OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Minority governments in Canada

In Canada's parliamentary system of responsible government, minority governments occur when no party has a majority of seats in the legislature. Typically, but not necessarily, the party with a plurality of seats forms the government. In a minority situation, governments must rely on the support of other parties to stay in power, so are less stable than a majority government.
In Canada, most of the time political parties stand on their own, live or die, and rarely form official coalition governments to form a majority. But it has happened, such as Manitoba in 1941 as discussed below.
Canada's plurality voting system means that minority governments are relatively rare in comparison with countries that have a proportional representation voting system. However, minority governments have become more common at the federal level. Since 2004, five out of seven governments formed have been minority governments at the federal level. Nine of Canada's 10 provinces, all but Alberta, have experienced minority governments as well, mostly produced by first-past-the-post elections.

## Federal level

Canada has had 15 minority governments, experiencing its longest period of minority government with three successive minority governments elected in 2004, 2006 and 2008.
* Alexander Mackenzie (1873–1874, Liberal)
* William Lyon Mackenzie King (1921–1925, 1925–1926, 1926–1930, Liberal)
* Arthur Meighen (1926, Conservative)
* John Diefenbaker (1957–1958, 1962–1963, Progressive Conservative)
* Lester Pearson (1963–1965, 1965–1968, Liberal)
* Pierre Trudeau (1972–1974, Liberal)
* Joe Clark (1979–1980, Progressive Conservative)
* Paul Martin (2004–2006, Liberal)
* Stephen Harper (2006–2008, 2008–2011, Conservative)
* Justin Trudeau (2019–2021, 2021–2025, Liberal)

## Provincial and territorial level

Of Canada's 10 provinces, only Alberta has never had a minority government. The territories of Northwest Territories and Nunavut do not have political parties and are instead governed under the consensus government system.
In cases where one party does not have a majority of the seats, a coalition government may be formed through a legislative merger of two or more parties. Such was the case in Manitoba in 1941 when a wartime coalition made up of Conservatives, CCF and Social Credit was formed and (mostly) did not run candidates against each other in the election that year, winning majority government as a coalition and governing as a coalition thereafter.
* British Columbia (1924–1928, 1952–1953, 2017–2020)
* Manitoba (1920–1922, 1936–1941, 1958–1959, 1969–1973, 1988–1990)
* New Brunswick (1920–1925, 2018–2020)
* Newfoundland and Labrador (1971–1972, 2019–2021)
* Nova Scotia (1970–1974, 1998–1999, 2003–2006, 2006–2009)
* Ontario (1867–1871, 1943–1945, 1975–1977, 1977–1981, 1985–1987, 2011–2014)
* Prince Edward Island (1873–1876, 1876–1879, 1890–1893, 2019–2020)
* Quebec (1878–1879, 2007–2008, 2012–2014)
* Saskatchewan (1929–1934, 1999–2003)
* Yukon (1985–1989, 1992–1996, since 2021)
# Suzanne Côté

Suzanne Côté (born September 21, 1958) is a puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. She was nominated by Prime Minister Stephen Harper to replace retiring Justice Louis LeBel. Before her appointment to the Supreme Court, she was a partner at Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP and previously Stikeman Elliott LLP in Montréal. She is the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court directly from private practice.

## Early life and education

Côté had wanted to be a lawyer since age 11. While her mother wanted her to become a teacher, as a child Suzanne enjoyed reading about high-profile legal cases. Côté did her legal studies at the Faculté de droit de l'Université Laval.

## Career

While a student, Côté worked at a small law firm in Gaspé. She bought half of her employer's practice. Côté was called to the Bar of Quebec in 1981. She went on to become a partner at Stikeman Elliott LLP in Montréal, and later Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP. At Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt, she oversaw the firm's Montreal office litigation group while her own practice area centred around complex civil and commercial cases. Her clients in private practice included Jean Pelletier, who once served as chief of staff to Prime Minister Jean Chretien, and Imperial Tobacco. She defended Imperial Tobacco in a 2012 class-action lawsuit by arguing that the public had been aware of the negative effects of smoking since the 1960s.
Côté has taught courses at Université de Montréal, the Université du Québec à Rimouski, and at the Bar of Quebec.

