# Sugar cube

Sugar cubes are white sugar granules pressed into small cubes measuring approximately 1 teaspoon each. They are usually used for sweetening drinks such as tea and coffee. They were invented in the early 19th century in response to the difficulties of breaking hard "sugarloafs" into small uniform size pieces. They are often found in cafes and restaurants, although their popularity as a DIY sweetener has waned with the rise of barista cafes. Nevertheless they still have many uses such as arts and crafts, as metaphor for the amount of sugar in a product, at formal events.

## Size and packaging

The typical size for each cube is between 16 by 16 by 11 millimetres (0.6 by 0.6 by 0.4 inches) and 20 by 20 by 12 millimetres (0.8 in × 0.8 in × 0.5 in), corresponding to the weight of approximately 3–5 grams, or approximately 1 teaspoon. However, the cube sizes and shapes vary greatly, for example, playing card suits-shaped pieces are produced under the name "bridge cube sugar".
The typical retail packaging weight is 0.5 kilogram (1 pound) or 1 kilogram / 2 pounds.
In 1923 German wholesaler Karl Hellmann started packaging pairs of cubes into individual wrappings with advertisements or collectible pictures on the sleeves. Originally very popular in cafés, by the 21st century they had been replaced with packets and sticks of granulated sugar.

## Manufacturing

When making the cubes, the granulated sugar is slightly (2–3%) moistened, placed into a mold and heated so that the moisture can escape. The firmness, density, and speed of dissolution of the cube are controlled via the crystal size of the granulated sugar, amount of water/steam added, molding pressure, and speed of drying. The dissolution speed is important, as the consumers that place the sugar into their mouths prefer denser, slower-dissolving sugar.
The input material usually requires a wide distribution of sizes (from 500 microns and up) for the cube stability.
The cubes are made on the highly automated lines capable of processing up to 50 tons of sugar per day. Typically, one of the three common processes is used to produce the more popular soft cubes:
* Vibro process of Swedish Sugar Corporation (from the late 1950s) utilizes vibration to fill the molds and to get the formed cubes out. Heat radiation oven is used for drying;
* Chambon process was invented in France in 1949 and uses a rotating molding unit and a vertical dryer;
* Elba process is similar to Chambon.

## History

Historically, sugar was usually shipped as hard solid "sugarloafs", which are difficult to break into small uniform pieces, giving rise to sharp tools and similar contraptions (see photo). The resulting pieces were irregular in size, and if the piece was too large, either sugar nips had to be used, or the piece had to be dunked into the tea cup, and after sufficient dissolution, removed and set aside. The latter option was described by Lev Tolstoy in his "Where Love Is, God Is": "Stepanich drank his glass, turned it upside down and set the leftover bit of sugar on it".
Jakub Kryštof Rad, the Swiss inventor of the first sugar cube, started his effort after his wife hurt herself while chopping a sugarloaf. Rad had made the first sugar cubes in the early 1840s by pressing moist sugar into a tray resembling the modern ice cube trays and letting the cubes dry. Despite Rad obtaining a patent in 1843, his business was ultimately unsuccessful.
The next breakthrough came almost 30 years later, when Eugen Langen, of Pfeifer & Langen, used a centrifuge to produce blocks of sugar that were subsequently cut into cubes. Henry Tate (Tate & Lyle) acquired from Langen exclusive rights for producing the cubes in Britain (on 13 March 1875) and started the first large-scale manufacturing of cubes. Tate placed a very large bet on the innovation, temporarily running through personal financial difficulties to the extent that he had to pull his daughter from the boarding school she attended. The contract with Langen involved royalties, but the factory was successful, producing 214 tons of cubes in 1878 and 1,366 tons in 1888.
In 1880 Tate acquired rights to another process, invented in Belgium by Gustav Adant, where sugar "tablets" were manufactured on rotating machines and then sliced into cubes (at the time, they were called "dominoes"). The new process had replaced the Langen one in 1891 and was a huge success; standard quotes for refined sugar in London started to be expressed in Tate's cubes. Adant's process is still used, for example, at the Raffinerie Tirlemontoise (since 1902), to make extremely hard cubes popular in Belgium, France, and Arab countries.
The first process to mold cubes without any cutting was invented in Boston by Charles H. Hersey ("Hersey drum", 1879); some of these units, modified in 1929 to produce fancy shaped pieces, are still in use today.

## Use

The cubes were and are mostly used to sweeten tea and coffee - the original Rad's pieces were even sold as "tea-sugar". However, the popularity of artificial sweeteners, together with the trend of switching from filtered coffee to cappuccino-like drinks, has turned sugar cubes into a niche product primarily used in bars or served at formal afternoon tea events.
The specialty uses of cubes include:
* the classical Old Fashioned cocktail recipe with a sugar cube infused with Angostura bitters;
* paraphernalia for serving the absinthe includes the slotted absinthe spoon on top of the glass. A sugar cube is placed onto the spoon and a slow drip of water dissolves the sugar into the drink, creating the desired milky louche effect (a more bohemian version involves putting the soaked cube aflame);
* sugar cubes can be infused with a drug, making a calibrated oral delivery simple. This was used both for administering the polio vaccine and for distribution of drugs like LSD (leaving the "cube" as a slang term for the latter);
* a great variety of colored and sculpted sugar cubes (shaped as flowers and animals) is marketed in Japan.
Sugar cubes are often used to visually represent how much sugar is in a product, such as soft drinks, by building pyramids of sugar cubes and photographing in front of the product. Experiments showed this method was persuasive in convincing people to consume less sugar.

## Arts

A sugar-cube metaphor is popular in architecture. First proposed by Walter Gropius in 1922, it comes back "every five years" with a variety of ambiguous meanings, from strictly regimented design (cf. works of Theo van Doesburg) to "unity in variety" (cf. Mediterranean hill towns) to whitewashed plain facades of the Cyclades.
A monument with sugar cube on top stands in Czech town of Dačice, the place where the first sugar cube factory was established by Rad.
Multiple art galleries display the works of an Irish sculptor Brendan Jamison, specializing on the architecture-themed pieces made of sugar cubes.
* Sugar cube monument in Dačice
* House of van Doesburg [nl]
* Houses on Kea island (Cyclades)