# Singapore dollar

The Singapore dollar (sign: S$; code: SGD) is the official currency of the Republic of Singapore. It is divided into 100 cents (Malay: sen, Chinese: 分; pinyin: fēn, Tamil: காசு, romanized: kācu). It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or S$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) issues the banknotes and coins of the Singapore dollar.
As of 2024, the Singapore dollar is the 13th most traded currency in the world. Apart from its use in Singapore, the Singapore dollar is also accepted as customary tender in Brunei according to the Currency Interchangeability Agreement between the Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam (Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam). Likewise, the Brunei dollar is also customarily accepted in Singapore.

## History

The Spanish-American silver dollar brought over by the Manila galleons was in wide circulation in Asia and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries. From 1845 to 1945 the Straits Settlements (of which Singapore used to be part) issued its local equivalent, the Straits dollar. This was replaced by the Malayan dollar, and, from 1953, the Malaya and British Borneo dollar, which were issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo.
Singapore continued to use the common currency upon joining Malaysia in 1963 and after Singapore's independence from Malaysia in 1965, but the formal monetary union between Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei stopped in 1967, and Singapore established the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore (BCCS), on 7 April 1967 and issued its first coins and notes. Nevertheless, the Singapore dollar was exchangeable at par with the Malaysian ringgit until 8 May 1973 under the Interchangeability Agreement, and interchangeability with the Brunei dollar is still maintained.
Initially, the Singapore dollar was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of two shillings and four pence to the dollar, or £1 = S$60/7 or S$8.57; in turn, £1 = US$2.80 from 1949 to 1967 so that US$1 = S$3.06. This peg to sterling was broken in 1967 when the pound was devalued to US$2.40 but the peg to the U.S. dollar of US$1 = S$3.06 was retained. This peg remained for a short time after the Nixon Shock of the early 1970s. As Singapore's economy grew and its trade links diversified to many other countries and regions, Singapore moved towards pegging its currency against a fixed and undisclosed trade-weighted basket of currencies from 1973 to 1985.
Before 1970, the various monetary functions associated with a central bank were performed by several government departments and agencies. As Singapore progressed, the demands of an increasingly complex banking and monetary environment necessitated streamlining the functions to facilitate the development of a more dynamic and coherent policy on monetary matters. Therefore, the Parliament of Singapore passed the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act in 1970, leading to the formation of MAS on 1 January 1971. The MAS Act gave the MAS the authority to regulate all elements of monetary, banking, and financial aspects of Singapore.
From 1985 onwards, Singapore adopted a more market-oriented exchange regime, classified as a Monitoring Band, in which the Singapore dollar is allowed to float (within an undisclosed bandwidth of a central parity) but closely monitored by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) against a concealed basket of currencies of Singapore's major trading partners and competitors. This, in theory, allows the Singaporean government to have more control over imported inflation and to ensure that Singapore's exports remain competitive.
On 1 October 2002, the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore (BCCS) merged with the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), which took over the responsibility of banknote issuance.

## Currency in circulation

As of 2012, the total currency in circulation was S$57.278 billion. All issued Singapore currency in circulation (notes and coins) are fully backed by external assets in its Currency Fund to maintain public confidence. Such external assets consists of all or any of the following: (a) gold and silver in any form; (b) foreign exchange in the form of demand or time deposits; bank balances and money at call; Treasury Bills; notes or coins; (c) securities of or guaranteed by foreign governments or international financial institutions; (d) equities; (e) corporate bonds; (f) currency and financial futures; (g) any other asset which the Authority, with the approval of the President of Singapore, considers suitable for inclusion.
In 2017, the government, in the second reading of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (Amendment) Bill 2017, announced that the Currency Fund will be merged with other funds of the MAS, because the currency in circulation is effectively backed by the full financial strength and assets of MAS, which is much larger than the Currency Fund. As at 31 March 2017, MAS's assets (S$395 billion) were more than seven times larger than the assets of the Currency Fund (S$55 billion). The proposed amendment will merge the Currency Fund with the other funds of MAS and streamline MAS's operations. The Government has said that its support for the currency in circulation, as set out in the Currency Act, remains unchanged.
Singapore's foreign reserves officially stood at over US$288.2 billion, as of July 2022 according to the MAS.