### Supreme Court of Canada

She was nominated to the Supreme Court of Canada by Prime Minister Stephen Harper to replace retiring justice Louis LeBel. She was appointed a puisne justice on December 1, 2014. She is the first woman appointed directly from private practice.
In June 2018, Côté wrote a concurrence when the majority found that the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal's determination that the Indian Act did not violate the Canadian Human Rights Act was reasonable due to judicial deference, in which she argued instead that the Tribunal's decision was correct.
In June 2020, Côté dissented alone when the majority found that an arbitration clause in a standard form contract was void for unconscionability in Uber Technologies Inc v Heller.
In March 2021, the Supreme Court found that the federal government's carbon price regime is constitutional. Côté was one of three dissenting justices. In her decision, she agreed carbon pricing is a matter of “national concern,” but disagreed that the federal law was constitutional as written.

## Personal life

Côté is married to Gerald R. Tremblay, who is a lawyer practicing in the province of Quebec.
# Josef Perl

Josef Perl (27 April 1930 – Sept. 2018) was a Holocaust survivor who dedicated twenty years of his life to educating people about the Holocaust. He was born in Czechoslovakia and later lived in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. He received more than 30,000 letters from schoolchildren to whom he spoke about his experiences.
His story has been published in book form as Faces in the Smoke: The Story of Josef Perl by Arthur C. Benjamin, (ISBN 978-0-9541233-0-7).

## Biography

Josef was born in 1930 in Velicky Bochkov, Czechoslovakia, into a deeply religious Jewish family. He lived and grew up in the small town where Jewish and non-Jewish people lived together in harmony.
However, things changed rapidly in 1938 after Germany signed a peace treaty with Hungary and the Hungarians took over the administration of the area, under German orders.
In 1940, Josef and some of his family were rounded up and deported to a makeshift camp where they existed for several weeks in appalling conditions. Despite being only ten years old, he managed to escape on a regular basis with a group of boys to find food for his family. Like so many children during the Holocaust, he became the main provider. While he was foraging for food on one of these missions, the camp was cleared.
Josef spent the next eighteen months hiding and trying to find his family. He wandered from town to town foraging for food and shelter, until he was caught and taken to a ghetto. There he witnessed the murder of his mother, four of his eight sisters and their five children. He escaped from the ghetto but was captured and taken to Kraków-Plaszów concentration camp where he worked hard as a forced labourer doing many different jobs.
Between 1941 and 1945, Josef went through Auschwitz, Dachau, Bergen-Belsen, Gross-Rosen, Balkenhain, Hirschberg and Buchenwald concentration camps. His life in these camps was mentally and physically exhausting. He worked 12-hour shifts with only one meal a day (which consisted of a minuscule portion of bread and watery soup). Many people died from the lack of food, sleep deprivation, and regular beatings.
Towards the end of 1944, as the Soviet troops approached Balkenhain, Josef and the remaining prisoners, about 5,000 of them, were sent on a death march to move them further into Germany, away from the advancing armies. They marched for two weeks in freezing temperatures and heavy snow. Eventually, they were loaded onto wagons and taken to Buchenwald. Only 178 people had survived the journey from Balkenhain and Josef was one of them. On April 11, 1945, Buchenwald was liberated by the American forces.
After the war Josef lived in the south of England with his wife Sylvia until his death in September 2018, aged 88 years. He regularly spoke to students and groups about his experiences, until his retirement in 2009, in the hope that the younger generation will make a difference to the future.
# Network Charter School

Network Charter School is a public charter school in Eugene, Oregon, United States. It is a small public charter school with between 90 and 130 students enrolled in grades 8-12. Classes are offered in a variety of locations through a network of community education organizations, including Le Petit Gourmet, Material Exchange Center for Community Art (MECCA), Nearby Nature, and Heartwise Studio. The unique offerings of the Network include class sizes of 10-15 students, practical and multicultural opportunities, and career-related learning. The school also offers a culinary arts program that provides breakfast and lunch for the student body every day. These meals are prepared by students enrolled in various culinary courses.
Network Charter School also partners with the White Bird Clinic's CAHOOTS (Crisis Assistance Helping Out On The Streets) mobile health services on site. CAHOOTS offers free counseling and mental health services for Network Charter School students and their families.

