OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ilkeston Town Hall

Ilkeston Town Hall is a municipal building in the Market Place, Ilkeston, Derbyshire. The town hall, which currently serves as one of two meeting places of Erewash Borough Council, is a Grade II listed building.

## History

In the first half of the 19th century, civic meetings had been held in a room above the Butter Market in the lower Market Place and, from the 1840s, the local board of health met in a domestic house on East Street. These facilities were deemed inadequate and a site for a new building was selected which was, at that time, occupied a row of thatched cottages.
The foundation stone for the new building was laid by the Duke of Rutland on 27 September 1866. The new building, which was designed by Richard Charles Sutton of Nottingham in the Italianate style and built by William Warner of Ilkeston, was officially opened on 6 February 1868. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with five bays facing onto the Market Place; the central section of three bays, which slightly projected forward, featured a recessed rounded headed doorway flanked by brackets supporting a balcony. The other bays on the ground floor and all the bays on the first floor were fenestrated by round headed windows and, at roof level, there was a balustrade. Following the grant of a Royal Charter, the town hall became the headquarters of the Municipal Borough of Ilkeston in 1887.
In 1892, during a concert by the Ilkeston and District Harmonic Society, heat from the newly installed lighting caused timbers in the roof to catch fire but the fire was quickly extinguished. Another fire was successfully extinguished before much damage was done in 1924.
Following local government re-organisation in 1974, the newly formed authority, Erewash Borough Council, split its operations between Ilkeston Town Hall and Long Eaton Town Hall. The assembly hall at Ilkeston Town Hall was partitioned to form a Council Chamber at that time and the building was extended to create extra office space in 1975 and again 1981. In 2014, three war memorials in the form of bronze plaques located outside the town hall, which commemorate the Second Boer War, the First World War and the Second World War, were fully restored.
# P. S. Krishnaprasad

P. S. Krishnaprasad is a professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) and Institute for Systems Research (ISR) of the University of Maryland. A 1977 Harvard PhD, he began his professorial career at Case Western Reserve University's Systems Engineering Department before joining the University of Maryland in 1980. He has also held visiting positions at various American and European universities. P. S. Krishnaprasad has been an IEEE fellow since 1990, and was the 2007 recipient of the Hendrik W. Bode Lecture Prize.
# Reuteran

Reuteran, which is synthesized by reuteransucrase, is a complex α-glucan that is differentiated in part by the large amount of α(1-4) and α(1-6) linkages. The polysaccharide is made of repeating monosaccharide units of D-glucose. The glucose units are connected via alpha glyosidic bonds between the first carbon on one glucose to the fourth carbon on the next glucose molecule. Additional branching αlpha linkages occur between the sixth carbon of a glucose molecule and then the first carbon of the subsequent glucose molecule. These branches occur approximately every 5-7 glucose units.

## Synthesis

Reuteran is synthesized by an extracellular enzyme called reuteransucrase often found in Lactobacillus reuteri which is part of the lactic acid bacteria family. Bacterial cells secrete reuteransucrase into the environment around them which then binds to sucrose and hydrolyze it into glucose and fructose. The glucose monomers are polymerized together in α(1-4) and α(1-6) glycosidic bonds. The fructose can be used for other metabolic purposes within the cell, or converted to glucose. Around 70% of the bonds formed are 1-4 linkages.

## Uses

Reuteran has a low digestibility in the human digestive tract which causes it to act similar to an insoluble fiber in the human digestive tract. Similar to other exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria it can be used in the food industry. It can be used as a thickening agent, or to add texture to food products.
# Schroll

Schroll is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Al Schroll (1932–1999), American baseball pitcher
* Bill Schroll (1926–2009), American football linebacker
* Hannes Schroll (1909–1985), Austrian Alpine ski racer
* Savannah Schroll Guz (born 1974), American fiction writer, art critic and mixed-media artis
* Thomas Schroll (born 1965), Austrian bobsledder
# Pseudomelittia

Pseudomelittia is a genus of moths in the family Sesiidae.

