OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Krzysztof Knittel

Krzysztof Knittel (born 1 May 1947, in Warsaw) is a Polish composer of symphonic, chamber, stage and electroacoustic works.
Knittel studied sound engineering and composition with Tadeusz Baird, Andrzej Dobrowolski, Wlodzimierz Kotonski at the Frederic Chopin Academy of Music in Warsaw. He also studied computer music with Lejaren Hiller and programming at the Mathematical Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1974–75).
He attended Summer Courses of New Music in Darmstadt in 1974 and 1976. He has worked at the Experimental Studio of Polish Radio since 1973 and at the Center for the Creative and Performing Arts at State University of New York at Buffalo in 1978. He composes symphonic, chamber, stage, electroacoustic and computer works that have been performed in most European countries, Asia, North and South Americas. He took part in many art performances, built sound installations and played in improvised music groups.
His compositions were written for the National Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir, National Symphony Orchestra of the Polish Radio, “Amadeus” Chamber Orchestra of the Polish Radio, Sinfonia Varsovia Orchestra, Camerata Silesia Choir, and for numerous soloists.

## Performances

Concerts dedicated exclusively to his music were held in Barcelona, Budapest, Cracow, Kromeriz, Leipzig, Moscow, Sao Paulo, Warsaw. Knittel co-founded the following:
* KEW Composers Group (1973-75; with Elisabeth Sikora and Wojciech Michniewski)
* Cytula Tyfun da Bamba Orchester (1981)
* Independent Electroacoustic Music Studio (1982-84)
* Interdisciplinary group Freight Train (since 1986)
* European Improvisation Orchestra (1996-98)
* CH&K&K (since 1999; with Marek Choloniewski and Wlodzimierz Kiniorski)
* Mad Cavaliers (since 2003)

## Honours/awards

Among his honors are the Solidarity Award in Music (1985), Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award (1998), Norwid Price in Music (2003), Polish Composers' Union Prize (2003). In 2005 he was awarded by Polish Minister of Culture with “Gloria Artis” Silver Medal.
He served as director of the International Festival of Contemporary Music "Warsaw Autumn" (1995-98), president of the Polish Composers' Union (1999-2003), vice-president of the Polish Music Council (since 2000) and president (since 2005), the member of the Supervisory Board of the public Polish Television (2003-2006). Director of international Ad Libitum festival of improvised music since 2006. A member of the Programming Board of Zacheta National Gallery (2004-2012). Professor of the Fryderyk Chopin Music University, he teaches also at the music academies in Krakow and Lodz.
# Academia de l'Aragonés

The Academia de l'Aragonés (in English, Academy of the Aragonese [Language]) is an organization founded on 15 July 2006 by the 2nd Congress on the Aragonese so as to be the linguistic authority for the Aragonese language. It has no official recognition by the Aragonese government.
The aims of the academy, according to its statute, are:
* Investigate all the oral and written manifestations of the Aragonese language
* Gather and update its lexicon
* Regulate the Aragonese toponymy and onomastic
* Research and formulate spelling, grammar and phonetic rules for all the constitutive dialects
* Fix, develop and improve the standard modality
* Procure respect for the linguistic rights of Aragonese speakers

## Academics

It has 15 full members and 5 honorary members, and its current (as of 2012) president is Manuel Castán.
# Tuplice

Tuplice is a village in Żary County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Tuplice. It lies approximately 22 km (14 mi) west of Żary and 55 km (34 mi) south-west of Zielona Góra.

## History

1815 Teuplitz was part of Prussia from 1815; a glassworks and a brickyard date to this period. Until 1945 Teuplitz belonged to the Brandenburg district of Sorau. The railway lines Cottbus-Sorau and Muskau-Sommerfeld made the place an important railway junction in the Lower Lusatia. In 1933, the community had 1,381 inhabitants, which increased to 1,439 in 1939.
In the village of Schniebinchen there was a Hakhshara camp for young Jews from 1938 to 1939, which prepared them for emigration to Palestine by teaching agriculture.
In 1945 Teuplitz was partially destroyed. After the takeover by the Polish administration, the place declined in importance (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).
# Giacomo Promontorio

Giacomo Promontorio (1508–1578) was the 58th Doge of the Republic of Genoa.

