OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Quantum dot laser

A quantum dot laser is a semiconductor laser that uses quantum dots as the active laser medium in its light emitting region. Due to the tight confinement of charge carriers in quantum dots, they exhibit an electronic structure similar to atoms. Lasers fabricated from such an active media exhibit device performance that is closer to gas lasers, and avoid some of the negative aspects of device performance associated with traditional semiconductor lasers based on bulk or quantum well active media. Improvements in modulation bandwidth, lasing threshold, relative intensity noise, linewidth enhancement factor and temperature insensitivity have all been observed. The quantum dot active region may also be engineered to operate at different wavelengths by varying dot size and composition. This allows quantum dot lasers to be fabricated to operate at wavelengths previously not possible using semiconductor laser technology. One challenge in the further advances with quantum dot lasers is the presence of multicarrier Auger processes which increases the nonradiative rate upon population inversion. Auger processes are intrinsic to the material but, in contrast to bulk semiconductors, they can be engineered to some degree in quantum dots at the cost of reducing the radiative rate. Another obstacle to the specific goal of electrically-pumped quantum dot lasing is the generally weak conductivity of quantum dot films.
Devices based on quantum dot active media have found commercial application in medicine (laser scalpel, optical coherence tomography), display technologies (projection, laser TV), spectroscopy and telecommunications. A 10 Gbit/s quantum dot laser that is insensitive to temperature fluctuation for use in optical data communications and optical networks has been developed using this technology. The laser is capable of high-speed operation at 1.3 μm wavelengths, at temperatures from 20 °C to 70 °C. It works in optical data transmission systems, optical LANs and metro-access systems. In comparison to the performance of conventional strained quantum-well lasers of the past, the new quantum dot laser achieves significantly higher stability of temperature.
Newer, so called "Comb lasers" based on quantum dot lasers have been found to be capable of operating at wavelengths of ≥ 80 nm and be unaffected by temperatures between -20 °C and 90 °C, and allow higher accuracy with reduced fluctuations and less relative intensity noise.
In development are colloidal quantum dot lasers, which would use quantum confinement to change the optical properties of the semiconductor crystals (≤ 10 nm in diameter) through solution-based rearrangements of quantum dots.
# Aram Andonian

Aram Andonian (Armenian: Արամ Անտոնեան; 1875 – 23 December 1951) was an Armenian journalist, historian and writer.

## Biography

Andonian was born in Constantinople and was ethnic Armenian. There he edited the Armenian journals Luys (Light) and Dzaghik (Flower) and the newspaper Surhandak (Herald). Andonian then went on to serve in the department of military censorship of the Ottoman Empire. He was arrested by order of interior minister Talat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire on the eve of 24 April 1915, and joined the large number of Armenian notables who were deported from the Ottoman capital. Andonian was deported to Chankiri, then, halfway there, returned to Ankara and was deported again to the camps in the Ra's al-'Ayn and Meskene. However, Andonian survived in Aleppo in the underground. When British forces occupied Aleppo, a lower-level Turkish official, Naim Bey collaborated with Aram Andonian in publishing his memoirs, an account of the deportation of the Armenians. The Memoirs of Naim Bey were published in 1920, and are sometimes referred to as the "Andonian Telegrams" or the "Talat Pasha Telegrams." The telegrams are purported to constitute direct evidence that the Armenian genocide of 1915–1917 was state policy of the Ottoman Empire. They were introduced as evidence in the trial of Soghomon Tehlirian.
According to Robert Melson, Andonian's report on post-1915 deportations and killings of Armenians are crucial for the research of that period.
From 1928 to 1951 Andonian directed the Nubarian Library in Paris, and succeeded in hiding and saving most of the collection during the German occupation of Paris. He also worked to collect eyewitness testimonies of the genocide.
He is the author of a Complete Illustrated History of the Balkan War (Vol. 1–5, 1912–1913), published originally in Armenian.