## Academics

In 2008, 29% of the school's seniors received a high school diploma. Of 24 students, seven graduated, 12 dropped out, and five were still in high school the following year. In the decade between 2008 and 2018, Network Charter School has improved dramatically. In the 2018–2019 school year, 58% of students graduated within 5 years. Additionally, freshman who are "on-track" to graduate increased by 19% and students graduating within four years increased by 11%.
Network Charter School focuses on a community-based approach to education. Community service is an integrated part of the curriculum offered at Network Charter School and students are required to serve at least 20 hours per year that they are enrolled. Through the organizations that compose Network Charter School, students have several unique opportunities to engage in local events and work with businesses in Eugene and the surrounding area. In 2019, Le Petit Gourmet's culinary students won second place for Best Sweet Bite at Chef's Night Out, an annual competition between local restaurants. Students in Nearby Nature regularly participate in community and urban renewal projects. In 2018, student-volunteers helped paint a mural spanning a bridge in Alton Baker Park. On Earth Day 2019, students working with Nearby Nature helped remove over 1,100 pounds of trash and waste from Alton Baker Park.
# Deportivo station

Deportivo is a rapid transit station in San Juan agglomeration, Puerto Rico. It is located between Bayamón and Jardines on the sole line of the Tren Urbano system, in Bayamón, just outside of its downtown (Bayamón Pueblo). The trial service ran in 2004, however, the regular service only started on 6 June 2005.
The station is named after the Bayamón Sports Complex (Spanish: Complejo Deportivo de Bayamón) which is located nearby.

## Bus connections

The bus stops are located north of the station past the Bayamón Judicial Center along PR-2.
* T2: Bayamón TU station (through Juan Ponce de León Ave) – Sagrado Corazón TU station
* T3 (M3): Bayamón TU station (through Juan Ponce de León Ave) – Sagrado Corazón TU station
In addition to AMA services, the bus terminal also has connections to municipal buses and local carros públicos.

## Nearby

* Complejo Deportivo de Bayamón
** Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium
** Ruben Rodríguez Coliseum
** Miguel J. Frau Gymnasium
* Bayamón City Hall
* Bayamón Judicial Center
* Bayamón Municipal Cemetery
* Bayamón River Park Trail, Parque Riverside entrances
* Santa Rosa Mall
# Jordan Rager

Jordan Rager (born February 21, 1994) is an American country music singer.
Rager was born in Loganville, Georgia. He performed in local bars since age 15, and was mentored by Barry Williams, who is Jason Aldean's father. He gained popularity by singing cover versions of popular country music songs, amassing more than 3.7 million viewers on YouTube as a result. One of the artists who discovered his videos was Justin Moore, who chose him to perform on the "Off the Beaten Path" tour. Rager was signed to Broken Bow Records in 2014.
Rager released his debut single, "Southern Boy", via Broken Bow in February 2016. The song, which features Aldean on duet vocals, was written by Luke Laird, Barry Dean, Jeremy Stover, and Jaron Boyer, with Stover also serving as producer. Jordan Rager's Second Single, "Now That I Know Your Name" released to country radio on September 19, 2016.
Jordan amicably parted ways with Broken Bow, and signed a deal with his current label, Riser House Records in 2017. On March 30, 2018, his single, "One of the Good Ones" was released via Riser House. The single, written by Ross Ellis, Chris Stevens, and James McNair, is the first from Rager's upcoming EP.
In June 2021, Rager signed with Sprockets Music.

## Discography
### Extended plays

| Title | Details | Sales |
| Southern Boy | Release date: October 28, 2016 Label: Broken Bow Records Formats: Music download | US: 700 |

### Singles

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Albums |
| Year | Title | US Country | US Country Airplay | Albums |
| 2016 | "Southern Boy" (with Jason Aldean) | 41 | 37 | Southern Boy EP |
| 2016 | "Now That I Know Your Name" | — | — | Southern Boy EP |
| 2018 | "One of the Good Ones" | — | — | — |
| 2019 | "Colorblind" | — | — | — |

### Music videos

| Year | Video | Director |
| 2016 | "Southern Boy" | Ford Fairchild |
# Emrecan Uzunhan

Emrecan Uzunhan (born 26 February 2001) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for the Süper Lig club Antalyaspor on loan from Beşiktaş.

