# Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus described the Pisces as:
   Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides the parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with a swim-bladder, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure.
Linnaean Characteristics
* Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood
* Gills: external
* Jaw: incumbent
* Penis: (usually) none
* Eggs: without whites
* Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils?, eyes, ears
* Covering: imbricate scales
* Supports: fins. Swims in the Water & Smacks.

## Apodes
### Muraena (eels)

* Muraena helena – Mediterranean moray
* Muraena ophis – Spotted snake eel
* Muraena serpens – Serpent eel
* Muraena anguilla – European eel
* Muraena myrus – Painted eel
* Muraena conger – European conger
* Muraena caeca – European finless eel

### Gymnotus (electric knifefishes)

* Gymnotus carapo – Banded knifefish
* Gymnotus asiaticus – Snakehead

### Trichiurus (cutlassfishes)

* Trichiurus lepturus – Largehead hairtail

### Anarhichas (wolffishes)

* Anarhichas lupus – Atlantic wolffish

### Ammodytes (sand eels)

* Ammodytes tobianus – Lesser sand eel

### Stromateus (butterfishes)

* Stromateus fiatola – Blue Butterfish
* Stromateus paru – American Harvestfish

### Xiphias (swordfishes)

* Xiphias gladius – Swordfish

## Jugulares
### Callionymus (dragonets)

* Callionymus lyra & Callionymus dracunculus – Common Dragonet
* Callionymus indicus – Bartail flathead

### Uranoscopus (stargazers)

* Uranoscopus scaber – Uranoscopus scaber

### Trachinus (weevers)

* Trachinus draco – Greater weever

### Gadus (cod & kin)

* Gadus aeglefinus – Haddock
* Gadus morhua & Gadus callarias – Atlantic Cod
* Gadus luscus & Gadus barbatus – Pouting
* Gadus minutus – Poor cod
* Gadus virens & Gadus carbonarius – Coalfish
* Gadus merlangus – Whiting
* Gadus pollachius – Pollock
* Gadus merluccius – European hake
* Gadus molva – Common ling
* Gadus lota – Burbot
* Gadus mustela – Fivebeard rockling
* Gadus mediterraneus – Shore rockling

### Blennius (blennies)

* Blennius galerita – Montagu's blenny
* Blennius cristatus – Molly Miller
* Blennius cornutus – Horned blenny
* Blennius ocellaris – Butterfly Blenny
* Blennius gattorugine – Tompot blenny
* Blennius superciliosus – Clinus superciliosus
* Blennius mustelarius – nomen dubium
* Blennius pholis – Combtooth blenny
* Blennius gunnellus – Rock gunnel
* Blennius viviparus – Viviparous eelpout
* Blennius lumpenus – unknown
* Blennius raninus – Tadpole fish

### Ophidion (cusk-eels)

* Ophidion barbatum – Snake blenny
* Ophidion imberbe – Rock gunnel
* Ophidion macrophthalmum – Red bandfish

## Thoracici
### Cyclopterus (Lumpfishes)

* Cyclopterus lumpus – Cyclopterus lumpus
* Cyclopterus nudus – Gobiesox nudus

### Echeneis (Remoras)

* Echeneis remora – Common remora
* Echeneis neucrates – Live sharksucker

### Coryphaena (Dolphinfishes)

* Coryphaena hippurus – Common dolphinfish
* Coryphaena equiselis – Pompano dolphinfish
* Coryphaena pentadactyla – Fivefinger wrasse
* Coryphaena novacula – Pearly razorfish
* Coryphaena pompilus – Rudderfish

### Gobius (Gobies)

* Gobius niger & Gobius jozo – Black goby
* Gobius paganellus – Rock goby
* Gobius eleotris
* Gobius aphya
* Gobius pectinirostris – Blue-spotted mud hopper
* Gobius anguillaris – Taenioides anguillaris