## Biography

Promontorio was elected to the dogal title on January 4, 1553, the thirteenth in biennial succession and the fifty-eighth in republican history. Under his mandate, the Jesuits settled in Genoa and began organizing and founding public schools. After his office on January 4, 1555 he served the republic in other state offices. He died in Genoa in 1578 and was buried inside the church of Santa Caterina.
# Edward Cronin (musician)

Edward Cronin (1842-1918) was an Irish American fiddler who specialized in Irish folk music. He was especially important to the work of Francis O'Neill, the Chicago police chief and collector of Irish music, who wrote “Mr. Cronin’s memory proved a rich mine of traditional Irish melody,” and often described the many tunes he learned from Cronin. Four recordings of Cronin are among the earliest audio documents of how Irish folk music was played, and show him to have been a gifted player with a distinctive style. His influence on present day Irish music was substantial.
Cronin was born in Limerick Junction, County Tipperary, in about 1842. In 1863 he married Margaret Clancy in Ireland. O’Neill wrote that Cronin was trained as a weaver, but could find no work in that trade. He emigrated the United States in 1871 and lived for a time in Troy, New York, where the 1875 census listed him as a "bread peddler" living with his wife's relatives.
By 1900 he lived in Chicago at 1600 North Hamilton avenue, employed at the Deering Harvester Works, making farm machinery. “His work, day after day for many years, had been grinding castings on an emery wheel" O'Neill wrote, resulting in "coarse and scarred fingers".
O’Neill described him as in some ways a genius: "he could multiply compound numbers mentally and almost instantaneously, a faculty he possessed all through life; and as a composer of dance music, particularly hornpipes, from any given theme, his versatility was surprising." He supplemented his income with musical performances in Chicago's Irish American community and was a member of the Chicago Irish Music Club], an organization devoted to the celebration and preservation of Irish music and dance.
Cronin could read and write musical notation well, and O'Neill depended on him heavily, both as a source of tunes from memory and as a transcriber of tunes from others. He later had a falling out with Cronin at least partly over the problem of assigning key signatures to Irish tunes. O'Neill, who had only a rudimentary understanding of Irish music, believed that Cronin had assigned the wrong key signature to more than two dozen tunes. "In all my writings", he told Irish music collector Bernard Bogue, "I never alluded to the fact that one edition, 1000 copies, of The Dance Music of Ireland was destroyed on account of the numerous errors in key signatures made by Edward Cronin".
Additionally, many members of the Chicago Irish Music Club were policemen and enjoyed good pay and substantial pensions while Cronin, vital to O’Neill’s project, was at age 68 still employed at a grinding wheel. O’Neill as a captain and later as chief, was consistently anti-union and Cronin may have resented the use of police authority in the 1903 Deering Harvester strike and later, the teamsters' strike of 1905, in which O'Neill protected strikebreakers.
After 1905 the Cronins moved to 2961 Clybourn Avenue in Chicago. Margaret died in 1917. Edward died in May 1918. Both are buried in Mount Carmel Cemetery, Hillside, Illinois.
# Duchess of Grafton

Duchess of Grafton is the title given to the wife of the Duke of Grafton. Women who have held the title include:
* Isabella FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton (1668–1723)
* Henrietta FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton (1690–1726)
* Anne FitzPatrick, Countess of Upper Ossory (1737–1804), who was duchess from 1757 until her divorce in 1769.
* Elizabeth FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton (1745–1822)
* Mary FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton (1795–1873)
* Marie FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton (1833–1928)
* Susanna FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton (1878–1961)
* Lucy FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton (1897–1943)
* Rita FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton (1911–1970)
* Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton (1920–2021)
# Homeopathy UK

