OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gunpowder Act 1860

The Gunpowder Act 1860 (23 & 24 Vict. c. 139), also known as the Gunpowder and Fireworks Act 1860, was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that amended the law relating to the making, keeping and transport of gunpowder.

## Passage

Leave to bring in the Gunpowder, &c. Bill to the House of Commons was granted to the home secretary, Sir George Lewis MP and the under-secretary of state for the home department, George Clive MP on 2 July 1860.
The bill had its first reading in the House of Commons on 3 July 1860, presented by the home secretary, Sir George Lewis MP. The bill had its second reading in the House of Commons on 19 July 1860 and was committed to a committee of the whole house, which met and reported on 19 July 1860, with amendments. The amended bill was re-committed to a committee of the whole house, which met on 25 July 1860 and reported on 26 July 1860, with amendments. The amended bill had its third reading in the House of Commons on 28 July 1860 and passed, without amendments.
The bill had its first reading in the House of Lords on 30 July 1860. The bill had its second reading in the House of Lords on 9 August 1860 and was committed to a committee of the whole house, which upon the motion of the Lord President of the Council, Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, was directed to meet with urgency. The committee met on 16 August 1860 and reported on 17 August 1860, with amendments. The amended bill had its third reading in the House of Lords on 20 August 1860 and passed, with amendments.
The amended bill was considered and agreed to by the House of Commons on 23 August 1860.
The bill was granted royal assent on 28 August 1860.

## Provisions
### Repealed enactments

Section 1 of the act repealed 3 enactments, listed in that section, effective from 31 August 1861, except for any offences or penalties incurred done under those enactments before repeal.
| Citation | Short title | Extent of repeal |
| 9 & 10 Will. 3. c. 7 | Fireworks Act 1697 | The whole act. |
| 5 Geo. 2. c. 12 (I) | Fireworks Act 1731 | The whole act. |
| 12 Geo. 3. c. 61 | Gunpowder Act 1772 | The whole act. |

## Legacy

On 2 October 1874, two barges carrying gunpowder ignited and exploded in the Macclesfield Canal, which became known as the Macclesfield Bridge Disaster. Four people were killed and the bridge was destroyed. The disaster led to efforts to reform explosives law in the United Kingdom, and the act was wholly repealed by section 122 of, and the fourth schedule to, the Explosives Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 17).
# Adam Smith Prize

The Adam Smith Prizes are prizes currently awarded for the best overall examination performance and best dissertation in Part IIB of the Economics Tripos (the graduation examination for economics undergraduates) at the University of Cambridge. The prize - named after Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith - was originally established in 1891 and awarded triennially for the best submitted essay on a subject of the writer's choice.

## List of past recipients

* 1894 Arthur Lyon Bowley
* 1897 Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence
* 1900 Sydney Chapman
* 1903 Arthur Cecil Pigou
* 1906 Ernest Alfred Benians
* 1909 John Maynard Keynes
* 1914 Claude Guillebaud
* 1929 R. F. Kahn
* 1930 Ruth Cohen
* 1932 K. S. Isles
* 1933 B. P. Adarkar
* 1935 W. B. Reddaway
* 1936 D. G. Champernowne
* 1948 I. G. Patel
* 1954 Amartya Sen
* 1956 Manmohan Singh
* 1974 Martin Osborne
* 1987 Richard J. Parkin
* 2000 Saugato Datta and Richard Fearon
* 2004 James Benford
* 2006 Mark Shields and Johannes Wieland
* 2007 Stefanie Stantcheva
* 2008 Thomas Mckendrick and Shivam Patel
* 2009 Praneet Shah
* 2011 Ossie Akushie and Shafi Anwar
* 2013 Anna Stansbury, Inna Grinis and Ivan Kuznetsov
* 2014 James Walker
* 2015 Ben Andrews and Jonathon Hazell
* 2016 Isar Bhattacharjee and Toni Oki
* 2017 Joel Flynn and Joseph Lee
* 2018 Tireni Ajilore, George Nikolakoudis, Laurence O’Brien and Sajan Shah
* 2019 Vlastimil Rasocha and Kuishuai Yi
* 2020 Neal Patel, David Lee, Liam Grant, Andrew Koh and Michael Bennett
* 2021 Valerie Chuang, Matthew Lee Chen and Jack Golden
* 2022 George Gatsios, Mahin Vekaria, Eu-Wayne Mok and Gaon Kim
* 2023 Hiroaki Endo and James Legrand
* 2024 James Yu
# Ed Ingram

Edward Ingram (born February 11, 1999) is an American professional football guard for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the LSU Tigers and was drafted in the second round of the 2022 NFL draft by the Minnesota Vikings.