### Cottus (Sculpins)

* Cottus cataphractus – Agonus cataphractus
* Cottus quadricornis – Fourhorn sculpin
* Cottus grunniens – Allenbatrachus grunniens
* Cottus scaber – Grammoplites scaber
* Cottus scorpius – Shorthorn sculpin
* Cottus gobio – European bullhead

### Scorpaena (Scorpionfishes)

* Scorpaena porcus – European scorpionfish
* Scorpaena scrofa – Bigscale scorpionfish

### Zeus (John Dories & kin)

* Zeus vomer – Lookdown
* Zeus gallus – Selene gallus
* Zeus faber – John Dory
* Zeus aper – Capros aper

### Pleuronectes (Flatfishes)

* Pleuronectes achirus – Achirus achirus
* Pleuronectes trichodactylus – Monochirus trichodactylus
* Pleuronectes lineatus – Lined sole
* Pleuronectes ocellatus – Microchirus ocellatus
* Pleuronectes lunatus – Plate fish
* Pleuronectes hippoglossus – Atlantic halibut
* Pleuronectes cynoglossus – Trobay sole
* Pleuronectes platessa – European plaice
* Pleuronectes flesus & Pleuronectes passer – European flounder
* Pleuronectes limanda – Common dab
* Pleuronectes solea – Common sole
* Pleuronectes linguatula – Citharus linguatula
* Pleuronectes rhombus – Brill
* Pleuronectes maximus – Turbot
* Pleuronectes papillosus – Syacium papillosum

### Chaetodon (Butterflyfishes, Angelfishes, & kin)

* Chaetodon canescens & Chaetodon cornutus – Moorish idol
* Chaetodon argenteus – Silver moony
* Chaetodon acuminatus & Chaetodon macrolepidotus – Pennant coralfish
* Chaetodon pinnatus – Dusky batfish
* Chaetodon punctatus – Drepane punctata
* Chaetodon arcuatus – Gray angelfish
* Chaetodon rostratus – Copperband butterflyfish
* Chaetodon nigricans – Acanthurus nigricans
* Chaetodon triostegus – Convict surgeonfish
* Chaetodon lineatus – Striped surgeon
* Chaetodon striatus – Banded butterflyfish
* Chaetodon aruanus – Whitetail dascyllus
* Chaetodon capistratus – Foureye butterflyfish
* Chaetodon vagabundus – Vagabond butterflyfish
* Chaetodon ciliaris – Queen angelfish
* Chaetodon saxatilis – Sergeant major
* Chaetodon rotundus – Abudefduf septemfasciatus
* Chaetodon lanceolatus – Jack-knifefish

### Sparus (Breams and Porgies)

* Sparus aurata – Gilt-head bream
* Sparus annularis – Diplodus annularis
* Sparus sargus – Diplodus sargus
* Sparus melanurus – Saddled seabream
* Sparus smaris – Spicara smaris
* Sparus maena – Spicara maena
* Sparus saxatilis – Crenicichla saxatilis
* Sparus orphus & Sparus pagrus – Red porgy
* Sparus hurta & Sparus mormyrus – Lithognathus mormyrus
* Sparus erythrinus – Common pandora
* Sparus boops – Boops boops
* Sparus cantharus – Black seabream
* Sparus chromis – Chromis chromis
* Sparus salpa – Salema porgy
* Sparus synagris – Lane snapper
* Sparus dentex – Common dentex
* Sparus spinus – Siganus spinus
* Sparus virginicus – Porkfish
* Sparus capistratus
* Sparus galilaeus – Mango tilapia

