OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Raffa (boules)

Raffa, also known as raffa bocce or roundup, is a specialty, both male and female, of bocce. It is governed by Confederazione Boccistica Internazionale (CBI).
Along with pétanque and bocce volo, it is one of the three specialties proposed by the Confédération Mondiale des Sports de Boules (all of which are included in the World Games) as possible new disciplines for the 2024 Summer Olympics.

## Rules

The specialty is named after the "raffa shot", a special shot made to strike - on the fly or with the help of the ground - a certain piece (jack or balls) indicated in advance; all pieces placed within 13 cm of that indicated are valid.
Raffa can be played individually, in pairs or in trio. Matches end at 12 points, while the finals end at 15 points.
The name Raffa derives from Raffaele Bisteghi who described the game in the book "Gioco delle bocchie" in 1753.
# Sam Sniderman

Sam Sniderman, CM (June 15, 1920 – September 23, 2012) was a Canadian businessman best known as the founder of the Canadian record shop chain Sam the Record Man. Sniderman was also a major promoter of Canadian music including involvement in pushing for the Canadian content (CANCON) broadcast regulations and creating the Juno Awards.

## Life and career

Born in Toronto, Ontario, Sniderman grew up in its Jewish enclave known as Kensington Market. He attended high school at Harbord Collegiate Institute and started selling records in his brother Sidney's store, Sniderman Radio Sales and Service, in 1936. In 1959 he opened his first store on Toronto's Yonge Street, and then moved it to the iconic 347 Yonge Street flagship store location in 1961. In 1969, he started franchising the store.
He retired in 2000 and turned over ownership of the business to his sons, Bobby and Jason, and Sid's daughters Lana and Arna. The flagship Toronto store that bore his name closed in 2007 and its distinctive façade was declared a heritage site by the city.
Following the closure, Sniderman expressed his support for Ryerson University's bid to expropriate the Yonge Street property if his children and nieces failed to negotiate a deal to sell the property to the university. In the end, Ryerson (now called Toronto Metropolitan University) reached a deal to purchase the property from the family.
The last remaining Sam The Record Man store still operates in Belleville, Ontario, Canada.

## Awards and honours

On October 20, 1976, he was invested into the Order of Canada. He was appointed to the Order's third tier, Member, for "found[ing] the Recordings Archive Library at the University of Toronto, now the largest of its kind in Canada. For his constant support of Canadian talent and concern for the preservation of our cultural heritage".
Sniderman was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in 1997.
Sam Sniderman himself remained an active participant in the Canadian music industry until his death. Always a believer in the "more is more" philosophy, he established the Sniderman Sound Recording Archive at the University of Toronto's School of Music, ensuring that it is "as big as possible." Sniderman spoke at the 2006 East Coast Music Awards. In 1999, Sniderman received the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Voluntarism in the Performing Arts, a companion award of the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards, for his tireless support of Canadian musicians.
His son Jason Sniderman is a musician and was also an executive with Sam the Record Man. Another son, Bobby Sniderman, went into business for himself as proprietor of The Senator restaurant. His grandson is Canadian musician Cos Sylvan.
# Saint-Pavace

Saint-Pavace (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.
# Steep structure

A steep structure is a unique structural feature found in the O'okiep Copper District (OCD), Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. These structures occur as narrow, east-west trending, antiformal and/or monoclinal zones of high strain characterised by the rotation of regional foliation into subvertical attitude. These structures commonly host plug- and dyke-like mafic- to intermediate cupriferous bodies of the Koperberg Suite in their central portions. Steep structures are interpreted to have formed at the same time as the granulite-facies metamorphism during the waning stages of the Namaqua Orogeny. Steep structures are also intimately related to megabreccias, a term coined by geologists in the OCD for granite-gneiss and metasedimentary country rocks cemented by granitic material
# List of places named United Counties

United Counties may refer to one of the following places:

## Australia

* Electoral district of United Counties of Murray and St Vincent, an electoral district of the Australian state of New South Wales, established 1856, dissolved 1859

## United Kingdom

* Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, and surrounding counties, as used by:
** United Counties League
** United Counties Omnibus

## Ontario, Canada

* Some current and historical counties in the province of Ontario, Canada
** United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, established 1850
** United Counties of Prescott and Russell, established 1820
** United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, established 1850
** United Counties of Lincoln, Welland and Haldimand, Ontario, established 1849, since dissolved
** United Counties of Northumberland and Durham, Ontario, established 1849, dissolved in 1974
# Raygun (band)

Raygun were a British band formerly signed to RCA Records.

## History

The Adj, former guitarist indie rock band Kubb, met lead singer Ray Gun studying Music Technology in Guildford. The two began writing songs and performing around Surrey and London, putting on live music events under the name 'Raygun and the Adjitators'. The duo recruited the help of bass player Ben and drummer Sam, continued the wild live performances and recorded an album at Britannia Row with producer Tim Bran.