## Species

* Pseudomelittia andraenipennis (Walker, 1856)
* Pseudomelittia berlandi Le Cerf, 1917
* Pseudomelittia cingulata Gaede, 1929
# Phi1 Orionis

Phi$^1$ Orionis is a binary star system in the constellation Orion, positioned less than a degree to the south of Meissa. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.42. The distance to this system, based upon an annual parallax shift of 3.0 mas, is around 1,090 light-years.
This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary star system with an orbital period of 3,068 days and an eccentricity of 0.22. It is a member of the young Lambda Orionis cluster and is roughly 7 million years old. The primary component is a B-type giant star with a stellar classification of B0 III. It has over 15 times the mass of the Sun and around 6.3 times the Sun's radius. Nothing is known about the secondary companion. It does not contribute a significant amount of light to the combined spectrum.
# Saitama Rapid Railway 2000 series

The Saitama Railway 2000 series (埼玉高速鉄道2000系) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on the Saitama Rapid Railway Line in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, by the third-sector railway operating company Saitama Railway Corporation since March 2001.

## Operations

The trains are used on Saitama Rapid Railway Line services, with through-running to and from the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line, Tokyu Meguro Line, and the Tokyu Shin-Yokohama Line.

## Formations

As of 1 April 2014, the fleet consists of 10 six-car sets, each formed of three motored ("M") cars and three non-powered trailer ("T") cars, as shown below, with car 1 at the northern (Urawa-Misono) end.
| Car No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Designation | CT1 | M1-1 | Tc2 | M1-3 | M1-4 | CT2 |
| Numbering | 2100 | 2200 | 2500 | 2600 | 2700 | 2800 |
* Car 2 has a lozenge-type pantograph, and car 4 has two.
* Cars 2 and 5 each have a wheelchair space.
* Car 4 is designated as a mildy air-conditioned car.

## Interior

Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating with priority seats in each car.
* Interior view
* Priority seating (right) at end of car

## History

The 2000 series trains entered service on 28 March 2001, coinciding with the opening of the Saitama Rapid Railway Line.
# Viola macloskeyi

Viola macloskeyi (small white violet, northern white violet, smooth white violet, sweet white violet, western sweet violet, western sweet-white violet, wild white violet) is a flowering perennial plant in the violet family (Violaceae).
It is native to Canada, the northeastern, north-central, northwestern, southeastern, and southwestern United States and California, and the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
# Jack Creek Township, Emmet County, Iowa

Jack Creek Township is one of twelve townships in Emmet County, Iowa, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 135.

## History

Jack Creek Township was created in 1883.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Jack Creek Township covers an area of 35.71 square miles (92.48 square kilometers); of this, 35.67 square miles (92.39 square kilometers, 99.9 percent) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.09 square kilometers, 0.1 percent) is water.

### Unincorporated towns

* Hoprig at 43°16′12″N 94°37′10″W﻿ / ﻿43.269961°N 94.619424°W﻿ / 43.269961; -94.619424
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Extinct towns

* Bubona at 43°19′38″N 94°39′35″W﻿ / ﻿43.327182°N 94.659703°W﻿ / 43.327182; -94.659703
(These towns are listed as "historical" by the USGS.)

### Adjacent townships

* Swan Lake Township (north)
* Armstrong Grove Township (northeast)
* Denmark Township (east)
* Independence Township, Palo Alto County (southeast)
* Vernon Township, Palo Alto County (south)
* Walnut Township, Palo Alto County (southwest)
* High Lake Township (west)
* Center Township (northwest)

## School districts

* Armstrong-Ringsted Community School District
* Estherville Lincoln Central Community School District
* Graettinger Community School District

## Political districts

* Iowa's 4th congressional district
* State House District 7
* State Senate District 4
# Ilindentsi

Ilindentsi is a village in Strumyani Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, in southwestern Bulgaria.
# P. S. Manisundaram

P. S. Manisundaram (December 9, 1927 – October 26, 2013) was an Indian educationist and pioneer of computer science education.

## Early life and education

He was born in Mandalay, Myanmar (Burma). He graduated from Loyola College, Chennai (Madras), Tamil Nadu, India. He did a master's degree in civil engineering at Nova Scotia University, Canada, in 1958.

