OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Postage stamps and postal history of Antioquia

Antioquia was one of the states in the original "United States of Colombia", and is now a department in the northwest of the Republic of Colombia. Prior to the constitution of 1886, Antioquia and the other states were sovereign governments in their own right, and even afterwards retained some rights, such as the management of finances.

## Postage stamps

Antioquia became a sovereign state in 1858, by recognition as Estado de la Federación in the constitution of the Granadine Confederation. Antioquia issued its first postage stamps on September 1, 1868. A postal exchange agreement with the sovereign state of Bolívar was established a few years later. With the Constitution of 1886, the sovereign state became a department, along with all the other states of Colombia, but they continued with their postal services and stamps until 1906, when the national government took over all the services previously performed by the departments.
The small quantity of stamps issued, the lithographic printing and the variety of papers used make Antioquia a very special and interesting area of Colombian philately. With many stamps no complete sheet exists and with some stamps the largest multiple is only a pair. There was often a very small quantity of stamps printed, only 258 of some and no more than 1,000 of others. Covers of that period are even scarcer than the classic Colombian covers that are recorded.
Only very few hand stamps (postal markings) were used, and most stamps were cancelled in manuscript with the name of the town of origin.
# Ragland House (Little Rock, Arkansas)

The Ragland House is a historic house at 1617 South Center Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with asymmetrical massing characteristic of the Queen Anne period. Its exterior is elaborately decorated with bands of cut shingles on the second level, and a bulbed turret at one corner. A single-story porch wraps around the tower to the side, with a jigsawn valance and Stick style balustrade. Built about 1891–92, it is unusual as an early work of architect Charles L. Thompson, who is better known for more Colonial Revival designs. The house was built for Mr. and Mrs. William Ragland. After the Raglands moved, Mrs. Ragland's parents, Edmond and Henriette Urguhart lived there until his death in 1905.
# Plevna, Alabama

Plevna is an unincorporated community in northeastern Madison County, Alabama, United States. Residents of Plevna have New Market addresses.

## History

Plevna is named in honor of Pleven, Bulgaria, which was a site of strategic importance during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). A post office operated under the name Plevna from 1878 to 1955.
# Raymond Chang (chemist)

Raymond Chang (March 6, 1939 – April 10, 2017) was an emeritus professor at Williams College in the Department of Chemistry and a textbook author. His most popular textbook was titled Chemistry, which was published up to the thirteenth edition. He also published a few children's books.
He was a naturalized American citizen who came from Hong Kong to America to start graduate studies at Yale University. There he received both his master's and PhD degrees. His family was originally from Shanghai, but Chang was born in Hong Kong as a result of his family's deportation in 1937. They left to escape the Japanese invasion of China. However, in 1941, Chang and his family returned to Shanghai for eight years before they again re-returned to Hong Kong. As a result of his forced movement through different regions of China Chang became fluent in many Chinese dialects. At the age of seventeen, Chang followed his sister to London. He received his B.Sc. with a first-class honors degree in chemistry from the University of London and Ph. D. from Yale University. He completed his postdoctoral research at Washington University in St. Louis and served as a professor at Hunter College of the City University of New York, prior to joining the faculty at Williams College in 1968.
On August 3, 1968, he married Margaret A. Scrogin. They had one daughter, Elizabeth Chang.
Chang died in April 2017 on Bainbridge Island, Washington, at the age of 78.

## Career

Chang's history was very rich and varied. In 1966, he began his career as a postdoctoral research fellow at Washington University in St. Louis, MO. After that, he became an assistant professor of chemistry at Hunter College part of City University of New York, in New York City. Chang distinguished himself between 1968 and 1973, as he was the only Asian American who worked at Williams College in that time. Subsequently, from 1978 to 1989 he worked as professor of chemistry at Halford R. Clark Professor of Natural Sciences. By 1993 he went on to chair the department for two years.
In the late 1970s and through the 1980s, Chang worked as a visiting scientist at various schools, including the University of California, where he worked in the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory and the Laboratory of Chemical Biodynamics. He also held positions at Stanford University, Amherst College, and on the Olympiad Examinations Task Force.
He was a member of the American Chemical Society, where he contributed to the examination committees for physical chemistry and general chemistry, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Chang contributed numerous articles to chemistry journals, and he was a member of the editorial board of Chemical Educator. He also authored or contributed to instructor's manuals, workbooks, and study guides that accompanied his chemistry texts.
# Peter Greenough

