OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Piermatteo Lauro de' Manfredi da Amelia

Piermatteo de' Manfredi da Amelia (circa 1445 - died 1503/1508) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period.

## Biography

Piermatteo was born in Amelia, in Umbria.
He is first recorded as being part of the circle of Filippo Lippi, active between 1467 and 1469, working on the decoration of the Spoleto Cathedral. From 1479 until 1480 he was in Rome, where he was one of the painters working in the Sistine Chapel; he contributed to the decoration of the stars on the ceiling. From 1480 until 1482 he was active in Orvieto, painting statues and decorating church fixtures and clocks. It was at this time that he did some work for the church of Sant'Agostino; these pieces have since been removed and are scattered among a number of collections. He returned to Rome, but was recalled in 1482 by the Council of Works for the Orvieto Cathedral, and was commissioned to help decorate the San Brizio Chapel. Ultimately this work was later offered to Luca Signorelli. A fresco in Narni, depicting the Madonna and Child with Saints Lucy and Apollonia, has been dated to 1483. In 1485 Piermatteo was in Rome, working for Popes Innocent VIII and Alexander VI. Stylistically, his later works are similar to those of Antoniazzo Romano. In 1497 he was nominated to the conservatory in Fano; by 1503 he had been made superintendent of the Papal factories at Civita Castellana.
Piermatteo is also known as the Master of the Gardner Annunciation for a series of works depicting the Annunciation which were painted for the convent of Saints Annunziata and Amelia; in 1880 these came into the possession of Isabella Stewart Gardner, from whom the name comes. The anonymous painter was identified when the contract for the work was discovered in Terni; it indicated that Piermatteo da Amelia was contracted for the paintings on September 23, 1483.
A Mary Magdalen and a John the Baptist (circa 1480-1481) are displayed in the collections of the Lindenau museum in Altenberg.
# Phytoclast

Phytoclasts are microscopic plant fragments present in the fossil record, usually found in palynological preparations and acid macerations, and include banded tubes and various nematophytes.
# Piaggio P.50

The Piaggio P.50 was an Italian prototype heavy bomber designed and built by Piaggio for the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force).

## Design and development

The P.50 was the first design by Giovanni Casiraghi—following an outline for the project laid out by Piaggio designer Ing Giovanni Pegna—for the Piaggio company.

### P.50-I

The first model, the P.50-I, was a four-engine shoulder-wing monoplane with a single large tailfin and rudder. It was powered by four 544-kilowatt (730-horsepower) Isotta-Fraschini Asso XI.RC V12 engines mounted in tandem pairs on the wings, with each engine driving one three-bladed propeller; two of the propellers were mounted in a pusher and two in a tractor configuration. For defense, the P.50-I had three machine gun positions, including a nose turret
Piaggio built two P.50-I prototypes, the first of which—MM369—flew in 1937. The second—MM370—was damaged in an accident while landing at Malpensa airfield in 1938.
No production order for the P.50-I materialized.

### P.50-II

A new model of the P.50, the P.50-II, appeared in 1938. It was re-engined with four 746-kilowatt (1,001-horsepower) Piaggio P.XI RC.40 radial engines, each driving a three-bladed propeller, dispensing with the tandem-engine, pusher-puller configuration of the P.50-I, instead mounting the engines separately with all four propellers as tractors. Its defensive armament was upgraded to five 12.7-millimeter (0.5-inch) machine guns.
Piaggio produced a single P.50-II prototype designated MM371. No production ordered resulted for the P.50-II, but Piaggio later applied the experience it gained from the design and construction of the three P.50 prototypes to the development of the Piaggio P.108 heavy bomber of World War II.

## Variants
### P-50-I

    Four-engines in tandem push-pull nacelles - two built.

