OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sigurd Magnusson

Sigurd Magnusson (ca. 1180 – 3 April 1194) was a Norwegian nobleman who campaigned against King Sverre of Norway during the Civil war era in Norway.

## Background

Sigurd Magnusson was the son of King Magnus Erlingsson and Gyrid Aslaksdatter. Sigurd Magnusson was the only publicly acknowledged son of King Magnus. Several years of warfare with Sverre Sigurdsson had ended with the defeat and death of King Magnus in the Battle of Fimreite (Slaget ved Fimreite) in 1184. In the aftermath, groups made up principally of the Norwegian aristocracy, clergy and merchants were formed to depose King Sverre.
The young Sigurd was proclaimed to be King of Norway in 1193 at the Haugating near Tønsberg. As the son of Magnus Erlingsson, Sigurd was the nominal king supported by the so-called Isle Beards (Eyjarskeggjar) from Shetland and Orkney. The real leader was Hallkjell Jonsson, who had been a son-in-law of Erling Skakke as well as the brother-in-law of King Magnus. With Harald Maddadsson, Earl of Orkney and Mormaer of Caithness, Hallkjell gathered most of his men on Orkney and Shetland. After establishing themselves in Viken, the Eyjarskeggjar sailed on to Bergen. Although they occupied the city itself and the surrounding regions, a force of Birkebeiners held on in the fortress of Sverresborg.

## Battle of Florvåg

In the spring of 1194, King Sverre sailed south to confront the Eyjarskeggjar. The two fleets met at Florvåg on Askøy, an island just north of Bergen. King Sverre and his force confronted Sigurd Magnusson and the Eyjarskeggjars. King Sverre came to Gravdal with a vast fleet, which rowed over to Florvågøya. On the morning of Palm Sunday, 3 April 1194 the battle took place. Here the battle experience of the Birkebeiner veterans proved to be decisive. Hallkjell Jonsson fell with most of his men, including Sigurd Magnusson. King Sverre won, but around 2,500 soldiers were killed in the bloody battle.
Sigurd Magnusson's corpse was shown in Bergen, in order to demonstrate King Sverre's power and also to prevent any impostors claiming to be the young prince. His body was buried in Mariakyrkjegarden, the churchyard of the St Mary's Church in Bergen.

## Historic context

The civil wars period of Norwegian history lasted from 1130 to 1240. During this period there were several interlocked conflicts of varying scale and intensity. The background for these conflicts was the unclear Norwegian succession laws, social conditions and the struggle between Church and king. There were then two main parties, firstly known by varying names or no names at all, but finally condensed into parties of Bagler and Birkebeiner. The rallying point regularly was a royal son, who was set up as the head figure of the party in question, to oppose the rule of the king from the contesting party.

## Sources

The most important historical source on the life of Sigurd Magnusson is contained in the Sverris Saga. This saga is likely biased, since the foreword states that part was written under King Sverre's direct sponsorship. Heimskringla, written ca. 1230 by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson, contains background information.
# Smash (app)

Smash (stylized as smash.) is a Japanese video on demand mobile application. It offers original content such as music, dramas, animated series, and variety shows, all in vertical video format optimized for viewing on smartphones. It is notable for featuring exclusive content from popular Japanese and Korean pop groups, such as the AKB48 Group, the Sakamichi Series, Hey! Say! JUMP and BTS. It is officially available for use in Japan, the United States, and South Korea. Its major shareholders include the Korean entertainment company Hybe.
As of October 2021, the app has over 1.63 million downloads.
# Swedona, Illinois

Swedona is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Richland Grove Township, Mercer County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 109. Swedona is 5.5 miles (8.9 km) north of Windsor.

## Demographics

Swedona first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 United States census.
# Antidisestablishmentarianism

Antidisestablishmentarianism (/ˌæntidɪsɪˌstæblɪʃmənˈtɛəriənɪzəm/ , US also /ˌæntaɪ-/ ) is a position that advocates that a state church (the "established church") should continue to receive government patronage, rather than be disestablished (i.e., be separated from the state).
In 19th century Britain, it developed as a political movement in opposition to disestablishmentarianism, the Liberal Party's efforts to disestablish or remove the Church of England as the official state church of England, Ireland, and Wales. The Church's status has been maintained in England, but in Ireland, the Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871. In Wales, four Church of England dioceses were disestablished in 1920 and became the Church in Wales. In colonial America, the Church of England was disestablished in six colonies despite its mild popularity in the 1780s; many Anglicans in America began to refer to themselves as Episcopalians.

