# Turkish television drama

Turkish drama (Turkish: Türk dizileri) is a type of television series in the Turkish language made in Turkey. These dramas reflect Turkish culture and considered by some to be the country's most well-known economic and cultural exports. It has seen significant growth since the 2000s, and had surpassed Mexico and Brazil as the second-largest exporter of television series after the United States by the mid-2010s. The television industry has played a crucial role in increasing Turkey's popularity in Asia, Europe, Latin America, and North Africa.
Turkish series are chiefly produced in Istanbul, following the liberalization of private television in Turkey in the 1990s. Turkish television channels producing dramas include TRT, Kanal D, Show TV, Star TV, ATV, Now, TV8, and Kanal 7. The Turkish television series market is characterized by intense local competition; out of the 60 series produced annually in the country, almost 50% do not run for longer than 13 episodes due to the strong competition among local channels, which results in the high quality and popularity of the longer-running productions. Each episode of a Turkish drama is typically between 120 and 150 minutes in length, excluding advertisements. However, this does not apply to internet platform series.
Çalıkuşu was the first Turkish TV series to be exported internationally in 1986 to the Soviet Union. Turkish television shows are almost always available in multiple languages, dubbed or subtitled to accommodate the target country's language. The success of Turkish television series has also boosted tourism, as visitors are eager to visit the locations used in their favorite shows. The sudden and massive international popularity of Turkish TV dramas since the 2000s has been widely analyzed as a social phenomenon.

## Leading actresses in 2000s

In the 2000s, Turkish series are more popular than Turkish cinema. New actresses usually graduated theatre department and acting teacher. Their careers continued in Turkish series. Even though there wasn't social media in the 2000s, leading TV actresses are more popular than cinema actresses. They founded in Actors Syndicate.
| 1950 | 1951 | 1952 | 1953 | 1954 | 1955 | 1956 | 1957 | 1958 | 1959 |
| | | | | Melek Baykal | | Oya Başar | Zuhal Olcay | | Demet Akbağ |
| 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 |
| | | Hatice Aslan | Aydan Şener | | Vahide Perçin | | | | Meltem Cumbul |
| 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 |
| Berna Laçin | Janset Paçal | Gülben Ergen | Şevval Sam | Pınar Altuğ | Sanem Çelik | Nurgül Yeşilçay | Ahu Türkpençe | Özgü Namal | Songül Öden |
| Sibel Can | Gülse Birsel | Binnur Kaya | Dolunay Soysert | Ebru Cündübeyoğlu | Fadik Sevin Atasoy | Özge Özberk | Canan Ergüder | Selma Ergeç | Çağla Şıkel |
| | İclal Aydın | İnci Türkay | Hande Ataizi | Şebnem Dönmez | Ayça Bingöl | Zuhal Topal | Ceyda Düvenci | Doğa Rutkay | Evrim Akın |
| | | | Arzum Onan | Ece Uslu | Hasibe Eren | | Yeşim Büber | | Aslı Tandoğan |
| | | | Özlem Conker | Başak Köklükaya | | | | | Şebnem Bozoklu |
| | | | | | | | | | Tülin Özen |
| 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 |
| Demet Evgar | Vildan Atasever | Gamze Özçelik | Ezgi Mola | Aslı Enver | Melisa Sözen | Pelin Akil | Damla Sönmez | Ezgi Eyüboğlu | Burcu Biricik |
| Burçin Terzioğlu | Deniz Çakır | Melis Birkan | Yıldız Asyalı | Pelin Karahan | Elçin Sangu | Zeynep Çamcı | Sinem Kobal | Ecem Özkaya | Selin Şekerci |
| Nehir Erdoğan | Gökçe Bahadır | Özge Borak | Aslıhan Gürbüz | Berrak Tüzünataç | Seda Bakan | İrem Sak | Merve Boluğur | Cansu Tosun | Farah Zeynep Abdullah |
| Rojda Demirer | Filiz Ahmet | Büşra Pekin | Selin Demiratar | İpek Yaylacıoğlu | Gülçin Ergül | Gonca Vuslateri | Ezgi Asaroğlu | Hazal Filiz Küçükköse | Yasemin Allen |
| Begüm Kütük | Tuba Ünsal | Begüm Birgören | Naz Elmas | Funda Eryiğit | Yasemin Özilhan | Özge Özpirinçci | Merve Sevi | | Ayşecan Tatari |
| Nur Fettahoğlu | Sezin Akbaşoğulları | Yasemin Hadivent | Saadet Aksoy | İpek Karapınar | Hande Doğandemir | Özlem Yılmaz | Öykü Çelik | | Berna Koraltürk |
| Nergis Öztürk | Azra Akın | Tuğçe Kazaz | Bade İşçil | Müge Boz | Sinem Öztürk | Yıldız Çağrı Atiksoy | Hande Soral | | Burcu Özberk |
| Cansu Dere | | İpek Özkök | Meryem Uzerli | Ekin Türkmen | Ceren Moray | Gülcan Arslan | Aslıhan Güner | | Başak Parlak |
| Burcu Kara | | Çiğdem Batur | Hatice Şendil | İpek Erdem | | Açelya Topaloğlu | Özge Gürel | | Begüm Öner |
| | | Tuba Büyüküstün | Belçim Bilgin | Birce Akalay | | Fahriye Evcen | | | Fulya Zenginer |
| | | Bergüzar Korel | | Beren Saat | | Selen Seyven | | | Ceren Hindistan |
| | | Nesrin Cavadzade | | | | Selen Soyder | | | |

