# Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

Tabuk (Arabic: تَبُوْك Tabūk, Arabic:) is the capital city of the Tabuk Region in northwestern Saudi Arabia. It has a population of 594,350 (as of 2022). It is close to the Jordan–Saudi Arabia border and houses the largest air force base in Saudi Arabia.

## History and prehistory

The historical place of Midian roughly corresponds to what is now region of Tabuk. Tabuk Castle, known as the castle of Aṣ-ḥāb al-Aykah ("Companions of the Wood"), is mentioned in the Quran. The castle dates back to about 3500 BCE and has been restored many times; the last was in 1652. Several forts and stations were built along the Syrian pilgrimage route, from the Jordanian border to Medina to welcome the pilgrims. The fort consists of two floors built around an open courtyard with a mosque, a well, and a stairway leading to the watch towers used by the guards. Tabuk Castle is considered an archaeological landmark of the region and is open to visitors.
Ptolemy mentioned a place by the name 'Tabawa', at the northwestern corner of Arabia. This name may be a reference to 'Tabuka' or 'Tabuk'. If this is true, the town may be as old as Ptolemy's time. Pre-Islamic Arab poets such as Antra and Nabiqa mention the mountain 'Hasmi' in their poems.
Tabouk became famous for the Expedition of Tabuk in 630 CE, during the period of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Since then, it remained a gateway to North Arabia. It was visited by Charles Montagu Doughty in 1877.
Tabuk was captured by the Arab forces in 1918, three weeks after the British capture of Damascus. Tabuk became a centre of military activity during the 1991 Gulf War as the city faced threats from Iraqi Scud missiles and air attacks.
The region is rich in antiquities and archaeological sites such as petroglyphs, inscriptions, forts, palaces, walls, the Syrian-Egyptian pilgrimage route, and the remains of the Hejaz railway, the main station of which is located in Tabuk.
Hundreds of localities with rock art and inscriptions dating to different chronological periods and ranging from the Paleolithic to the Islamic period were recorded at Wadi Dam and the region west of Tabuk. A study of the art revealed rich stylistic variability and both human and animal figures were represented in it. Numerous sites in the area with Thamudic, Greek and Nabataean inscriptions have been found.
Ain Sukkrah is an ancient ‘ayn (Arabic: عَيْن, romanized: spring) dating back to the Jahiliyyah ("Era of Ignorance"). There is a legend that during the expedition of Tabuk, Muhammad camped for more than ten days near the spring and drank from its water.
The Prophet's Mosque is also known as the Repentance Mosque. It was originally built with mud and roofed with palm trunk trees. It was restored in 1652. Eventually, its complete renewal was ordered by the late King Faisal ibn Abdul-Aziz, along the pattern of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina.

## Demographics

In 1950, Tabuk had a population of 12,000. By 2022, this number had grown to 594,350.

## Education

Universities include:
* University of Tabuk
* Fahad bin Sultan University
Private schools include:
* British International School of Tabuk
* International Indian School Tabuk
* Pakistan International School of Tabuk
* Philippine International School
* King Abdulaziz Model schools
* Tabuk International School
* Bangladesh International School, Tabuk
* The University of Tabuk
* British International School of Tabuk

## Geography and climate

Climate data for Tabuk (1991–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28 (82) | 29 (84) | 35 (95) | 37 (99) | 41 (106) | 42 (108) | 44 (111) | 44 (111) | 41 (106) | 38 (100) | 33 (91) | 28 (82) | 44 (111) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.7 (63.9) | 20.6 (69.1) | 24.9 (76.8) | 29.5 (85.1) | 33.8 (92.8) | 36.9 (98.4) | 38.2 (100.8) | 38.7 (101.7) | 36.1 (97.0) | 31.1 (88.0) | 23.8 (74.8) | 18.9 (66.0) | 29.2 (84.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) | 13.1 (55.6) | 17.3 (63.1) | 21.8 (71.2) | 26.2 (79.2) | 29.3 (84.7) | 30.9 (87.6) | 31.2 (88.2) | 28.4 (83.1) | 23.4 (74.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 11.7 (53.1) | 21.7 (71.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) | 5.3 (41.5) | 8.7 (47.7) | 12.9 (55.2) | 17 (63) | 20 (68) | 22 (72) | 22.2 (72.0) | 19.3 (66.7) | 15.1 (59.2) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.7 (40.5) | 13.3 (56.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7 (19) | −7 (19) | −4 (25) | 0 (32) | 7 (45) | 11 (52) | 15 (59) | 15 (59) | 10 (50) | 5 (41) | −3 (27) | −6 (21) | −7 (19) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 9.1 (0.36) | 2.3 (0.09) | 4.4 (0.17) | 1.2 (0.05) | 1.8 (0.07) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.8 (0.03) | 0.1 (0.00) | 2.9 (0.11) | 3.3 (0.13) | 1.7 (0.07) | 27.8 (1.09) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 5.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 51 | 42 | 35 | 27 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 27 | 34 | 43 | 51 | 34 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 0 (32) | −1 (30) | 0 (32) | 0 (32) | 2 (36) | 4 (39) | 6 (43) | 7 (45) | 6 (43) | 5 (41) | 3 (37) | 1 (34) | 3 (37) |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization, Jeddah Regional Climate Center (humidity 1985-2010) (Red Sea International Airport) ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015) ||||||||||||||

## Transportation

Tabuk Regional Airport is served by Saudia and other airlines, with both domestic and international destinations.