# Sanford Burnham Prebys

32°54′04″N 117°14′31″W﻿ / ﻿32.901192°N 117.241937°W﻿ / 32.901192; -117.241937
Sanford Burnham Prebys is a 501(c)(3) non-profit medical research institute focused on conducting basic and translational research. Its primary research areas include cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes, infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions, and childhood illnesses. Additionally, the institute specializes in stem cell research and the development of drug discovery technologies.
Based in La Jolla, California, the institute employs over 500 scientists and staff. It is recognized for its NCI-designated Cancer Center, the Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and the Sanford Children's Health Research Center. It also collaborates strategically with partners in the biotech and pharmaceutical industries.
Sanford Burnham Prebys is one of seven research institutes in the United States operating an NCI-designated cancer center. It ranks among the top 2% of global research institutions by citation impact and is listed as the sixth leading non-profit biomedical science institute nationally.
Founded in 1976, the institute has expanded from a small building in West San Diego to a modern campus in La Jolla. The campus includes an accredited graduate school that mentors more than 350 postdoctoral researchers, graduate students, and interns annually. Its educational programs provide professional development, postdoctoral scientific training, and graduate education in biomedical sciences. The institute collaborates with the Sanford Burnham Prebys Science Network and the Office of Education, Training and International Services to deliver comprehensive scientific career development programs.

## History

William H. Fishman, M.D., Ph.D., and his wife, Lillian Waterman Fishman, founded the La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation in 1976 after retiring from Tufts University School of Medicine. The Foundation focused on onco-development, the study of developmental biology in conjunction with oncology.
In 1996, the foundation was renamed the Burnham Institute in honor of San Diego businessman Malin Burnham after he joined with an anonymous donor to contribute $10 million. In 2006, it was renamed the Burnham Institute for Medical Research. In 2007, T. Denny Sanford gave the institute $20 million through Sanford Health, a hospital that had received significant donations from T. Denny Sanford previously, allowing it to create the Sanford Children's Health Research Center, which has sites in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and La Jolla, California, the latter within the campus of the institute.
In 2008, Sanford Burnham Prebys was awarded a $97.9 million grant by the NIH to establish a high-throughput screening center.
In 2010, the institute adopted the name Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute following a $50 million pledge of support from Sanford.
An anonymous gift of $275 million was made in 2014, which was later cut to $200 million.
In 2015, the institute changed its name again to Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute following a $100 million gift from philanthropist Conrad Prebys. This was eventually shortened to its current name, Sanford Burnham Prebys.
In 2022, David Brenner, M.D., former vice chancellor for Health Sciences at UC San Diego, was named president and chief executive office of the institute.

## Research

Sanford Burnham Prebys was founded with its primary focus on cancer research. The Institute ranks consistently among the world's top 25 organizations for its research impact, according to Thomson Scientific data. It also ranks among the top 3% of research institutes in the United States in the National Institutes of Health grant funding.
Research staff in Sanford Burnham Prebys' laboratories numbers over 520 including postdoctoral researchers; an additional 30 graduate students and 164 administrative and support personnel to bring the total number of employees to over 500.
The institute is home to six research centers:
* NCI-designated Cancer Center
* Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center
* Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research
* Sanford Children's Health Research Center
* Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics
* Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
A partnership for the study of the biology of aging that includes the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and the University of California, San Diego is made up of Sanford Burnham Prebys and the San Diego Nathan Shock Center.
There are seven research programs at Sanford Burnham Prebys:

### Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program

Insights into the complex system of networks and mechanisms that tumors use to survive and proliferate. Findings build dialogue with clinicians and physician scientists across the country and in neighboring institutions to ensure the translational and human relevance of the research.

### Degenerative Diseases Program

Understanding how cells discriminate between functional and nonfunctional proteins. Discoveries about the damaging impact of oxidative stress on protein structure and function in the neurodegenerative diseases of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, metabolic diseases of diabetes and liver failure, and inflammatory disease and cancer. Findings are translated into new therapies that improve protein folding and preserve cell function in diseases that have global health impact.

### Development, Aging and Regeneration Program

Using model organisms—mice, fish, flies, worms and human stem cells to
* Unravel gene functions linked to mutations and epigenetic factors;
* Explore the development and regenerative capacity of the brain, heart, muscles, pancreas, limbs, liver and other organs; and
* Probe the biology of aging and organ/tissue maintenance to maintain a well-functioning organism. Insights provide the tools needed to uncover novel therapeutic targets for heart disease, neurodegeneration, muscle disorders, diabetes, cancer and other debilitating diseases.

### Human Genetics Program

Research of new genetic disorders and improving understanding of those with previous knowledge. Using zebrafish, mouse models, patient cells and stem cell technologies, probe the pathological mechanisms of genetic disorders to address unanswered questions. This research has led to diagnostic tests and novel therapies for patients.

