# Demographics of Portugal

"none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Demographic features of the population of Portugal include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
As of 2023, Portugal had an estimated population of 10,639,726 inhabitants. Its population density, at 115.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (299/sq mi), is slightly higher than that of most EU countries, moderately surpassing the EU average of 105.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (273/sq mi). However, the distribution of the population is widely uneven; the most densely populated areas are the Lisbon metropolitan area (which contains well above a quarter of the country's population), the metropolitan areas of Porto and the Atlantic coast, while other vast areas are very sparsely populated, like the plateaus of Alentejo, the Trás-os-Montes and Serra da Estrela highlands, and the lesser islands of the Azores archipelago.
The population of the country almost doubled during the twentieth century (+91%), but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural North to the industrial cities of Lisbon and Porto, a phenomenon which happened as a consequence of the robust economic growth and structural modernisation, owing to a liberalisation of the economy of the 1960s.
High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1980s, after which they started to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, almost one in five Portuguese was over 65 years old. Lately, Portugal has been experiencing a short growth in birth rates. The total fertility rate has climbed from an all-time low of 1.21 children per woman in 2013 to 1.43 in 2022, still well below replacement level.
Due to decrease in emigration and increase in immigration in the late 1990s and early 2000s the total population reached its peak in December 2009, standing at 10,573,479. Since then, due to the 2008 financial crisis, immigration (that was- in some years - surpassed by emigration) could not offset a shrinking population size, mainly due to the low birthrate but, also due to aging, the rising mortality. After having decreased by 2.27% by 2018, the total population of Portugal started to grow again, mainly sustained by growing immigration and slightly increasing birth rates. By 2023, the total population had already surpassed the 2009 peak.
Portugal is a fairly linguistically and religiously homogeneous country. Ethnically, the Portuguese people form a big majority of the total population in Portugal. The Portuguese people are mainly a combination of ancient paleolithic populations, and the proto-Celtic, Celtic, and the para-Celtic Lusitanians. Some other groups, like the Romans, Germanic (Visigoths, Suevi, Buri, Alans and Vandals) and later the Moorish (Arabs and Berber), Sephardic Jewish, and the French also passed through the country.
Today, Brazilians, Britons, Indians, Italians, French, Ukrainians, Nepalis and countries members of PALOP (Portuguese-speaking African countries) are the main immigrants and form the major foreign communities in the country.
Portuguese is spoken throughout the country, with only some villages near the northern municipality of Miranda do Douro speaking Mirandese, locally recognised as a co-official language.

## Total fertility rate from 1850 to 1899

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.
| Years | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 | 1860 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Portugal | 4.5 | 4.47 | 4.44 | 4.41 | 4.38 | 4.35 | 4.33 | 4.3 | 4.27 | 4.24 | 4.21 |
| Years | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 | 1870 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Portugal | 4.18 | 4.15 | 4.12 | 4.09 | 4.1 | 4.11 | 4.12 | 4.14 | 4.15 | 4.16 |
| Years | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Portugal | 4.17 | 4.18 | 4.19 | 4.2 | 4.21 | 4.22 | 4.23 | 4.24 | 4.23 | 4.22 |
| Years | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Portugal | 4.91 | 4.19 | 4.18 | 4.17 | 4.16 | 4.15 | 4.38 | 4.3 | 4.38 | 4.24 |
| Years | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Portugal | 4.16 | 4.06 | 4.15 | 3.86 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.95 | 3.93 | 3.89 |

