OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Johannes Lohs

Johannes Lohs (24 June 1889 – 14 August 1918) was a successful and highly decorated German U-boat commander in the Kaiserliche Marine during World War I.

## Early life

Lohs was born on 24 June 1889 at Einsiedel, Saxony. He was the son of plant owner Oswald Lohs. He first went to school in his home village and later to a grammar school in Chemnitz.
Lohs entered on 1 April 1909 as midshipman the Imperial Navy, completed his basic training at the Großer Kreuzer SMS Victoria Louise and then came for further training to the naval Academy, where he was appointed on April 12, 1910 to Fähnrich zur See. On November 3, 1911 he was transferred to the light cruiser SMS Berlin and promoted on 19 September 1912 to Leutnant zur See. From 23 December 1912 Lohs acted as a signal officer on the light cruiser SMS Strassburg.

## World War I

On 2 May 1915 Lohs was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See. For one month Lohs was second radio officer on the battlecruiser Seydlitz, then he moved to U-Bootschule for two months. Afterwards he became a monitoring officer at the torpedo boat division. On 6 December he became commander of SM UC-75, on which he did 9 patrols along the British coast. On 2 January 1918 he became Commanding officer of UB-57, taking over the command of this boat from another legendary U-boat commander, Otto Steinbrinck. Lohs had also some very good ideas on U-boat warfare and new tactics and on 24 April 1918 he received the Pour le Mérite.
On 3 August 1918, he sailed from Zeebrugge for the last time. The last contact he made with the base was on the evening of 14 August as UB-57 was homeward bound roughly in the area of the Sandiette Bank, east of the Strait of Dover. Nothing more was heard. Lohs and 33 men lost their lives.UB-57 is believed to have run onto a mine. Lohs' body washed up on shore a week later and he is buried in the military cemetery at Vlissingen.
Lohs succeeded on 13 patrols in sinking 76 ships for a total tonnage of 149,465 gross register tons (GRT). He also damaged 17 other ships and sank the armed merchant cruiser HMS Moldavia.
In the later Kriegsmarine, the 3rd U-boat Flotilla in Kiel was named after him.
# Percy Duff

Percy Skipworth Duff MBE (1922 – 2011) was the treasurer of Kendal Borough Council from 1967, until April 1974 when he became deputy treasurer of the new South Lakeland District Council, holding the position until his retirement in 1982. He was the last surviving Honorary Citizen of Kendal, an accolade he was said to value more than his MBE.
As his son Michael Duff said at his funeral "Percy Duff was a lucky man. He was lucky to survive scarlet fever as a child; he was lucky to survive in the Western Desert in 1943 when the man standing next to him was killed by a mortar and he wasn’t; he was lucky to be happily married; he was lucky to suffer from no illness in a long life and he was lucky to live in Kendal for all that time - a place that he loved."
Percy Duff was involved in many clubs and societies some of which were:
* The Westmorland Motor Club in which he was President and who organise Motorcycle Trials and Hill Climb Racing. Percy organised the first the Barbon Hillclimb for motorcycles in 1960 and was involved in the event for 50 years; the event was latterly referred to as "The Percy Duff Barbon Hill Climb"
* The Alfred Wainwright Society Percy was articled to Alfred Wainwright, who he succeeded as treasurer of Kendal Borough Council.
* The Stephenson Locomotive Society
* Northern Centre Auto-Cycle Union where he was vice-life president.
He was appointed MBE in the 1986 New Year Honours for his voluntary work with The Mayor Of Kendal's Fund For The Aged And Infirm where his careful management over 31 years enabled the charity to improve and increase the number of affordable retirement properties.
# Richard Talbot (bishop of London)

Richard Talbot (died 1262) was a medieval Bishop of London-elect.

