# Huaxia

Huaxia is a historical concept representing the Chinese nation, and came from the self-awareness of a common cultural ancestry by ancestral populations of the Han people.

## Etymology

The earliest extant authentic attestation of the Huaxia concept is in the Zuo Zhuan, a historical narrative and commentary authored before 300 BCE. In Zuo zhuan, Huaxia refers to the central states (中國 zhōngguó) in the Yellow River valley, dwelt by the Huaxia people, ethnically equivalent to Han Chinese in pre-imperial discourses who are said to be the descendants of the Yellow Emperor.
According to the Confucian Kong Yingda, xià (夏 'grand') signified the 'greatness' (大) in the ceremonial etiquettes of the central states, while huá (華 'flower', 'blossom') was used in reference to the beauty (美) in the hanfu clothing that the denizens from those states wore.

## History
### Origin

The Han-era historian Sima Qian asserts that "Xia" was the name of the state enfeoffed to legendary king Yu the Great, and Yu used its name as his surname. In modern historiography, Huaxia refers to a confederation of tribes living along the Yellow River who were the ancestors of what later became the Han ethnic group in China. During the Warring States (475–221 BCE), the self-awareness of the Huaxia identity developed and took hold in ancient China. Initially, Huaxia defined mainly a civilized society that was distinct and stood in contrast to what was perceived as the barbaric peoples around them. The Huaxia identity arose in the Eastern Zhou period as a reaction to the increased conflict with the Rong and Di peoples who migrated into the Zhou lands and extinguished some Zhou states.

### Modern usage

Although still used in conjunction, the Chinese characters for hua and xia are also used separately as autonyms.
The official Chinese names of both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) use the term Huaxia in combination with the term Zhongguo (中國, 中国, translated as "Middle Kingdom" or "Middle State"), that is, as Zhonghua (中華, 中华). The PRC's official Chinese name is Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo (中华人民共和国), while that of the ROC is Zhonghua Minguo (中華民國). The term Zhongguo is confined by its association to a state, whereas Zhonghua mainly concerns culture. The latter is being used as part of the nationalist term Zhōnghuá Mínzú which is an all Chinese nationality in the sense of a multi-ethnic national identity.
The term Huaren (華人) for a Chinese person is an abbreviation of Huaxia with ren (人, person). Huaren in general is used for people of Chinese ethnicity, in contrast to Zhongguoren (中國人) which usually (but not always) refers to citizens of China. Although some may use Zhongguoren to refer to the Chinese ethnicity, such usage is not common in Taiwan. In overseas Chinese communities in countries such as Singapore and Malaysia, Huaren or Huaqiao (overseas Chinese) is used as they are also not citizens of China.

## Genetics

Several studies show that northern and southern populations in Neolithic China intermixed and contributed to the genetic makeup of the Huaxia. Southern ancestry gradually increased after the Middle Neolithic period due to northward migrations of rice farmers from the Yangtze River basin. A 2020 study suggests that this southern ancestry was Kra-Dai related, which increases further south in China. However, there is evidence of bidrectional gene flow between Kra-Dai and Hmong-Mien groups, distributed further west in southern China. The latter shows more affinities with Austroasiatic groups and was distributed further north from southwest China.