OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# NOS stereo technique

The Nederlandse Omroep Stitchting (NOS) stereo technique is a method of capturing stereo sound.
The Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (English: Dutch Broadcast Foundation) found a stereo main microphone system by a number of practical attempts in the 1960s. This system resulted in a quite even distribution of the phantom sources (hearing event direction) on the stereo loudspeaker base, with two small cardioid characteristic microphones, and a recording angle of the microphone system of ±40.5° = 81°. This system got empirical an axle angle of α = ±45° = 90° and a microphone distance (microphone basis) of a = 30 cm.
With this system are frequency-independent level differences effective and time of arrival differences working together in the same direction as interchannel signals (interchannel loudspeaker signals). This technique leads to a realistic stereo effect and has a reasonable mono-compatibility. These interchannel differences have nothing to do with interaural differences which come only from artificial head recordings. Even the spacing of a = 30 cm has nothing to do with human ear distance, because a useful microphone system for a set of stereo loudspeakers should be developed and not for ear phones. This recording technology is called mixed stereo or equivalence stereo. Usually this special microphone system must be built up from two single small diaphragm microphones. One should not use double diaphragm microphones because of the produced unbalanced directional characteristics and the larger phase responses. It appears advisable to experiment with the two parameters the axle angle α and the microphone basis a to which there are practical microphone mounting devices.
A similar technique is known as the ORTF stereo technique, devised by the French ORTF. With this technique is the angle between the microphone axes α = ± 55° = 110° and the distance between the cardioid microphones (microphone basis) is in this case a = 17 cm and gives a total recording angle of 96°. The choice between one and the other depends on the recording angle of the microphone system and not on the distance to and the width of the sound source, the orchestra angle.
# Ronald Grierson

Sir Ronald Hugh Grierson (6 August 1921 – 23 October 2014) was a German-born British banker, businessman, government advisor, and British Army officer. After service in the Black Watch, attached to the Special Air Service and mentioned in despatches, during the Second World War, he became a lieutenant colonel in the post-war SAS. He was managing director of the investment bank S.G. Warburg from 1948 to 1985, and vice-chairman of General Electric Company plc, an industrial conglomerate, from 1968 to 1996. From 1972 to 1974, he was Director-General for Industry at the European Commission.

## Early life

Grierson was born Rolf Hans Griessmann in Nuremberg, Germany, on 6 August 1921, the son of Ernest Griessmann. After early schooling in Nuremberg and Paris, he was educated at Highgate School from 1935 to 1939 and at Balliol College, Oxford.
# Heinrich Wicker

Heinrich Wicker (30 June 1921 – 29 April 1945) was a German SS-Untersturmführer. He was the last commandant of the Dachau concentration camp. In the final weeks of the war, Wicker was responsible for leading a death march in which nearly 200 prisoners died. He was later summarily executed by American soldiers during the Dachau liberation reprisals.

## Career

On 9 September 1933, at the age of 12, Wicker became a member of the Hitler Youth. On 25 June 1937, shortly before his 16th birthday, he joined the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS No. 320.280). From 1 November 1938 he was stationed in Dachau as a Sturmmann in the SS Totenkopf Infantry Regiment 1. During the war, Wicker fought in an SS Panzer unit. In May and June 1940, he took part in the German invasions of the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In June 1941, Wicker was involved in Operation Barbarossa. In February 1942, he was seriously wounded in the Battle of Demyansk, after which he was evacuated.
After recovering, Wicker completed courses for SS leadership applicants at the SS-Junker Schools in Bad Tölz from August to November 1943. In November 1943, Wicker, now a Oberscharführer, was transferred to Amtsgruppe D of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. On 30 January 1943 Wicker was promoted to Untersturmführer. On 1 June 1944 he was transferred to the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp and took over leadership of the Bruttig-Treis concentration camp, a subcamp of Natzweiler-Struthof. Wicker was feared by prisoners due to his brutality. In December 1944, he became the commandant of the Natzweiler Mannheim-Sandhofen subcamp. One of his first official acts there was the execution of the Warsaw prisoner Marian Krainski on 3 January 1945, for alleged factory sabotage in the schoolyard of the Friedrich School, to which he had invited five representatives of Daimler Benz.
Towards the end of the war, Wicker was the leader of several death marches. The most notable one was the Hessenthal death march, during which at least 170 concentration camp prisoners were murdered or died of exhaustion. This death march led to the Munich-Allach concentration camp. On 28 April 1945 Wicker became the final commandant of Dachau, after commandant Eduard Weiter fled. On 29 April 1945, Wicker surrendered the camp to General Henning Linden of the 42nd Infantry Division (United States) of the 7th US Army.
Weicker was never seen alive again after the war, and it is generally assumed that he was summarily executed by American soldiers during the Dachau liberation reprisals.
# David Hubert

