OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radical criticism

Radical criticism is a movement around the late 19th century that, typically, denied authentic authorship of the Pauline epistles. This went beyond the higher criticism of the Tübingen school which (with the exception of Bruno Bauer) held that a core of at least four epistles had been written by Paul of Tarsus in the 1st century.

## Dutch Radical School

The Dutch school of radical criticism started in 1878 with a publication by Allard Pierson, who denied Pauline authorship of Galatians. He was fiercely attacked by his colleague Abraham Dirk Loman, but two years later, also Loman abandoned the historicity of Paul. Similarly, Willem Christiaan van Manen, who had written a doctoral thesis defending the authenticity of 1 Thessalonians, wrote in 1889 that he had come to the same conclusions as Loman. Also, the philosopher Gerardus Johannes Petrus Josephus Bolland was a part of the movement. With the death of Van Manen's student Gustaaf Adolf van den Bergh van Eysinga in 1957, the line of scholarship at Dutch universities came to an end.
The name "Dutch Radicals" was coined by Loman, in an 1887 article reviewing Edwin Johnson ("Antiqua Mater: A Study of Christian Origins", 1887), saying that "the author is a radical like we seldom meet among theologians and hardly ever among English theologians". The RadikalKritik article on van Manen and the Dutch Radicals adds that "Van Manen later spoke of the 'radical' or the 'Dutch' school (1902). The 'radical' scholars did not want to be impeded by church canons and wanted to be free in their research of the New Testament and of the history of early Christianity. This research led them to the conclusion that we do not have any authentic Pauline epistles."
The Dutch school also influenced Rudolf Steck in Switzerland, and Arthur Drews in Germany. However, the works of Adolf Harnack proved more influential, and radical criticism was eventually abandoned and is now a fringe position in current New Testament scholarship.
Attempts to revive Radical criticism has been made by Robert M. Price, Darrell J. Doughty and Hermann Detering, who founded in 1994 the Journal of Higher Criticism. These attempts have largely been ignored by mainstream scholarship and have received strong criticism from Bart D. Ehrman, Maurice Casey and R. Joseph Hoffmann.

## Reception

Members of the Radical Dutch School argued against the existence of Jesus, which caused controversy. Robert Van Voorst wrote that "their arguments were stoutly attacked in the Netherlands, especially by other scholars, but largely ignored out it."

## Key proponents

* Gerard Bolland
* Hermann Detering
* Gustaaf Adolf van den Bergh van Eysinga
* Abraham Dirk Loman
* Willem Christiaan van Manen
* Allard Pierson
# Rayes

Rayes can refer to:
* Alain Rayes (born 1971), Canadian politician.
* Billy Rayes, American actor.
* Douglas L. Rayes (born 1952), American district judge.
* Nathalie Rayes (born c. 1975), Venezuelan activist and sociologist.
# React (The Fixx album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
React is the first official live album, and fifth album overall, by British new wave band the Fixx, released in 1987. It was recorded during three concerts in Canada in 1986 in the band's tour in support of their album Walkabout. The album contains three new studio tracks: "Big Wall", "Rules and Schemes", and "Don't Be Scared", which was released as a single. Also included is a re-recorded studio version of "Red Skies".

## Track listing

All songs are written by Dan K. Brown, Cy Curnin, Rupert Greenall, Jamie West-Oram, and Adam Woods, except where noted.
Studio tracks 1-4 recorded and mixed at The Townhouse Studios, London.
Tracks 5,6,8 & 11 recorded at Le Spectrum, Montreal, Quebec 22 October 1986
Tracks 7,9,10,12 & 13 recorded at Massey Hall, Toronto, Ontario 24 October 1986
* "Red Skies" (Charlie Barrett, Curnin, Greenall, West-Oram, Woods) – 4:33
* "Big Wall" – 4:15
* "Don't Be Scared" – 5:00
* "Rules and Schemes" – 3:43
* "Deeper and Deeper" – 4:20
* "Stand or Fall" (Barrett, Curnin, Greenall, West-Oram, Woods) – 4:25
* "Built for the Future" – 4:04
* "Saved by Zero" (Alfie Agius, Curnin, Greenall, West-Oram, Woods) – 3:26
* "Are We Ourselves?" – 2:44
* "One Thing Leads to Another" (Agius, Curnin, Greenall, West-Oram, Woods) – 4:11
CD extra tracks:
* "Less Cities, More Moving People" – 4:12
* "Chase the Fire" – 5:29
CD/Cassette extra track:
* "Secret Separation" (Brown, Curnin, Greenall, Jeannette Obstoj, West-Oram, Woods) – 4:56