Homeopathy UK previously the British Homeopathic Association (BHA) is a British charity founded in 1902 by John Epps to promote homeopathy and advocate for its training and research. The BHA was re-branded in 2021 to Homeopathy UK. It supports the use of homeopathy within general and specialist healthcare, and provides a listing of homeopathic practitioners. From 1902, the BHA co-sponsored the Missionary School of Medicine, a school of medicine for medical missionaries. The charity also campaigns for more homeopathy in Britain's National Health Service (NHS).
Homeopathy is a form of alternative medicine in which practitioners treat patients using highly diluted preparations based on the Law of Similars of Paracelsus, one of the first documented proponents of modern toxicology".
The BHA has been accused of misrepresenting evidence submitted to the House Of Commons Evidence Check On Homeopathy. Analysis of the evidence submitted by the British Homeopathic Association contains many examples of quote mining, where the conclusions of scientific papers were selectively quoted to make them appear to support the efficacy of homeopathic treatment. For example, one paper's conclusion was reported as "There is some evidence that homeopathic treatments are more effective than placebo" without the immediately following caveat "however, the strength of this evidence is low because of the low methodological quality of the trials. Studies of high methodological quality were more likely to be negative than the lower quality studies."
NHS England's public consultation in July 2017 "to drive out wasteful and ineffective drug prescriptions" resulted in the recommendation, in November 2017, that GPs should stop prescribing homeopathy to patients. The BHA "believed it had identified serious flaws" in the consultation's process and sought a judicial review, crowdfunding donations from supporters to support the legal action. In May 2018, Mr Justice Supperstone heard the case at the Royal Courts of Justice, London and, in June, he upheld NHS England's original decision to cease funding homeopathy. NHS England announced its intention to "reclaim £120,000 in legal costs" from the BHA, arguing "that taxpayers should not pick up the tab for “tap water masquerading as medicine”".
In May 2019, the charity changed its name to Homeopathy UK.
# Murat Uysal

Murat Uysal is a Turkish economist and public administrator who served as the governor of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT). He assumed office on July 6, 2019, succeeding Murat Çetinkaya, and served until November 7, 2020.

## Early life and education

Uysal graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Economics with a degree in Economics following his education at Galatasaray High School. He completed his master's degree in the Department of Banking at Marmara University Institute of Banking and Insurance, focusing on Inflation Targeting and its Applications in the World and Turkey.

## Career

Uysal began his professional career in the banking sector in 1998. He held various positions as an expert and manager responsible for Foreign Exchange and Money Markets, as well as Securities. From 2007 to 2011, he served as the Head of the Department of Money and Capital Markets at Halkbank. Between November 2011 and June 2016, he assumed the role of Deputy General Manager responsible for Treasury Management at the same institution. Concurrently, he held positions such as board member of Halk Yatırım A.Ş. from 2008 to 2010, board member of Halk Portföy A.Ş. in 2011, and chairman of the Board of Directors of Halk Portföy A.Ş. from 2012 to 2014. From March 2015 to June 2016, he served as the chairman of the Board of Directors of Halk Yatırım Menkul Değerler A.Ş.
Prior to his appointment as governor, Uysal served as deputy governor of the CBRT and played a significant role in the formulation and implementation of monetary policies aimed at maintaining price stability and supporting economic growth in Turkey.
During his tenure as governor, Uysal faced various challenges, including high inflation, currency fluctuations, and external economic pressures. He implemented monetary policy measures to address these challenges, including interest rate adjustments and liquidity management.
Uysal's leadership at the CBRT was marked by efforts to enhance communication with market participants, improve transparency, and strengthen the credibility of monetary policy decisions. He emphasized the importance of central bank independence and accountability in achieving macroeconomic stability and financial resilience.
In November 2020, Uysal was removed from his position as governor of the CBRT by presidential decree, and he was succeeded by Naci Ağbal. His tenure as governor was notable for its emphasis on navigating Turkey's economic challenges and maintaining stability in the face of domestic and global uncertainties.
# 2009 New South Wales Labor Party leadership spill

The 2009 New South Wales Labor Party leadership spill was held on 3 December 2009 to elect the leader of the New South Wales Labor Party and, ex officio, Premier of New South Wales.
Incumbent premier Nathan Rees lost a spill motion after several months of speculation about a possible challenge. He contested the subsequent leadership election, but was defeated by planning minister Kristina Keneally. Carmel Tebbutt was returned unopposed as deputy leader (and Deputy Premier), creating the first all-female leadership team in Australia at a state or federal level.
Keneally was sworn in as premier the following day, becoming the first female Premier of New South Wales and the state's fourth premier in as many years. She led Labor to a landslide defeat less than two years later at the 2011 New South Wales state election.
Prior to the spill, Rees said that any challenger "would be a puppet" of factional powerbrokers Eddie Obeid and Joe Tripodi. The claim was rejected by Keneally, who stated "I am nobody's puppet, I am nobody's protege, I am nobody's girl".

