# Tempita Vihara

Tempita Vihara (Sinhala: ටැම්පිට විහාර) is a unique type of image house found in some Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka. With an inimitable architectural design, Tempita Viharas were a popular aspect of many Buddhist temples during the 17th to 19th centuries. Construction of Tempita Viharas in or after the 20th century has been not recorded. More than two hundred Tempita Viharas have been identified in Sri Lanka to date. Most of the shrines are found in North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Central and Western provinces.
Medawala Tempita Vihara in Kandy is considered the first accounted Tempita Vihara in Sri Lanka. According to the Medawala copper plaque, it was a two-storied shrine during the 14th century and was renovated as a Tempita Vihara by Kirti Sri Rajasinha (1747–1781) in 1755. Minuwangamuwa Tempita Vihara in Kegalle is believed to be the last Tempita Vihara in the island built on 2 May 1886.
Besides the Buddhist temples, a few Ambalamas and Devalayas have been identified in Sri Lanka as Tempita buildings. These structures are also built on raised stone pillars or rock boulders but have minor differences in their architectural design. Awariyawala Ambalama in Gampaha, Panawitiya Ambalama in Kurunegala and Halpe Pattini Devalaya in Ella are three examples of them.

## The structure

Perched on raised stone pillars or stumps, Tempita Viharas possess wooden platforms and wattle walls supporting a timber-framed roof. Usually, pillars are in an exposed state and not more than three or four feet in height. However, the pillars used in some temples such as Dodamthale Raja Maha Vihara in Mawanella and Ambulugala Raja Maha Vihara are about six feet in height. Wattle walls make the main enclosed shrine room containing the Buddha statues made of Limestones or timber. Inner walls are usually decorated with varies murals and paintings of the Kandyan period. The roofs are two-pitched and covered with flat clay tiles. Some Tempita Viharas have narrow verandas circulating the main enclosed space.

## Secondary feature constructions

Over time, the function of the tempita vihara evolved, with additional features being integrated into the structure. Apart from the Ihala Kadigamuwa Pushparama Tempita Viharaya which gained recognition as the Tempita Pothgula (library) and the Saddarma Poth Gabadava (Saddarma Book Store), since the main need for the construction of all the others was an image house; other features were added to their utilities at a higher point of cultural temple centric development.
There is a wall surrounding the high-pillared ground floor of the tempita vihara which embeds the pillars. This being a construction of a later period, it suggests that the ground floor had been made use of as a bana maduwa (sermon hall) and a pohoya seema (Chapter house). Doragamuwa and Diyasunnata are two such examples.
The other is the digge (dancing/audience hall) or hewisi mandapa (drummers' hall) built towards the front of the tempita vihara and joined to the front slope of the roof. While this feature is evident in the majority of the tempita viharas, its structural enhancements include arches, wooden pillars and the presence and absence of short walls.
While Omalpe is a tempita vihara that includes both the aforesaid secondary features of construction, it also has the longest digge as well.
Moreover, a large-proportioned meditation hall has been constructed and joined with the roof of the tempita vihara's sermon hall by means of a storm gutter, thus creating a new structure. The entrance to the tempita vihara is through the sermon hall and when the twin doors are opened, the Buddha image within the tempita vihara is clearly visible to the audience in the sermon hall.
The tam or base pillars which are the identity of a tempita vihara being covered up during later renovations was a not-so-rare and rare experience during the research. When thus covered, in appearance it becomes a temple built on a normal foundation. Though through the features of the inner chambers views could be expressed under the assumption that it is a tempita vihara, the uniqueness of the construction has been lost in the process. The tempita vihara at Asmadala, Bodhimalkada and Udatalavinna, thus renovated in recent history are examples that could be proven.
While all these are structural features based upon the monastic and social necessities of the times, this paved the way for the main shapes of the tempita vihara to take on different shapes.

