OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert Sugden (economist)

Robert Sugden, FBA (born 26 August 1949) is an English author in the area of cognitive and behavioural economics. Professor Sugden's research combines game theory (mainly experimental game theory and coordination games) with moral and political philosophy. He is associated with the classical-liberal tradition of Hume, Mill, and Hayek.

## Theory

In his most cited work, Sugden explored how conventions of property, mutual aid, and voluntary supply of public goods can evolve spontaneously out of the interactions of self-interested individuals and can become moral norms.
Sugden investigated a number of violations of the von Neumann and Morgenstern's expected utility axioms, and developed regret theory as an alternative with Graham Loomes. In support of this work, he developed a number of experimental methods to test theories of decision under risk.
His work also deals with economic methods, in which he argues that economic models are not abstractions from, or simplifications of, the real world, but rather descriptions of imaginary worlds whose validity can only be inferred by how reasonable their predictions are.
In The Community of Advantage, Sugden develops a contractarian approach to welfare economics that is based on opportunity sets and not individual preferences. The shift from preferences to opportunity is partly motivated by recent experimental work indicating that individuals lack well-defined preferences. In 2019, The Community of Advantage was awarded the Joseph B. Gittler Award for outstanding contribution in the field of the philosophy of the social sciences.

## Awards and fellowships

* Leverhulme Personal Research Professorship, Leverhulme Trust, February 1998 – January 2003

## Selected papers

* G Loomes and R Sugden, Regret theory: An alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty (1982), The Economic Journal
* R Sugden, Spontaneous order (1989), The Journal of Economic Perspectives
* R Sugden, Reciprocity: the supply of public goods through voluntary contributions (1984), The Economic Journal
* R Sugden, A theory of focal points (1995), The Economic Journal
* R Sugden, Credible worlds: the status of theoretical models in economics (2000), Journal of Economic Methodology

## Selected books

* R Sugden and AH Williams, The principles of practical cost-benefit analysis (1978)
* R Sugden, The economics of rights, co-operation, and welfare (1986)
* R Sugden, The community of advantage: A behavioural economist's defense of the market (2018)
# Rizwan Mahmood

Rizwan Tariq Mahmood (born 16 June 1989) is a Danish cricketer, who has played for Denmark's national cricket team. A right-handed batsman, Mahmood was born at Århus. His younger brother, Kamran, also plays for Denmark.

## Career

Having represented Denmark at the Under-19 level, Mahmood made his full debut for the national team in a friendly against the Netherlands at Svanholm Park, Brøndby, in 2008. He was later selected as part of Denmark's squad for the 2009 World Cup Qualifier in South Africa, making his List A debut during the tournament against the Netherlands. He made three further appearances during the qualifier, the last of which came against Oman. He scored 36 runs during the tournament, at an average of 9.00, with a high score of 14.
Mahmmod was selected for Denmark's squad for the 2011 World Cricket League Division Three in Hong Kong, making six appearances during the tournament, before later that year playing in the European T20 Championship Division One which was held in Jersey and Guernsey. In March 2012, Denmark took part in the World Twenty20 Qualifier in the United Arab Emirates, having qualified for the event by winning the European T20 Championship. Mahmmod was selected in Denmark's fourteen-man squad for the qualifier, making his Twenty20 debut against Bermuda at the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium. He made seven further appearances during the competition, the last of which came against Oman, scoring 140 runs at an average of 23.33, with a high score of 65 not out. This score came against Canada.
In August 2012, he was included in Denmark's fourteen-man squad for the World Cricket League Division Four in Malaysia. In March 2018, he was named in Denmark's squad for the 2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Four tournament, also in Malaysia.
In May 2019, he was named in Denmark's squad for a five-match series against Leinster Lightning in Ireland, in preparation for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Europe Qualifier tournament in Guernsey. The same month, he was named in Denmark's squad for the Regional Finals qualification tournament. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against Norway, on 17 June 2019.
In August 2019, he was named in Denmark's squad for the 2019 Malaysia Cricket World Cup Challenge League A tournament.
# Ralph Paine Jr.

