# Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

Ruth Prawer Jhabvala CBE (née Prawer; 7 May 1927 – 3 April 2013) was a British and American novelist and screenwriter. She is best known for her collaboration with Merchant Ivory Productions, made up of film director James Ivory and producer Ismail Merchant.
In 1951, she married Indian architect Cyrus Jhabvala and moved to New Delhi. She began then to elaborate her experiences in India and wrote novels and tales on Indian subjects. She wrote a dozen novels, 23 screenplays, and eight collections of short stories and was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Diplomatic Service and Overseas List of the 1998 New Years Honours and granted a joint fellowship by BAFTA in 2002 with Ivory and Merchant. She is the only person to have won both a Booker Prize and an Oscar.

## Early life

Ruth Prawer was born in Cologne, Germany to Jewish parents Marcus and Eleanora (Cohn) Prawer. Marcus was a lawyer who moved to Germany from Poland to escape conscription and Eleanora's father was cantor of Cologne's largest synagogue. Her father was accused of communist links, arrested and released, and she witnessed the violence unleashed against the Jews during the Kristallnacht. The family was among the last group of refugees to flee the Nazi regime in 1939, emigrating to Britain. Her elder brother, Siegbert Salomon Prawer (1925–2012), an expert on Heinrich Heine and horror films, was fellow of The Queen's College and Taylor Professor of German Language and Literature at the University of Oxford.
During World War II, Prawer lived in Hendon in London, experienced the Blitz and began to speak English rather than German. Charles Dickens' works and Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind kept her company through the war years, and she read the latter book while taking refuge in air raid shelters during the Luftwaffe's bombing of London. She became a British citizen in 1948. The following year, her father committed suicide after discovering that 40 members of his family had been murdered during the Holocaust. Prawer attended Hendon County School (now Hendon School) and then Queen Mary College, where she received an MA in English literature in 1951.

## Literary career
### Years in India

Ruth Prawer moved to India in 1951 after marrying Indian Parsi architect Cyrus Jhabvala. Her first novel, To Whom She Will, was published in 1955. It was followed by Esmond in India (1957), The Householder (1960) and Get Ready for Battle (1963). The Householder, with a screenplay by Jhabvala, was filmed in 1963 by Merchant and Ivory. During her years in India, she wrote scripts for the Merchant-Ivory duo for The Guru (1969) and Autobiography of a Princess (1975). She collaborated with Ivory for the screenplays for Bombay Talkie (1970) and ABC After-school Specials: William - The Life and Times of William Shakespeare (1973).
In 1975, she won the Booker Prize for her novel Heat and Dust, later adapted into a film. That year, she moved to New York where she wrote The Place of Peace. Her husband also moved to US permanently in late 1980s, and the couple lived on the east coast until Ruth's death in 2013. Cyrus Jhabwala died in Los Angeles in 2014.
Jhabvala "remained ill at ease with India and all that it brought into her life." She wrote in an autobiographical essay, Myself in India (published in London Magazine) that she found the "great animal of poverty and backwardness" made the idea and sensation of India intolerable to her, a "Central European with an English education and a deplorable tendency to constant self-analysis." Her early works in India dwell on the themes of romantic love and arranged marriages and are portraits of the social mores, idealism and chaos of the early decades of independent India. Writing about her in the New York Times, novelist Pankaj Mishra observed that "she was probably the first writer in English to see that India's Westernizing middle class, so preoccupied with marriage, lent itself well to Jane Austenish comedies of manners."

### Life in the United States

Jhabvala moved to New York City in 1975 and lived there until her death in 2013, becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1986. She continued to write and many of her works including In Search of Love and Beauty (1983), Three Continents (1987), Shards of Memory (1995) and East into Upper East: Plain Tales From New York and New Delhi (1998) portray the lives and predicaments of immigrants from post-Nazi and post-World War Europe. Many of these works feature India as a setting where her characters go in search of spiritual enlightenment only to emerge defrauded and exposed to the materialistic pursuits of the East. The New York Times Review of Books chose her Out of India (1986) as one of the best reads for that year. In 1984, she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.
In 2005 she published My Nine Lives: Chapters of a Possible Past with illustrations by her husband and the book was described as "her most autobiographical fiction to date".

### Reception

Her literary works were well received, with C. P. Snow, Rumer Godden and V. S. Pritchett describing her work as "the highest art", "a balance between subtlety, humour and beauty" and as being Chekhovian in its detached sense of comic self-delusion. Salman Rushdie described her as a "rootless intellectual" when he anthologized her in the Vintage Book of Indian Writing, and John Updike described her an "initiated outsider".
Jhabvala initially was assumed to be an Indian among the reading public because of her perceptive portrayals of the nuances of Indian lifestyles. Later, the revelation of her true identity led to falling sales of her books in India and made her a target of accusations about "her old-fashioned colonial attitudes".
Jhabvala's last published story was "The Judge's Will", which appeared in The New Yorker on 25 March 2013.

