# Abdullah Ahmad Badawi

Abdullah bin Ahmad Badawi (Jawi: عبد الله بن احمد بدوي, Malay pronunciation:; born 26 November 1939) is a Malaysian politician who served as the fifth Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2003 to 2009. He was also the sixth president of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the largest political party (at the time) in Malaysia, and led the governing Barisan Nasional (BN) parliamentary coalition. He is informally known as Pak Lah, Pak meaning 'Uncle' or 'Sir', while Lah is taken from his name 'Abdullah'. He was also a Member of Parliament (MP) for Kepala Batas for eight consecutive terms, from 1978 to 2013. During the later part of Abdullah's administration, his government faced criticism for economic policies and performance, including concerns about inflation and the rising cost of living.

## Early life and education

Abdullah was born in Bayan Lepas, Penang to a prominent religious family. Badawi's paternal grandfather, Syeikh Abdullah Badawi Fahim, was of Hadrami descent. Syeikh Abdullah was a well-respected religious leader and nationalist, was one of the founding members of Hizbul Muslimin, later known as PAS. After independence, Syeikh Abdullah became the first mufti of Penang after Independence. His father, Ahmad Badawi, was a prominent religious figure and UMNO member. His mother, Kailan Haji Hassan died in Kuala Lumpur at the age of 80 on 2 February 2004. His maternal grandfather, Ha Su-chiang (traditional Chinese: 哈蘇璋; simplified Chinese: 哈苏璋; pinyin: Hā Sūzhāng; Wade–Giles: Ha$^1$ Su$^1$-chang$^1$) (also known as Hassan Salleh), was an Utsul Muslim who came from Sanya in Hainan.
Abdullah is a former student of Bukit Mertajam High School. He studied at MBS (Methodist Boys' School) Penang for his 6th form. Abdullah obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Islamic Studies from the University of Malaya in 1964.

## Early career

After graduating from the University of Malaya, he joined the Malaysian Administrative and Diplomatic Corps (the formal term for civil service). He served as Director of Youth at the Ministry of Youth and Sport as well as Secretary of the National Operations Council (MAGERAN). He resigned in 1978 to become a member of parliament for his constituency of Kepala Batas in northern Seberang Perai (which had also been represented by his father).

## Political career

Early during Mahathir's tenure as prime minister, a bitter dispute erupted within the ruling UMNO party and it was divided into two camps, which were colloquially known as 'Team A', comprising Mahathir loyalists, and 'Team B', which supported former Minister of Finance Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah and former deputy prime minister Musa Hitam. Mahathir prevailed, leading to the exclusion of Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah from the newly established UMNO (Baru) or New UMNO. Abdullah was a close supporter of his political mentor Musa Hitam in Team B and as a result, he was sacked from his post of Minister of Defence in the Cabinet. He did not join the Semangat 46 (Spirit 46) party which was set up by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. Semangat 46 is now defunct.
When UMNO (Baru) was formed in February 1988, Mahathir, the UMNO president and prime minister, brought Abdullah into the pro tem committee of UMNO (Baru) as the vice-president. In 1990, Abdullah retained his seat as vice president. During the Cabinet reshuffle in 1991, Mahathir brought him back into the Cabinet as foreign minister. He held this post until November 1999, when Syed Hamid Albar succeeded him. Even though he lost his vice presidency in the 1993 UMNO elections, he remained in the Cabinet and was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Prior to 1998, he also served as Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Minister of Education, Minister of Defence, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. On 7 January 1999, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad appointed him as deputy prime minister. Abdullah went on to succeed Mahathir as prime minister in 2003.

## Prime Minister (2003–2009)
### First term

Upon coming into power as prime minister, Abdullah Badawi promised to clamp down on corruption, thus empowering anti-corruption agencies and providing more avenues for the public to expose corrupt practices. He advocated an interpretation of Islam known as Islam Hadhari, which advocates the intercompatibility between Islam and economic and technological development.
In the 2004 general election, Abdullah scored a significant victory. In the 11th General Election, Abdullah Badawi's first as Prime Minister of Malaysia, he delivered a landslide victory for his party's coalition Barisan Nasional (of which UMNO is the dominant party) by winning 198 out of 220 seats in parliament and wresting control of the Terengganu state government from the Islamist opposition Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), as well as coming close to capturing the traditional PAS stronghold of Kelantan. The victory was widely regarded as an approval of his vision of moderate Islam over religious fundamentalism as well as support for his anti-corruption policies.