## Coins
### Marine series 1967

In 1967, the first series of coins was introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents and 1 dollar. These coins depicted wildlife and other images relating to the island nation and were designed by Stuart Devlin, the same artist credited for the 1966 designs on Australia's decimal coin series. The sizes were the same as those used for the Malaysian ringgit and based directly on the old coinage of the former Malaya and British Borneo dollar. The 1-cent coin was bronze while the other denominations were copper-nickel. Later, in 1976, the 1-cent coin was changed to copper-clad steel. The production of the first series was phased out by 1985.
First Series (Marine Series) (1967–1985) :
| Value | Technical parameters | Technical parameters | Technical parameters | Technical parameters | Description | Description | Description | Date of issue |
| Value | Diameter | Thickness | Mass | Composition | Edge | Obverse | Reverse | Date of issue |
| 1 cent | 17.78 mm | 1.118 mm | 1.940 g | Bronze | Plain | A high-rise public housing block with a fountain in front and clouds in the background | Value and Year | 12 June 1967 |
| 1 cent | 17.78 mm | 1.118 mm | 1.744 g | Copper-clad steel | Plain | A high-rise public housing block with a fountain in front and clouds in the background | Value and Year | 1976 |
| 5 cents | 16.26 mm | 1.02 mm | 1.410 g | Cupro-nickel | Milled | A snake-bird sitting in its nest and preening its feathers. | Value and Year | 12 June 1967 |
| 5 cents | 16.26 mm | 1.02 mm | 1.260 g | Cupro-nickel clad steel | Milled | A snake-bird sitting in its nest and preening its feathers. | Value and Year | 12 June 1967 |
| 5 cents (FAO) | 21.23 mm | 1.27 mm | 1.240 g | Aluminium | Milled | A fish and the phrases "INCREASE PRODUCTION" and "MORE FOOD FROM THE SEA." | Value and Year | 1971 |
| 10 cents | 19.41 mm | 1.40 mm | 2.83 g | Cupro-nickel | Milled | A seahorse with a stylised piece of seaweed. | Value and Year | 12 June 1967 |
| 20 cents | 23.60 mm | 1.78 mm | 5.66 g | Cupro-nickel | Milled | A swordfish against a background symbolising water. | Value and Year | 12 June 1967 |
| 50 cents | 27.76 mm | 2.03 mm | 9.33 g | Cupro-nickel | Milled | A lionfish from tropical waters. | Value and Year | 12 June 1967 |
| $1 | 33.32 mm | 2.39 mm | 16.85 g | Cupro-nickel | Milled | A stylised Singapore lion symbol flanked by two stalks of paddy. | Value and Year | 12 June 1967 |
| For table standards, see the coin specification table. |||||||||

### Floral series 1985

In 1985, the second series of coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents and 1 dollar. The reverse of these coins were designed by Christopher Ironside. The new series offered smaller coins depicting a floral theme. One-dollar banknotes were discontinued and gradually replaced with an aluminium-bronze coin. The 5-cent coin was also changed to aluminum-bronze while the 10, 20, and 50 cents remained copper-nickel. Limited numbers of commemorative bimetallic 5-dollar coins with scalloped edges were also periodically issued later during this series. This series is still in circulation. The 1 cent coin was taken out of circulation in 2002.
Second Series (Floral Series) (1985–2013) :
| Value | Technical parameters | Technical parameters | Technical parameters | Technical parameters | Description | Description | Description | Date of issue |
| Value | Diameter | Thickness | Mass | Composition | Edge | Obverse | Reverse | Date of issue |
| 1 cent | 15.90 mm | 1.10 mm | 1.24 g | Copper-plated zinc | Plain | Coat of Arms, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and Vanda 'Miss Joaquim' | 28 September 1987 |
| 5 cents | 16.75 mm | 1.22 mm | 1.56 g | Aluminium bronze | Reeded | Coat of Arms, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and Monstera deliciosa | 2 December 1985 |
| 10 cents | 18.50 mm | 1.38 mm | 2.60 g | Cupronickel | Reeded | Coat of Arms, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and Jasminum multiflorum | 2 December 1985 |
| 20 cents | 21.36 mm | 1.72 mm | 4.50 g | Cupronickel | Reeded | Coat of Arms, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and Calliandra surinamensis | 2 December 1985 |
| 50 cents | 24.66 mm | 2.06 mm | 7.29 g | Cupronickel | Reeded | Coat of Arms, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and Allamanda cathartica | 2 December 1985 |
| 50 cents | 24.66 mm | 2.06 mm | 7.29 g | Cupronickel | Inscribed "Republic of Singapore" and the lion symbol | Coat of Arms, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and Allamanda cathartica | 28 May 1990 |
| $1 | 22.40 mm | 2.40 mm | 6.30 g | Aluminium bronze | Reeded with inscription: "Republic of Singapore" and the lion symbol | Coat of Arms, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and Lochnera rosea | 28 September 1987 |
| For table standards, see the coin specification table. |||||||||

