# List of Portuguese monarchs

This is a list of Portuguese monarchs who ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1139, to the deposition of the Portuguese monarchy and creation of the Portuguese Republic with the 5 October 1910 revolution.
Through the nearly 800 years in which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various other titles and pretensions. Two kings of Portugal, Ferdinand I and Afonso V, claimed the crown of Castile and waged wars in order to enforce their respective claims. Ferdinand I managed to be recognized as King of Galiza in 1369, although his dominance of the region was short-lived. When the House of Habsburg came into power, the kings of Spain, Naples, and Sicily also became kings of Portugal. The House of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown some honorary, such as the attribution of the title of Rex Fidelissimus (His Most Faithful Majesty), and royal titles, such as King of Brazil and then de jure Emperor of Brazil.
After the demise of the Portuguese monarchy, in 1910, Portuguese monarchists launched a counter-revolution known as the Monarchy of the North, though the attempted restoration only lasted a month before destruction. With Manuel II's death, the Miguelist branch of the house of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal. They have all been acclaimed king of Portugal by their monarchist groups.
The monarchs of Portugal all came from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, but direct lines have sometimes ended. This has led to a variety of royal houses coming to rule Portugal, though all having Portuguese royal lineage. These houses are:
* House of Burgundy (1139–1383)
* House of Aviz (1385–1580)
* House of Habsburg (1581–1640)
* House of Braganza (1640–1910)

## House of Burgundy (1139–1383)

The Portuguese House of Burgundy, known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Afonso Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. During the Reconquista, the Afonsine Dynasty expanded the country southwards until the definitive conquest of Algarve with Sancho II and the establishment of the Kingdom of Algarve, in 1249, under Afonso III. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred between 1383 and 1385. Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| Afonso IThe Conqueror; The Great; The Founder; The Father of the NationAfonso Henriques | 1106/09/11 – 6 December 1185 (aged 73–79) | 25 July 1139 | 6 December 1185 | previously Count of Portugal, founder of the Kingdom of Portugal Son of Henry, Count of Portugal and Teresa, Countess of Portugal | Burgundy |
| Sancho IThe Populator | 11 November 1154 – 26 March 1211 (aged 56) | 6 December 1185 | 26 March 1211 | Son of Afonso I | Burgundy |
| Afonso IIThe Fat; The Leprous; The Lawgiver | 23 April 1185 – 25 March 1223 (aged 37) | 27 March 1211 | 25 March 1223 | Son of Sancho I | Burgundy |
| Sancho IIThe Caped; The Hooded (capuchado); The Cowled; The Pious | 8 September 1209 – 4 January 1248 (aged 38) | 26 March 1223 | 4 December 1247 | Son of Afonso II | Burgundy |
| Afonso IIIThe Boulonnais | 5 May 1210 – 16 February 1279 (aged 68) | 4 January 1248 | 16 February 1279 | Son of Afonso II Brother of Sancho II | Burgundy |
| Denis IThe Farmer; The Farmer-King; The Husbandman; The Poet; The Poet-King; The Troubadour; The Just; The LiberalPortuguese: Dinis I | 9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 (aged 63) | 6 February 1279 | 7 January 1325 | Son of Afonso III | Burgundy |
| Afonso IVThe Brave; The Bold | 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 (aged 66) | 7 January 1325 | 28 May 1357 | Son of Denis I | Burgundy |
| Peter IThe Cruel; The Just; The Enemy-Son; The Stutterer; The Till-the-End-of-the-World-Passionate; The Vengeful; The RevengefulPortuguese: Pedro I | 8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367 (aged 46) | 28 May 1357 | 18 January 1367 | Son of Afonso IV | Burgundy |
| Ferdinand IThe Handsome; The Fair; The Debonair; The Inconstant; The Fickle; The InconscientPortuguese: Fernando I | 31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383 (aged 37) | 18 January 1367 | 22 October 1383 | Son of Peter I | Burgundy |
| BeatricePortuguese: Beatriz | 7–13 February 1373 – c. 1420 (aged 46–47) | (Disputed) 1383 | (Disputed) 1385 | Daughter of Ferdinand I | Burgundy |

