OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pere Toshev

Petar (Pere) Naumov Toshev (Bulgarian: Петър (Пере) Наумов Тошев, Macedonian: Петар (Пере) Наумов Тошев; 1865–1912) was a Bulgarian teacher and an activist of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization. In the historiography in North Macedonia he is considered an ethnic Macedonian revolutionary.

## Early life

Toshev was born in the town of Prilep, then part of the Ottoman Empire. He studied at the Bulgarian Exarchate's school in Prilep and the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. Later Pere attended the Gymnazium in Plovdiv, capital of the recently created Eastern Rumelia. Here he joined the Bulgarian Secret Central Revolutionary Committee founded in 1885. The original purpose of the committee was to gain autonomy for the region of Macedonia (then called Western Rumelia), but it played an important role in the organization of the Unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. During the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885, he joined the Bulgarian Army as a volunteer. During 1885–1890 Pere Toshev and Andrey Lyapchev organised a series of secret meetings in the villages around Plovdiv. They decided to organize a new Macedonian-Adrianople liberation organization. In 1890, they were on an intelligence touring through Macedonia.

## Teacher and activist

In the period 1892–1893, Toshev worked as a Bulgarian Exarchate teacher together with Dame Gruev in Macedonia. After joining the IMARO, he became an activist. In 1900 Toshev conducted the ceremony inducting the members of the CC of the Bulgarian Secret Revolutionary Brotherhood, including Ivan Garvanov into the IMARO. In 1901, Pere was exiled by the Ottoman authorities in Asia Minor. During the Ilinden Uprising in 1903, he led a detachment in the region of Mariovo. He was a delegate at the Prilep Congress of IMARO in 1904. At the Rila Congress of IMARO in 1905 he was elected as a member of the CC of the Organization. In the massization of Serbian propaganda in Macedonia, Pere Toshev attempted to neutralize peacefully the Serbian bands in the area. After the capture of Dame Gruev by the Serbs he personally met Gligor Sokolović, and subsequently Dame Gruev was released. After Ivan Garvanov and Boris Sarafov's murder, he was briefly arrested as a suspected. After the Young Turk Revolution, Pere Toshev opposed the legalization of the Organization. Toshev, Anton Strashimirov and Gyorche Petrov published the newspapers "Konstitutsionna zarya" and "Edinstvo", close to the People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section). In 1910–1911 he was a school inspector of the Bulgarian schools in the Salonica revolutionary district. Toshev was killed by the Turks in Drenovo, near Kavadarci in 1912.
Anastas Lozanchev wrote about him in his account of IMARO's founding in 1894: „Pere had clearly defined ideas, with defined views on the revolutionary struggles, which no one else at that time had. He was an old revolutionary; he had participated together with other Macedonian Bulgarians... in the unification of Northern and Southern Bulgaria.“
# Dariganga Mongols

The Dariganga (Mongolian: Дарьганга) are an eastern Mongol subgroup who mainly live in Dari Ovoo and Ganga Lake, Sukhbaatar Province.
It is believed that the Dariganga were resettled by the Qing Dynasty from Chahar, Khalkha and Ööled to herd horses of the Emperor in the late 1690s.
From 1912 on, a Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Boghda Khaanate of Mongolia supervised them. And the People's Republic of Mongolia changed their banner system in 1921. After many reforms in Mongolian administration structure, the Dariganga people have lived in the sums: Dariganga, Naran, Ongon, Khalzan, Asgat and Bayandelger of Sukhbaatar Province since 1691.
# Lycée français Paul Gauguin de Panama

Lycée Français International de Panama (Spanish: Liceo Francés Internacional de Panamá) is a French international school in the Panama Pacifico development in Veracruz, Arraiján District, Panama. It serves infant school through the final year of senior high school.

## History

The school was founded in 1970.
* Panama portal
* France portal
* Schools portal
# Ministry of Railway Development (Ghana)

The Ministry of Railway Development of Ghana was created with the core responsible to ensure and increase infrastructural growth and service delivery in Ghana's transport sector to help ease pressure on the other means of transport. The ministry is also tasked with the responsibility of ensuring quality, effective and a more secure means of traveling and transporting goods and services within Ghana and the neighboring countries.

## History of the Ministry

The formation of the Ministry is to ensure the rapid growth of a modern and quality rail network in Ghana and the neighboring countries. The ministry was formed by H.E. Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, the President of the Republic of Ghana in February, 2017. One major reason behind the railway network is to help convey goods and services from the rural areas to the cities to increase productivity to strengthen the economy apart from being the source of transport within the country and to extend the rail lines to the neighboring countries to make trade effective between Ghana and the countries involved. Before the creation of this Ministry, the existing network consisted of three lines: the Western Line, the Eastern Line and the Central Line (from Huni Valley to Kotoku). These rail networks were built during the colonial period that existed at independence in 1957.