### Iconic series 2013

On 21 February 2013, the Monetary Authority of Singapore announced a new series of coins in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 cents and 1 dollar, which went into circulation on 25 June 2013, featuring Singapore's national icons and landmarks. The coins are struck on a multi-ply plated-steel planchet used by the Royal Canadian Mint and comes with enhanced features to differentiate from fakes. The coins also feature new designs, the one-dollar, now a bi-metallic coin featuring the Merlion, the fifty cents coin featuring the Port of Singapore, the twenty-cent coin depicts Changi International Airport, the ten-cent coin featuring public housing and the five-cent coin featuring the Esplanade. The second and third series of Singaporean coins have medallic orientation.
Third Series (Iconic series) (2013–present) :
| Value | Technical parameters | Technical parameters | Technical parameters | Technical parameters | Description | Description | Description | Date of issue |
| Value | Diameter | Thickness | Mass | Composition | Edge | Obverse | Reverse | Date of issue |
| 5 cents | 16.75 mm | 1.22 mm | 1.70 g | Multi-ply brass-plated steel | Plain | Coat of arms of Singapore, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and The Esplanade | 25 June 2013 |
| 10 cents | 18.50 mm | 1.38 mm | 2.36 g | Multi-ply nickel-plated steel | Alternating plain and reeded | Coat of arms of Singapore, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and Public Housing | 25 June 2013 |
| 20 cents | 21.00 mm | 1.72 mm | 3.85 g | Multi-ply nickel-plated steel | Reeded | Coat of arms of Singapore, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and Changi International Airport | 25 June 2013 |
| 50 cents | 23.00 mm | 2.45 mm | 6.56 g | Multi-ply nickel-plated steel | Micro scalloped | Coat of arms of Singapore, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value and Port of Singapore | 25 June 2013 |
| 1 dollar | 24.65 mm | 2.50 mm | 7.62 g | Bi-metallic plating consisting of a brass-plated ring with a nickel-plated centre plug | Reeded | Coat of arms of Singapore, "Singapore" in 4 official languages | Value, The Merlion and a laser mark micro engraving of the Vanda Miss Joaquim | 25 June 2013 |