## History

The matter of disestablishment of the Church of England is an ongoing issue, often tied with the position of the Monarchy of the United Kingdom as "Supreme Governor" of the Church (see Act of Settlement 1701).
British philosopher Phillip Blond, an advocate of the antidisestablishmentarian position, argues that England's having a state church has prevented the country from embracing any sort of ethnic or racial nationalism. Blond has stated that official patronage of the Church of England has allowed the country to withstand and speak against totalitarian ideologies of the 20th century that were plaguing other parts of the world. He further opined that "Just as we need the church to protect the political, so we need it to protect the idea of civil society." Blond concludes that the "church establishment in England creates a more diverse political and social life, prevents religious extremism and helps to minimise partisan conflict and secular violence." Giles Coren, a British writer, supports antidisestablishmentarianism because it allows all English people to receive meaningful rites such as marriage.
In April 2014, Nick Clegg, then Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Liberal Democrats, said that he thought the Church of England and the British state should be separated "in the long run". David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the time, responded to Clegg's comments by stating that the position was "a long-term Liberal idea, but it is not a Conservative one", adding that he believed the existence of an established church is beneficial.

## Word length

The word antidisestablishmentarianism, with 28 letters and 12 syllables (an-ti-dis-es-tab-lish-ment-ar-i-an-is-m), is one of the longest words in the English language. It is estimated to be the 6th longest word in the Oxford dictionary. However, the word is not recorded in Merriam-Webster's dictionary of American English.
# Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners

STEP (the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners) was founded by George Tasker in 1991 and is the international professional body for advisers who specialise in inheritance and succession planning. Its members are mainly solicitors, barristers, attorneys, accountants, tax advisers, trust officers and trust administrators as well as banking and insurance professionals in the trust field.

## Objectives

The main focus of the organisation is to promote high professional standards within the profession, to provide educational and networking opportunities for its members and to contribute to debate and public policy in its specialist field.

## Membership

STEP has more than 100 branches and chapters in 56 countries with a current membership in excess of 20,000. It runs a number of educational programmes, from entry-level certificates to a full diploma. Accumulated credits from these qualifications and prior experience determine the level of membership. Only full STEP members can use the letters TEP after their name. The designation TEP after a member's name is the only widely recognised mark for professionals in the trust and estate administration industry.
All STEP members are subject to a Code of Professional Conduct requiring them at all times to act with integrity and in a manner that inspires the confidence, respect and trust of their clients and of the wider community. Members are also required to keep up to date with the latest legal, technical and regulatory developments. STEP members who advise on tax matters are also required to abide by guidance in the Professional Conduct in Relation to Taxation, which includes an obligation on STEP members to not seek results contrary to the clear intention of Parliament.

## STEP Governance

STEP’s governance as a whole is the responsibility of STEP’s Board of Directors. The Board is supported in their role by STEP’s Council, a consultative body who advise the Board on aspects of STEP’s strategic journey, as well as on matters of interest to the wider membership. The Board is responsible for the high-level strategic direction of STEP. Board members are the Directors of STEP with the legal authority and responsibility for the organisation. Directors are appointed by Council from among the serving Council members under an election process. One Director serves as Chair of STEP and two serve as Deputy Chairs. There are currently Seven Directors in all, together with the Chief Executive Officer.
The current chair of STEP, as of 1 January 2024, is Kelly Greig TEP, a UK solicitor. STEP Council)
# Ms2 (software)

ms2 is a non-commercial molecular simulation program. It comprises both molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation algorithms. ms2 is designed for the calculation of thermodynamic properties of fluids. A large number of thermodynamic properties can be readily computed using ms2, e.g. phase equilibrium, transport and caloric properties. ms2 is limited to homogeneous state simulations.