## Career

Raygun toured Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and The Philippines promoting the release of their debut album in South-East Asia.
On 15 August 2009, Raygun made history when it was featured alongside Kasabian, Hoobastank, Pixie Lott, Boys Like Girls and The All-American Rejects as one of the live acts at Asia's first MTV World Stage Live In Malaysia concert that was held in Malaysia.
The band supported Pink during the European leg of her 2009 Funhouse Tour. They have also supported Alphabeat, Paul Weller, The Script and Newton Faulkner and toured smaller venues as headliners later in 2009.
Their debut single "Just Because" was released on August 3, 2009. The video for "Just Because" was directed by Joseph Kahn, which features a high speed chase on the freeway. A flash game was also released to support the single.
Raygun was the supporting act for Peter Bjorn and John and Newton Faulkner at the iTunes live festival on 13 July 2009.

## YouTube video

Channel 4's 4Play screened a 15-minute programme featuring the band. A negative Guardian article by Rhodri Marsden saw the video receive numerous predominantly negative comments. The criticism of the video mainly focused on the clichéd sentiments from singer Ray Gun likening his band to "Iggy Pop, James Brown, David Bowie and Shirley Bassey in a lift". He also claimed the album was "inspired by the perils of hedonism, when you go out and indulge too much and regret it the next day. Anything that you think is good for a while can end up being so harmful to yourself, whether it's love or sex or drugs or alcohol". Raygun later released a sarcastic apology for the whole debacle which they posted on their MySpace blog.

## Discography

* Raygun (29 January 2009)

## Demise and break-up

At the end of 2009, the band was dropped by Sony which consequently led to Ray Gun and The Adj deciding to go their separate ways.
Sam and Ben are now playing for successful Scottish singer-songwriter Amy Macdonald and are currently touring with her. Ben also plays with X Factor star Olly Murs.
# Peynirciler, Çal

Peynirciler (also: Peynirci) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Çal, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 63 (2022).
# Samuel Morse (Dedham)

Samuel Morse (1585-1654) was an original proprietor of Dedham, Massachusetts who served on the board of selectmen for two years. He was also a founder of Medfield, Massachusetts when it broke away from Dedham. He was elected a selectman before joining the First Church and Parish in Dedham. He was a signer of the Dedham Covenant.
Morse was born in England in 1585 and came to Dedham from London. With his wife, Elizabeth, he was the father of Joseph, Abigail, John, Daniel, Samuel, Jeremiah, and Mary. He died in 1654. It was said in 1907 that "no family has ranked higher in eastern Massachusetts for the past two hundred and fifty years than the descendants" of Morse. He was the grandfather of Ezra Morse.
# Royston, Queensland

Royston is a rural locality in the Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Royston had a population of 346 people.

## Geography

The D'Aguilar Highway passes through the south of Royston where the Stanley River marks the southern boundary. In the north lies the southern foothills of the Conondale Range.

## History

The locality takes its name from a former railway station, which in turn was named after the freehold property of grazier William Butler.

## Demographics

In the 2011 census, the locality had a population of 320 people.
In the 2016 census, Royston had a population of 336 people.
In the 2021 census, Royston had a population of 346 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Royston. The nearest government primary schools are Kilcoy State School in Kilcoy to the west and Mount Kilcoy State School in Mount Kilcoy to north-west. The nearest government secondary school is Kilcoy State High School in Kilcoy.
# Protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase

In enzymology, a protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.94) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + protein $\rightleftharpoons$ UDP + 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and protein, whereas its two products are UDP and 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein.
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:protein beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-transferase. Other names in common use include uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-protein, acetylglucosaminyltransferase, uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide, beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, and O-GlcNAc transferase.
# Philip Lempriere

Philip Charles Lempriere (1890 - 1949) was Dean of Glasgow and Galloway from 1959 to 1962.
He was born on 12 April 1890, educated at the University of Edinburgh;and ordained deacon in 1913, and priest in 1914. He was then a Curate at Hamilton before being appointed a Chaplain to the Forces in 1917. He was Rector of Bearsden from 1920 until 1923; St James, Glasgow, 1923–27; St Bride, Glasgow, 1927–35; Girvan, 1935–41; and Hamilton, 1941 to 1946. He was Principal of Edinburgh Theological College from 1946 to 1948 and Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Edinburgh from 1947 until his death on 26 February 1949.
# Confederate oath of allegiance

The Confederate oath of allegiance, an oath of allegiance to the Confederate States of America, was taken by officers and enlisted men of the CSA (1861–1865) during the American Civil War. In contrast to the American oath of allegiance, Confederates swore "allegiance to the Confederate States without mention of allegiance to their constitution." Confederate oaths varied somewhat by state, and in the spirit of the CSA's proclaimed preference for states' rights over a unified federal government with majority rule and minority rights, Confederate oaths were often made to specific state governments.
The Confederate oath is not to be confused the amnesty oaths made by ex-Confederates after the end of the war, resulting in pardons for ex-Confederates.