## Banknotes
### Orchid series 1967

The Orchid Series of currency notes is the earliest to be in for circulation in Singapore. Issued in the years 1967 to 1976, it has nine denominations: $1, $5, $10, $25, $50, $100, $500, $1,000, and $10,000.
Each note has an orchid design in the centre of the note's front, the orchid being the national flower of Singapore. A scene of Singapore is depicted on the back, which varies across denominations. Standard on each note, is the Coat of Arms, a lion head watermark, and the signature of the Minister for Finance and chairman of the BCCS, on the front of the note. As an added security feature, all notes have at least one vertically embedded security thread, while the $10,000 note has two.
1st Series – Orchid Series (1967–1976) :
| Image | Image | Value | Dimensions | Main Colour | Description | Description | Description | Date of issue | Issue suspended | Date of withdrawal | Printer |
| Obverse | Reverse | Value | Dimensions | Main Colour | Obverse | Reverse | Watermark | Date of issue | Issue suspended | Date of withdrawal | Printer |
| | | $1 | 121 mm × 64 mm | Dark blue | Vanda Janet Kaneali | Blocks of flats in a housing estate | Lion's head | 12 June 1967 | 6 August 1976 | Limited | BWC |
| | | $5 | 127 mm × 71 mm | Green | Vanda T.M.A. | A busy scene on the Singapore River | Lion's head | 12 June 1967 | 6 August 1976 | Limited | BWC |
| | | $10 | 133 mm × 79 mm | Red | Dendrobium Marjorie Ho "Tony Pek" | 4 clasped hands on a background of a map of Singapore | Lion's head | 12 June 1967 | 6 August 1976 | Limited | TDLR |
| | | $25 | 140 mm × 79 mm | Brown | Renanthopsis Aurora | Supreme Court Building | Lion's head | 7 August 1972 | 6 August 1979 | Limited | TDLR |
| | | $50 | 146 mm × 87 mm | Blue | Vanda Rothscildiana "Teo Choo Hong" | Clifford Pier | Lion's head | 12 June 1967 | 6 August 1976 | Limited | TDLR |
| | | $100 | 159 mm × 95 mm | Mid-blue and mauve | Cattleya | A peaceful scene along the Singapore Waterfront | Lion's head | 12 June 1967 | 1 February 1977 | Limited | BWC |
| | | $500 | 160 mm × 96 mm | Green | Dendrobium Shangri-La | Government Office at Saint Andrew's Road | Lion's head | 7 August 1972 | 1 February 1977 | Limited | TDLR |
| | | $1,000 | 159 mm × 95 mm | Mauve and dark grey | Dendrobium Kimiyo Kondo "Chay" | Victoria Theatre & Empress Place | Lion's head | 12 June 1967 | 7 August 1978 | Limited | TDLR |
| | | $10,000 | 203 mm × 133 mm | Green | Aranda Majulah | The Istana | Lion's head | 29 January 1973 | 1 February 1980 | Limited | TDLR |
| For table standards, see the banknote specification table. ||||||||||||

### Bird series 1976

The Bird Series of currency notes is the second set of notes to be issued for circulation in Singapore. Issued in the years 1976 to 1984, it has nine denominations, the same number as in the Orchid Series, albeit the $25 note was replaced by the $20 note.
Each note features a bird on the left side of the note's front, a theme selected to represent a young Singapore "ever ready to take flight to greater heights". Standard on each note, is the Coat of Arms, a lion head watermark, and the signature of the Minister for Finance and chairman of the BCCS, on the front of the note. As an added security feature, all notes have a vertically embedded security thread, while the $1,000 and $10,000 notes have two.
2nd Series – Bird Series (1976–1984) :
| Image | Image | Value | Dimensions | Main Colour | Description | Description | Description | Date of issue | Issue suspended | Date of withdrawal |
| Obverse | Reverse | Value | Dimensions | Main Colour | Obverse | Reverse | Watermark | Date of issue | Issue suspended | Date of withdrawal |
| | | $1 | 125 mm × 63 mm | Blue | Black-naped Tern | National Day Parade | Lion's head | 6 August 1976 | 12 January 1987 | Limited |
| | | $5 | 133 mm × 66 mm | Green | Red-whiskered Bulbul | Cable cars and aerial view of the harbour | Lion's head | 6 August 1976 | 21 August 1989 | Limited |
| | | $10 | 141 mm × 69 mm | Red | White-collared Kingfisher | Garden city with high rise public housing in background | Lion's head | 6 August 1976 | 1 March 1988 | Limited |
| | | $20 | 149 mm × 72 mm | Brown | Yellow-breasted Sunbird | Singapore Changi International Airport with the Concorde in the foreground | Lion's head | 6 August 1979 | 1 January 1991 | Limited |
| | | $50 | 157 mm × 75 mm | Blue | White-rumped Shama | School band on parade | Lion's head | 6 August 1976 | 9 March 1987 | Limited |
| | | $100 | 165 mm × 78 mm | Blue | Blue-throated Bee-eater | Dancers of various ethnic groups | Lion's head | 1 February 1977 | 1 August 1985 | Limited |
| | | $500 | 181 mm × 84 mm | Green | Black-naped Oriole | Oil Refinery | Lion's head | 1 February 1977 | 1 March 1988 | Limited |
| | | $1,000 | 197 mm × 90 mm | Purple | Brahminy Kite | Container terminal | Lion's head | 7 August 1978 | 22 October 1984 | Limited |
| | | $10,000 | 203 mm × 133 mm | Green | White-bellied sea-eagle | 2 scenes of the Singapore River | Lion's head | 1 February 1980 | 21 August 1989 | Limited |
| For table standards, see the banknote specification table. ||||||||||||