## Features

ms2 contains two molecular simulation techniques: molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte-Carlo. ms2 supports the calculation of vapor-liquid equilibria of pure components as well as multi-component mixtures. Different Phase equilibrium calculation methods are implemented in ms2. Furthermore, ms2 is capable of sampling various classical ensembles such as NpT, NVE, NVT, NpH. To evaluate the chemical potential, Widom's test molecule method and thermodynamic integration are implemented. Also, algorithms for the sampling of transport properties are implemented in ms2. Transport properties are determined by equilibrium MD simulations following the Green-Kubo formalism and the Einstein formalism.

## Applications

ms2 has been frequently used for predicting thermophysical properties of fluids for chemical engineering applications as well as for scientific computing and soft matter physics. It has been used for modelling both model fluids as well as real substances. A large number interaction potentials are implemented in ms2, e.g. the Lennard-Jones potential, the Mie potential, electrostatic interactions (point charges, point dipoles and point quadrupoles), and external forces. Force fields from databases such as the MolMod database can readily be used in ms2.
# Ridge Racer Slipstream

Ridge Racer Slipstream is a racing game developed by Invictus Games and published by Namco Bandai Games for iOS in 2013, and for Android in 2014.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| Metacritic | 76/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| Destructoid | 7/10 |
| Electronic Gaming Monthly | 7/10 |
| Gamezebo | |
| Jeuxvideo.com | 13/20 |
| MacLife | |
| MeriStation | 7.3/10 |
| Pocket Gamer | |
| TouchArcade | |
| Common Sense Media | |
| Digital Spy | |
The iOS version received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
Common Sense Media gave the game a score of four stars out of five, saying, "if you are able to skid with precision and are looking for a challenge, Ridge Racer Slipstream is a solid arcade racing game." Digital Spy gave it a similar score of four out of five, saying, "While the Ridge Racer series has been rather hit and miss in its last few iterations, Ridge Racer Slipstream feels like a return to form for fans of Namco's careening cars." Metro, however, gave it seven out of ten, saying, "Microtransactions rear their ugly head once again, but they're not enough to take the shine off one of the best portable Ridge Racers so far."
# Old Town Main Post Office

The Old Town Main Post Office is located at 141 Center Street in Old Town, Maine. The Classical Revival building was an early design of the Office of the Supervising Architect under Oscar Wenderoth. Its design was completed in 1912 and construction in 1914 under the provisions of the Tarsney Act. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

## Description and history

The Old Town Main Post Office is set on the north side of Center Street, at its junction with Shirley Street, just off Main Street. It is a two-story structure, built out of dressed stone, with a flat roof and a main facade with Classical proportions. It is divided into five bays separated by engaged paneled columns. The outer bays each have tall sash windows recessed in rectangular openings with keystones at the top and a projecting sill at the bottom. Second-floor windows are roughly square, and also have a projecting sill. Above them is a band of fretwork, above which is an entablature in which small diamond-grilled windows are set, and a projecting cornice above. The entrance is recessed in an elaborately carved architrave. The interior of the main lobby has terrazzo marble flooring, marble wainscoting, wooden trim, and transoms above the service counter and mailboxes.
The building has undergone restoration.
# Merrill Douglas

Merrill George Douglas (March 15, 1936 – March 1, 2025) was an American professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Bears, Dallas Cowboys, and Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football for the Utah Utes.

## Early years

Douglas attended Granite High School, before transferring to Olympus High School. He received All-state honors at fullback twice. He accepted a football scholarship from the University of Utah.
As a junior for the Utes, he became a starter and had 83 carries for 504 yards (second on the team), with a 6.1-yard average and 7 touchdowns. As a senior, he posted 97 carries for 646 yards (second in the league), with a 6.7-yard average and 10 touchdowns, while also leading the conference in scoring. He also lettered in baseball.
In 1988, he was inducted into the Utah Sports Hall of Fame.

## Professional career
### Chicago Bears

Douglas was selected by the Chicago Bears in the sixth round (65th overall) of the 1958 NFL draft. He was a backup fullback behind Rick Casares. He was released in 1961.