### Immunity and Pathogenesis Program

Research to understand the regulation and interplay of host immune responses and microbial pathogenesis; also studying viral-host interactions, innate and humoral immunity, inflammation and T cell checkpoint regulation. This research provides therapeutic opportunities to address medical needs, including the treatment of endemic and pandemic infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, cancer and inflammatory diseases.

### Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program

Focus on RNA biology and the signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and cell fate; what drives cancer cell growth, to lead to treatments for brain, breast and prostate cancers, as well as melanoma and leukemia.

### Aging, Cancer and Immunology Program

Studies the interplay between cancer cells, the microenvironment and immune cells regulates the growth and metastasis of solid and hematologic malignancies. Focus on the microbiome, cell migration/invasion, cell signaling, angiogenesis and immunology.

## Educational Programs

In addition to its research mission, Sanford Burnham Prebys has a broad educational mission. Established in 2005, the institute's Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences offers a Ph.D. degree in Biomedical Sciences. In 2015, Sanford Burnham Prebys achieved accreditation with the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Sanford Burnham Prebys also employs postdoctoral fellows; there are typically around 125 postdocs training at the Institute at any time.
The graduate school is focused in biomedical research and is supplemented by the technologies developed to facilitate breakthroughs in medical practice. The program offers a foundation in biomedical science with project opportunities in biology, chemistry, bioinformatics and engineering, with focus on one of the main foundations of biomedical science within a laboratory specializing in the area.
It is a small program with eight openings per year and a steady state of thirty students. Entering graduate students are admitted to their thesis labs on day one and do not perform laboratory rotations. The graduate school has a short time to degree, averaging 4.7 years. In. the first two years, students complete five core courses, six tutorials and one elective. Instruction is accompanied by extensive practical laboratory training under the supervision of faculty.

## Funding

In January 2020, Sanford Burnham Prebys reported $117M in annual revenue.
The sources of funding in 2019 were: 58% federal; 22% private philanthropy; 8% biopharma partnerships; 8% licensing & other and 4% other grants.
Philanthropy has played a significant role in the growth and expansion of the institution. Donations from the Whittaker Corporation and the California Foundation enabled the acquisition a five-acre site on the La Jolla mesa. Donations from philanthropists and the institute's namesakes—T. Denny Sanford, Malin and Roberta Burnham, and Conrad Prebys—have helped to ensure the institute's continued growth.

## Select scientific achievements

The Institute initially focused on the commonalities between cancer and fetal development, known as onco-developmental biology. Significant early discoveries include development of monoclonal antibody-based 'two-site' ELISA. In the 1980s, the Institute became known for its work on fibronectin and other extracellular matrix components, and cell adhesion. Some of the highlights include the discovery of the RGD tripeptide as the cell attachment site in fibronectin, fibrinogen, and other adhesive proteins, and the discovery of integrins, the cell surface receptors that recognize the RGD sequence in matrix proteins.
In the 1990s, Institute scientists made important contributions to research on programmed cell death prominence with the discovery of several previously unknown pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, namely caspases, IAPs, and Bcl-2 family members.
The demonstration by Institute scientists that cells deprived of attachment to extracellular matrix commit suicide by apoptosis, named Anoikis, connected the cell adhesion and apoptosis fields. These findings essentially explained why normal cells stay in their appropriate place, whereas cancer cells spread and metastasize. Reduced integrin function in malignant cells makes it possible for them to leave their original tissue and increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins prevents anoikis, enabling cancer invasion and metastasis. Several drugs have been brought to the clinic for the treatment of cancer and other diseases based on the fundamental RGD/integrin and apoptosis studies at the institute.
More recently, the institute has expanded its research to several additional areas, including neuroscience, cardiovascular diseases, rare diseases of sugar and phosphate metabolism. The common trend is discovery of proteins that are linked to the development of a disease and identification of chemical compounds (or antibodies) that bind to those proteins and inhibit or enhance their function. Such compounds become candidate drugs for the treatment of the disease. Several compounds developed either at the Institute or by biopharmaceutical companies are now in clinical trials. Pioneering studies at the Institute showed that simple sugars such as D-mannose, L-fucose and D-galactose are effective therapies for a set of rare genetic disorders. Some are currently in clinical trials.

## Collaboration and partnerships

Sanford Burnham Prebys has working relationships with the University of California, San Diego, The Scripps Research Institute, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and the Mayo Clinic.
Sanford Burnham Prebys also collaborates with pharmaceutical companies to move research breakthroughs from the lab out to the public. Recent agreements include partners such as Lilly, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Boehringer Ingelheim.