# Philippine crime fiction

Philippine crime fiction is a genre of literature in the Philippines that explores themes of crime, justice, and social issues. Rooted in the country’s history and influenced by its legal system, the genre has evolved from early detective and mystery stories into a diverse body of work that includes noir, psychological thrillers, and police procedurals.
The genre gained prominence in the 20th century, with crime fiction appearing in newspapers, magazines, and later, full-length novels. Notable Filipino writers, such as F.H. Batacan, whose novel Smaller and Smaller Circles (1999) is regarded as the country’s first modern crime novel, have contributed to its development. Philippine crime fiction often reflects the country’s political climate, social inequalities, and real-life criminal cases.
In recent years, the genre has expanded through adaptations in film, television, and graphic novels, as well as through anthologies and contemporary works that continue to explore crime and justice within the Philippine context.

## The crime scene

At least seven major publishing houses in the Philippines produce crime fiction. Among the commercial publishers are PsiCom, Precious Pages, Summit Books, and Anvil Publishing. University presses such as Ateneo de Manila University Press and the University of the Philippines Press also publish crime fiction. Additionally, many crime fiction books are self-published or released by independent publishers.
There is no exact count of how many authors are currently writing crime fiction. However, notable contemporary works in the genre include Andrea: Oyayi sa Daluyong by Rom Factolerin, the Dreamland Trilogy by Ronaldo Vivo Jr., Smaller and Smaller Circles by F.H. Batacan, Good Dog by Mabek Kawsek, Ubusan ng Bida by Klaro de Asis, and the Law Series by Josh Gonzales.
We often joke that crime fiction is very scarce in the Philippines, perhaps because, for most Filipinos, crime doesn't belong to the world of fiction—it is an everyday reality.

## Historical roots

* Early Pulp and Komiks Influence (1940s-1960s)
** Philippine crime fiction has roots in komiks and serialized detective stories in magazines. Writers like Mars Ravelo (better known for superheroes like Darna) also dabbled in crime stories.
** The komiks medium often featured crime narratives intertwined with action and noir elements, similar to American pulp fiction.
* Hardboiled and Detective Fiction (1970s-1990s)
** The noir sensibility was influenced by local crime and corruption, particularly under martial law.
** Orlando Nadres, Tony Perez, and Edgardo Reyes touched on crime themes in their short stories and plays.
** Some early attempts at detective fiction appeared, but they were sporadic.

## Philippine crime and mystery genre

Crime fiction in the Philippines differs from what is usually published in the EU and the US. The EU and US books oftentimes focus on solving the crime with the police or investigators as protagonists in the story. In the Philippines, crime fiction takes the point of view of the victims, with the aggressors coming from the authorities or the police institutions.
Crime fiction in the Philippines also intertwines with political situations in the country. It often ties itself with larger themes of corruption, poverty, and justice in the Philippines, as with Jose Dalisay's Soledad's Sister (Last Call Manila, Transit Buchverlag, German edition). The novel Soledad's Sister/Last Call Manila, while not a traditional crime novel, deals with the mysterious death of a Filipina overseas worker and the subsequent investigation. It touches on themes of identity, migration, and police work in the Philippines.
Rom Factolerin's novel Andrea, on the other hand, talks about a reluctant lady assassin's attempts to disentangle herself from the drug war’s inescapable web of corruption and cruelty. It talks about revenge and salvation in vigilantism, and the tragedy of a woman’s life trapped in poverty and anguish. The novel situates itself in the middle of President Rodrigo Duterte's infamous War on Drugs in the Philippines.
Crime fiction in the Philippines blends the local color, customs, and socio-political context of the country with traditional crime fiction elements, making them distinct from their Western counterparts.

## Readership and cult following

Others make it big, others find niche readership. Ronaldo Vivo Jr's Dreamland Trilogy (Bangin sa Ilalim ng Ating mga Paa/Abyss Beneath our Feet, Kapangyarihang Higit sa Ating Lahat/Power Above Us All, and Ang Suklam sa Ating Naaagnas na Balat) situates itself in the giant slum of ‘Dreamland’ where ordinary decent criminals and extraordinarily brutal cops weave together and collide in the unforgiving landscape of the megalopolis of Metro Manila, Philippines. Although the first of the trilogy was published in 2014, Dreamland Trilogy still is very much popular especially among readers aged 16 to 27. The trilogy along with Vivo's short stories had become quite a cult hit. The stories weave a tapestry of violent histories of contemporary Philippine society. Jose Dalisay Jr's Last Call Manila
PsiCom and Precious Pages as publishers have a very wide readership of their books. Josh Gonzales (Law Series) started with Wattpad (with 360,000+ followers way back in 2020) then eventually got picked up by Precious Pages. He started his Law Series with Defend Me, Attorney which made it to Top 1 on Wattpad for political category just a few days after its release. The published editions of his Wattpad stories were equally as popular as his series online.
Crime fiction in the Philippines mainly talks about the ills and injustice of our society rather than focusing on the whodunnit genre. As I mentioned earlier, the point of view is that of the victims of aggression rather than investigators trying to solve a crime.