## Career

After completing master's degree studies in civil engineering at Nova Scotia University, Canada, in 1958, he returned to Tamil Nadu and started his career as a lecturer at Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. He was the first principal of the Regional Engineering College (currently the National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli), Tamil Nadu. He became the first vice chancellor of the Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, when the university was created in 1982. Manisundaram was associated with many universities and educational institutions in India and around the world. He was conferred Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa) by Dalhousie University (Formerly Technical University of Nova Scotia), Halifax, Canada in 1984. He died in Chennai, India, on October 26, 2013.
# Rhopalomyces elegans

Rhopalomyces elegans is a common species of zygomycete fungus, and the type species of the genus Rhopalomyces. Widely distributed, it is found in soil, rotting plant material, and animal dung. It is a facultative parasite of nematode eggs.

## Taxonomy

The species was first recorded by August Carl Joseph Corda, who isolated it from material collected from a Prague greenhouse. In 1962, Ellis and Hesseltine demonstrated a method to grow the species in pure culture by using a growth medium containing calf's liver and lamb fat. A year later, Ellis recognized four varieties of Rhopalomyces elegans, defined by their growth in different media: minor, crassus, apiculatus, and the nominate variety elegans.

## Description

When grown in pure culture conditions on a petri dish at a temperature of 25 °C (77 °F), Rhopalomyces elegans produces hyaline (translucent), partially submerged colonies that fill the plate in about six days. The fungus produces large, dark brown conidiospores borne on a swollen vesicle at the end of a conidiophore. The vesicles measure 40–63 μm in diameter. The hyphae are very thin, measuring only 2 μm in diameter.
Rhopalomyces magnus is similar in morphology, but only attacks eggs of rotifers.

## Ecology

A common species, R. elegans is found in rotting plant material and animal debris, as well as dung associated with soil. The fungus is a parasite of nematode eggs. When it encounters an egg, it produces hyphae that form a structure on the egg surface similar to an appressorium. This structure produces a narrow infection tube that penetrates the egg shell. Once inside, fungal hyphae proliferate by branching and expanding, eventually filling the interior of the egg and absorbing the nutrients within. R. elegans may be able to attack the larval and adult stages of some nematode species.
Rhopalomyces elegans can itself be parasitized by the fungi Mycogone perniciosa and Verticillium psalliotae. Verticillium psalliotae is a saprobic soil-dwelling fungus that is a parasite of the common commercially grown button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). R. elegans may serve as a reservoir for the pathogen, and may harbor the parasite in its thick cell walls.
# Scheuerman

Scheuerman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ross Scheuerman (born 1993), American football player
* Sharm Scheuerman (1934–2010), American basketball player and coach
* William Scheuerman (born 1965), American political philosopher
# Pseudomeningocele

A pseudomeningocele is an abnormal collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that communicates with the CSF space around the brain or spinal cord. In contrast to a meningocele, in which the fluid is surrounded and confined by dura mater, in a pseudomeningocele, the fluid has no surrounding membrane, but is contained in a cavity within the soft tissues.
Pseudomeningocele may result after brain surgery, spine surgery, or brachial plexus avulsion injury.
Treatment for pseudomeningocele is conservative or may involve neurosurgical repair.
# 2009 Open Tarragona Costa Daurada

The 2009 Open Tarragona Costa Daurada was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Tarragona, Spain between 5 and 11 October 2009.

## Singles main draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| AUS | Peter Luczak | 69 | 1 |
| ESP | Óscar Hernández | 72 | 2 |
| ESP | Marcel Granollers | 79 | 3 |
| ESP | Alberto Martín | 98 | 4 |
| ITA | Paolo Lorenzi | 106 | 5 |
| ESP | Daniel Gimeno Traver | 112 | 6 |
| CZE | Jan Hájek | 114 | 7 |
| ALG | Lamine Ouahab | 124 | 8 |
* Rankings are as of September 28, 2009.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Arnau Brugués-Davi
* Iñigo Cervantes-Huegun
* Sergio Gutiérrez-Ferrol
* David Valeriano
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Alberto Brizzi
* Marc Fornell-Mestres
* Philipp Oswald (as a Lucky loser)
* Albert Ramos-Viñolas
* Guillaume Rufin

## Champions
### Singles

Daniel Gimeno Traver def. Paolo Lorenzi, 6–4, 6–0

### Doubles

Tomasz Bednarek / Mateusz Kowalczyk def. Flavio Cipolla / Alessandro Motti, 6–1, 6–1
# Rolf Ericsson

Rolf Georg Ericsson-Hemlin (18 November 1918 – 28 October 2000) was a Swedish ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1948 Winter Olympics.
# Rain (EP)

Rain is an EP by 40 Below Summer. The band's much sought-after independent EP was originally released in 2000 before they signed with London-Sire Records. The EP was reissued on July 31, 2007 via Crash Music Inc.