## Career

On 19 July 2022, Uzunhan signed a five-year deal with Süper Lig club Beşiktaş.

## Honours

Beşiktaş
* Turkish Cup: 2023–24
* Turkish Super Cup: 2024
# Cryptocarya agathophylla

Cryptocarya agathophylla (known sometimes as clove nutmeg) is a member of the laurel family, Lauraceae, and originates in Madagascar.
Malagasy names include tavolobelelo, havozo, hazomanitra and tavolomanitra. The former genus name Ravensara is a latinization of the Malagasy word ravintsara. However, ravintsara more properly refers to a local high-cineole chemotype of Camphora officinarum.

## Description

Cryptocarya agathophylla is a small to medium-sized tree, growing up to 15 meters high. The leaves and twigs of C. agathophylla have a mildly camphorous aroma similar to eucalyptus.

## Range and habitat

Cryptocarya agathophylla is endemic to Madagascar. It grows in humid and subhumid lowland forests and lower montane forests and secondary vegetation between 10 and 1,300 meters elevation.
It is known from 11 locations in the central and eastern parts of Bongolava, Vatovavy Analanjirofo and Alaotra-Mangoro regions. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 116,739 km$^2$, the minimum area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km$^2$.

## Conservation and threats

The species' population is decreasing, and its conservation status is Near Threatened. It is threatened by habitat loss, principally from shifting agriculture, and also from logging, mining, and grazing.

## Essential oil

The essential oil of C. agathophylla is used as a fragrance material in the perfumery industry, and as an antiseptic, anti-viral, antibacterial, expectorant, anti-infective in natural and folk medicine. Primary aromatic components are:
* limonene 19.38%
* sabinene 11.40%
* methyl chavicol 7.94%
* α-pinene 5.55%
* linalool 5.26%
* methyl eugenol 5.00%
* germacrene d 4.76%
* terpinen-4-ol 4.00%
* e-caryophyllene 3.54%
* δ-3-carene 3.52%
* myrcene 3.43%
* α-terpinene 2.98%
* β-pinene 2.91%
* γ-terpinene 2.15%
* α-phellandrene 1.99%
* camphene 1.33%
* (z)-β-ocimene 1.30%
* α-thujene 1.13%
* 1,8-cineole 1.08%
* para-cymene 0.97%
* α-humulene 0.79%
* α-copaene 0.69%
* β-elemene 0.63%
* δ-cadinene 0.60%
* terpinolene 0.56%
* δ-elemene 0.55%
* α-cubebene 0.47%
* α-terpineol 0.38%
* α-guaiene 0.37%
* bornyl acetate 0.36%
* elemol 0.34%
* elemicin 0.23%
* γ-muurolene 0.22%
* borneol 0.21%
* bicyclogermacrene 0.20%
* γ-cadinene 0.19%
* (e)-β-ocimene 0.19%
* β-cubebene 0.16%
* eugenol 0.12%
* α-muurolene 0.11%
* δ-amorphene 0.10%
* α-eudesmol 0.10%
* cis-para-menth-2-en-1-ol 0.10%
* ortho-cymene 0.09%
* β-selinene 0.09%
* β-bourbonene 0.08%
* trans-cadina-1,4-diene 0.08%
* trans-para-menth-2-en-1-ol 0.08%
* cis-sabinene hydrate 0.08%
* trans-sabinene hydrate 0.08%
* caryophyllene oxide 0.07%
* β-copaene 0.07%
* germacrene b 0.07%
* cis-muurola-3,5-diene 0.07%
* trans-cadina-1(6),4-diene 0.06%
* γ-eudesmol 0.06%
* β-eudesmol 0.05%
* guaiol 0.05%
# Ryan Carmichael

Ryan Carmichael (born 3 August 2001) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for MLS Next Pro club Atlanta United 2.