## Life

Talbot was the nephew of Fulk Basset, Bishop of London. He held the prebends of Mora and Finsbury in the diocese of London before being named treasurer of the diocese by 20 August 1257. He was Dean of St Paul's in London by 26 January 1262. He was elected bishop on 18 August 1262 and that election was confirmed by the archbishop; but Talbot died on either 28 September or 29 September 1262 before he could be consecrated.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: Volume 1, St. Paul's, London: Bishops
* ↑ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: Volume 1, St. Paul's, London: Treasurers
* ↑ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: Volume 1, St. Paul's, London: Deans
# Saint-Gilles-de-la-Neuville

Saint-Gilles-de-la-Neuville (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

It is a farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D80 and D324 roads. The A29 autoroute passes through the south of the commune.

## Places of interest

* A church dating from the twelfth century.
# 2002 in chess

Events in chess during the year 2002:

## Top players

FIDE top 10 players by Elo rating - October 2002;
* Garry Kasparov Russia 2836
* Vladimir Kramnik Russia 2809
* Viswanathan Anand India 2755
* Michael Adams England 2745
* Veselin Topalov Bulgaria 2743
* Peter Leko Hungary 2743
* Ruslan Ponomariov Ukraine 2743
* Evgeny Bareev Russia 2737
* Alexander Morozevich Russia 2742
* Vassily Ivanchuk Ukraine 2709

## Tournaments

| Tournament | City | System | Dates | Players (2700+) | Winner | Runner-up |
| Corus Chess Tournament | Wijk aan Zee | Round robin | 11–27 Jan | 14 (5) | Evgeny Bareev | Alexander Grischuk |
| Corus Chess Tournament Group B | Wijk aan Zee | Round robin | 11–27 Jan | 14 (0) | Michał Krasenkow | Friso Nijboer Ivan Sokolov |
| FIDE World Cup | Moscow | Knockout | 9 – 22 Oct | 24 (3) | Viswanathan Anand | Rustam Kasimdzhanov |
| FIDE World Chess Championship | Moscow | Knockout | 27 Nov 2001 – 23 Jan | 128 (11) | Ruslan Ponomariov | Vasyl Ivanchuk |

## Deaths

* Ricardo Calvo, a Spanish chess International Master - September 26
* Eduard Gufeld, a Ukrainian International Grandmaster and chess author - September 23
* Edmar Mednis, an American International Grandmaster and chess writer - February 13
# 2019 European Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 55 kg

The women's freestyle 55 kg is a competition featured at the 2019 European Wrestling Championships, and was held in Bucharest, Romania on April 10 and April 11.

## Medalists

| Gold | Iryna Husyak Ukraine |
| Silver | Evelina Nikolova Bulgaria |
| Bronze | Bediha Gün Turkey |
| Bronze | Andreea Ana Romania |

## Results
### Legend

* F — Won by fall

### Main Bracket

| 1/8 finals | 1/8 finals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| | | Iryna Husyak (UKR) | 9 | | | | |
| | | Bediha Gün (TUR) | 6 | | | | |
| | | | | Iryna Husyak (UKR) | 8 | | |
| | | | | Zalina Sidakova (BLR) | 4 | | |
| | | Zalina Sidakova (BLR) | 10 | | | | |
| | | Viktoria Vaulina (RUS) | 0 | | | | |
| | | | | | | Iryna Husyak (UKR) | 10 |
| | | | | | | Evelina Nikolova (BUL) | 4 |
| | | Andreea Ana (ROU) | 5 | | | | |
| | | Arianna Carieri (ITA) | 1 | | | | |
| | | | | Andreea Ana (ROU) | 0 | | |
| Christina Demirkan (GRE) | 0 | | | Evelina Nikolova (BUL) | 3 | | |
| Mariana Drăguțan (MDA) | 10 | Mariana Drăguțan (MDA) | 2 | | | | |
| Evelina Nikolova (BUL) | 18$^F$ | Evelina Nikolova (BUL) | 9$^F$ | | | | |
| Alicja Czyżowicz (POL) | 10 | | | | | | |

### Repechage

| Repechage round 1 | Repechage round 1 | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match |
| | | Bediha Gün (TUR) | 10 |
| | | Zalina Sidakova (BLR) | 0 |
| Alicja Czyżowicz (POL) | 0 | Mariana Drăguțan (MDA) | 4 |
| Mariana Drăguțan (MDA) | 8 | Andreea Ana (ROU) | 6 |
# Pseudocoremia fenerata

