OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Turned A

Turned A (capital: Ɐ, lowercase: ɐ, math symbol ∀) is a letter and symbol based upon the letter A.

## Modern usage

* Lowercase ɐ (in Roman, or "two-storey" form) is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to identify the near-open central vowel. This is not to be confused with the turned alpha or turned script a, ɒ, which is used in the IPA for the open back rounded vowel.
* The logical symbol ∀ has the same shape as a sans-serif capital turned A. It is used to represent universal quantification in predicate logic, where it is typically read as "for all". It was first used in this way by Gerhard Gentzen in 1935, by analogy with Giuseppe Peano's turned E notation for existential quantification and the later use of Peano's notation by Bertrand Russell.

## Historical usage

* Turned a presented in Edward Lhuyd's Archaeologia Britannica, 1707.
* Turned a in William Pryce's Archaeologia Cornu-Britannica, 1790.
Because of the relative ease of creating this letterform using traditional printing methods, it had frequent and varied historical uses. According to the principle of acrophony, the letter A originated from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet as a symbol representing the head of an ox or cow (aleph), its orientation and original meaning having been lost over time. The turned A symbol restores the letter to a more easily recognizable logographic representation of an ox's head.
A denarius coin from the Roman Republic has been found, struck with a (capital) turned A, in the collection of a Madrid-based numismatist; it is unclear whether this was intentional, or a printer's error for a V.
It was used in the 18th century by Edward Lhuyd and William Pryce as a phonetic character for the Cornish language. In their books, both Ɐ and ɐ have been used. It was used in the 19th century by Charles Sanders Peirce as a logical symbol for un-American.
U+1D44 ᵄ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED A is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, a system developed in the early 20th century for transcribing Uralic languages. However, as this system was not standardized across (nor within) languages, it has been supplanted in this use by the International Phonetic Alphabet.

## Encodings

Character information :
| Preview | Ɐ | Ɐ | ɐ | ɐ | ∀ | ∀ |
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED A | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED A | LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED A | LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED A | FOR ALL | FOR ALL |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 11375 | U+2C6F | 592 | U+0250 | 8704 | U+2200 |
| UTF-8 | 226 177 175 | E2 B1 AF | 201 144 | C9 90 | 226 136 128 | E2 88 80 |
| Numeric character reference | &#11375; | &#x2C6F; | &#592; | &#x250; | &#8704; | &#x2200; |
| Named character reference | | | | | &ForAll;, &forall; | &ForAll;, &forall; |
| Symbol font | | | | | 34 | 22 |
| TeX | | | | | \forall | \forall |
# Democratic Republic of the Congo Handball Federation

The Democratic Republic of the Congo Handball Federation (French: Fédération de Handball du Congo Démocratique) (DRCHF) is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Founded in 1970, DRCHF is a member of African Handball Confederation (CAHB) and the International Handball Federation (IHF).

## National teams

* DR Congo men's national handball team
* DR Congo men's national junior handball team
* DR Congo women's national handball team
# Verdelle Smith

Verdelle Smith is an American pop singer who was a one-hit wonder with the song "Tar and Cement" in 1966, an adaptation of the Italian massive hit "Il ragazzo della via Gluck" from Adriano Celentano. She currently lives in Brooklyn, New York.