Peter B. Greenough (February 6, 1917 – September 6, 2006) was an American journalist and editor. He was the husband of opera singer Beverly Sills.
Greenough was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard University and the Columbia School of Journalism. In 1940, he was hired by The Plain Dealer (which was at the time owned by members of his family); he remained at The Plain Dealer (except for service with the United States Army Air Forces in Africa and Sicily during World War II) until 1960, working as a reporter, copy editor, business editor and finally as an associate editor.
He married Sills, his second wife, in 1956, having previously been divorced from Jane Thomas. In 1960 Greenough and Sills moved to Boston, where he worked as the general business editor for the Boston Herald and later a columnist for The Boston Globe. He resigned in 1969 to dedicate himself to his family's affairs.
Greenough died in Manhattan, New York City on September 6, 2006, after a long illness. He was survived by Sills, their two children, three children from his first marriage, and two grandchildren.
# Rhazinilam

Rhazinilam is an alkaloid first isolated in 1965 by Linde from the Melodinus australis plant. It was later isolated from the shrub Rhazya stricta as well as from other organisms.

## Biological activity

Rhazinilam has activity similar to that of colchicine, taxol and vinblastine, acting as a spindle poison.

## Total synthesis

Rhazinilam was first synthesized in 1973 by Smith and coworkers, and multiple subsequent times.

### Trauner synthesis

Bowie, Alfred L.; Hughes, Chambers C.; Trauner, Dirk. "Concise Synthesis of (±)-Rhazinilam through Direct Coupling". Organic Letters. 7 (23): 5207–5209. doi:10.1021/ol052033v. PMID 16268539.
    Rhazinilam – Trauner synthesis
# Piceance Creek

Piceance Creek is a 57.9-mile-long (93.2 km) tributary of the White River in Garfield and Rio Blanco counties in Colorado, United States. The name likely derives from the Shoshoni word /piasonittsi/ meaning “tall grass” (/pia-/ ‘big’ and /soni-/ ‘grass’).
# Pleven TV Tower

43°24′7″N 24°38′57″E﻿ / ﻿43.40194°N 24.64917°E﻿ / 43.40194; 24.64917Pleven TV tower (best known as Miziya Tower) is a telecommunication tower in Pleven, Bulgaria. It is located east of the Druzhba quarter of the city. The tower was opened in the 1960s; with height of 107 meters it is the tallest building in the city.
# Jaret

Jaret is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Jaret Anderson-Dolan (born 1999), Canadian ice hockey player
* Jaret Gibbons (born 1980), American politician
* Jaret Holmes (born 1976), American football player
* Jaret Patterson (born 1999), American football player
* Jaret Wright (born 1975), American baseball player
# Postage stamps and postal history of Ascension Island

Ascension Island is an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, part of the wider British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Like other British Overseas Territories, it issues its own postage stamps, which provide a source of income for the island from sales to overseas collectors, as well as being used for domestic and international postage.

## Early days

Originally mail was carried on an irregular basis as ships called. A datestamp was in use from February 1858, and in 1863 the Union Steamship Co. began regular carriage of mail, continuing until 1977. On 3 March 1867 British postage stamps became valid for Ascension mail and continued in use until 1922, when Ascension became a dependency of Saint Helena.

## First stamps

On 2 November 1922, nine stamps of St. Helena overprinted "ASCENSION" replaced British stamps. These were followed up in 1924 by a series of 12 using the St. Helena design but inscribed for Ascension. In 1934 a pictorial series of ten engraved stamps depicted various views of the island.

