# Liling

Liling (Chinese: 醴陵; pinyin: Lǐlíng) is a county-level city and the 12th most populous county-level division in Hunan Province, China; it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhuzhou. Located on the middle eastern margin of the province, the city is bordered to the north by Liuyang City, to the west by Lusong District and Zhuzhou County, to the south by You County, and to the east by Xiangdong District of Yichun, Shangli County of Jiangxi. Liling City covers 2,157 km$^2$ (833 sq mi) with registered population of 978,900 and resident population of 1,060,000 (as of 2015).
Liling is known for its traditional porcelain and firework industries. The "Chairman Mao" porcelain produced in Liling is used as gifts for presidents.
Liling has extensive transport links, such as G60 (Hukun highway), S11 (Yueru Highway), 320, and 106 national roads. Also, there is the Liling Hukun High speed train station and Liling train station, which mainly serves trains going east and west across China as well as local trains in Hunan. Additionally, Liling is only 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Changsha Huanghua International Airport (CSX).
Liling has had a booming economy since the beginning of the 21st century. In 2010, Liling had a GDP of 26.37 billion.

## Administrative divisions

According to the result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Liling on November 26, 2015, the divisions of Liling, according to the result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Liling on November 26, 2015: Qingshuijiang Township merged to Chuanwan Town, Hejiaqiao Town and Dazhang Town merged to Mingyue Town. Shenfugang Town and Lishanba Town merged to Chashan Town. Xinyang Township and Xianxia Town merged to Zuoquan Town. Fenglinshi Township and Huangtazui Town merged to Fenglin Town. Fuli Town and Nanqiao Town merged to Litian Town. Wangfang Town was revoked. Liling has four subdistricts and 19 towns under its jurisdiction.
| English name | Chinese name | Population (2016) | Area (km$^2$) |
| Yangsanshi Subdistrict | 阳三石街道 | 52,200 | 37.23 |
| Xianyueshan Subdistrict | 仙岳山街道 | 58,000 | 38 |
| Lailongmen Subdistrict | 来龙门街道 | 82,500 | 26.15 |
| Guoci Subdistrict | 国瓷街道 | 55,800 | 49.15 |
| Baitutan Town | 白兔潭镇 | 69,700 | 72.03 |
| Banshan Town | 板杉镇 | 41,100 | 89.94 |
| Chashan Town | 茶山镇 | 66,100 | 166.82 |
| Chuanwan Town | 船湾镇 | 53,400 | 120.57 |
| Dongfu Town | 东富镇 | 40,000 | 80.38 |
| Fenglin Town | 枫林镇 | 42,900 | 100.52 |
| Guanzhuang Town | 官庄镇 | 18,300 | 184.92 |
| Jiashu Town | 嘉树镇 | 25,000 | 63.11 |
| Junchu Town | 均楚镇 | 42,900 | 166.6 |
| Litian Town | 李畋镇 | 62,800 | 122.59 |
| Mingyue Town | 明月镇 | 72,400 | 169.1 |
| Pukou Town | 浦口镇 | 59,600 | 79.13 |
| Shentan Town | 沈潭镇 | 27,000 | 54 |
| Shiting Town | 石亭镇 | 41,000 | 107 |
| Sifen Town | 泗汾镇 | 42,000 | 62.5 |
| Sunjiawan Town | 孙家湾镇 | 22,700 | 52.78 |
| Wangxian Town | 王仙镇 | 48,700 | 86.87 |
| Weishan Town | 沩山镇 | 24,000 | 86.03 |
| Zuoquan Town | 左权镇 | 48,100 | 122.96 |

## Geography

Liling is situated in the east of Hunan province. The city has a total area of 2,156.46-square-kilometre (832.61 sq mi). It is bordered by Pingxiang and Shangli County to the east, Liuyang to the north, Zhuzhou to the west, You County to the south.

### Rivers

Major rivers of Liliang are Lu River, Chengjiang River, Jiubu River, Zhaoling River and Jiang River.

### Lakes and reservoirs

Guanzhuang Reservoir is the largest body of water and the largest reservoir in Liling.
Other reservoirs include Hetian Reservoir, Xuefeng Reservoir, Wangxianqiao Reservoir, Zhoufang Reservoir and Outang Reservoir.

### Mountains

The highest point in Mount Shamaojian (纱帽尖) is which stands 808 metres (2,651 ft) above sea level.
Zhangxianling (彰仙岭) is the second highest natural elevation in the city, which is 707 metres (2,320 ft) above sea level.