Pseudocoremia fenerata is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Zealand.
The wingspan is 27–34 mm.
Recorded food plants of the larvae include Agathis australis, Dacrydium bidwillii, Dacrydium biforme, Dacrydium cupressinum, Phyllocladus alpinus, Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Podocarpus ferrugineus and Podocarpus totara. Exotic hosts are Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cryptomeria japonica, Larix decidua, Larix kempferi and Pinus species.
# Queen crab

Queen crab refers to different species in different parts of the world.
* Chionoecetes spp. in Canada
* Pseudocarcinus gigas, the Tasmanian giant crab, in Australia
# Quỳnh Sơn

Quỳnh Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Yên Dũng District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.
# 2019 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II – play-offs

The play-offs of the 2019 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II were the final stages of the Group II Zonal Competition involving teams from the Americas. Using the positions determined in their pools, the six teams in Lima faced off to determine their placing in the 2019 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II. The winning team advanced to Group I in 2020, alongside the winning team from Pool A in Santo Domingo.

## Pool results

| Placing | Pool A (Lima) | Pool B (Lima) | Pool A (Santo Domingo) |
| 1 | Peru | Bahamas | Venezuela |
| 2 | Bolivia | Trinidad and Tobago | Guatemala |
| 3 | Panama | Barbados | Uruguay |
| 4 | — | — | Dominican Republic |
| 5 | — | — | Cuba |

## Promotional play-offs

The first placed teams of the two pools in Lima were drawn in head-to-head rounds. The winners advanced to Group I, alongside the winning team from Pool A in Santo Domingo.

### Peru vs. Bahamas

| Peru 2 | Tennis Club Las Terrazas Miraflores, Lima, Peru 20 April 2019 Clay | Tennis Club Las Terrazas Miraflores, Lima, Peru 20 April 2019 Clay | Bahamas 0 |
| 1 2 3 1 Anastasia Iamachkine Danielle Andrea Thompson 6 2 6 1     2 Dana Guzmán Kerrie Cartwright 6 4 6 2     3 Anastasia Iamachkine / Camila Soares Kerrie Cartwright / Danielle Andrea Thompson       not played ||||

## Third to fourth place play-offs

The second placed teams of the two pools in Lima were drawn in head-to-head rounds to determine the 3rd to 4th placings.

### Bolivia vs. Trinidad and Tobago

| Bolivia 2 | Tennis Club Las Terrazas Miraflores, Lima, Peru 20 April 2019 Clay | Tennis Club Las Terrazas Miraflores, Lima, Peru 20 April 2019 Clay | Trinidad and Tobago 0 |
| 1 2 3 1 Gabriela Cortés Flores Anneliese Rose 6 2 6 3     2 Noelia Zeballos Anya King 6 0 6 0     3 Gabriela Cortés Flores / Paola Cortez Vargas Anya King / Anneliese Rose       not played ||||

## Fifth to sixth place play-offs

The third placed teams of the two pools in Lima were drawn in head-to-head rounds to determine the 5th to 6th placings.

### Barbados vs. Panama

| Barbados 0 | Tennis Club Las Terrazas Miraflores, Lima, Peru 20 April 2019 Clay | Tennis Club Las Terrazas Miraflores, Lima, Peru 20 April 2019 Clay | Panama 3 |
| 1 2 3 1 Chloe Weekes Zulay Castañeda 0 6 1 6     2 Tangia Riley-Codrington Karen Esther Contreras 3 6 1 6     3 Melena Lopez / Chloe Weekes Zulay Castañeda / Yeniseik Gómez 5 7 0 5   retired ||||

## Final placements

| Placing | Teams | Teams |
| Promoted/First | Peru | Venezuela |
| Second | Bahamas | Guatemala |
| Third | Bolivia | Uruguay |
| Fourth | Trinidad and Tobago | Dominican Republic |
| Fifth | Panama | Cuba |
| Sixth | Barbados | Barbados |
* Peru and Venezuela were promoted to Americas Zone Group I in 2020.
# 2003 IIHF World Championship Division III

The 2003 IIHF World Championship Division III was an international ice hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The tournament was contested on 3–6 April 2003 in Auckland, New Zealand. New Zealand won the championship and gained promotion, along with Luxembourg, into the 2004 Division II tournament.