## History

One oath recorded in Georgia "consisted of two complimentary and equally necessary parts. In the first, the Oath of Abjuration, the signer voluntarily disavows and denies his loyalty to any political entity other than the State of Georgia: 'I do renounce and forever abjure all allegiances and Fidelity to every Sovereign except the State of Georgia...' In the second part of the oath, the oath of Allegiance, the oath-taker swears complete loyalty to the state of Georgia, and Georgia alone."
The 1861 Confederate constitution of Alabama stated, "That the oath of allegiance to this State shall be in the following form, viz: 'I do swear (or affirm) that I will be faithful, and true allegiance bear to the State of Alabama, as long as I may continue a citizen thereof.'...The oath of abjuration shall be in the following form, viz: 'I do swear (or affirm) that I do renounce and forever abjure all allegiance and fidelity to every prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty whatever, except the State of Alabama.'
The Confederate oath was occasionally sworn by civilians whose loyalty was considered dubious and who were thus required to make a pledge attesting to their loyalty. Texas governor Sam Houston refused to take the Confederate oath and was removed from office. Southern Unionist newspaper editor (later Governor of Tennessee and U.S. Senator from Tennessee) William Gannaway Brownlow was imprisoned in Confederate Tennessee on charges of treason and expected to hang because he refused to take the Confederate oath of allegiance (Brownlow was ultimately booted out of the state in lieu of execution). Andrew Johnson's son Charles Johnson and son-in-law David T. Patterson both took Confederate oaths under duress, although the former later joined the Union Army and the latter was described as a "Union man as would put some of us to shame." According to one account of the St. Albans Raid, soldiers administered the Confederate oath of allegiance, at gunpoint, to customers of the bank. American and English Encyclopedia of Law (Vol. 28, 1895) references case law that found "avoidance to take the confederate oath of allegiance" to be substantial evidence of loyalty in wartime.
Some long-term Union Army prisoners-of-war ultimately took oaths to the Confederacy; these men were known as Galvanized Rebels and received work assignments in exchange for their pledges of allegiance.
# Reproductive endocrinology

Reproductive endocrinology may refer to:
* Reproductive endocrinology and infertility, about the subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology for physicians
* Endocrinology of reproduction, about bodily mechanisms of reproductive endocrinology
# Route 55 (disambiguation)

Route 55 may refer to:
* Route 55 (MTA Maryland), a bus route in Baltimore, Maryland and its suburbs
* London Buses route 55
* Melbourne tram route 55
# Sant'Egidio, Fontanella

Sant'Egidio is a former monastic chapel or church, once part of a Cluniac abbey, located in a rural district in the town limits of Fontanella, province of Bergamo, region of Lombardy, Italy. The structure retains Romanesque architectural elements and has frescoes dating from the 12th and 15th centuries. Some of the frescoes were by Cristoforo Baschenis il Vecchio.

## History

Under the patronage of Alberto da Prezzate, a church and a monastery at this site was first begun in 1080. However the remote location appears to have only housed the monastery by the 12th-century. The monastery suffered from the schismatic disputes of this period. This was compounded by the plague in 1348, which meant the abbey in 1350 only housed six monks. The abbey did not fare well under the Visconti, who were eager to diminish the income of the abbey. In 1428, Bergamo vell under Venetian rule, and the republic helped restore some of the abbeys in the region. In 1451, the prior of the abbey was also to bishop of Bergamo, Giovanni Barozzi. In 1473, pope Sixtus IV closed the monastery of Fontanella.
In 1998, the bishop of Bergamo, Roberto Amadei made this a cappella vescovile (bishop's chapel), assigned a rector, and began a restoration.
# Samuel Morse (disambiguation)

Samuel Morse (1791–1872) was an American painter and inventor.
Samuel Morse may also refer to:
* Samuel Finley Brown Morse (1885–1969), American environmental conservationist
* Samuel French Morse (1916–1985), American poet and teacher
* Samuel Finley Breese Morse (sculpture), 1871 sculpture depicting American painter and inventor Samuel Morse in New York City
* Samuel Morse (Dedham) (1585–1654), early settler of Dedham, Massachusetts
# Pye v Renshaw

Pye v Renshaw, is a High Court of Australia case that deals with the interaction between section 51(xxxi) of the Constitution, (the Commonwealth's power to acquire property on just terms) and section 96 of the Constitution (the grants power).
This case followed from P. J. Magennis Pty. Ltd. v. Commonwealth, which held that a Commonwealth law to purchase land via the New South Wales government was invalid. The Commonwealth amended the law, such that the reference to acquisition of land was removed.
The Court held that the law was valid; thus, the Commonwealth was able to get around the restrictions in section 51(xxxi) by ensuring that the law could not be characterised as land acquisition. Hence, section 51(xxxi) does not restrict the section 96 grants power.
# Pharus (bivalve)

Pharus is a genus of medium-sized saltwater clams, littoral bivalve molluscs in the family Pharidae.

