# 2024 United States Senate elections

The 2024 United States Senate elections were held on November 5, 2024. Regularly scheduled elections were held for 33 out of the 100 seats in the U.S. Senate, and special elections were held in California and Nebraska. U.S. senators are divided into three classes whose six-year terms are staggered so that a different class is elected every two years. Class 1 senators faced election in 2024. Republicans flipped four Democratic-held seats, regaining a Senate majority for the first time in four years, and the most gains for either party since 2014. Republicans successfully defended all of their own seats for the first time since 2014. This was the first time since 1980 that Republicans flipped control of a chamber of Congress in a presidential year.
26 U.S. senators (15 Democrats, nine Republicans, and two independents) sought re-election in 2024, while seven senators declined to seek re-election. In addition, Sen. Laphonza Butler of California and Sen. George Helmy of New Jersey – each of whom had been appointed to their respective Senate seats – did not seek election in 2024. Concurrent with the 2024 regular Senate elections, two special Senate elections took place: one in California, to fill the final two months of Dianne Feinstein's term following her death in September 2023; and one in Nebraska, to fill the remaining two years of Ben Sasse's term following his resignation in January 2023.
Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate by flipping an open seat in West Virginia; defeating Democratic incumbents in Montana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; and retaining all the seats they had previously held. Republican gains were attributed to candidate quality and to the coattails of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump, who won the 2024 presidential election. Democratic candidates were elected in Arizona, Michigan, Nevada, and Wisconsin, despite Trump having won those states. No Republican won in a state that Kamala Harris carried in the presidential election.

## Partisan composition

All 33 Class 1 Senate seats, and one Class 2 seat, were up for election in 2024; Class 1 currently consisted of 20 Democrats, four independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats, and 10 Republicans.
Burgess Everett of Politico considered the map for these Senate elections to be highly unfavorable to Democrats. Democrats were to defend 23 of the 33 Class 1 seats, including three in states won by Republican Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020. In contrast, there are no seats in this class held by Republicans in states won by Democrat Joe Biden in 2020. In the previous Senate election cycle that coincided with a presidential election (2020), only one senator (Susan Collins of Maine) was elected in a state that was simultaneously won by the presidential nominee of the opposite party.
Republican gains were attributed to better candidate quality compared to 2022 and to the coattails of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump, who won the 2024 presidential election. Time's Eric Cortellessa wrote that the thesis of the Republicans' success boiled down to the simple slogan "Max out the men and hold the women", meaning emphasizing the economy and immigration, which Trump did "relentlessly". Cortellessa also mentioned Trump's minimization of his numerous controversies, and push-offs of criminal trials via "a combination of friendly judges and legal postponements" to after the election. He said Trump's "advanced age and increasingly incoherent trail rhetoric" were taken by voters in stride, and that "much of the country read Trump's legal woes as part of a larger corrupt conspiracy to deny him, and them, power". NPR wrote that "Americans have continued to chafe at higher than pre-pandemic prices and the lack of affordable housing", and that much of the voter placed the blame "squarely" on the Biden administration, wishing for the economy that Trump established years ago. NPR said demographics played an important role, with White voters going up as a share of the electorate from 67% to 71% and the Republicans winning 46% of Latinos, and mentioned polling's "continued underestimation of Republicans's support nationally and in the key swing states".

## Summary results
### Seats

| Parties | Parties | | | | Total |
| Parties | Parties | Democratic | Independent | Republican | Total |
| Last elections (2022) | Last elections (2022) | 49 | 2 | 49 | 100 |
| Before these elections | Before these elections | 47 | 4 | 49 | 100 |
| Not up | Not up | 28 | – | 38 | 66 |
| | Class 2 (2020→2026) | 13 | – | 19 | 32 |
| | Class 3 (2022→2028) | 15 | – | 19 | 34 |
| Up | Up | 19 | 4 | 11 | 33 |
| | Class 1 (2018→2024) | 21 | 2 | 10 | 33 |
| | Special: Class 1 & 2 | 1 | — | 1 | 2 |
| General election ||||||
| Incumbent retiring | Incumbent retiring | 5 | 2 | 2 | 9 |
| | Held by same party | 5 | — | 2 | 7 |
| | Replaced by other party | 1 Independent replaced by 1 Republican 1 Independent replaced by 1 Democrat | 1 Independent replaced by 1 Republican 1 Independent replaced by 1 Democrat | 1 Independent replaced by 1 Republican 1 Independent replaced by 1 Democrat | 2 |
| | Result | 6 | — | 3 | 9 |
| Incumbent running | Incumbent running | 13 | 2 | 8 | 23 |
| | Won re-election | 10 | 2 | 8 | 20 |
| | Lost re-election | 3 Democrats replaced by 3 Republicans | 3 Democrats replaced by 3 Republicans | 3 Democrats replaced by 3 Republicans | 3 |
| | Result | 10 | 2 | 11 | 23 |
| Special elections ||||||
| Appointee retiring | Appointee retiring | 1 | — | — | 1 |
| Appointee running | Appointee running | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| | Individuals elected | 1 | – | 1 | 2 |
| | Result | 1 | – | 1 | 2 |
| Result | Result | 45 | 2 | 53 | 100 |

## Change in composition

Each block represents one of the 100 seats in the U.S. Senate. "D#" is a Democratic/active senator, "I#" is an Independent senator, and "R#" is a Republican/active senator. They are arranged so that the parties are separated, and a majority is clear by crossing the middle.

