# Daim Zainuddin

Che Abdul Daim bin Zainuddin (Jawi: چئ عبدالدائم بن زين الدين‎; 29 April 1938 – 13 November 2024) was a Malaysian politician and businessman who served as the Minister of Finance from 1984 to 1989 and again from 1999 to 2001 under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. He also served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1982 to 2004 and as a Senator from 1980 to 1982.
Though not listed in any indexes, Daim was known as one of Malaysia's wealthiest individuals. Daim and his wife were investigated and charged in January 2024 with failing to declare 71 assets as part of an anti-corruption probe that he described as politically motivated.

## Early life and education

Daim Zainuddin was born in Alor Setar, Kedah, British Malaya (now Malaysia). He was the youngest of thirteen siblings. His father, Mohd Zainuddin Hj Senawi, was a clerk in the Kedah State Civil Service, while his mother, Pok Rafeah Binti Ishak, was a homemaker. He received his early education at the Seberang Perak Malay School in Alor Setar. He later attended Sultan Abdul Hamid College, an English-medium school, and completed his upper secondary education at St. Xavier's Institution, George Town, Penang.
Daim's mother supported his aspirations to study law, selling the family's land to fund his education in the United Kingdom. He studied at Lincoln's Inn, London, for eighteen months and was called to the English Bar in 1959 at age 21. He later pursued further studies in Urban Planning at the University of California, Berkeley, completing the program in 1979.
In 2019, at the age of 81, Daim obtained a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree from the University of Malaya after completing a thesis on the New Economic Policy which he had worked on for 11 years.

## Political career

Daim began his political career as a Senator from 1980 until his resignation to contest in the 1982 general election where he was elected as the Kuala Muda MP, before transferring to Merbok in 1986 and served as its MP until 2004 as a member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO).
Daim was appointed as Finance Minister under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in 1984, serving until 1991, and later returning to the role from 1999 to 2001. Known for his economic policy work, Daim played a key advisory role in guiding Malaysia's economic recovery, with the GDP improving from a negative growth rate of 1.03% in 1985 to 9.06% in 1989.
He was expelled from UMNO over his support for Mahathir and the opposition Pakatan Harapan coalition in 2018. He helped campaign for the coalition in several marginal seats. Upon Pakatan Harapan's victory, he was appointed to the newly founded Council of Eminent Persons, which served as an advisory body to the new government. This body was dissolved at the end of its 100-day mandate.

## Business ventures

Daim began his career in real estate and finance in the 1970s, founding Syarikat Maluri Sdn Bhd in 1973, which played a pivotal role in developing Kuala Lumpur townships such as Taman Maluri and Taman Bukit Maluri. Over the years, he expanded his portfolio to include holdings in property development, hospitality, and materials, with companies like Ibu Kota Developments Sdn Bhd, Menara Ampang Sdn Bhd, and Avillion Bhd, which operates luxury hotels and resorts in Port Dickson, Pangkor, and Cameron Highlands.
In 1981, he expanded into banking by acquiring Indo-Suez Bank, rebranding it as the Malaysian-French Bank. His international ventures included founding the International Commercial Bank (ICB) in Switzerland in 1991, which later extended to operations in Sierra Leone and Gambia.
Daim's business empire ultimately encompassed over 30 companies. Among his significant holdings, Avillion Bhd maintained a net book value of RM285.92 million despite financial difficulties in recent years. His son, Md Wira Dani, continues the family's involvement in Avillion Bhd, holding a 21.82% stake through Daza Holdings Sdn Bhd and Ibu Kota Developments Sdn Bhd.

## Corruption investigation

In May 2023, the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) initiated an investigation into a 'former senior minister' over the alleged misappropriation of RM2.3 billion. The inquiry focused on two companies, Renong Sdn Bhd and United Engineers Malaysia Berhad, both linked to UMNO. Daim was the party's treasurer from 1984 to 2001. As part of a broader investigation stemming from the Pandora and Panama Papers which began in 2022, the MACC petitioned Daim to declare his and his family's assets. His refusal led to the seizure of Ilham Tower, a 58-storey building owned by Daim's family.
Daim and Mahathir, whose son has also been subjected to an anti-corruption probe, had accused the investigators of having political motivations in targeting government critics.
In January 2024, Daim was charged under anti-corruption laws for failing to declare 71 assets, including two investment accounts, six luxury vehicles, 24 properties and plots of land, and 38 companies. He appeared in court to plead not guilty, having been discharged from hospital before the indictment.

## Death

Daim died on 13 November 2024, having been admitted to Assunta Hospital, Petaling Jaya the previous month. He was 86. His funeral was held at the Federal Territory Mosque attended by family, dignitaries, and friends. He was buried at the Bukit Kiara Muslim Cemetery in Kuala Lumpur.

## Election results

Parliament of Malaysia :
| Year | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout |
| 1982 | P012 Kuala Muda | Abdul Daim Zainuddin (UMNO) | 21,782 | 73.82% | Gazzhali Dinn (PAS) | 7,724 | 26.18% | 30,570 | 14,058 | 76.79% |
| 1986 | P011 Merbok | Abdul Daim Zainuddin (UMNO) | 20,712 | 74.83% | Reddhuan Oon (PAS) | 6,967 | 25.17% | 28,495 | 13,745 | 70.12% |
| 1990 | P011 Merbok | Abdul Daim Zainuddin (UMNO) | 25,749 | 72.22% | Mohd Joharrie Abbiddin (S46) | 9,906 | 27.78% | 36,831 | 15,843 | 72.71% |
| 1995 | P014 Merbok | Abdul Daim Zainuddin (UMNO) | 31,125 | 77.72% | Maherran Muktarr (S46) | 8,924 | 22.28% | 41,941 | 22,201 | 70.56% |
| 1999 | P014 Merbok | Abdul Daim Zainuddin (UMNO) | 30,285 | 67.01% | Mocktar Mansor (KeADILan) | 14,909 | 32.99% | 46,599 | 15,376 | 73.19% |

## Honours
### Honours of Malaysia

* Malaysia:
** Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (SSM) – Tun (1991)
* Kedah:
** Knight Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (DHMS) – Dato' Paduka (1988)
* Malacca:
** Grand Commander of the Order of Malacca (DGSM) – Datuk Seri (2001)
* Pahang:
** Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (1988)
* Selangor:
** Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SPMS) – Dato' Seri (1997)