### Economic policies

Under the Abdullah administration, the country was moving down to a value-chain economy by developing its inherent strengths in agriculture without losing its existing manufacturing base. However, Abdullah was criticized for his handling of the sudden hikes in petrol and electricity prices due to the restructuring of government subsidies, especially as it was detrimental to Malaysia's position as a traditional exporter.

### 50 years of nationhood

On 31 August 2007, Abdullah Badawi shouted 'Merdeka!' during the midnight celebrations of Malaysia's 50 years of nationhood. The celebrations were held at Merdeka Square, Kuala Lumpur, where thousands of people had congregated. This was a symbolic gesture which emulated the actions of Malaya's first prime minister, the late Tunku Abdul Rahman when the latter declared independence from the British in 1957.

### Second term

Abdullah won a second term as prime minister by winning the 2008 general election, held in March 2008, with a reduced majority. In the 12th General Election, Barisan Nasional won a slim majority of seats but lost its two-thirds majority and also lost 5 states to Opposition Pact. He also lost four additional states to the opposition (Kedah, Penang, Perak and Selangor). Although his party, Barisan Nasional, suffered a major setback, Abdullah vowed to fulfil the promises in his manifesto amid calls from Mahathir, the opposition and even among UMNO members for him to resign. However, his deputy, Najib Razak, and others in his party voiced unreserved support for his leadership. It took a while before open dissent started brewing at grassroots levels, with petitions and campaigns being launched to ask for his resignation.
He was sworn in for a second term as prime minister on 10 March 2008. Abdullah unveiled a streamlined 68-member Cabinet on 18 March 2008, dropping half the ministers in his previous administration and keeping the crucial finance portfolio for himself.
Abdullah faced a political crisis not only from the onslaught of the Opposition which gained much ground by taking the richest and most important states (Selangor and Penang, which incidentally is the hometown of Abdullah Badawi). He also faced growing discontent from within his own ranks in the UMNO party. Mukhriz Mahathir, the son of the former prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, openly called for him to step down. The UMNO Youth chief, Hishammuddin Hussein, did not take any action against Mukhriz and dismissed it as a personal opinion.
On 19 May 2008, the dispute between Mahathir and Abdullah reached a critical stage when Mahathir, who had served as UMNO President for 22 years, announced that he was quitting the party after having lost confidence in Abdullah Badawi's leadership, and that he would only rejoin the party after Abdullah had stepped down as UMNO president and prime minister.
On 15 September 2008, Abdullah's cabinet Minister in the Prime Minister Department Senator Zaid Ibrahim submitted his resignation letter to the prime minister. He tendered his resignation as a protest to the government's action in detaining a blogger, a member of parliament and a reporter under the Internal Security Act. Abdullah later accepted his resignation.

### Retirement and transfer of power

Abdullah was under heavy pressure to step down after many within his UMNO party including former prime minister Dr Mahathir Mohamad openly asked him to take full responsibility for the dismal performance during the 12th General Election in March 2008. On 10 July 2008, Abdullah announced he would step down as UMNO president and prime minister in mid-2009. He stepped down in favour of his successor, Najib Razak, during the UMNO General Assembly held on 1 April 2009. Nevertheless, shortly before he resigned, Najib gave promises to Abdullah that his constituency in Kepala Batas would continue to receive development funds, where he would continue to serve as its MP.
Abdullah Badawi handed his resignation letter to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 2 April 2009. On 3 April 2009, he was succeeded by Najib Razak as prime minister. The Deputy Prime Minister, Najib, was sworn in as the new prime minister the following day. Abdullah was then conferred with a "Tun" title by King Mizan Zainal Abidin for his service to the nation.