### Before the elections

Each block indicates an incumbent senator's actions going into the election.
| D$_1$ | D$_2$ | D$_3$ | D$_4$ | D$_5$ | D$_6$ | D$_7$ | D$_8$ | D$_9$ | D$_{10}$ |
| D$_{20}$ | D$_{19}$ | D$_{18}$ | D$_{17}$ | D$_{16}$ | D$_{15}$ | D$_{14}$ | D$_{13}$ | D$_{12}$ | D$_{11}$ |
| D$_{21}$ | D$_{22}$ | D$_{23}$ | D$_{24}$ | D$_{25}$ | D$_{26}$ | D$_{27}$ | D$_{28}$ | D$_{29}$ Conn. Ran | D$_{30}$ Hawaii Ran |
| D$_{40}$ Va. Ran | D$_{39}$ R.I. Ran | D$_{38}$ Pa. Ran | D$_{37}$ Ohio Ran | D$_{36}$ N.Y. Ran | D$_{35}$ N.M. Ran | D$_{34}$ Nev. Ran | D$_{33}$ Mont. Ran | D$_{32}$ Minn. Ran | D$_{31}$ Mass. Ran |
| D$_{41}$ Wash. Ran | D$_{42}$ Wis. Ran | D$_{43}$ Calif. Retired | D$_{44}$ Del. Retired | D$_{45}$ Md. Retired | D$_{46}$ Mich. Retired | D$_{47}$ N.J. Retired | I$_1$ Maine Ran | I$_2$ Vt. Ran | I$_3$ Ariz. Retired |
| I$_3$ Ariz. Retired |||||||||
| R$_{41}$ Mo. Ran | R$_{42}$ Neb. (reg) Ran | R$_{43}$ Neb. (sp) Ran | R$_{44}$ N.D. Ran | R$_{45}$ Tenn. Ran | R$_{46}$ Texas Ran | R$_{47}$ Wyo. Ran | R$_{48}$ Ind. Retired | R$_{49}$ Utah Retired | I$_4$ W.Va. Retired |
| R$_{40}$ Miss. Ran | R$_{39}$ Fla. Ran | R$_{38}$ | R$_{37}$ | R$_{36}$ | R$_{35}$ | R$_{34}$ | R$_{33}$ | R$_{32}$ | R$_{31}$ |
| R$_{21}$ | R$_{22}$ | R$_{23}$ | R$_{24}$ | R$_{25}$ | R$_{26}$ | R$_{27}$ | R$_{28}$ | R$_{29}$ | R$_{30}$ |
| R$_{20}$ | R$_{19}$ | R$_{18}$ | R$_{17}$ | R$_{16}$ | R$_{15}$ | R$_{14}$ | R$_{13}$ | R$_{12}$ | R$_{11}$ |
| R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ | R$_4$ | R$_5$ | R$_6$ | R$_7$ | R$_8$ | R$_9$ | R$_{10}$ |

### After the elections

| D$_1$ | D$_2$ | D$_3$ | D$_4$ | D$_5$ | D$_6$ | D$_7$ | D$_8$ | D$_9$ | D$_{10}$ |
| D$_{20}$ | D$_{19}$ | D$_{18}$ | D$_{17}$ | D$_{16}$ | D$_{15}$ | D$_{14}$ | D$_{13}$ | D$_{12}$ | D$_{11}$ |
| D$_{21}$ | D$_{22}$ | D$_{23}$ | D$_{24}$ | D$_{25}$ | D$_{26}$ | D$_{27}$ | D$_{28}$ | D$_{29}$ Calif. Hold | D$_{30}$ Conn. Re-elected |
| D$_{40}$ N.Y. Re-elected | D$_{39}$ N.M. Re-elected | D$_{38}$ N.J. Hold | D$_{37}$ Nev. Re-elected | D$_{36}$ Minn. Re-elected | D$_{35}$ Mich. Hold | D$_{34}$ Mass. Re-elected | D$_{33}$ Md. Hold | D$_{32}$ Hawaii Re-elected | D$_{31}$ Del. Hold |
| D$_{41}$ R.I. Re-elected | D$_{42}$ Va. Re-elected | D$_{43}$ Wash. Re-elected | D$_{44}$ Wisc. Re-elected | D$_{45}$ Ariz. Gain | I$_1$ Maine Re-elected | I$_2$ Vt. Re-elected | R$_{53}$ W.Va. Gain | R$_{52}$ Pa. Gain | R$_{51}$ Ohio Gain |
| R$_{51}$ Ohio Gain |||||||||
| R$_{41}$ Miss. Re-elected | R$_{42}$ Mo. Re-elected | R$_{43}$ Neb. (reg) Re-elected | R$_{44}$ Neb. (sp) Elected | R$_{45}$ N.D. Re-elected | R$_{46}$ Tenn. Re-elected | R$_{47}$ Texas Re-elected | R$_{48}$ Utah Hold | R$_{49}$ Wyo. Re-elected | R$_{50}$ Mont. Gain |
| R$_{40}$ Ind. Hold | R$_{39}$ Fla. Re-elected | R$_{38}$ | R$_{37}$ | R$_{36}$ | R$_{35}$ | R$_{34}$ | R$_{33}$ | R$_{32}$ | R$_{31}$ |
| R$_{21}$ | R$_{22}$ | R$_{23}$ | R$_{24}$ | R$_{25}$ | R$_{26}$ | R$_{27}$ | R$_{28}$ | R$_{29}$ | R$_{30}$ |
| R$_{20}$ | R$_{19}$ | R$_{18}$ | R$_{17}$ | R$_{16}$ | R$_{15}$ | R$_{14}$ | R$_{13}$ | R$_{12}$ | R$_{11}$ |
| R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ | R$_4$ | R$_5$ | R$_6$ | R$_7$ | R$_8$ | R$_9$ | R$_{10}$ |
| Key | D$_#$ Democratic R$_#$ Republican I$_#$ Independent, caucusing with Democrats |