## Merchant Ivory Productions

In 1963, Jhabvala was approached by James Ivory and Ismail Merchant to write a screenplay for their debut The Householder, based on her 1960 novel. During their first encounter, Merchant later said Jhabvala, seeking to avoid them, pretended to be the housemaid when they visited. The film, released by Merchant Ivory Productions in 1963 and starring Shashi Kapoor and Leela Naidu, met with critical praise and marked the beginning of a partnership that resulted in over 20 films.
The Householder was followed by Shakespeare Wallah (1965), another critically acclaimed film. There followed a series of films, including Roseland (1977), Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures (1978), The Europeans (1979), Jane Austen in Manhattan (1980), Quartet (1981), The Courtesans of Bombay (1983) and The Bostonians (1984). The Merchant Ivory production of Heat and Dust in 1983 won Jhabvala a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay the following year.
She won her first Academy Award for her screenplay for A Room with a View (1986) and won a second in the same category for Howards End six years later. She was nominated for a third Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay the following year for The Remains of the Day.
Her other films with Merchant and Ivory include Mr. & Mrs. Bridge (1990), Jefferson in Paris (1995), Surviving Picasso (1996), A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (1998) (the screenplay for which she co-authored with Ivory), The Golden Bowl (2000) and The City of Your Final Destination (2009), adapted from the eponymous novel by Peter Cameron and was her last screenplay. Le Divorce which she co-wrote with Ivory was the last movie that featured the trio of Merchant, Ivory and Jhabvala.
In an interview for the British Film Institute, British actor James Wilby claimed that Jhabvala refused to write the screenplay of the 1987 film Maurice despite being "the normal writer" for Merchant-Ivory films. Wilby surmised that Jhabvala may have been uncomfortable with the central subject matter of the film, based on a posthumously published novel by E. M. Forster, which depicted a gay relationship set in Edwardian England. Ivory was reportedly "quite upset" by Jhabvala's decision, given the fact that their friendship was "incredibly close." For her own part, Jhabvala apparently did provide notes for Maurice, but claimed she didn't wish to write the screenplay, as the novel was "sub-Forster and sub-Ivory."
The Merchant-Ivory duo was acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest collaboration between a director and a producer, but Jhabvala was a part of the trio from the very beginning. She introduced the composer Richard Robbins, who went on to score music for almost every production by Merchant-Ivory beginning with The Europeans in 1979, to the duo after meeting him while he was the director of Mannes College of Music, New York. Madame Sousatzka (1988) was the one film she wrote that was not produced by Merchant-Ivory.

## Selected filmography

| Year | Title | Other notes |
| 1963 | The Householder | screenplay, adapted from the novel by Jhabvala |
| 1965 | Shakespeare Wallah | screenplay |
| 1969 | The Guru | screenplay |
| 1970 | Bombay Talkie | screenplay |
| 1975 | Autobiography of a Princess | written by |
| 1977 | Roseland | story and screenplay |
| 1978 | Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures | written by |
| 1979 | The Europeans | screenplay, adapted from the novel by Henry James |
| 1980 | Jane Austen in Manhattan | written by, inserted libretto "Sir Charles Grandison" by Jane Austen |
| 1981 | Quartet | screenplay, adapted from the novel by Jean Rhys |
| 1983 | Heat and Dust | screenplay, adapted from the novel by Jhabvala |
| 1984 | The Bostonians | screenplay, adapted from the novel by Henry James |
| 1985 | A Room with a View | screenplay, adapted from the novel by E.M. Forster |
| 1988 | Madame Sousatzka | screenplay, adapted from the novel by Bernice Rubens. Directed by John Schlesinger |
| 1990 | Mr. & Mrs. Bridge | screenplay, adapted from the novels by Evan S. Connell (Mr. Bridge & Mrs. Bridge) |
| 1992 | Howards End | screenplay, adapted from the novel by E.M. Forster |
| 1993 | The Remains of the Day | screenplay, adapted from the novel by Kazuo Ishiguro |
| 1995 | Jefferson in Paris | screenplay |
| 1996 | Surviving Picasso | screenplay |
| 1998 | A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries | screenplay, adapted from the novel by Kaylie Jones |
| 2000 | The Golden Bowl | screenplay, adapted from the novel by Henry James |
| 2003 | Le Divorce | co-written by James Ivory, adapted from the novel by Diane Johnson |
| 2009 | The City of Your Final Destination | screenplay, adapted from the novel by Peter Cameron |

## Awards and nominations

Academy Awards
| Year | Category | Film | Result |
| 1986 | Best Adapted Screenplay | A Room with a View | Won |
| 1992 | Best Adapted Screenplay | Howards End | Won |
| 1993 | Best Adapted Screenplay | The Remains of the Day | Nominated |
Golden Globe Awards
| Year | Category | Film | Result | Ref. |
| 1992 | Best Screenplay | Howards End | Nominated | |
| 1993 | Best Screenplay | The Remains of the Day | Nominated | |
British Academy Film Awards
| Year | Category | Film | Result |
| 1983 | Best Adapted Screenplay | Heat and Dust | Won |
| 1986 | Best Adapted Screenplay | A Room with a View | Nominated |
| 1992 | Best Adapted Screenplay | Howards End | Nominated |
| 1993 | Best Adapted Screenplay | The Remains of the Day | Nominated |
Writers Guild of America Awards
| Year | Category | Film | Result |
| 1986 | Best Adapted Screenplay | A Room with a View | Won |
| 1992 | Best Adapted Screenplay | Howards End | Nominated |
| 1993 | Best Adapted Screenplay | The Remains of the Day | Nominated |
| 1993 | Screen Laurel Award | — | Won |