### Dallas Cowboys

On September 7, 1961, he was claimed off waivers by the Dallas Cowboys and played in six games. On April 22, 1962, he was traded to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for offensive tackle Ed Nutting.

### Cleveland Browns

On September 10, 1962, he was waived by the Cleveland Browns. He was one of the team's final two cuts as it trimmed its roster to 36, the regular season limit at the time.

### Philadelphia Eagles

On September 18, 1962, he was signed as a free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles. He was the third-string fullback.

### New York Jets

On September 3, 1963, he was released by the New York Jets.

### Personal life and death

Douglas was a side judge in the NFL for eleven seasons from 1981 through 1991, wearing uniform number 102. He worked for the Salt Lake County Sheriff's Department for 25 years.
Douglas died on March 1, 2025, at the age of 88.
# Lonely Again (Becky Hill song)

"Lonely Again" is a song written by Becky Hill, Mark Ralph, Sophie Frances Cooke and Jax Jones. It was included on Hill's second studio album Believe Me Now? (2024).

## "Never Be Lonely"

In February 2024, "Be Lonely" was released as "Never Be Lonely" by Jax Jones and Zoe Wees in collaboration with Pokémon Company and with additional credits of Tom Demac and Ina Wroldsen. Jones had collaborated with The Pokémon Company on the 2021 release, Pokémon 25: The Album. Jones said "This collaboration with Zoe Wees and Pikachu represents a dream come true for me. 'Never Be Lonely' is a sonic journey into the heart of music and friendship, and it's a privilege to have Pikachu join us on this adventure."
On 8 March 2024, a version featuring Cascada on vocals was released.

### Reception

Jonathan Currinn from Good Star Vibes said "Zoe Wees version wraps the intoxicating beat around her R&B vocals, bringing a whole new dynamic to the UK and German dance scene" and said "The dance track that is empowered more so with Natalie Horler's flawless vocals. Known as the vocalist of Cascada, Natalie Horler has one impressive voice and this song only allows her to emphasise it more so."

### Certifications

Certifications for "Never Be Lonely" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Poland (ZPAV) | Platinum | 50,000$^‡$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Aldearrubia

Aldearrubia is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from the city of Salamanca and has a population of 487 people. The municipality has an area of 33 km$^2$ (13 sq mi).
The village lies 812 metres (2,664 ft) above sea level.
# WinNuke

In computer security, WinNuke is an example of a Nuke remote denial-of-service attack (DoS) attack exploit that affected the Microsoft Windows 3.1x, Windows NT 3x, Windows 95 and Windows NT 4 computer operating systems. The exploit sent a string of Out-of-band data (OOB data) to the target computer on TCP port 139 (NetBIOS), causing it to lock up and display a Blue Screen of Death (BSOD). This does not damage or change the data on the computer's hard disk, but any unsaved data would be lost. This exploit has been patched with the release of Windows Socket 2 update for Windows 95 and Service Pack 3 for Windows NT 4. Windows 98 RC0, Windows 2000 and newer operating systems are not vulnerable to this exploit. In 2002, a second incarnation of the similar exploit that utilized Network Share Provider appeared, was identified by Microsoft in 2004 and was patched subsequently. Windows Vista and newer Microsoft Operating Systems are immune to both of these exploits.

## Details

The so-called OOB simply means that the malicious TCP packet contained an Urgent pointer (URG). The "Urgent pointer" is a rarely used field in the TCP header, used to indicate that some of the data in the TCP stream should be processed quickly by the recipient. Affected operating systems did not handle the Urgent pointer field correctly.
A person under the screen-name "_eci" published C source code for the exploit on May 9, 1997. With the source code being widely used and distributed, Microsoft was forced to create security patches, which were released a few weeks later. For a time, numerous flavors of this exploit appeared going by such names as fedup, gimp, killme, killwin, knewkem, liquidnuke, mnuke, netnuke, muerte, nuke, nukeattack, nuker102, pnewq, project1, pstlince, simportnuke, sprite, sprite32, vconnect, vzmnuker, wingenocide, winnukeit, winnuker02, winnukev95, wnuke3269, wnuke4, and wnuke95.
A company called SemiSoft Solutions from New Zealand created a small program, called AntiNuke, that blocks WinNuke without having to install the official patch.