## House of Aviz (1385–1580)

The House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his Grand-uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| John IOf Good Memory; The One with Good Memory; Of Fond Memory; The Master of Avis; The Good; The Great; The BastardPortuguese: João I | 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433 (aged 76) | 6 April 1385 | 14 August 1433 | Illegitimate son of Peter I | Aviz |
| EdwardThe Eloquent; The Philosopher; The Philosopher-KingPortuguese: Duarte I | 31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 (aged 46) | 14 August 1433 | 9 September 1438 | Son of John I | Aviz |
| Afonso VThe African; The Crusader | 15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 (aged 49) | 13 September 1438 — 15 November 1477 | 11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481 | Son of Edward I | Aviz |
| John IIThe Perfect Prince; The Man (O Homem)Portuguese: João II | 3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495 (aged 40) | 11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481 | 15 November 1477 — 25 October 1495 | Son of Afonso V | Aviz |
| Manuel IThe Fortunate; The Grocer King/The Spices King (O Rei das Especiarias) | 31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521 (aged 52) | 25 October 1495 | 13 December 1521 | Cousin of John II Grandson of Edward I | Aviz |
| John IIIThe Pious; The ColonizerPortuguese: João III | 7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557 (aged 55) | 13 December 1521 | 11 June 1557 | Son of Manuel I | Aviz |
| Sebastian IThe Desired; The Sleeping Hero; The Sleeping King; The Hidden; The Crusader; The Virgin KingPortuguese: Sebastião I | 20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578 (aged 24) | 11 June 1557 | 4 August 1578 | Grandson of John III | Aviz |
| Henry IThe Chaste; The Cardinal; The Cardinal-KingPortuguese: Henrique I | 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 (aged 68) | 4 August 1578 | 31 January 1580 | Son of Manuel I Brother of John III Great-uncle of Sebastian | Aviz |
| Anthony IThe Prior of Crato; The Determined; The Fighter; The Resistant; The IndependentistPortuguese: António I | 1531 – 28 August 1595 (aged 64) | (Disputed) 24 July 1580 | (Disputed) 1583 | Grandson of Manuel I Nephew of Henry I | Aviz |

## House of Habsburg (1581–1640)

The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine dynasty, was the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| Philip IThe PrudentPortuguese: Filipe I | 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598 (aged 71) | 17 April 1581 | 13 September 1598 | Grandson of Manuel I Nephew of Henry I | Habsburg |
| Philip IIThe PiousPortuguese: Filipe II | 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (aged 42) | 13 September 1598 | 31 March 1621 | Son of Philip I | Habsburg |
| Philip IIIThe Great; The Tyrant; The OppressorPortuguese: Filipe III | 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 (aged 60) | 31 March 1621 | 1 December 1640 | Son of Philip II | Habsburg |

## House of Braganza (1640–1910)

The House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great-great-grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in 1640 during the Portuguese Restoration War. The Habsburgs continued to claim the throne of Portugal until the end of the war in the Treaty of Lisbon (1668).
The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| John IVThe Restorer; The Fortunate; The Musician KingPortuguese: João IV | 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656 (aged 52) | 1 December 1640 | 6 November 1656 | Was chosen as king through Acclamation (unanimous consent) by the Portuguese people. Later, by right of conquest, dethroned the King Philip III. Was also great-great-grandson of Manuel I | Braganza |
| Afonso VIThe Victorious | 21 August 1643 – 12 September 1683 (aged 40) | 6 November 1656 | 12 September 1683 | Son of John IV | Braganza |
| Peter IIThe PacificPortuguese: Pedro II | 26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706 (aged 58) | 6 November 1683 | 9 December 1706 | Son of John IV Brother of Afonso VI | Braganza |
| John VThe Magnanimous; The Magnificent; The Generous; The Most Faithful King; The Nuns' Lover; The Portuguese Sun-KingPortuguese: João V | 22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750 (aged 60) | 9 December 1706 | 31 July 1750 | Son of Peter II | Braganza |
| Joseph IThe ReformerPortuguese: José I | 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777 (age 62) | 31 July 1750 | 24 February 1777 | Son of John V | Braganza |
| Maria IThe Pious; The MadPortuguese: Maria I | (1734-12-17)17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816(1816-03-20) (aged 81) | 24 February 1777 | 20 March 1816 | Daughter of Joseph I | Braganza |
| Peter IIIThe Capacidónio; The Builder; The Edifier; The Sacristan; The EnablerPortuguese: Pedro III | (1717-07-05)5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786(1786-05-25) (aged 68) | 24 February 1777 | 25 May 1786 | Husband of Maria I Son of John V jure uxoris king | Braganza |
| John VIThe Clement; The MercifulPortuguese: João VI | 13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826 (aged 58) | 20 March 1816 | 10 March 1826 | Son of Maria I and Peter III | Braganza |
| Peter IVThe Soldier King; The Liberator; The Emperor; The Hero of Two WorldsPortuguese: Pedro IV | 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834 (aged 35) | 10 March 1826 | 2 May 1826 | Son of John VI | Braganza |
| Mary IIThe Educator; The Good MotherPortuguese: Maria II | 4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34) | 2 May 1826 | 23 June 1828 | Daughter of Peter IV | Braganza |
| Michael IThe Absolutist; The Traditionalist; The UsurperPortuguese: Miguel I | 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866 (aged 64) | 26 February 1828 | 6 May 1834 | Son of John VI | Braganza |
| Mary IIThe Educator; The Good MotherPortuguese: Maria II | 4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34) | 26 May 1834 | 15 November 1853 | Daughter of Peter IV | Braganza |
| Ferdinand IIThe Artist KingPortuguese: Fernando II | 29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885 (aged 69) | 16 September 1837 | 15 November 1853 | Husband of Maria II jure uxoris king | Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry |
| Peter VThe Hopeful; The Beloved; The Well-BelovedPortuguese: Pedro V | 16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861 (aged 24) | 15 November 1853 | 11 November 1861 | Son of Maria II and Ferdinand II | Braganza |
| Louis IThe Popular; The Musician King; The Painter KingPortuguese: Luís I | 31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889 (aged 50) | 11 November 1861 | 19 October 1889 | Son of Maria II and Ferdinand II Brother of Peter V | Braganza |
| Carlos IThe Diplomat; The Martyr; The Martyred; The Oceanographer; The Hunter; The Painter King; The Obese | 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908 (aged 44) | 19 October 1889 | 1 February 1908 | Son of Louis I | Braganza |
| Manuel IIThe Patriot; The Sorrowful; The Unfortunate; The Studious; The Scholar; The Erudite; The Learned; The Bibliophile; The Missed-King | 15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932 (aged 42) | 1 February 1908 | 5 October 1910 | Son of Carlos I Last King of Portugal | Braganza |