## Taxonomy

Established without included species (nomen nudum) by Gray, 1840 in "Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, ed. 42, first printing". Hence, often attributed to Leach in Brown, 1844. However, Vokes (1980) cites Gray, 1840 ["Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, ed. 42a, second printing"] as the first valid use.

## Species

* Pharus chenui Cosel, 1993
* Pharus legumen (Linnaeus, 1758)
# American Civil Liberties Union v. Schundler

American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey v. Schundler, 168 F.3d 92 (3rd Cir. 1999), is a United States federal case establishing standards for a government-sponsored holiday display to contain religious symbols. It was decided by the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit on February 16, 1999.

## Background

During the holiday season, Jersey City, New Jersey erected a nativity scene, a Christmas tree and a menorah on city property in front of City Hall. The scene included Mary, Joseph, Baby Jesus and the Three Wisemen. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) asked the city to stop putting religious symbols on public property. Jersey City put up a sign next to the display that read "Through this display and others throughout the year, the City of Jersey City is pleased to celebrate the diverse cultural and ethnic heritages of its peoples." The ACLU filed a lawsuit saying that this display was unconstitutional because it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The Federal District Court of New Jersey ordered the city to stop erecting its holiday display. The City decided to appeal this ruling. The City also erected a modified holiday display with the original menorah, Christmas tree and nativity and the City added a Santa Claus, Frosty the Snowman, a sled, Kwanzaa symbols on the tree and two signs. The ACLU filed for contempt. After some back and forth with the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, the District Court ruled that the modified display did not violate the First Amendment.

## Decision

The majority opinion of the court was written by Circuit Judge Samuel Alito. The Court used the test for the Establishment Clause from Lemon v. Kurtzman. This test looks at "whether a challenged government practice had a secular purpose, whether its principal or primary effect advanced or inhibited religion, and whether it created an excessive entanglement of the government with religion." The Court also relied on two prior Supreme Court cases Lynch v. Donnelly and County of Allegheny v. ACLU. The Court stated that "we are unable to perceive any meaningful constitutional distinction between the display at issue here and those that the Supreme Court upheld in Lynch and Allegheny County." "None of these displays conveyed a message of government endorsement of Christianity, Judaism, or of religion in general but instead 'sent a message of pluralism and freedom to choose one's own beliefs." The Court decided that the modified display did not violate the First Amendment.
# Confederate patriotism

Confederate patriotism refers to the patriotism of people towards the historic Confederate States of America located in what is now the southern United States. This patriotism arose as a result of the rise of a White Anglo-Saxon Protestant identity initially after founding of New England Confederation and intensified as the escalation of dispute between United States Northerners and Southerners over states' rights, Southerners identified themselves as a separate group of people from the people associated with the Union whom Southerners referred to as "Yankees".
# Pterostylis scabra

Pterostylis scabra, commonly known as the green-veined shell orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. As with similar orchids, the flowering plants differ from those which are not flowering. The non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves but the flowering plants lack a rosette and have a single flower with leaves on the flowering spike. This greenhood has a white flower with green and pale brownish-fawn stripes and a long, curved protruding labellum. It is found in inland areas between Kalbarri and Esperance.

## Description

Pterostylis scabra is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and when not flowering, a rosette of leaves lying flat on the ground, each leaf 10–40 mm (0.4–2 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.08–0.1 in) wide. Flowering plants have a single flower 30–40 mm (1–2 in) long and 10–12 mm (0.4–0.5 in) wide borne on a flowering stem 60–180 mm (2–7 in) high. The flowers are white with green and pale brownish-fawn stripes. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column, the dorsal sepal curving forward with a short pointed tip. The lateral sepals are erect with a small gap between them and the galea and have thread-like ends 30–35 mm (1.2–1.4 in) long. The labellum is long, narrow and down-curved, protruding prominently above the sinus between the lateral sepals. Flowering occurs from May to August.

## Taxonomy and naming

Pterostylis scabra was first formally described in 1840 by John Lindley and the description was published in the A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony. The specific epithet (scabra) is a Latin word meaning "rough", "scurfy" or "scabby", referring to the rough surface of the labellum.

## Distribution and habitat

The green-veined shell orchid is found in inland areas between Kalbarri and Esperance in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions.

## Conservation

Pterostylis scabra is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife. It usually grows in moist, shaded areas, often near temporary streams but also grows in woodland and on granite outcrops.