## Vital statistics since 1900

| [12][13] [14][15][16] | Average population (December 31) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration change (per 1000) | Total fertility rates |
| 1900 | 5,410,000 | 165,245 | 110,330 | 54,915 | 30.5 | 20.3 | 10.2 | | 3.96 |
| 1901 | 5,460,000 | 170,773 | 114,130 | 56,643 | 31.3 | 20.9 | 10.4 | -1.2 | 4.07 |
| 1902 | 5,490,000 | 176,029 | 108,378 | 67,651 | 32.0 | 19.7 | 12.4 | -6.9 | 4.16 |
| 1903 | 5,560,000 | 183,138 | 111,685 | 71,453 | 33.0 | 20.1 | 12.9 | -0.1 | 4.29 |
| 1904 | 5,600,000 | 176,726 | 105,572 | 71,154 | 31.6 | 18.9 | 12.7 | -5.5 | 4.11 |
| 1905 | 5,660,000 | 179,746 | 112,756 | 66,990 | 31.8 | 20.0 | 11.8 | -1.1 | 4.13 |
| 1906 | 5,690,000 | 182,920 | 125,243 | 57,677 | 32.1 | 22.0 | 10.1 | -4.8 | 4.17 |
| 1907 | 5,730,000 | 176,417 | 113,254 | 63,163 | 30.7 | 19.7 | 11.0 | -4.0 | 3.99 |
| 1908 | 5,790,000 | 175,268 | 115,876 | 59,392 | 30.3 | 20.0 | 10.2 | 0.3 | 3.94 |
| 1909 | 5,850,000 | 174,753 | 112,421 | 62,332 | 29.9 | 19.2 | 10.8 | -0.3 | 3.89 |
| 1910 | 5,890,000 | 186,953 | 113,161 | 73,792 | 31.7 | 19.2 | 12.5 | -5.7 | 4.12 |
| 1911 | 5,960,000 | 230,033 | 130,900 | 99,133 | 38.6 | 22.0 | 16.6 | -4.7 | 5.02 |
| 1912 | 5,960,000 | 207,870 | 119,578 | 88,292 | 34.9 | 20.1 | 14.8 | -14.8 | 4.54 |
| 1913 | 5,970,000 | 193,906 | 123,054 | 70,852 | 32.5 | 20.6 | 11.9 | -10.2 | 4.22 |
| 1914 | 5,980,000 | 188,479 | 115,526 | 72,953 | 31.5 | 19.3 | 12.0 | -10.3 | 4.09 |
| 1915 | 5,990,000 | 195,225 | 122,513 | 72,712 | 32.6 | 20.5 | 12.0 | -10.3 | 4.24 |
| 1916 | 6,000,000 | 192,780 | 129,389 | 63,391 | 32.1 | 21.6 | 10.7 | -9.0 | 4.17 |
| 1917 | 6,000,000 | 188,391 | 134,082 | 54,309 | 31.4 | 22.3 | 9.1 | -9.1 | 4.08 |
| 1918 | 6,020,000 | 178,687 | 248,978 | -70,291 | 29.7 | 41.4 | -11.6 | 14.9 | 3.86 |
| 1919 | 6,020,000 | 166,162 | 152,856 | 13,306 | 27.6 | 25.4 | 2.2 | -2.2 | 3.59 |
| 1920 | 6,040,000 | 202,908 | 142,862 | 60,046 | 33.6 | 23.7 | 9.9 | -6.6 | 4.37 |
| 1921 | 6,070,000 | 197,022 | 126,316 | 70,706 | 32.4 | 20.8 | 11.7 | -6.7 | 4.21 |
| 1922 | 6,170,000 | 203,727 | 125,747 | 77,980 | 33.1 | 20.4 | 12.6 | 3.9 | 4.3 |
| 1923 | 6,240,000 | 207,172 | 141,775 | 65,397 | 33.2 | 22.7 | 10.5 | 0.8 | 4.32 |
| 1924 | 6,310,000 | 207,440 | 126,052 | 81,388 | 32.8 | 20.0 | 12.8 | -1.6 | 4.26 |
| 1925 | 6,370,000 | 208,434 | 117,413 | 91,021 | 32.6 | 18.4 | 14.3 | -4.8 | 4.24 |
| 1926 | 6,470,000 | 214,633 | 127,959 | 86,674 | 33.5 | 19.8 | 13.4 | 2.3 | 4.36 |
| 1927 | 6,550,000 | 199,399 | 123,382 | 76,017 | 31.0 | 18.8 | 11.6 | 0.8 | 4.03 |
| 1928 | 6,620,000 | 211,314 | 124,088 | 87,226 | 31.9 | 18.7 | 13.2 | -2.5 | 4.15 |
| 1929 | 6,720,000 | 200,874 | 118,824 | 82,050 | 29.9 | 17.7 | 12.2 | 2.9 | 3.89 |
| 1930 | 6,804,000 | 202,529 | 116,352 | 86,177 | 29.7 | 17.1 | 12.7 | -0.2 | 3.86 |
| 1931 | 6,860,000 | 204,120 | 115,225 | 88,895 | 29.7 | 16.8 | 13.0 | -4.8 | 3.86 |
| 1932 | 6,968,000 | 208,062 | 118,895 | 89,167 | 29.9 | 17.1 | 12.8 | 2.9 | 3.89 |
| 1933 | 7,057,000 | 204,315 | 120,996 | 83,319 | 28.9 | 17.2 | 11.8 | 1.0 | 3.88 |
| 1934 | 7,147,000 | 203,158 | 118,539 | 84,619 | 28.4 | 16.6 | 11.8 | 1.0 | 3.74 |
| 1935 | 7,237,000 | 203,943 | 123,051 | 80,892 | 28.2 | 17.0 | 11.2 | 1.4 | 3.59 |
| 1936 | 7,326,000 | 205,615 | 119,003 | 86,612 | 28.1 | 16.2 | 11.8 | 0.5 | 3.45 |
| 1937 | 7,416,000 | 198,217 | 117,291 | 80,926 | 26.7 | 15.8 | 10.9 | 1.4 | 3.39 |
| 1938 | 7,506,000 | 199,467 | 115,331 | 84,136 | 26.6 | 15.4 | 11.2 | 0.9 | 3.34 |
| 1939 | 7,595,000 | 198,888 | 116,075 | 82,813 | 26.2 | 15.3 | 10.9 | 1.0 | 3.28 |
| 1940 | 7,696,000 | 187,892 | 120,486 | 67,406 | 24.4 | 15.7 | 8.8 | 4.5 | 3.22 |
| 1941 | 7,750,000 | 184,336 | 134,937 | 49,399 | 23.8 | 17.4 | 6.4 | 0.6 | 3.12 |