## Early life

Ingram attended DeSoto High School in DeSoto, Texas

## College career

Ingram played guard for the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump |
| 6 ft 3+1⁄4 in (1.91 m) | 307 lb (139 kg) | 33+5⁄8 in (0.85 m) | 10 in (0.25 m) | 5.02 s | 1.68 s | 2.88 s | 4.76 s | 7.81 s | 20.5 in (0.52 m) | 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) |
| All values from NFL Combine |||||||||||

### Minnesota Vikings

Ingram was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings with the 59th pick in the second round of the 2022 NFL draft. As a rookie, he appeared in and started all 17 games.

### Houston Texans

On March 13, 2025, Ingram was traded to the Houston Texans for a 2026 sixth-round pick.

## Personal life

In August 2018, Ingram was arrested on two counts of aggravated sexual assault of a minor, stemming from events that occurred 2015. After charges were dismissed in September 2019, Ingram was reinstated to the team from his indefinite suspension.
# Miyar zogale

Miyar Zogale is an Hausa dish also known as morning soup. It is made with moringa leaf as the main ingredient, others include groundnut paste, grounded tomato, beef, cubes, daddawa and palm oil.
Groundnut paste is to thickened the soup and ddadawa (locust beans) is added for taste.

## Overview

Beef and moringa leaf is parboiled in a separate pot. Palm is poured into a pot with grounded tomato, daddawa, seasoning cubes and salt stirred for a few minutes, groundnut paste is added gradually to thickened the soup. When the oil float to the top of the soup, the parboiled moringa leaf is added .

## Other foods

Miyar zogale goes well with biskin masara, wheat, semovita, pounded yam and tuwo shinkafa.
# Who's Gonna Win the War?

"Who's Gonna Win The War?" is a 1980 song by the UK rock group Hawkwind. It was released as a single in the UK (BRO109) on 7 November 1980, being an edit of the version on the album Levitation.
Bronze changed their manufacturers and distributors during the single release from EMI (which had a cream paper label depicting the evolving man logo) to Polydor Records (which had a lime green plastic label). The single was the first for which the band recorded a promotional video, as Dave Brock explains:
   We'd never done a video before, miming and all that. The first take was all right, but by the time we were doing the third it was difficult to be serious.
The band also made a rare television appearance, albeit on German music show Musikladen on 14 February 1981 at Baden-Baden, playing a live version of this song and "Motorway City", featuring Tim Blake replacement Keith Hale on Hammond organ. Also appearing on the show was Alexis Korner with Jack Bruce, this being the first time Hawkwind's drummer Ginger Baker spoke to the bassist since their acrimonious split in Cream.
"Who's Gonna Win the War?" was soon dropped from the live set, its last appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in 1981 was released on the Hawkwind Anthology compilation album.

## Hawklords Demo

The original demo version recorded by the Hawklords at Rockfield Studios in 1979 received a release on Flicknife Records in 1983. It was backed by "Time of the Hawklords", another demo from the same session. This demo version also appeared on Weird Tape 1 and Hawkwind, Friends and Relations Volume 1.
# Pilosocereus aureispinus

Pilosocereus aureispinus is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Australian Druglords

Australian Druglords (also known as Under Surveillance: Australian Druglords) is an Australian documentary television series on the Nine Network hosted by actor Gary Sweet. Australian Druglords gives an insight into some of Australia's biggest druglords from inside the New South Wales Police drug squad, with unprecedented access to confidential police files.

## Episodes

Season 1
* Episode 1 – Richard Buttrose
* Episode 2 – Drew & Nathan Baggaley
* Episode 3 – Wayne Patterson
* Episode 4 – Shane Oien
* Episode 5 – Shayne Hatfield
* Episode 6 – Yonky Tan
* Episode 7 – Samir Rafahi
* Episode 8 – John Griffiths
* Episode 9 – Duc & Van Dang
* Episode 10 - Charlotte Lindstrom
# Emma Mbua

Emma Mbua (born 1961) is a Kenyan paleoanthropologist and a curator, who is the first East African woman to work as a paleoanthropologist.