### Labrus (Wrasses, Parrotfishes, & kin)

* Labrus scarus
* Labrus cretensis – Mediterranean parrotfish
* Labrus anthias – Anthias anthias
* Labrus hepatus – Serranus hepatus
* Labrus griseus – Mangrove snapper
* Labrus lunaris – Moon wrasse
* Labrus opercularis – Paradise fish
* Labrus pavo – Ornate wrasse
* Labrus auritus – Redbreast sunfish
* Labrus falcatus – Permit
* Labrus rufus – Spanish hogfish
* Labrus marginalis
* Labrus ferrugineus
* Labrus julis & Labrus paroticus – Mediterranean rainbow wrasse
* Labrus suillus & Labrus rupestris – Goldsinny wrasse
* Labrus striatus – Black sea bass
* Labrus gvaza – Venezuelan grouper
* Labrus ocellaris
* Labrus tinca – Symphodus tinca
* Labrus bimaculatus – Cichlasoma bimaculatum
* Labrus punctatus – Polycentrus schomburgkii
* Labrus melops – Corkwing wrasse
* Labrus niloticus – Nile perch
* Labrus ossifagus, Labrus mixtus, & Labrus varius – Cuckoo wrasse
* Labrus onitis – Tautog
* Labrus viridis – Green wrasse
* Labrus luscus – Green wrasse
* Labrus livens – Labrus merula
* Labrus turdus – Labrus viridis
* Labrus exoletus & Labrus chinensis – Centrolabrus exoletus
* Labrus linearis
* Labrus fulvus – Cephalopholis fulva
* Labrus radiatus – Puddingwife wrasse
* Labrus merula – Brown wrasse
* Labrus cynaedus

### Sciaena (Snappers & Croakers)

* Sciaena cappa
* Sciaena lepisma
* Sciaena unimaculata
* Sciaena umbra – Brown meagre
* Sciaena cirrosa – Umbrina cirrosa

### Perca (Perch, Grouper, & kin)

* Perca fluviatilis – European perch
* Perca lucioperca – Zander (Sander lucioperca)
* Perca asper – Asper (Zingel asper)
* Perca labrax – European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
* Perca nilotica – Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
* Perca marina – Painted comber (Serranus scriba)
* Perca nobilis – Barred grunt (Conodon nobilis)
* Perca polymna – Saddleback clownfish (Amphiprion polymnus)
* Perca cottoides – Marbled stingfish (Cottapistus cottoides)
* Perca philadelphica – Centropristis philadelphica
* Perca mediterranea – Axillary wrasse (Symphodus mediterraneus)
* Perca vittata – Oriental Sweetlips (Plectorhinchus vittatus)
* Perca punctata – Coney (Cephalopholis fulva)
* Perca guttata – Red hind (Epinephelus guttatus)
* Perca scriba – Painted comber (Serranus scriba)
* Perca venenosa – Yellowfin grouper (Mycteroperca venenosa)
* Perca melanura – Cottonwick grunt (Haemulon melanurum)
* Perca gibbosa – Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus)
* Perca saltatrix – Kyphosus sectatrix
* Perca stigma
* Perca diagramma – Striped sweetlips (Plectorhinchus diagrammus)
* Perca striata – Striped grunt (Haemulon striatum)
* Perca lineata – Yellowbanded sweetlips (Plectorhinchus lineatus)
* Perca rhomboidalis – Western Atlantic seabream (Archosargus rhomboidalis)
* Perca cernua – Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua)
* Perca schraetser – Striped ruffe Gymnocephalus schraetser
* Perca argentea – Terapon theraps
* Perca cabrilla – Comber (Serranus cabrilla)
* Perca radula

### Gasterosteus (Sticklebacks & kin)

* Gasterosteus aculeatus – Three-spined stickleback
* Gasterosteus ductor – Pilot fish
* Gasterosteus occidentalis
* Gasterosteus ovatus – Trachinotus ovatus
* Gasterosteus pungitius – Ninespine stickleback
* Gasterosteus volitans – Red lionfish
* Gasterosteus spinachia – Spinachia spinachia
* Gasterosteus spinarella – Flying gurnard

### Scomber (Mackerel & Tuna)

* Scomber scombrus – Atlantic mackerel
* Scomber pelamis – Skipjack tuna
* Scomber thynnus – Atlantic bluefin tuna
* Scomber cordyla – Torpedo scad
* Scomber glaucus – Trachinotus ovatus
* Scomber trachurus – Atlantic horse mackerel
* Scomber amia – Lichia amia
* Scomber pelagicus – Dolphinfish