### Other awards

* 1975: Booker Prize – Heat and Dust
* 1976: Guggenheim Fellowship
* 1979: Neil Gunn Prize
* 1984: MacArthur Fellowship
* 1984: London Critics Circle Film Awards – Screenwriter of the Year (Heat and Dust)
* 1990: New York Film Critics Circle Awards – Best Screenplay (Mr. and Mrs. Bridge)
* 2003: O. Henry Award (Refuge in London)

## Personal life

In 1951, Prawer married Cyrus Shavaksha Hormusji Jhabvala, an Indian Parsi architect and, later, head of the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi. The couple moved into a house in Delhi's Civil Lines where they raised three daughters: Ava, Firoza and Renana. In 1975, Jhabvala moved to New York and divided her time between India and the United States. In 1986, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

### Death

Jhabvala died in her home in New York City on 3 April 2013 at the age of 85. James Ivory reported that her death was caused by complications from a pulmonary disorder. Reacting to her death, Merchant Ivory Productions said that Jhabvala had "been a beloved member of the Merchant Ivory family since 1960, comprising one-third of our indomitable trifecta that included director James Ivory and the late producer Ismail Merchant" and that her death was "a significant loss to the global film community".

## Literary works
### Novels and novellas

| Year | Title | Other notes |
| 1955 | To whom she will : a novel | Published in the United States as Amrita |
| 1956 | The Nature of Passion | |
| 1958 | Esmond in India | |
| 1960 | The Householder | |
| 1962 | Get Ready for Battle | |
| 1965 | A Backward Place | |
| 1972 | A New Dominion | published in the United States as Travelers |
| 1975 | Heat and Dust | |
| 1983 | In Search of Love and Beauty | |
| 1987 | Three Continents | |
| 1993 | Poet and Dancer | |
| 1995 | Shards of Memory | |

### Short stories and collections

| Year | Title | Other notes |
| 1963 | Like Birds, Like Fishes | |
| 1968 | A Stronger Climate | |
| 1971 | An Experience of India | |
| 1976 | How I Became a Holy Mother and other stories | |
| 1986 | Out of India: Selected Stories | |
| 1998 | East into Upper East: Plain Tales from New York and New Delhi | |
| 2004 | My Nine Lives : Chapters of a Possible Past | |
| 2008 | The Teacher | "The Teacher". The New Yorker. Volume:84. 28 July 2008 |
| 2011 | A Lovesong for India: Tales from East and West | |
| 2013 | A Judge's Will | "The judge's will". The New Yorker. Vol. 89, no. 6. 25 March 2013. pp. 88–95. |
| 2018 | At the End of the Century: The Stories of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala | |

### Critical studies and reviews of Jhabvala's work
#### Anthologies and encyclopedias

* Prawer Jhabvala, Ruth (2000). "Passion". In Bausch, Richard; Cassill, R. V. (eds.). Norton Anthology of Short Fiction (6th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 801–813. ISBN 978-0-39397-508-6.
* Prawer Jhabvala, Ruth (2005). "Two more under the Indian sun". In Mishra, Pankaj (ed.). India in Mind: An Anthology. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 108–130. ISBN 978-0-37572-745-0.
* Prawer Jhabvala, Ruth (1999). "An experience of India". In Ross, Robert (ed.). Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction in English: An Anthology. New York: Garland. pp. 189–209. ISBN 978-0-81531-431-8.
* Serafin, Steven, ed. (1999). "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala". Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century. Vol. 4 (L-Z) (3rd ed.). Farmington Hills, Michigan: St. James Press. ISBN 978-1-55862-377-4.

#### Screenwriting

* Bailur, Jayanti (1992). Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: Fiction and Film. New Delhi: Arnold Publishers.
* Katz, Susan Bullington, ed. (2000). "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala". Conversations with Screenwriters. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann. pp. 1–8. ISBN 978-0-32500-295-8.

#### Other

* Crane, Ralph J. (1992). Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. New York: Twayne. ISBN 978-0-80577-030-8.
* Crane, Ralph J. (1991). Passages to Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. ISBN 978-8-12071-355-0.
* Jasanoff, Maya (7 January 2019). "A passage from India : Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and the art of ambivalence". The Critics. A Critic at Large. The New Yorker. Vol. 94, no. 43. pp. 62–67.
* Rai, Sudha (1992). Homeless by Choice: Naipaul, Jhabvala, Rushdie and India. Jaipur: Printwell. ISBN 978-8-17044-241-7.
* Shepherd, Ronald (1994). Ruth Prawer Jhabvala in India: The Jewish Connection. Delhi: Chanakya Publications. ISBN 978-8-17001-096-8.
* Sucher, Laurie (1989). The Fiction of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: The Politics of Passion. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33342-196-3.