## Personnel

* Cy Curnin - lead vocals
* Rupert Greenall - keyboards, backing vocals
* Jamie West-Oram - guitar, backing vocals
* Dan K. Brown - bass, backing vocals
* Adam Woods - drums
Additional personnel
* Steve Gregory - saxophone
* Jeff Scantlebury - percussion, saxophone

## Production

* Producer: Hugh Padgham
* Engineers: Guillame Bengle, Scott Litt, Doug McClement, Hugh Padgham
* Mixing: Hugh Padgham
* Mastering: Bob Ludwig
* Art direction: Michael Ross
* Design: Michael Ross
* Photography: Peter Mountain

## Charts

Album - Billboard (United States)
| Year | Chart | Position |
| 1987 | The Billboard 200 | 110 |
Singles - Billboard (United States)
| Year | Single | Chart | Position |
| 1987 | "Don't Be Scared" | Mainstream Rock | 32 |
# Santo Amaro (Sousel)

Santo Amaro is a Portuguese parish in the municipality of Sousel. The population in 2011 was 644, in an area of 39.61 km$^2$.
# Radford Gamack

Radford Baird Gamack (1897–1979) was an Australian politician and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1953 until 1959. He was a member of the Country Party.
Gamack was born in Rollands Plains near Telegraph Point, New South Wales and was the son of a farmer. He was educated to elementary level and became a dairy farmer. Gamack became involved in community organizations in the Kempsey area including the Ambulance Board, co-operative dairy companies, the Kempsey Show society and the Pastures Protection Board. He was elected as a Councillor on Hastings Shire Council between 1923 and 1944 and was the Shire President in 1923 and 1944. Gamack was elected to parliament as the Country Party member for Raleigh at the 1953 state election. He replaced the incumbent Country Party member Roy Vincent who had retired. Gamack was re-elected unopposed at the 1956 election but lost the Country Party endorsement to Jim Brown at the 1959 election. He unsuccessfully contested the election as an independent and retired from public life after his defeat. He did not hold party, parliamentary or ministerial office.
# Rayburn, Texas

Rayburn is an unincorporated community in Liberty County, Texas, United States.

## Education

Rayburn is zoned to schools in the Tarkington Independent School District.
# Rafa Guerrero

Rafael Guerrero Alonso (born 20 April 1963) is a Spanish former football assistant referee.

## Career

Guerrero served as an assistant referee in the Spanish La Liga.
# Radio BM

Radio BM is a Bosnian commercial radio station, broadcasting from Zenica.
Radio BM began broadcasting on 17 April 1997, and it was formatted as variety radio station with Bosnian music and national news.

## Frequencies

The program is currently broadcast at 7 frequencies:
* Zenica-Doboj Canton 99.3 MHz
* Sarajevo 99.4 MHz
* Tuzla Canton 94.6 MHz
* Travnik 92.5 MHz
* Doboj 101.6 MHz
* Central Bosnia Canton 106.3 MHz
* Vitez 92.5 MHz
# Radio Austral

Radio Austral is an FM radio station based in Fairfield
The station can be heard between North Sydney and Campbelltown on 87.8 MHz.
Editor and Director in Chief is Eduardo Mariano Gonzalez Cristobal
# Radu Negru (disambiguation)

Radu Negru may refer to:
* Radu Negru, a mythical Wallachian voivode
* Radu Negru (footballer), Romanian footballer
* Radu Negru, a village in Călineşti Commune, Argeș County, Romania
* Radu Negru, a village in Modelu Commune, Călăraşi County, Romania
* Radu Negru National College, a high school in Făgăraș, Romania
# Paleontology in Thailand