### Mullus (Goatfishes)

* Mullus barbatus – Bluntsnouted mullet
* Mullus surmuletus – Red mullet
* Mullus imberbis – Cardinalfish

### Trigla (Sea robins)

* Trigla cataphracta – Peristedion cataphractum
* Trigla lyra – Piper gurnard
* Trigla gurnardus – Grey gurnard
* Trigla cuculus – East Atlantic red gurnard
* Trigla lucerna – Tub Gurnard
* Trigla hirundo – Chelidonichthys gabonensis
* Trigla asiatica
* Trigla volitans – Flying gurnard

## Abdominales
### Cobitis (Loaches)

* Cobitis anableps – Four-eyed fish
* Cobitis barbatula – Stone loach
* Cobitis taenia – Spined loach
* Cobitis fossilis – European weatherfish

### Silurus (Catfishes)

* Silurus asotus – Amur catfish
* Silurus glanis – Wels catfish
* Silurus aspredo – Aspredo aspredo
* Silurus mystus – African Butter catfish
* Silurus anguillaris – Mudfish
* Silurus batrachus – Walking catfish
* Silurus undecimalis
* Silurus militaris – Osteogeneiosus militaris
* Silurus catus – White catfish
* Silurus clarias – Synodontis clarias
* Silurus ascita
* Silurus costatus – Platydoras costatus
* Silurus callichthys – Armored catfish
* Silurus cataphractus – Acanthodoras cataphractus

### Loricaria (Suckermouth Catfishes)

* Loricaria cataphracta – Suckermouth catfish

### Salmo (Salmon, Trout, & kin)

* Salmo salar – Atlantic salmon
* Salmo eriox, Salmo trutta, Salmo fario, & Salmo lacustris – Brown trout
* Salmo hucho – Huchen
* Salmo carpio – Carpione
* Salmo alpinus – Arctic char
* Salmo salvelinus, Salmo salmarinus, & Salmo umbla – Salvelinus umbla
* Salmo saurus – Atlantic lizardfish
* Salmo thymallus – Grayling
* Salmo gibbosus – Charax gibbosus
* Salmo niloticus – nomen dubium
* Salmo pulverulentus – Acestrorhynchus falcatus
* Salmo anostomus – Anostomus anostomus

### Osmerus (smelts)

* Osmerus eperlanus – European smelt
* Osmerus bimaculatus – Astyanax bimaculatus

### Coregonus (whitefish)

* Coregonus lavaretus – Common whitefish
* Coregonus albula & Coregonus vimba – Vendace
* Coregonus oxyrinchus – Houting
* Coregonus immaculatus – Curimata cyprinoides

### Fistularia (Cornetfishes)

* Fistularia tabacaria – Bluespotted cornetfish

### Esox (Pike, Gar, and kin)

* Esox sphyraena – European barracuda
* Esox osseus – Longnose gar
* Esox vulpes – Bonefish
* Esox synodus – Diamond lizardfish
* Esox lucius – Northern pike
* Esox hepsetus – Anchoa hepsetus
* Esox bellone
* Esox brasiliensis – Ballyhoo
* Esox gymnocephalus – unknown

### Argentina (Herring smelts)

* Argentina sphyraena – European argentine

### Atherina (Silversides)

* Atherina hepsetus – Mediterranean sand smelt

### Mugil (Mullet)

* Mugil cephalus – Flathead mullet

### Exocoetus (Flying fishes)

* Exocoetus volitans – Tropical two-winged flying fish

### Polynemus (Threadfins)

* Polynemus quinquarius – Pentanemus quinquarius
* Polynemus virginicus – Polydactylus virginicus
* Polynemus paradiseus – Paradise threadfin

### Clupea (Herring, Hatchetfishes, & kin)

* Clupea harengus – Atlantic herring
* Clupea sprattus – European sprat
* Clupea alosa – Allis shad
* Clupea encrasicolus – European anchovy
* Clupea thrissa – Clupanodon thrissa
* Clupea sima
* Clupea sternicla – Common hatchetfish
* Clupea mystus – Coilia mystus
* Clupea tropica
* Clupea sinensis – Tenualosa reevesii