## Works

* Shirvanzade (Շիրվանզադէ), Constantinople, 1911. A biography of Alexander Shirvanzade.
* Badgerazart entartsag batmutiun Balkanyan baderazmin (Պատկերազարդ ընդարձակ պատմութիւն Պալքանեան պատերազմին (Complete Illustrated History of the Balkan War)), 5 vols., Constantinople, 1912-1913. Published in Turkish translation as Balkan Savaşı, Istanbul: Aras Yayincilik, 1999 (1st ed.).
* Ayn sev orerun (Այն սեւ օրերուն (In Those Dark Days)), Boston, 1919.
* Medz Vojire (Մեծ Ոճիրը (The Great Crime)), Boston, 1921.
* The Memoirs of Naim Bey, London, 1920.
# Vic Keen

Howard Victor Keen (March 16, 1899 – December 10, 1976) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago Cubs, and St. Louis Cardinals.

## Early life

H. Victor Keen was born in Bethesda, Maryland, to Mollie (née Coale) and Howard O. Keen. He graduated from the University of Maryland and was a member of Sigma Phi Kappa fraternity.

## Career

Keen pitched Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals. He was with the Cardinals in the 1926 World Series.

## Personal life

Keen married Thelia Lewis. They had a son, H. Victor Jr. He was a member of Keen Memorial Methodist Church in Baltimore.
Keen died on December 10, 1976, at Peninsula General Hospital in Salisbury. He was buried in First Baptist Cemetery.
# Dezső Perczel

Dr. Dezső Perczel de Bonyhád (18 January 1848 – 20 May 1913) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Interior Minister between 1895 and 1899 in Dezső Bánffy's cabinet. His father was Béla Perczel, a former Minister of Justice of Hungary. During his reigning Dezső Perczel supported the institution of civil marriage. He also made a law about the parish registers. He took several measures concerning about the labour movement's and the nationality movements' breaking off. Later (1903–1904) he fought against the Opposition's tactics of filibuster. He was a president of new-created Party of National Work.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Singida

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Singida (Latin: Dioecesis Singidaënsis) is a diocese located in Singida in the ecclesiastical province of Dodoma in Tanzania.

## History

* 1972.03.25: Established as Diocese of Singida from the Diocese of Dodoma, Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tabora and Diocese of Mbeya

## Leadership

* Bishops of Singida (Roman rite)
** Bishop Bernard Mabula (March 25, 1972 – April 19, 1999)
** Bishop Desiderius Rwoma (April 19, 1999 - January 15, 2013), appointed Bishop of Bukoba
** Bishop Edward Elias Mapunda (28 April 2015 – present)
# Le Day railway station

Le Day railway station (French: Gare du Day) is a railway station in the municipality of Vallorbe, in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It sits at the junction of the standard gauge Simplon line of Swiss Federal Railways and Vallorbe–Le Brassus line of SBB and Travys.

## History

Trains from Le Pont stopped at Le Day in May 1904. Le Day railway station was built and inaugurated in 1907, becoming the second station to be located within the Vallorbe municipality. Meanwhile, the section between Le Day and Croy on the Lausanne - Vallorbe line was doubled. The work was marked by a strike in December 1904.
As part of the plan to improve services on the RER Vaud network, it was decided to upgrade the line from Cossonay-Penthalaz to Vallorbe by renewing the signalling and, above all, moving the Day station 300 metres north of the old one.
The new station, with platform lengths of 160 metres and 55 centimetres high, opened on 16 May 2022. It allows trains to reverse in order to link the Vallée de Joux line to the main line from Cossonay-Penthalaz to Vallorbe. Construction work on the new station began on 18 January 2021. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the start of work was delayed by eight months. Although the platforms for the new station were built in December 2021, they could not be used until 16 May 2022, when the new signalling system entered service Since 7 August 2022, it has been possible to travel between Aigle and Vallée de Joux, via Lausanne, without changing trains. The new railway station allows trains on the R4 line of RER Vaud to divide and serve Vallorbe and Vallée de Joux simultaneously every hour. These services are operated using Stadler FLIRT trains sets.

## Services

As of the December 2024 timetable change, the following services stop at Le Day:
* RER Vaud R3 / R4: half-hourly service to Bex; hourly (half-hourly on weekdays) service to Vallorbe and hourly service to Le Brassus; limited service to St-Maurice.
# Linn Haug

Linn Haug (born 6 March 1990) is a Norwegian snowboarder from Trondheim, Norway. She has been riding a snowboard for most of her life, but she only started competing at the age of 15. She married on December 31, 2013.