## Predictions

Several sites and individuals published predictions of competitive seats. These predictions looked at factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent was running for reelection) and the other candidates, and the state's partisan lean (reflected in part by the state's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assigned ratings to each seat, indicating the predicted advantage that a party had in winning that seat. Most election predictors used:
* "tossup": no advantage
* "tilt" (used by some predictors): advantage that is not quite as strong as "lean"
* "lean" or "leans": slight advantage
* "likely": significant, but surmountable, advantage
* "safe" or "solid": near-certain chance of victory
| Constituency | Constituency | Incumbent | Incumbent | Ratings | Ratings | Ratings | Ratings | Ratings | Ratings | Ratings | Ratings | Ratings | Ratings |
| State | PVI | Senator | Last election | Cook Oct. 21, 2024 | IE Oct. 31, 2024 | Sabato Nov. 4, 2024 | RCP Oct. 30, 2024 | ED Nov. 4, 2024 | CNalysis Nov. 4, 2024 | DDHQ/The Hill Nov. 5, 2024 | Fox Oct. 29, 2024 | 538 Nov. 2, 2024 | Result |
| Arizona | R+2 | Kyrsten Sinema (retiring) | 49.96% D | Lean D (flip) | Lean D (flip) | Lean D (flip) | Tossup | Likely D (flip) | Likely D (flip) | Lean D (flip) | Lean D (flip) | Likely D (flip) | Gallego 50.06% D (flip) |
| California | D+13 | Laphonza Butler (retiring) | Appointed (2023) | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Solid D | Schiff 58.87% D |
| Connecticut | D+7 | Chris Murphy | 59.53% D | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Solid D | Murphy 58.58% D |
| Delaware | D+7 | Tom Carper (retiring) | 59.95% D | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Solid D | Blunt Rochester 56.59% D |
| Florida | R+3 | Rick Scott | 50.05% R | Likely R | Likely R | Likely R | Lean R | Likely R | Likely R | Lean R | Likely R | Likely R | Scott 55.57% R |
| Hawaii | D+14 | Mazie Hirono | 71.15% D | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Solid D | Hirono 64.61% D |
| Indiana | R+11 | Mike Braun (retiring) | 50.73% R | Solid R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Solid R | Banks 58.64% R |
| Maine | D+2 | Angus King | 54.31% I | Solid I | Solid I | Safe I | Solid I | Safe I | Solid I | Safe I | Solid I | Likely I | King 52.06% I |
| Maryland | D+14 | Ben Cardin (retiring) | 64.86% D | Likely D | Likely D | Likely D | Lean D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Lean D | Solid D | Alsobrooks 54.64% D |
| Massachusetts | D+15 | Elizabeth Warren | 60.34% D | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Solid D | Warren 59.81% D |
| Michigan | R+1 | Debbie Stabenow (retiring) | 52.26% D | Tossup | Tilt D | Lean D | Tossup | Lean D | Lean D | Lean D | Tossup | Likely D | Slotkin 48.64% D |
| Minnesota | D+1 | Amy Klobuchar | 60.31% D | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Solid D | Klobuchar 56.20% D |
| Mississippi | R+11 | Roger Wicker | 58.49% R | Solid R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Solid R | Wicker 62.81% R |
| Missouri | R+10 | Josh Hawley | 51.38% R | Solid R | Solid R | Safe R | Likely R | Safe R | Solid R | Likely R | Solid R | Solid R | Hawley 55.58% R |
| Montana | R+11 | Jon Tester | 50.33% D | Lean R (flip) | Tilt R (flip) | Lean R (flip) | Lean R (flip) | Lean R (flip) | Tilt R (flip) | Likely R (flip) | Lean R (flip) | Likely R (flip) | Sheehy 52.64% R (flip) |
| Nebraska (regular) | R+13 | Deb Fischer | 57.69% R | Lean R | Lean R | Lean R | Lean R | Likely R | Tilt R | Likely R | Lean R | Likely R | Fischer 53.19% R |
| Nebraska (special) | R+13 | Pete Ricketts | Appointed (2023) | Solid R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Solid R | Ricketts 62.64% R |
| Nevada | R+1 | Jacky Rosen | 50.41% D | Lean D | Lean D | Lean D | Tossup | Likely D | Lean D | Lean D | Lean D | Likely D | Rosen 47.87% D |
| New Jersey | D+6 | George Helmy (retiring) | Appointed (2024) | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Likely D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Likely D | Kim 53.61% D |
| New Mexico | D+3 | Martin Heinrich | 54.09% D | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Lean D | Safe D | Solid D | Likely D | Likely D | Solid D | Heinrich 55.06% D |
| New York | D+10 | Kirsten Gillibrand | 67.00% D | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Solid D | Gillibrand 58.91% D |
| North Dakota | R+20 | Kevin Cramer | 55.45% R | Solid R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Solid R | Cramer 66.31% R |
| Ohio | R+6 | Sherrod Brown | 53.41% D | Tossup | Tossup | Lean R (flip) | Tossup | Lean D | Tilt D | Tossup | Tossup | Tossup | Moreno 50.09% R (flip) |
| Pennsylvania | R+2 | Bob Casey Jr. | 55.74% D | Tossup | Tilt D | Lean D | Tossup | Lean D | Lean D | Tossup | Tossup | Lean D | McCormick 48.82% R (flip) |
| Rhode Island | D+8 | Sheldon Whitehouse | 61.44% D | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Solid D | Whitehouse 59.90% D |
| Tennessee | R+14 | Marsha Blackburn | 54.71% R | Solid R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Solid R | Blackburn 63.80% R |
| Texas | R+5 | Ted Cruz | 50.89% R | Lean R | Tilt R | Lean R | Tossup | Lean R | Tilt R | Lean R | Likely R | Likely R | Cruz 53.07% R |
| Utah | R+13 | Mitt Romney (retiring) | 62.59% R | Solid R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Solid R | Curtis 62.50% R |
| Vermont | D+16 | Bernie Sanders | 67.44% I | Solid I | Solid I | Safe I | Solid I | Safe I | Solid I | Safe I | Solid I | Solid I | Sanders 63.16% I |
| Virginia | D+3 | Tim Kaine | 57.00% D | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Likely D | Safe D | Solid D | Likely D | Solid D | Likely D | Kaine 54.37% D |
| Washington | D+8 | Maria Cantwell | 58.43% D | Solid D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Safe D | Solid D | Solid D | Cantwell 59.09% D |
| West Virginia | R+22 | Joe Manchin (retiring) | 49.57% D | Solid R (flip) | Solid R (flip) | Safe R (flip) | Solid R (flip) | Safe R (flip) | Solid R (flip) | Safe R (flip) | Solid R (flip) | Solid R (flip) | Justice 68.75% R (flip) |
| Wisconsin | R+2 | Tammy Baldwin | 55.36% D | Tossup | Tilt D | Lean D | Tossup | Lean D | Lean D | Tossup | Tossup | Lean D | Baldwin 49.33% D |
| Wyoming | R+25 | John Barrasso | 66.96% R | Solid R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Safe R | Solid R | Solid R | Barrasso 75.11% R |
| Overall | Overall | Overall | Overall | D/I - 45 R - 51 4 tossups | D/I - 48 R - 51 1 tossup | D/I - 48 R - 52 0 tossups | D/I - 43 R - 50 7 tossups | D/I - 49 R - 51 0 tossups | D/I - 49 R - 51 0 tossups | D/I - 46 R - 51 3 tossups | D/I - 45 R - 51 4 tossups | D/I - 48 R - 51 1 tossup | Results: D/I - 47 R - 53 |