### P-50-II

    A single more powerful P.50 with four engines in separate tractor nacelles

## Operators
### Kingdom of Italy

* Regia Aeronautica

## Specifications (P.50-I)

Data from Italian Civil and Military Aircraft 1930–1945
General characteristics
* Length: 19.81 m (65 ft 0 in)
* Wingspan: 25.794 m (84 ft 7+1⁄2 in)
* Height: 4.75 m (15 ft 7 in)
* Wing area: 100.00 m$^2$ (1,076.4 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 12,973 kg (28,600 lb)
* Gross weight: 19,958 kg (44,000 lb)
* Powerplant: 4 × Isotta-Fraschini Asso XI.RC liquid-cooled V12 engine, 540 kW (730 hp) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 430 km/h (270 mph, 230 kn)
* Range: 2,998 km (1,863 mi, 1,619 nmi)
* Time to altitude: 22 min to 13,120 ft (4,000 m)
Armament
* Guns: 3× 12.7 mm machine guns
* Bombs: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb) bombs
# Rose Stoppel

Rose Stoppel (26 December 1874 - 20 January 1970) was a German botanist and plant physiologist. She was the first female professor of botany in Germany.

## Life

Stoppel was born the youngest of seven siblings in East Prussia in 1874. She worked for 12 years as a domestic helper before completing an apprenticeship as horticulturalist and working for some time making botanical drawings. When Stoppel was age 29, her mother died, giving Rose her blessing to study. She acquired her abitur in Stuttgart in 1904, belonging to the first female graduating class at the school, and went on to study in Berlin, Strasbourg, Freiburg, and Basel.
In the same year as her graduation, Stoppel submitted a paper on the discovery of a microscopic fungus, eremascus fertilis Stoppel. She completed her doctorate - titled "Über din Einfluss des Lichts auf das Öffnen und Schliessen einiger Blüten" - in 1910 on the topic of the circadian rhythm of plants. Stoppel made a number of important observations and discoveries concluding that plants' biological clocks are endogenous, including through observations that a plant placed in a darkroom still behaved on a 24-hour cycle.
During the First World War, Stoppel worked as a bacteriologist for the Red Cross. Following an expedition to Iceland, for which she served as technical director, Stoppel submitted in 1924 her professorial work on the topic of plant behaviour during polar nights and extended summer days, being awarded her professorship in from the University of Hamburg and making her the first female professor of botany in Germany. In 1933, she signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State.
# Piano Concerto (Somervell)

The Piano Concerto in A minor, "Highland" is a composition for piano and orchestra by Sir Arthur Somervell. it was the composer's second work for piano and orchestra following the Normandy Variations of 1913.

## Background

The concerto was composed by Somervell for pianist Jessie Munro, who first performed the work in 1921 in Guildford with the composer conducting the Claude Powell Orchestra. This was followed by a further performance in Bournemouth on 23 February 1922. Following this second performance the work fell into obscurity, with Somervell deciding not to publish the work, in contrast to his treatment of the later Violin Concerto.
The work was not performed again until Hyperion Records recorded it in 2011 as part of their "Romantic Piano Concerto" series with Martin Roscoe as the soloist paired with Martyn Brabbins and the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra.

## Movements

The concerto is in three movements:
* Allegro moderato
* Adagio
* Allegro
A typical performance takes around 27 minutes.

## Reception

Reception of the concerto following its revival has been varied with most reviewers liking the work, Chang Tou Liang, writing in 2012 for the Straits Times, considered the work "...enjoyable..." and compared it with Bruch's Scottish Fantasy noting that the works "...original but highly folksy themes..." remained in memory after listening to it. Lee Passarella, writing in 2012 for the online magazine Audiophile Audition, echoed these comments and both writers suggested that the work could be substituted for Grieg's Piano Concerto in concert programs.
John France, writing for Musicweb International, like Liang & Passarella noted the works use of folk-like themes, but considered that while the work was "...a wee bitty full of ‘clichés.’" it was nevertheless something he would listen to again.
Jeremy Nicholas's comments in his 2011 Gramaphone magazine review echo those of Liang, Passarella and France, stating that the work was well worth reviving.
Andrew Clements, in his 2011 review in The Guardian considered the work unmemorable however.
# Rottier

Rottier (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.
# Pierrick Berteloot

Pierrick Berteloot (born 11 January 1999 in Dunkirk) is a French politician of the National Rally. He was elected as a deputy in the National Assembly for Nord's 15th constituency in 2022.

## Biography
### Early life

Berteloot was born and raised in Dunkirk. He is the great-grandson of French resistance fighter Louis Maniez who was executed by Nazi forces in 1944 and has a bridge named after him in Bourbourg. After secondary school, Berteloot became a sailor based in various countries including the United States for DFDS and attended the L'Ecole Maritime de Boulogne maritime academy in Boulogne-sur-Mer. He was then an employee of a ferry company operating between France and England. He later returned to the L'Ecole Maritime de Boulogne to train as a bridge watch officer but chose to enter politics instead.