## Awards

* Rookie of the year, Norwegian Snowboard Awards, 2006
* Nominated female rider of the year, Norwegian Snowboard Awards, 2007, 2008 and 2009

## Results
### 2009

* 4th Burton European Open Halfpipe
* 4th Chicken Jam Halfpipe, Mammoth
* 4th Snow Angels Halfpipe, Snowmass
* 4th New Zealand Open Halfpipe
* 7th World Cup Halfpipe, Vancouver
* 9th World Cup Halfpipe, Bardonecchia

### 2008

* 1st European Cup Halfpipe, Saas Fee
* 1st Swag Pipe Jam, Norway
* 3rd, World Championship, Juniors, Halfpipe
* 3rd World Cup Halfpipe, New Zealand
* 5th Burton European Open Halfpipe
* 6th World Cup Halfpipe, Bardonecchia
* 6th World Cup Finals, Valmalenco

### 2007

* 1st, Norwegian Championship, Halfpipe
* 3rd Paul Mitchell Quarterpipe, Lake Placid
* 6th World Cup Halfpipe, New Zealand
* 10th US Grand Prix Halfpipe, Tamarack
* Overall winner Burton Glory Daze Tour Slopestyle, Norway

### 2006

* 1st, Norwegian Championship, Slopestyle
* 1st Norwegian Cup Halfpipe
* Overall winner Burton Glory Daze Tour Slopestyle, Norway

### 2005

* 1st, Norwegian Championship, Halfpipe
* 1st, Norwegian Championship, Slopestyle

## 2010 Olympics

Haug represented Norway at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver for the halfpipe events.
# Tag Me

#Tag Me is the third studio album from Kimberley Chen, produced by Sharp Music, released by Universal Music Taiwan on 15 December 2017. Its first single, "Tag Me", is a fusion of hip hop and dance, which is different from her previous style. "Where I Belong" is the second single from the album, features the rapper Miss Ko who wrote the song. The music video for the third single, "One More Day", features the actor Derek Chang.
This album is her first in 4 years after the release of Kimbonomics. It is also the first album she released after signing a record deal with Sharp Music.

## Music videos

| Title | Director | Date | Channel | Note |
| Tag Me | Huang Ziran | 14 December 2017 | Tag Me on YouTube | Lead single |
| Where I Belong | Born Li | 28 December 2017 | Where I Belong on YouTube | Second single |
| One More Day | Shawn Yu | 30 January 2018 | One More Day on YouTube | Third single |
| Thank You For Nothing | | 30 March 2018 | Thank You For Nothing on YouTube | Fourth single |

## Live performance
### Promotional concert

| Year | Date | Title | Venue |
| 2017 | 24 December | Kimberley Chen【#Tag Me】Album Promotion Concert | Taipei RedHouse |
| 2017 | 30 December | Kimberley Chen【#Tag Me】Album Promotion Concert | Tainan Southern Park |
| 2017 | 30 December | Kimberley Chen【#Tag Me】Album Promotion Concert | Taichung Taroko Mall |
# Burton Armus

Burton S. Armus (born December 11, 1934, in New York City, New York; died April 8, 2024) was an American police officer, actor, writer and television producer. Armus' Hollywood career began when, while he was still serving as an NYPD detective assigned to the 48th Squad in the Bronx, he was hired to be the technical advisor on the TV series N.Y.P.D. in 1967. He also wrote the episode "Boys Night Out" for that series. Later, still a serving detective, he was picked by Telly Savalas to act as a technical adviser on the Kojak series. He also acted in three of the episodes, and wrote nine of them. Following his retirement from the police department he moved to Los Angeles and became a successful writer and producer. He is now retired from this second career. Director Richard Donner, who directed three episodes of Kojak, named a detective in his blockbuster film Superman after Armus. The villain "Armus" in "Skin of Evil," an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, was named after Armus in a humorous slight from the writers.
Armus died on April 8, 2024.

## Awards

In 1994, Armus won a Humanitas Prize for 60 Minute Category (NYPD Blue; 1993), which was shared with David Milch. He received two Emmy Award nominations that same year, one for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Drama Series (NYPD Blue) and the other for Outstanding Drama Series (NYPD Blue). He garnered another Emmy nomination in 1995, for Outstanding Drama Series (NYPD Blue).