## Career

Mbua was born in 1961. Her career began in 1979 when she began work at the National Museums of Kenya. She applied for a role there after finishing her A-Levels at Lugulu High School. While at the National Museum of Kenya, Emma was stationed at palaeontology laboratory for two years before she was moved to the human origins section.
In 1985, she began an MPhil qualification at the University of Liverpool in 1993. She completed her doctorate at the University of Hamburg with Günter Bräuer in 2001, in which she studied the transition of homo erectus to modern humans. She is the first woman from East Africa to have a career as a paleoanthropologist.
Mbua has worked at a number of different sites during her career including at Turkana and Sibiloi National Park. She is principal investigator on the Kantis Fossil Site, which she was awarded grants from the Leakey Foundation and the Wenner-Gren Foundation, as well as the National Geographic Society, (2018) and Paleontological Scientific Trust (PAST) in 2011, to run excavations at. There Mbua and her team excavated a carnivore hotspot as well a canine tooth and a forearm bone from an adult Australopithecus afarensis as well as two juvenile teeth of the same species. This discovery was the furthest east of the Rift Valley that remains of Austrolopithecus afarensis had been found. In 2002 she became the Head of and Principal Research Scientist in the Department of Earth Sciences at National Museums Kenya. In 2005 she co-founded the East African Association of Palaeoanthropology and Palaeontology (EAAPP), to strengthen prehistoric research in the region and unite scholars. As a lecturer at the University of Nairobi she has many students; she also spent a year as a Senior Lecturer at Mount Kenya University in 2015.
In her role at National Museums of Kenya, she gave author Bill Bryson a behind-the-scenes tour of the collections, which featured in his book African Diary.

## Selected publications

* Mbua, Emma, Soichiro Kusaka, Yutaka Kunimatsu, Denis Geraads, et al. 2016. Kantis: New Australopithecus Site on the Shoulders of the Rift Valley near Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 94:28-44.
* Thure E. Cerling, Fredrick Kyalo Manthi, Emma N. Mbua, Louise N. Leakey, Meave G. Leakey, Richard E. Leakey, Francis H. Brown, Frederick E. Grine, John A. Hart, Prince Kaleme, Hélène Roche, Kevin T. Uno, Bernard A. Wood. Diet of Turkana Basin hominins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jun 2013, 110 (26) 10501–10506.
* Bräuer, Günter, Mbua, Emma. Homo erectus features used in cladistics and their variability in Asian and African hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 1992, 22 (2) 79–108.
# Dardistown, Dublin

Dardistown (Irish name: Baile an Daidisigh) is a townland in the civil parish of Santry, located in Fingal, Ireland. This small populated area is located southeast of Dublin Airport.
One of the long term car parks for the Airport is in the townland. Dardistown Cemetery is on the Collinstown section of the old Swords Road.
Two streams, the Cuckoo Stream and the Turnapin Stream, pass through Dardistown; they later meet to form the Mayne River.
Dardistown was intended to be the site of a station on the proposed Dublin Metro, with Metro West terminating there, and Metro North passing southwards through Dardistown to St Stephen's Green in Dublin city centre, and northwards to Swords. However, in an announcement in 2011, the Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, Leo Varadkar, said that the plans for Metro North would be deferred 'until further notice' due to a recession.
# Speak (Bachelor Girl song)

"Speak" is a song by Australian pop group Bachelor Girl. The song is due for release on 18 June 2018, twenty years since the release of the group's debut single "Buses and Trains".
It is the group's first single in 16 years and tackles the theme of the correlation between technology and depression in the young.
Tania Doko said: "I feel strongly that "Speak" is the first offering back for the band – personally, it's a wake-up call and hopefully a 3 minute 30 reminder out there that we're humans, not just hashtags." James Roche added: "Imagine our world if we develop a group agreement that speaking the truth and acting with integrity is normal."
Discussing the song, Doko said: "I wanted to reflect on a worrying trend: since the onset of the smart phone, there's been a global, dramatic spike in depression, especially among our young people. Not discounting that technology provides a voice for many, we face a conundrum. In this digital 'virtual' age, social media, data, algorithms and fake news often determine behaviour and self-esteem, leaving real conversation, human connection and truth itself frequently sacrificed. Whether it's sharing day to day goings on, or serious issues like abuse and bullying, no device can replace the value of real-life communication."
The music video was released on 18 June 2018.