Ralph "Del" Delahaye Paine Jr. (March 31, 1906 – January 12, 1991) was an American editor and publisher.
Born in Newark, New Jersey, Paine was the son of author and journalist Ralph Delahaye Paine. Paine had two younger twin brothers, Stuart Douglas Paine, who became an Antarctic explorer, and Philbrook Ten Eyck Paine, born 1910. Paine attended Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and graduated in 1929.
After college, Paine was a Wall Street securities analyst for Edward B. Smith & Co. He became a business editor for Time magazine in 1933. Following complaints about the content of Time from businesses during the Great Depression, he was offered the choice between a firing and a promotion provided a suitable replacement could be found. Paine lamented "I'm about to be fired unless I can find someone who can satisfy Time's advertisers without catering to them." Through Yale law professor William O. Douglas, he found that replacement, Eliot Janeway.
In 1938, he became personal assistant to publisher Henry Luce, the co-founder of Time. During World War II, he was in charge of The March of Time newsreel series and European operations of Time, Inc. publications. When the Nazis invaded France, Paine and other Time, Inc. staffers were forced to flee. He was later a war correspondent in the Pacific.
Paine served as managing editor of Fortune from 1941 to 1953 and, following the departure of Charles Douglas Jackson, publisher from 1953 to 1967. During his tenure, the magazine created its famous Fortune 500 list. Paine clashed with Luce and threatened to resign over Luce's desire to make Fortune more overtly pro-business and create an advisory board for the magazine composed of prominent businessmen. Paine also served as publisher of Architectural Forum from 1954 to 1963 and House and Home from 1962 to 1963.
In 1947, Paine married Nancy White, at the time associate fashion editor of Good Housekeeping and later editor of Harper's Bazaar. It was the second marriage for both of them and it later ended in divorce.
At the time of his death, Paine was president and treasurer of the Vermont real estate holdings company Barton Mountain Corporation.
# Roca Colom

Roca Colom (in Catalan) or Roc Colom (in French) is a mountain of Catalonia. It is located in the Pyrenees, at the border between Spain and France in the area of the Circ del Concròs in the Mentet, Setcases and Prats de Molló municipal terms. The mountain has an elevation of 2,506 metres above sea level.
The name of the mountain means "Pigeon Rock" in the Catalan language.
# Plectranthias whiteheadi

Plectranthias whiteheadi, Whitehead's basslet, is a species of fish in the family Serranidae occurring in the Western Pacific. Little is known about this relatively small species which maximum length is about 7.8 cm SL.
IUCN has evaluated Plectranthias chungchowensis, but this species, described as endemic to Taiwan, is a junior synonym of P. whiteheadi.

## Size

This species reaches a length of 7.7 cm (3.0 in).

## Etymology

The fish is namedin honor of ichthyologist Peter J. P. Whitehead (1930-1993), of the British Museum of Natural History.
# Sopocachi

Sopocachi is a neighborhood in La Paz, Bolivia. Founded during the republican era, Sopocachi can be described as a bohemian artistic neighborhood. It is located in the central part of the city, and is part of the Cotahuma district. Sopocachi is mainly a residential area, being one of the biggest residential districts of the city, along with Calacoto. Some of the city's largest buildings are located there. The Plaza Abaroa (Abaroa Square), Plaza España (Spain Square), two medium-size important squares, and the Montículo, a big hill with monumental areas, are located in Sopocachi. The architecture includes both modern and 1800s designs. The nightlife is bustling with bars, pubs, and discos all around the area. Various genres of music blast from these places. Monticulo Park is also located here. You can view the Illimani Mountain and the beautiful views of the city from here. A carved stone gate marks the entrance to the park which has been there since the 1770s.
It is connected with San Jorge, in the east, and Cristo Rey, in the west, neighborhoods and with Downtown La Paz in the north. The residents of Sopocachi tend to be people with middle to high socioeconomic status from all ages. San Jorge also has one of the biggest cinemas in the city named Multicine.
In this neighborhood is also located the academy of fine arts (Academia de Bellas Artes); and the national conservatory of music (Conservatorio Nacional de Música), founded in 1907.

## El Montículo

* The children's playground in a square in the area of Tembladerani, Sopocachi, 1948.
* Aerial view of Sopocachi,1948.
* Artistic fountain in El Montículo Park, 1948.
* Facade of the legation of Spain, on Avenida Arce, 1948.
* Avenida Arce, 1948.
* Arce and 6 de Agosto avenues, with a section of the city, La Paz, Bolivia,1948.
* A residential house located on Avenida Arce, La Paz, Bolivia,1948.
* Building of the Ministry of Defense, on Abaroa Square, La Paz, Bolivia,1948.
* The building used by the legation of Spain, in Avenida Arce Avenue, La Paz, Bolivia,1948.
* A residential house at the end of Avenida Arce,1948.
* A residential house at the end of Avenida Arce, Plaza Isabel La Católica,1948.
# Repetitive visual stimulus