### Ship series 1984

The Ship Series of currency notes is the third set of notes to be issued for circulation in Singapore. Issued in the years 1984 to 1999, it retains the number of denominations as was in the previous two series of notes, but switches the $20 note for the $2 one.
A maritime theme to reflect Singapore's maritime heritage was adopted, and progressively shows across the various denominations, the different kinds of ships which have plied Singapore's waters as the country developed. These vignettes are located on the front of the note. On the back, various scenes depicting Singapore's achievements are shown, as well as an orchid, to symbolise the country's national flower.
Standard on each note, is the Coat of Arms, a lion head watermark, and the signature of the Minister for Finance and chairman of the BCCS, on the front of the note. As an added security feature, all notes have a vertically embedded security thread.
3rd Series – Ship Series (1984–1999) :
| Image | Image | Value | Dimensions | Main Colour | Description | Description | Description | Date of issue | Issue suspended | Date of withdrawal |
| Obverse | Reverse | Value | Dimensions | Main Colour | Obverse | Reverse | Watermark | Date of issue | Issue suspended | Date of withdrawal |
| | | $1 | 125 mm × 63 mm | Blue | "Sha Chuan" | Sentosa Satellite Earth Station | Lion's head | 12 January 1987 | 9 September 1999 | Limited |
| | | $2 | 133 mm × 63 mm | Red | "Tongkang" | Different ethnic groups participating in Chingay procession. | Lion's head | 28 January 1991 | 9 September 1999 | Limited |
| | | $2 | 133 mm × 63 mm | Purple | "Tongkang" | Different ethnic groups participating in Chingay procession. | Lion's head | 16 December 1991 | 9 September 1999 | Limited |
| | | $5 | 133 mm x 66 mm | Green | "Twakow" | View of the Port of Singapore Authority Container terminal | Lion's head | 21 August 1989 | 9 September 1999 | Limited |
| | | $10 | 141 mm × 69 mm | Red | Barter trading vessel "Palari" | View of Public Housing | Lion's head | 1 March 1988 | 9 September 1999 | Limited |
| | | $50 | 156 mm × 74 mm | Blue | Coaster vessel "Perak" | Bird's-eye view of Benjamin Sheares Bridge | Lion's head | 9 March 1987 | 9 September 1999 | Limited |
| | | $100 | 165 mm × 78 mm | Brown | Passenger liner Chusan | Bird's-eye view of Singapore Changi International Airport and a Singapore Airlines Boeing 747 | Lion's head | 1 August 1985 | 9 September 1999 | Limited |
| | | $500 | 175 mm × 83 mm | Green | General cargo vessel "Neptune Sardonyx" | Group of men and women from the 3 services of the armed forces and the Civil Defence Force with the outline map of Singapore in the background | Lion's head | 1 March 1988 | 9 September 1999 | Limited |
| | | $1,000 | 185 mm × 88 mm | Purple | Container ship "Neptune Garnet" and two container quay cranes | Bird's-eye view of a shipyard | Lion's head | 22 October 1984 | 9 September 1999 | Limited |
| | | $10,000 | 195 mm × 93 mm | Red | General bulk carrier "Neptune Canopus" | 1987 National Day Parade | Lion's head | 21 August 1989 | 9 September 1999 | Limited |
| For table standards, see the banknote specification table. ||||||||||||