## Background

Bachelor Girl formed in 1992 and released their debut studio album Waiting for the Day in 1998. The album won an ARIA Award in 1999 and was certified platinum. The album spawned the platinum selling and APRA Award-winning single "Buses and Trains". In 2002, the group released their second studio album Dysfunctional before commencing a hiatus in 2004 when Roche moved to London. In 2011, the group, briefly reformed and released a greatest hits album as well as a third studio album of songs recorded prior to the hiatus. Since 2012, Doko has been living in Stockholm while Roche has worked with a number of Australian artists, including Anthony Callea on his 2016 number-one album, Backbone. In 2016, the duo performed together in Australia for an Australia Day concert. In 2017, Roche travelled to Sweden and wrote songs with Doko, which inspired the duo to record new songs together. The duo said: "Things really sparked, it reminded us why we started working together in the first place way back then – the joy of writing and making music together. We're just so excited about the new songs, they're better than ever before."

## Track listing

Digital download
* "Speak" – 3:35

## Release history

| Country | Release date | Format | Label |
| Australia | 18 June 2018 | Digital download, streaming | Tef |
# Margaret Storrs Grierson

   "I was around only for the beginning; for the planting of an acorn. The greatest satisfaction is to see it go on developing, growing in ways beyond my ken, into a staunch oak tree." (Margaret Storrs Grierson referencing the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College)
Margaret Storrs Grierson (June 29, 1900 – December 12, 1997) was an American archivist, philosophy professor, and the founder and first director of the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. In this capacity, she traveled extensively, in the United States and abroad, assembling manuscripts that document the history of women.

## Early life and education

Margaret Storrs was born in Denver, Colorado. Her father was railway executive Lucius Seymour Storrs and her mother was Mary Cooper Storrs, daughter of Job Adams Cooper, sixth Governor of the State of Colorado. Grierson had one sibling, a brother, Lucius ("Luke") Seymour Storrs, Jr.
Because of her father's career, the family moved several times during Grierson's childhood. She attended seven schools before entering Misses Masters' School, Dobbs Ferry, New York.
In 1918, Grierson began her undergraduate study at Smith College. She graduated in 1922 with a degree in English. She then did graduate work at Bryn Mawr, receiving a Ph.D. in philosophy in 1930. From 1924 to 1925 she studied at University College of the University of London.

## Career

Grierson taught philosophy at Smith College from 1930 to 1936. In 1940, she became the college archivist, and in 1942, she also became the executive secretary of the Friends of the Smith College Library. In 1942, she became the first director of the Sophia Smith Collection at the college. Until her retirement in 1965, Grierson simultaneously held the three positions.
After her retirement, Grierson shifted her attention to family ancestry, focusing on the Cooper, Rankin, and Barnes families.

## Personal life

During her professional years at Smith, Grierson developed an enduring friendship with professor Marine Leland that lasted until Leland's death in 1983. In the mid 1930s the two women purchased a home together at 66 Massasoit Street in Northampton. They shared the home even after Grierson's marriage on December 7, 1938.
Grierson's husband was Sir Herbert Grierson, Rector of the University of Edinburgh. She married him in Edinburgh, Scotland. They returned to Northampton in February 1939. Sir Herbert died in February 1960.
In the early 1990s, Grierson sold the home she had shared with Leland and moved to an apartment on Crescent Street.

## Death and legacy

Grierson died of cancer on December 12, 1997 in Leeds, Massachusetts.
The Grierson Scholars program was launched in the late 1990s, partially funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.

## Awards and honors

She was awarded the Smith College Medal in 1968.
# Geenius

Geenius (Korean: 지니어스; RR: Jinieoseu) is a South Korean girl group under HOMe. The group consists of five members: Yeyoung, Sion, Mika, Zoe, and Andamiro. They made their debut on January 5, 2024, with the digital single "Voyage".

## History
### 2017–2023: Pre-debut activities

Some members have previously been involved in the entertainment industry prior to joining the group. Zoe participated in the JTBC's survival reality series Mix Nine. She was eliminated in episode 10 after ranking 39th place. Yeyoung and Sion were contestants on the reality survival show Girls Planet 999, Sion was eliminated in episode 5, ranking K28, while Yeyoung was eliminated in episode 8, ranking K17, unable to debut into the final debut lineup.
On December 20, 2023, in a news release, it was revealed the agency Sure Place would be debuting a new girl group, named Geenius, and opened their own SNS accounts. Through the SNS accounts, a coming soon teaser indicated that they are ready to debut soon. The next day, they began revealing their members as leader Yeyoung, Sion, Mika, Zoe and maknae Andamiro. Along with the members, they revealed their debut date as January 5, 2024 with the digital single "Voyage".
While in the first week of their pre-debut stage, it was reported that the group was previously known as Bebez at Blockberry Creative, but all members left the agency after their exclusive contracts expired and thus signed new contracts with Sure Place. However, just a few days prior to their 2024 debut, recent news reports revealed that their actual agency is HOMe, a sub-label under Sure Place created by ex-Blockberry creative directors.

