:
* Princess lily (Alstroemeria psittacina), an ornamental plant
* Himeyuri students, or Lily Princesses, a nursing unit for the Imperial Japanese Army during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945
* Ice Princess Lily, American version of Tabaluga, a German animated fantasy family film, featuring Princess Lilli
* Princess Lily, a fictional character in the 2009 Jessica Day George novel Princess of the Midnight Ball
* Princess Lily Wentworth, a fictional character from the 2011 Heather Dixon novel Entwined
* Luziannan princess Lily Borjarno, a fictional character from Turn A Gundam, 1999
# Roman Blagoy

Roman Sergeyevich Blagoy (Ukrainian: Роман Сергійович Благий; born 25 October 1987) is a Ukrainian professional ice hockey forward.
Blagoy played in the Kontinental Hockey League for HC Donbass and Metallurg Novokuznetsk. He is also a member of the Ukrainian nation team.
# Roxane

Roxane may be:
* Another spelling of the female given name Roxanne
* Roxane, a brand name of the drug roxatidine
* 317 Roxane, an asteroid
* Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great
* Roxane, the lover of Cyrano de Bergerac
* Roxane (sailing boat), a 30 ft lugger yacht, designed by Nigel Irens
# Richard Rowland

Richard Rowland may refer to:
* Richard A. Rowland (1880–1947), American studio executive and film producer
* Rich Rowland (born 1964), former baseball player
* Dick Rowland (1902–?), African-American shoe shiner
# Ryze

Ryze was a social networking service established in 2001 by Adrian Scott. The platform catered to business professionals, offering networking and professional connections.
Ryze contributed to the development of subsequent social networking services such as Friendster, founded by Jonathan Abrams in 2003.
# Autoditacker

Autoditacker is the third studio album by German electronica duo Mouse on Mars. It was released in 1997.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Chicago Tribune | |
| Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| Entertainment Weekly | A− |
| Muzik | 7/10 |
| Pitchfork | 7.8/10 |
| Rolling Stone | |
| Spin | 8/10 |
Marc Weingarten of Entertainment Weekly described Autoditacker as "a messy mosaic of trills, chirps, and buzzing sounds that slam headfirst into dense, abstract, and occasionally danceable grooves." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said, "Each listen reveals new layers of the group's intricate arrangements, and the shifting instrumentation and themes recall the best adventurous jazz in terms of unpredictability."
In 2017, Pitchfork placed Autoditacker at number 18 on its list of "The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jan St. Werner and Andi Toma, except where noted

## Personnel

Credits adapted from liner notes.
Mouse on Mars
* Jan St. Werner – composition, production
* Andi Toma – composition, production
Additional personnel
* F.X.Randomiz – digital sound processing (2)
* John Frenett – bass guitar (4)
* Lætitia Sadier – lyrics (10)
# Amado Batista

Amado Batista (Catalão, 17 February 1951) is a Brazilian singer. He also acted in some Brazilian films of the 1980s. He placed 86 in the poll O Maior Brasileiro de Todos os Tempos. During his more than 40 years of career, he recorded 38 albums and sold more than 13 million records, received hundreds of awards, including 28 gold, 28 platinum and one diamond records, consecrating himself as one of the artists best selling in the history of Brazilian music.

## Discography

* Amado Batista (1975)
* Canta o Amor (1977)
* Sementes de Amor (1978)
* O Amor não é só de Rosas (1979)
* Um Pouco de Esperança (1981)
* Sol Vermelho (1982)
* Pensando em Você (1983)
* Casamento Forçado (1984)
* Seresteiro das Noites (1985)
* Vitamina e Cura (1986)
* Hospício (1987)
* Dinamite De Amor (1988)
* Escuta... (1989)
* Eu Sou Seu Fã (1991)
* Um Pedaço de Mim (1992)
* Meu Jeitinho (1994)
* Tum Tum de Saudade (1995)
* 24 Horas no Ar (1996)
* Amar, Amar (1997)
* Amado Batista Ao Vivo (1998)
* O Pobretão (1999)
* Estou Só (2000)
* Amor (2001)
* Eu Te Amo (2002)
* Eu Quero é Namorar (2003)
* Especial Vol. 1 (2003)
* É o Show (2004)
* 30 Anos... de Carreira (2005)
* Perdido de Amor (2006)
* Em Foco (2007)
* Amado Batista Acústico (2008)
* Meu Louco Amor (2010)
* Amor Perfeito: Os Maiores Sucessos de Amado Batista (2012)
* Amado Batista: Duetos (2013)
* O Negócio da China (2014)
* Amado Batista - 40 Anos (2016)
* Amado Batista - 44 Anos (2019)
* Amado Batista - Em Casa (2022)
# Pseudaneitea powelli

Pseudaneitea powelli is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Athoracophoridae, the leaf-veined slugs.