## Controversies and issues
### Anti-Corruption

Abdullah Badawi's administration has been criticised for failing to assert its anti-corruption credentials. After moves to charge prominent figures such as Eric Chia and the then Land and Co-operative Development Minister, Kasitah Gaddam, with corruption, Abdullah Badawi's administration's efforts to combat corruption allegedly became less transparent. It was noted by the Economist that little progress has been made on curbing corruption.

### Traffic offences

In 2006, Abdullah was reported to have been charged with 11 traffic offences. Five of the summons were issued for speeding, four for traffic obstruction and two for parking on the wrong side of the road. Abdullah said he was unaware that he had 11 unpaid traffic summonses.

### Malaysia as an Islamic State

In 2007, Abdullah first called Malaysia an Islamic state. Earlier that month he had made another statement, saying Malaysia was neither a theocratic or secular state. A similar statement was made by the Prime Minister on 12 March 2009, where he stated Malaysia was a "negara Islam". The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), a political group representing Malaysian Chinese, expressed reservations over this announcement. The MCA's position is that Malaysia is a fully secular state, and that the law transcends religion.

### Iraq Oil-for-Food scandal

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi has been criticised for endorsing his relatives who were involved in abuses related to the Iraqi Oil-for-Food Programme.

### Nuclear proliferation

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi has been criticised after one of his son's companies was found to be producing components for centrifuges purported to be intended for use in Libya's secret uranium enrichment program.

### Concerns and disputes by Mahathir Mohamad and UMNO

In 2005, it was alleged that under Abdullah Badawi's administration, there had been a significant increase in cases of cronyism regarding the distribution of import permits for foreign-manufactured vehicles. Former prime minister Mahathir had called for an investigation of the issue. Later, Mahathir Mohamad criticised Abdullah for cancelling a number of development projects that the former had started, such as the construction of a bridge to replace the causeway linking Malaysia and Singapore.

### Vote of no confidence to Abdullah Badawi in Parliament

On 18 June 2008, the Sabah Progressive Party, a member of the 14-party ruling Barisan Nasional coalition, said its two legislators in the federal parliament will move or back a motion of no-confidence against Abdullah.
Malaysia has never experienced a serious no-confidence vote before and it is unclear what is the next step if, in the unlikely event, Abdullah loses the vote; whether a snap election is held, or whether the King dissolves parliament, or whether a new leader is given the opportunity to form a new government. No Malaysian Prime Minister has ever faced a vote of no-confidence presented by a member of his own coalition before. The Barisan Nasional has 140 lawmakers in the 222-member Parliament, enough to defeat any vote against Abdullah who is also president of the UMNO.
Nevertheless, the motion was rejected by the Speaker on the basis that there were no grounds for the motion to be put forward.

## Personal life

On 20 October 2005, Abdullah Badawi's wife, Endon Mahmood, died of breast cancer. Endon discovered the disease in 2003 while her twin sister Noraini, who had earlier been diagnosed with the same illness, died in January 2003. She received treatment in the United States and returned to Malaysia 18 days before her death. She is buried at a Muslim cemetery, at Taman Selatan, Precinct 20, Putrajaya.
On 6 June 2007, the Prime Minister's office announced Abdullah Badawi's marriage to Jeanne Abdullah. On 9 June, a private ceremony was conducted at the Prime Minister's residence, Seri Perdana, and attended by close relatives. Jeanne was formerly married to the younger brother of Abdullah Badawi's late wife. She was also a manager at the Seri Perdana residential complex and has two children from her previous marriage.
Abdullah has been criticised for allowing his son-in-law, Khairy Jamaluddin, to become unduly influential in UMNO politics.
Abdullah also has been criticised for allowing his brother Fahim Ibrahim Badawi to buy 51 percent of the government-controlled MAS Catering Sdn Bhd. Fahim later sold this stake to Lufthansa's LSG Skychef at a huge profit.
He is known also as a poet. His poem I Seek Eternal Peace was translated into more than 80 languages and published as a book.
On 11 September 2022, Khairy said that Abdullah was suffering from dementia, unable to recognize or remember family members, and requires the use of a wheelchair.