## Production

In 2010, a season of Turkish TV series was 30 to 35 episodes long. One 90-minute episode took 6 days to make. When TV series are broadcast, the next 3 to 4 episodes were shot concurrently. Actors and workers were on strike. So a Turkish TV series generally has 2 crew concurrently. In 2016, a season of Turkish TV series was 35 to 40 episodes long. It is between 120 and 150 minutes in length. Actors and crew members complained.
Each series roughly consists of 40 episodes that last about 130 minutes, which translates into 5,200 hours of domestic TV content broadcast yearly. Meric Demiray commented that as a screenwriter, "it was wonderful until about 10 years ago. Then I had to write a 60-minute episode per week, as opposed to today's 130-plus minutes. It has become a very mechanical and uninteresting process, just a question of keeping the melodrama going."
After TMSF took over many channels. Media focuses polarize, increase tension in society. Former leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu said "Freedom of press, thought and expression is one of the most important obstacles in the reactionary and totalitarian regime that is intended to be established. Because it is impossible for the enemies of the Republic and democracy to succeed without taking over the independent and opposition media. For this purpose, the government has tended to take over the media and create a partisan pool media from the first day. Everyone live in a semi-open prison."
Journalist Nevşin Mengü said "Series consist desing society of government. It isn't criticism. They also try to design for dissident."
According Turkish University Women Association, 8 out of 11 TV series contain oppression and violence against women. Despite the Turkic warrior women culture of Central Asian. Series has by repeatedly portraying polygamy like normal, the learned helplessness of female characters, dirty competition and intrigues between men and women, gender inequality, cultural bigotry and neighborhood pressures, patriarchal mentality and male-dominated culture, the acceptance that violence is in men's nature, and the prevalence of social violence within the plots. It normalizes the episode by supporting it with tense, intriguing scenarios that will increase its impact, and by interrupting the endings with exciting events that will connect the audience to the series. Some even legitimize it and it has been noted that it acts as a role model by instilling a violent communication style on vulnerable audience groups who do not have the chance to interpret these contents correctly.
Veteran actor Şevket Altuğ said "The contents of the jobs offered to the Turkish society have changed. So I can't be in any TV series with the current content. Let them accept it as criticism, and give it some credit to my old age. People kill each other with guns and rifles in all the work done. All men have beards. In our time, the beard was left off if necessary. I cannot be in this environment. We tried to teach society 'love, tolerance, tolerance, living together and solidarity' in our work. If I encounter such a scenario, I can still play despite my age. But I don't think I will encounter it."
Watching TV by people who do not have a rating device at home does not affect the rating data. The rating results announced in Turkey are affected by approximately 4,350 households in the Audience Measurement Panel and the guests coming to these households. Viewings made in households other than these households or in public spaces have no effect on the audience measurement results. Turkey has world's largest illegal refugee population.
Actress and screenwriter Gülse Birsel talked about the changing rating system in the country after the phenomenon sitcom series Avrupa Yakası, Birsel emphasized that the viewers who were included in the Ab group, which measured the viewing rates of TV programs years ago, were selected very carefully with the following words: "The television audience, the measured television audience anymore, is not the audience that watches Avrupa Yakası or even Yalan Dünya. That audience is no longer measured in ratings. There is such a dramatic difference that I can't even think about it right now and believe it. In the AB group measurement on the Avrupa Yakası, both mother and father had to be university graduates. You had to go to the theater a certain number of times per week or month. You were supposed to go to the movies. It was such a difficult thing to enter the AB group, I mean there were cultural criteria, sociocultural criteria and so on. Currently, I think you can enter the AB group if you have a dishwasher at home. Then the intelligence of television, the stories it tells, your development as a storyteller and your development as an actor come to a halt. Television is moving towards things that are a little easier to understand."
In 1997, Iconic actor and director Kartal Tibet said "I can't understand the rating system. I definitely don't believe in the rating system."
Fırat Albayram actor and one of the most followed YouTube channels in Turkey. He said "Years later, people ask about the series on the street. The series which no one watched according to the rating system, was actually watched a lot. This also reveals that the rating system is extremely corrupt."
Actor Selim Bayraktar said "I think the ratings have lost credibility. The most accurate measurement is on the street. When I walk outside, I see and experience what the rating is on the street. I probably met 10 people in 100 meters and they asked me about the series."
Demiray added: "With the increase of the episodes' duration and consequently the amount of working hours, the industry has lost its most experienced professionals who refuse to work in such conditions. Wages have not grown much either". To get a sense of proportion, it suffices to think about the process of developing a cinema script, which takes about two years and at least seven weeks to shoot 120 minutes of edited footage.
Cagri Vila Lostuvali, 10 years in the business and four as a director, adds: "To deliver one episode per week our crews work up to 18 hours a day. This job eats up our entire lives." According to Şükrü Avşar, one of the leading Turkish TV shows producers and director of Avşar Film, some episodes need between 15 and 20 days of work to get satisfying results.
Approximatively 36 episodes of different series are shot each week. According to actor Yılmaz Erdoğan the length of episodes is the first weakness of the market. Another weakness is that many series do not last long due to the lack of audience. Therefore, Turkish TV series market has not yet reached maturity.
The average season length of a Turkish drama is around 35-40 episodes. New episodes are filmed 6 days a week to keep up with the demanding production schedule, and crews can work up to 18 hours a day.
Episodes are generally much longer than those of Western series, with 60% of series running between 120 and 180 minutes per episode including advertisements. When Turkish series are run in other markets such as the Balkans and southeastern Europe, episodes are usually split into shorter segments, usually not exceedingly more than 60 minutes.

## History

Turkey's first TV series was Aşk-ı Memnu, which was produced in 1974. It was adapted from the eponymous 1899 novel by Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil. The series was released on TRT, the public broadcaster of Turkey. The period of TV dramas on just TRT continued until 1986, being referred to in Turkey as the "single channel period" (Turkish: tek kanal dönemi) and the shows themselves being called the "old TRT series" (Turkish: eski TRT dizileri). TRT was known for its adaptations of Turkish classic novels into historical TV mini-series.
Turkish Yeşilçam films (English: green pine), were more popular at the time. Yeşilçam stars didn't play in TV series. 1970s was the golden age of Yeşilçam. Yeşilçam was the world's 4th biggest cinema. A support actor played in 3 films in a day. Yeşilçam movies are known for iconic unforgetten songs. Soundtrack songs are still widely successful. It being called Turkish: Yeşilçam şarkıları or Turkish: Yeşilçam müzikleri. Due to Korea-Turkey common history culture, Yeşilçam films were exported internationally in to Korea.
Other Turkish TV channels appeared in the 1990s, and TV production increased as a result.
Turkish TV series produced between 2000 and 2005 were between 60 and 80 minutes in length. Screenwriters couldn't finish scripts on time. Because of this, soundtrack music were added to scenes. It was widely successful, and Turkish TV series changed into one long music video.
Turkish TV series between 2005–2010 were on average, 90 minutes in length. TV series became more popular than Turkish cinema, which mostly consisted of festival movies and comedy movies.
Adaptations of Turkish classic novels began to be produced. Authors whose works were commonly adapted included Reşat Nuri Güntekin, Orhan Kemal, Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil, Peyami Safa, Ayşe Kulin, Ahmet Ümit, Nermin Bezmen, Hande Altaylı, and Elif Şafak. However, these adaptations usually transformed the stories from their late 18th- 20th-century settings to contemporary times. Book sales increased 10-fold, but these adaptations were not popular among authors and literary critics. One critic stated, "You imagine that Madame Bovery or Anna Karenina is in a shopping mall. It's terrible. The adaptations aren't literary. There weren't historical places, political, sociological. Characters of Turkish classic change or don't die. Classic political novel changes only love story".
In the 2010s, series ranged from 120 to 150 minutes in length on average, meaning an episode of Turkish TV series is like a feature-length movie. The series range from a period drama, modern-absurd comedy, crime, to romantic-comedy. The most watched comedy series were Avrupa Yakası (2004–2009), Leyla ile Mecnun (2011–2013), Kardeş Payı (2014–2015), İşler Güçler (2012–2013), 1 Erkek 1 Kadın (2008–2015), Yalan Dünya (2012–2014), Tatlı Hayat (2001–2004) and Belalı Baldız (2005–2006).

## Pioneers of on-screen couples

Pioneers couples from Golden Age 1970s, played together in many films. They were culturel icons of Turkish style. Films are known for iconic unforgetten songs which still widely successful. The music of film is a significant aspect of the film and contributes to the overall success of the films. Nowadays, Turkish series continues significant aspect for music. This films has typical love stories. The speaking style in the movies is either very elegant or broken Turkish due to dubbing.

### Fatma Girik – Cüneyt Arkın

Fatma Girik is best known for tomboy, folklore, brave roles in her career. Cüneyt Arkın is best known for action and historical films in his career around 300 movies. Fatma Girik played as mother of Cüneyt Arkın in some films. However, they played together for romantic films. Fatma Girik and Cüneyt Arkın played in films Satın Alınan Koca, Murat ile Nazlı, Köroğlu, Vatan ve Namık Kemal, Büyük Yemin, Gönülden yaralılar, Önce Vatan, Gelincik, Sevişmek Yasak, Kolsuz Kahraman.

### Gülşen Bubikoğlu – Tarık Akan

Before Tarık Akan has taken on more political and dramatic roles in his career and won first Turkish film for Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. At first, most of his roles were in romantic comedies and together with Gülşen Bubikoğlu. Tarık Akan and Gülşen Bubikoğlu played in films Ah Nerede, Evcilik Oyunu, Mahçup Delikanlı, Yaz Bekarı, Kader Bağlayınca, Bizim Kız, Alev Alev, Paramparça, Kıskıvrak.

### Emel Sayın – Tarık Akan

Tarık Akan’s ex-lover is singer and actress Emel Sayın. Emel Sayın sang her hit songs in films. Tarık Akan and Emel Sayın played in films Mavi Boncuk, Yalancı Yarim, Feryat.

### Türkan Şoray – Kadir İnanır

Türkan Şoray has appeared in more than 222 films, she has starred in the most feature films for a female actress worldwide to her name in the Guinness Book of Records. Türkan Şoray and Kadir İnanır played in films Kara Gözlüm, Unutulan Kadın, Dönüş, Gazi Kadın: Nene Hatun, Devlerin Aşkı, Bodrum Hakimi, Deprem, Dila Hanım, Cevriyem, Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım, Aşk ve Nefret, Gönderilmemiş Mektuplar.