David Hubert (born 12 February 1988) is a Belgian football manager and former player who manages Belgian Pro League side Anderlecht. A defensive midfielder, he played for clubs in Belgium and Israel and made two appearances for the Belgium national team.

## Career

Born in Wallonia, Hubert was raised in Uccle, suburban Brussels. Hubert made his debut with Genk in February 2008 in the match against K.V.C. Westerlo. In 2009, he won the Belgian Cup against KV Mechelen. On 19 May 2011, he was called up to the Belgium national team for the European Championship qualifier against Turkey.
During the 2010–11 season he captained the team winning the Jupiler Pro League. In the summer of 2011, after winning the Belgian Supercup, he managed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League after winning against Maccabi Haifa.
In January 2013 he joined Gent on a six-month loan deal after which he signed a four-year agreement.
On 13 August 2022, Hubert signed with Anderlecht to play for their reserve team RSCA Futures in the second-tier Challenger Pro League.

## Managerial statistics

    As of 16 March 2025
Managerial record by team and tenure :
| Team | From | To | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record |
| Team | From | To | G | W | D | L | Win % |
| Anderlecht | 19 September 2024 | present | 38 | 20 | 7 | 11 | 052.63 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 38 | 20 | 7 | 11 | 052.63 |

## Honours

Genk
* Belgian Pro League: 2010–11
* Belgian Cup: 2008–09
* Belgian Supercup: 2011
# Maan Sassen

Emmanuel Marie Joseph Antony "Maan" Sassen (11 September 1911 – 20 December 1995) was a Dutch politician who served as European Commissioner for Competition in the Rey Commission from 1967 to 1971.

## Career

Sassen studied law and earned a doctorate. From 1936 to 1950 he worked as a lawyer and district attorney. In 1939 he became a member of the States of North Brabant. During World War Two he was interned at Kamp Sint-Michielsgestel. In 1946 he was elected to the Dutch House of Representatives for the Katholieke Volkspartij (KVP). He served as Minister responsible for the Dutch Colonies (1948–1949) and as European Commissioner for Competition in the Rey Commission from 1967 to 1971.
He was a member of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community from its establishment in 1952 and was the first President of the Christian Democratic group, the predecessor of the European People's Party Group.
# Hürrem Pasha

İskenderpaşazade Hürrem Pasha (died 28 August 1526), known in Arabic as Khurram ibn Iskandar Pasha, was an Ottoman statesman who served as beylerbey (governor-general) of Damascus Eyalet in 1523–1524 and afterward as beylerbey of Karaman Eyalet. He was killed in office during a battle to rout rebel tribesmen in the province. His brother-in-law, Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha, erected a tomb for him the mausoleum complex of Rumi in Konya.

