# Kota Bharu

Kota Bharu (Kelantanese: Koto Baghu), colloquially referred to as KB, is a town in Malaysia that serves as the state capital and royal seat of Kelantan. It is situated in the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia and lies near the mouth of the Kelantan River.
The town is home to many religious buildings, various museums, the unique architecture of the old royal palaces (still occupied by the sultan and sultanah and off-limits to visitors but viewable from outside) and former royal buildings (which can be visited). It is served by Keretapi Tanah Melayu's East Coast Line at the nearby Wakaf Bharu Terminal Station, in the town of Wakaf Bharu across the Kelantan River and Sultan Ismail Petra Airport, located in Pengkalan Chepa.

## Etymology

Kota Bharu means "new city" or "new castle/fort" in Malay. Occasionally, the name of the city is written as Kota Baharu.

## History

Kota Bharu was founded during the late 19th century. Before the establishment, Kota Bharu was home to Kelantan's Royal Palace, then established by Sultan Muhammad II of Kelantan in 1844 as Kelantan's state capital who wanted the new state capital built in his honour. Prior to this, Kota Bharu was known as Kuala Kelantan. Before Kota Bharu assumed the role, the Kelantanese capital was divided into two which were Kota Kubang Labu and Kota Pengkalan Datu. During the 19th century, Kelantan was a prosperous and populous state with a population of around 30,000 to 50,000 people including a thousand Chinese. Production from within the state include gold, tin ore, black pepper, areca nut, rice, rattan, bamboo, agarwood and songket. Kota Bharu acts as entrepot for goods due to its strategic location beside the Kelantan River.
During World War II, Pantai Sabak, about 10 km (6.2 mi) from Kota Bharu, was the initial landing point of the Japanese invasion forces on 8 December 1941, beginning the Battle of Kota Bharu, the first battle of the Malayan campaign. Japanese forces captured the city and would go on to successfully engage the British in jungle warfare and ultimately capture Singapore.
Kota Bharu was declared as the "Cultural City" on 25 July 1991 by the late Sultan Ismail Petra on the basis of two important aspects – the history of Kota Bharu and the uniqueness of its local arts and cultures. Kota Bharu was rebranded as the "Islamic City" (Malay: Bandar Raya Islam) by the Kelantan State Government on 1 October 2005 through its "Developing With Islam" (Malay: Membangun Bersama Islam) policy.

## Government

Kota Bharu Municipal Council, officially known as the Islamic City of Kota Bharu Municipal Council (Malay: Majlis Perbandaran Kota Bharu Bandar Raya Islam, MPKB-BRI, Jawi: مجليس ڤربندرن كوتا بهارو بندراي اسلام) and formerly known as the Kota Bharu Town Council (Malay: Majlis Bandaran Kota Bharu) from 1936 until 1971 and the Kota Bharu Town Board (Malay: Lembaga Bandaran Kota Bharu) from 1971 until 1978, is the local authority of Kota Bharu.

## Kota Bharu as an Islamic City

Kota Bharu was declared an Islamic city on Saturday, 1 October 2005 at 10pm by the Sultan of Kelantan, DYMM Sultan Ismail Petra ibni al-Marhum Sultan Yahya Petra at the Sultan Mohammed IV Stadium. The inauguration was accompanied by a fireworks display as an inauguration gimmick and performances of poetry, dikir barat, nasyid and singing by special guests, namely Mawi, M. Nasir, Halim Yazid, Kumpulan Rabbani and Akhil Hayy. The inauguration was also witnessed by thousands of attendees who had to watch on screens installed in several places around Kota Bharu.
After the inauguration, the Kota Bharu Municipal Council (MPKB) was renamed the Islamic City of Kota Bharu Municipal Council (MPKB-BRI).
However, this declaration did not mean that the city of Kota Bharu had received the status of a city like others, but simply called Kota Bharu a city with Islamic characteristics.

## Demographics

The vast majority of Kota Bharu's population is ethnically Kelantanese Malay. The language spoken in Kota Bharu is Kelantan Malay dialect. There is also a fairly large Chinese population.

### Religion

Kota Bharu town's population is 93% Muslim, with the remainder consisting of Buddhists, Hindus and Christians. The predominantly urban local Chinese community mainly practices Buddhism.

## Culture

The Kelantanese culture is highly distinctive as compared to other states of Malaysia but also with some influences from Thailand due to its geographical proximity.

### Food

Nasi berlauk, nasi dagang, nasi lemak and nasi kerabu are popular elements of the local cuisine. Sweet cakes, or kuih, are also popular amongst the Kelantanese. Other popular foods include nasi tumpang, etok, akok, lompat tikam & netbak.