## Participants

| Team | 2002 result |
| Turkey | Placed 6th in Division II Group A and were relegated. |
| Luxembourg | Placed 6th in Division II Group B and were relegated. |
| New Zealand | Placed 3rd in Division II Qualification and were relegated. |

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion |
| 1 | New Zealand | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 3 | +11 | 4 | Promoted to Division II for 2004 |
| 2 | Luxembourg | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 10 | −3 | 2 | Promoted to Division II for 2004 |
| 3 | Turkey | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 12 | −8 | 0 | |

## Games

All times local.

## Scoring leaders

List shows the top ten players sorted by points, then goals.
| Player | GP | G | A | Pts | +/− | PIM | POS |
| Eugene Nesterov | 2 | 6 | 3 | 9 | +7 | 2 | F |
| Dennis Monk | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | +5 | 0 | F |
| Duane Finch | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | +2 | 0 | D |
| Emrah Ozmen | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | -1 | 2 | F |
| Benny Welter | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | F |
| Jean-Marie Funk | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | F |
| Bekir Akgul | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 14 | F |
| Darren Blong | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | +4 | 4 | F |
| Michael Sam | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | +1 | 16 | F |
| Robert Post | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -2 | 0 | F |
Source:

## Leading goaltenders

Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played 40% of their team's minutes are included in this list.
| Player | MIP | SOG | GA | GAA | SVS% | SO |
| Greg Davis | 120:00 | 56 | 3 | 1.50 | 94.64 | 0 |
| Omer Aybers | 99:28 | 58 | 8 | 4.83 | 86.21 | 0 |
| Michel Welter | 120:00 | 71 | 10 | 5.00 | 85.92 | 0 |
Source:
# 2003 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship

The 2003 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship was the seventh IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship, the premier annual international inline hockey tournament. It took place in Nuremberg and Amberg, Germany, with the gold-medal game played on July 19, 2003.

## Championship
### Preliminary round
#### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | USA | CZE | SWE | AUT |
| 1 | United States | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 10 | +14 | 8 | — | 6–5$^{OT}$ | 3–2 | 15–3 |
| 2 | Czech Republic | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 23 | 14 | +9 | 7 | | — | 7–6 | 11–2 |
| 3 | Sweden | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 10 | +1 | 3 | | | — | 3–0 |
| 4 | Austria | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 29 | −24 | 0 | | | | — |

#### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | FIN | GER | SVK | SLO |
| 1 | Finland | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 11 | +19 | 9 | — | 7–3 | 6–5 | 17–3 |
| 2 | Germany | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 21 | 19 | +2 | 6 | | — | 8–5 | 10–7 |
| 3 | Slovakia | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 21 | −3 | 3 | | | — | 8–7 |
| 4 | Slovenia | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 17 | 35 | −18 | 0 | | | | — |

### Playoff round
#### Gold medal game
## Division I
### Preliminary round
#### Group C

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | BRA | GBR | HUN | RSA |
| 1 | Brazil | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 13 | +16 | 9 | — | 9–7 | 6–5 | 14–1 |
| 2 | Great Britain | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 12 | +17 | 6 | | — | 6–2 | 16–1 |
| 3 | Hungary | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 15 | −2 | 3 | | | — | 6–3 |
| 4 | South Africa | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 36 | −31 | 0 | | | | — |

#### Group D

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | JPN | NZL | AUS | ARG |
| 1 | Japan | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 10 | +23 | 9 | — | 9–5 | 14–2 | 10–3 |
| 2 | New Zealand | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 18 | +1 | 6 | | — | 6–5 | 8–4 |
| 3 | Australia | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 21 | −8 | 3 | | | — | 6–1 |
| 4 | Argentina | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 24 | −16 | 0 | | | | — |
# Pulper