| 1942 | 7,810,000 | 187,503 | 126,531 | 60,972 | 24.0 | 16.1 | 7.8 | -0.1 | 3.14 |
| 1943 | 7,890,000 | 198,101 | 121,887 | 76,214 | 25.1 | 15.3 | 9.7 | 0.5 | 3.27 |
| 1944 | 7,960,000 | 201,373 | 119,275 | 82,098 | 25.3 | 14.8 | 10.3 | -1.4 | 3.28 |
| 1945 | 8,040,000 | 209,131 | 115,596 | 93,535 | 26.0 | 14.2 | 11.6 | -1.5 | 3.39 |
| 1946 | 8,100,000 | 205,825 | 120,800 | 85,025 | 25.4 | 14.9 | 10.5 | -3.0 | 3.29 |
| 1947 | 8,180,000 | 200,488 | 110,437 | 90,051 | 24.5 | 13.5 | 11.0 | -1.1 | 3.14 |
| 1948 | 8,262,000 | 220,981 | 107,576 | 113,405 | 26.7 | 13.0 | 13.7 | -3.7 | 3.42 |
| 1949 | 8,333,000 | 212,260 | 117,499 | 94,761 | 25.5 | 14.1 | 11.4 | -2.8 | 3.23 |
| 1950 | 8,405,000 | 205,163 | 102,798 | 102,365 | 24.4 | 12.2 | 12.2 | -3.6 | 3.1 |
| 1951 | 8,459,000 | 207,870 | 105,473 | 102,397 | 24.6 | 12.5 | 12.1 | -5.7 | 3.1 |
| 1952 | 8,496,000 | 211,213 | 100,486 | 110,727 | 24.9 | 11.8 | 13.0 | -8.6 | 3.1 |
| 1953 | 8,534,000 | 202,135 | 97,460 | 104,675 | 23.7 | 11.4 | 12.3 | -7.8 | 3.1 |
| 1954 | 8,570,000 | 197,536 | 95,088 | 102,448 | 23.0 | 11.1 | 12.0 | -7.8 | 3.1 |
| 1955 | 8,610,000 | 209,790 | 99,472 | 110,318 | 24.4 | 11.6 | 12.8 | -8.1 | 3.1 |
| 1956 | 8,647,000 | 202,667 | 106,919 | 95,748 | 23.4 | 12.4 | 11.1 | -6.8 | 3.11 |
| 1957 | 8,680,000 | 211,494 | 101,784 | 109,710 | 24.4 | 11.7 | 12.6 | -8.8 | 3.12 |
| 1958 | 8,725,000 | 212,467 | 91,891 | 120,576 | 24.4 | 10.5 | 13.8 | -8.6 | 3.13 |
| 1959 | 8,826,000 | 213,062 | 97,754 | 115,308 | 24.3 | 11.1 | 13.1 | -1.5 | 3.15 |
| 1960 | 8,865,000 | 213,895 | 95,009 | 118,886 | 23.9 | 10.6 | 13.3 | 8.9 | 3.16 |
| 1961 | 8,929,000 | 217,516 | 99,590 | 117,926 | 24.3 | 11.1 | 13.2 | -6.0 | 3.18 |
| 1962 | 8,994,000 | 220,200 | 96,864 | 123,336 | 24.4 | 10.7 | 13.7 | -6.4 | 3.18 |
| 1963 | 9,031,000 | 212,152 | 98,011 | 114,141 | 23.4 | 10.8 | 12.6 | -8.5 | 3.19 |
| 1964 | 9,034,000 | 217,136 | 96,878 | 120,258 | 23.8 | 10.6 | 13.2 | -12.9 | 3.19 |
| 1965 | 8,999,000 | 210,299 | 95,187 | 115,112 | 23.0 | 10.4 | 12.6 | -16.5 | 3.18 |
| 1966 | 8,931,000 | 206,940 | 100,088 | 106,852 | 22.7 | 11.0 | 12 | -19.6 | 3.16 |
| 1967 | 8,875,000 | 202,061 | 95,816 | 106,245 | 22.2 | 10.5 | 11.7 | -18.0 | 3.13 |
| 1968 | 8,837,000 | 194,962 | 94,661 | 100,301 | 21.4 | 10.4 | 11.0 | -15.3 | 3.09 |
| 1969 | 8,758,000 | 189,739 | 101,088 | 88,651 | 20.9 | 11.1 | 9.7 | -18.6 | 3.05 |
| 1970 | 8,663,252 | 180,690 | 92,854 | 87,836 | 20.9 | 10.7 | 10.1 | -20.9 | 2.99 |
| 1971 | 8,624,258 | 181,243 | 98,355 | 82,888 | 21.0 | 11.4 | 9.6 | -14.1 | 2.99 |
| 1972 | 8,636,603 | 174,685 | 90,025 | 84,660 | 20.2 | 10.4 | 9.8 | -8.4 | 2.85 |
| 1973 | 8,629,598 | 172,324 | 95,239 | 77,085 | 20.0 | 11.0 | 8.9 | -9.7 | 2.76 |
| 1974 | 8,879,127 | 171,979 | 96,837 | 75,142 | 19.4 | 10.9 | 8.5 | 20.2 | 2.69 |
| 1975 | 9,307,815 | 179,648 | 97,750 | 81,898 | 19.3 | 10.5 | 8.8 | 39.5 | 2.75 |
| 1976 | 9,403,809 | 186,712 | 101,843 | 84,869 | 19.9 | 10.8 | 9.0 | 1.3 | 2.81 |
| 1977 | 9,507,536 | 181,064 | 95,917 | 85,147 | 19.0 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 2.0 | 2.68 |
| 1978 | 9,608,959 | 167,467 | 96,042 | 71,425 | 17.4 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 3.3 | 2.45 |
| 1979 | 9,713,570 | 160,311 | 92,566 | 67,745 | 16.5 | 9.5 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 2.31 |
| 1980 | 9,818,980 | 158,309 | 94,794 | 63,515 | 16.1 | 9.7 | 6.5 | 4.4 | 2.25 |
| 1981 | 9,883,670 | 152,071 | 95,728 | 56,343 | 15.4 | 9.7 | 5.7 | 0.9 | 2.13 |
| 1982 | 9,939,871 | 151,002 | 92,379 | 58,623 | 15.2 | 9.3 | 5.9 | -0.2 | 2.08 |
| 1983 | 9,975,859 | 144,296 | 96,179 | 48,117 | 14.5 | 9.6 | 4.8 | -1.2 | 1.96 |