A repetitive visual stimulus is a visual stimulus that has a distinctive property (e.g., frequency or phase). The stimuli are simultaneously presented to the user when focusing attention on the corresponding stimulus. For example, when the user focuses attention on a repetitive visual stimulus, a steady state visually evoked potential is elicited which manifests as oscillatory components in the user's electroencephalogram, especially in the signals from the primary visual cortex, matching the frequency or harmonics of that stimulus.
Repetitive visual stimuli are said to evoke a lesser response in brain cells, specifically superior collicular cells, than moving stimuli. Habituation is very rapid in healthy subjects in reference to repetitive visual stimuli. Development changes around the first year of life are attributed for attention control and these are said to be fully functional around the ages of two and four years old. This is the age that toddlers seem to now prefer moving and changing stimuli, much like healthy adults. In infants, there is evidence that supports the hypothesis that infants prefer repetitive visual stimuli or patterns, in comparison to moving or changing targets.
# Sarah Nikitin

Sarah de Oliveira Nikitin (born December 27, 1988) is a Brazilian competitive archer. Nikitin was a member of Brazil's archery squad in three editions of the Pan American Games (2007, 2011, and 2015). At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Nikitin scored her only career medal with a bronze over Venezuela's Leidys Brito in the women's individual recurve tournament at the 2014 South American Games in Santiago, Chile. Nikitin currently trains under the tutelage of head coach Evandro Azevedo for the Brazilian national squad, while shooting at a local archery range in her native São Paulo.
Nikitin was selected by the Brazilian Olympic Committee to compete for the host nation's archery squad at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, shooting in both individual and team recurve tournaments. First, Nikitin discharged 609 points, 8 perfect tens, and 3 bull's eyes to take the fiftieth seed heading to the knockout draw from the classification round, along with the trio's cumulative score of 1,845. Sitting at eleventh in the team recurve, Nikitin and her compatriots Ane Marcelle dos Santos and Marina Canetta put up a gallant fight amid the loud applause of their parochial crowd, but bowed out of the opening round match to the Italians in straight sets 0–6. In the women's individual recurve, Nikitin was unable to overthrow North Korea's Kang Un-ju early in the opening round match that abruptly ended her Olympic debut in a severe 0–6 defeat.
# River Kennett

The River Kennett is a river that runs through Suffolk and Cambridgeshire in eastern England.

## Course

The River Kennett rises in the hills just west of Cowlinge Hall in western Suffolk at an altitude of around 108m above sea level. It flows north-east to the village of Cowlinge before turning west for around a mile, crossing the county border into Cambridgeshire in the parish of Kirtling. After only a couple of miles in Cambridgeshire it crosses back into Suffolk just north of Lidgate and flows north through Dalham and Moulton. At Kentford it forms the Suffolk-Cambridgeshire border for around a mile followed by a mile in Cambridgeshire just north of the village of Kennett, after which it again forms the county border for around three miles as it runs past Red Lodge.
As it reaches Freckenham, it joins Lee Brook, a tributary of the River Lark, just south of Freckenham, at an altitude of around 10m. The river is generally dry in the summertime.

## Water level

In recent years, starting from 2015, the river's water level has significantly decreased, with even the winter months seeing extremely low levels. Along the sections that pass through the Lidgate, Ousden, and Dalham areas, the river has occasionally dried up during winter. The consistent flow of water through Moulton, whether in winter or summer, was primarily due to the presence of the sewage treatment works situated between Dalham and Moulton. Fortunately, a change took place in early December 2019 when, thanks to a substantial amount of rainfall, the river in the aforementioned areas began to flow once more, albeit as a modest stream.
This current situation is a far cry from the winter of 2013–2014 when extreme flooding was experienced. In Moulton, on 7 February 2014, the river swelled to the point of overflowing onto the road adjacent to the church, with houses at one point facing the imminent threat of inundation.

## History

The villages of Kentford and Kennett both derive their names from the river. The name of the river is Celtic in origin, and its meaning is unknown.
The exact course of the river has changed many times over the centuries. Some evidence of this can be inferred from its deviations from the Kennett parish boundary.
At Moulton the river passes under a Grade-II*-listed 15th-century packhorse bridge. This bridge has four arches, indicating that the river was larger when the bridge was constructed.
* River Kennett at Badlingham, near Chippenham, Cambridgeshire
* The 15th-century Moulton Packhorse Bridge
# Scottsbluff Micropolitan Statistical Area

The Scottsbluff Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of three counties in Nebraska, anchored by the city of Scottsbluff.
As of the 2020 census, the μSA had a population of 37,893 (though a July 1, 2022 estimate placed the population at 37,390).