## Kirielle and Kadigamuwa

They are Kadigamuwa and Kirielle. At Kadigamuwa two tempita viharas have been constructed vertically during the past 100 years or so, at the Nadun Viharaya in Kirielle two have been constructed horizontally abutting each other. At the twin tempita viharas in Kirielle, the base pillars have been covered up during later renovations, while their structural appearances and paintings exhibit a Sabaragamuwa identity in a mixed feature of the Kandyan Era and the Southern traditions, thus forming a valuable creation of art. While the nearby new temple constructed horizontally exhibits the features of the cultural progress of the times; for a person studying the arts or socio-monastic progress, the first tempita vihara could be considered a special milestone in the study of the art of temple complexes from their inception to the present.
Kadigamuwa too exhibits the heritage of a similar series of constructions as two vertical tempita viharas and a new temple while they have been constructed in a row behind the ancient Bo tree. At Kirielle, all the openings face the Bo tree.
Various constructions have been carried out within Kadigamuwa with the direct and indirect sponsorships of King Valagamba to King Keerthi Sri Rajasinghe. Since it has been constructed alongside the road to the kingdom via Balana, it has undergone various transformations due to many socio-cultural factors. The entire temple complex stands proudly while featuring the core of all Sri Lankan arts.
The Nadun Viharaya was constructed under royal sponsorship in 1801 within a nindagama (villages gifted to officers for royal services) gifted by the Dumbara Maha Nilame (high-ranking officer in the services of royalty) on his written order on a small palm leaf umbrella. While history bears witness that this was gifted to Venerable Karandana Devarakkita Unnanse for the temple to be built, it is said that this nindagama is 8,305 acres in extent. While it is no secret that the nindagama became a treasury of wealth due to the presence of graphite and rubber, the significance of this nindagama could be realized from the study of these troika of temples under the Nadun Viharaya.
These contemporarily built temples are similar while being constructed as the first tempita vaharaya, the second tempita viharaya and the new temple. These two temples constructed alongside the ancient road to the kingdom from the South of Sri Lanka geographically belong to Sabaragamuwa and the Central Provinces. Hence, for over a century, this troika of temples has carried the artistic features unique to each region and these have been properly established within structurally similar tempita viharas.
The architectural features of these temples reflect the socio-economic conditions and the patronage they received, showcasing the influences of different historical periods. While the same viharaya undergoing timely modifications is a common experience, this image house which is outside of this added living data towards a new direction for this research.

## Soldara Vihara (Storied Temples)

This could be called a unique set encountered during the research into tempita viharas. The Mahalloluwa and Dodantale classified and identified as tempita viharas by the Department of Archaeology (Gamini Wijesuriya) also belong to this set. The literal term soldara vihara ('storied temples') is used in the architectural glossary of Mawanella and Kegalle. This research includes an exploration of these temples based on that classification.
Soldara viharas are seven in number. They are the Mahalloluwa, Attanagoda, Dodantale, Gallengolla, Keraminiya, Keselwatta and Ketapitiya.
Among these, except Ketapitiya, all the others are located on the right side of the Kandy Road (while travelling from Colombo to Kandy) and in close proximity to the old Kandy Road connecting Sabaragamuwa. Poththapitiya, with its unique architectural creations amidst the Ketapitiya Raja Maha Viharaya (ancient temple) and several other temples is located at the Ketapitiya junction along the Kadugannawa road. The soldara vihara constructed within a special geographic region with special architectural features is a wonderful architectural creation.
These temples are characterized by their high wooden floors on arches, offering spacious and rectangular designs typical of the period. While the upper floor with the Buddha image is also spacious, it has a four-faceted roof of the Kandyan Era or a twin-skewed four-faceted roof.
While storied houses of nobles within the social systems of the times are found island-wide, they are a common component of architectural creations. The name soldara vihara (storied temples) may have come into public practice since these temples had been built with their ground and upper floors occupying large spaces similar to that of a house. Dodantale is often considered one of the earliest among the soldara viharas, while Mahalloluwa and Gallengolla are recognized as more recent constructions.

## Kadawaragedara Sulugulu Thambita viharaya

The tampita viharaya at the Sulugulu Rajamaha Viharaya has been built during the Kandyan revival of this temple. A tampita viharaya is a structure built on a wooden platform that rests on a number of stone stumps usually three to four feet high. The roof is held by a structure built of timber and the walls are generally made of wattle and daub. Walls inside the image chamber are more or less always covered in murals drawn mainly in Kandyan style.
The tampita viharaya at the Sulugulu Rajamaha Viharaya is built on fairly high granite pillars about five feet high. A circumambulating path is built around the image house protected by a half-height wall. The path is narrow except at the front. Wooden pillars around the path hold the roof tiled with flat clay tiles typical of roofs built during the Kandyan kingdom. The roof has been extended at the front at the same angle to create a mandapa. A wooden stairway leads to the platform where the image house is built. Both the inner and the outer walls of the image house are covered with murals. This tampita viharaya has been restored by the Department of Archaeology in 2014.