### Filiz Akın – Ediz Hun

Filiz Akın is actress, archeologist, official ambassador, due to her husband is Turkey's Ambassador to France. She is best known for elegant roles in her career. Filiz Akın and Ediz Hun played in films Yaralı Kalp, Yuvasız Kuşlar, Cambazhane Gülü, Soyguncular, Ağlıyorum, Ankara Ekspresi, Ayrılık, Seni Sevmek Kaderim, Sabah Yıldızı, Gül ve Şeker, Yumurcak, Yumurcağın Tatlı Rüyaları, Kareteci Kız, Son Mektup, Ömrümün Tek Gecesi, Aşkım Günahımdır, Yuvana Dön Baba, Sözde Kızlar, Affet Sevgilim, Erkek Severse, Bar Kızı.

### Hülya Koçyiğit – Kartal Tibet

Kartal Tibet is director, actor, screenwriter. Hülya Koçyiğit graduated from both theater department and ballet department. Her debut film is which went on to win the Golden Bear Award at the 14th Berlin International Film Festival and this honor was the first of its kind ever bestowed upon a Turkish movie. Hülya Koçyiğit and Kartal Tibet played in films Senede Bir Gün, Son Hıçkırık, Beklenen Şarkı, Güller ve Dikenler, Seven Ne Yapmaz, Küçük Hanımefendi, Kızım ve Ben Boş Çerçeve, Sevemez Kimse Seni, Sarmaşık Gülleri, Funda, Dokuzuncu Hariciye Koğuşu, Parmaklıklar Arkasında, Damgalı Kadın, Hıçkırık.

### Adile Naşit – Münir Özkul

Adile Naşit is daughter of a comedian family. She is best known for iconic laugh. Adile Naşit and Münir Özkul played in films Hababam Sınıfı, Hababam Sınıfı Sınıfta Kaldı, Hababam Sınıfı Uyanıyor, Hababam Sınıfı Tatilde, Hababam Sınıfı Dokuz Doğuruyor, Gülen Gözler, Mavi Boncuk, Bizim Aile, Neşeli Günler, Gırgıriye, Aile Şerefi, Salak Milyoner, Oh Olsun, Milyarder, Erkek Güzeli Sefil Bilo, Sev Kardeşim, Aile Pansiyonu, Şaşkın Ördek, Görgüsüzler, Hasret, Talih Kuşu, Beyoğlu Güzeli, Gırgıriyede Büyük Seçim, Gariban, Gece Kuşu Zehra, Gırgıriyede Şenlik Var, Kuzucuklarım, Aşkın Gözyaşı, Deliler Koğuşu, Melek Hanımın Fendi, Buyurun Cümbüşe, Bizim Sokak, İbişo, Şıngırdak Sadiye, Gülmece Güldüremece

### Ayhan Işık – Belgin Doruk

Ayhan Işık is painter and actor. He played with Belgin Doruk in many films. Also, his comedy partner in films is Sadri Alışık his friend from painter department. Ayhan Işık and Belgin Doruk played in films Sayılı Dakikalar, Şoförle Kralı, Öldüren Şehir, Kanlı Firar, Küçük Hanım, Küçük Hanımın Kısmeti, Küçük Hanımın Şöförü, Küçük Hanım Avrupada, Şoförün Kızı, Tatlı Günah, Çalsın Sazlar Oynasın Kızlar, İlk Göz Ağrısı, Yıkılan Gurur, Ayşecik Yuvanın Bekçileri, Beraber Ölelim, Yasak Cennet.

## Milestones of the Turkish TV drama

The first Turkish TV series to be exported internationally was the 1975 TRT series "Aşk-ı Memnu", which was sold to France in 1981. Çalıkuşu (1986), was the first popular Turkish TV series broadcast in Soviet Russia. The first Turkish TV series that caused the export of Turkish TV series to start was Deli Yürek, which was sold to Kazakhstan. Turkish TV series started to gain popularity with the release of the Arabic-dubbed Turkish drama, Gümüş, in the Arab World. İstanbullu Gelin was a huge hit in Israel. Turkish TV series are widely successful all over the Balkan Region. Suskunlar (Game of Silence) became the first Turkish drama to be remade by the USA. Then Son was licensed as Runner for ABC, although it never made its road to a network. Son became the first Turkish TV series adapted in Western Europe, having been adapted by Netherlands. Pasión prohibida was the first Spanish-language American remake of the Turkish drama, Aşk-ı Memnu, released in 2013. Interest in Turkish TV series in Latin America started with the TV series Binbir Gece, which was released in Chile in 2014. Many channels in Latin America have been broadcasting Turkish series and many local remakes aired. Adını Feriha Koydum was the first Turkish drama success in India. Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka? was the first Indian remake of the popular Turkish drama, Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?, about a gang-raped girl's fight for justice. Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? also remade by Spain as Alba for Netflix. Kiraz Mevsimi was the first Turkish TV series success in Italy. Kadın was the first Turkish drama success in prime time in Spain.

## Storytelling of Turkish TV series
### Recurring elements in Turkish TV series

* Each episode of Turkish TV series is quite long, unlike European and North American TV series of 45–60 minutes, Turkish TV series are 120–160 minutes long. Therefore, when they are published in abroad, they are published in two parts.
* Soundtracks are given utmost importance to fill long episode times.
* Generally, TV series are shot in Istanbul.
* A season of an average Turkish TV series is around 35-40 episodes. To keep up with the demanding production schedule, new episodes are filmed 6 days a week and crews can work up to 18 hours a day.
* In Turkish TV series, especially romantic and drama series, the couple in love looks at each other many times or they stare into each other's faces without saying anything for minutes.
* In Old Turkish culture, Brides and womans giving birth wear red ribbon. Because, In Tengrism which religion of old Turkish, Al Basty harms her heath and horses. However, in middle east cultures, A red ribbon tied around the bride's waist is a symbol of her virginity. Due to Turkish series confuses different cultures, contacts of new generation and old generation break down.
* The leading roles do not die in Turkish TV series. When he dies, it means the series will end.
* In Turkish TV series about school life, students break all kinds of school rules but they are not expelled from the school. There is always a teacher who understands what they do and approaches them with love.
* In the summer series, the male lead is handsome, muscular and the holding boss. The girl he loves is clumsy, cute, poor but proud, working in his company. There is also the ex-girlfriend of the Man, who is trying to break things up.
* Mother-in-law, stepmother, stepfather and ex-lover are bad-tempered people.
* A person who is seriously ill needs to be treated abroad in order to recover, and this treatment is very expensive.
* Although normally there are different police units dealing with each crime, in Turkish TV series a single police unit deals with all criminals.
* In many serials, the image of the Bosphorus is used in the transition between scenes.
* There is definitely a family that owns a holding and another family that owns a holding that rivals this family.
* In Turkish TV series, mafia bosses, tycoons and bullies wear suits.
* In TV series about minorities in the South East of the country, the tribe (aşiret) lives in a mansion and is rich and powerful. In tribal serials, one side is usually in pursuit of honor killing or blood feuds.
* The poor are proud; the rich are arrogant. Even at home, the rich always appear with the perfect outfit and make-up.
* The woman working in the kitchen is always funny.
* The lead male in the series always has a semi-philosophical mentor.

### Censorship, bans and self-censorship in Turkish TV series

Television channels in Turkey are controlled by the Radio and Television Supreme Council. If RTUK detects that any channel is broadcasting obscene, illegal, disruptive or divisive content, the channel may be fined, suspended, or even closed by canceling the license of the channel. Therefore, TV channels have to pay attention to their content. Punishments are often given because the scene is against the general moral code. Generally, things that are forbidden are either not shown on television or shown by censorship. Often the boundaries of what is immoral are unclear and very personal. Therefore, what deserves punishment and what does not cause controversy. And for this reason, screenwriters have internalized self-censorship. There are complaints as to why the sensitivity to alcohol or sexuality issues is not shown on issues of abuse and violence scenes.
* Cursing is censored in TV shows. Cursing is either suppressed by the beep or the sound is muted. If the curse is long, the scene may be cut completely.
* Making love and kissing scenes are a sensitive subject. It is not forbidden to show, but the boundaries are not sharp either.
* TV series are also shown by censoring alcohol, drugs and cigarettes, and encouraging the use of these substances is prohibited.
* Homosexual intercourse is a sensitive subject.
* Blood is also censored in TV series, scenes such as bloody and body dismemberment and extreme violence are prohibited.
* Insulting and humiliating religion, nation, national values and state administrators is prohibited in TV series.