## Life

Hürrem was one of at least two sons of the veteran Ottoman statesman and commander Skender Pasha, the other being Mustafa Pasha. He was the brother-in-law of Sultan Suleiman's grand vizier Ibrahim Pasha, who was once a slave of Iskender Pasha's family and married Hürrem's sister Muhsine Hatun.
Hürrem was appointed the beylerbey (governor-general) of Damascus Eyalet in 1523. He led a punitive expedition against the Druze of the Chouf subdistrict in Mount Lebanon led by the Ma'n family on 27 October 1523. The expedition ended with his burning of forty-three villages and the killing of at least four hundred Druze. He launched a second expedition in 1524 when his subashis (superintendents) were killed by the Druze. In the second campaign, thirty villages were burned, at least three hundred Druze were killed and three hundred Druze women and children were taken captive. His campaigns were celebrated by the Sunni Muslim scholars and poets of Damascus.
Hürrem was later appointed beylerbey of the Kayseri-based Karaman Eyalet in Anatolia. He was killed in the plain of Kayseri on 28 August 1526 attempting to suppress rebellious Turkmen tribes, who had launched a revolt in Anatolia that year. Hürrem's troops consequently fled and the rebels captured the horses, weapons and treasure of Hürrem's camp. On their way to join the kizilbash rebels in Azerbaijan, they were routed and massacred in Diyarbakir by Ottoman troops led by Hüsrev Pasha, the beylerbey of Aleppo Eyalet.

## Death and tomb

Hürrem was buried in Konya. Ibrahim Pasha erected a mausoleum for him in the mausoleum complex of Rumi, known as the Mevlana Museum. The domed tomb, which has an octagonal plan in the classic Ottoman style, is on the east side of the kitchen. Inside the tomb is Hürrem's marble tombstone, alongside the marble tombstone of Haci Bey, an Ottoman statesman who served during Suleiman's reign.
# Jamalca District

Jamalca District is one of seven districts of the province Utcubamba in Peru.

## Climate

Climate data for Jamalca, elevation 1,173 m (3,848 ft), (1991–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.9 (78.6) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.0 (78.8) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.6 (78.1) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.7 (81.9) | 27.8 (82.0) | 27.8 (82.0) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.5 (79.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.9 (64.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 18.1 (64.6) | 18.2 (64.8) | 18.1 (64.6) | 17.5 (63.5) | 17.2 (63.0) | 17.5 (63.5) | 18.0 (64.4) | 18.3 (64.9) | 18.3 (64.9) | 17.9 (64.2) | 17.9 (64.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 130.7 (5.15) | 140.2 (5.52) | 195.3 (7.69) | 139.0 (5.47) | 87.1 (3.43) | 47.8 (1.88) | 31.0 (1.22) | 25.6 (1.01) | 52.6 (2.07) | 100.6 (3.96) | 128.2 (5.05) | 152.9 (6.02) | 1,231 (48.47) |
| Source: National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru ||||||||||||||
# University of Karbala

The University of Karbala (UoK) is a university located in the city of Karbala, Iraq. The university was founded in 2002. The university has an impact role in the academic research.

## Colleges

* College of Medicine
* College of Dentistry
* College of Pharmacy
* College of Engineering
* College of Agriculture
* College of Law
* College of Education
* College of Science
* College of Management and Economics
# Acrobasis cunulae

Acrobasis cunulae is a species of snout moth in the genus Acrobasis. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. and Heinrich, in 1929, and is known from Ontario, Canada, and eastern United States.
There is one generation per year.
The larvae feed on Carya species, including Carya illinoensis. Late stage larvae feed on the terminal leaflets of their host plant. They pull together the three most external leaflets with silk. They then construct a tube of frass and silk which is attached to the underside of the midrib of the central leaflet. They then feed on the three leaflets. Pupation takes place in a pupal chamber which is constructed at the end of the tube.
# (Waiting For) The Ghost Train

"(Waiting For) The Ghost Train" is a single by the English ska and pop band Madness. Released in October 1986 shortly after the band announced they were to break-up, it was their last single prior to reforming in 1992. It spent nine weeks in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 18. The song first appeared on an album on the band's 1986's Utter Madness greatest hits compilation, issued one month after its single release.
The song was written by Suggs about apartheid in South Africa, with its chorus "It's black and white, don't try to hide it" and the line "The station master's writing with a piece of orange chalk / One hundred cancellations, still no one wants to walk" (in reference to the South African flag). Mike Barson reunited with the other members of the band to record this song, although he did not appear in the music video.
A Christmas flexi-disc record containing the 'band demo' of the song was sent out to Madness fan club (M.I.S.) members, featuring farewells and thanks from each member of the band (except Barson).