### Political career

In 2020, he was elected as a municipal councilor in Bourbourg for the National Rally and became a delegate for overseeing military and patriotic ceremonies in this capacity. In 2021, he became a regional councilor in Hauts-de-France on a list headed by Sébastien Chenu.
For the 2022 French legislative election, Berteloot contested the constituency of Nord's 15th. He won the seat in the second round, defeating EELV and NUPES affiliated candidate Emilie Ducourant.
Berteloot is openly gay and in interviews ahead of the legislative election stated that his experiences with homophobic bullying in school shaped his decision to get involved in politics. In an interview with Le Monde he said that he would not have joined the FN under the leadership of Jean-Marie Le Pen and would use position in politics to advance LGBT causes, but agreed with the FN's stance on immigration and supports efforts to stop illegal immigration into France. He has also said defending local farmers would be a core priority during his time in the National Assembly. In parliament, he sits as a member of the defense committee. Damien Top is employed as his parliamentary attaché.
# Rosario Lauture

Rosario Lauture (born 9 August 1976) is a Haitian football player, who currently plays as a goalkeeper and goalkeeping coach for Violette AC in First Division of Haiti, and has played for the Haiti national team.
# Piesting

The Piesting is a river in southern Lower Austria. A left tributary of the Fischa, its drainage basin is 348 km$^2$ (134 sq mi).
The sources of the Piesting are the Kalte Gang, the Steinapiesting [de], and the Längapiesting, which begin south of the Schneeberg. These rivers meet in Gutenstein in the Gutenstein Alps. From there the Piesting flows east through Markt Piesting and Wöllersdorf and into the Viennese Basin.
The tributary Myrabach discharges at Pernitz into the Piesting. Between the Hohe Mandling [ceb; de; nn; sv; zh] (967 m (3,173 ft)) in the north and the Großer Kitzberg [ceb; de; sv] (771 m (2,530 ft)) in the south, the Piesting breaks through the Quarb [de], a rocky ravine, and flows further eastwards through Markt Piesting and Wöllersdorf into the Vienna Basin. Near Gramatneusiedl the Piesting discharges into the Fischa.
The valley west of the Thermenlinie [bar; de] (the thermal line at the Vienna Basin) in the Gutenstein Alps is known as the Piesting Valley.
# Piestinae

Piestinae are a subfamily of Staphylinidae.

## Anatomy

* Body elongate and depressed, abdomen parallel-sided.
* Antennae inserted under shelf-like corners of frons
* Tarsi 5-5-5
* Piestus extimus
* Siagonium punctatum
* Siagonium punctatum, ventral head

## Ecology

* Habitat: many species under bark of decaying trees.
* Collection method: barking.
* Biology: some are saprophages or mycophages.

## Systematics

Piestinae includes three genera and five species in North America. These three genera belong to the subfamily:
* Hypotelus Erichson, 1839$^{icg}$
* Piestus Gravenhorst, 1806$^{icgb}$
* Siagonium Kirby & Spence, 1815$^{icgb}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Picket fence (disambiguation)

Picket fence is a type of wooden fence.
Picket fence may also refer to:
* Picket fence (electronics), a shielding structure used in electronics
* Picket Fences, a television series
# Picket Lake, Minnesota

Picket Lake is an unorganized territory located in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was zero.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 37 square miles (24,000 acres) or 95.8 km$^2$, of which approximately 95% is land and the rest is water. The United States Forest Service describes Picket Lake as an area comprising 383 lake acres and 4097 acres of National Forest land.
The closest town to the lake is Orr. The Forest Service provides three backcountry campsites around the lake, and the parking lot is accessible via Forest Road 477.
# Picket and Clanger Wood

Picket and Clanger Wood (grid reference ST875543) is a 66.4 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England, which lies off the A350 national route between Trowbridge and Westbury. It was notified in 1989.
# Pieter-Jan De Pue

Pieter-Jan de Pue (1982, Ghent) is a photographer and film director from Belgium. He studied at the visual arts school RITS. His first film documentary is "The Land of the Enlightened" which won a World Cinema Documentary Special Jury Award for Best Cinematography at the Sundance Film Festival in 2016. While shooting the film he was attacked by the Taliban.