## Second Incarnation

In 2002, a second incarnation of WinNuke that utilized similar exploit involving Network Share Provider appeared that affected Microsoft Windows NT 4, Windows 2000 and Windows XP operating systems and also affected Microsoft .NET Framework as well. This exploit was identified by Microsoft in 2004 and was patched for Windows 2000 and Windows XP, and also was included as part of Service Pack 2 for Windows XP as well. Windows NT 4 with Service Pack 6a remains unpatched for this second incarnation of the exploit.
# Kimbolton Castle

Kimbolton Castle is a country house in Kimbolton, Cambridgeshire, England. It was the final home of King Henry VIII's first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Originally a medieval castle but converted into a stately palace, it was the family seat of the Earls and Dukes of Manchester from 1615 until 1950. It now houses Kimbolton School.

## History

The castle was built by Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex, in the late 12th century. The inner court was rebuilt by Anne, Duchess of Buckingham, in the late 15th century.
The castle was acquired by Sir Richard Wingfield in 1522 but after his death in 1525, was inherited by his eldest son, Charles. The Wingfield family reconstructed the medieval castle as a Tudor manor house, parts of which survive to this present day. Catherine of Aragon was sent here in April 1534 for refusing to give up her status or deny the validity of her marriage. In July 1534, a fool in the retinue of the diplomat Eustache Chapuys tried to swim the moat, drawing attention to her imprisonment. The fenland climate damaged her health, and she died in the castle on 7 January 1536.
The castle was bought by Sir John Popham in 1600 and was later purchased by Sir Sir Henry Montagu, later created 1st Earl of Manchester, in 1615. Charles Montagu, 4th Earl of Manchester, who was created 1st Duke of Manchester in 1719, had many works of reconstruction carried out between 1690 and 1720. These works included the rebuilding of the south wing, which had fallen down, to a design by Sir John Vanbrugh who was assisted by another great architect of the time, Nicholas Hawksmoor. George Montagu, 4th Duke of Manchester commissioned Robert Adam to design the gatehouse which was constructed in 1766.
Many members of the Montagu family (Earls and Dukes of Manchester) are buried at St Andrew's Church in Kimbolton. Several Montagu monuments still exist in the South Chapel, while the Montagu vault (extended in 1853) is located beneath the North Chapel.
Alexander Montagu, 10th Duke of Manchester sold the contents in 1949, and the castle and 50 acres (20 hectares) were sold to Kimbolton School in 1951.

## Warren House

On the grounds of the castle is Warren House, where the warrener (estate's rabbit gamekeeper) used to live, converted into a late 18th-century folly on command of one of the castle's inhabitants to add interest to his horizon, complete with a single decorative façade facing the castle; it is Grade II* listed and owned by the Landmark Trust. The Trust renovated the house, under a design from architect Oliver Caroe, between 2011 and 2012.
# M Goutham Kumar

M Goutham Kumar (Kannada: ಮೀ ಗೌತಮ್ ಕುಮಾರ್) is an Indian politician who was the 53rd Mayor of Bangalore (Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike). He is currently the Lok Sabha Convenor for BJP, Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency. He was elected from Jogupalya Ward, belonging to Shanti Nagar Assembly constituency from Bharatiya Janata Party. He was elected as Mayor on 1 October 2019. While Kumar secured 129 votes, R Satyanarayana from the Congress got 110 votes. He is also currently the General Secretary of Bharatiya Janata Party, Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency
He had earlier held various posts under BJP's City Unit. He was the Secretary of BJP's Shantinagar Unit for 4 years. He was also the City Secretary of BJP Bengaluru, and in 2013–14 the BBMP Accounts Committee Chairman.

## Personal life

M Goutham Kumar is a member of the Jain community which hails from Siruguppa in Ballari district.

## Works and Contributions

M Goutham Kumar has given a lot of approvals for the house plans through BBMP after the officials have inspected the site and decided to approve it. He also favoured the extension of the mayor’s term from the existing one year to 2.5 years. He also focussed on banning certain types of plastic and tackling the garbage problem.