## Values shown in Turkish series

For the Balkan region, the reason why Turkish shows became popular was showing lives lived in a healthy balance of Islam, democracy, modernity and traditionalism. They also lack violence and obscene language, as well as having easy-to-follow plots with realistic characters. Tapping into nostalgia for a system of family values that people in the Balkan region have lost.
According to Izzet Pinto, the head of Istanbul-based powerhouse distributor Global Agency; it's the "combination of family-based stories with big talents and directors, and great music" that attract audiences so widely, and Turkish culture as a whole, which he calls both "modern, but at the same time, also very traditional".
For the Arab world, showing "modern Muslim" life was a remarkable factor. Contrary to showing elements that are not accepted in the region in Western shows, similar social problems are told within acceptable limits in Turkish TV series.
For the Latin America, the reason was similarities in culture, emphasis on family values, family viewing, good-looking people and real picturesque locales.
Brave women who do not keep silent and seek their rights by keeping their dignity are another remarkable element in the series. Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? was a brave story that fought to solve similar problems faced by women all over the world and has been successful in many countries.

## Criticism

With taboo-breaking scenes that include premarital sex, love triangles and nudity, Turkish TV series have been dubbed as ‘immoral’ by some religious authorities in the Middle East and in some cases, they have even been banned.

## Business and finance

Turkish shows began expanding internationally in 1999, but only started to gain popularity in the early 21st century. In order to be able to produce high-quality content and to be competitive with the non-Turkish shows that were gaining traction in Turkey, more money was needed and the financial deficit was made up for through expansion to non-domestic markets. The Turkish government also played a role in motivating international expansion, creating incentive by granting awards and support to the companies that are most effective in exporting worldwide.
In 2017, Turkish TV exports earned 350 million U.S. dollars, officially marking the country as the second largest drama exporter in the world behind the United States. According to the Secretary General of the TEA, Bader Arslan, Turkey's yearly income from TV exports will exceed 1 billion U.S. dollars by 2023. Turkish series "dizi" are exported to approximatively 140 countries around the world.
Today, there are about 45 production companies and 150 active film directors in Turkey. Production cost of a series may vary between 78,000 and 520,000 U.S. dollars (for the most famous ones).

## Streaming

Turkish streaming opened in the late-2010s. They are Tabii, BluTv, Exxen, Gain, Puhu TV, Turkcell TV.

### Netflix

Since late 2010s American streaming service Netflix has been producing original Turkish dramas and movies available on its platform. Netflix created its first original Turkish series, The Protector, with the release date on 14 December 2018. According to Nick Vivarelli of Variety, Netflix is the only streaming platform to buy substantial amounts of Turkish television series. Fatma, Love 101, 50m2, Paper Lives, Bir Başkadır, Rise of Empires: Ottoman, The Gift, Have You Ever Seen Fireflies?, Last Summer, One-Way to Tomorrow, Stuck Apart, 9 Kere Leyla are among the Netflix productions that gathered success in Turkey as well as many other countries. There is a special category, "Turkish Movies & TV", on Netflix.
The Club was watched for a total of 7,860,000 hours during the week of 8–14 November, ranking 8th on Netflix's non-English language series list, thus making it one of the top 10 most-watched series. The Turkish production (Love Tactics) ranked first in the non-English films category of the 14–20 February list. Love Tactics watched 16,860,000 hours in its second week in the Global Top 10 and it ranked in the top 10 for 5 weeks. Grudge ranked in top 10 for two weeks. Love Me Instead ranked in top 10 for two weeks. UFO ranked in top 10 for one week. My Father's Violin ranked in top 10 for two weeks. The Turkish production (In Good Hands) ranked second in the non-English films category of the 21–27 March Netflix Global list and ranked in top 10 for 5 weeks. Yakamoz S-245 ranked third on Netflix Top 10 Global Non-English TV Series category of the 18–24 April week and ranked fifth on the 25 April-May 1 week. Yolun Açık Olsun (Godspeed) ranked eighth on Netflix Top 10 Global Non-English Films category of the 23–29 May week. As The Crow Flies ranked second on Netflix Top 10 Global Non-English TV Series category of the 6–12 June week. Turkish movie, Doom of Love ranked fifth in the non-English films category of the 20–25 June week.
Spanish remake, Alba, of Turkish drama, Fatmagul’un Suçu Ne?, ranked first on the Global Non-English TV Series category of the 18–24 July 2022 week. Another Self entered Netflix's Global Non-English TV Series list at number 5 with 18,100,000 hours of viewing in its first 4 days of 25–31 July 2022 week. Drama was also the first Turkish series to enter the Netflix list in the UK. Another Self ranked second in the Global Non-English TV Series category of 1–7 August 2022 week. Turkish movie, Heartsong, ranked ninth in the Global Non-English Movies category of 4–14 August 2022 week. Another Self ranked third Global Non-English TV Series list with 21,990,000 hours of viewing of the 8–14 August 2022 week.
Adapted from a Turkish scenario, Spanish production If Only, ranked eighth in the Global Non-English TV series category of OCTOBER 24 - OCTOBER 30, 2022 week. Kal (Don't Leave) ranked ninth in the Global Non-English Films category of 7–13 November week.
Hot Skull ranked eight in the Global Non-English TV series category of 5–11 December week. Shahmaran ranked second in the Global Non-English TV Series category of 23–29 January week.
Who Were We Running From? ranked third in the Global Non-English TV Series category of 20-26 March-2023 and next week ranked first. The Tailor ranked first in the Global Non-English TV Series category of 1-7 May-2023. Chokehold ranked in top 10 for three week in the Global Non-English Films category.
You Do You ranked second and first in top 10 for three week in the Global Non-English Films category of the 5–11 June and 12–18 June week. The Tailor ranked first in the Global Non-English TV Series category of 6–12 November 2023. Private Lesson ranked in top 10 for two weeks. 10 Days of a Good Man ranked in the top 10 for two weeks. Oh Belinda ranked in top 10 for two weeks. Love Tactics 2 ranked in top 10 for 3 weeks. Make Me Believe ranked in top 10 for 5 weeks. Do Not Disturb ranked 8 in top 10 in the Global Non-English Films. Last Call for Istanbul ranked first in top 10 for two week in the Global Non-English Films category of the 20–26 November in 76 countries and 27 November-December 3 week in 83 countries.

### Disney Plus

The first Turkish original drama for Disney Plus, Kaçış, aired on 14 June 2022. Dünyayla Benim Aramda became the second Turkish drama aired in the platform.

## International popularity
### Turkic countries

There is varying levels of mutual intelligibility among the various Turkic languages, especially among Turkish and Azerbaijani, which are both Oghuz languages. Thus, in Azerbaijan, the shows are not subtitled as the content of the show is understandable by the general public. Turkish shows are also aired in the Turkish-speaking de facto independent state of Northern Cyprus.
Turkic languages more distant from Turkish, such as Turkmen, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Uzbek, require subtitles as they have lesser degree of mutual intelligibility. Turkish TV series are popular in the Turkic countries of Central Asia. Uzbek remake of Turkish drama Kirgin Çiçekler aired as Бир ками тўлмаган дунё in 2015.