## Selective discography
### Singles

Issued on Capitol Records in the United States. Some also on Capitol in Canada and Australia; EMI in the UK; Peak Records in New Zealand.
* "(Alone) In My Room" was originally a Spanish song written by Joaquin Pieto, and was later recorded by the Walker Brothers on their second LP, Portrait (1966); by Nancy Sinatra, also in 1966, for her debut album Boots; Willie and the Walkers (#40 in Canada, Jan.1968); and by Marc and the Mambas for their 1983 album Torment and Toreros. The English lyrics were also written by Lee Pockriss and Paul Vance. Her version reached #57 in Canada.
* "Oh How Much I Love You"
* "Tar and Cement": Verdelle Smith recorded "Tar and Cement", an English-language version of the 1966 Italian song "Il ragazzo della via Gluck" by singer Adriano Celentano. Her English version was written by Lee Pockriss and Paul Vance. "Tar and Cement" made it to No. 2 in Australia and to No. 38 in the United States. In Canada, it reached #32.
* "I Don't Need Anything", which was later a minor UK hit in 1967 for Sandie Shaw.
* "If You Can't Say Anything Nice About Me"
* "Baby, Baby" / "There's So Much Love All Around Me"
* "Life Goes On" / "Juanito"
* "Carnaby's Gone Away" / "Sittin' and Waitin'"
* "There`s so much love all around me"

### Albums

* (Alone) In My Room, Capitol Records, 1966. Produced by Marvin Holtzman, arranged by Lee Pockriss.
* Tar and Cement—The Complete Recordings 1965–1967, Omni Recordings, 2013.
# Alessandro De Vitis

Alessandro De Vitis (born 15 February 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie C Group B club Rimini. His father is the Italian striker Antonio De Vitis.

## Club career

On 21 August 2009, De Vitis moved from Fiorentina to Parma on a permanent deal. He played two seasons with Parma's youth team before he was loaned to Serie B side Modena in the summer of 2011. He made 24 league appearances in the 42-match season, but completed 90 minutes just twice and 14 of the 24 were from the bench.
The following year, he was loaned out to a Serie B side with better promotion prospects: Padova.
On 31 July 2013, De Vitis was signed by fellow Serie A club Sampdoria for €2.3 million in a five-year contract, with Gianni Munari moved to opposite direction for €500,000.
On 2 August 2013, De Vitis was signed by Carpi. On 7 August 2015, he was signed by SPAL.
On 5 August 2024, De Vitis signed a two-season contract with Rimini.

## International career

De Vitis has represented his country at international level for the under-16, under-17, under-18, under-19 and under-20 sides.
# Gifu fans

Gifu fans (岐阜うちわ, Gifu Uchiwa) are hand-held fans created as a special product of the city of Gifu in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. They have been labeled as one of Gifu's traditional crafts and have a history dating back to the Muromachi period. The fans were first created as omiyage for tourists and visitors to Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River.

## History

The Oyudan no Ue no Nikki (御湯殿上日記), a journal from the Muromachi period, records that Gifu's Zuiryū-ji gave away fans as gifts. A member of the Matsudaira clan officially named the fans Gifu Uchiwa.
Today, over 10,000 fans are produced each year.

## Features

Gifu Uchiwa are strong fans, entirely handmade from washi (Japanese paper) and bamboo. The covers for the fans are made using Mino washi, while the base structure is made in more fine a detail than the fans made in Marugame and Kyoto. There are over 20 individual steps required to make one fan.
# Pleasant Hills, Pennsylvania

Pleasant Hills is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,504. It is a suburb of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.

## History

The borough was incorporated into Allegheny County in 1947.

## Geography

Pleasant Hills is located at 40°19′56″N 79°57′38″W﻿ / ﻿40.33222°N 79.96056°W﻿ / 40.33222; -79.96056 (40.332219, −79.960488). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 2.78 square miles (7.2 km$^2$), all land.

### Surrounding communities

Pleasant Hills has three borders, including Baldwin to the northwest, West Mifflin to the northeast, and Jefferson Hills to the southeast.

## Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 8,397 people, 3,422 households, and 2,405 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,084.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,191.0/km$^2$). There were 3,572 housing units at an average density of 1,312.2 per square mile (506.6/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.05% White, 1.31% African American, 0.05% Native American, 1.07% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population.
There were 3,422 households, out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 61.3% were married couples living together. 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals. 15.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42, and the average family size was 2.96.
In the borough, the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $50,289, and the median income for a family was $60,752. Males had a median income of $44,300 versus $31,881 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $25,083. About 2.5% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over.
Presidential election results :
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third parties |
| 2020 | 50.3% 2,697 | 48.3% 2,590 | 1.4% 74 |
| 2016 | 53% 2,469 | 45% 2,098 | 2% 59 |
| 2012 | 55% 2,515 | 44% 2,052 | 1% 46 |

## Notable person

* Katie May, model and businesswoman
# Fu Quanyou

Fu Quanyou (Chinese: 傅全有; pinyin: Fù Quányǒu; born November 1930) is a retired general of the People's Republic of China.

## Biography

Fu was born in Guo County (now Yuanping), Shanxi in 1930. He joined the People's Liberation Army in October 1946, and the Chinese Communist Party in August 1947.
He joined the Chinese People's Volunteer Army in February 1953 and fought in Korea until October 1958 when he returned to China. In 1960 he graduated from the PLA's higher military academy. He became the commander of Chengdu Military Region in June 1985, and the commander of Lanzhou Military Region in May 1990. He was a member of 12th - 15th CCP central committees, and a delegate in the 8th and 9th National People's Congress. He was made lieutenant general (zhongjiang) in 1988 and general (shangjiang) in 1993. From October 1992 to September 1995, he was the director of the General Logistics Department of the PLA. He was promoted to the head of General Staff Department of the PLA in September 1995.
Fu was a member of the Central Military Commission (CMC) from October 1992 until his retirement in March 2003.

## Views

Fu viewed the PLA exercises during the 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait crisis as successful.$^{:147}$ Fu reported to the CMC that the 1995 exercises were "all extremely successful: they attacked the power of the 'Taiwan separatists' represented by Lee Teng-hui, warned the United States as the main outside intervening power, and they were forcefully accompanied by political and diplomatic struggles and were highly praised by the Politburo and the CMC."$^{:147}$
During the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the United States bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade.$^{:17}$ Believing that the bombing was intentional, Chinese leadership worried that China was significantly lacking in leverage against the United States.$^{:17}$ A few weeks after the bombing, Fu contended, "[W]hen dealing with the United States, we must have strength, if we lag behind we will be attacked."$^{:165}$
Regarding counterspace weapons, Fu stated in 2000 that "following the development of space weaponry, outer space can be used not only for reconnaissance, warning, guidance, and positioning support for operations on land, at sea, and in the air in the future, it is also becoming an important battlefield for the adversary carrying out space-space and space-ground operations."$^{:255}$
# FC Ozgon

FC Ozgon is a Kyrgyz professional football club from the capital Özgön. The club currently competes in the Kyrgyz Premier League.

## History

At the Kyrgyz Football Union general meeting on 20 December 2024, FC Ozgon was one of four newly created clubs accepted into the 2025 season, as the league expanded to fourteen clubs.