## Candidates
### Leader
#### Declared

| Candidate | Candidate | Candidate | Electorate | Faction | Announced |
| | | Nathan Rees | Toongabbie | Unaligned | 3 December 2009 |
| | | Kristina Keneally | Heffron | Right | 3 December 2009 |

#### Withdrew

Frank Sartor was defeated by Keneally in a vote of Labor Right MPs, with Keneally becoming the Right's candidate for leader.
| Candidate | Candidate | Candidate | Electorate | Faction |
| | | Frank Sartor | Rockdale | Right |

### Deputy leader
#### Declared

| Candidate | Candidate | Candidate | Electorate | Faction | Announced |
| | | Carmel Tebbutt | Marrickville | Left | 3 December 2009 |

## Results
### Spill motion

2009 New South Wales Labor Party leadership spill: Spill motion :
| Faction | Faction | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Spill motion | Spill motion | 43 | 63.2 |
| | Labor | Nathan Rees | 25 | 36.8 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 68 | 100.0 |

### Leader

2009 New South Wales Labor Party leadership spill: Leader :
| Faction | Faction | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Labor Right | Kristina Keneally | 47 | 69.1 |
| | Labor | Nathan Rees | 21 | 30.9 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 68 | 100.0 |

### Deputy leader

2009 New South Wales Labor Party leadership spill: Deputy leader :
| Faction | Faction | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labor Left | Carmel Tebbutt | unopposed | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 68 | 100.0 | |
# Mont Rougemont

Mont Rougemont (French pronunciation:; Abenaki: Wigwômedenek) is part of the Monteregian Hills in southern Quebec. It is composed of igneous rock and hornfels. The summit stands 366 m (1,201 ft) above sea level. The mountain is mostly covered with sugar maple-dominated forest. Apple orchards and vineyards are cultivated on many of the lower slopes, and much of the fruit is used to make cider.

## Geology

The igneous material is composed almost entirely of mafic and ultramafic rock such as gabbro and olivine-bearing clinopyroxenite. These rocks outcrop in some places and are otherwise covered by dark brown stony loam, sandy loam or loamy sand which has been mapped as Montarville series. Mont Rougemont might be the deep extension of a vastly eroded ancient volcanic complex, which was probably active about 125 million years ago. The mountain was created when the North American Plate moved westward over the New England hotspot, along with the other mountains of the Monteregian Hills. It forms part of the vast Great Meteor hotspot track.
# Khuado

Khuado is a traditional harvest and New Year festival celebrated by the Zomi people, an ethnic group residing primarily in Myanmar and northeastern India. It marks the end of the agricultural cycle and is a time for thanksgiving, purification, and community bonding. The festival is observed annually in October with rituals, music, dance, and feasting.
The Zomi people celebrate two major festivals each year:
- Lawm Annek – Held in April after the sowing of seeds.
- Khuado – Celebrated in October after the harvest.
While Lawm Annek is focused on kinsfolk reunions, Khuado is broader in scope, bringing together different clans and forming community associations.

## Etymology

Meaning of Khuado
The term "Khuado" is derived from two Zomi words:
- "Khua" – meaning "village" or "community".
- "Do" – meaning "to fight" or "to drive away".
Together, Khuado translates to "fighting the evil spirits," symbolizing the community's effort to purify the village and drive away misfortunes.

## Historical significance

The Khuado Festival has been celebrated for centuries, with some historical records tracing its origins to the 14th century.
The festival historically served as both a New Year celebration and a spiritual cleansing ritual. It was believed that evil spirits caused sickness, death, and misfortune, so Khuado rituals were performed to exorcise malevolent entities from the community.