## Critical reception

Upon its release, Anna Martin of Number One stated: "Reminiscent of the classic sound of "Grey Day" and "The Sun and the Rain", the chorus follows in the great tradition of sing-a-long-ability and ends in a big, sweeping crescendo that signals the end." Simon Mills of Smash Hits related the song to the band's recent material of that time: "Their "farewell single" is more of the same doomy stuff about an unfortunate bunch of folk who are all waiting for this train that never comes. Life's like that isn't it?"

## Track listing
### 7": Virgin / JAZZ 9 (UK)

* Side one
* "(Waiting For) The Ghost Train" – 3:41
* Side two
* "Maybe in Another Life" – 3:00

### 12": Virgin / JAZZ 9 12 (UK)

* Side one
* "(Waiting For) The Ghost Train" – 3:41
* "Maybe in Another Life" – 2:59
* Side two
* "Seven Year Scratch" – 8:39

## Charts

| Chart (1986) | Peak position |
| Irish Singles Chart | 9 |
| UK Singles Chart | 18 |
# Sheung Che

Sheung Che (Chinese: 上輋) is a village in Pat Heung, Yuen Long District, Hong Kong.

## Administration

Sheung Che is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy.
# Keanan Bennetts

Keanan Chidozie Mbaeri Bennetts (born 9 March 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Austrian Bundesliga club Austria Klagenfurt.

## Club career
### Borussia Mönchengladbach

Bennetts joined Borussia Mönchengladbach from the Tottenham Hotspur academy in 2018. He made his professional debut for Borussia Mönchengladbach in the Bundesliga on 16 June 2020, coming on as a substitute in the 90th minute for Lars Stindl in the home match against VfL Wolfsburg, which finished as a 3–0 win.

#### Ipswich Town (loan)

On 2 October 2020, Bennetts joined Ipswich Town on a season-long loan deal. He made his debut for Ipswich as a second-half substitute in a 4–1 away win over Blackpool on 10 October. On 15 December, Bennetts scored his first goal for Ipswich in a 2–1 win over Burton Albion. Bennetts made 30 appearances during his loan spell at Ipswich, scoring once.

### Darmstadt

On 21 October 2022, Bennetts joined German 2. Bundesliga club Darmstadt agreeing to a one-year contract.

### Wehen Wiesbaden

On 7 July 2023, Bennetts signed with SV Wehen Wiesbaden in 2. Bundesliga.

### Austria Klagenfurt

On 5 January 2025, Bennetts signed for Austrian Bundesliga club Austria Klagenfurt on a short-term contract until the end of the season.

## International career

Bennetts made two appearances for the Germany under-15 team in 2014, having been eligible through his mother. He later switched to represent England internationally. He also declined to represent Nigeria, eligible through his father, at the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

## Personal life

Bennetts was born in Edgware, Greater London to a German mother from Hamburg and a Nigerian father. He is fluent in German. His brother, Jayden, is also a footballer.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 15 December 2021
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Tottenham Hotspur U21 | 2017–18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach II | 2018–19 | Regionalliga West | 22 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 22 | 1 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach II | 2019–20 | Regionalliga West | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 2 | 1 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach II | 2020–21 | Regionalliga West | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach II | Total | Total | 26 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 2 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach | 2019–20 | Bundesliga | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach | 2021–22 | Bundesliga | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 5 | 0 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach | Total | Total | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Ipswich Town (loan) | 2020–21 | League One | 28 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 59 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 65 | 3 |
* 1 2 Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy
# First di Rudinì government

The Di Rudinì I government of Italy held office from 6 February 1891 until 15 May 1892, a total of 464 days, or 1 year, 3 months and 9 days.