### Arab world

Turkish TV series began to rise in popularity across the Arab world in 2008, when MBC Group began to acquire the rights for the series. MBC is a popular Saudi Arabian broadcasting network. Instead of dubbing the shows in classical Arabic, they were rendered in Syrian Arabic, a dialectal variant readily understood by ordinary viewers across the Middle East.
In a survey carried out in 16 Middle Eastern countries by the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, three out of four of those surveyed said they had seen a Turkish television series. Turkish series are in demand in the Arab world. They are prevalent on Egyptian television, and are popular among women in particular.
Led by Gümüş (known as Noor in the Arab market), a wave of Turkish melodramas made their way onto Arab televisions, wielding a kind of soft power. The show violated the local conservative cultural norms, showing some Muslim characters drinking wine with dinner and engaging in premarital sex. The Arabic-dubbed finale of the Turkish TV series Gümüş (Silver), aired on 30 August 2008, was watched by 85 million viewers. In 2008, the grand mufti of Saudi Arabia Abdulaziz al-Sheikh issued a fatwa against channels that broadcast Gümüş, saying anyone who broadcast it was "an enemy of God and his Prophet". First Turkish dramas aired in the Arab world were Cemberimde Gul Oya, Kaybolan Yıllar, Annem, Asi, Berivan, Bıçak Sırtı, Kurtlar Vadisi, Elveda Derken, Menekşe ile Halil, Yabanci Damat and Yılan Hikayesi. Another Turkish hit drama in the first period was Ihlamurlar Altında which made Tuba Büyüküstün a star in the region.
In 2013, the most popular Turkish shows were Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?, Aşk-ı Memnu and Muhteşem Yüzyıl.
Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? has increased the popularity in Istanbul as a tourist destination among Arabs. Some Turkish series are more appealing to women, while some action series attract male audiences, which helps attract different types of advertisers for different viewerships. Some series have political overtones, including Ayrılık, which depicts the daily life of Palestinians under Israeli military occupation. Despite this, Islamic conservatives in many Middle Eastern countries have condemned certain Turkish series as "vulgar" and "heretical" to Islam.
In March 2018, MBC pulled all Turkish dramas off the air. Nick Vivarelli of Variety considers this a result of the political tensions between Saudi Arabia and Turkey. The head of the Turkish Sales Company Global Agency, Izzet Pinto, made a statement to say that he believed this was a political decision against the Turkish government.
In 2019, Tunisian-Algerian TV series named Mashaer was the first Arabic TV series to be broadcast with Turkish team in script and directing in order to benefit from the success of Turkish TV series in attracting followers in Arab countries.
An Arab adaptation of the Turkish drama Bride from Istanbul was remaked as 'Bride from Beirut' for MBC in 2019. An Arabic remake, Ala Al Hilwa Wa Al Morra, of Turkish drama, Iyı Gunde Kotu Gunde, was made in 2021. MBC linked Arab digital platform, Shahid, still showing Turkish dramas despite the tension. During Ramadan in 2020 and 2021, channels broadcast many Turkish series in Lebanon.
Hab Mlouk, Algerian-Tunisian remake of Turkish drama, Afili Aşk, aired in April 2022.
MBC Group has signed a five-year output and co-development deal with Medyapim and fellow Turkish company Ay Yapim, in October 2022. It also includes a pact to exchange know-how and co-develop original Arabic-language content for the MENA region, to be filmed in Saudi Arabia.
New remakes are continuing to be produced by various channels of the region.
Many Turkish actors and actresses received awards from award ceremonies in the Arab world.

### Asia
#### Afghanistan

Turkish TV series dubbed in Dari Persian have become very popular in Afghanistan, ratings going higher than the traditional Indian TV series that Afghans watched. TOLO, a TV station in Afghanistan. The most popular Turkish show is Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? (What is Fatmagül's Fault?). Another series as Öyle Bir Geçer Zaman Ki (As Time Goes By), Beni Affet (Forgive Me), Effet, Aşk-ı Memnu (Forbidden Love), and Adını Feriha Koydum are popular too. In 2015, is reported that the four Turkish series most successful around the world are Muhteşem Yüzyıl, Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?, Aşk-ı Memnu and Binbir Gece. Also, the most popular Turkish actor around the world is Halit Ergenç, and the most popular Turkish actress around the world is Beren Saat.

#### Armenia

Turkish drama, Ezel, was remade under the name, Ancanoty, by Shant TV, one of the biggest channels in Armenia. The Armenian adaptation of the Turkish series Kara Sevda was broadcast under the name "Kayaran". Turkish series are also watched in the Armenian diaspora in Russia and elsewhere.

#### Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, Turkish series started becoming popular by the entrance of Muhteşem Yüzyıl. The show was renamed as Sultan Süleyman and it aired on the newcomer channel Deepto TV which was launched in November 2015 and started its broadcasting activity by telecasting first and second episode of this serial as the channels first opening program. It was the first Turkish drama series aired in Bangladeshi television. Through this program, the channel as well as the show acquired 2nd highest TRP by the first week of January and marvelously got the 1st place in the TRP ratings of viewers by the second week among all the Bangladeshi TV channels. After one year of the highly successful running of Muhtesem Yuzyil, several channels started broadcasting other Turkish series's such as Diriliş: Ertuğrul on Maasranga Television and Ask-i Memnu on Channel I. Diriliş: Ertuğrul has gained so much popularity that the show has acquired highest TRP ratings of viewers in 2017–2018..

#### Hong Kong

10 Days of a Good Man ranked #10 on Netflix in Hong Kong Top 10. Last Call for Istanbul ranked #7 on Netflix in Hong Kong Top 10.

#### India

In September 2015, the first Turkish drama on Indian television was Adını Feriha Koydum (Feriha) aired on Zindagi had become a huge success. The reason behind its success is a powerful story and natural acting by all the artists The third and final season Adını Feriha Koydum, was broadcast for the first time in India between 16 November 2016 to 15 December 2016 at 6 pm under the title "Feriha-New Season" by Zindagi because of overwhelming audience request. However, the show Aşk-ı Memnu (Paabandh Ishq) was also aired on Rishtey in Hindi but on international version of Rishtey like in United States, Europe and Asia. In India, Aşk-ı Memnu does not broadcast by the Rishtey till now. Fatmagul'ün Suçu Ne? is also extremely well received and appreciated by India audiences. The show also helped Zindagi to become the number one premium entertainment channel, garnering impressive ratings. The viewership of the channel increased due to this show.Kuzey Güney, Adını Feriha Koydum, Aşk Laftan Anlamaz, Little Lord are a most demanded show in India and also highest rated show in India. From 25 June 2018 the Star Plus started broadcasting Kış Güneşi as its channel first Turkish show dubbed in Hindi language.
Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka, an Indian adaptation of the Turkish drama series Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?, was released in 2017. Indian remake, Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara, of Turkish drama, Ask-i Memnu, was aired in 2017.
Recently in 2018 MX PLAYER started streaming Turkish shows dubbed in Hindi for free. Day Dreamer, Endless Love, Cennet, New Bride, Brave and Beautiful, The Girl Named Feriha, Our Story (Bizim Hikaye), The Promise (Yemin) are also very well received by audience.
Binbir Gece will get an Indian remake. Indian remake aired as Kathaa Ankahee on Sony Entertainment Television.

#### Iran

IRIB was one of the first networks to invest on Turkish series. IRIB TV3 used to air Sırlar Dünyası (Persian: کلید اسرار, Kelid-e Asrâr) which had very meaningful stories about things happening in real life. It promoted love and faith, and it's been said that this show had more fans in Iran than in Turkey. After that Turkish shows got extremely popular in Iran during the early 2010s. They were dubbed into Persian by various satellite channels. Among the most popular series were Aşk-ı Memnu (عشق ممنوع, 'Eshgh-e Mamnoo'), Sırlar Dünyası, and Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? (گناه فاطما گل چه بود؟, Gonâh-e Fâtmâ Gol Cheh Bood?). The loss of popularity in Turkish shows after the early 2010s happened because in recent years the Iranian government has tried to stop the popularity of these shows by producing much more content itself and lifting restrictions on entertainment production to stimulate production by Iranian companies. Turkish shows are also simply too long to fit into the Iranian day-to-day life and have also been accused of promoting disloyalty, anger and backstabbing.

#### Israel

The first Turkish TV series broadcast in Israel was "Menekşe ile Halil" in 2011. The series, They were which was broadcast in dubbed into Hebrew, was broadcast five days a week during prime-time on Viva. The Turkish series Bride from Istanbul reached high ratings in Israel, especially among women. The star of the series, Özcan Deniz gave concerts in Israel and Berkay Hardal acted in commercials in Israel.

#### Indonesia

Paramparça aired on ANTV. The Turkish series Kırgın Çiçekler was broadcast on Indonesia's ANTV channel and became the 'Most Watched' production by female viewers aged 20–29. Turkish drama, Elif, aired in Indonesia and local remake was made as Elif Indonesia on SCTV.