Paleontology began as a subject of academic interest in Thailand in the early twentieth century, mainly conducted by foreign researchers working with the Royal Department of Mines and Geology, the precursor of the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR). Most early paleontological research was the by-product of mineral exploration for the country's developing mining industry.
The first scientifically described fossil from Thailand was that of the bivalve Posidonomya becheri siamensis from Ban Khuan Dinso in Phatthalung Province, made by F. R. Cowper Reed in 1920. Official cataloging of fossils began two years later, and received contributions by Western paleontologists and geologists. Systematic surveys and studies were later begun by Japanese researchers led by Teiichi Kobayashi, who published their findings on trilobites in Tarutao Island (the oldest fossils found in the country) in 1957. Over the following decades, Japanese and German researchers conducted paleontological research as part of geological surveys throughout the country.
Dinosaur fossils were first discovered in the country in 1973, during uranium surveys in Phu Wiang (now in Wiang Kao District) in Khon Kaen Province, initiating a wave of dinosaur research by Thai and French academics and a rise in public interest in the field. Several new dinosaur species have since been described from several sites in the country's Northeast, and paleontology museums have been established. Continued research is undertaken mainly by the DMR and some universities, as well as other public and private institutions.

## Thailand's first dinosaur discovery

Beginning in 1970, the US Geological Survey conducted a mineral exploration in the Phu Wiang area of Khon Kaen province and discovered a type of uranium ore, coffinite, in association with copper ores, azurite and malachite. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) later participated. Between 1975 and 1980, the Department of Mineral Resources conducted a detailed drilling program and in 1976 Sudham Yaemniyom, a geologist, discovered a piece of bone on a streambed, Huai Pratu Tima, which was later identified as a distal part of the left femur of a sauropod dinosaur, regarded as the first dinosaur discovery of Thailand.

## Expedition and research

Since 1976, the Department of Mineral Resources, together with the Thai-French Paleontological Project, investigated the dinosaurs in the Phu Wiang mountains. The project found many vertebrae, teeth, and dinosaur footprints mainly from sandstone of the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation (about 130 million years old), including sauropod and theropod, with a wide range of sizes, from a hen up to a large dinosaur with about 15 meters long. These finds led Thai people to visit the dinosaur sites, and Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn visited Site 2 on 3 November 1989. She also revisited the site, viewing Site 3 and the Phu Wiang Dinosaur Museum, with the committees of the Prince Mahidol International Award, of the Prince Mahidol Award Foundation, on 25 October 2008.
# Pipikaula

Pipikaula ("beef rope") is a Hawaiian cuisine dish of salted and dried beef similar to beef jerky. Pipikaula was eaten by Hawaiian cowboys (paniolos). It was usually broiled before serving.

## History

In the 19th century John Parker brought Mexican cowboys to train the Hawaiians in cattle ranching. The Hawaiian cowboys of Kamuela and Kula came to be called paniolos. Cattle ranching grew rapidly for the next one hundred years. In 1960, half of the land in Hawaii was devoted to ranching for beef export, but by 1990 the number had shrunk to 25 percent. The paniolos chewed pipikaula.
With the influence of Asian cooking, beef strips are commonly marinated in soy sauce. When beef is dried in the sun, a screened box is traditionally used to keep the meat from dust and flies. Dried meat could often be found as a relish or appetizer at a lū‘au.
# Phyllodinus nervatus

Phyllodinus nervatus is a species of delphacid planthopper in the family Delphacidae. It is found in North America.
# Phosphoglucomutase 3

Phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PGM3 gene.

## Clinical significance

Mutations in PGM3 are associated to congenital disorder of glycosylation.
# Robert Brisart

Robert Brisart (29 October 1953 – 25 February 2015, in Louvain-la-Neuve), was a Belgian philosopher. He was professor at the University of Luxembourg, and at the Facultés Universitaires Saint-Louis in Brussels. His works mainly focused on Husserl's phenomenology. He also published on the comparison between analytic philosophy and phenomenology.
# Pilbarascutigera

Pilbarascutigera is a monotypic genus of centipedes in the family Scutigeridae. It is endemic to Australia, with the type locality being Broome in the Kimberley region of far north Western Australia. It was described by Gregory Edgecombe and Lauren Barrow in 2007. Its sole species is Pilbarascutigera incola (Verhoeff, 1925).
# RMS Mauretania

Two ocean liners of the Cunard Line have been named RMS Mauretania, after the ancient territory of Mauretania:
* RMS Mauretania (1906), launched in 1906 and in service until 1934
* RMS Mauretania (1938), launched in 1938 and scrapped in 1965
# Palmatius

Palmatius was a Christian saint martyred with 11 companions in Trier in around 287. They were among many killed under the Emperor Maximian by Rictius Varus, the vicarius in Roman Gaul.
His feast day is May 10.