## Background and reception

The EP was recorded and mixed in July and August 2000. It was mastered by Al Silverman at ARF Digital, New York City.
In their 2001 review, Blabbermouth.net wrote "Although there is nothing on here that can be considered innovative or ground-breaking, 40 Below Summer possess a knack for mixing huge, hard-sounding grooves with near-first-rate quality vocal hooks, and they do so with a greater level of conviction than most of their counterparts. Among the best examples of this is the track "Endorphines", an excellently crafted number that starts out in a laid-back fashion but climaxes with what is arguably the catchiest chorus on the CD—a potential rock radio hit in the making."
The tracks "Falling Down" and "Jonesin" would be rerecorded for the band's first and only major label release Invitation to the Dance. "Faces" was also rerecorded during the Mourning After era as "P.S. I Hate You". It appeared on the 2003 video game Backyard Wrestling: Don't Try This at Home.

## Track listing
### Original 2000 EP

* Falling Down (demo) 4:36
* Endorphins 5:58
* Letter to God 5:11
* Jonesin' (demo) 5:17
* Faces 5:06

### 2007 re-release

* Falling Down (demo)
* Endorphins
* Letter to God
* Faces
* Jonesin' (demo)
* We the People (demo)
* Wither Away (demo)
* Smile Electric (demo)
* Rope (demo)
* Power Tool (demo)
* Minus One (demo)
* Still Life (demo)
The original version had Faces and Jonesin' reversed, as is what is listed on the back of the re-release but, in fact, Faces is track 4 and Jonesin' is track 5 on the re-release.

## Personnel

Max Illidge: vocals Joey D'Amico: guitar Jordan Plingos: guitar Hector Graziani: bass (credited but does not perform) Carlos Aguilar: drums Steve Ferierra: bass (original bassist, left after the recording)
# Violence and peace in Islam

Violence and peace in Islam could refer to:
* Islam and violence
* Peace in Islamic philosophy
* Religion of Peace
* Jihad (warfare)
# Para Hills West, South Australia

Para Hills West is a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, and is within the City of Salisbury. It is on the eastern side of Main North Road, opposite Parafield Airport. The other boundaries are McIntyre Road, Bridge Road and Maxwell Road.
It has two schools, Para Hills West Primary School and Para Hills High School.
# Paul P. Gross

Paul P. Gross is a meteorologist at WDIV-TV Channel 4, the NBC affiliate station in Detroit, Michigan.
Gross studied meteorology at the University of Michigan's Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Science, and he interned with WDIV during his sophomore year, eventually being hired in an off-air position in his senior year. He would eventually work on the air at two stations in Metro Detroit, and one in Lansing.
Gross earned a spot on the American Meteorological Society's (AMS) Board of Broadcast Meteorology in 1987, and became chairman in 1990. He remains on the AMS's Committee on the Station Scientist. He is a nine-time Michigan Emmy winner.
Gross wrote a book titled Extreme Michigan Weather: The Wild World of the Great Lakes State, which was published in June 2010 through the University of Michigan Press.

## Personal life

Paul Gross and his wife have two sons. He belongs to a Reform Jewish synagogue, Temple Kol Ami in West Bloomfield, Michigan.
# Rain-charm for the Duchy

Rain-charm for the Duchy is a book of poems by Ted Hughes. The book contains poems written by Hughes during his tenure as Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom, from 1984. The poems in the book celebrate royal occasions. The book was first published by Faber and Faber in 1992.