## Gains and holds
### Retirements

Two Independents, two Republicans and five Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election. Senator Dianne Feinstein had previously announced her intent to retire at the end of her term; however, she died in office on September 29, 2023.
| State | Senator | Replaced by |
| Arizona | Kyrsten Sinema | Ruben Gallego |
| California | Laphonza Butler | Adam Schiff |
| Delaware | Tom Carper | Lisa Blunt Rochester |
| Indiana | Mike Braun | Jim Banks |
| Maryland | Ben Cardin | Angela Alsobrooks |
| Michigan | Debbie Stabenow | Elissa Slotkin |
| New Jersey | George Helmy | Andy Kim |
| Utah | Mitt Romney | John Curtis |
| West Virginia | Joe Manchin | Jim Justice |

### Defeats

Three Democrats sought re-election but lost in the general election.
| State | Senator | Replaced by |
| Montana | Jon Tester | Tim Sheehy |
| Ohio | Sherrod Brown | Bernie Moreno |
| Pennsylvania | Bob Casey Jr. | Dave McCormick |

### Post-election changes

Two Republicans resigned in January 2025 and were both replaced with Republican appointees.
| State | Senator | Replaced by | Ref |
| Ohio (Class 3) | JD Vance | Jon Husted | |
| Florida (Class 3) | Marco Rubio | Ashley Moody | |

## Race summary
### Special elections during the preceding Congress

In each special election, the winner's term begins immediately after their election is certified by their state's government.
Elections are sorted by date, then state.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Status | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Status | Candidates |
| California (Class 1) | Laphonza Butler | Democratic | 2023 (appointed) | Interim appointee retired. Democratic hold. Winner also elected to the next term; see below. | ▌Y Adam Schiff (Democratic) 58.75% ▌Steve Garvey (Republican) 41.25% |
| Nebraska (Class 2) | Pete Ricketts | Republican | 2023 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected. | ▌Y Pete Ricketts (Republican) 62.64% ▌Preston Love Jr. (Democratic) 37.36% |