## Martyrs of Trier

The 11 companions of Palmatius, who were martyred with him in Trier, are collectively known as the Martyrs of Trier. Their feast day is October 6, separate from the feast day of Palmatius.
# Radio Luxembourg (disambiguation)

Radio Luxembourg was a commercial radio station in English, begun in 1933 and closed in 1992.
Radio Luxembourg may refer to:
* Radio Luxembourg, now known as RTL, a French-language commercial radio station begun in 1933
* Radio Luxemburg, now RTL Radio, a German-language station begun after World War II
* Radio Luxemburg, a commercial radio station in Dutch, begun in 1933
* Radio 1212, an Allied black propaganda radio station operated from 1944 to 1945
* Radio Luxembourg (DRM), a commercial station operated between 2005 and 2008
# Radio M.U.S.C. Man

Radio M.U.S.C. Man is an album by the American soul duo Womack & Womack, released in 1985. The pair were dropped by Elektra Records shortly after the release of the album.
The album peaked at No. 56 on the UK Albums Chart.

## Production

The album contains a cover of George Harrison's "Here Comes the Sun". The composition of the album's sixth track, "Love's Calling", was started by the soul singer Sam Cooke (the father of Linda Womack). Many members of the Womack family contributed to the making of Radio M.U.S.C. Man.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Robert Christgau | B+ |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| The Philadelphia Inquirer | |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
Robert Christgau praised the "relaxed groove and wavering back-porch harmonies that go into their unique sound—lazy, tender, patient, long-suffering, tired of fighting." Billboard wrote that the album "showcased this couple's extraordinary writing skills and enticing vocal interplay." The Gazette called the album "brave and beautiful," writing that the duo "make the sweetest music in the whole world, propelled by effortless, hip-deep dance grooves, ballads to swoon over, and vocals—duets!—that make you wonder how this wonderful music ever went out of style."
The Philadelphia Inquirer deemed it "excellent," praising how "Linda's smokily ethereal tenor rubs against the rough edges of Cecil's craggy baritone." The Washington Post wrote that the Womacks "[tear] apart all the conflicts, temptations, betrayals and insecurities of marriage, swapping lines, verses and songs, always espousing two clear points of view in danceable, classic soul style."
NME listed Radio M.U.S.C. Man as the 34th best album of 1985.

## Personnel

* Cecil Womack - vocals
* Linda Womack - vocals
# Ragıp Savaş

Ragıp Savaş is a Turkish actor, singer and former sportsman known for his work on Valley of the Wolves: Ambush (2007), Where's Firuze? (2004) and Kuruluş: Osman (2019–2021).

## Biography

Source
Ragıp Savaş was born in İzmit, Turkey on 24 October 1966. Later, in 1972–1977, he attended İsmet İnönü Elementary School. He attended Central Secondary School from 1977 to 1980 and from 1980 to 1983, he studied at Izmit High School and graduated from there. In 1983, he continued his volleyball life as an amateur in Izmit and started to continue his professional life as a transfer to Eczacıbaşı Sports Club.
In 1986, he entered the Theatre Department of Mimar Sinan University State Conservatory. He graduated with a high degree in 1990 and he started his professional art life in Bakirkoy Municipal Theatres.
His first play was the Ship of Democracy, directed by Ahmet Gülhan, written by Aziz Nesin in 1990. He played 'Petrof' in the play and the play was awarded 5 awards at the International Istanbul Theatre Festival. Ragıp Savaş has been in many plays and musicals at Bakirkoy Municipal Theatres ever since.
Between 1998 and 2002, he was deputy general artistic director (Müşfik Kenter) and a member of the Board of Directors at Bakirkoy Municipal Theatres. In 2004, he was appointed acting General Art Director of Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipal City Theatre and still continues this role.
In 2004, he began his film career with the film Where's Firuze? He also has a role in various TV shows. In 2007, he became famous for his series, Valley of the Wolves: Ambush.
Ragıp Savaş, who has starred in many films and TV shows so far, also starred in the cast of The Untitled series, which came to screens in 2017, and currently works in Kuruluş: Osman, as Dündar Bey.

### Personal life

He married Fadime Savaş on 25 September 2005. Together, they have a daughter, Nil Savaş.