#### Japan

Magnificent Century aired on Channel Ginga as オスマン帝国外伝～愛と欲望のハレム〜 in Japan. The Japanese Nippon TV has acquired the rights of the Turkish drama series Anne, a remake of Japanese drama Mother; the Turkish remake, Anne, will air on BS Nippon TV and Hulu in Japan. Turkish drama Kadın, a remake of Japanese drama Woman, won the Special Award (Foreign dramas) at the Tokyo Drama Awards.

#### Malaysia

The first Turkish series broadcast on Malaysian National Channel RTM was "Bu Şehir Arkandan Gelecek". Malaysian remake of Turkish drama, Rüzgarın Kalbi, aired as Degup Cinta in 2020.

#### Philippines

In 2018, GMA Network from the Philippines aired the first Turkish drama, Bana Sevmeyi Anlat (as Wings of Love). ETC channel also aired Everywhere I Go, Endless Love (Kara Sevda) and Aşk Laftan Anlamaz.
Make Me Believe ranked #5 in Philippines Netflix Top 10. Last Call for Istanbul ranked #7 on Netflix in Philippines Top 10.

#### Pakistan

Turkish series are also popular in Pakistan. Aşk-ı Memnu, which has broken ratings records in Turkey, aired on the television channel Urdu1 in Pakistan, and has topped ratings being the most successful Turkish series there. The second most popular series is Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? that aired on the same channel, the third best television series is Muhteşem Yüzyıl (Magnificent Century). According to Pakistani rating network, Media Logic, Aski-Memnu was watched by more than 90 million people on its last episode where as It averaged 45–55 million viewership from rural and urban market. Moreover, Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? and Adını Feriha Koydum averaged 30 million and 28 million viewership respectively from rural and urban market. No Turkish or Indian program received higher viewership after 2013. After URI Attack, Urdu1 banned Indian content and broadcast Kösem Sultan. The series opened with higher viewership, after three years the Turkish content begin its demand after Kosem Sultan's premier.
Popularity of the Turkish serials was met by some difficulties: Pakistan's entertainment industry complained that the airing of Turkish and other foreign TV series diverts funding from local productions. Furthermore, A senate committee that oversees information and broadcasting has condemned such shows for their allegedly "vulgar content" and contrary to the Pakistan's Muslim traditions. It was also reported that TV series Aşk-ı Memnu, Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?, Muhtesem Yuzyil and Adını Feriha Koydum have aired once again after its ending due to immense popularity and major demands. See TV has played a number of Turkish dramas dubbed in Urdu like Ekip1 as Team1, Ötesiz İnsanlar as "Alif", Küçük Gelin as Masoom Dulhan Kucuk.
Hum Sitaray aired season 1 of highest-rated TRT 1 drama Diriliş: Ertuğrul. The story of the father of Osman, founder of the Ottoman Empire. The same drama, Ertugrul, is also being aired on PTV Home, a state-owned entertainment channel from Thursdays to Sundays. It is being watched and its popularity has since risen when PM Imran Khan told Pakistani Public to watch this show. Urdu1 aired Bizim Hikaye, Acil Aşk Aranıyor and Seven Ne Yapmaz in November 2019. The rise of Turkish Content on YouTube in Pakistan began when Kanal D signed up an exclusive worldwide deal with Dot Republic Media for the distribution of their content in the Urdu language. For the first time, multiple titles were broadcast on YouTube in parallel to the TV Channels including Güneşin Kızları as Sunehri Titliyaan (aired on Play TV), Şeref Meselesi as Aabroo (aired on APlus), Siyah Beyaz Aşk as Sawal e Ishq (aired on Play TV), Afili Aşk as Tera Mera Pyar (aired on Play TV), Tatlı Intikam as Ek Haseen Intiqam (aired on Urdu 1). These dramas were aired on Dramas Central, Turkish Dramas Channel, and Best Pakistani Dramas YouTube channels. Aşk Laftan Anlamaz as Pyaar Lafzon Mein Kahan is one of the most-watched series in Pakistan, it has more than 90 million viewership on its first episode. In Pakistan, it was aired on Filmazia (now LTN Family). People also watched this series from India and Bangladesh. Diriliş: Ertuğrul, Yunus Emre and Aşk Laftan Anlamaz most popular Turkish series in Pakistan. Urdu 1 aired ''Yasak Elma'' as Shajar e Mamnu and Sen Çal Kapımı as Dastak Mayray Dil Pay which received good ratings

#### Singapore

My Father's Violin ranked #9 in Netflix in Singapore Top 10. 10 Days of a Good Man ranked #10 in Netflix in Singapore Top 10. Last Call for Istanbul ranked #8 on Netflix in Singapore Top 10.

#### South Korea

In 2017, the Turkish series Fi was sold to GTV channel in South Korea. In 2021, Kırmızı Oda was sold for the South Korean channel, Kuki TV. Ezel won the Special Award in the Drama category at the 7th Seoul International Drama Awards. Medcezir won the Silver Award for Best Drama at the 9th Seoul International Drama Awards. Kara Sevda won the Special Jury Award in the Drama category at the 10th Seoul International Drama Awards held in South Korea. Engin Akyürek received the "Best Actor" award at the 10th Seoul International Drama Awards. Kerem Bürsin won the "Best Actor" award at the 12th Seoul International Drama Awards. Turkish drama, Çarpışma, won the Silver Award in the Best Drama category at the 14th Seoul International Drama Awards. The Pit won the Special Jury Award at the 16th Seoul International Drama Awards. At the 17th Seoul Drama Awards, two Turkish dramas 'Destan' and 'Mahkum' won the 'Best Series Award'.
Chokehold ranked #7 on Netflix in the South Korea Top 10. Last Call for Istanbul ranked #7 on Netflix in the South Korea Top 10.

#### Taiwan

My Father's Violin ranked #5 in Taiwan Top 10. In Good Hands ranked #10 on Netflix in Taiwan Top 10. 10 Days of a Good Man ranked #9 on Netflix in Taiwan Top 10. You Do You ranked #10 on Netflix in Taiwan Top 10. Make Me Believe ranked #5 on Netflix in Taiwan Top 10. Last Call for Istanbul ranked #6 on Netflix in Taiwan Top 10.

#### Vietnam

Magnificent Century aired in Vietnam as Thời đại hoàng kim. Cesur ve Güzel aired on HTV7. 10 Days of a Good Man ranked #8 on Netflix in Vietnam Top 10. Last Call for Istanbul ranked #8 on Netflix in Vietnam Top 10.

### Europe
#### Balkans

Turkish TV shows are widely successful all over the Balkan Region. The most watched show in Bosnia and Herzegovina was Muhteşem Yüzyıl (Magnificent Century). In Kosovo, the most popular TV shows in December 2012 were Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? (What is Fatmagül's Fault?), which ranked top of all programmes and Aşk ve Ceza (Love and Punishment), which came in third according to data by Index Kosova. In Serbia, research from January 2013 indicates that the top two Turkish shows in TV were Muhteşem Yüzyıl, which ranked fourth, and Öyle Bir Geçer Zaman Ki (As Time Goes By), which came in seventh. Serbian sociologist Ratko Božović explains this popularity by pointing at the traditional, patriarchal values of the Turkish shows, and the many cultural and linguistic similarities between Turkey and the Balkan countries: "The mentality depicted in those shows has to do with a traditional understanding of morality that people in Balkans remember at some level". According to him, all Balkan countries (Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Albania, Croatia etc.) have seen dramatic changes in terms of family life, and the Turkish shows help them recall value systems that now seem lost.
In North Macedonia, Öyle Bir Geçer Zaman Ki (As Time Goes By) ranked in January 2013 the top in terms of viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research. In fact, Turkish shows are so successful in North Macedonia that the government has passed a bill to restrict broadcasts of Turkish series during the day and at prime time in order to reduce the Turkish impact on North Macedonia's society.
They are also widely watched by Bulgarian viewers. Nova Televizia broke the record for viewer numbers when it started broadcasting the Turkish TV series Binbir Gece. The channel then decided to broadcast another Turkish show, Dudaktan Kalbe.
The series Binbir Gece (One Thousand and One Nights) became a primetime hit in Bosnia, Montenegro and North Macedonia, as well as in Romania, Albania and Greece. It has increased the popularity of Istanbul as a tourist destination among Croatians, and led to a greater interest in learning Turkish. Other Turkish series that achieved great popularity in Croatia are Ezel starring Kenan İmirzalıoğlu and Cansu Dere (2009-2011), Muhteşem Yüzyıl Halit Ergenc and Meryem Uzerli (2011-2014), Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? starring Engin Akyürek and Beren Saat (2010-2012), Adını Feriha Koydum Hazal Kaya and Çağatay Ulusoy (2011-2012), Kuzey Güney (2011-2013) starring Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ, Buğra Gülsoy and Öykü Karayel, Dila Hanım, Küçük Sırlar (2010-2011) and most recently Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi (2010-2013).
In Slovakia, the popularity of Turkish series has improved the public image of Turkey itself.
According to the Kosovo's index, the most popular TV series Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? was sold to 124 countries, Kara Para Aşk sold to 112 countries. Sıla sold to 104 countries, and Ezel sold to over 100 countries.