| 1984 | 10,016,605 | 142,783 | 96,975 | 45,808 | 14.3 | 9.7 | 4.6 | -0.5 | 1.91 |
| 1985 | 10,030,621 | 130,450 | 97,085 | 33,365 | 13.0 | 9.7 | 3.3 | -1.9 | 1.73 |
| 1986 | 10,034,846 | 126,715 | 95,521 | 31,194 | 12.6 | 9.5 | 3.1 | -2.7 | 1.67 |
| 1987 | 10,025,215 | 123,179 | 95,102 | 28,077 | 12.3 | 9.5 | 2.8 | -3.8 | 1.63 |
| 1988 | 10,014,005 | 122,093 | 97,844 | 24,249 | 12.2 | 9.8 | 2.4 | -3.5 | 1.62 |
| 1989 | 9,995,995 | 118,483 | 95,743 | 22,740 | 11.9 | 9.6 | 2.3 | -4.1 | 1.58 |
| 1990 | 9,970,441 | 116,321 | 102,768 | 13,553 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 1.4 | -4.0 | 1.57 |
| 1991 | 9,950,029 | 116,299 | 103,882 | 12,417 | 11.7 | 10.4 | 1.2 | -3.2 | 1.56 |
| 1992 | 9,954,958 | 114,924 | 100,638 | 14,286 | 11.5 | 10.1 | 1.4 | -0.9 | 1.54 |
| 1993 | 9,974,391 | 113,960 | 105,950 | 8,010 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.52 |
| 1994 | 10,008,659 | 109,227 | 99,232 | 9,995 | 10.9 | 9.9 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 1.45 |
| 1995 | 10,043,693 | 107,097 | 103,475 | 3,622 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 1.41 |
| 1996 | 10,084,196 | 110,261 | 106,881 | 3,380 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 1.45 |
| 1997 | 10,133,758 | 112,933 | 104,778 | 8,155 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 1.47 |
| 1998 | 10,186,634 | 113,384 | 106,198 | 7,186 | 11.1 | 10.4 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 1.48 |
| 1999 | 10,249,022 | 116,002 | 107,871 | 8,131 | 11.3 | 10.5 | 0.8 | 5.3 | 1.51 |
| 2000 | 10,330,774 | 120,008 | 105,364 | 14,644 | 11.6 | 10.2 | 1.4 | 6.6 | 1.55 |
| 2001 | 10,394,669 | 112,774 | 105,092 | 7,682 | 10.8 | 10.1 | 0.7 | 5.5 | 1.45 |
| 2002 | 10,444,592 | 114,383 | 106,258 | 8,125 | 11.0 | 10.2 | 0.8 | 4.0 | 1.47 |
| 2003 | 10,473,050 | 112,515 | 108,795 | 3,720 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 1.44 |
| 2004 | 10,494,672 | 109,298 | 102,012 | 7,286 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.41 |
| 2005 | 10,511,988 | 109,399 | 107,464 | 1,935 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 1.42 |
| 2006 | 10,532,588 | 105,449 | 101,990 | 3,459 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 1.38 |
| 2007 | 10,553,339 | 102,492 | 103,512 | -1,020 | 9.7 | 9.8 | -0.1 | 2.1 | 1.35 |
| 2008 | 10,563,014 | 104,594 | 104,280 | 314 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 1.40 |
| 2009 | 10,573,479 | 99,491 | 104,434 | -4,943 | 9.4 | 9.9 | -0.5 | 1.5 | 1.35 |
| 2010 | 10,572,721 | 101,381 | 105,954 | -4,573 | 9.6 | 10.0 | -0.4 | 0.3 | 1.39 |
| 2011 | 10,558,950 | 96,856 | 102,848 | -5,992 | 9.2 | 9.8 | -0.6 | -0.7 | 1.35 |
| 2012 | 10,503,889 | 89,841 | 107,612 | -17,771 | 8.6 | 10.3 | -1.7 | -3.5 | 1.28 |
| 2013 | 10,444,092 | 82,787 | 106,554 | -23,767 | 7.9 | 10.2 | -2.3 | -3.4 | 1.21 |
| 2014 | 10,395,121 | 82,367 | 104,843 | -22,476 | 7.9 | 10.1 | -2.2 | -2.5 | 1.23 |
| 2015 | 10,368,554 | 85,500 | 108,539 | -23,039 | 8.3 | 10.5 | -2.2 | -0.4 | 1.30 |
| 2016 | 10,344,478 | 87,126 | 110,573 | -23,447 | 8.5 | 10.7 | -2.3 | 0 | 1.36 |
| 2017 | 10,335,770 | 86,154 | 109,758 | -23,604 | 8.4 | 10.7 | -2.3 | 1.5 | 1.37 |
| 2018 | 10,333,496 | 87,020 | 113,051 | -26,031 | 8.5 | 11.0 | -2.5 | 2.3 | 1.41 |
| 2019 | 10,375,395 | 86,579 | 111,843 | -25,264 | 8.4 | 10.9 | -2.4 | 6.5 | 1.42 |
| 2020 | 10,394,297 | 84,530 | 123,396 | -38,866 | 8.2 | 12.0 | -3.8 | 5.6 | 1.40 |
| 2021 | 10,421,117 | 79,582 | 124,841 | -45,220 | 7.7 | 12.1 | -4.4 | 7.0 | 1.34 |
| 2022 | 10,516,621 | 83,671 | 124,311 | -40,640 | 8.0 | 11.9 | -3.9 | 8.3 | 1.42 |
| 2023 | 10,639,726 | 85,994 | 118,895 | -32,901 | 8.1 | 11.1 | -3.0 | 14.7 | 1.44 |
| 2024 | | 84,788 | 118,975 | -34,187 | | | | | |