### Climate

Liling has a subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 18 °C (64 °F), total annual rainfall of 1,300-to-1,600-millimetre (51 to 63 in), a frost-free period of 288 days and annual average sunshine hours in 1500 to 1910 hours.
Climate data for Liling, elevation 74 m (243 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) | 30.4 (86.7) | 35.1 (95.2) | 36.3 (97.3) | 36.7 (98.1) | 37.8 (100.0) | 40.7 (105.3) | 40.7 (105.3) | 38.5 (101.3) | 36.0 (96.8) | 32.7 (90.9) | 25.2 (77.4) | 40.7 (105.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) | 12.6 (54.7) | 16.7 (62.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 27.9 (82.2) | 30.9 (87.6) | 34.4 (93.9) | 33.7 (92.7) | 29.9 (85.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 18.7 (65.7) | 12.5 (54.5) | 22.9 (73.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) | 8.4 (47.1) | 12.3 (54.1) | 18.2 (64.8) | 22.9 (73.2) | 26.3 (79.3) | 29.3 (84.7) | 28.5 (83.3) | 24.8 (76.6) | 19.5 (67.1) | 13.6 (56.5) | 8.0 (46.4) | 18.1 (64.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) | 5.6 (42.1) | 9.2 (48.6) | 14.7 (58.5) | 19.3 (66.7) | 23.0 (73.4) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 21.3 (70.3) | 15.8 (60.4) | 10.1 (50.2) | 4.9 (40.8) | 14.8 (58.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.0 (23.0) | −6.3 (20.7) | −2.2 (28.0) | 2.3 (36.1) | 9.4 (48.9) | 13.7 (56.7) | 18.0 (64.4) | 18.1 (64.6) | 13.3 (55.9) | 3.5 (38.3) | −0.8 (30.6) | −10.2 (13.6) | −10.2 (13.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 77.3 (3.04) | 89.0 (3.50) | 178.0 (7.01) | 176.3 (6.94) | 218.2 (8.59) | 235.7 (9.28) | 164.2 (6.46) | 130.6 (5.14) | 79.1 (3.11) | 60.5 (2.38) | 85.8 (3.38) | 63.9 (2.52) | 1,558.6 (61.35) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 15.2 | 14.3 | 18.3 | 17.6 | 16.4 | 15.5 | 10.6 | 12.6 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 160.6 |
| Average snowy days | 3.0 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 5.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81 | 80 | 82 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 57.5 | 62.0 | 73.9 | 100.9 | 130.7 | 136.9 | 226.1 | 202.3 | 160.6 | 138.9 | 116.7 | 97.9 | 1,504.4 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 17 | 19 | 20 | 26 | 31 | 33 | 54 | 50 | 44 | 39 | 36 | 30 | 33 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||

## Economy

Liling is one of the most developed county-level cities in Hunan, it ranked the 60th in the Top100 of counties and county-level cities of China by comprehensive strength in 2020. Liling has the six-largest economy in the Hunan. The largest sectors of the city's economy are fireworks and porcelain manufacturing. As of 2016, the gross domestic product of Liling was CN¥ 58.08 billion. The primary sector, including agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining, accounted for 9% of the county's GDP. Secondary industries, including manufacturing, construction, transport and communications, made up 28% of GDP. And the tertiary sector of trade, finance, services and public administration, accounted for nearly 63% of GDP.

## Demographics
### Population

As of the end of 2016, the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China estimates the city's population now to be 1,060,000.

### Language

Mandarin is the official language. The local people speak both Xiang dialect and Liling dialect.

### Religion

As of 2016, most of Liling people are atheists. They worship Chinese folk religion. Only 1% of Liling people belong to Buddhists, 1% are Taoists, 1% are Roman Catholics and Protestants.

## Education

As of 2016, Liling has 213 primary schools, 44 middle schools, nine high schools, one special education school and 309 kindergartens.

## Transportation
### Railway

Shanghai–Kunming railway and Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, which connect Shanghai and Kunming, run north–south through the towns and subdistrict of Litian, Baitutan, Pukou, Wangxian, Xianyueshan, Dongfu, Sunjiawan, Sifen, and Chuanwan.
Liling–Chaling railway and Liling-Yongzhou railway run north–south through the city.

### Expressway

* G60 Shanghai–Kunming Expressway
* Yueru Expressway
* Litan Expressway
* Lianzhu Expressway
* Louli Expressway

### National Highway

* G106 National Highway
* G320 National Highway

## Tourism

Guanzhuang, Lu River Bridge, Geng Chuan Ancestral Temple, Lujiang Academy, Former Residence of Li Lisan, Former Residence of Chen Mingren, and Xianshan Park are popular attractions in Liling.
Changqing Temple, Yunyang Temple and Dongfu Temple are well known Buddhist temples.

## Notable people

* Li Tian
* Cai Shenxi, a general officer in the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army during the Chinese Civil War.
* Chen Mingren, a general in the People's Liberation Army.
* Cheng Qian, governor of Hunan.
* Cheng Xingling, politician.
* Geng Biao, Minister of Defense of the People's Republic of China.
* He Jian (Ho Chien), a native of Liling, was Nanjing's governor of Hunan during the time of the Kuomintang. He killed more than 20,000 peasants, students, and workers between April and June, 1927.
* Li Lisan, an early leader of the Chinese communists, and the top leader of the Chinese Communist Party from 1928 to 1930, member of the Politburo, and later a member of the Central Committee.
* Peng Daoru, electronics expert.
* Song Shilun, a general in the People's Liberation Army.
* Tang Fei-fan, a medical microbiologist best known for culturing the Chlamydia trachomatis agent in the yolk sacs of eggs.
* Yang Dezhi, a general in the People's Liberation Army.
* Yang Mingzhu, mathematician.
* Zhang Yousong, translator.
* Zhang Zemin, scientist.
* Zuo Quan, a military officer in the Eighth Route Army.