## Temples

| Province | District | Temples |
| Central Province | Kandy | |
| Central Province | Matale | Narangolla Purana Vihara, Ambanganga Korale Udasgiriya Bodhi Malu Vihara, Yatawatta Welangahawatta Sri Dhamajothiyarama Vihara, Rattota |
| Central Province | Nuwara Eliya | |
| North Central Province | Anuradhapura | Abarali Vihara, Hinguruwewa Habarana Purana Tempita Vihara, Habarana Kada Hatha Vihara, Rambewa Namalpura Sri Vishuddharama Vihara, Madawala Sandagala Vihara, Korassagalle Sri Dalada Vihara, Mahakumbukgollewa Sujatharama Vihara, Puhulewewa |
| North Central Province | Polonnaruwa | |
| North Western Province | Puttalam | Bodhi Rukkarama Vihara, Anamaduwa Nagarama Purana Vihara, Mahawewa Sri Sudarsanarama Vihara, Karambewa |
| North Western Province | Kurunegala | Ahugoda Purana Vihara, Polgahawela Bihalpola Purana Tempita Vihara, Kuliyapitiya Bingiriya Raja Maha Vihara, Kiniyama Bodhirukkharama Purana Pothgul Vihara, Talawattegedara Budumuththawa Purana Tempita Vihara, Nikaweratiya Bulnewa Raja Maha Vihara, Polpithigama Dandagamuwa Sri Sudharmarama Purana Vihara, Kuliyapitiya Devapita Vihara, Wataraka Digampitiya Vihara, Mawathagama Dorabawila Vihara, Dorabawila Edandawala Raja Maha Vihara, Maspotha Galayaya Sri Sudharamarama Purana Vihara, Pannala Ganagamuwa Poorvarama Vihara, Kuliyapitiya East Inguruwatta Tempita Vihara, Arambepola Kadawalagedara Tempita Vihara, Kuliyapitiya East Kahatawilagedara Purana Tempita Vihara, Katupotha Katupitiya Tempita Vihara, Kurunegala Kohongaha Gedara Sri Bodhidramaramaya Vihara, Kuliyapitiya Kolambagama Purana Tempita Vihara, Katupotha Konduruwapola Raja Maha Vihara, Kuliyapitiya East Kudagalgamuwa Tempita Vihara, Maspotha Purana Vihara, Kurunegala Mayurawathi Purana Vihara, Polgahawela Medagodawatte Uyanegama Sri Nagabodhi Purana Vihara, Ketawelegedara Nakkawatta Purana Tempita Vihara, Kuliyapitiya East Paramaulla Vihara, Alawwa Panduwasnuwara Raja Maha Vihara, Panduwasnuwara Sri Bodhirukkharama Vihara, Gammatha Sri Nagarukkharama Vihara, Katupotha Sri Purwarama Vihara, Nikaweratiya Sri Pushparama Vihara, Horanepola Sri Rathanapalarama Vihara, Polpithigama Sri Sugatharama Vihara, Kalawana Sri Sunandharama Vihara, Wathuwaththa Sri Swarna Bimbarama Vihara, Kotuwewatta Sri Vijayasundararama Raja Maha Vihara, Sapugaskanda Sunandarama Purana Vihara, Talammehera Swarnabimbarama Purana Vihara, Panduwasnuwara Tampitagoda Vihara, Galgamuwa Thambugala Purana Tempita Vihara, Thorayaya Udubadagama Vihara, Malagamuwa Yataththawela Bodhiwansarama Purana Vihara, Pannala |
| Sabaragamuwa Province | Kegalle | Asmadala Vihara, Aranayaka Atthanagoda Tempita Vihara, Mawanella Bodhirukkarama Purana Vihara, Kempitikanda Burunnewa Tempita Vihara Warakapola Deniyatenna Vihara, Talgaspitiya Eraminiya Gammana Tempita Purana Vihara, Mawanella Gondiwela Tempita Vihara, Mawanella Hingula Raja Maha Vihara, Hingula Jeewana Raja Maha Vihara, Galigamuwa Kappatipola Tampita Vihara, Mawanella Kariyagama Raja Maha Vihara, Aranayaka Keerthi Sri Rajasingha Raja Maha Vihara, Rambukkana Levangama Tempita Vihara, Talawatta Mahawatta Purana Vihara, Warakapola Mannagoda Tempita Vihara, Mawanella Mayurapada Vihara, Moragammana Mediliyagama Raja Maha Vihara, Mediliyagama Nawagamuwa Raja Maha Vihara, Rambukkana Podape Purana Vihara, Aranayaka Sri Danthapaya Raja Maha Vihara, Ambulugala Sri Sudharmarama Tempita Vihara, Muwapitiya Sri Sudassanarama Vihara, Arambegama Udanwita Raja Maha Vihara, Rambukkana Udugama Purana Raja Maha Vihara, Rambukkana |
| Sabaragamuwa Province | Ratnapura | Dapane Sri Jayasundararama Raja Maha Vihara, Kolonna Elugala Purana Tempita Vihara, Imbulpe Walalgoda Purana Tempita Vihara, Embilipitiya |
| Southern Province | Galle | |
| Southern Province | Hambantota | Seehala Purana Vihara, Weeraketiya |
| Southern Province | Matara | Thorawita Raja Maha Vihara, Hakmana Vilayaya Purana Raja Maha Vihara, Dampahala |
| Western Province | Colombo | |
| Western Province | Gampaha | Ganewatta Vihara Kiritarama Vihara, Mottunna Kshestrarama Purana Vihara, Hapuwalana Pothgul Vihara, Atupothdeniya Saddharamathilakarama Vihara, Metikotamulla Sri Jinendrarama Vihara, Raddalgoda Sri Jinendrarama Vihara, Warapalana Sri Saddharmarama Vihara, Mahalloluwa Sri Sumangalarama Purana vihara, Delgawatta, Anuragoda Yatawatte Purana Vihara, Pahalagama |
| Western Province | Kalutara | Prathiraja Piriven Vihara, Kekunadola |
| Uva Province | Badulla | |
| Uva Province | Monaragala | Hathporuwa Vihara, Buttala Kokunnewa Vihara, Bibile Kotasara Piyangala Raja Maha Vihara, Bibile Pulinathalarama Vihara, Thanamalvila |