### Current vital statistics

| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
| January 2024 | 7,125 | 13,481 | -6,356 |
| January 2025 | 7,042 | 12,244 | -5,202 |
| Difference | -83 (-1.16%) | -1,237 (-9.18%) | 1,154 |

### Structure of the population

| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 4 920 220 | 5 422 846 | 10 343 066 | 100.00 |
| 0–4 | 218 527 | 207 185 | 425 712 | 4.07 |
| 5–9 | 222 278 | 210 889 | 433 167 | 4.14 |
| 10–14 | 251 339 | 240 793 | 492 132 | 4.70 |
| 15–19 | 266 963 | 255 595 | 522 558 | 4.99 |
| 20–24 | 287 540 | 273 647 | 560 887 | 5.36 |
| 25–29 | 280 721 | 268 129 | 548 850 | 5.24 |
| 30–34 | 287 493 | 284 268 | 571 761 | 5.46 |
| 35–39 | 305 503 | 314 418 | 619 921 | 5.92 |
| 40–44 | 351 485 | 375 132 | 726 617 | 6.94 |
| 45–49 | 392 737 | 423 651 | 816 388 | 7.80 |
| 50–54 | 366 189 | 400 157 | 766 346 | 7.32 |
| 55–59 | 351 700 | 397 580 | 749 280 | 7.16 |
| 60–64 | 339 143 | 386 682 | 725 825 | 6.93 |
| 65–69 | 309 373 | 359 065 | 668 438 | 6.39 |
| 70–74 | 282 050 | 335 766 | 617 816 | 5.90 |
| 75–79 | 215 263 | 278 986 | 494 249 | 4.72 |
| 80–84 | 148 007 | 211 012 | 359 019 | 3.43 |
| 85+ | 125 800 | 242 600 | 368 400 | 3.52 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 692 144 | 658 867 | 1 351 011 | 12.91 |
| 15–64 | 3 272 879 | 3 335 554 | 6 608 433 | 63.13 |
| 65+ | 1 036 788 | 1 386 851 | 2 507 922 | 23.96 |
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 5 083 568 | 5 556 158 | 10 639 726 | 100.00 |
| 0–4 | 221 121 | 208 651 | 429 772 | 4.04 |
| 5–9 | 229 621 | 218 559 | 448 180 | 4.21 |
| 10–14 | 247 542 | 238 274 | 485 816 | 4.57 |
| 15–19 | 269 206 | 258 900 | 528 106 | 4.96 |
| 20–24 | 290 561 | 280 090 | 570 651 | 5.36 |
| 25–29 | 291 928 | 278 498 | 570 426 | 5.36 |
| 30–34 | 300 061 | 295 770 | 595 831 | 5.60 |
| 35–39 | 308 975 | 316 753 | 625 728 | 5.88 |
| 40–44 | 352 038 | 373 875 | 725 913 | 6.82 |
| 45–49 | 394 465 | 425 996 | 820 461 | 7.71 |
| 50–54 | 373 346 | 409 236 | 782 582 | 7.36 |
| 55–59 | 354 591 | 400 294 | 754 885 | 7.09 |
| 60–64 | 344 026 | 392 774 | 736 800 | 6.92 |
| 65–69 | 316 994 | 368 303 | 685 297 | 6.44 |
| 70–74 | 282 121 | 337 022 | 619 143 | 5.82 |
| 75–79 | 225 565 | 291 354 | 516 919 | 4.86 |
| 80–84 | 150 497 | 213 353 | 363 850 | 3.42 |
| 85+ | 130 910 | 248 456 | 379 366 | 3.57 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 698 284 | 665 484 | 1 363 768 | 12.82 |
| 15–64 | 3 279 197 | 3 432 186 | 6 711 383 | 63.08 |
| 65+ | 1 106 087 | 1 458 488 | 2 564 575 | 24.10 |

### Maps

* Population density by municipality in Portugal (2020).
* Population by municipality in Portugal (2020).
* Population change by municipality in Portugal between 2001 and 2011.
* Population change by municipality in Portugal between 2011 and 2020.