## Leadership

Ministry of Railway Development consists of several departments and agencies. In total, the Ministry is headed by a Sector Minister, HON JOHN-PETER AMEWU, MP, and each agency or department has a director as an official head. In view of this, the Ghana Railway Development Authority and Ghana Railway Company Limited are the implementing agencies of the Ministry of Railway Development.

## Agencies

The Ministry has two operational agencies:
* Ghana Railway Company Limited :
Ghana Railway Company Ltd was created in 2001 under the companies code 1963(Act 179) to offer consignment, parcel and passenger services using available resources.
* Ghana Railway Development Authority :
The Ghana Railway Development Authority was formed under the Railways Act 2008,(Act 779) to boost the growth of railway systems in the country with the administration and the improvement of the railway assets.

## Directorates

The following are directorates of the Ministry of Railway Development with each directorate headed by a director. :
* Finance and Administration
* Policy Planning
* Monitoring and Evaluation
* Research, Statistics & Information Management
* Human Resource Development

## Location

Ministry of Railways Development - Ghana
PMB Ministries - Accra.

## See also>

* Government of Ghana
* Transport in Ghana
* Rail transport in Ghana
* Ghana Railway Corporation
* List of railway companies
# GBU-8

The GBU-8 Homing Bomb System (HOBOS) is a 2,000 lb (910 kg) electro-optical guided bomb developed for the United States Air Force.

## Description

The GBU-8 consists of a contrast seeker in the nose section, four cruciform tailfins with flying surfaces for control, strakes connecting the tailfins with the nose section, and a 2000 lb Mk. 84 low-drag general-purpose bomb. The same type of guidance kit was also attached to a 3000 lb Mark 118 bomb, where it was designated GBU-9.

## History

Development of the Homing Bomb System (HOBOS) by Rockwell began in 1967 on the request of the U.S. Air Force in response to shortcomings of the AGM-62 Walleye during the Vietnam War. The payload of the 2000 lb Mk. 84 bomb was considered to be more effective than the smaller explosive warhead found on the Walleye, which was designed by the Navy for anti-ship use.
The system was deployed to USAF units at Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand in January 1969 and was subsequently used in combat for the first time in February 1969.
The HOBOS system was also used in Operation Linebacker with the 8th TFW once bombing resumed in April 1972. On 27 April 1972, the HOBOS guided bomb was used against the Thanh Hóa Bridge, with five bombs expended. In the strike against the Paul Doumer Bridge on 10 May 1972, seven HOBOS bombs and 22 laser-guided bombs were used.
Development of the basic HOBOS concept continued after the Vietnam War with the GBU-15, which built off of the basic concepts introduced with the GBU-8.

## Variants

* KMU-353A/B: Contrast-seeker guidance kit for 2000 lb Mk. 84 bomb
* KMU-359/B: Infrared guidance section
* KMU-390/B: Contrast-seeker guidance kit for 3000 lb M118 bomb

## Users

* Israeli Air Force
* United States Air Force
# Zhang Jixian

Zhang Jixian (simplified Chinese: 张继先; traditional Chinese: 張繼先; pinyin: Zhāng Jìxiān, born 1966) is a Chinese pulmonologist. She is known to have discovered SARS‑CoV‑2, and was the director of the Department of Respiratory Medicine of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine. She is also a member of the Chinese Communist Party.

## Career

Zhang Jixian was admitted to Hubei Medical University (now Wuhan University School of Medicine) in 1985, graduated from clinical medicine in July 1989, and started working. During the SARS epidemic in 2003, Zhang Jixian, who had been engaged in clinical work for 14 years, was a member of the Jianghan District expert group. During this period, she developed a strong awareness of disease prevention. In 2005, she became the deputy director of the Department of Respiratory Medicine of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine. In 2009, after separation of the Department of Respiratory Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, she became the director of Department of Respiratory Medicine.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, abnormal pneumonia of unknown cause was found on December 26, 2019. The situation was reported to Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine on December 27. The hospital then reported to the Wuhan Jianghan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A similar case was reported for the second time on December 28 and 29. A new type of coronavirus was detected on December 31 in 6 patients with alveolar lavage. On February 6, 2020, Zhang Jixian was commended by Wuhan Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, Hubei Provincial Human Resources and Social Security Department, and Hubei Provincial Health Commission. Xinhua News Agency commented that Zhang Jixian "is the 'leader' in the frontline of hospital treatment." In November of the same year, Zhang Jixian was rated as the National Advanced Worker.
# Gaspard Musabyimana

Gaspard Musabyimana (Nyamugali, Ruhengeri, 12 March 1955) is a Rwandan writer and political commentator who currently lives in Belgium. He has had a multidisciplinary education.