## Theatre

Source
* Cıngıllı (Oyuncu, 2017)
* Sokak Kızı İrma (Metin & Çetin, 2013)
* Yıldızların Altında (Oyuncu, 2005)
* İvan İvanoviç Var Mıydı Yok Muydu? (Petrof, 1990)

## Filmography

Source

### Television

* Ben Bu Cihana Sığmazam (Atakan, 2022)
* Eşkıya Dünyaya Hükümdar Olmaz (Aziz, 2021)
* Kuruluş: Osman (Dündar Bey, 2019–2021)
* İsimsizler (Savcı Zeki, 2017)
* Ölene Kadar (Mehmet, 2016)
* Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem (2015)
* Hayatımın Rolü (2012)
* Tek Başımıza (Ufuk, 2011)
* Canan (Mahir, 2011–2012)
* Kirli Beyaz (Deniz, 2010)
* Sen Harikasın (Cüneyt, 2008–2011)
* Kurtlar Vadisi Pusu (Fuat Tamer Tataroğlu, 2007–2008)
* Zümrüt (Oğuz, 2004)
* Dişi Kuş (2004)
* Yangın Ayşe (Yanık Ömer, 1997)
* Şişeler (1993)
* Eda Hanım (1992)

### Films

* Ya Sonra (Ali, 2011)
* Türkan (Çınar, 2011)
* Çınar Ağacı (Murat, 2010)
* Herkes mi Aldatır? (Hakan, 2010)
* Son Osmanlı Yandım Ali (Recep Yüzbaşı, 2006)
* Polis (Komser Yılmaz, 2006)
* Hacivat Karagöz Neden Öldürüldü? (Orhan Gazi, 2005)
* Neredesin Firuze (Melih, 2003)
# Ragıp Hulûsi Özdem

Ragıp Hulûsi Özdem (1893–1943) was a Turkish linguist and politician, who played an early role in the Kemalist modernization movement. He was a member of the commission responsible for introducing the modern Turkish alphabet.
# Ragged Staff Flank

Ragged Staff Flank is a masonry fortification on the South Front of Gibraltar's fortifications. It continues the line of the South Bastion's seaward face across the South Front ditch, then turns to form a flanking position facing south along the coastal fortifications leading to the New Mole. The Ragged Staff Gates were situated in the middle of the flank, leading to the Ordnance Wharf that was located where the Dockyard North Gate used to stand. A defended enclosure stood behind the gate, secured by the Ragged Staff Guardhouse. The flank position had three embrasures in its parapet but only mounted two 24-pdr guns in 1779, though these were replaced by 32-pdrs under the rearmament plan of 1859.
# Ragged Top, South Dakota

Ragged Top (also Balmoral) is a ghost town in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States. While the town was once a prosperous mining town, it declined due to miners' inability to transport their ore to smelters.

## History

Ragged Top was started as a gold mining town in the 1880s and was originally called Balmoral after a local mine. The name was later renamed for the hill, Ragged Top Mountain, on which it was located. Ragged Top also referred to the mining district which also encompassed the nearby towns (all now abandoned) of Preston, Cyanide, Dacy, and Balmoral. The population of the area was estimated to be around 300 to 400 in the early 1880s, but this estimate is most likely too low. Some of the mining companies in the area were the Dacy, Deadwood Standard, Eva H. & Silver Tongue, Eagle Bird, American Mining Company, Ulster, Old Ironsides, Victoria, Metallic Streak, and Spearfish Gold Mining and Milling Company. The last one produced 48,618 ounces (1,378,300 g) of gold between 1899 and 1906. The mines were not very well explored before 1896, and all had ceased operation by around 1915. The town itself was soon abandoned due to the extreme difficulty of transporting the ore to the smelters.

## Geography

Ragged Top was located in the Black Hills of central Lawrence County, on Ragged Top Mountain and above Spearfish Valley. It is south of Spearfish and west of Lead.
# Raheb

Raheb is a Lebanese salad with aubergines, and tomatoes, often served as part of a selection of mezze. Raheb is Arabic for "monk."

## Nutritional information

A typical recipe of raheb has the following nutritional values per serving:
* Calories: 292
* Total fat (g): 27
* Saturated fat (g): 4
* Cholesterol (mg): 0
* Carbohydrates (g): 13
* Protein (g): 2