In agriculture, a pulper is a machine designed to remove pulp (i.e. the soft flesh) from agricultural produce. For example, in coffee growing, the ripe red cherries are picked from the coffee bushes and, before fermentation and later drying, the soft pulp needs to be removed (otherwise a potentially uncontrollable fermentation/rot will occur). In the case of coffee, the pulping is normally done in a pulper that is either hand-cranked or engine-driven; the beans come into contact with a rotating spiked drum that removes the pulp or flesh. The sticky beans that result from this process then have to be washed, fermented, washed again and dried, before further processing (milling to remove the parchment) and then roasting.
In paper making, a pulper is a machine that produces pulp from cellulose fibres; this pulp can directly be used by a paper machine. In fufu powder making, a pulper is a machine that is used to pulp the fermented cassava to remove Fibre before sedimentation.
Post-consumer waste is re-pulped, in one of the processes involved in recycling it.
# Pulpit (disambiguation)

A pulpit is a raised stand for preachers in a Christian church.
Pulpit may also refer to:
* Pulpit (horse) (1994–2012), American Thoroughbred stallion, winner of Blue Grass Stakes
* The Pulpit (Washington), mountain in USA
* The Pulpit (Zion National Park), Utah
# RML 64-pounder gun

RML 64-pounder gun denotes one of several British rifled muzzle-loading artillery pieces which fired a 64-pound projectile.
Guns of this type differ by their weight, expressed in hundredweight (cwt), and whether they were built from scratch or converted from existing smoothbore guns. They include:
* RML 64-pounder 58 cwt, a gun for land use converted from the smoothbore 32 pounder 58 cwt gun
* RML 64-pounder 64 cwt gun, a gun for land and naval use, scratch-built rather than converted from a smoothbore
* RML 64-pounder 71 cwt gun, a gun for land and naval use converted from the smoothbore ML 8-inch shell gun
# Puketāpapa Women's Suffrage Memorial

The Puketāpapa Women's Suffrage Memorial is located in Rose Park, on the corner of Warren Avenue and Mt Albert Road, in the suburb of Three Kings, Auckland, New Zealand. It commemorates the local women who campaigned for women's suffrage.
The memorial was commissioned by the Puketāpapa Local Board and Auckland Council, designed by artists Matthew van Sturmer and Carmen Sosich and constructed by MvS Studio. The design is an abstract depiction of the camellia, which was a symbol of the suffrage movement in New Zealand in the nineteenth century. The base of the flower is inscribed with the names of the local women who signed the 1893 petition to Parliament requesting the vote for women. A nearby plaque records the names of Mt Roskill women who have been elected to local and central government including former prime minister Helen Clark.
It was unveiled on 19 September 2013, the 120th anniversary of women gaining the vote in New Zealand.
# RJR Championship

The RJR Championship was a golf tournament on the Champions Tour from 1987 to 2002. It was played in Clemmons, North Carolina at Tanglewood Park.
The purse for the 2002 tournament was US$1,600,000, with $240,000 going to the winner. The tournament was founded in 1987 as the Vantage Championship with Vantage cigarettes as the sponsor, although it switched to the corporate-branded RJR Championship in 1989 and 2002, the latter due to the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement; R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company were restricted to one sports sponsorship in the rulings developed by the settlement, to which the company opted to choose NASCAR Winston Cup Series as the cigarette-branded sponsorship that lasted until 2003.

## Winners

RJR Championship
* 2002 Bruce Fleisher
Vantage Championship
* 2001 canceled due to the September 11, 2001 attacks
* 2000 Larry Nelson
* 1999 Fred Gibson
* 1998 Gil Morgan
* 1997 Hale Irwin
* 1996 Jim Colbert
* 1995 Hale Irwin
* 1994 Larry Gilbert
* 1993 Lee Trevino
* 1992 Jim Colbert
* 1991 Jim Colbert
* 1990 Charles Coody
RJR Championship
* 1989 Gary Player
Vantage Championship
* 1988 Walt Zembriski
* 1987 Al Geiberger
Source:
# RJR 94 FM

Radio Jamaica, also known as RJR 94 FM, and formerly Real Jamaican Radio, is a broadcast company in Jamaica with headquarters in Kingston.

