# Gary Nabel

Gary J. Nabel is an American virologist and immunologist. He is the President and chief executive officer of ModeX Therapeutics in Natick, Massachusetts. He was the founding director of Vaccine Research Center at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

## Education

Nabel completed his undergraduate, M.D., and Ph.D. studies at Harvard University in 1975, 1980, and 1982 respectively. He completed his dissertation research in the laboratory of immunologist Harvey Cantor, then worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of David Baltimore at the Whitehead Institute, studying regulation of HIV gene expression by the recently discovered NF-κB, a host transcription factor. He completed his Internal Medicine residency at Brigham and Women’s Hospital.

## Career

Nabel joined the faculty of the University of Michigan in 1987, where he led a research lab focused on infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy. Nabel was an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute until 1999, working on transcriptional regulation of cell and viral gene expressions, as well as viral vectors in gene therapy. He was the Sewell Professor of Internal Medicine and Biological Chemistry.
In 1999, Nabel was recruited to build a vaccine research program for the country at the National Institutes of Health in Washington, D.C. He served as the founding director of the Vaccine Research Center at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases within NIH and then senior investigator with tenure. At NIH, Nabel advocated for a structure-based rational vaccine design, and oversaw basic, clinical, and translational research activities on novel vaccine strategies. This vaccine work spanned basic science to clinical trials, including more than 100 clinical studies in the United States, Europe, and Africa, including SARS, Chikungunya, universal influenza vaccines and Ebola vaccines eventually tested in Africa.
Nabel moved to Sanofi in 2012, and as chief scientific officer and senior vice president, he oversaw the Breakthrough Lab, which developed the first trispecific antibodies now in development for HIV. He also provided oversight of the Sanofi global R&D research portfolio.

## Biomedical research

At the University of Michigan, Nabel’s basic research investigated gene transfer, basic mechanisms of HIV gene regulation and NF-κB transcriptional control.
As founding director of NIH’s Vaccine Research Center, Nabel pioneered a renaissance in vaccine development through his rational approach to vaccine design. Understanding the molecular genetics and structure of viral replication, he discovered the first vaccine against Ebola, using gene-based immunization to completely protect against infection in non-human primates. This work provided the conceptual basis that served as a prototype for the VSV vaccine recently proven efficacious in humans. He developed the first Chikungunya virus vaccine effective in primates and advanced universal influenza vaccines of unprecedented breadth and potency. His rational approach to structure-based vaccine design led to elucidation of broadly protective human immune responses to HIV, leading to the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies to the highly conserved CD4 binding site of HIV with his colleagues from the VRC. Recently, he created an innovative antibody platform, trispecific Abs, that show unprecedented anti-HIV breadth and potency. These antibodies have advanced into human trials.
Recognizing the threat of Ebola virus decades ago, he applied molecular immunology and virology analysis to identify genes critical to Ebola replication and assembly. Importantly, he showed that gene-based prime-boost immunization stimulates potent cellular and humoral immune responses and discovered the first protective vaccine for highly lethal Ebola virus in non-human primates, defined its immune mechanism of protection, and guided its development and testing in Africa. His work contributed to international progress against emerging pathogens, having advanced novel SARS and pandemic influenza. vaccines into clinical trials in record time, while creating promising candidates for encephalitis viruses and EBV.
At NIH’s Vaccine Research Center, he also contributed seminal advances to vaccine science neutralizing antibodies against HIV, universal influenza, Ebola, Chikungunya, and Epstein-Barr virus. He led research on viral molecular biology, protein structure, and immunotherapy, which defined modes of immune escape and led to the discovery of the broadly neutralizing antibodies to the highly conserved CD4 binding site of HIV that are now in human efficacy trials in Africa.
At Sanofi, Nabel developed a novel antibody platform that can recognize three targets in a single protein, trispecific antibodies, now under evaluation for the treatment and prevention of AIDS and cancer.

## Awards

Nabel’s honors include the Amgen Scientific Achievement Award from the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Health and Human Services Secretary’s Award for Distinguished Service, the Geoffrey Beene Foundation Builders of Science Award from Research America, and the James Tolbert Shipley Prize for Research at Harvard Medical School. He received an honorary degree from the University of London, as well as the U.S. Army Medical Department’s Order of Military Medical Merit. Nabel is an elected fellow of the Association of American Physicians, the American Academy of the Arts and Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Nabel was elected to the American Society for Clinical Investigation in 1992 and the National Academy of Medicine in 1998.
Nabel served as the Chair of Board of Directors for the Keystone Symposia from 2017 to 2019. He as a Council Delegate to the AAAS, Medical Sciences Section from 1997 to 2002, and served as the editor for the Journal of Virology from 1995 to 2005.