### Elections leading to the next Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 2025.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Result | Candidates |
| Arizona | Kyrsten Sinema | Independent | 2018 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. | ▌Y Ruben Gallego (Democratic) 50.06% ▌Kari Lake (Republican) 47.65% ▌Eduardo Heredia-Quintana (Green) 2.29% |
| California | Laphonza Butler | Democratic | 2023 (appointed) | Interim appointee retired. Democratic hold. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above. | ▌Y Adam Schiff (Democratic) 58.87% ▌Steve Garvey (Republican) 41.13% |
| Connecticut | Chris Murphy | Democratic | 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Chris Murphy (Democratic) 58.58% ▌Matthew Corey (Republican) 39.78% ▌Robert F. Hyde (Independent) 0.9% ▌Justin Paglino (Green) 0.8% |
| Delaware | Tom Carper | Democratic | 2000 2006 2012 2018 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | ▌Y Lisa Blunt Rochester (Democratic) 56.6% ▌Eric Hansen (Republican) 39.5% ▌Michael Katz (Independent Party) 3.9% |
| Florida | Rick Scott | Republican | 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Rick Scott (Republican) 55.57% ▌Debbie Mucarsel-Powell (Democratic) 42.79% ▌Ben Everidge (Independent) 0.6% ▌Feena Bonoan (Libertarian) 0.5% ▌Tuan Nguyen (Independent) 0.5% |
| Hawaii | Mazie Hirono | Democratic | 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Mazie Hirono (Democratic) 64.6% ▌Bob McDermott (Republican) 31.9% ▌Shelby Billionaire (We the People) 1.8% ▌Emma Pohlman (Green) 1.7% |
| Indiana | Mike Braun | Republican | 2018 | Incumbent retired to run for governor. Republican hold. | ▌Y Jim Banks (Republican) 58.64% ▌Valerie McCray (Democratic) 38.77% ▌Andy Horning (Libertarian) 2.59% |
| Maine | Angus King | Independent | 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Angus King (Independent) 52.06% ▌Demitroula Kouzounas (Republican) 34.64% ▌David Costello (Democratic) 10.83% ▌Jason Cherry (Independent) 2.5% |
| Maryland | Ben Cardin | Democratic | 2006 2012 2018 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | ▌Y Angela Alsobrooks (Democratic) 54.64% ▌Larry Hogan (Republican) 42.84% ▌Mike Scott (Libertarian) 2.52% |
| Massachusetts | Elizabeth Warren | Democratic | 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Elizabeth Warren (Democratic) 59.81% ▌John Deaton (Republican) 40.00% |
| Michigan | Debbie Stabenow | Democratic | 2000 2006 2012 2018 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | ▌Y Elissa Slotkin (Democratic) 48.64% ▌Mike Rogers (Republican) 48.30% ▌Joseph Solis-Mullen (Libertarian) 1.0% ▌Douglas Marsh (Green) 1.0% ▌Dave Stein (Constitution) 0.7% ▌Doug Dern (Natural Law) 0.3% |
| Minnesota | Amy Klobuchar | DFL | 2006 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Amy Klobuchar (DFL) 56.20% ▌Royce White (Republican) 40.5% ▌Rebecca Whiting (Libertarian) 1.7% ▌Joyce Lacey (Independence) 1.5% |
| Mississippi | Roger Wicker | Republican | 2007 (appointed) 2008 (special) 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Roger Wicker (Republican) 62.81% ▌Ty Pinkins (Democratic) 36.6% |
| Missouri | Josh Hawley | Republican | 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Josh Hawley (Republican) 55.58% ▌Lucas Kunce (Democratic) 41.76% ▌W. C. Young (Libertarian) 1.2% ▌Jared Young (Independent) 0.7% ▌Nathan Kline (Green) 0.7% |
| Montana | Jon Tester | Democratic | 2006 2012 2018 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. | ▌Y Tim Sheehy (Republican) 52.64% ▌Jon Tester (Democratic) 45.50% ▌Sid Daoud (Libertarian) 1.2% ▌Michael Downey (Green) 0.7% |
| Nebraska | Deb Fischer | Republican | 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Deb Fischer (Republican) 53.19% ▌Dan Osborn (Independent) 46.47% |
| Nevada | Jacky Rosen | Democratic | 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Jacky Rosen (Democratic) 47.87% ▌Sam Brown (Republican) 46.20% ▌None of These Candidates 3.0% ▌Janine Hansen (Independent American) 1.5% ▌Christopher Cunningham (Libertarian) 1.4% |
| New Jersey | George Helmy | Democratic | 2024 (appointed) | Interim appointee retired. Democratic hold. Interim appointee resigned December 8, 2024, to give Kim preferential seniority. Winner appointed the same day. | ▌Y Andy Kim (Democratic) 53.64% ▌Curtis Bashaw (Republican) 44.00% ▌Christina Khalil (Green) 1.1% ▌Ken Kaplan (Libertarian) 0.6% ▌Patricia Mooneyham (Independent) 0.4% ▌Joanne Kuniansky (Socialist Workers) 0.2% |
| New Mexico | Martin Heinrich | Democratic | 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Martin Heinrich (Democratic) 55.06% ▌Nella Domenici (Republican) 44.9% |
| New York | Kirsten Gillibrand | Democratic | 2009 (appointed) 2010 (special) 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Kirsten Gillibrand (Democratic) 58.5% ▌Mike Sapraicone (Republican) 41.0% ▌Diane Sare (LaRouche) 0.5% |
| North Dakota | Kevin Cramer | Republican | 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Kevin Cramer (Republican) 66.5% ▌Katrina Christiansen (Democratic–NPL) 33.5% |
| Ohio | Sherrod Brown | Democratic | 2006 2012 2018 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. | ▌Y Bernie Moreno (Republican) 50.09% ▌Sherrod Brown (Democratic) 46.47% ▌Don Kissick (Libertarian) 3.44% |
| Pennsylvania | Bob Casey Jr. | Democratic | 2006 2012 2018 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. | ▌Y David McCormick (Republican) 48.82% ▌Bob Casey Jr. (Democratic) 48.60% ▌John Thomas (Libertarian) 1.24% ▌Leila Hazou (Green) 1.00% ▌Marty Selker (Constitution) 0.3% |
| Rhode Island | Sheldon Whitehouse | Democratic | 2006 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Sheldon Whitehouse (Democratic) 59.90% ▌Patricia Morgan (Republican) 40.10% |
| Tennessee | Marsha Blackburn | Republican | 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Marsha Blackburn (Republican) 63.8% ▌Gloria Johnson (Democratic) 34.2% ▌Tharon Chandler (Independent) 0.9% ▌Pamela Moses (Independent) 0.8% ▌Hastina Robinson (Independent) 0.3% |
| Texas | Ted Cruz | Republican | 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Ted Cruz (Republican) 53.07% ▌Colin Allred (Democratic) 44.57% ▌Ted Brown (Libertarian) 2.36% |
| Utah | Mitt Romney | Republican | 2018 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. | ▌Y John Curtis (Republican) 62.50% ▌Caroline Gleich (Democratic) 31.74% ▌Carlton Bowen (Independent American) 5.74% |
| Vermont | Bernie Sanders | Independent | 2006 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Bernie Sanders (Independent) 63.16% ▌Gerald Malloy (Republican) 32.07% ▌Steve Berry (Independent) 2.2% ▌Matt Hill (Libertarian) 1.2% ▌Justin Schoville (Peace and Justice) 0.9% ▌Matt Stewart Greenstein (Independent) 0.3% |
| Virginia | Tim Kaine | Democratic | 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Tim Kaine (Democratic) 54.4% ▌Hung Cao (Republican) 45.4% |
| Washington | Maria Cantwell | Democratic | 2000 2006 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Maria Cantwell (Democratic) 59.09% ▌Raul Garcia (Republican) 40.64% |
| West Virginia | Joe Manchin | Independent | 2010 (special) 2012 2018 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. Winner delayed start of term until January 13, 2025, to finish his term as Governor of West Virginia. | ▌Y Jim Justice (Republican) 68.75% ▌Glenn Elliott (Democratic) 27.26% ▌David Moran (Libertarian) 3.99% |
| Wisconsin | Tammy Baldwin | Democratic | 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y Tammy Baldwin (Democratic) 49.33% ▌Eric Hovde (Republican) 48.48% ▌Phil Anderson (Disrupt the Corruption) 1.2% ▌Thomas Leager (America First) 0.9% |
| Wyoming | John Barrasso | Republican | 2007 (appointed) 2008 (special) 2012 2018 | Incumbent re-elected. | ▌Y John Barrasso (Republican) 75.11% ▌Scott Morrow (Democratic) 24.12% |