## Current squad

    As of 4 March 2025
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 1 | GK | UZB | Islam Abdullaev |
| 4 | DF | KGZ | Ulanbek Sulaymanov |
| 5 | MF | COL | César Benavides |
| 6 | MF | KGZ | Musa Ali Altynbek uulu |
| 7 | MF | KGZ | Nurbolot Yrysbekov |
| 8 | MF | KGZ | Bektur Kochkonbaev |
| 9 | MF | UZB | Javokhir Sokhibov |
| 10 | MF | KGZ | Nurlan Sarykbaev |
| 11 | MF | KGZ | Dinmukhamed Taalaybekov |
| 12 | FW | COL | Ethan Lizalda |
| 13 | DF | UKR | Ivan Zotko |
| 14 | MF | KGZ | Darmanbek Suranov |
| 15 | MF | KGZ | Bakyt Usenov |
| 17 | MF | KGZ | Irrakhimbek Nurmat uulu |
| 18 | DF | KGZ | Elizar Khalilov |
| 19 | FW | KGZ | Uran Mendibaev |
| 20 | DF | KGZ | Anton Fedyunin |
| 21 | MF | KGZ | Asad Gulamzhanov |
| 22 | MF | KGZ | Kuduret Iskandarbekov |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 23 | DF | KGZ | Temirlan Subanov |
| 24 | MF | KGZ | Abror Kydyraliyev |
| 24 | FW | UZB | Izzatilla Abdullaev |
| 26 | FW | KGZ | Daniel Aktanov |
| 27 | DF | KGZ | Ibrahim Zhetimishev |
| 29 | FW | TKM | Mihail Titow |
| 35 | GK | KGZ | Omurzak Oronbaev |
| 44 | MF | KGZ | Alijana Syn Asylbek |
| 47 | DF | KGZ | Aibek Munarbekov |
| 66 | DF | KGZ | Umar Abdullaev |
| 67 | FW | UZB | Jakhongir Kushokov |
| 71 | MF | KGZ | Albert Tairov |
| 72 | MF | KGZ | Bajel Duvanaev |
| 73 | DF | KGZ | Danis Bogdanovic |
| 74 | DF | UKR | Maksym Potopalskyi |
| 77 | DF | KGZ | Narynbek Myrzabek uulu |
| 80 | MF | KGZ | Danel Rustamov |
| 99 | GK | KGZ | Javakhir Akbarov |
# Neurofilament light polypeptide

Neurofilament light polypeptide, also known as neurofilament light chain, abbreviated to NF-L or Nfl and with the HGNC name NEFL is a member of the intermediate filament protein family. This protein family consists of over 50 human proteins divided into 5 major classes, the Class I and II keratins, Class III vimentin, GFAP, desmin and the others, the Class IV neurofilaments and the Class V nuclear lamins. There are four major neurofilament subunits, NF-L, NF-M, NF-H and α-internexin. These form heteropolymers which assemble to produce 10 nm neurofilaments which are only expressed in neurons where they are major structural proteins, particularly concentrated in large projection axons. Axons are particularly sensitive to mechanical and metabolic compromise and as a result axonal degeneration is a significant problem in many neurological disorders. The detection of neurofilament subunits in CSF and blood has therefore become widely used as a biomarker of ongoing axonal compromise. The NF-L protein is encoded by the NEFL gene. Neurofilament light chain is a biomarker that can be measured with immunoassays in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma and reflects axonal damage in a wide variety of neurological disorders. It is a useful marker for disease monitoring in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and more recently Huntington's disease. It is also promising marker for follow-up of patients with brain tumors. Higher levels of blood or CSF NF-L have been associated with increased mortality, as would be expected as release of this protein reflects ongoing axonal loss. Recent work performed as a collaboration between EnCor Biotechnology Inc. and the University of Florida showed that the NF-L antibodies employed in the most widely used NF-L assays are specific for cleaved forms of NF-L generated by proteolysis induced by cell death. Methods used in different studies for NfL measurement are sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), electrochemiluminescence, and high-sensitive single molecule array (SIMOA).

## Neurofilament assembly and structure

It is associated with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1F and 2E.

## Interactions

Neurofilament light polypeptide has been shown to interact with:
* MAP2,
* Protein kinase N1, and
* TSC1.
# Clostridium carnis

Clostridium carnis is a species of bacteria in the genus Clostridium. This type of bacteria spends most of its time in the soil where oxygen levels are low. As a type of anaerobic metabolizer, this bacteria uses inorganic molecules other than oxygen to make its energy. However, these bacteria are able to live in oxygen environments and are considered aerotolerant. It also tends to stay in moderately warm regions where the temperature is between 20°C and 40°C, otherwise known as a mesophilic microbe. This bacteria is found on all continents, including antarctica, but concentrates mostly in the Northern Hemisphere.
C. carnis is a motile bacteria and uses multiple (peritrichous) flagella to move. They are also capable of making endospores during their lifecycle in order to survive harsh conditions. Using a gram-stain technique, this bacteria is found to be gram positive and bacillus (rod) shaped, similar to the other species in this genus.
# Dominican Republic Handball Federation

The Dominican Republic Handball Federation (Spanish: Federación Dominicana de Balonmano) (DRHF) is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball in Dominican Republic. Founded in 1982, DRHF is a member of North America and the Caribbean Handball Confederation (NACHC) and the International Handball Federation (IHF).