## Traditional practices

Exorcism and Purification
Festival of Lights
Lawm and Sawm Associations
Khuado is organized through Lawm, a community association where members take turns hosting the festival at their homes. The village headman often serves as the host.
Additionally, young men form the Sawm association, where they sleep in a dormitory called Hamtung under the leadership of a Sawm-u-pa (elder brother). The Sawm members, called Sawm-te, collectively work in fields to raise pigs (Sawm-vok) for Khuado feasts.

## Modern celebrations

Due to migration, Zomi communities worldwide now celebrate Khuado in major cities, including:
- Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA – The largest Zomi diaspora celebration. - Melbourne, Australia – Annual Khuado festival with cultural displays.
- Malaysia and India – Localized events in Zomi-majority areas.
The Zomi diaspora has taken to social media, YouTube, and community websites to promote and preserve Khuado traditions.

## Cultural importance

The festival remains a cornerstone of Zomi cultural identity, representing:
- Gratitude for a bountiful harvest.
- A communal cleansing for the coming year.
- A celebration of unity, heritage, and resilience
Through the efforts of Zomi community organizations, Khuado continues to thrive, ensuring cultural heritage is passed down to younger generations.
# Central of Georgia "Big Apple"

The Central of Georgia Railway (CofG) K class (known as the "Big Apples") were a class of 4-8-4 steam locomotives produced by Lima Locomotive Works for the CofG during World War II.
The Central of Georgia Railway (CofG), like most other railroads, were in need of motive power during World War II. Freight and passenger traffic soared to new heights. Part of the wartime traffic consisted of "mains" as troop trains headed to and from the numerous military bases located on the line, namely Fort Benning, near Columbus, Georgia. The CofG had freight and passenger power that had been overhauled into tip top shape. However, it left it wear and tear on the existing steam engines. The Central decided they needed a new locomotive to replace their 4-8-2s in existing service handling trains like the Seminole and the Flamingo bought in from the Illinois Central Railroad and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad from Birmingham, Alabama. They decided that the class M Mountain could not handle those trains unassisted to Albany, Georgia.
The answer to this problem was answered by the Lima Locomotive Works in October 1943, when they delivered eight new dual service 4-8-4 locomotives. The engines were nicknamed "Big Apples" by engine crews on the western end of the railroad. Locomotive numbers were 451–458. Because of the War Production Board's restriction on designing new engines, they were patterned after the Southern Pacific GS-2 type 4-8-4s.
It was noted in the 1944 Railway Mechanical Engineers that fuel performance for the CofG K class 4-8-4s was well under 100 lb of coal per 1,000 gross ton miles and averaged 11.4 lb per passenger-train car mile in service
The "Big Apples" operated in passenger and freight service from Albany, Georgia to both Birmingham, Alabama and Atlanta, Georgia. They could handle 1,500 tons between Birmingham and Columbus, Georgia, unassisted and 2,350 tons from Macon, Georgia to Americus, Georgia. It is also believed that they could handle as many as 17 passenger cars on the Seminole and the Flamingo.
They lasted in service for 10 years. In 1953, they were withdrawn from service and were scrapped later that year. Engine #451 remained in storage in Macon, Georgia until 1959 when it was scrapped after the railroad failed to find a city or an institution to accept it as a display piece.
# Twierdzielewo

Twierdzielewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przytoczna, within Międzyrzecz County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) south-west of Przytoczna, 10 km (6 mi) north of Międzyrzecz, 32 km (20 mi) south-east of Gorzów Wielkopolski, and 67 km (42 mi) north of Zielona Góra.
Twierdzielewo was a private church village, administratively located in the Poznań County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.

## Demographics (2011 census)

| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 59 | 31 | 28 |
| In pre-working age (<18 years) | 10 | 7 | 3 |
| In working age | 41 | 22 | 19 |
| In post-working age | 8 | 2 | 6 |
# Coat of arms of Ascension Island

The coat of arms of Ascension Island was granted in August 2012. Prior to this the island used the coat of arms of the United Kingdom for official purposes.