## Closest races

11 races had a margin of victory under 10%:
| State | Party of winner | Margin |
| Pennsylvania | Republican (flip) | 0.22% |
| Michigan | Democratic | 0.34% |
| Wisconsin | Democratic | 0.85% |
| Nevada | Democratic | 1.64% |
| Arizona | Democratic (flip) | 2.41% |
| Ohio | Republican (flip) | 3.62% |
| Nebraska | Republican | 6.67% |
| Montana | Republican (flip) | 7.14% |
| Texas | Republican | 8.50% |
| Virginia | Democratic | 8.93% |
| New Jersey | Democratic | 9.62% |

## Arizona

One-term independent Kyrsten Sinema was narrowly elected in 2018 as a Democrat with 50.0% of the vote. She left the Democratic Party in December 2022. Sinema announced on March 5, 2024, that she would not run for reelection.
Prior to her retirement announcement, Sinema was considered vulnerable to challengers from the Democratic Party due to her opposition to some of President Joe Biden's agenda, and U.S. representative Ruben Gallego launched an early bid for the Democratic nomination, which he won with no opposition.
Pinal County sheriff Mark Lamb and 2022 gubernatorial nominee Kari Lake sought the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate. Lake won the Republican primary by less than expected.

## California

Five-term Democrat Dianne Feinstein was reelected in 2018 with 54.2% of the vote against another Democrat. On February 14, 2023, Feinstein announced that she would not seek reelection to a sixth term. However, she died on September 29, 2023, leaving the seat vacant. Democrat Laphonza Butler, president of EMILY's List, was appointed by California governor Gavin Newsom to succeed Feinstein on October 2, 2023. Butler did not run for election to a full term, or for the final two months of the current term.
There were three major Democratic candidates for the seat — U.S. representatives Barbara Lee, Katie Porter, and Adam Schiff — along with former professional baseball player Steve Garvey running as a Republican. Schiff was viewed as representing the establishment wing of the Democratic Party, while Porter and Lee represent the progressive wing.
Schiff and Garvey won the non-partisan primary election which took place on March 5, 2024, during Super Tuesday, setting up a general election campaign between the two.
Due to California's election rules, similar to the previous election for the other seat, there were two ballot items for the same seat: a general election, to elect a Class 1 senator to a full term beginning with the 119th United States Congress, to be sworn in on January 3, 2025; and a special election, to fill that seat for the final weeks of the 118th Congress.

## Connecticut

Two-term Democrat Chris Murphy was reelected in 2018 with 59.5% of the vote. He announced that he was running for a third term. Beacon Falls First Selectman Gerry Smith announced his campaign in early February 2024. The Republican primary was won by tavern owner Matthew Corey, who was the Republican nominee in 2018.

## Delaware

Four-term Democrat Tom Carper was reelected in 2018 with 60.0% of the vote. He announced on May 22, 2023, that he would be retiring, and would not run for a fifth term.
Delaware's at-large U.S. representative Lisa Blunt Rochester ran for the Democratic nomination to succeed Carper, who endorsed her when he announced his retirement.
Term-limited governor John Carney was also considered a possible Democratic candidate. Carney announced that he was running for mayor of Wilmington.
Among Republicans, businessman Eric Hansen announced his candidacy.

## Florida

Former governor and incumbent one-term Republican Rick Scott was narrowly elected in 2018 with 50.06% of the vote. He ran for reelection to a second term. Brevard County assistant district attorney Keith Gross and actor John Columbus challenged Scott for the Republican nomination. Primary elections took place on August 20, 2024.
Scott won a second term, defeating Democratic former congresswoman Debbie Mucarsel-Powell.

## Hawaii

Two-term Democrat Mazie Hirono was reelected in 2018 with 71.2% of the vote. Hirono ran for a third term. Former state representative Bob McDermott won a 6-candidate race to be the Republican nominee.