## George VI

In 1938 the pictorials were re-issued with a portrait of George VI replacing his father's image. Various colour and perforation changes ensued, with the last being issued in February 1953.

## Queen Elizabeth

A new definitive series of 13 in 1956 resembled the previous stamps, but was a little taller, and used maps and pictures of native animals in addition to local scenes. No further stamps were issued until 1963 when there was a series of 14 featuring birds.
From 1963 on, commemorative and special issues started to appear more frequently. In the 1990s the typical policy was to issue 5–6 sets per year, each consisting of 4–5 designs.
# Ragley, Louisiana

Ragley is an unincorporated community in Beauregard Parish, Louisiana, United States. The community is located at the junction of U.S. routes 171 and 190, 20 miles (32 km) north of Lake Charles. Ragley has a post office with ZIP code 70657.

## History

Ragley began as a sawmill town that was built after the closing of the mill in Ragley, Texas (1900-1912). The owners of that mill were W. G. Ragley. Martin J. and Frank J. Ragley and A. H. Schluter. The mill in Louisiana was in production by 1915. The sawmill had a capacity of 110,000 ft. with electricity, a planing mill with a capacity of 100,000 ft., and twelve miles of track, with 52-lb. rails.
In 1935 construction began on the brick 10-room Hollingsworth School that was completed in 1937 by Works Progress Administration (WPA) workmen.

## Park and pond

The 19-acre Purple Heart Walking Park & Fishing Pond, honoring wounded veterans, was dedicated on January 11, 2014. It has a 1/2 mile eight-foot-wide walking path, playground, and a 2 ½ acre pond. The project was a joint venture of the Beauregard Parish Police Jury, Louisiana Department of Transportation and the South Beauregard Recreation District No. 2. The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries stocked and restocks the pond with Channel Catfish and Rainbow Trout.
# Rheinhöhenweg Trail

The Rheinhöhenweg Trail is a popular hiking trail on the mountains of the Rhine Valley. It leads from the Lower Rhine in Bonn passing the Loreley up to the Upper Rhine. There is a Rheinhöhenweg Trail on both sides of the Rhine River. On the left side it goes from Bonn to Alsheim, which is to the south of Mainz, with a total length of 240 km. On the right side it goes from Bonn-Beuel to Wiesbaden with a total length of 272 km. Both trails together have a combined length of over 500 km. The Rheinhöhenweg Trail is marked by a black R on a white background. The trails on the left and on the right side are frequently connected by hiking trails called "Rheinhöhen Connection Trails", marked by the sign "RV".
The Rheinhöhenweg Trail passes a vast number of famous castles like the Godesburg, Lahneck Castle, Stolzenfels Castle, Castle Rheineck, Rheinstein Castle, Drachenburg Palace and many others.
# Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis

The Rheinisch-Bergische Kreis is a Kreis (district) in the Cologne Bonn Region of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Kreis Mettman, Oberbergischer Kreis and Rhein-Sieg, and the district-free cities Cologne, Leverkusen, Solingen and Remscheid.

## History

The area of the Bergisches Land belonged to the earldom of Berg for most of medieval times, which gives the district its name.
In 1816, after the whole Rhineland area was given to Prussia, the districts of Wipperfürth, Mülheim, Lennep, Opladen and Solingen were created in the area now covered by the district. In 1819, Opladen and Solingen were merged into the new Solingen district. In 1929, a new Rhein-Wupper district was created, and several municipalities were incorporated into the cities of Wuppertal, Remscheid and Solingen. In 1932, the districts Mülheim and Wipperfürth were merged to form the old Rheinisch-Bergische Kreis. Finally, in 1975, most of the area of the districts if Rhein-Wupper and Rheinisch-Bergisch was merged to form the current district.

## Geography

The district form the western part of the Bergisches Land, where the hills of the Sauerland descend into the Rhine valley.

## Coat of arms

The top part of the coat of arms show the geographical location of the district near the rhine valley - the silver band symbolized the Rhine river. This symbol comes from the coat of arms of the former prussian province Rhineland. In the left side the double bars are thought to symbolize a castle, they were used by the earls of Berg around 1100. When in 1225 the dukes of Limburg did take over they introduce their sign, the red lion with a blue tongue, into the coat of arms of the earldom.