## Election results

Parliament of Malaysia :
| Year | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout |
| 1978 | P035 Kepala Batas | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 12,645 | 62.41% | Musa Mohd. Yatim (PAS) | 7,616 | 37.59% | 21,491 | 5,029 | 81.81% |
| 1982 | P035 Kepala Batas | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 16,759 | 68.51% | Mohamad Sabu (PAS) | 4,115 | 16.82% | 25,277 | 12,644 | 80.29% |
| 1982 | P035 Kepala Batas | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 16,759 | 68.51% | Khoo Siew Hoe (DAP) | 3,589 | 14.67% | 25,277 | 12,644 | 80.29% |
| 1986 | P038 Kepala Batas | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 15,463 | 69.33% | Ahmad Hasan Salahuddin (PAS) | 6,841 | 30.67% | 22,900 | 8,622 | 75.81% |
| 1990 | P038 Kepala Batas | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 17,025 | 70.35% | Ahmad Awang (S46) | 7,174 | 29.65% | 24,931 | 9,851 | 80.25% |
| 1995 | P041 Kepala Batas | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 22,521 | 82.77% | Naser Mohd Radzi (S46) | 4,687 | 17.23% | 28,301 | 17,834 | 78.39% |
| 1999 | P041 Kepala Batas | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 19,985 | 69.40% | Abd Khalid Rasid (PAS) | 8,810 | 30.60% | 29,413 | 11,175 | 81.22% |
| 2004 | P041 Kepala Batas | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 25,403 | 77.72% | Abd Khalid Rasid (PAS) | 7,281 | 22.28% | 33,356 | 18,122 | 84.19% |
| 2008 | P041 Kepala Batas | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 23,445 | 65.78% | Subri Md Arshad (PAS) | 12,199 | 34.22% | 36,328 | 11,246 | 84.45% |

## Honours and awards
### Honours of Malaysia

* Malaysia :
** Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (2009)
** Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1975)
** Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (1971)
** Recipient of the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal
** Recipient of the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal
** Recipient of the 12th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal
** Recipient of the 13th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal
** Recipient of the 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal
* Federal Territory (Malaysia) :
** Grand Knight of the Order of the Territorial Crown (SUMW) – Datuk Seri Utama (2010)
* Johor :
** First Class of the Royal Family Order of Johor (DK I) (2004)
* Kedah :
** Recipient of the Kedah Supreme Order of Merit (DUK) (2006)
* Kelantan :
** Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Kelantan (DK) (2006)
* Malacca :
** Knight Grand Commander of the Premier and Exalted Order of Malacca (DUNM) – Datuk Seri Utama (2004)
* Negeri Sembilan :
** Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SPNS) – Dato' Seri Utama (2000)
* Pahang :
** Member 1st class of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (DK I) (2006)
** Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (1999)
* Penang :
** Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Defender of the State (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama (2004)
** Commander of the Order of Defender of the State (DGPN) – Dato' Seri (1997)
** Companion of the Order of Defender of the State (DMPN) – Dato' (1981)
** Member of the Order of Defender of the State (DJN) (1979)
* Perak :
** Ordinary Class of the Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA) – Dato' Seri DiRaja (2003)
** Recipient of the Sultan Azlan Shah Silver Jubilee Medal (2009)
* Perlis :
** Knight Grand Companion of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail (SSSJ) – Dato' Seri Diraja (2001)
** Recipient of the Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail Installation Medal
* Sabah :
** Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (1999)
* Sarawak :
** Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DP) – Datuk Patinggi (2003)
* Selangor :
** Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SPMS) – Dato' Seri (2000)
** Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (DSSA) – Dato' (1992)
** Recipient of the Sultan Sharafuddin Coronation Medal
* Terengganu :
** Supreme Class of the Order of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu (SUMZ) – Dato' Seri Utama (2005)

### International honours

* Brunei :
** Family Order of Brunei 1st Class (DK) – Dato Laila Utama (2010)
* Indonesia:
** Star of the Republic of Indonesia (2nd Class) (2007)
** Badge of Tunas Kencana (Lencana Tunas Kencana) (2007)
* South Korea :
** Grand Gwanghwa Medal of the Order of Diplomatic Service Merit