## Other demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

### Total population

    10,639,726 (2023 official INE estimate)

### Age structure of the resident population

    2023 official INE estimate:
   * 0-14 years: 12.82% (male 698,284 /female 665,484)
   * 15-64 years: 63.08% (male 3,279,197 /female 3,432,186)
   * 65 years and over: 24.10% (male 1,106,087/female 1,458,488)

### Median age

   * total: 46.8 years (2022 official Eurostat data)
   * male: 45.1 years
   * female: 48.3 years

### Birth rate

    8.1 births/1,000 population (2023 official INE estimate)

### Death rate

    11.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023 official INE estimate)

### Total fertility rate

    1.44 children born/woman (2023 official INE estimate)

### Net migration rate

    14.70 net migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 official INE estimate)

### Population growth rate

    + 1.17 % (2023 official INE estimate)

### Mother's mean age at first birth

    30.2 years (2023 official INE estimate)

### Life expectancy at birth

| Period | Life expectancy in Years | Period | Life expectancy in Years |
| 1950–1955 | 60.3 | 1990–1995 | 74.9 |
| 1955–1960 | 62.4 | 1995–2000 | 76.0 |
| 1960–1965 | 64.5 | 2000–2005 | 77.6 |
| 1965–1970 | 66.4 | 2005–2010 | 79.3 |
| 1970–1975 | 68.3 | 2010–2015 | 80.5 |
| 1975–1980 | 70.4 | 2015–2020 | 81.1 |
| 1980–1985 | 72.5 | 2020–2024 | 82.6 |
| 1985–1990 | 74.0 | | |
Source: UN World Population Prospects

### Infant mortality rate

    2022 official INE estimate:
   * total: 2.59 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 216th
   * male: 2.75 deaths/1,000 live births
   * female: 2.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 official INE estimate)

### Infant mortality rate

| Years | 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 |
| Deaths/1,000 live births | 77.5 | 88.8 | 78.6 | 73.1 | 69.0 | 64.9 | 64.7 | 59.2 | 61.1 | 55.8 | 55.5 | 51.9 | 41.4 | 44.8 | 37.9 | 38.9 |
| Years | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 |
| Deaths/1,000 live births | 33.4 | 30.3 | 29.1 | 26.0 | 24.3 | 21.8 | 19.8 | 19.2 | 16.7 | 17.8 | 15.8 | 14.3 | 13.0 | 12.1 | 10.9 | 10.8 |
| Years | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| Deaths/1,000 live births | 9.2 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
| Years | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Deaths/1,000 live births | 3.3 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 |

### Dependency ratios

    2022 official INE estimate:
   * total dependency ratio: 58.4
   * youth dependency ratio: 20.44
   * elderly dependency ratio: 37.96
   * potential support ratio: 2.63 (2022 INE estimate)

### Urbanization

    urban population: 73.38% of total population (2020 official INE estimate)
    rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

### Sex ratio

    2022 official INE estimate:
   * at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
   * under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
   * 15–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
   * 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
   * total population: 0.90 male(s)/female

## Employment and income
### Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

    total: 23.1%. Country comparison to the world: 66th
    male: 20.6%
    female: 26.2% (2021 est.)

## Urban organization
### Metropolitan areas and agglomerations

As of 2023, Portugal had two significant agglomerations: the political metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto – Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (3.0 million) and Grande Área Metropolitana do Porto (1.8 million). Together they host 44.77% of the total population.
| Image | City | Metropolitan area | Core municipality |
| | Lisbon | 2,961,177 | 567,131 |
| | Porto | 1,802,664 | 248,769 |

### Largest urban areas

When considering the number of inhabitants in consistent single urban areas, de facto cities in mainland Portugal, per the new with increased density of human-created structures, and excluding suburban and rural areas, Portugal has two cities with about one million inhabitants each (Lisbon and Porto), ten others with more than 50,000 inhabitants and 14 cities with populations between 20,000 and 40,000 inhabitants.
* 1.Lisbon and surroundings 3 million inh. ca. Greater Lisbon
* 2.Porto and surroundings 2 million inh. ca. Greater Porto
* 3.Braga 202,000 inh.
* 4.Guimarães 157,000 inh.
* 5.Coimbra 145,000 inh.
* 6. Vila Nova de Famalicão 136,000 inh.
* 7. Leiria 134,000 inh.
* 8. Barcelos 117,000 inh.
* 9.Funchal 108,000 inh.
* 10.Viseu 102,000 inh.

### Largest cities

Portugal has 151 localities with national city status (cidade). Every city is included into a municipality (município). This is a list of population by city, which means that it refers to the number of inhabitants in the city proper, excluding inhabitants from the same municipality but living outside the urban area of the city in other civil parishes (freguesias) of the municipality. In some cases (e.g. Lisbon), the entire municipality and the city proper cover the same territory.
| Rank | City name | Population | Metropolitan area | Subregion |
| 1 | Lisbon | 548,703 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Grande Lisboa |
| 2 | Porto | 240,592 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto | Grande Porto |
| 3 | Vila Nova de Gaia | 188,443 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto | Grande Porto |
| 4 | Amadora | 174,511 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Grande Lisboa |
| 5 | Braga | 148,977 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Minho | Cávado |
| 6 | Coimbra | 106,655 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Coimbra | Baixo Mondego |
| 7 | Funchal | 106,429 | | Madeira |
| 8 | Setúbal | 98,470 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Península de Setúbal |
| 9 | Almada | 88,202 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Península de Setúbal |
| 10 | Agualva-Cacém | 81,006 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Grande Lisboa |
| 11 | Queluz | 73,047 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Grande Lisboa |
| 12 | Rio Tinto | 65,469 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto | Grande Porto |
| 13 | Barreiro | 62,860 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Península de Setúbal |
| 14 | Aveiro | 62,130 | | Baixo Vouga |
| 15 | Viseu | 60,570 | | Dão-Lafões |
| 16 | Odivelas | 58,170 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Grande Lisboa |
| 17 | Guimarães | 54,750 | | Ave |
| 18 | Leiria | 54,540 | | Pinhal Litoral |
| 19 | Faro | 49,360 | | Algarve |
| 20 | Matosinhos | 49,034 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto | Grande Porto |
| 21 | Loures | 46,246 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Grande Lisboa |
| 22 | Portimão | 43,810 | | Algarve |
| 23 | Póvoa de Varzim | 41,206 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto | Grande Porto |
| 24 | Amora | 41,140 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Península de Setúbal |
| 25 | Maia | 40,534 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto | Grande Porto |
| 26 | Évora | 40,373 | | Alentejo Central |
| 27 | Montijo | 40,130 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon | Península de Setúbal |
| 28 | Ponta Delgada | 40,050 | | Açores |
| 29 | Santa Maria da Feira | 39,576 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto | Entre Douro e Vouga |
| 30 | Ermesinde | 38,570 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto | Grande Porto |