## Cities and municipalities

| Cities | Cities | Municipalities |
| Bergisch Gladbach Burscheid Leichlingen | Overath Rösrath Wermelskirchen | Kürten Odenthal |
# Revenue stamps of Scotland

Revenue stamps of Scotland refer to the adhesive revenue or fiscal stamps which were used in Scotland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom, between 1871 and the 1970s. Regular revenue stamps of the United Kingdom were widely used throughout the country, but revenue stamps for exclusive use in Scotland were issued for Law Courts and Register House.
Register House stamps were issued to prepay deeds registration fees relating to property. They were first issued in 1871, and consisted of embossed adhesives of Great Britain underprinted REGISTER HOUSE SCOTLAND. In 1873, a set of key types depicting Queen Victoria with the appropriate inscription was issued. There are four sets of Queen Victoria key types, two of which also incorporated the thistle, a symbol of Scotland, in the design. Other sets of key types were issued in subsequent years, with the portraits of reigning monarchs: Edward VII in 1903, George V in 1921, George VI in 1947 and Elizabeth II in 1959.
All Law Courts stamps were key types, with the first issue being in 1873. These were simply inscribed LAW COURTS, making no reference to Scotland despite only being in use there. Like the Register House stamps, there are four sets of Queen Victoria stamps and a set each for Edward VII, George V and George VI. Stamps depicting Queen Elizabeth II denominated in pre-decimal currency were issued in 1959, and a final set in decimal currency was issued in 1971. This last set was additionally inscribed with the name of the country.
# Revenue stamps of Singapore

Singapore issued revenue stamps from 1948 to 1999. There were various types of fiscal stamps for different taxes.

## Revenue

From the nineteenth century Singapore used revenues of the Straits Settlements. In 1948, the first revenue stamps exclusively for use in Singapore were issued. Three values were issued - $25, $50 and $100 - and the stamps portrayed King George VI. The $25 and $100 were reprinted in 1951 and 1953 respectively using a different perforation. In 1954, these three values were reissued with the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II following her father's death. These were then reissued about ten years later with a new watermark.
Following Singapore's separation from Malaysia in 1965, revenue stamps were issued a year later showing the coat of arms. Seven values were issued, ranging from 5c to $5. Between 1969 and 1982 various high-value designs also showing the coat of arms were issued. There are various settings when it comes to perforation, watermark, paper and size, but the basic set consists of the following values:
* $25 red and green
* $100 red and orange
* $500 red and violet
* $2000 red and brown
* $10000 red and dark blue
* $50000 red and black
Apart from these, various other low value sets were also issued. In 1985 six values from 10c to $5 were issued in a horizontal format inscribed REVENUE SINGAPORE. These were replaced around 1990 with a set of four values inscribed STAMP DUTY INLAND REVENUE SINGAPORE.
The last set of low values as well as the high values were withdrawn by the IRAS in 1999, as from that year e-stamps were used. As an effort to raise money, 2500 sets of revenue stamps were sold to collectors by the Authority in 2012.

## Other types
### Entertainments Duty

Singapore issued several stamps to pay the tax on theatre and cinema tickets. The first series was issued from 1955 to 1965 and they bore the symbol of the Straits Settlements. Various surcharges on these were issued until the 1970s. Two other types showing the new coat of arms were issued in 1971 and 1976 as well.

### Television or Radio Licence

Various stamps were issued to pay for television or radio licence in Singapore. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, stamps inscribed for either radio or television licence were used accordingly. By the 1980s, radio licence stamps were no longer used and various stamps inscribed SINGAPORE COLOUR TELEVISION LICENCE FEE were issued.

### Trade Development Board

Following the creation of the Singapore Trade Development Board in 1983, two stamps denominated $2 or $10 were issued to pay fees and taxes by the Board.