#### Greece

Turkish TV series were also popular in Greece until their widespread removal from Greek TV in 2020 due to Turkish incursions into Greek territorial waters. After 2019, due to the resurgence of Greek language programming, Turkish series have largely disappeared from Greek television. The Greek orthodox Bishop Anthimos had criticised Greek fans of Turkish TV series after Yabancı Damat (The Foreign Bridesgroom) was one of the first Turkish series to become popular in Greece in 2005. According to International Hellenic Association in Delaware is monitoring the broadcast of Turkish drama in Greece, certain companies such as Procter and Gamble provide a large amount of advertising at the Turkish drama in Greece. Generally Turkish dramas have been met with criticism in Greece for many years.
Yabanci Damat started airing in Greece on 11 July 2005, recording a viewing rate of 31.7%; the last episode aired on 5 July 2008, recording a viewing rate of 31.8%. One Thousand and One Nights started broadcasting on 7 June 2010, by ANT1, recording a viewership rate of 18.7%. The last episode aired on 1 February 2011, scoring 24.3%, while the highest percentage was 43.8% on 6 August 2010. Another popular drama was Sila; it aired in Greece on 10 June 2012, by MEGA. The series "Elif" had a particularly significant average viewership share, 16.8% of all viewers, it was watched daily by an average of about 450,000 viewers.
Recently Greek television channels have broadcast their own remakes of Turkish series.

#### Romania

The series, Ezel, was adapted by Romanian TV channel Pro TV under the title Vlad. Turkish drama, O Hayat Benim, was remade by Romanian channel as Adela in 2020. Fructul oprit, a Romanian adaptation of Ask-i Memnu was also produced by Antena 1 in 2018. The Romanian remake, The Clan (Clanul), of the Turkish drama, İçerde, will air by the Romanian Pro TV.

#### Spain

After Latin America success, there is great interest in Turkish TV series in Spain. The Spanish Nova channel started broadcasting the TV series 'Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne' in 2018, and the series became the most watched series of the channel. After the TV series "Fatmagul", the Spanish channel began to air Turkish series like "Kara Para Ask", "Elif", "Ezel", "Sila", "Medcezir", "Anne", "One Thousand and One Nights" and "The Girl Named Feriha". At the same time, the series "Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne" adapted as Alba by the Spanish Atresmedia.
Turkish dramas; Kadın (as Mujer), Sen Çal Kapımı, Erkenci Kuş, Kızım, Bir Zamanlar Çukurova (as Tierra Amarga) and Sadakatsiz (Infiel) received high ratings on different channels in Spain. Kadin (Mujer) was the first Turkish series aired in prime time in Spain, it has managed to lead its time slot for a year, even facing great products and being broadcast for several days in a row. Sadakatsiz aired in Spain with an average audience of 2.3 million viewers, which makes it one of the foreign series with the best debut since 2020 Caner Cindoruk was on the cover of Spain's "Albacete A Mano" magazine for the promotion of the TV series "Sadakatsiz".
While it was being produced by Turkish Netflix, the series, Eğer Bilseydim, whose production was not made due to censorship, written by Ece Yörenç, will be broadcast by Spanish Netflix under the name of Si lo Hubiera Sabido.
Spanish remake of Turkish drama, Anne, will air as Heridas on Antena 3. Another Spanish remake of Turkish drama, Son, aired as El Accidente on Telecinco in 2017.
THE MEDIAPRO STUDIO and MEDYAPIM established their Spanish-Turkish co-production company in 2022, focusing making Spanish remakes of Turkish dramas.
'Sadakatsiz' premiered with a powerful 18.1% rating on Antena 3 and 2,357,000 viewers and, it was the leader every Sunday and moves around a 14-15% share in Spain. The final episode of Kızım (as Mi hija) aired as the most watched series on Antena 3 with an average of more than 2.4 million viewers and a 16.8% share, also placed it as a leader on Sunday nights.
Çilek Kokusu will be broadcast by Mediaset Spain's Divinity channel under the name "Com olor a fresas". The series will be broadcast every weekday. The same channel bought the broadcasting rights for Spain of Bu Şehir Arkandan Gelecek and Kaderimin Oyunu.

#### Italy

'Cherry Season' was the first Turkish TV series to be broadcast in Italy and received high ratings on Canale 5. Turkish TV series such as 'Dolunay' and 'Erkenci Kuş' made Can Yaman an idol in Italy. Fan clubs were established for the duo of Can Yaman and Demet Özdemir. The actors of the Early Bird and Cherry Season series participated in talk shows in Italy. The series starring Kerem Bürsin and Hande Erçel in 'Canale 5' was broadcast under the name 'Love is in the Air'.
The first episode of "Sevgili Geçmiş" was watched by 2 million 472 thousand people on Canale 5 with 13.4 percent in primetime and took the first place. Turkish TV series Brave & Beautiful met with the audience on 5 July in Italy on Canale 5.
The broadcasting rights of Once Upon a Time in Çukurova were purchased by Italian Mediaset. Drama aired as Terra amara on Canale 5. The stars of the drama participated in talk shows in Italy and received awards at the 17th "Nations Awards-Thinking Green Taormina". The prime-time broadcast of Once Upon a Time in Çukurova on Sunday, 14 January received higher ratings than a TV program in which Pope Francis appeared as a special guest. The grand finale of Once Upon a Time in Çukurova, which was broadcast under the name "Terra Amara", received 18.2% in prime time and 19.83% in late night hours on Saturday, 8 June.

#### Russia

The first popular Turkish TV series in Russia was Çalıkuşu, broadcast in 1986. Kurt Seyit ve Şura was broadcast on Russia's Domashny television channel in 2015. Magnificent Century (Великолепный век) was shown on the Domanshi channel in 2012. Even though the Turkish series called "Sultan of my Heart" was not successful in Turkey, was broadcast on Channel 1, Russia's largest channel, in 2019 and it took place at number one as the most watched TV series in Russia. Siyah Beyaz Aşk was aired in Russia on the Domashniy channel. Anne, Kara Sevda, Kara Para Aşk and Meryem aired in Russia as well. Kara Sevda gained the popularity in Russia. Russian viewers enjoyed watching not only the original episode, but also reruns of Kara Sevda. Marina Hripunova, General Manager of Russian Domashniy television channel, said, "We cannot do without Turkish TV series. Turkish TV series are watched with great interest in Russia." Turkish star Tuba Büyüküstün became the face of Russian mobile operator, Megafon, in 2021.
Russian remake of Turkish drama, Paramparça, aired in 2018 as Oskolki (Осколки) on WeIT Media.

#### Ukraine

Magnificent Century aired on Ukraine Channel 1+1 in 2012 as well. As of August 2017, Kara Sevda, with the name "Нескінченне кохання" in Ukraine, started to be broadcast on 1+1, the Ukrainian television. Ukrainian remake of Turkish drama, Ezel, aired as Uznay menya, esli smozhesh (Узнай меня, если сможешь) in 2014. Ukrainian remake of Turkish drama Siyah Beyaz Aşk was made as Na tvoey storone (На твоей стороне) in 2019

#### France

Turkish series; Kara Sevda, Ölene Kadar, Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?, and Bu Şehir Arkandan Gelecek, were broadcast on Africa-based Novelas TV, which also broadcasts in France. Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? was selected as the Best Foreign Series at the Soap Awards in 2019. 7. Koğuştaki Mucize became the most watched movie in Netflix France and thus took the title of the first Turkish movie that was watched the most on Netflix France.
Turkish actress Merve Dizdar won best actress at the Cannes Film Festival with "About Dry Grasses" and became 1st Turkish to win best female actress at Cannes.