## National teams

* Dominican Republic men's national handball team
* Dominican Republic men's national junior handball team
* Dominican Republic women's national handball team
# Moha. Ashrafuzzaman

Moha. Ashrafuzzaman is a Bangladeshi police officer and a former chief of the Detective Branch (DB) of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP). Before this, he served as the Additional Commissioner of DMP in charge of Logistics, Finance, and Procurement.

## Career

Ashrafuzzaman joined the 17th batch of the Bangladesh Civil Service as a police service cadre.
Prior to serving in the DMP Logistics and Finance division, Ashrafuzzaman was the Commandant (DIG) of the Police Training Center in Khulna and the Joint Police Commissioner of Dhaka Metropolitan Police's Traffic South Division.
On 31 July 2024, Ashrafuzzaman was appointed chief of the Detective Branch of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police replacing Harun Or Rashid. Rashid was criticized for detaining six coordinators of Students Against Discrimination who were protesting for quota reform.
Following the fall of the Sheikh Hasina led Awami League government, Rezaul Karim Mallick replaced Ashrafuzzaman as the Detective Branch of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police in September 2024. Mallick was the general secretary of Amra Zia'r Sainik (we are Zia's soldiers).
# Ülo Sooster

Ülo Ilmar Sooster (October 17, 1924 in Ühtri, Käina Parish – October 25, 1970 in Moscow) was an Estonian nonconformist painter.
Ülo Sooster was born the village of Ühtri on the Estonian island of Hiiumaa. He was the son of Johannes Sooster and Veera Sooster (née Tatter) and had a sister, Meedi, two years younger. His father was later remarried to Linda Vahtras. He was the cousin of the ceramist Mall Valk (née Sooster). He was educated at Tartu Art College where he studied surrealism during the years 1945–1949. In 1949, his studies were cut short when he was arrested and, like hundreds of thousands of other Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians, he was arrested and deported by the Soviet authorities to Gulag. Sooster was sentenced to ten years of hard labour in the Karaganda camp. In 1956, during the Khrushchev Thaw, he was released and 'rehabilitated' by denouncing Stalinism. He returned to Estonia in 1956, but in 1957 he went to Moscow, and began intensive practice as non-conformist artist.
In 1962, he exhibited his work Eye in the Egg at the Moscow Manege exhibition that turned out to become a barrier for the official acceptance of modern art: the exhibitors received an angry reprimand from Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Ülo Sooster was one of several artists, to whom Khruschev addressed directly. Sooster's widow narrated:
   "Khrushchev walked around the room, went up to Yulo's blue painting and asked: "What is this?" "A lunar landscape," Yulo answered. "Have you been there, asshole?" Khrushchev began to yell wildly. And Yulo answered: "That's how I imagine it." "I'll send you to the West, formalist, no, no, I'll deport you, no, I'll send you to a camp!" Khrushchev continued to rage. And Yulo answered: "I've already been there." Then Khrushchev said that no, he wouldn't deport him, but he would re-educate him."
Sooster worked with Ilya Kabakov who wrote a monograph of Sooster's work which Kabakov kept throughout the Soviet period and which Kabakov finally published years later in 1996 after emigrating to New York.

## Personal life

Ülo Sooster married Lidia Serh in 1956. Their son, Tenno-Pent Sooster, was born in 1957 and would go on to become an artist.

## Exhibitions

* 1966 : Poland, XIX Festiwal Sztuk Plastycznych, Sopot – Poznań: Biura wystaw artystycznych.