### Passenger Service Charge

The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore issued several labels to pay for the passenger service charge. Around 1983 a plain label was issued to pay the international passenger service charge of $12. Until 1993, other labels denominated $5, $12 or $15 were used. From 1994 onwards, $15 labels also included 44c GST.
# Rhodopseudomonas parapalustris

Rhodopseudomonas parapalustris is a rod-shaped, budding phototrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Rhodopseudomonas which has been isolated from soil and freshwater sediments in India.
# Revolve

Revolve may refer to:

## Music

* Revolve (Danger Danger album), 2009
* Revolve (John Newman album), 2015
* Revolve, a 2000 album by Beautiful Skin
* "Revolve", a 1995 song by the Melvins

## Other uses

* Revolve NTNU, a student motorsport organization at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
* Revolve Theatre Company, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, UK
# Raymond baronets

The Raymond Baronetcy of Valentine House, in the County of Essex, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 31 May 1774 for Charles Raymond, of Valentines, Ilford in Essex, who was High Sheriff of Essex from 1771 to 1772. It was created with remainder to his son-in-law William Burrell (the husband of his daughter Sophia), who succeeded him as second Baronet. The latter was the nephew of the first Burrell baronet of the 1766 creation and the uncle of the first Baron Gwydyr. The third Burrell baronet succeeded to the title of Baronet Raymond of Valentine House on 20 January 1796.

## Raymond, later Burrell baronets, of Valentine House (1774)

* Sir Charles Raymond, 1st Baronet (1713–1788), a prominent East India Company Captain, and after his retirement from the sea, manager of their voyages.
* Sir William Burrell, 2nd Baronet (1732–1796)
* Sir Charles Merrik Burrell, 3rd Baronet (1774–1862)
* Sir Percy Burrell, 4th Baronet (1812–1876)
* Sir Walter Wyndham Burrell, 5th Baronet (1814–1886)
* Sir Charles Raymond Burrell, 6th Baronet (1848–1899)
* Sir Merrik Raymond Burrell, 7th Baronet (1877–1957)
* Sir Walter Raymond Burrell, 8th Baronet (1903–1985)
* Sir John Raymond Burrell, 9th Baronet (1934–2008)
* Sir Charles Raymond Burrell, 10th Baronet (b. 1962)
The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Edward Lambert Burrell.
# Robert Mezey

Robert Mezey (February 28, 1935 – April 25, 2020) was an American poet, critic and academic. He was also a noted translator, in particular from Spanish, having translated with Richard Barnes the collected poems of Borges.
He was born in Philadelphia, and attended Kenyon College as a contemporary of E. L. Doctorow and James Wright; after a time and serving in the army he finished in 1959 an undergraduate degree at the University of Iowa. Having worked for a while, he became a graduate student at Stanford University. Then he began teaching at Case Western Reserve University, in 1963. During a year at Franklin and Marshall College he was for a time suspended after an accusation of inciting students to burn draft cards. After holding other positions, he settled in 1976 at Pomona College, until retiring in 2000.
He received numerous awards including the 2002 Poets' Prize for Collected Poems: 1952-1999.

## Works

* "Fishing Around", The New Yorker, January 21, 2008
* The Lovemaker (1960), poems, received the Lamont Poetry Prize in 1961.
* White Blossoms (1965), poems
* A Book of Dying, poems
* The Mercy of Sorrow, poems
* Naked Poetry (1969), anthology, editor with Stephen Berg
* The Door Standing Open: Selected Poems (1970)
* Poems from the Hebrew (1973), translator
* Small Song (1979), poems
* Tungsteno, novel by Caesar Vallejo (1982), translator
* Evening Wind (1987), poems
* Couplets
* Selected Translations
* The Collected Poems of Henri Coulette (1990), editor with Donald Justice
* Natural Selection (1995), poems
* Thomas Hardy: Selected Poems (1998), editor
* The Poetry of E. A. Robinson (1999), editor
* Collected Poems 1952-1999 (2000)
* Poems of the American West (2002), editor
* Poems of Jorge Luis Borges, translator with Richard Barnes