## College career

In 2020, Carmichael would be given an opportunity of a four-year scholarship to play in the United States of America at an NCAA Division I school, which would be Hofstra University or continue to play in Northern Ireland with Portadown. He would choose to leave Northern Ireland and move to the United States of America to represent Hofstra University and play for Hofstra Pride men's soccer team. Carmichael made 75 appearances and recorded 46 goals and 18 assists for Hofstra University in 4 seasons.

## Club career

Carmichael made his professional debut for Portadown in the NIFL Championship in March 2018 against Institute. He made over 60 appearances for the team across all competitions, scoring six league goals.
He also played for National Premier Soccer League side Georgia Revolution in 2021, and later with Long Island Rough Riders as they reached the USL League Two play-offs in 2022.
In December 2023, Ryan Carmichael was one of the four players selected by Inter Miami in the 2024 MLS SuperDraft. He was drafted in the first round (24th overall). Although drafted by Inter Miami, Ryan Carmichael was signed to the reserved team, Inter Miami II for the 2024 season. He made his MLS Next Pro debut with Inter Miami II on 2 April 2024 in a 2–0 win against Orlando City B, he recorded an assist. He scored his debut goal the following match against Huntsville City on 7 April 2024, in a 2–1 win. That goal later earned him MLS Pro Next Goal of Matchweek 4.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 25 August 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Playoffs | Playoffs | National cup | National cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Portadown | 2018-2019 | NIFL Championship | 19 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 31 | 7 |
| Portadown | 2019-2020 | NIFL Championship | 20 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20 | 2 |
| Total | Total | Total | 39 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 51 | 9 |
| Long Island Rough Riders | 2022 | USL League Two | 14 | 10 | 3 | 3 | — | — | — | — | 17 | 13 |
| Long Island Rough Riders | 2023 | USL League Two | 11 | 7 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 12 | 8 |
| Long Island Rough Riders | Total | Total | 25 | 17 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 21 |
| Inter Miami II | 2024 | MLS Next Pro | 19 | 7 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 19 | 7 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 83 | 29 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 99 | 35 |
* ↑ Includes Irish Cup
* ↑ Appearance(s) in Northern Ireland Football League Cup
# Turn Up the Speakers

"Turn Up the Speakers" is a song written, produced and performed by Dutch DJs and record producers Afrojack and Martin Garrix. It was released as a digital download on 25 August 2014 on Beatport and on 22 September 2014 on iTunes, and marks the first and only collaborative work between the two artists. The track has charted in Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands.

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "Turn Up the Speakers" was first released onto YouTube on 25 August 2014 at a total length of three minutes and nine seconds. The music video was uploaded by Spinnin' Records Youtube channel.

## Chart performance

| Chart (2014) | Peak position |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 57 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 44 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 15 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 50 |
| Poland (Dance Top 50) | 43 |
| US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard) | 20 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| Netherlands | 22 September 2014 | Digital download | Spinnin' |
# Paul Bergne

Alexander Paul A'Court Bergne CBE (9 January 1937 – 5 April 2007) was a British diplomat and noted historian of Central Asia.

## Life

Bergne's mother was Diana Holman-Hunt, a noted English memoir writer and art critic. His great-grandfather was William Holman Hunt, a founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848. He was educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where his degree was in Economics and Archaeology and Anthropology, and later at the School of Oriental and African Studies for an MA degree in Persian language and literature. Later he learned Arabic at the Middle East Centre for Arabic Studies.
Bergne served for 30 years in the Secret Intelligence Service, then joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and was the first British Ambassador to Uzbekistan (1993–95) and Tajikistan (1994–95) following the demise of the Soviet Union. In 2001 he was briefly brought out of retirement to lead a mission to northern Afghanistan to make contact with anti-Taliban leaders. Bergne died of cancer in 2007.

## List of publications

* Paul Bergne. The birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic. Volume 1 of International Library of Central Asia Studies. I.B. Tauris, 2007. ISBN 1-84511-283-0, ISBN 978-1-84511-283-7
# Corné Weilbach

Corné Weilbach is a South African rugby union player for the Western Province in the Currie Cup. His regular position is prop.
Weilbach was named in the Western Province side for the 2022 Currie Cup Premier Division. He made his Currie Cup debut for the Western Province against the Blue Bulls in Round 2 of the 2022 Currie Cup Premier Division.