## Reception

In Literary Review, in March 1995, Robert Nye reviewed what he jokingly called the "New Selected Spells by the Royal Witch Doctor". One of these 'spells' was "Rain-Charm for the Duchy", Hughes's 1984 hymn of praise to the rivers of the West Country, in celebration of Prince Harry’s christening. Nye wrote, "John Betjeman's old suit hardly fits a dour Yorkshireman with ambitions to be a sort of royal witch doctor. Only one of those Laureate effusions is included here, the one for HRH Prince Harry, which has some decent lines about salmon responding to a storm."
In 2021 Yvonne Reddick, Research Fellow at the University of Central Lancashire, reviewing the book for the Ted Hughes Society wrote, "Rain-Charm focuses more on storms and salmon than royal baptisms, more on the land of the Duchy than on the Royal Family itself. Its finished title was Rain-Charm for the Duchy: A Blessed, Devout Drench for the Christening of His Royal Highness Prince Harry. Yet in early typescripts, it was entitled After the Five Month Drought, Rain Charm for Bringing Back the Salmon, or simply Rain-Charm. ... Alongside his characteristic language of the sublime forces of nature, Hughes includes a realistic catalogue of the pollutants which human beings have poured into the Tavy. This is the work of a poet who was not just a royal witch-doctor, but also a passionate, high-profile environmental activist."
# Providence Mountains

The Providence Mountains are found in the eastern Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County, California, U.S. The range reaches an elevation of 7,162 feet (2,183 m) at Edgar Peak and is home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve in the Providence Mountains State Recreation Area, and the Mojave National Preserve.

## Geography

The Providence Mountains are north of Interstate 40. The Little Thorne Mountains are to the northeast. The Clipper Mountains are to the southeast, and the Granite Mountains, Pisgah Crater and the Bullion Mountains are to the southwest. The Providence Mountains lie east of the small community of Kelso, east of Ludlow, and northwest of Essex and Goffs.

## Natural history

Vegetation on the lower parts of the mountains is xeric shrublands scrub habitat, composed of Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), California Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus cylindraceus), Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia), and Mojave yucca (Yucca schidigera).
The habitat dramatically shifts with elevations above 4000 feet to a sky island where numerous animals and plants flourish in the added moisture caught by the mountains. The plant habitat includes forests of Single-leaf Pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and California Juniper (Juniperus californica), and remnant chaparral and woodlands with Oaks (Quercus turbinella) and Manzanita in these higher parts of the mountains. Mitchell Caverns is home to two endemic species of insects, found nowhere else.

## History

The mountains were part of the homeland of the Mojave people for thousands of years.
The late 18th century Spanish explorer and missionary Francisco Garcés crossed the Las Californias Mojave Desert territory after leaving the 1774 Juan Bautista de Anza Expedition from Sonora, to Monterey Bay in Alta California. Garces traveled up the Colorado River to the land of the Mohave then traveled with a party of them across the Mojave Desert to Alta California and referred to the Providence and New York Mountains together as the Sierra de Santa Coleta, as considering them one mountain range from western Van Winkle Mountain (California) to eastern Crescent Peak (Nevada) is conceivable. Francisco Garcés crossed through Cedar Canyon, a pass between the New York and Providence Mountains on the Mohave Trail.
19th century pioneer travelers on the Mojave Road found springs and streams in the mountains and "thanked Divine Providence," resulting in the range receiving the present name. Silver was found and the Rock Springs Mining District was established in April 1863 and the Macedonia Mining District in September 1864. Mining in several areas has continued off and on for over a century. The range became part of the Mojave National Preserve in 1994, under National Park Service conservation and recreation direction.
# Philocoprella

Philocoprella is a genus of flies belonging to the family Lesser Dung flies.

## Species

* P. arvernica (Richards, 1929)
* P. italica (Deeming, 1964)
* P. mongolica Papp, 1973
* P. quadrispina (Laurence, 1952)
* P. rectiradiata Papp, 1973
# Rakula, Northern Territory

Rakula is a locality in the Northern Territory of Australia, located about 72 kilometres (45 mi) south-west of the territorial capital of Darwin.
Rakula consists of land located in the south-west corner of the cadastral division of the County of Palmerston and which adjoins the coastline with the Timor Sea to the west. This includes parts of the hundreds of Glyde and Milne on the locality’s northern side and parts of the hundreds of Hart and Blyth on its eastern side. Its name is derived from a local aboriginal word which means "country". Its boundaries and name were gazetted on 4 April 2007.
The Finniss River flows through and reaches the sea within Rakula. The Peron Islands are also located within Rakula.
The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that Rakula had 99 people living within its boundaries.
Rakula is located within the federal division of Lingiari, the territory electoral division of Daly and within the unincorporated areas of the Northern Territory.