## Filmography

* O (2006)
* The Land of the Enlightened (2016)
* Girls and Honey (2017)
# Roseomitra roseovitta

Roseomitra roseovitta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.
# Ross Herald

Ross Herald of Arms Extraordinary is a Scottish herald of arms Extraordinary of the Court of the Lord Lyon. The office is however held in Extraordinary after the retirement of the last holder in Ordinary.
The title of the office is derived from the Earldom of Ross. The title was first used in 1475.
The Ross Herald in 1687, Henry Fraser was a heraldic painter who apprenticed under George Porteous. He was responsible for genealogical research and the designing and painting of coats of arms. There is mention of him in the Gordon papers of 24 December 1716 "Account due to Henry Fraser, Ross Herald, for paintings done for funeral of George, 1st duke of Gordon: lozenge arms, mort heads, branches for the coffin, a helmet and ducal crown, etc., and other work in the Citadel of Leith." He was also mentioned by Alexander Nisbet in his book A System of Heraldry, Speculative & Practical written in 1712 but not published until 1722 in Edinburgh. "James Workman's Illuminated Book of Arms, who was Herald in the reign of James VI, which book I frequently refer to... which book I had from the ingenious Mr. Henry Fraser, Ross Herald...." Mr. Fraser died 15 January 1724 and is buried b. 17 North Corner Naismith Tomb in Greyfriars Churchyard. The office was held until his death.
The badge of office is Two lions rampant Argent armed and langued Azure supporting a baton paleways Sable, the tips Or ensigned of the Crown of Scotland Proper.
The office is currently held by John Stirling.

## Holders of the office

| Name | Date of appointment |
| ... (Diligens) | 1476 |
| John Dickson | 1517 |
| Sir Robert Forman of Luthrie | 1540 |
| Robert Hart | 1546 |
| Alexander Ross | 1558 |
| Sir William Stewart | 1565 |
| Patrick Davidson | 1567 |
| John Purdy | 1593 |
| Andrew Littlejohn | 1596 |
| Adam Matheson | 1599 |
| Thomas Williamson of Mylnehill | 1616 |
| Thomas Hunter | 1625 |
| John Malcolm | 1630 |
| Andrew Littlejohn | 1646 |
| Joseph Stacey | 1663 |
| Henry Fraser | 1687 |
| Roderick Chalmers | 1724 |
| John Toulon (or Teulon) | 1746 |
| Thomas Husband | 1756 |
| Patric Bennet of Whiteside | 1816 |
| David Taylor | 1825 |
| George Goldie | 1836 |
| Andrew Gilman | 1860 |
| Vacant | 1879–1901 |
| Andrew Monro Ross | 1901–1925 |
| Vacant | 1925–1988 |
| Charles John Burnett (Office used in Extraordinary from 2011) | 1988–2015 |
| Vacant | 2015–2017 |
| Mark D. Dennis (Office used in Extraordinary) | 2017–2020 |
| Vacant | 2020–2024 |
| John Stirling, WS | 2024–Present |
# Rain (Creed song)

"Rain" is a song written and performed by American rock band Creed. It is the second single from their fourth album, Full Circle (2009).
The song premiered on MSN Music on September 22, 2009, and was released as a digital download on October 6, 2009. It debuted and peaked at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100, and reached number 34 on the Mainstream Top 40 airplay chart, becoming their first entry on the latter chart since "One Last Breath" in 2002. In Australia, "Rain" reached number 52 on the ARIA Singles Chart, spending 13 weeks in the top 100.
The music video premiered on VH1 on October 27, 2009.

## Charts

| Chart (2009–2010) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 52 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 91 |
| US Adult Pop Airplay (Billboard) | 25 |
| US Pop Airplay (Billboard) | 34 |
# Pills Against the Ageless Ills

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Chronicles of Chaos | 8/10 |
Pills Against the Ageless Ills is the third studio album by Norwegian avant-garde metal band Solefald. It was released on 19 September 2001, and is their first album under the Century Media label. It is a concept album, following the story of two brothers, Philosopher Fuck and Pornographer Cain.