## History

On 9 July 1950, a commercial license to operate as a subsidiary of the British Rediffusion Group was issued to the Radio Jamaica and Rediffusion Network. Initially only four medium-wave, signal transmission sites broadcast throughout the island. In 1951 wire radio service was established from a central broadcasting station. Transmissions were sent to rediffusion speaker boxes for which subscribers paid three-pence per day. To increase the listener base RJR distributed around 200 rediffusion speakers to police stations, retail stores and schools. In 1953, Jamaica became the first of the British colonies in the Caribbean to offer FM broadcasting when RJR began using the technology. By 1954, there were over 57,000 rediffusion boxes distributed throughout the country.
In 1959 Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation was founded as a public broadcasting corporation operated by the government. At that time, RJR's operating company was renamed Radio Jamaica Ltd. and the company began offering non-stop music service three years later. In 1962, RJR also introduced "Musipage" which presented live musical performances at its studios. In 1968, rediffusion became obsolete when transistor radio transmission was developed and the speaker service was discontinued. The Jamaican government acquired the station from the British Rediffusion Group in the 1970s and divested its interest through stock sales to organizations and individuals to facilitate RJR becoming a fully Jamaican-owned company. A second station playing music only was founded in 1972 and RJR expanded again in 1984, adding a third station FAME FM. In 1990, simulcast broadcasting was developed to broaden programming to include live programming on national events.

## Programming

The station broadcasts several programmes featuring Jamaican and international music, news, talk shows, listener questions and professional answers. Ralston McKenzie's Sunday Contact, a show that reaches out islandwide by radio for missing persons is another programme.

## Infrastructure

The company maintains the RJR radio channel as their flagship, plus a number of other radio channels.

## Radio personalities

* Ralston McKenzie (Sunday Contact show)
* Derrick Wilks (Sunnyside Up show)
* Paula-Ann Porter Jones (Sunnyside Up show)
* Emily Sheilds (Hotline Talk Show)
* Dr Orville Taylor (Hotline Talk Show)
* Clive Mullings (Hotline Talk Show)
* Christopher 'Jonny' Daley (Two Live Crew Show)
* Dahlia Harris (Two Live Crew Show)
* Dadrian Gordon (Beyond The Headlines: News Show)
* Dionne Jackson Miller (Beyond The Headlines: Talk Show)
# Pulmonary-renal syndrome

Pulmonary-renal syndrome (PRS) is a rare medical syndrome in which respiratory failure involving bleeding in the lungs and kidney failure (glomerulonephritis) occur. PRS is associated with a high rate of morbidity and death. The term was first used by Goodpasture in 1919 to describe the association of respiratory and kidney failure.

## Causes

Pulmonary-renal syndromes are most commonly caused by an underlying autoimmune disease. PRS is most commonly due to ANCA-associated vasculitides (e.g., granulomatosis with polyangiitis) or due to anti-basement membrane diseases (e.g., Goodpasture's syndrome). Granulomatosis with polyangiitis usually presents with nasopharyngeal involvement as well, whereas Goodpasture's will not. Microscopic polyangiitis is the most common cause of pulmonary-renal syndrome.
Other causes include systemic lupus erythematosus, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis. Less common causes also include IgA vasculitis and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.
Other etiologies include toxic injury such as paraquat poisoning, infection with hantavirus, leptospirosis, or legionella, or vascular, as seen in nephrotic syndrome when a renal vein thrombosis embolizes to the lungs.

## Diagnosis
### Differential diagnosis

Cardiogenic shock can mimic a pulmonary renal syndrome and lead to coughing up blood due to pulmonary edema and kidney failure from inadequate blood flow.

## Treatment

Treatment is primarily by corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications like cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and azathioprine. Plasmapheresis can be used in some circumstances.