## Indiana

One-term Republican Mike Braun was elected in 2018 with 50.8% of the vote. Braun was retiring to prepare to run for governor of Indiana. U.S. representative Jim Banks ran unopposed in the primary after his only competition, businessman John Rust, was disqualified.
Psychologist Valerie McCray defeated former state representative Marc Carmichael for the Democratic nomination.

## Maine

Two-term Independent incumbent Angus King was reelected in 2018 with 54.3% of the vote in a three-candidate election. He intended to run for a third term, despite previously hinting that he might retire.
Democratic consultant David Costello and dentist Demitroula Kouzounas, a former Maine Republican Party chair, each won their respective party primaries unopposed. They would both face King in the general election in November.

## Maryland

Three-term Democrat Ben Cardin was reelected in 2018 with 64.9% of the vote. On May 1, 2023, Cardin announced he was not running for reelection.
Prince George's County executive Angela Alsobrooks defeated U.S. representative David Trone for the Democratic nomination after a contentious primary, where Trone spent heavily from his personal wealth while Alsobrooks had the support of most elected Democrats.
Former governor Larry Hogan easily defeated conservative former state delegate Robin Ficker for the Republican nomination. A popular moderate known for his political independence, Hogan had previously declined to run, but unexpectedly filed to run hours before the candidate filing deadline.

## Massachusetts

Two-term Democrat Elizabeth Warren was reelected in 2018 with 60.3% of the vote. On March 27, 2023, Warren announced that she was running for reelection.
Software company owner Robert Antonellis, Quincy City Council president Ian Cain, and attorney John Deaton ran as Republicans.

## Michigan

Four-term Democrat Debbie Stabenow was reelected in 2018 with 52.3% of the vote. She announced on January 5, 2023, that she would retire, and would not run for a fifth term.
Representative Elissa Slotkin, and state representative Leslie Love announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. Businessman and 2006 Republican candidate for this seat Nasser Beydoun also declared his candidacy as a Democrat. Actor Hill Harper announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination in July 2023.
The primary took place on August 6, 2024. Former U.S. representatives Mike Rogers and Justin Amash, and hedge fund manager Sandy Pensler ran for the Republican nomination.
Representative John James, the Republican nominee for this seat in 2018 and for Michigan's other Senate seat in 2020, declined to run.
The nominees were Slotkin and Rogers, who easily won their primaries as expected.

## Minnesota

Three-term Democrat Amy Klobuchar was reelected in 2018 with 60.3% of the vote. She ran for a fourth term.
In the August 13 Republican primary, former NBA basketball player Royce White won an eight-candidate primary with 38% of the vote, with banker and retired U.S. Navy commander Joe Fraser finishing second with 29% of the vote. Third-party candidates consisted of guardianship advocate and Republican candidate for governor in 2022, Independence-Alliance Party candidate, Joyce Lacy.

## Mississippi

Two-term Republican Roger Wicker was reelected in 2018 with 58.5% of the vote. Wicker ran for a third full term. He faced a primary challenge from conservative state representative Dan Eubanks and won by a comfortable margin. Wicker would face Democratic lawyer Ty Pinkins in the general election.

## Missouri

One-term Republican Josh Hawley was elected in 2018 with 51.4% of the vote. Hawley ran for a second term.
Marine veteran Lucas Kunce, who ran unsuccessfully for the Class III seat in 2022, won the Democratic nomination on August 6, 2024.
Hawley defeated Kunce to win reelection.

## Montana

Three-term Democrat Jon Tester was narrowly reelected in 2018 with 50.3% of the vote. On February 22, 2023, he announced he was running for a fourth term. Tester was one of two Democratic senators running for reelection who represented states won by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections.
Businessman and former Navy SEAL officer Tim Sheehy won the Republican nomination. U.S. representative Matt Rosendale, also a Republican, ran against Sheehy for the nomination in February, but withdrew from the race days later. Sheehy defeated Tester in the general election, marking the first since 1911 that the Republican Party controlled both of Montana's senate seats.

## Nebraska

There were two elections in Nebraska, due to the resignation of Ben Sasse.

### Nebraska (regular)

Two-term Republican Deb Fischer was reelected in 2018 with 57.7% of the vote. On May 14, 2021, Fischer announced she was seeking reelection, despite previously declaring an intention to retire.
Dan Osborn, a union leader and steamfitter, ran as an independent. Since Osborn declared, the Democratic Party fielded no candidates in order to endorse him, but he stated he would accept the help of no parties.

### Nebraska (special)

Two-term Republican Ben Sasse resigned his seat on January 8, 2023, to become president of the University of Florida. Former governor and 2006 Senate nominee Pete Ricketts was appointed by Governor Jim Pillen, and a special election for the seat would take place concurrently with the 2024 regular Senate elections. Ricketts defeated Air Force veteran John Glen Weaver for the Republican nomination. Former University of Nebraska Omaha professor Preston Love Jr. ran as a Democrat.

## Nevada

One-term Democrat Jacky Rosen was elected in 2018 with 50.4% of the vote. Rosen was re-elected for a second term.
Veteran and 2022 Senate candidate Sam Brown was declared the Republican nominee after winning the June 11 primary. Brown easily won against former ambassador to Iceland Jeffrey Ross Gunter and former state assemblyman Jim Marchant, among others.

## New Jersey

Democrat Bob Menendez was reelected in 2018 with 54.0% of the vote. On July 13, 2021, The New Jersey Globe reported that Menendez planned to run for a fourth full term. On September 22, 2023, Menendez was indicted on federal bribery charges. On March 14, 2024, a week after his planned retirement, Menendez reversed his decision and attempted to run for re-election as an Independent candidate. Following his conviction on July 16, he announced that he would resign on August 20 and suspend his candidacy. Governor Phil Murphy announced that day he would appoint George Helmy, his former chief of staff, to serve as the caretaker before the election.
Financier and current first lady of New Jersey Tammy Murphy also ran for the Democratic nomination, but ended her campaign in March 2024.
Mendham mayor Christine Serrano Glassner and real estate developer Curtis Bashaw ran for the Republican nomination. On June 4, 2024, Bashaw won the Republican primary in an upset.