## Government parties

The government was composed by the following parties:
| Party | Party | Ideology | Leader |
| | Historical Left | Liberalism | Giovanni Giolitti |
| | Historical Right | Conservatism | Antonio Starabba di Rudinì |

## Composition

| Office | Name | Party | Term |
| Prime Minister | Antonio Starabba di Rudinì | Historical Right | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of the Interior | Giovanni Nicotera | Historical Left | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Antonio Starabba di Rudinì | Historical Right | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of Grace and Justice | Luigi Ferraris | Historical Right | (1891–1891) |
| Minister of Grace and Justice | Bruno Chimirri | Historical Right | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of Finance | Giuseppe Colombo | Historical Right | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of Finance | Luigi Luzzatti | Historical Right | (1892–1892) |
| Minister of Treasury | Luigi Luzzatti | Historical Right | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of War | Luigi Pelloux | Military | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of the Navy | Simone Antonio Saint-Bon | Military | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce | Bruno Chimirri | Historical Right | (1891–1891) |
| Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce | Antonio Starabba di Rudinì | Historical Right | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of Public Works | Ascanio Branca | Historical Left | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of Public Education | Pasquale Villari | Historical Right | (1891–1892) |
| Minister of Post and Telegraphs | Ascanio Branca | Historical Left | (1891–1892) |
# The People's Own MP

The People's Own MP is an Irish rebel song about Bobby Sands, one of the Irish hunger strikers.
The song was written by Bruce Scott and recorded by Christy Moore on the latter's 1984 EP Back Home in Derry and his 1986 album, The Spirit of Freedom. It has been described as an example of the "hero-martyr" genre of rebel music in which the "intellectual, artistic and moral qualities" of the subject are eulogised beyond courage.
# Philibert Schogt

Philibert Schogt (born 1960) is a Dutch writer. He was born in Amsterdam, but grew up in the United States and Canada. He studied philosophy and mathematics at the University of Amsterdam. He is best known for his novels De wilde getallen and Daalder. His work has been translated into English, German, Greek, Italian, Turkish and Korean.
# Alastair Aird

Captain Sir Alastair Sturgis Aird GCVO (14 January 1931 – 30 September 2009) was a British royal courtier.

## Biography

Aird was the second son of Colonel Malcolm Henry Aird O.B.E. (1899–1965), of the 9th Lancers, who, as son of Malcolm Rucker Aird, was a grandson of Sir John Aird, 1st Baronet, and his wife Joan Meredith, née Sturgis. He was educated at Lockers Park School in Hertfordshire, Eton and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst before joining The 9th Queen's Royal Lancers in 1951.
From 1960 to 1964, he was a Temporary Equerry to the Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and then her Assistant Private Secretary and Extra Equerry from 1964 to 1973, Comptroller from 1974 to 2002 and Private Secretary and Equerry from 1993 to 2002. After the Queen Mother's death in 2002, Sir Alastair was made an Extra Equerry to Queen Elizabeth II in 2003.
On 22 July 1963, he married Fiona Violet, Lady Aird (née Myddelton) LVO, who was an Extra Lady-in-Waiting to Princess Margaret from 1960 to 2002. The couple lived in Dorset and had two daughters. The elder, Caroline, is a god-child of Princess Margaret.

## Honours

* He was appointed as a Member (4th Class) of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) in the 1969 Queen's Birthday Honours List.
* He was upgraded to Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 1977 New Years Honours List.
* He received the UK Version of the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977.
* He was upgraded to Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 1984 Queen's Birthday Honours List. This allowed him to be called "Sir Alastair Aird".
* He was upgraded to Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in the 1997 New Years Honours List.
* He received the UK Version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002.