## Publications

* Les années fatidiques pour le Rwanda. Coup d'œil sur les préparatifs intensifs de la « guerre d'octobre », 1986-1990, (Kigali, 1993)
* Sexualité, rites et mœurs sexuels de l'ancien Rwanda. Une facette de la culture rwandaise (Brussels 1999)
* La vraie nature du FPR. D'Ouganda en Rwanda (L'Harmattan, 2003)
* Sprookjes uit afrikaanse savanne (Brussels, Hujmos vzw, 2003). With some friends
* L'APR et les réfugiés rwandais au Zaïre 1996-1997. Un génocide nié (L'Harmattan, 2004)
* Pratiques et rites sexuels au Rwanda (L'Harmattan, 2006).
* Rwanda : le mythe des mots (L'Harmattan, 2008)
* Rwanda, le triomphe de la criminalité politique (L'Harmattan, 2009)
* Dictionnaire de l'histoire politique du Rwanda (Éditions Scribe, 2011).
* Rwanda. Vingt ans de pouvoir du FPR. Quel bilan? (Editions Scribe 2014) with Emmanuel Neretse.
# Moritz von Cohn

Baron Moritz von Cohn (19 September 1812 - 29 April 1900) was a German-Jewish private banker.
Cohn was born in Wörlitz, in the Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau. As the proprietor of a private bank in Dessau, he advanced to be court-banker to the dukes of Anhalt and also over several decades administered the private fortune of the Prussian crown prince and later emperor Wilhelm I. He thus also made himself a strong financier of the capital for railroad construction, then developing in Germany. He died in Dessau, aged 87.
# Brussels tram route 10

The premetro and tram route 10 in Brussels, Belgium, is operated by STIB/MIVB, and connects the Hôpital Militaire/Militair Hospitaal stop in Neder-Over-Heembeek in the City of Brussels to the Churchill stop in the southern municipality of Uccle. It began service on 23 September 2024, taking over most of the route of line 3, which was disbanded that day.
# Blonde Roots

Blonde Roots is a novel by British-Nigerian author Bernardine Evaristo. Published by Penguin UK in 2009 and Penguin USA in 2010, this satirical novel presents an alternative history of the transatlantic slavery, with Africans as the masters of European slaves. In 2009, it was awarded the Orange Prize Youth Panel Choice and the Big Red Read Award.

## Plot

Set in an alternative, quasi-dystopian present, Blonde Roots describes a world in which ‘whyte Europanes’ are routinely enslaved by ‘blak Aphrikans’ and made to serve wealthy blak families, or to work the plantations on the fictional island of Great Ambossa.
The novel comprises three sections, two narrated by an enslaved whyte girl, Doris, one by her wealthy and privileged master, Chief Kaga Konata Katamba I.
Throughout the novel we follow the protagonist and principal narrator, Doris Scagglethorpe (whose slave name is Omorenomwara). Kidnapped as a child from a family of cabbage-growing serfs in the north of England and transported to Great Ambossa, abused and dehumanized by her owners, she finally attempts to escape and return to her family. Sent to the cane plantations as punishment, Doris joins a community formed by generations of whyte slaves, and with their help, plans another escape attempt.

## Themes

The novel is preceded by the following quotation from Nietzsche: ‘"Whichever interpretation prevails at a given time is a function of power and not truth." The novel deals with themes of race and power, and "the ...irreversible effects of racism", reminding us "...that ‘us’ and ‘them’ could so easily have been reversed, and that regarding someone as less than fully human is the root of all tyranny."

## Language

With a title that has been linked to Alex Haley’s 1976 novel Roots, Blonde Roots is Evaristo's first novel written entirely in prose. Language in the novel is used partly as a source of humour: Europa is referred to as "the Grey Continent", with its "Coal and Cabbage Coasts," and Evaristo re-invents the slaves' patois as a "skipping vernacular," while the section of the book narrated by the slave owner was based on "documents and primary sources from the archives of 18th century slaveholders."