## Filmography
### Actor

* Kojak (Three episodes)
* Inside Moves

### Writer

* Tarzan - The Epic Adventures (pilot episode)
* Airwolf (Three episodes)
* Star Trek: The Next Generation (Two episodes)
* NYPD Blue (Six episodes)
* Street Hawk (One episode)
* The New Dragnet (Eight episodes)
* The New Adam-12 (Eight episodes)
* The Fall Guy (Two episodes)
* Cassie & Company (Three episodes)
* Paris (One episode)
* CHiPs (One episode)
* Policewoman (Two episodes)
* Kojak (Nine episodes)
* N.Y.P.D. (One episode)

### Producer

* The New Adam-12 (20 episodes)
* The New Dragnet (26 episodes)
* Airwolf (1st Season)
* Star Trek: The Next Generation
* NYPD Blue
* Knight Rider

### Technical Advisor

* N.Y.P.D. (four episodes)
* Delvecchio (four episodes)
* Kojak (Ninety-five episodes)
# Erik Schouten

Erik Schouten (born 16 August 1991) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Eredivisie club Willem II.

## Career

On 12 July 2019 it was confirmed, that Schouten had joined SC Cambuur on a two-year contract.
Schouten joined Willem II on 13 June 2022, signing a three-year contract.
# S'more

A s'more (alternatively spelled smore, pronounced /ˈsmɔːr/, or /səˈmɔːr/) is a confection consisting of toasted marshmallow and chocolate sandwiched between two pieces of graham cracker. S'mores are popular in the United States and Canada, and are traditionally cooked over a campfire.

## Etymology and origins

S'more is a contraction of the phrase "some more". The first known s'more recipe appeared in a "Campfire Marshmallows" cookbook in the early 1920s, where it was called a "Graham Cracker Sandwich". The text indicates that the treat was already popular with the Boy Scouts, Campfire Girls and Girl Scouts. In 1927, a recipe for "Some More" was published in Tramping and Trailing with the Girl Scouts. Newspaper recipes began appearing as early as 1925.
The contracted term "s'mores" appears in conjunction with the recipe in a 1938 publication aimed at summer camps. A 1956 recipe uses the name "S'Mores", and lists the ingredients as "a sandwich of two graham crackers, toasted marshmallow, and ½ chocolate bar". A 1957 Betty Crocker cookbook contains a similar recipe under the name "s'mores".
The 1958 publication Intramural and Recreational Sports for High School and College makes reference to "marshmallow toasts" and "s'mores hikes", as does its related predecessor, Intramural and Recreational Sports for Men and Women, published in 1949.

## Preparation

S'mores are traditionally cooked over a campfire, although they can also be made at home over the flame of a wood-burning fireplace, in an oven, over a stove's flame, in a microwave, with a s'mores-making kit, in an air fryer, or in a panini press. A marshmallow, usually held by a metal or wooden skewer, is heated over the fire until it is golden brown. Traditionally, the marshmallow is gooey but not burnt, but, depending on individual preference and cooking time, marshmallows can range from barely warm to charred. The roasted marshmallow is then sandwiched between two halves of a graham cracker and a piece of chocolate (or with chocolate on both top and bottom), between the graham crackers. An additional step may follow, wherein the entire sandwich is wrapped in foil and heated so that the chocolate partially melts.
Various confections containing graham cracker, chocolate, and marshmallow are often sold as some derivative of a s'more, but they are not necessarily heated or served in the same shape as the traditional s'mores. The Hershey's S'mores bar is one example. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts also feature a s'mores variety. In the UK, the lack of graham crackers is easily improvised with digestive biscuits with a slab of Cadbury's chocolate. Contemporary recipes can substitute other foods, such as potato chips, Nutella and Peeps, for the classic ingredients.

## Gallery

* Hershey's S'mores
* S'mores Pop-Tarts
* A homemade s'more
# Anthony Allen (wide receiver)

Anthony Derrick Allen (born June 29, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for five seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Atlanta Falcons, Washington Redskins, and San Diego Chargers. He played college football for the Washington Huskies and was selected in the sixth round of the 1983 NFL draft.