### Portrait series 1999

The current Portrait series was introduced in 1999, with the one- and 500-dollar denominations omitted. These notes feature the face of Yusof bin Ishak, the first president of the Republic of Singapore, on the obverse, and the reverse depicts a feature of civic virtue. There are both paper and polymer notes in circulation. The designs of the polymer notes are very similar to the corresponding paper note except for the slightly slippery feel and a small transparent window design in the corner of the banknote. Polymer notes are progressively replacing the paper banknotes in circulation. The notes also have Braille patterns at the top right-hand corner of the front design.
4th Series – Portrait Series (1999–present) :
| Image | Image | Value | Dimensions | Main Colour | Description | Description | Date of issue | Issue suspended | Date of withdrawal | Material |
| Obverse | Reverse | Value | Dimensions | Main Colour | Obverse | Reverse | Date of issue | Issue suspended | Date of withdrawal | Material |
| | | $2 | 126 × 63 mm | Violet | President Yusof bin Ishak (1910–1970), Money Cowrie | Education | 9 September 1999 | 12 January 2006 | Current | Paper |
| | | $2 | 126 × 63 mm | Violet | President Yusof bin Ishak (1910–1970), Money Cowrie | Education | 12 January 2006 | Current | Current | Polymer |
| | | $5 | 133 × 66 mm | Green | President Yusof bin Ishak, Gold-Ringed Cowrie | Garden City | 9 September 1999 | 18 May 2007 | Current | Paper |
| | | $5 | 133 × 66 mm | Green | President Yusof bin Ishak, Gold-Ringed Cowrie | Garden City | 18 May 2007 | Current | Current | Polymer |
| | | $10 | 141 × 69 mm | Red | President Yusof bin Ishak, Wandering Cowrie | Sports | 9 September 1999 | 4 May 2004 | Current | Paper |
| | | $10 | 141 × 69 mm | Red | President Yusof bin Ishak, Wandering Cowrie | Sports | 4 May 2004 | Current | Current | Polymer |
| | | $50 | 156 × 74 mm | Blue | President Yusof bin Ishak, Cylindrical Cowrie | Arts | 9 September 1999 | Current | Current | Paper |
| | | $100 | 162 × 77 mm | Orange | President Yusof bin Ishak, Swallow Cowrie | Youth | 9 September 1999 | Current | Current | Paper |
| | | $1,000 | 170 × 83 mm | Purple | President Yusof bin Ishak, Beautiful Cowrie | Government | 9 September 1999 | 1 January 2021 | Current | Paper |
| | | $10,000 | 180 × 90 mm | Golden | President Yusof bin Ishak, Onyx Cowrie | Economics | 9 September 1999 | 1 October 2014 | Gradually withdrawn from circulation | Paper |
The S$10,000 and B$10,000 note are the world's most valuable banknotes (that are officially in circulation). As of August 2011, it is worth over seven times as much as the next most valuable, the 1,000-Swiss franc note. On 2 July 2014, the Monetary Authority of Singapore announced that it would stop printing $10,000 notes starting from 1 October 2014 to reduce the risk of money laundering, with all banks instructed to exchange the notes with MAS and not recirculate them. This is a trend in many countries like European Central Bank's discontinuation of the 500-euro banknote in 2016 and AMBD's announcement to stop the production and issuance of the B$10,000 (the largest banknote) in 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic. MAS would also stop producing the S$1,000 banknote as well from 1 January 2021 onwards, but banks would be allowed to recirculate existing notes with customers. The MAS said that the higher denomination notes (beyond $100) will continue to remain legal tender.