### 2024–present: Debut with Voyage

On January 5, it was announced that they would make their debut on January 13 with the digital single "Voyage".

## Members

* Yeyoung (예영)
* Sion (시온)
* Mika (미카)
* Zoe (조에)
* Andamiro (안다미로)

## Discography
### Singles

List of singles, with showing year released, selected chart positions and album name :
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
| Title | Year | KOR Down. | Album |
| "Voyage" | 2024 | – | Non-album singles |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that region. ||||

## Videography
### Music videos

| Title | Year | Director(s) | Ref. |
| "Voyage" | 2024 | The Waves | |
# James Ferrell (biologist)

James Ellsworth Ferrell (born November 3, 1955) is an American systems biologist. He is a Professor of Chemical and Systems Biology and Biochemistry at Stanford University School of Medicine. He was Chair of the Dept. of Chemical and Systems Biology from its inception in 2006 until 2011.

## Education

Ferrell was an undergraduate at Williams College, majoring in Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics, and graduated in 1976. He received his Ph.D. degree in chemistry from Stanford University in 1984 for work in the laboratory of Wray H. Huestis on the control of red cell shape, and received his M.D. degree from Stanford in 1986. He carried out postdoctoral work on signal transduction in the laboratory of G. Steven Martin at UC Berkeley.

## Research

Through studies of Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation, Ferrell showed how graded changes in the inductive stimulus progesterone are converted into irreversible, all-or-none changes in MAP kinase activity, cyclin-dependent kinase activity, and cell fate. These studies helped demonstrate how ultrasensitivity, positive feedback, and bistability can allow cells to switch between discrete states.
Subsequent work from the Ferrell lab and others demonstrated that the cell cycle transition between interphase and mitosis is regulated by a bistable switch, and that the Xenopus early embryonic cell cycle operates like a relaxation oscillator. These findings helped validate earlier theoretical predictions and modeling studies.
Recently the Ferrell lab showed that the mitotic state can propagate through Xenopus cytoplasm via trigger waves, waves of Cdk1 activity that spread faster and farther than the Cdk1 protein molecules can diffuse. They also showed that apoptosis propagates through cytoplasm by trigger waves; the "speed of death" is about 2 mm per hour.
# Alfred Maurer (politician)

Alfred Maurer (2 December 1888 Tallinn - 20 September 1954 Stockholm) was an Estonian lawyer and politician. He was a member of I Riigikogu. He was a member of the Riigikogu since 6 December 1922. He replaced Sergei Andrejev.
# August Miljan

August Miljan (7 September 1889 Pilkuse Parish, Kreis Dorpat – 25 August 1973 Tartu) was an Estonian agronomist, educator and politician. He was a member of the Estonian National Assembly, VI Riigikogu (its Chamber of Deputies).
From 1929 until 1940, he was the principal of Jäneda Agricultural School. Later, he was the director of the Experimental Institute for Soil Research, the head of the plant breeding department of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tartu State University and the head of the Tartu Botanical Gardens.
# Evald Konno

Evald Konno (13 February 1897 Tartu – 20 April 1942 Sevurallag, Sverdlovsk Oblast) was an Estonian politician and lawyer. He was a member of VI Riigikogu (its Chamber of Deputies).
# Richard Veermaa

Richard Veermaa (born Richard Vreeman; 26 May 1901 Lasva Parish, Võru County – 19 February 1942 Ussolye prison camp, Perm Oblast, Russia) was an Estonian police chief and politician. He was a member of III, IV and V Riigikogu.
Veermaa was a veteran of the Estonian War of Independence. He graduated from the University of Tartu. From 1935 until 1938, he was the 1938–1939 he was the director of the Police Administration. From 1938 until 1939, he was the Minister of Internal Affairs.
Following the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940 during World War II, Veermaa was arrested by the NKVD in Tallinn on 18 September 1940 and died at Usolye Corrective Labor Camp in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.