### Cyprinus (Carp & kin)

* Cyprinus barbus – Common barbel
* Cyprinus carpio – Common carp
* Cyprinus gobio – Gobio gobio
* Cyprinus americanus – Menticirrhus americanus
* Cyprinus carassius – Crucian carp
* Cyprinus tinca – Tench
* Cyprinus cephalus – European chub
* Cyprinus auratus – Goldfish
* Cyprinus niloticus
* Cyprinus phoxinus & Cyprinus aphya – Common minnow
* Cyprinus leuciscus, Cyprinus dobula, & Cyprinus grislagine – Common dace
* Cyprinus idbarus, Cyprinus idus, Cyprinus orfus, & Cyprinus jeses – Ide
* Cyprinus rutilus – Common roach
* Cyprinus erythrophthalmus – Common rudd
* Cyprinus nasus – Common Nase
* Cyprinus aspius – Asp
* Cyprinus alburnus – Common Bleak
* Cyprinus vimba – Vimba bream
* Cyprinus dentex – Alestes dentex
* Cyprinus brama – Carp bream
* Cyprinus cultratus – Ziege
* Cyprinus bjoerkna – Silver bream
* Cyprinus farenus & Cyprinus ballerus – Blue bream

## Branchiostegi
### Mormyrus (Elephantfishes)

* Mormyrus cyprinoides – Marcusenius cyprinoides
* Mormyrus anguilloides – Cornish jack
* Mormyrus caschive – Mormyrus caschive

### Balistes (Triggerfishes)

* Balistes monoceros – Unicorn leatherjacket
* Balistes tomentosus – Acreichthys tomentosus
* Balistes papillosus – Papillose filefish
* Balistes verrucosus – Rhinecanthus verrucosus
* Balistes aculeatus – Lagoon triggerfish
* Balistes vetula – Queen triggerfish
* Balistes ringens – Xanthichthys ringens
* Balistes scolopax – Longspine snipefish

### Ostracion (Boxfishes & Cowfishes)

* Ostracion triqueter – Lactophrys triqueter
* Ostracion trigonus – Lactophrys trigonus
* Ostracion bicaudalis – Spotted trunkfish
* Ostracion tricornis & Ostracion quadricornis – scrawled cowfish
* Ostracion cornutus – longhorn cowfish
* Ostracion tuberculatus & Ostracion cubicus – yellow boxfish
* Ostracion gibbosus – Tetrosomus gibbosus

### Tetraodon (Pufferfishes & Sunfishes)

* Tetraodon testudineus – Checkered puffer
* Tetraodon lagocephalus – Oceanic puffer
* Tetraodon lineatus – Fahaka pufferfish
* Tetraodon ocellatus – Takifugu ocellatus
* Tetraodon hispidus – White-spotted puffer
* Tetraodon mola – Ocean sunfish

### Diodon (Porcupinefishes)

* Diodon atringa – Chilomycterus atringa
* Diodon reticulatus & Diodon echinatus – Chilomycterus reticulatus
* Diodon spinosus – Chilomycterus spinosus
* Diodon hystrix – Spot-fin porcupinefish
* Diodon holocanthus – Long-spine porcupinefish
* Diodon raninus

### Centriscus (Shrimpfishes)

* Centriscus scutatus – Grooved shrimpfish

### Syngnathus (Pipefishes & Seahorses)

* Syngnathus typhle – Broad-nosed pipefish
* Syngnathus acus – Common pipefish
* Syngnathus pelagicus – Pelagic pipefish
* Syngnathus aequoreus – Entelurus aequoreus
* Syngnathus ophidion & Sygnathus barbarus – Nerophis ophidion
* Syngnathus hippocampus – Short-snouted seahorse

### Pegasus (Seamoths)

* Pegasus volitans – Longtail seamoth