## Background
### Style

Much of the experimental concepts off their previous album, Neonism, was eschewed for a more straightforward, guitar-heavy metal approach, though still retaining quite a bit of the band's now trademark experimental nature. The style ranges from extreme black metal to jazz arrangements to traditional rock and metal. Vocally, Lazare is again over-the-top with his clean voice, while Cornelius' style can shoot from gravelly narration (a style used again on the In Harmonia Universali album) to black metal growls and screams. AllMusic described the album's sound as "a blend of progressive black metal, art rock and punk elements; kind of like early Cradle of Filth (minus the goth trappings) meets Angel Dust-era Faith No More, meets the Sex Pistols, if one can imagine such a combination actually working.

### Concept

Pornographer Cain (1951-1998) is an American citizen and producer of pornographic films. He was observed at the site of Kurt Cobain's alleged suicide. Pornographer Cain is found guilty of Kurt Cobain's murder, and consequently electrocuted in the state of California in 1998. He is/was the brother of Philosopher Fuck (1943-1999), a former American citizen exiled in Europe, erring between various religious and mental institutions. Half monk and half performance artist, he gave his life to thinking. Exhaled from a French hospital bed in 1999.

## Track listing

* "Hyperhuman" – 4:02
* "Pornographer Cain" – 6:04
* "Charge Of Total Affect" – 6:27
* "Hate Yourself" – 5:26
* "Fuck Talks" – 5:08
* "The Death of Father" – 4:45
* "The U. S. A. Don't Exist" – 4:49
* "Anti-City Strategy" – 4:32
* "Hierarch" – 4:56

## Credits

* Cornelius – vocals, electric guitar and bass guitar
* Lazare – vocals, synthesizers and drums

### Session musicians

* Silje Ulvevadet Dæhli – violin on "Hyperhuman", "Pornographer Cain" and "The U. S. A. Don't Exist"
# Rosie Anderson

Rosie Anderson (born c. 1776) was a figure in 18th- and 19th-century Scotland. She was the daughter of landowner Thomas Anderson, who, along with his son-in-law, Thomas Hay Marshall, was responsible for the construction of much of the Georgian architecture of Perth. Rose Terrace in Perth is now named for her.

## Personal life

Anderson was born to Thomas Anderson and Sarah Rose.
On 6 February 1792, at the age of sixteen, she married Thomas Hay Marshall, with the promise of a dowry of £3,000. Anderson's husband named Perth's Rose Terrace for her. The couple lived at the corner of Rose Terrace and Atholl Street. Their marriage was brief, Rosie having had an affair with Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, who lived across Charlotte Street from the newlyweds' home. It is believed that when Hay Marshall was away from home, the Earl and Anderson "exchanged signals from their windows, sent each other frequent notes, and... [he] visited her late at night, when they sat together in the gloaming, refused to have candles brought and even blocked up the keyholes so that they should not be watched."
She was also adulterous with a Dr Harrison, medical officer of the Durham Rangers.
Marshall first "raised letters of inhibition" against his wife on 2 June 1796. They divorced in November 1803, after eleven years of marriage, although it took two attempts due to Marshall's providing insufficient evidence of said adultery. Even while he was building his case, the defendant was sleeping with several officers, one of whom testified in court that he had "enjoyment of her person".
The proceedings gave way to several Scots ballads, including "Rosey Anderson":
   There was an Assembly into Perth, and Rosey she was there,
   Lord Elgin danced with her that night, and did her heart ensnare, Lord Elgin danced with her that night, she walked home on his arm,
   Hay Marshall he came rushing in, in very great alarm.
Thomas Hay Marshall died in 1808, aged 38. He was living alone at Whistlecroft on the eastern side of the River Tay. He was also in debt, according to several sources. Anderson went to live with her parents in Edinburgh, her father's fortune having suffered from the decline in Perth's linen trade. She continued to "have liaisons with officers from a fort or battery between Newhaven and Leith". She later moved to London, where she had a son and spent time in Bethlehem Hospital, a psychiatric institution.
# Rakusa Point

Rakusa Point is a point 0.5 nautical miles (0.9 km) southeast of Point Thomas, Admiralty Bay, on King George Island, South Shetland Islands. Named by the Polish Antarctic Expedition in 1977 after Stanislaw Rakusa-Suszczewski, who established Poland's Arctowski Station near this point, February 26, 1977.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Rakusa Point". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
62°10′S 58°28′W﻿ / ﻿62.167°S 58.467°W﻿ / -62.167; -58.467
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