## Notable authors and their works

Josh Gonzales’ Law Series is a popular legal drama set in the Philippines, blending romance, crime, and courtroom intrigue. The series revolves around attorneys and prosecutors dealing with complex criminal cases and personal relationships.
The first book, Defend Me, Attorney, introduces Traise, a young man accused of killing his abusive father. Courtney, a defense attorney, must protect him from top prosecutors Tyler and Avery. As the stakes rise, Courtney struggles with the looming death penalty for Traise, who is also her first love.
In the second book, Convict Me, Attorney, Avery, one of the prosecutors from the first novel, joins a covert organization to uncover the truth behind a series of murders in their town. This leads to a dangerous investigation involving a cult, with secrets hidden even within his own team. The series is now on its fifth book.
Andrea: Oyayi sa Daluyong by Rom Factolerin is a gripping novel that blends elements of Philippine noir and urban literature. It follows Andrea, a woman navigating a life filled with heartbreak, betrayal, and danger. At 30, she faces not only her own struggles but also her daughter Sinta’s battle with a congenital facial disfigurement. Andrea's relationship with her partner, Naldo, spirals into a world of crime, dragging her deeper into disgrace. As she encounters a brutal retired general and corrupt politicians, she hopes that the child she carries will offer a chance at redemption. However, before seeking salvation, she must first free herself from the various traps surrounding her.
The novel was initially written as a screenplay, inspired by the real-life impact of the Duterte administration’s war on drugs. The transformation from script to novel during the pandemic adds depth to Andrea's emotional and psychological journey, highlighting the consequences of violence and loss on her life. Ronaldo Vivo Jr's Ang Bangin sa Ilalim ng Ating Mga Paa
Ronaldo Vivo Jr.'s Dreamland Trilogy explores a gritty, noir-inspired world set in the sprawling slums of Metro Manila, focusing on the violent interplay between low-level criminals and corrupt police. The first book, The Power Above Us All, follows Dodong, a small-time crook, whose life spirals into chaos after his girlfriend Che is found dead. Framed for her murder, Dodong teams up with his friend Buldan to uncover the truth, all while evading a brutal police officer, Elmer. Amidst a parallel investigation into a serial killer targeting gay men, Dodong's journey reveals deeper layers of corruption, violence, and suffering within the slum known as Dreamland.
The trilogy intertwines multiple storylines, connecting seemingly unrelated characters like Butsok, a mortician with sinister secrets, as they all converge in a bleak yet compelling narrative about power and survival in a world overwhelmed by poverty and moral decay.
F.H. Batacan's Smaller and Smaller Circles (2002) follows two Jesuit priests investigating a series of gruesome murders in the slums of Manila. The book addresses not only the criminal case but also the larger themes of corruption, poverty, and justice in the Philippines.
Payatas, a 50-acre dump in northeast Manila, is home to thousands of people who live off of what they can scavenge. It is one of the poorest neighborhoods in a city whose law enforcement is stretched thin and rife with corruption. So when the eviscerated bodies of preteen boys begin to appear in the trash heaps in the rainy summer of 1997, there is no one to seek justice on their behalf—until two Jesuit priests, forensic anthropologist Father Gus Saenz and his protégé, Father Jerome Lucero, take the matter of protecting their flock into their own hands. (From Soho Press)
It has been adapted into a film. This book is published internationally by Soho Press.
Soledad’s Sister / Last Call Manila by José Dalisay Jr. is a poignant novel that explores the complexities of identity, migration, and the human cost of the Filipino diaspora. The story begins with the arrival of a coffin containing a Filipina overseas worker named Soledad, who has died under mysterious circumstances while working in Saudi Arabia. However, the dead woman is not Soledad, but another individual who had taken on Soledad's identity.
The novel follows her sister, Rory, a local karaoke bar singer, and a policeman named Walter as they travel to Manila to claim the body. Along the way, they uncover the hardships faced by many Filipino workers abroad and reflect on their own personal struggles and dreams. The novel delves into themes of loss, family, and the harsh realities of those who seek better lives outside their home country, blending a mystery with a deep social critique.
Dalisay’s work is known for its quiet, reflective tone, offering a subtle yet powerful commentary on the consequences of poverty and migration in the Philippines. The novel was shortlisted for the Man Asian Literary Prize in 2007.

## Recurring themes

* Corruption and Police Brutality – Many stories critique the Philippine justice system.
* Manila Noir – A subgenre focusing on urban crime, often depicting the city’s underbelly.
* Social Commentary – Crime fiction in the Philippines frequently explores class struggles and systemic violence.

## Stories of Manila’s grit and grime

The authors featured here are chosen first and foremost because of their mastery of the literary craft. Vivo won the Madrigal-Gonzalez Best First Book Award and was a finalist for the Philippine National Book Award. Factolerin and De Asis were both finalists for the Philippine National Book Award in 2023 together with Vivo. Three crime fiction were shortlisted in the awards that year. Batacan won the Palanca Literary Award for her Smaller and Smaller Circles and Dalisay was shortlisted for the Man Asian Literary Prize in 2007.
While these books showcase exceptional command of language, their stories—though sometimes painful to read— will definitely tug at your heartstrings. The prose captures the raw grit and grime of Manila’s dark alleys, yet each character and narrative paints a deeply emotional picture of the struggles faced by the city’s poverty-stricken population.
In Manila, the urban poor contend with systemic injustice rooted in poverty, lack of access to basic services, and rampant corruption. Many live in overcrowded informal settlements, where eviction, violence, and exploitation are daily threats. The absence of affordable housing and stable employment, combined with social inequality, perpetuates cycles of hardship, leaving marginalized communities vulnerable to both state oppression and criminal elements.
This is the other side of our reality—and these are some of the most compelling stories our authors have to share with the world.