### Commemorative banknotes

Commemorative banknotes are also released, usually in limited quantities. The first commemorative banknote was released on 24 July 1990 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Singapore's independence. Of the 5.1 million $50 polymer banknotes issued, 300,000 came with an overprint of the anniversary date "9 August 1990". This $50 note was the first commemorative note issued by the BCCS and was also the first polymer banknote in the history of Singapore's currency. In addition, the $50 note was the first note designed in Singapore by a Singapore artist.
On 8 December 1999, to celebrate the coming 2000 millennium, three million $2 millennium notes were circulated. The note is similar to the $2 portrait series, except that the prefix of the serial number is replaced with a Millennium 2000 logo. These millennium notes are printed on paper as polymer notes had not yet been introduced at the time.
* Singapore and Brunei issue joint banknote
On 27 June 2007, to commemorate 40 years of currency agreement with Brunei, a commemorative S$20 note was launched; the back is identical to the Bruneian $20 note launched simultaneously. A circulation version of the $20 note can be exchanged at banks in Singapore beginning 16 July 2007, limited to two pieces per transaction.
On 18 August 2015, to commemorate Singapore's 50 years of nation-building, the Monetary Authority of Singapore launched a set of six commemorative notes. These commemorative notes comprise five S$10 polymer notes and a S$50 note. The note design's draw inspiration from significant milestones and achievements in Singapore's history, the multiracialism that defines the nation and the values and aspirations that underpin Singapore's progress. The front of both the $50 and $10 notes feature a portrait of Yusof Ishak, Singapore's first president, as in the current Portrait series notes. The $50 note highlights Singapore's history, transformation and future. It shows the late Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, shouting "Merdeka!"—the rallying cry of Singapore's independence struggle. The note makes distinctive use of the colour gold, reflecting Singapore's Golden Jubilee. The five $10 notes have a common front design and varying back designs depicting the theme 'Vibrant Nation, Endearing Home'. Each note reflects a value or aspiration that defines the theme: 'Caring Community, Active Citizenry', 'Opportunities for All', 'Safe and Secure', 'Strong Families' and '...regardless of race, language or religion...'.
In 2017, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its Currency Interchangeability Agreement between Brunei and Singapore, both the Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam and the Monetary Authority of Singapore issued $50 polymer banknotes to commemorate that event.
On 5 June 2019, a $20 note commemorating the Singapore Bicentennial was issued.
Singapore commemorative banknotes :
| Value | Dimensions | Main Colour | Occasion | Description | Description | Date of issue | Material | Ref. |
| Value | Dimensions | Main Colour | Occasion | Obverse | Reverse | Date of issue | Material | Ref. |
| $50 | 156 × 74 mm | Red | 25th Anniversary of the Independence of Singapore | Optically variable device shows President Yusof bin Ishak, Singapore Harbour in 1861, four blossoms of the "Vanda Miss Joaquim" orchid, Tanjong Pagar container port and some prominent office buildings | 1st Parliament of Singapore held on 8 December 1965 and group of multi-racial Singaporeans in jubilant celebration | 24 July 1990 | Polymer | |
| $25 | 141 × 79 mm | Brown | 25th Anniversary of the Monetary Authority of Singapore | Monetary Authority of Singapore Building set against a view of Singapore's financial district and scene of the SIMEX trading floor | Singapore's financial sector skyline | 10 May 1996 | Paper | |
| $20 | 149 × 72 mm | Orange | 40 Years of the Currency Interchangeability Agreement | President Yusof bin Ishak and the "Dendrobium Puan Noor Aishah" orchid | The Esplanade, skyline of Singapore's financial district and the Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque with the Royal Barge and the water village shown | 27 June 2007 | Polymer | |
| $50 | 156 × 74 mm | Gold | SG50: Celebrating Singapore's 50 years of nation-building | President Yusof bin Ishak, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and a group of children of different races and gender | First National Day Parade 1966 and the Punggol New Town | 11 August 2015 | Polymer | |
| $10 | 141 × 69 mm | Red | SG50: Celebrating Singapore's 50 years of nation-building | President Yusof bin Ishak and the "Vanda Miss Joaquim" orchid | "…regardless of race, language or religion…" | 11 August 2015 | Polymer | |
| $10 | 141 × 69 mm | Red | SG50: Celebrating Singapore's 50 years of nation-building | President Yusof bin Ishak and the "Vanda Miss Joaquim" orchid | "Opportunities for All" | 11 August 2015 | Polymer | |
| $10 | 141 × 69 mm | Red | SG50: Celebrating Singapore's 50 years of nation-building | President Yusof bin Ishak and the "Vanda Miss Joaquim" orchid | "Safe and Secure" | 11 August 2015 | Polymer | |
| $10 | 141 × 69 mm | Red | SG50: Celebrating Singapore's 50 years of nation-building | President Yusof bin Ishak and the "Vanda Miss Joaquim" orchid | "Strong Families" | 11 August 2015 | Polymer | |
| $10 | 141 × 69 mm | Red | SG50: Celebrating Singapore's 50 years of nation-building | President Yusof bin Ishak and the "Vanda Miss Joaquim" orchid | "Caring Community, Active Citizenry" | 11 August 2015 | Polymer | |
| $50 | 158 × 75 mm | Gold | 50 Years of the Currency Interchangeability Agreement | President Yusof bin Ishak, the "Vanda Miss Joaquim" orchid, the "Simpur" flower and the window security feature showing Brunei Darussalam's Istana Nurul Iman and Singapore's Istana | Military personnel from the Royal Brunei Armed Forces and the Singapore Armed Forces, students from both countries, Brunei Darussalam's Ulu Temburong National Park and Singapore Botanic Gardens | 5 July 2017 | Polymer | |
| $20 | 162 × 77 mm | Beige-Peach | Singapore Bicentennial | President Yusof bin Ishak, National Gallery Singapore (former Supreme Court and City Hall) | Eight pioneering individuals, namely Munshi Abdullah, Henry Nicholas Ridley, Tan Kah Kee, P. Govindasamy Pillai, Teresa Hsu Chih, Alice Pennefather, Adnan Saidi and Ruth Wong Hie King, portrayed against a backdrop of the Singapore River | 5 June 2019 | Polymer | |
| These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table. |||||||||||