### Largest municipalities by population

The following table lists the largest Portuguese municipalities by population as of 2023. The land area is expressed in km$^2$ and only municipalities with populations of over 100,000 inhabitants are listed. The 26 listed municipalities account for 46.10% of the country's population and for only 5.14% of its total land area.
| Rank | Municipality | Population | Land Area | Density | Metropolitan area |
| 1 | Lisbon | 567,131 | 100.05 | 5,668.5 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 2 | Sintra | 395,528 | 319.23 | 1,239.0 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 3 | Vila Nova de Gaia | 311,223 | 168.46 | 1,847.5 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto |
| 4 | Porto | 248,769 | 41.42 | 6,006.0 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto |
| 5 | Cascais | 219,636 | 97.40 | 2,255.0 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 6 | Loures | 207,065 | 167.24 | 1,238.1 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 7 | Braga | 201,583 | 183.40 | 1,099.1 | |
| 8 | Almada | 181,232 | 70.21 | 2,581.3 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 9 | Matosinhos | 179,558 | 62.42 | 2,876.6 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto |
| 10 | Amadora | 178,253 | 23.78 | 7,495.9 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 11 | Oeiras | 175,677 | 45.88 | 3,829.1 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 12 | Seixal | 173,163 | 95.50 | 1,813.2 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 13 | Gondomar | 168,582 | 131.86 | 1,278.5 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto |
| 14 | Guimarães | 156,789 | 240.95 | 650.7 | |
| 15 | Odivelas | 153,708 | 26.54 | 5,791.6 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 16 | Coimbra | 144,822 | 319.40 | 453.4 | |
| 17 | Maia | 142,594 | 82.99 | 1,718.2 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto |
| 18 | Santa Maria da Feira | 139,837 | 215.88 | 647.8 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto |
| 19 | Vila Franca de Xira | 139,452 | 318.19 | 438.3 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 20 | Vila Nova de Famalicão | 135,994 | 201.59 | 674.6 | |
| 21 | Leiria | 133,795 | 565.09 | 236.8 | |
| 22 | Setúbal | 123,548 | 230.33 | 536.4 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon |
| 23 | Barcelos | 117,005 | 378.90 | 308.8 | |
| 24 | Funchal | 107,562 | 76.14 | 1,412.7 | |
| 25 | Viseu | 101,977 | 507.10 | 201.1 | |
| 26 | Valongo | 100,166 | 75.12 | 1,333.4 | Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto |

## People
### Nationality

    noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
    adjective: Portuguese

### Immigration

In 1992, 1.3% of the population was foreign, by 2023 the number had grown to almost 10% or 1,044,606 people.
Since the independence of the former African colonies, Portugal saw a steady immigration from Africa, most notably Cape Verde, Angola and Guinea-Bissau, but also São Tomé and Príncipe, Mozambique and former Portuguese India in Asia.
Portugal saw migration waves due to labor shortages since 1999, first from Eastern Europe (1999–2002), in two distinctive groups, a Slav (Ukraine, Russia and Bulgaria) and an East Latin (Romania and Moldova), that stopped and started declining as the labour market became saturated.
Since 2003, most of the immigrants came from Brazil, China and the Indian subcontinent. Family reunification was seen as important for a successful integration in the country, thus the government eased it, and in 2006, more than 6 in 10 new immigrants were family members of legal foreign residents in the country.
There is also a significant number of elderly Western European residents in search of quality of life, namely from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium.
More recently, there is significant migration from the former Portuguese colony of Brazil, as since 2017 more than 30,000 Brazilians immigrate to Portugal annually.
Below is a summary table of the main foreign nationalities present in Portugal according to the latest AIMA data. As of December 31, 2023, there were 1,044,606 legally resident people in Portugal with foreign citizenship (about 9.82% of the population). These include both citizens born in Portugal with foreign citizenship and foreign immigrants. Descendants of immigrants are excluded (Portugal, like many European countries, does not collect data on ethnicity) and those who, regardless of place of birth or citizenship at birth, were Portuguese citizens (see also Portuguese nationality law). Among the latter are also naturalized citizens whose data are reported in the next table.
Largest groups of foreign residents as of 01.01.2024 :
| Nationality | Population |
| Brazil | 368,449 |
| Angola | 55,589 |
| Cape Verde | 48,885 |
| United Kingdom | 47,409 |
| India | 44,051 |
| Italy | 36,227 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 32,535 |
| Nepal | 29,972 |
| China | 27,873 |
| France | 27,549 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 26,460 |
| Bangladesh | 25,666 |
| Ukraine | 23,499 |
| Germany | 22,858 |
| Romania | 20,881 |
| Spain | 20,573 |
| Pakistan | 17,148 |
| United States of America | 14,126 |
| Netherlands | 13,592 |
| Russia | 10,901 |
| Other countries (below 10,000) | 130,363 |
Below is a summary table of Portuguese citizenship acquisitions by foreigners residing in the country recorded between 2008 and 2022 for countries having recorded at least 1,000 naturalizations during the given timespan. During this period, 342,458 people (3.27% of the current Portuguese population) obtained Portuguese citizenship according to the latest Eurostat data. These people are not counted among foreigners (see above table) as they are Portuguese citizens in all respects.
| Nationality | Acquisitions of Citizenship (2008–2022) |
| Brazil | 89,713 |
| Cape Verde | 55,109 |
| Ukraine | 32,722 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 27,043 |
| Angola | 25,805 |
| Moldova | 19,212 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 14,990 |
| India | 12,202 |
| Romania | 6,922 |
| Nepal | 6,473 |
| Russia | 5,540 |
| Pakistan | 5,288 |
| Other countries (below 5,000) | 41,439 |