## Length of Reign

| Name | Reign | Duration |
| Afonso I | 25 July 1139 – 6 December 1185 | 46 years 4 months 11 days |
| Sancho I | 6 December 1185 – 26 March 1211 | 25 years 3 months 20 days |
| Afonso II | 26 March 1211 – 25 March 1223 | 11 years 11 months 27 days |
| Sancho II | 25 March 1223 – 4 December 1247 | 24 years 8 months 9 days |
| Afonso III | 4 January 1248 – 16 February 1279 | 31 years 1 month 12 days |
| Denis I | 6 February 1279 – 7 January 1325 | 45 years 11 months 1 day |
| Afonso IV | 7 January 1325 – 28 May 1357 | 32 years 4 months 21 days |
| Peter I | 28 May 1357 – 18 January 1367 | 9 years 7 months 21 days |
| Ferdinand I | 18 January 1367 – 22 October 1383 | 16 years 9 months 4 days |
| John I | 6 April 1385 – 14 August 1433 | 48 years 4 months 8 days |
| Edward | 14 August 1433 – 9 September 1438 | 5 years 26 days |
| Afonso V | 13 September 1438 – 11 November 1477, 15 November 1477 – 28 August 1481 | 42 years 11 months 11 days 1st: (39 years 1 month 29 days), 2nd: (3 years 9 months 13 days) |
| John II | 11 November 1477 – 15 November 1477, 28 August 1481 – 25 October 1495 | 14 years 2 months 1 day 1°st: (4 days), 2°nd: (14 years 1 month 27 days) |
| Manuel I | 25 October 1495 – 13 December 1521 | 26 years 1 month 18 days |
| John III | 13 December 1521 – 11 June 1557 | 35 years 5 months 29 days |
| Sebastian I | 11 June 1557 – 4 August 1578 | 21 years 1 month 24 days |
| Henry I | 4 August 1578 – 31 January 1580 | 1 year 5 months 27 days |
| Philip I | 12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598 | 18 years 1 day |
| Philip II | 13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621 | 22 years 6 months 18 days |
| Philip III | 31 March 1621 – 1 December 1640 | 19 years 8 months 1 day |
| John IV | 1 December 1640 – 6 November 1656 | 15 years 11 months 5 days |
| Afonso VI | 6 November 1656 – 12 September 1683 | 26 years 10 months 6 days |
| Peter II | 12 September 1683 – 9 December 1706 | 23 years 2 months 27 days |
| John V | 9 December 1706 – 31 July 1750 | 43 years 7 months 22 days |
| Joseph I | 31 July 1750 – 24 February 1777 | 26 years 6 months 24 days |
| Maria I | 24 February 1777 – 20 March 1816 | 39 years 25 days |
| Peter III | 24 February 1777 – 25 May 1786 | 9 years 3 months 1 day |
| John VI | 20 March 1816 – 10 March 1826 | 9 years 11 months 18 days |
| Peter IV | 10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826 | 1 month 22 days |
| Maria II | 2 May 1826 – 23 June 1828, 26 May 1834 – 15 November 1853 | 21 years 7 months 10 days 1st: (2 years 1 month 21 days), 2nd: (19 years 5 months 20 days) |
| Michael I | 11 July 1828 – 26 May 1834 | 5 years 10 months 15 days |
| Ferdinand II | 16 September 1837 – 15 November 1853 | 16 years 1 month 30 days |
| Peter V | 15 November 1853 – 11 November 1861 | 7 years 11 months 27 days |
| Louis I | 11 November 1861 – 19 October 1889 | 27 years 11 months 8 days |
| Carlos I | 19 October 1889 – 1 February 1908 | 18 years 3 months 13 days |
| Manuel II | 1 February 1908 – 5 October 1910 | 2 years 8 months 4 days |