## Counties

* Banner
* Scotts Bluff

## Communities

* Gering
* Harrisburg
* Henry
* Lyman
* McGrew
* Melbeta
* Minatare
* Mitchell
* Morrill
* Scottsbluff (Principal City)
* Terrytown

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 37,770 people, 15,198 households, and 10,404 families residing within the μSA. The racial makeup of the μSA was 87.76% White, 0.26% African American, 1.84% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 7.92% from other races, and 1.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.94% of the population.
The median income for a household in the μSA was $31,678, and the median income for a family was $40,235. Males had a median income of $27,784 versus $19,734 for females. The per capita income for the μSA was $17,252.
# Roborbotodes

Roborbotodes is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
# Plectranthias yamakawai

Plectranthias yamakawai is a species of fish in the family Serranidae occurring in the western Pacific Ocean.

## Size

This species reaches a length of 20.0 cm (7.9 in).

## Etymology

The fish is named in honor of ichthyologist Takeshi Yamakawa (b. 1942), of Kochi University, who was the one who first collected and reported this species.
# Santa Rita, Maranhão

Santa Rita, Maranhão is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.
The municipality contains a small part of the Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area, a 1,775,035.6 hectares (4,386,208 acres) sustainable use conservation unit created in 1991 that has been a Ramsar Site since 2000. The municipality contains part of the 1,535,310 hectares (3,793,800 acres) Upaon-Açu/Miritiba/Alto Preguiças Environmental Protection Area, created in 1992.
# Ritva (given name)

Ritva is a Finnish and a Faroese female given name.

## People with the given name Ritva

* Ritva Hannele Lauri (born 1952), Finnish actress
* Ritva Lemettinen-Melender (born 1960), Finnish long-distance runner
* Ritva Puotila (born 1935), Finnish textile designer, artist
# Robin Gray

Robin Gray may refer to:
* Robin Gray (Australian politician) (born 1940), former Australian politician, Premier of Tasmania, 1982–1989
* Robin Gray (curler), Irish male curler
* Robin Gray (New Zealand politician) (1931–2022), New Zealand politician
* Auld Robin Gray, a 1772 Scots ballad written by Lady Anne Lindsay
# Reno Township, Pope County, Minnesota

Reno Township is a township in Pope County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 355 at the 2000 census.
Reno Township took its name from Lake Reno.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.9 square miles (92.9 km$^2$), of which 29.8 square miles (77.1 km$^2$) is land and 6.1 square miles (15.8 km$^2$) (16.98%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 355 people, 125 households, and 100 families residing in the township. The population density was 11.9 people per square mile (4.6/km$^2$). There were 162 housing units at an average density of 5.4/sq mi (2.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.15% White, 0.28% Native American, 0.28% Asian, and 0.28% from two or more races.
There were 125 households, out of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.4% were married couples living together, 3.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.22.
In the township the population was spread out, with 28.2% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 121.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.9 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $48,000, and the median income for a family was $54,000. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,518. About 10.6% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.3% of those under age 18 and 21.4% of those age 65 or over.
# Al-Saahil al-Gharbi

Al-Saahil al-Gharbi is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya.
# Sean Andrew Faden

Sean Andrew Faden (born July 23, 1973) is a computer graphics animator. In 2003 he was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Special Effects for his work on the film xXx, and in 2008, he was nominated for a Visual Effects Society Award in the category of Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Broadcast Program or Commercial (shared with Matthew Hackett, Jeff Willette, and actor Denis Gauthier). In 2021, he was nominated for an Academy Award on VFX work in Mulan.
His numerous film and television credits for visual effects and computer animation includes:
* Moon Knight (2022)
* Mulan (2020)
* Captain America: The First Avenger (2011)
* A Little Bit of Heaven (2011)
* Gulliver's Travels (2011)
* Let Me In (2010)
* A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010)
* Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010)
* Terminator Salvation (2009)
* The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)
* The Eye (2008)
* Apocalypto (2006)
* Deja Vu (2006)
* Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
* Domino (2005)
* Sky High (2005)
* Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
* The Amityville Horror (2005)
* The Phantom of the Opera (2004)
* National Treasure (2004)
* The Day After Tomorrow (2004)
* xXx (2002)
* The Time Machine (2002)
* Stormrider (2001)
* How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000)
* Red Planet (2000)
* Supernova (2000)
* Fight Club (1999)
* Godzilla (1998)
* Titanic (1997)