# Carlos Castillo-Chavez

Carlos Castillo-Chavez (born March 29, 1952) is a Mexican-American mathematician. Castillo-Chavez previously served as a Regents Professor and Joaquín Bustoz Jr. Professor of Mathematical Biology at Arizona State University. Castillo-Chavez is known for founding the Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute (MTBI) at Cornell University in 1996. Since then, Castillo-Chavez has held various academic appointments, and he has published multiple books and research articles on the topics of mathematics, social structures, and disease.

## Biography

Castillo-Chavez immigrated to the United States from Mexico in 1974, at the age of 22. He began working at a cheese factory in Wisconsin to support himself. He then returned to his mathematics studies by applying to the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, where he graduated in 1976 with dual degrees in mathematics and Spanish literature. He continued his MS in Mathematics at University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. He earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1984). Prior to moving to Arizona State University in 2004, he spent 18 years as a professor at Cornell University. He published multiple scientific articles and books, and served on panels and committees for organizations such as the National Science Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, and the American Mathematical Society. He also served as rector of Yachay Tech University in Ecuador from 2016 to 2018.
His research interests, as a mathematical epidemiologist, relate to the mechanisms underlying the spread of diseases and their containment, prevention of spread and elimination. In 2006, Arizona State University described him as one of the most prominent mathematicians in the country, an expert in epidemiological modeling, and among the top research contributors to literature on the progression of diseases.
His 52 PhD students included 21 women, 29 from US underrepresented groups and 7 from Latin America, according to a September 2020 update of the public record. He was a research co-mentor to over 500 undergraduates - most through the Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute (see below) which he founded in 1996. A recognized mentor and motivator, Castillo-Chavez inspired hundreds of students to become mentors themselves and dedicate service to others. He received recognition for his work on enhancing prospects for academic success and providing research opportunities for underrepresented groups in mathematics and biology. According to the Mathematics Genealogy Project, Castillo-Chavez is the only Latino-heritage mathematician listed among the top 250 doctoral advisors.
In 2020, he retired after abrupt resignations from his posts at ASU in the previous year. Supporters and detractors said that his "tough love" approach could be both a source of support and a matter of conflict. A graduate student had reported him for creating a hostile environment and harassment, which was substantiated by an ASU investigation, and the matter was closed without further action upon his retirement.

## Research

Castillo-Chavez has co-authored over 560 publications and a dozen books, textbooks, research monographs and edited volumes. His research program was at the interface of the mathematical, natural, and social sciences, with emphasis on:
* the role of dynamic social landscapes on disease dispersal, evolution and control;
* the study of environmental risk, social structures and human behavior on disease dynamics including addiction.
He and his collaborators introduced mathematical models for the spread of scientific concepts, ideas, or media-driven information, such as the social contagion effect in recurrent mass killings and school shootings. They also worked on the role of behavior and mobility in the dynamics of emergent and re-emergent diseases including Ebola, influenza, tuberculosis, and Zika virus. Also, based on the learning and mentoring activities of the ASU Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute (see below), publications highlighted models and frameworks for collaborative learning through user-inspired research.

## Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute

The former Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute (MTBI) was originally established in 1996 at Cornell University by Castillo-Chavez, before it was moved to Arizona State University in the spring of 2004. MTBI funding was provided by Cornell University and Los Alamos National Laboratory (T-Division) from 1996 to 2004. MTBI was funded in part by the National Science Foundation, the National Security Agency and the Arizona State University. As of 2021-2022, it was renamed as the Quantitative Research in the Life and Social Sciences Program (QRLSSP).
QRLSSP/MTBI is an intensive summer research experience that prepares undergraduate students for the rigors of graduate level research at the interface of mathematics, statistics, and the natural and social sciences. Select students are invited to Arizona State University for eight weeks, where their time is split between classroom instruction on research methods and hands-on research projects.
QRLSSP/MTBI has recruited and enrolled 507 regular first-time undergraduate students and 78 advanced (returning) students. Of these regular students, 420 are U.S. citizens or permanent residents; 290 (69%) are underrepresented minorities and/or members of the Sloan Pipeline Program (URMs include Hispanic, African American and Native American students). have been provided mentoring (many of these teaching and grad assistants returned to MTBI for multiple years). Through July 2017, 281 out of 420 (67%) of U.S. MTBI student participants had enrolled in graduate or professional school programs (this number includes teaching/graduate assistants who were involved with MTBI over the course of multiple years). Two hundred five (205) are underrepresented minorities (66% of all MTBI US participants who entered graduate or professional schools were URMs). To date 129 US MTBI student participants have completed their PhDs, 97 of whom are URMs; 75% of US MTBI PhD recipients are URMs.
He was also director of the Institute for Strengthening and the Joaquin Bustoz Math-Science Honors Program (JBMSHP). JBMSHP is a summer residential mathematics program intended for mature and motivated students interested in academic careers requiring mathematics, science, or engineering-based coursework and typically underrepresented in those fields of study. Selected participants include first-generation college bound students and students from diverse backgrounds from high schools throughout Arizona State , including rural communities and the Navajo Nation.
Participants live on the Arizona State University (ASU) Tempe campus while enrolled in a university-level mathematics course for college credit such as College Algebra, Pre-Calculus, Calculus I, Calculus II, or Applied Mathematics in the Life and Social Sciences. In addition to the coursework, students work in groups to conduct applied mathematics research involving real-life mathematics problems to help deepen their understanding of the class material. Students present their findings in an oral presentation to their class peers and JBMSHP staff as well as at a poster symposium for faculty, staff, and family members. Tutoring and problem-solving sessions are provided as well as a variety of academic presentations and activities. Tuition, room and board, textbooks, and classroom expenses are all free for students.
Since 1985, 2,820 students have participated in the JBMSHP. 58% of the participants have been female. 50% are Hispanic, 16% are Native American, 13% are Asian, 13% are Caucasian, and 8% are African American. 35% of the students of JBMSHP attended for multiple summers, earning as many as 11 university credits before enrolling as a first-time freshman.

## Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center

Applied Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences (AMLSS) investigates and integrates complex areas of the physical, life and social sciences while preparing a new generation of students in mathematics. The objective of these programs is to develop critical thinking skills and purposeful competencies in mathematics, as well as an appreciation for the contributions of mathematics to the fields of science, engineering, business, government and economics. The Levin Center members have a history of stimulating synergistic cross-disciplinary activities, and initiating biological, environmental and sociological research that involves a significant use of quantitative methods—mathematics, modeling, statistics and simulations. The center's name was motivated by the work conducted by Simon A. Levin, Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution and the Director of the Center for BioComplexity at Princeton University. Research areas include Public Health, Infectious Diseases, Social Dynamics, Human-Environmental Interactions, Theoretical Biology, Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Simulations.
Castillo-Chavez was the founder of the Applied Mathematics in the Life and Social Sciences Degrees (2008) PhD programs. and BS The PhD program at Arizona State University aims to produce "a new generation of scientists with an understanding of global issues and vigorous training in quantitative theory and methods. [The] graduates come from a wide range of backgrounds and will be able to quickly adapt to the changing employment demands we are already seeing in areas such as homeland security, sustainability and conservation biology, urban system dynamics, public health, disease evolution and addiction, infrastructure and technological research."

## Awards and recognition

* Three White House Awards (1992, 1997, and 2011). His MTBI program received the Presidential Awards for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring (PAESMEM).
* The 12th American Mathematical Society Distinguished Public Service Award in 2010.
* The 2007 Mentor Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
* The 17th recipient of the SIAM Prize for Distinguished Service to the Profession
* He was a member of the Board of Higher Education at the National Academy of Sciences (2009-2015) and served on President Barack Obama's Committee on the National Medal of Science (2010-2015).
* Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics; Founding Fellow of the American Mathematical Society; and American College of Epidemiology
* He has held honorary Professorships at Xi’an Jiatong University in China, the Universidad de Belgrano in Argentina and East Tennessee State University. Past appointments include a Stanislaw M. Ulam Distinguished Scholar at Los Alamos National Laboratory, a Cátedra Patrimonial at UNAM in México, and a Martin Luther King Jr. Professorship at MIT.
* On February 24, 2016, the University Francisco Gavidia inaugurated the Centro de Modelaje Matemático Carlos Castillo-Chavez, in the City of San Salvador, in El Salvador.
* Castillo-Chavez serves in NSF’s Advisory Committee for Education and Human Resources (2016-2019) and in NSF’s Cyber Infrastructure Advisory Boards (2016-2019).
* He is the inaugural recipient of the William Yslas Velez Outstanding STEM Award, co-sponsored by the Victoria Foundation and the Pasqua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona (2015).
* Elected as a Member-at-Large of the Section on Mathematics of the AAAS (2-16, 2016 through 2-17 2020).
* April 2017, Castillo-Chavez was invited by Brown University to offer a lecture in the Series "Thinking Out Loud", named The Role of Contagion in the Building and Sustainability of Communities.
* The Pete C. Garcia, Victoria Foundation - Higher Education Award. Outstanding Latina/o Faculty: Research in Higher Education Award. Sep 4, 2019.