## Exchange rates
### Current exchange rates

Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover vte :
| Currency | ISO 4217 code | Symbol or Abbrev. | Proportion of daily volume | Proportion of daily volume | Change (2019–2022) |
| Currency | ISO 4217 code | Symbol or Abbrev. | April 2019 | April 2022 | Change (2019–2022) |
| U.S. dollar | USD | $, US$ | 88.3% | 88.5% | 0.2pp |
| Euro | EUR | € | 32.3% | 30.5% | 1.8pp |
| Japanese yen | JPY | ¥, 円 | 16.8% | 16.7% | 0.1pp |
| Sterling | GBP | £ | 12.8% | 12.9% | 0.1pp |
| Renminbi | CNY | ¥, 元 | 4.3% | 7.0% | 2.7pp |
| Australian dollar | AUD | $, A$ | 6.8% | 6.4% | 0.4pp |
| Canadian dollar | CAD | $, Can$ | 5.0% | 6.2% | 1.2pp |
| Swiss franc | CHF | Fr., fr. | 4.9% | 5.2% | 0.3pp |
| Hong Kong dollar | HKD | $, HK$, 元 | 3.5% | 2.6% | 0.9pp |
| Singapore dollar | SGD | $, S$ | 1.8% | 2.4% | 0.6pp |
| Swedish krona | SEK | kr, Skr | 2.0% | 2.2% | 0.2pp |
| South Korean won | KRW | ₩, 원 | 2.0% | 1.9% | 0.1pp |
| Norwegian krone | NOK | kr, Nkr | 1.8% | 1.7% | 0.1pp |
| New Zealand dollar | NZD | $, $NZ | 2.1% | 1.7% | 0.4pp |
| Indian rupee | INR | ₹ | 1.7% | 1.6% | 0.1pp |
| Mexican peso | MXN | $, Mex$ | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.2pp |
| New Taiwan dollar | TWD | $‎, NT$, 圓 | 0.9% | 1.1% | 0.2pp |
| South African rand | ZAR | R | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.1pp |
| Brazilian real | BRL | R$ | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.2pp |
| Danish krone | DKK | kr., DKr | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.1pp |
| Polish złoty | PLN | zł‎, Zl | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.1pp |
| Thai baht | THB | ฿, B | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.1pp |
| Israeli new shekel | ILS | ₪, NIS | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.1pp |
| Indonesian rupiah | IDR | Rp | 0.4% | 0.4% | |
| Czech koruna | CZK | Kč, CZK | 0.4% | 0.4% | |
| UAE dirham | AED | د.إ, Dh(s) | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.2pp |
| Turkish lira | TRY | ₺, TL | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.7pp |
| Hungarian forint | HUF | Ft | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.1pp |
| Chilean peso | CLP | $, Ch$ | 0.3% | 0.3% | |
| Saudi riyal | SAR | ﷼, SRl(s) | 0.2% | 0.2% | |
| Philippine peso | PHP | ₱ | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.1pp |
| Malaysian ringgit | MYR | RM | 0.2% | 0.2% | |
| Colombian peso | COP | $, Col$ | 0.2% | 0.2% | |
| Russian ruble | RUB | ₽, руб | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.9pp |
| Romanian leu | RON | —, leu | 0.1% | 0.1% | |
| Peruvian sol | PEN | S/ | 0.1% | 0.1% | |
| Other currencies | Other currencies | Other currencies | 2.0% | 2.4% | 0.4pp |
| Total | Total | Total | 200.0% | 200.0% | |