## Professional playing career

Allen made his professional debut in the United States Football League (USFL) in 1983. Allen was originally drafted by the USFL's Tampa Bay Bandits in the third round of the 1983 USFL Draft. After being selected in the sixth round of the 1983 NFL draft, the Los Angeles Express acquired his USFL rights from the Bandits for a fourth-round pick the 1984 USFL Draft. He signed with the Express immediately and started the last eight games of the 1983 USFL season catching 37 passes for 613 yards and three touchdowns.
In 1984, Allen started the season with the Express, however, was traded mid-season to the Michigan Panthers for a draft pick after eight games. The Panthers primarily acquired Allen to fill the void left when Panthers' star receiver Anthony Carter was lost for the season with a broken arm. Allen finished the season with 34 receptions for 535 yards and touchdowns.
When the Panthers merged with the Oakland Invaders prior to the 1985 USFL season, Allen was not protected in the merger and was selected in the dispersal draft by the Baltimore Stars. He was released by the Stars and signed on with the Portland Breakers on April 3, 1985. He played six games (starting three) for the Breakers catching nine passes for 133 yards and two touchdowns before being released on May 14.
In his first game as a wide receiver for the Redskins against the St. Louis Cardinals, Allen had eight catches for 255 yards and three touchdowns, which is still a franchise record. It was the first game played during the 1987 NFL players' strike. While with the Redskins, Allen won a Super Bowl.

## Coaching career

From 2004 to 2010, Allen coached football at Garfield High School in Seattle, Washington.
# Candice Renee Price

Candice Renee Price is an African-American mathematician and co-founder of the website Mathematically Gifted & Black, which features the contributions of modern-day black mathematicians. She is an advocate for women and people of color in STEM.

## Research

Price's area of mathematical research is DNA topology.

## Career

Price obtained a bachelor's degree in Mathematics from California State University, Chico in 2003, and a master's degree from San Francisco State University in 2007. She earned her doctoral degree in Mathematics from the University of Iowa in 2012, under the advisement of Isabel Darcy.
She is currently an Associate Professor at Smith College. She was previously an Assistant Professor at the University of San Diego and at West Point (United States Military Academy).
Price is one of the founding organizers of the Underrepresented Students in Topology and Algebra Research Symposium (USTARS), an annual multi-day symposium started in 2011 that features the research of algebra and topology graduate students, as well as providing career and professional development opportunities.
In 2017, Price, along with Erica Graham, Raegan Higgins, and Shelby Wilson, started the website Mathematically Gifted & Black, which, coinciding with Black History Month, highlights the life and works of a modern-day Black mathematician every day in February.

## Awards and honors

Price was a 2013 MAA Project NExT fellow. For her work on Mathematically Gifted & Black, she was awarded the 2022 Presidential Recognition Award of the Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM). She was a 2024 recipient of the Deborah and Franklin Haimo Award for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics.
She co-delivered an invited plenary address at the 2021 National Math Festival. She delivered a Mathematical Association of America (MAA) invited lecture at MathFest 2021.
# Charles P. Davis

Charles P. Davis (June 5, 1872 – May 28, 1943) was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Philippine–American War on May 16, 1899, with 29 other members of Young's Scout. He was one of thirteen members of Young's Scouts who were awarded the Medal of Honor between May 13–16, 1899.
Charles Davis is buried in North Dakota Veterans Cemetery, Mandan, North Dakota.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Private, Company G, 1st North Dakota Volunteer Infantry. Place and date: Near San Isidro, Philippine Islands, May 16, 1899. Entered service at: Valley City, N. Dak. Birth: Long Prairie, Minn. Date of issue: April 28, 1906.
Citation:
   With 21 other scouts charged across a burning bridge, under heavy fire, and completely routed 600 of the enemy who were entrenched in a strongly fortified position.
# Jorge Xavier Murrieta

Jorge Xavier Murrieta Fernández (born 23 November 1985) is a sailor from Mexico.
Murrieta is North American Champion in two different classes: J/24 and Snipe. He won the 2009 J/24 North Americans, hosted by the Club Náutico Valle de Bravo in Mexico, and the 2010 Snipe North American Championship hosted by the Ponce Yacht and Fishing Club in Puerto Rico.

## Pan American Games

* Bronze medal at Rio de Janeiro 2007 in the Snipe class.