## Reception
### Reviews

Blonde Roots was widely reviewed and well-received on release. The Independent called it (Evaristo's): "boldest step to date," and praised "its bittersweet, riotous humour." The Guardian spoke of the "musicality and exuberance" of Evaristo's prose, and Publishers Weekly in the US stated: "Evaristo delivers an astonishing, uncomfortable and beautiful alternative history."

### Honours and awards

* 2009: International Dublin Literary Award, nominated
* 2009: Orange Prize for Fiction, nominated
* 2009: Orange Prize Youth Panel Choice (winner)
* 2009: Arthur C. Clarke Award, nominated

## Publication information

* Blonde Roots (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin, 2008; Riverhead/Penguin, USA, 2009, ISBN 978-0141031521)
# Boys' High School & College (Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

Boys' High School & College (BHS) is an independent school in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was founded in 2001 to provide a Christian education to the children of Europeans and Anglo-Indians, but has always accepted children from all backgrounds. Though originally co-educational, it now admits only boys.
It has existed on its present site in central Prayagraj since 1861. Since 2006 it has been managed by the Allahabad High School Society. Since 2011, the principal of the school is David Thanos Luke. It is currently affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations.
On 5 November 2013. The governor of Uttar Pradesh B.L. Joshi released a commemorative postage stamp to mark 150th anniversary of Boys' High School. Alfresco

## History

The school was established in 1861 and a stamp of it was issued by the Indian government in 2013.

## Holy Trinity School

In 1988, the Holy Trinity School (HTS) located in Allengunj, Prayagraj was established as an annexe of the Boys' High School & College. HTS's current headmistress is Reena S. Mandal.

## Notable alumni

* Amitabh Bachchan, film actor, film producer, television host, occasional playback singer and former politician.
* Brahma Nath Katju, former Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court.
* Vikas Swarup, diplomat and writer. (Oscar winning Slumdog Millionaire, a 2008 British drama film is a loose adaptation of the novel Q & A (2005) by Vikas Swarup)
* Yogendra Narain, former Secretary-General of Rajya Sabha.
* Nikhil Chopra, cricketer.
* Deepraj Rana, Indian and Nepali film and television actor.
* Raghuraj Pratap Singh, politician.
* Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh, politician.
# Ignazio Leone

Ignazio Leone (19 April 1923 – 30 December 1976) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 105 films between 1952 and 1976.

## Selected filmography

* The Walk (1953)
* I Chose Love (1953)
* Amici per la pelle (1955)
* A Woman Alone (1956)
* Wives and Obscurities (1956)
* Piece of the Sky (1959)
* Slave of Rome (1960)
* Le pillole di Ercole (1962)
* I Don Giovanni della Costa Azzurra (1962)
* Julius Caesar Against The Pirates (1962)
* Zorro and the Three Musketeers (1963)
* 002 Operazione Luna (1965)
* Special Code: Assignment Lost Formula (1966)
* Electra One (1967)
* I 2 deputati (1968)
* The Two Crusaders (1968)
* Brutti di notte (1968)
* Indovina chi viene a merenda? (1969)
* Io non spezzo... rompo (1971)
* Armiamoci e partite! (1971)
* House of 1000 Pleasures (1973)
* A forza di sberle (1974)
# South West seismic zone

The South West seismic zone (also identified as SWSZ) is a major intraplate earthquake province located in the south west of Western Australia.
It was known earlier as the Yandanooka–Cape Riche Lineament, including the physiographic boundary known as the Meckering Line, and also the junction between Swanland and Salinaland.
   The zone exists within an Archaean Shield structure called the Yilgarn Block. The identified geological subdivisions within this Precambrian structure do not show an obvious relation to the seismicity.
The zone represents a significant seismic hazard to Perth. More than six thousand earthquakes have occurred in the SWSZ in the years 1968 – 2002. Meckering, Cadoux and Burakin earthquakes originated in the SWSZ. More recent events have occurred to the south in Lake Muir in 2018 and Arthur River in 2022.
The zone and the explanation of it, has been titled Perthquake in the Catalyst programme on the ABC in 2001.
Temporal variation of the events in the region have been analysed over time. In the 2000s, monitoring and instrumentation was developed in the region.
# Fish Branch

Fish Branch is a stream in Audrain County in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Fish Branch was so named for the creek's abundance of fish.
# Asahel

Asahel (Hebrew: עשהאל, Ancient Greek: ‘Ασαέλ, Latin Asael) was a military leader under King David and the youngest son of David's sister Zeruiah. Asahel thus was the nephew of David and the younger brother of David's general, Joab, Asahel is mentioned in 2 Samuel chapters 2 and 3.