## Appointments

Primary
* School of Human Evolution and Social Change
* Global Institute of Sustainability, Distinguished Sustainability Scientist
* Founding Director Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational & Modeling Sciences Center
* ASU-SFI Center for Biosocial Complex Systems
* Center for Gender Equity in Science and Technology
External
* Santa Fe Institute, External Faculty Member
* Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University - Adjunct Faculty

## Selected publications

Books (selected)
* Carlos Castillo-Chavez, Fred Brauer, Zhilan Feng (2019). Mathematical Models in Epidemiology. New York: Springer. ISBN 9781493998265
* Carlos Castillo-Chavez, Fred Brauer (2013). Mathematical Models for Communicable Diseases. SIAM. ISBN 9781611972412
* Clemence, Dominic; Gumel, Abba; Castillo-Chávez, Carlos; Mickens, Ronald E. (2006). Mathematical studies on human disease dynamics: emerging paradigms and challenges: AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference, competitive mathematical models of disease dynamics: emerging paradigms and challenges, July 17–21, 2005, Snowbird, Utah. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-3775-3.
* Castillo-Chávez, Carlos (2003). Bioterrorism: mathematical modeling applications in homeland security. Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. ISBN 0-89871-549-0.
* Blower, Sally; Castillo-Chávez, Carlos (Ed) (2002). Mathematical approaches for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: an introduction. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-387-95354-X.
* Castillo-Chávez, Carlos; Brauer, Fred (2001). Mathematical models in population biology and epidemiology. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98902-1.
* Carlos Castillo-Chavez (editor) (1989). Mathematical and Statistical Approaches to AIDS Epidemiology. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-52174-7
Scientific articles (selected/most cited out of more than 500 publications)
* Castillo-Chavez Carlos, Derdei Bichara, and Benjamin R Morin. Perspectives on the role of mobility, behavior, and time scales in the spread of diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(51):14582–14588, 2016.
* Chowell, D., C. Castillo-Chavez, S Krishna, X Qiu, Modelling the effect of early detection of Ebola- The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15(2): 148--149, 2015
* Carlos Castillo-Chavez, Roy Curtiss, Peter Daszak, Simon A. Levin, Oscar Patterson-Lomba, Charles Perrings, George Poste, and Sherry Towers. Beyond Ebola: lessons to mitigate future pandemics. The Lancet Global Health 3 (7), e354-e355. 2015
* Eli P. Fenichel, Carlos Castillo-Chavez, M. G. Ceddia, Gerardo Chowell, Paula A. Gonzalez Parra, Graham J. Hickling, Garth Holloway, Richard Horan, Benjamin Morin, Charles Perrings, Michael Springborn, Leticia Velazquez, and Cristina Villalobos, "Adaptive human behavior in epidemiological models", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS, USA 2011; 108:6306-11
* Castillo-Chavez, C. and B. Song: "Dynamical Models of Tuberculosis and applications", Journal of Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 1(2): 361-404, 2004.
* Castillo-Chavez C., Z. Feng and W. Huang. "On the computation Ro and its role on global stability", Mathematical Approaches for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: An Introduction, IMA Volume 125, 229-250, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York. Edited by Carlos Castillo-Chavez with Pauline van den Driessche, Denise Kirschner and Abdul-Aziz Yakubu, 2002.
* Chowell, G., Hengartner, N.W., Castillo-Chavez, C., Fenimore, P.W., Hyman, J.M. "The Basic Reproductive Number of Ebola and the Effects of Public Health Measures: The Cases of Congo and Uganda". Journal of Theoretical Biology, 229(1): 119-126 (July 2004)