#### Germany

Şahsiyet became the first Turkish TV series sold to Germany. It was dubbed into German, under the title Ein guter Mensch. Magarsus won the 'Stellar Cast' award at the 7th Berlin TV Series Festival.

#### Sweden

The Swedish public broadcaster SVT acquired the series Son (The End), becoming the first major broadcaster in Western Europe to buy a Turkish TV series in 2013. According to Sweden's television critic, Anders Björkman, the series, Son, was the best foreign show this season in all categories.

#### Netherlands

Son was remade in 2016 on KRO-NCRV, one of the leading Dutch television channels, under the name Vlucht HS13 (Flight HS13). Thus, it became the first Turkish TV series adapted in Western Europe.

#### United Kingdom

Who Were We Running From?: Season 1 ranked #6 on Netflix UK Top 10.

### United States

Turkish drama, Suskunlar was remade as Game of Silence on NBC. Turkish drama, Son, has been sold to 20th Century Fox Television in the United States and was adapted into a pilot named Runner for ABC. On 20 November 2017, Kara Sevda won an Emmy for Best Telenovela of the Year. Turkish actor Haluk Bilginer was selected as the 'Best Actor' for his role in the TV series, Şahsiyet, at the 47th International Emmy Awards. Turkish crime drama, Alef, was selected in Variety's "Top 15 International TV Series of 2020" list. The BluTV and FX special production "Alef" won the "best crime drama" and "best credits" awards at the New York Festivals in the USA.
Turkish Netflix drama, Shahmaran (TV series) ranked #9 on Netflix in the US Top 10. Another Turkish Netflix drama Who Were We Running From? ranked #9 and #4 consecutively in the US Top 10 for the 20 March – 2 April. Make Me Believe ranked #10 in the USA Top 10.
On 20 November 2023, Yargı won an Emmy for Best Telenovela of the Year at the 51st annual International Emmy Awards.

### Latin America

Turkish dramas have become popular in Latin America after being dubbed into Spanish and Portuguese. Due to the popularity, new Turkish shows continue to be dubbed into Spanish and Portuguese. In 2017, 25% of the biggest 7 Turkish exporting companies' business came from Latin America.
The popularity of Turkish shows in Latin America has been credited to multiple factors. Burhan Gün, the president of the Turkish TV and Cinema Producers Guild, has stated that one reason is that Latin Americans and Turkish people can often look similar to each other. Gün has also expressed that Turkish shows portray storylines relating to migration patterns that are similar in many developing nations. Many shows portray plots about moving from rural areas to cities, and the challenges that come with this transition.
ATV has sold rights to air the series, Hercai, in various international markets, including most of Latin America and the United States through Telemundo, which premiered on 22 June 2021. Exathlon is a physical challenge reality show from Turkey that has inspired local versions of the show to be created in Latin America. Brazil and Mexico have each created their own version of the show, Exathlon Brazil and Exatlón México.
In 2020, Taner Ölmez, the lead actor of Miracle Doctor, won the "Best Foreign Actor" award at the Produ Awards, one of the most important awards of the television industry in Latin America. "Bir Zamanlar Çukurova" was announced as the "Best Foreign Series" and received one of the biggest awards at the Produ Awards. Vahide Perçin won the grand prize in the "Best Foreign Actress" category.
HBO opened a Turkish series category on its digital platform in Latin America. For this category, they agreed with Madd Entertainment from Turkey for 3 years; put 10 Turkish TV series in its catalog. Mucize Doktor became the most watched TV series on HBO Max as of October 2021. Sen Cal Kapimi ranked second in the Top 10 list on HBOMAXLA. It ranked first in Chile, Uruguay and Colombia, and third in Mexico and Argentina.

#### Chile

In Chile, the most popular Turkish show is Binbir Gece, as it was the most watched show in 2014. The television channel "Mega", which started to show Turkish series for the first time in Chile, was saved from bankruptcy, thanks to the Turkish TV series Binbir Gece. Turkish TV series Sıla, which is broadcast in Chile, received as high a rating as the Copa America qualifying match between Brazil and Chile.

#### Brazil

The first Turkish TV series broadcast in Brazil was Binbir Gece on Band TV. Then Fatmagül and Sıla aired. "Sıla" had the best first week rating of Turkish soap operas in Band. HBO Max Brasil launched its first Turkish soap opera, Sen Çal Kapımı, in the Brazilian catalog and the title won over subscribers, ranking 1st among the most watched productions on streaming.

#### Colombia

TV series; "Cesur ve Güzel", "Fazilet Hanım ve Kızları", "Binbir Gece", "Kara Para Aşk", "Fatma Gül'ün Suçu Ne", "Adını Feriha Koydum", "Ezel", "Muhteşem Yüzyıl" and "Elif" broadcast in the country.

#### Argentina

In Argentina the show Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? is extremely popular, with more than 12 million Argentine viewers watching each episode. Mucize Doktor, which started broadcasting on Argentina's number one channel Telefe, received a rating of 14.2 in its first episode, making it the second highest opening performance for a Turkish series. Two days later, on Wednesday, it reached the highest rating for a Turkish drama with a rating of 21.5.

#### Mexico

Adapted from the Turkish TV series, Kara Para Aşk, Imperio de Mentiras was broadcast on the Mexican Televisa channel. The Mexican adaptation of the Ezel was released in 2018 under the name Yago for Televisa. "El Asesino Del Olvido" the Mexican remake of the Turkish series Şahsiyet was aired. Remake of Gecenin Kraliçesi was broadcast on Las Esterellas as "¿Te acuerdas de mí?" in 2021.

#### Hispanic community in the US

Turkish drama Kara Sevda is broadcast in the United States through Univision, it became the most watched foreign soap opera in the entire history of the country and the Turkish series with the highest audience, surpassing its main competitors on the Spanish language market. It had more than 2 million viewers per episode and close to 4 million in its final episode.
A Spanish-language American remake titled Pasión prohibida of Turkish drama Aşkı Memnu began airing in 2013.
The drama, Sefirin Kızı, made Univision the first U.S. network among Hispanic viewers in the weeknight 10 p.m. slot.

### South Africa

In late 2017, South Africa's free-to-air channel e.tv closed a deal with Turkey's Kanal D to air various Kanal D dramas. These Turkish telenovelas were dubbed into Afrikaans, and proved to be highly successful for the channel, which led e.tv to launch a separate channel called ePlesier (ePleasure) as a new Afrikaans TV channel, on its free-to-air satellite service OpenView HD on 18 April 2022. As a result, many more telenovelas were acquired, and the channel still operates as of 2023. The channel also provided a great amount of voice artist work for South African actors. With the increasing popularity of Afrikaans-dubbed Turkish telenovelas, another South African channel KykNet&Kie also started broadcasting such telenovelas in July 2023. The channel acknowledged that "dubbing of such big series also creates dozens of job opportunities in the Afrikaans TV industry for talent behind the screens and in front of the microphone".
These Turkish telenovelas dubbed into Afrikaans include; Endless Love (2015 TV series) simply called Bittersoet, Paramparça (TV series) simply called Gebroke Harte which were the most watched in the country. Kuzgun (2019 TV series), Elif (TV series), Kardeşlerim and more were some of the telenovelas on EExtra
Turkish-Netflix drama, Fatma, was also adapted for South African Netflix as Unseen.
Son Yaz was released in Angola and Mozambique.

### Elsewhere

As of 2016, Turkish soap operas are popular in Ethiopia, through Kana TV where they are dubbed into Amharic.
Besides the original scripts; Korean, American, Japanese, and British adaptations are also common. The original Turkish dramas are mostly based on Turkish classical books. Besides the TV series set in Istanbul, regional dramas about the Black Sea, Aegean and Southeast ("'töre' dizileri") are also common. In addition to broadcasts on television, Turkish series are followed by fans on legal and illegal internet platforms in many different languages.