## Name

The name means 'made by God. It is made up of two parts: the verb עשה‎, Hebrew "to do, make" 3rd m.sg. perfect, and the theophorous element (deity name), אל‎, the Hebrew God El, or Elohim. This would make it a name of "thanksgiving", thanking God for what he has "made" or "done".

## History

Asahel was the youngest son of David's sister Zeruiah (2 Samuel 2:18; 1 Chronicles 2:16). According to Josephus (Antiquaties, VII, 1, 3) his father was called Suri. Asahel's older brothers were Joab and Abishai. He was known for his swiftness of foot: "Asahel was swift of foot, like a gazelle in the open field, or like a wild deer." (cf. 2 Samuel 2:18) and was told that if he were running through wheat field, the stalks wouldn't bend. He was put to death by Abner, whom he pursued from the battlefield when fighting against Abner at Gibeon, in the army of his brother Joab, (cf. 2 Samuel 2:18–19). He is considered among David's thirty valiant men (cf. 2 Samuel 23:24; 1 Chronicles 11:26).
After a battle at Gibeon between Abner, commanding the army of Ish-bosheth son of Saul and Joab, commanding the army of David, Asahel pursued Abner while he attempted to escape. Young Asahel soon caught up with Abner. Abner begged Asahel to stop pursuing him, but when Asahel refused to desist, Abner thrust the blunt end of a spear through Asahel's stomach, and Asahel died on the spot (cf. 2 Samuel 2:23).
Although Joab won the battle, Abner escaped with his life; Asahel was buried in his father's tomb at Bethlehem. In retaliation, Joab murdered Abner with help from his brother Abishai, against the wishes of David.
According to 1 Chronicles 27:7, Asahel had a son named Zebadiah, who succeeded him in command of his military division after his death.
# Critical mass (disambiguation)

Critical mass is the amount of fissile material needed to sustain nuclear fission.
Critical mass may also refer to:

## Science and technology

* Critical mass (sociodynamics), a stage in social-system innovation
* Critical mass (software engineering), a stage in the product life cycle of software

## Organizations and social gatherings

* Critical Mass (cycling), a form of direct action or celebratory gathering involving large groups of bicycle riders
* Critical Mass (pressure group), a UK political pressure group
* Critical Mass Energy Project, an anti-nuclear umbrella group founded by Ralph Nader
** Critical Mass Journal, published in 1977 by the Critical Mass Energy Project
* Critical Mass, a co-working center sponsored by the New England Venture Capital Association
* Critical Mass, a robotics team of the Dwight-Englewood School in Englewood, New Jersey

## Literature

* Critical Mass, a 1949 short story by Arthur C. Clarke.
* Critical Mass, a 1962 story by Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth.
* Critical Mass, a 1990 seven-issue comic book anthology printed under Epic Comics's Shadowline Saga imprint.
* Critical Mass: The Dangerous Race for Superweapons in a Fragmenting World, a 1994 foreign politics book written by William Burrows and Robert Windrem, printed by Simon & Schuster.
* Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978, a 1998 book by Thomas Wellock.
* Critical Mass (book), a 2004 book by Philip Ball.
* Critical Mass (2013 book), a 2013 novel by Sara Paretsky
* Critical Mass a 2023 follow-up novel to Delta-v by Daniel Suarez

## Film and television

* Critical Mass, a 1971 experimental short film from Hollis Frampton's Hapax Legomena cycle
* Critical Mass (anime), a subdivision of the video publisher and distributor Right Stuf Inc.
* Critical Mass (film), a 2000 film starring Treat Williams and Lori Loughlin
* "Critical Mass" (Stargate Atlantis), an episode of Stargate Atlantis

## Gaming

* Duke Nukem: Critical Mass, a shooter game developed by Frontline Studios
* Critical Mass (1985 video game) or Power!, a computer game by Durell Software
* Critical Mass (1982 video game), an adventure game by Sirius Software
* Critical Mass, a set of collectible miniature game figures by HeroClix

## Music
### Bands

* Critical Mass (Canadian band), a Catholic rock band formed in 1997
* Critical Mass (Dutch band), a Dutch happy hardcore group

### Albums and songs

* Critical Mass (Dave Holland album), 2006
* Critical Mass (Threshold album), 2002
* Critical Mass (Matthew Shipp album), 1995
* Critical Mass (Ra album), 2013
* "Critical Mass", a song by Aerosmith from Draw the Line
* "Critical Mass", a song by Nuclear Assault from Handle with Care
* "Critical Mass", a song by Chrome from Half Machine Lip Moves