## New Mexico

Two-term Democrat Martin Heinrich was reelected in 2018 with 54.1% of the vote in a three-candidate race. He was re-elected for a third term. Hedge fund executive Nella Domenici, daughter of Pete Domenici, senator from 1973 to 2009, announced her candidacy for the Republican nomination on January 17, 2024.

## New York

Two-term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was reelected in 2018 with 67.0% of the vote. She was re-elected for a third full term.
Former New York City Police detective Mike Sapraicone declared his candidacy as a Republican.

## North Dakota

One-term Republican Kevin Cramer was elected in 2018 with 55.1% of the vote. Cramer ran for re-election.
Democrat Katrina Christiansen, an engineering professor from the University of Jamestown and candidate for the Senate in 2022, was her party's nominee.

## Ohio

Three-term Democrat Sherrod Brown was reelected in 2018 with 53.4% of the vote. Brown ran for a fourth term. He was one of two Democratic senators running for reelection who represented states won by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections.
The Republican nominee was businessman Bernie Moreno, who defeated state senator Matt Dolan and secretary of state Frank LaRose in the primary election.
Moreno defeated Brown in the general election 50.1% to 46.5%.

## Pennsylvania

Three-term Democrat Bob Casey Jr., was reelected in 2018 with 55.7% of the vote. Casey was running for a fourth term. He was challenged by engineer Blaine Forkner.
2022 Senate candidate David McCormick was the Republican nominee. McCormick won from Casey by 48.8% to 48.6% in the November 5, 2024 general election. Initially, despite the Associated Press calling the race for McCormick, Casey refused to concede the race due to unknown numbers of outstanding provisional ballots in primarily urban areas. Senate majority leader Chuck Schumer originally did not invite McCormick to the “New Senator Orientation Event,” but Schumer relented after criticism from Republicans and independent Arizona senator Kyrsten Sinema. Casey eventually conceded on November 21; McCormick was then officially declared the winner.

## Rhode Island

Three-term Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse was reelected in 2018 with 61.4% of the vote. He ran for a fourth term. Republicans who announced their candidacies included state representative Patricia Morgan and IT professional Raymond McKay.

## Tennessee

One-term Republican Marsha Blackburn was elected in 2018 with 54.7% of the vote. Blackburn filed paperwork to run for reelection. The Democratic nominee was state representative Gloria Johnson.

## Texas

Ted Cruz ran for a third Senate term. He faced Democratic nominee Colin Allred, a former NFL player and congressman, who defeated state senator Roland Gutierrez and state representative Carl Sherman in the primary election. Cruz defeated Allred on November 5, 2024, by 53.1% to 44.6%.

## Utah

One-term Republican Mitt Romney was elected in 2018 with 62.6% of the vote. On September 13, 2023, Romney announced he would not seek reelection in 2024.
The Republican nominee was U.S. representative John Curtis, who defeated Riverton Mayor Trent Staggs, and state House speaker Brad Wilson, in the primary election.
The Democratic nominee was professional skier Caroline Gleich.

## Vermont

Three-term independent Bernie Sanders was re-elected in 2018 with 67.4% of the vote. He was challenged by artist Cris Ericson, an independent perennial candidate. Businessman Gerald Malloy, who was the Republican nominee for the Senate in 2022, secured the Republican nomination unopposed.

## Virginia

Two-term Democrat Tim Kaine was reelected in 2018 with 57.0% of the vote. On January 20, 2023, he confirmed he was running for reelection to a third term. Governor Glenn Youngkin, who would be term-limited in 2025, was considered a possible Republican candidate.
On July 18, 2023, Navy veteran Hung Cao announced he would run as a Republican. Cao unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives against Democrat Jennifer Wexton in 2022.

## Washington

Four-term Democrat Maria Cantwell was reelected in 2018 with 58.4% of the vote.
Emergency room physician Raul Garcia announced that he would run as a Republican.

## West Virginia

Independent Joe Manchin, who was elected as a Democrat, was re-elected in 2018 with 49.6% of the vote. On November 9, 2023, Manchin announced he would not seek re-election. Since Manchin announced his retirement, all major outlets rated this seat as expected to flip to GOP control, which would put this seat in Republican hands for the first time in 68 years.
Popular governor Jim Justice easily defeated U.S. representative Alex Mooney in the Republican primary.
Wheeling mayor Glenn Elliott, who had Manchin's endorsement, defeated community organizer and U.S. Marine Corps veteran Zachary Shrewsbury and former coal executive Don Blankenship in the primary for the Democratic Party nomination.

## Wisconsin

Two-term Democrat Tammy Baldwin was reelected in 2018 with 55.4% of the vote. She ran for reelection. Hedge fund manager Eric Hovde, candidate for the Senate in 2012, announced a second attempt at the Republican nomination. Former Milwaukee County sheriff David Clarke was seen as a potential Republican challenger to Hovde's bid, but never ended up beginning a campaign for Senate.

## Wyoming

Republican John Barrasso was reelected in 2018 with 67.0% of the vote. On April 19, 2024, Barrasso announced he would run for reelection. Former Postal Union president Scott Morrow was the Democratic nominee.
Barrasso easily defeated his Republican primary challengers John Holtz and Reid Rasner on August 20, 2024.