### Net migration

Portugal Net migration by region :
| Year | Portugal | Mainland | Azores | Madeira |
| 2011 | -25,178 | -22,661 | -821 | -1,696 |
| 2012 | -37,290 | -34,127 | -955 | -2,208 |
| 2013 | -36,029 | -32,739 | -985 | -2,305 |
| 2014 | -26,495 | -21,293 | -2,066 | -3,136 |
| 2015 | -3,528 | 476 | -1,573 | -2,431 |
| 2016 | -629 | 2,222 | -1,400 | -1,451 |
| 2017 | 14,896 | 16,695 | -1,117 | -682 |
| 2018 | 23,757 | 24,720 | -1,094 | 131 |
| 2019 | 67,163 | 66,634 | -575 | 1,104 |
| 2020 | 57,768 | 54,889 | 839 | 2,040 |
| 2021 | 72,040 | 68,616 | 1,500 | 1,924 |
| 2022 | 136,144 | 131,449 | 1,973 | 2,722 |
| 2023 | 155,701 | 150,882 | 1,227 | 3,592 |

### Ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities

Portugal does not collect ethnicity or racial data of its population.
Anti-racism laws prohibit and penalize racial discrimination in housing, business, and health services.
Discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, education, access to health care, or the provision of other state services is illegal. The law mandates access to public buildings and to newly built private buildings for such persons.

## Languages

The main language spoken as first language by the overwhelming majority of the population is Portuguese. Other autochthonous languages spoken include:
* Caló (see also Caló language), the language of the Portuguese-Romani community. There are about 52,000 Romani people in Portugal.
* Mirandês (see also Mirandese language), officially recognised as an official language. It enjoys special protection in the area of Miranda do Douro. As of today, there are about 15,000 people who speak the language (0.14%).
* Barranquenhu (see also Barranquenho), spoken in the town of Barrancos (in the border between Extremadura, Andalusia and Portugal). As of today, there are about 3,000 speakers of the language (0.03%).
* Minderico – a sociolect or argot spoken in Minde, practically extinct. There are about 150 speakers left
* Portuguese Sign Language, the official language for the deaf community in Portugal. There are about 30,000 deaf people (0.29%) in Portugal who use the language. Interestingly, the first teacher of deaf-mutes in France was Portuguese-Jew Jacob Rodrigues Pereira.

## Religion

* Roman Catholicism (80.2%)
* Protestantism (2.1%)
* Jehovah's Witnesses (0.7%)
* Eastern Orthodoxy (0.7%)
* Other Christian (1%)
* Islam (0.4%)
* Hinduism (0.2%)
* Buddhism (0.2%)
* Judaism (0.03%)
* Other religion (0.3%)
* No religion (14.1%)
The great majority of the Portuguese population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church. Religious observance remains strong in northern areas, while the population of Lisbon and southern areas are generally less devout.
Religious minorities include a little over 400,000 Protestants and Mormons (3.84% of the total population).
There are also about 100,000 Muslims (1%) and 45,000 Hindus (0.43%), most of whom came from Goa, a former Portuguese colony on the west coast of India (Some Muslims also came from former two Portuguese African colonies with important Muslim minorities: Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique).
There are also about 1,500 Jews, 2,000 Baha'i and 35,000 Sikh (0.34%)
Portugal is also home to about 17,000 Buddhists, mostly Chinese from Macau and a few Indians from Goa.
Portugal is still one of the most religious countries in Europe, most Portuguese believe with certainty in the Existence of God and religion plays an important role in the life of most Portuguese. According to the Pew Research Center, 40% of Portuguese Catholics pray daily.

### Religious map of Portuguese municipalities

Religion by municipality according with the 2021 Census.

## Education
### Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2021 official INE estimate)
    total population: 96.92%
    male: 97.90%
    female: 96.04%

#### School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

    total: 17 years
    male: 17 years
    female: 17 years (2020)