## Climate

Kota Bharu features a tropical monsoon climate bordering on a tropical rainforest climate. Kota Bharu does not have a true dry season although the city experiences noticeably heavier rainfall from August through January. Also, Kota Bharu experiences slightly cooler temperatures between December and February than during the rest of the year. The city sees on average about 2,600 millimetres (100 in) of precipitation annually.
Climate data for Kota Bharu (1991–2020 normals) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.4 (92.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 34.9 (94.8) | 35.6 (96.1) | 36.4 (97.5) | 35.6 (96.1) | 35.7 (96.3) | 35.2 (95.4) | 35.0 (95.0) | 34.8 (94.6) | 33.6 (92.5) | 32.4 (90.3) | 36.4 (97.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.5 (85.1) | 30.4 (86.7) | 31.4 (88.5) | 32.6 (90.7) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.7 (90.9) | 32.3 (90.1) | 32.2 (90.0) | 31.9 (89.4) | 31.1 (88.0) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.2 (84.6) | 31.3 (88.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) | 26.7 (80.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 28.4 (83.1) | 28.5 (83.3) | 28.1 (82.6) | 27.7 (81.9) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.0 (80.6) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.3 (79.3) | 27.3 (81.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.5 (74.3) | 24.0 (75.2) | 24.7 (76.5) | 24.9 (76.8) | 24.6 (76.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 24.0 (75.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 24.0 (75.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.8 (74.8) | 24.1 (75.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 18.3 (64.9) | 21.7 (71.1) | 21.1 (70.0) | 20.6 (69.1) | 21.1 (70.0) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.6 (69.1) | 18.9 (66.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 16.7 (62.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 149.9 (5.90) | 69.0 (2.72) | 140.3 (5.52) | 92.5 (3.64) | 115.8 (4.56) | 137.7 (5.42) | 155.0 (6.10) | 157.9 (6.22) | 163.3 (6.43) | 267.4 (10.53) | 676.9 (26.65) | 572.4 (22.54) | 2,697.9 (106.22) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.5 | 4.7 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 12.5 | 12.2 | 15.7 | 20.5 | 18.4 | 134.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 86 | 88 | 87 | 84 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 161 | 190 | 207 | 214 | 194 | 186 | 184 | 187 | 187 | 174 | 139 | 130 | 2,153 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Ogimet Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity) ||||||||||||||

## Transportation
### Public transportation

Grab Car services, available for 24 hours a day, are provided in Kota Bharu since April 2017.
Kota Bharu is serviced by Sultan Ismail Petra Airport, the busiest airport in east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (IATA: KBR).
The closest railway station is the Wakaf Bharu station on the other side of the river, 6 km from the city centre.
The under construction MRL East Coast Rail Link will have a station at Kota Bahru. The Kota Bharu station will be located near Kampung Tunjong.
Kota Bahru is served by local bus services, and intercity bus services. There are two bus terminals in the city, and buses connect to bigger towns and border towns such as Sungai Kolok and Gua Musang.

### Roadways

Highway 8 is the main highway leading Kota Bharu to the federal capital Kuala Lumpur. Highway 3 connects Kota Bharu to Pasir Mas and the Thailand border in the west, or Kuala Terengganu, Kuantan or even Johor Bahru due south. Connection to Penang is possible via highway 4. The Lebuhraya Rakyat, or People's Expressway, is a planned expressway that is to connect Kota Bharu to Kuala Krai in southern Kelantan. The project has been integrated into the Central Spine Road project (assigned as highway 34), scheduled to be complete by 2020.

## Education

Notable educational establishments include Open University Malaysia, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, MSU College and Wadi Sofia International School. However, the most plentiful type of school are national schools, which include
* Private schools
* Islamic religious schools
* National schools
* Chinese Type Primary and Secondary School
* Technical secondary schools: Sekolah Menengah Teknik (SMT)
* MRSM and SBP

## Shopping

The most famous shopping destination in Kota Bharu is Siti Khadijah Market. Most of its sellers are women. Next to Central Market is the Kota Bharu Trade Centre (KBTC) which was opened in August 2009, with Parkson as the anchor tenants for the mall.
Other shopping centres in Kota Bharu are the KB Mall, Kota Seri Mutiara, G-Orange Mall, Pantai Timur and Platinum Mall. A Tesco supermarket opened in 2008, later renamed Lotus's. In March 2010, the Mydin Mall in Bandar Baru Kubang Kerian opened. AEON Mall in Lembah Sireh opened in April 2016. A new Giant Hypermarket located in Bandar Baru Tunjong was opened in 2016, as well as a Mydin store at Bandar Baru Tunjong by 2021.

## Tourism
### Beaches

Strong surf threatens all major beaches in the vicinity of Kota Bharu with substantial erosion. The community has been implementing wave breakers by piling up massive amounts of boulders in an effort to protect the coastline. Regular beach activity has become impossible as visitors frequent beaches further south. In terms of tourism, the most famous beach in Kota Bharu is Pantai Cahaya Bulan.

### Wreck diving

Diving in Kota Bharu is a relatively new activity. At present, only one dive shop operates in the area. Trips out to the wreck of the IJN Awazisan Maru (known locally as the "Japanese Invasion Wreck") are among the sites offered. This Japanese transport ship was the first vessel to sink in the Pacific War. The wreck is a 30-minute boat journey from a jetty which is 10 minutes outside of Kota Bharu.

## Notable people
### Academician & Corporate Figures

* Omar Abdul Rahman
* Nik Safiah Karim

### Athletes

* Badhri Radzi, footballer. Currently playing for Kelantan FA
* Hafiz Hashim, former national badminton player.
* Khairul Fahmi Che Mat, national football goalkeeper
* Luqman Hakim Shamsudin, footballer. Currently playing for KV Kortrijk
* Mohd Hashim Mustapha, former footballer
* Roslin Hashim, former national badminton player.
* Sidique Ali Merican, former sprinter.

### Entertainers

* Aedy Ashraf
* Bienda
* Izzue Islam
* Issey Fazlisham
* Misha Omar
* Julia Rais
* Nelydia Senrose
* Neelofa
* Saharul Ridzuan

### Politics

* Asri Muda
* Khalid Samad
* Mohamed Nasir
* Ng Yen Yen
* Nga Kor Ming
* Nik Ahmad Kamil
* Nik Aziz Nik Mat
* Tan Seng Giaw
* Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
* Zaid Ibrahim
* Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat

## International relations
### Sister city

As of 2018, Kota Bharu has two sister city:
* Kasaoka, Japan.
* Linxia Hui ,China